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Network analyzer (AC power) Even during the Depression and the Second World War, many network analyzers were constructed because of their great value in solving calculations related to electric power transmission. By the mid 1950s, about thirty analyzers were available in the United States, representing an oversupply. Institutions such as MIT could no longer justify operating analyzers as paying clients barely covered operating expenses. Once digital computers of adequate performance became available, the solution methods developed on analog network analyzers were migrated to the digital realm, where plugboards, switches and meter pointers were replaced with punch cards and printouts. The same general-purpose digital computer hardware that ran network studies could easily be dual-tasked with business functions such as payroll. Analog network analyzers faded from general use for load-flow and fault studies, although some persisted in transient studies for a while longer. Analog analyzers were dismantled and either sold off to other utilities, donated to engineering schools, or scrapped. The fate of a few analyzers illustrates the trend. The analyzer purchased by American Electric Power was replaced by digital systems in 1961, and donated to Virginia Tech | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38433617 | 221,584 |
Planetarium software is application software that allows a user to simulate the celestial sphere at any time of day, especially at night, on a computer. Such applications can be as rudimentary as displaying a star chart or sky map for a specific time and location, or as complex as rendering photorealistic views of the sky. While some planetarium software is meant to be used exclusively on a personal computer, some applications can be used to interface with and control telescopes or planetarium projectors. Optional features may include inserting the orbital elements of comets and other newly discovered bodies for display. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14466034 | 12,407 |
Sure Chill Technology Sure Chill is a cooling technology which is currently being used in medical refrigerators, but has wider potential in the future for domestic refrigerators and beverage coolers. According to BBC, the refrigerator 'can stay at 4C for more than 10 days without power, and is used mainly in Africa' to store vaccines and other medical supplies. It can be powered by electricity or solar and uses the physics of water to store energy, thus not relying on batteries. In 2013 the technology that uses an ice-mass to maintain refrigerator temperature without power won a $100,000 research award from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. In 2014, the company was awarded a further $1.4 Million from the Gates Foundation to develop a life-saving vaccine cooler as part of the foundation’s goal to eliminate preventable diseases worldwide. Ian Tansley is the inventor of the technology in Tywyn, Wales with extensive experience in cooling technologies. Tansley spent many years working with vaccine refrigerators in some of the world’s most inhospitable places. A constant frustration for him was their dependence on re-chargeable batteries which were costly, unreliable and hard to replace in remote areas. In 2013, both Sir Richard Feachem and Sir John Houghton were announced as Advisory Board members to The Sure Chill Company. Sir Richard stated “It is my view that Sure Chill technology will make a huge contribution to childhood vaccination programs worldwide, especially in poorer communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39849030 | 272,363 |
Survivin At one point, there was deletion that caused the survivin levels to be indifferent to the presence of the p53 over-expression plasmid, indicating that there is a specific region proximal to the transcription start site that is needed for p53 suppression of survivin. Although it has been found that two p53 binding sites are located on the survivin gene promoter, analysis using deletions and mutations has shown that these sites are not essential to transcriptional inactivation. Instead, it is observed that modification of the chromatin inside of the promoter region may be responsible for the transcriptional repression of the survivin gene. This is explained below in the epigenetic regulation section. is shown to be clearly regulated by the cell cycle, as its expression is found to be dominant only in the G2/M phase. This regulation exists at the transcriptional level, as there is evidence of the presence of cell-cycle-dependent element/cell-cycle gene homology region (CDE/CHR)boxes located in the survivin promoter region. Further evidence to support this mechanism of regulation includes the evidence that surivin is poly-ubiquinated and degraded by proteasomes during interphase of the cell cycle. Moreover, survivin has been shown to localize to components of the mitotic spindle during metaphase and anaphase of mitosis. Physical association between polymerized tubulin and survivin have been shown "in vitro" as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8310787 | 53,216 |
Loading coil Brittain attributes this to Heaviside's failure to provide engineering details on the size and spacing of the coils for particular cable parameters. Heaviside's eccentric character and setting himself apart from the establishment may also have played a part in their ignoring of him. John S. Stone worked for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and was the first to attempt to apply Heaviside's ideas to real telecommunications. Stone's idea (1896) was to use a bimetallic iron-copper cable which he had patented. This cable of Stone's would increase the line inductance due to the iron content and had the potential to meet the Heaviside condition. However, Stone left the company in 1899 and the idea was never implemented. Stone's cable was an example of continuous loading, a principle that was eventually put into practice is other forms, see for instance Krarup cable later in this article. George Campbell was another AT&T engineer working in their Boston facility. Campbell was tasked with continuing the investigation into Stone's bimetallic cable, but soon abandoned it in favour of the loading coil. His was an independent discovery, Campbell was aware of Heaviside's work in discovering the Heaviside condition, but unaware of Heaviside's suggestion of using loading coils to enable a line to meet it. The motivation for the change of direction was Campbell's limited budget. Campbell was struggling to set up a practical demonstration over a real telephone route with the budget he had been allocated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41326 | 379,522 |
Regularization by spectral filtering Therefore, each algorithm in the class of spectral regularization algorithms is defined by a suitable filter function (which needs to be derived for that particular algorithm). Three of the most commonly used regularization algorithms for which spectral filtering is well-studied are Tikhonov regularization, Landweber iteration, and truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD). As for choosing the regularization parameter, examples of candidate methods to compute this parameter include the discrepancy principle, generalized cross validation, and the L-curve criterion. It is of note that the notion of spectral filtering studied in the context of machine learning is closely connected to the literature on function approximation (in signal processing). The training set is defined as formula_1, where formula_2 is the formula_3 input matrix and formula_4 is the output vector. Where applicable, the kernel function is denoted by formula_5, and the formula_6 kernel matrix is denoted by formula_7 which has entries formula_8 and formula_9 denotes the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) with kernel formula_5. The regularization parameter is denoted by formula_11. "(Note: For formula_12 and formula_13, with formula_14 and formula_15 being Hilbert spaces, given a linear, continuous operator formula_16, assume that formula_17 holds. In this setting, the direct problem would be to solve for formula_18 given formula_19 and the inverse problem would be to solve for formula_19 given formula_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41323011 | 105,158 |
LGM-30 Minuteman The final (third) stage was improved with a new fluid-injected motor, giving finer control than the previous four-nozzle system. Performance improvements realized in Minuteman-III include increased flexibility in reentry vehicle (RV) and penetration aids deployment, increased survivability after a nuclear attack, and increased payload capacity. The missile retains a gimballed inertial navigation system. Minuteman-III originally contained the following distinguishing features: The Minuteman-III missiles used D-37D computers and completed the 1,000 missile deployment of this system. The initial cost of these computers ranged from about $139,000 (D-37C) to $250,000 (D-17B). The existing Minuteman-III missiles have been further improved over the decades in service, with more than $7 billion spent in the last decade to upgrade the 450 missiles. The Minuteman-III had a length of , weighed , had an operational range of greater than with an accuracy of about . In December 1979 the higher-yield W78 warhead began replacing a number of the W62s deployed on the Minuteman-IIIs. These were delivered in the Mark 12A reentry vehicle. A small, unknown number of the previous Mark 12 RVs were retained operationally, however, to maintain a capability to attack more-distant targets in the south-central Asian republics of the USSR (the Mark 12 RV weighed slightly less than the Mark 12A). The Guidance Replacement Program (GRP) replaces the NS20A Missile Guidance Set with the NS50A Missile Guidance Set | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49365 | 380,340 |
A. W. Kuchler August William Kuchler (born "August Wilhelm Küchler"; 1907–1999) was a German-born American geographer and naturalist who is noted for developing a plant association system in widespread use in the United States. Some of this database has become digitized for integration into GIS mapping systems. Kuchler received his Ph.D. in geography from University of Munich in 1935. In 1978, he received the Association of American Geographers' Honors award. He is the publisher of the book "Vegetation Mapping" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19995323 | 147,531 |
Kista Before the opening of the Mall of Scandinavia, Galleria was the biggest shopping center in the Stockholm region. Because of its ICT industries, it became in the 1980s referred to as "Chipsta" and, after Sweden joined the EU in 1995, also as Europe's "Silicon Valley". is the largest corporate area in Sweden and important to the national economy. The construction of the industrial section of began in the 1970s with companies such as SRA (Svenska Radioaktiebolaget, now a part of Ericsson), RIFA AB (later Ericsson Components AB, and later still Ericsson Microelectronics AB, and now Infineon Technologies), and IBM Svenska AB (the Swedish branch of IBM). Ericsson has had its headquarters in since 2003. hosts entire departments of both KTH Royal Institute of Technology, such as Wireless@KTH, and Stockholm University (formerly jointly known as "the IT University"). There are also Swedish national research institutes (pure research, no students) such as the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI who has its Headquarters there, just as Ericsson, Swedish IBM and Tele 2, among others has. Also the Swedish Co-location Centre of EU innovation and entrepreneurial education organisation EIT Digital is located in and offers a 2-year Master program in collaboration with KTH Royal Institute of Technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16791 | 497,424 |
Haber process The production of for example 1800 tons ammonia per day requires a gas pressure of at least 130 bar, temperatures of 400 to 500 °C and a reactor volume of at least 100 m³. According to theoretical and practical studies, further improvements of the pure iron catalyst are limited. It was only in 1984 that the activity of iron catalysts were increased noticeably by inclusion of cobalt. Ruthenium forms highly active catalysts. Allowing milder operating pressures and temperatures, Ru-based materials are referred to as second-generation catalysts. Such catalysts are prepared by decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite. A drawback of activated-carbon-supported ruthenium-based catalysts is the methanation of the support in the presence of hydrogen. Their activity is strongly dependent on the catalyst carrier and the promoters. A wide range of substances can be used as carriers, including carbon, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, zeolites, spinels, and boron nitride. Ruthenium-activated carbon-based catalysts have been used industrially in the KBR Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP) since 1992. The carbon carrier is partially degraded to methane; however, this can be mitigated by a special treatment of the carbon at 1500 °C, thus prolonging the catalysts lifetime. In addition, the finely dispersed carbon poses a risk of explosion. For these reasons and due to its low acidity, magnesium oxide has proven to be a good alternative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14022 | 497,180 |
Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. The layer closer to the top of the container—the less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has settled out—is poured off, leaving the other component or the more dense liquid of the mixture behind. An incomplete separation is witnessed during the separation of two immiscible liquids. can be used to separate immiscible liquids that have different densities. For example, when a mixture of water and oil is present in a beaker, a distinct layer between the two consistency is formed, with the oil layer floating on top of the water layer. This separation can be done by pouring oil out of the container, leaving water behind. Generally, this technique gives an incomplete separation as it is difficult to pour off all of the top layer without pouring out some parts of the bottom layer. A separatory funnel is an alternative apparatus for separating liquid layers. It has a valve at the bottom to allow draining off the bottom layer. It can give a better separation between the two liquids. can also separate solid and liquid mixtures by allowing gravity to pull the solid fragments to settle at the bottom of the container. In laboratory situations, decantation of mixtures containing solids and liquids occur in test tubes. To enhance productivity, test tubes should be placed at a 45° angle to allow sediments to settle at the bottom of the apparatus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286016 | 35,926 |
Collision detection This particular example also turns out to be ill conditioned: a small error in any calculation will cause drastic changes in the final position of the billiard balls. Video games have similar requirements, with some crucial differences. While physical simulation needs to simulate real-world physics as precisely as possible, video games need to simulate real-world physics in an "acceptable" way, in real time and robustly. Compromises are allowed, so long as the resulting simulation is satisfying to the game players. Physical simulators differ in the way they react on a collision. Some use the softness of the material to calculate a force, which will resolve the collision in the following time steps like it is in reality. Due to the low softness of some materials this is very CPU intensive. Some simulators estimate the time of collision by linear interpolation, roll back the simulation, and calculate the collision by the more abstract methods of conservation laws. Some iterate the linear interpolation (Newton's method) to calculate the time of collision with a much higher precision than the rest of the simulation. utilizes time coherence to allow even finer time steps without much increasing CPU demand, such as in air traffic control. After an inelastic collision, special states of sliding and resting can occur and, for example, the Open Dynamics Engine uses constraints to simulate them. Constraints avoid inertia and thus instability. Implementation of rest by means of a scene graph avoids drift | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171552 | 134,121 |
Sync.in is a web-based collaborative real-time editor, from Cynapse. It allows multiple people to edit the same text document simultaneously. Participants can see the changes in real-time, with each author's text in their own color. A chat box in the sidebar allows participants to communicate. is based on EtherPad that was acquired by Google in December 2009 and released as open-source later that month. uses the Freemium financial model. Free service requires no sign-up or registration and users can create unlimited public documents. Pro version is available in a Software as a service model and offers business-centric functions. As of May 2013, creation of public notes has been disabled on the sync.in domain. Anyone can create a new collaborative text document, known as a "note". Each note has its own URL, and anyone who knows this URL can edit the note and participate in the document collaboration. Users can invite their friends or colleagues by sharing the note url using the "share this note" functionality provided in each note. Note URLs can be shared by Email or other social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, Del.ici.ous, Digg, LinkedIn, Ping.fm and Cyn.in The software auto-saves the document at each keystroke while participants can permanently save specific versions at any time. A "time slider" feature allows anyone to explore the history of the note and how it evolved to its current state. It is a screenshot video of the creation of the note, keystroke-by-keystroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27461244 | 228,907 |
Gardasil Perry's decision was later criticized on September 12, 2011, by fellow presidential candidates Rick Santorum and Michele Bachmann during the Republican Party presidential debate as being an overreach of state power in a decision properly left to parents. In June 2013, the Japanese government issued a notice that "cervical cancer vaccinations should no longer be recommended for girls aged 12 to 16" while an investigation is conducted into certain adverse events including pain and numbness in 38 girls. The vaccines sold in Japan are Cervarix, made by GlaxoSmithKline of the United Kingdom, and Gardasil, made by Merck Sharp & Dohme. An estimated 3.28 million people have received the vaccination; 1,968 cases of possible side effects have been reported. In January 2014, the Vaccine Adverse Reactions Review Committee concluded that there was no evidence to suggest a causal association between the HPV vaccine and the reported adverse events, but did not reinstate proactive recommendations for its use. A study on girls in Sapporo showed that since the Japanese government's suspension of recommending the vaccine, completion rates for the full course of vaccination have dropped to 0.6%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5482977 | 4,953 |
Franz Alt (mathematician) For several years he also served as administrator of the Bureau of Standards' program to award research grants in physics and chemistry in India, Pakistan and Israel, where foreign currency (PL 480) available for such purposes had been allocated to the Bureau. Also during this time, he became interested in the use of computers for automatic translation of languages. This led to the founding of the Association for Computational Linguistics and to the organization of two international meetings jointly with a similar group in Japan, one in Washington, D.C., the other in Tokyo. Alt has a long history with the Association for Computing Machinery, known as ACM. He was one of its founders and served as its third president (1950–52). He was editor of its Journal (1954–58). Alt was the first recipient of its Distinguished Service Award (1970). In 1994, he was in the first group to be inducted as a Fellow of the ACM. Alt represented ACM on the National Research Council from 1961 to 1964. He is also a member of the American Mathematical Society, and formerly a member of the American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Econometric Society, and Association for Computational Linguistics. Alt has written and been interviewed about the history of ACM several times. He wrote "Fifteen Years ACM: The development years of ACM, as recounted in 1962 by founding member and former president Franz L | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3318467 | 109,177 |
Global Gender Gap Report On 2014, for example, JTBC News Channel in South Korea described the reason why South Korea had such a low rank. According to the news, some of the raw data used to calculate the index do not reflect the country's unique situation accurately, and that partially accounts for their rank. This conclusion is, while not entirely wrong, somewhat misleading. Since the final index is calculated by weighted averages of fourteen ratios, tweaking one or two ratios to be a little bit higher does not affect the result much. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20299676 | 513,162 |
Oscillating U-tube In modern digital density meters, Piezo elements are used to excite the U-tube whereby optical pickups determine the period of oscillation. This period τ can be measured with high resolution and stands in simple relation to the density ρ of the sample in the oscillator: A and B are the respective instrument constants of each oscillator. Their values are determined by calibrating with two substances of the precisely known densities ρ1 and ρ2. Modern instruments calculate and store the constants A and B after the two calibration measurements, which are mostly performed with air and water. They employ suitable measures to compensate various parasitic influences on the measuring result, e.g. the influence of the sample's viscosity and the non-linearity caused by the measuring instrument's finite mass as well as aging effects of the glass (reference oscillator). In 1967 the company Anton Paar GmbH presented the first digital density meter for liquids and gases employing the oscillating U-tube principle at . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13762380 | 203,910 |
Metalworking Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint. "Riveting" is one of the most ancient metalwork joining processes. Its use declined markedly during the second half of the 20th century, but it still retains important uses in industry and construction, and in artisan crafts such as jewellery, medieval armouring and metal couture in the early 21st century. The earlier use of rivets is being superseded by improvements in welding and component fabrication techniques. A rivet is essentially a two-headed and unthreaded bolt which holds two other pieces of metal together. Holes are drilled or punched through the two pieces of metal to be joined. The holes being aligned, a rivet is passed through the holes and permanent heads are formed onto the ends of the rivet utilizing hammers and forming dies (by either coldworking or hotworking). Rivets are commonly purchased with one head already formed. When it is necessary to remove rivets, one of the rivet's heads is sheared off with a cold chisel. The rivet is then driven out with a hammer and punch. While these processes are not primary metalworking processes, they are often performed before or after metalworking processes. Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation hardening, quenching, and tempering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=266443 | 446,335 |
ISO 7736 is a standard size for dashboard mounted head units, for car audio. It was originally established by the German national organization for standardization, the Deutsches Institut für Normung, as DIN 75490, and is therefore commonly referred to as the DIN size. It was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization in 1984. It does not define connectors for car audio, which are defined in ISO 10487. Head units come in either single (180 x 50 mm panel) or double DIN (180 x 100.3 mm panel) size. The advantage of double DIN is that it has a larger display, suitable for use with Apple CarPlay or Android Auto. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4331086 | 424,056 |
Kete (basket) Kete are traditional baskets made and used by New Zealand's Māori people. They may be of many sizes, but are most often found in sizes similar to large handbags. Kete are traditionally woven from the leaves of New Zealand flax called harakeke and have two handles at the top. Other materials are sometimes used, including the leaves of the nikau palm and cabbage tree. In pre-European society, Māori had specific plantations of flax, which was their most important textile. It was prepared by cutting the green leaves close to the base before the leaves were split and woven. Various preparations of the leaves allowed the material to be used both as a hardy flat thick-woven material (as in kete and mats) and also as a fibrous twine, used for creating both rope and finely woven cloaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37060345 | 242,598 |
GGH signature scheme The Goldreich-Goldwasser-Halevi (GGH) signature scheme is a digital signature scheme proposed in 1995 and published in 1997, based on solving the closest vector problem (CVP) in a lattice. The signer demonstrates knowledge of a good basis for the lattice by using it to solve CVP on a point representing the message; the verifier uses a bad basis for the same lattice to verify that the signature under consideration is actually a lattice point and is sufficiently close to the message point. The idea was not developed in detail in the original paper, which focussed more on the associated encryption algorithm. GGH signatures form the basis for the NTRUSign signature algorithm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3513394 | 124,855 |
Gilbert Froment Gilbert F. Froment (born 1930, October 1) is professor emeritus of chemical engineering at the University of Gent, Belgium, and research professor of Texas A&M University. Froment's career and influence bridges the gap between academic kinetic and chemical reaction engineering studies, and application of that fundamental science to problems of industrial relevance. Froment achieved his chemical engineering degree in 1953 from the University of Gent. He continued his graduate education at the University of Gent serving as an assistant to Professor Goethals; he earned his Ph.D. in chemical engineering in 1957. Following his degrees, he spent the next two years internationally starting with a year with Professor Schoenemann at the Institute for Chemical Technology in Darmstadt, Germany. The following year, Froment obtained a fellowship from the Belgian-American Educational Foundation enabling a year at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he worked with Professors Olaf Hougen, K.M. Watson, and C.C. Watson on catalytic kinetics and the modeling of catalyst beds. In 1959, Froment returned to the University of Gent as associate professor. In 1968, he was promoted to full professor and director of the Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek until 1996, when he became emeritus professor of the University of Gent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48957856 | 51,987 |
Sievert All conversions between hours and years have assumed continuous presence in a steady field, disregarding known fluctuations, intermittent exposure and radioactive decay. Converted values are shown in parentheses. Notes on examples: The sievert has its origin in the röntgen equivalent man (rem) which was derived from CGS units. The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) promoted a switch to coherent SI units in the 1970s, and announced in 1976 that it planned to formulate a suitable unit for equivalent dose. The ICRP pre-empted the ICRU by introducing the sievert in 1977. The sievert was adopted by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1980, five years after adopting the gray. The CIPM then issued an explanation in 1984, recommending when the sievert should be used as opposed to the gray. That explanation was updated in 2002 to bring it closer to the ICRP's definition of equivalent dose, which had changed in 1990. Specifically, the ICRP had introduced equivalent dose, renamed the quality factor (Q) to radiation weighting factor (W), and dropped another weighting factor 'N' in 1990. In 2002, the CIPM similarly dropped the weighting factor 'N' from their explanation but otherwise kept other old terminology and symbols. This explanation only appears in the appendix to the SI brochure and is not part of the definition of the sievert. Frequently used SI prefixes are the millisievert (1 mSv = 0.001 Sv) and microsievert (1 μSv = 0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 | 24,098 |
Engineers Without Borders – USA (EWB–USA) is a non-profit humanitarian organization established to partner with developing communities worldwide in order to improve their quality of life. It is the U.S. national group representing the larger international Engineers Without Borders in the USA. This partnership involves the implementation of sustainable engineering projects, while involving and training internationally responsible engineers and engineering students. (EWB-USA) was born from a chance meeting of Bernard Amadei (a Professor of Civil Engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder), and Angel Tzec (a representative of the Belize Ministry of Agriculture). Tzec's village in Belize was in a difficult situation because it had no running water or sanitation. Tzec invited Dr. Amadei to visit his village in Belize, where he saw how laborious a task it was for the villagers to gather water. "I came across little girls who had to carry water back and forth to the village all day, so they couldn't go to school," Amadei says. "I knew that as a civil engineer, there had to be something I could do.” Dr. Amadei returned with eight University of Colorado- Boulder Students and a local civil engineering expert, also from Boulder. With the help of the local community, they installed a clean water system powered by a waterfall in the area for less than $15,000. It was from this experience that Dr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1809072 | 345,184 |
Asbestos and the law The agreement enabled ex-miners of the Kuruman and Danielskuil Cape Blue Asbestos (KCBA and DCBA) mines in the Northern Cape province to apply under similar conditions as the open settlement of the ART. The Kgalagadi Relief Trust (KRT) was thus created. The terms of the trust are not clarified however in practice R136 million was paid over for compensation purposes, for payouts until 2026. The trustees of the KRT requested the ART to administer the KRT settlement as the two trusts were very similarly structured. Seventy-five percent of the claimants in the Cape Plc case came from Limpopo province and the remaining twenty-five percent from the Prieska Koegas area in the Northern Cape province. The majority of the claimants in the ART settlement (around 78%) were exposed in the Kuruman area in the Northern Cape province, with the balance exposed at Penge in Limpopo province and Msauli in Mpumalanga province, which were equally proportioned. Statistically, mesothelioma and asbestos related lung cancer sufferers receiving the highest payments of R71 500 each. Due to Gencor's significant contribution settlements, it was prohibited for those who had received compensation under the Cape agreement to later be paid by the ART, even if the worker had worked on the Kuruman or Penge mines when under Gencor control. In 2006, Cape plc started a trust to compensate those who have suffered from asbestos related diseases as a result of Cape's historical activities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298976 | 457,019 |
Albemarle Corporation In 2008 Albemarle purchased Sorbent Technologies Corporation, whose technology controls mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3227217 | 483,279 |
Liberty Bell Robert Charles dutifully ordered the bell from Thomas Lester of the London bellfounding firm of Lester and Pack (known subsequently as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry) for the sum of £150 13s 8d, (equivalent to £ today) including freight to Philadelphia and insurance. It arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752. Norris wrote to Charles that the bell was in good order, but they had not yet sounded it, as they were building a clock for the State House's tower. The bell was mounted on a stand to test the sound, and at the first strike of the clapper, the bell's rim cracked. The episode would be used to good account in later stories of the bell; in 1893, former President Benjamin Harrison, speaking as the bell passed through Indianapolis, stated, "This old bell was made in England, but it had to be re-cast in America before it was attuned to proclaim the right of self-government and the equal rights of men." Philadelphia authorities tried to return it by ship, but the master of the vessel that had brought it was unable to take it on board. Two local founders, John Pass and John Stow, offered to recast the bell. Though they were inexperienced in bell casting, Pass had headed the Mount Holly Iron Foundry in neighboring New Jersey and came from Malta that had a tradition of bell casting. Stow, on the other hand, was only four years out of his apprenticeship as a brass founder. At Stow's foundry on Second Street, the bell was broken into small pieces, melted down, and cast into a new bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=145450 | 365,513 |
Financial gerontology At the time Cutler was a professor of gerontology and Migliaccio was president of a gerontology marketing and consulting firm. The work of each focused on a financial view of gerontology and a gerontological view of finance. Over the years they had been invited to give presentations (sometimes together, sometimes individually) on gerontology to meetings and organizations of financial professionals. The increasing number of these invited presentations suggested to them the need within the financial services profession for a more structured and recurring educational program. As noted in the discussion of the Boettner Institute, the basic model was not to teach finance but to introduce, explain, illustrate, the value of gerontology to professionals already providing financial services to clients. This general educational goal was strengthened by the fact that the clientele of an increasing number of financial professionals included not only younger clients who were now elders, but also the middle-aged families of those now-elder clients. Working with a small number of colleagues in both the financial services industry and academic gerontology, they drafted a curriculum of core courses and electives, examined alternative educational formats, identified potential faculty, and evaluated the likely success of a new educational program in a financial industry already populated with dozens of courses, certificates, and continuing education alternatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10240721 | 182,403 |
Modern synthesis (20th century) By 1912, after years of work on the genetics of fruit flies, Morgan showed that these insects had many small Mendelian factors (discovered as mutant flies) on which Darwinian evolution could work as if variation was fully continuous. The way was open for geneticists to conclude that Mendelism supported Darwinism. The theoretical biologist and philosopher of biology Joseph Henry Woodger led the introduction of positivism into biology with his 1929 book "Biological Principles". He saw a mature science as being characterised by a framework of hypotheses that could be verified by facts established by experiments. He criticised the traditional natural history style of biology, including the study of evolution, as immature science, since it relied on narrative. Woodger set out to play for biology the role of Robert Boyle's 1661 "Sceptical Chymist", intending to convert the subject into a formal, unified science, and ultimately, following the Vienna Circle of logical positivists like Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap, to reduce biology to physics and chemistry. His efforts stimulated the biologist J. B. S. Haldane to push for the axiomatisation of biology, and by influencing thinkers such as Huxley, helped to bring about the modern synthesis. The positivist climate made natural history unfashionable, and in America, research and university-level teaching on evolution declined almost to nothing by the late 1930s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=97536 | 192,796 |
2 + 2 = 5 Abbé Sieyès, in his "What Is the Third Estate?" (1789), mocked the fact that the Estates-General gave disproportionate voting power to the aristocracy and the clergy in with the following analogy: "Consequently if it be claimed that under the French constitution, 200,000 individuals out of 26 million citizens constitute two-thirds of the common will, only one comment is possible: it is a claim that two and two make five." Honoré de Balzac's novel "Séraphîta" (1834) contains the following passage: Victor Hugo used this phrase in 1852. He objected to the way in which the vast majority of French voters had backed Napoleon III, endorsing the way liberal values had been ignored in Napoleon III's coup. In his 1852 pamphlet, "Napoléon le Petit", he writes: "Now, get seven million five hundred thousand votes to declare that two and two make five, that the straight line is the longest road, that the whole is less than its part; get it declared by eight millions, by ten millions, by a hundred millions of votes, you will not have advanced a step." Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky is known to be influenced by Hugo and his "Napoléon le Petit". In Dostoevsky's "Notes from Underground" (published in 1864), the protagonist implicitly supports the idea of two times two making five, spending several paragraphs considering the implications of rejecting the statement "two times two makes four". His purpose is not ideological, however | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=255114 | 238,283 |
Thomas D. O'Rourke A specialist in geotechnical engineering including foundations, earth retaining structures, slope stability, soil/structure interaction, underground construction, laboratory testing, and elements of earthquake engineering, O’Rourke has written extensively on geotechnical, underground, and earthquake engineering. O'Rourke was an early specialist in the field of monitoring large construction projects. O’Rourke headed the team analyzing the impact of attacks against New York City on September 11, 2001 and presented the team's findings at a National Science Foundation (NSF) workshop on December 12 and 13, 2001. The workshop was organized by the Institute for Civil Infrastructure Systems (ICIS), of which Professor O'Rourke was the executive committee's co-chair. The assessment concluded that the infrastructure of New York City survived the attack remarkably well, and a study team was created to determine what attributes of American engineering led to such resilience | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27989976 | 362,336 |
Reliability (computer networking) One of the most complex strong reliability properties is virtual synchrony. Reliable messaging is the concept of message passing across an unreliable infrastructure whilst being able to make certain guarantees about the successful transmission of the messages. For example, that if the message is delivered, it is delivered at most once, or that all messages successfully delivered arrive in a particular order. Reliable delivery can be contrasted with best-effort delivery, where there is no guarantee that messages will be delivered quickly, in order, or at all. A reliable delivery protocol can be built on an unreliable protocol. An extremely common example is the layering of Transmission Control Protocol on the Internet Protocol, a combination known as TCP/IP. Strong reliability properties are offered by group communication systems (GCSs) such as IS-IS, Appia framework, Spread, JGroups or QuickSilver Scalable Multicast. The QuickSilver Properties Framework is a flexible platform that allows strong reliability properties to be expressed in a purely declarative manner, using a simple rule-based language, and automatically translated into a hierarchical protocol. One protocol that implements reliable messaging is WS-ReliableMessaging, which handles reliable delivery of SOAP messages. The ATM Service-Specific Coordination Function provides for transparent assured delivery with AAL5. IEEE 802.11 attempts to provide reliable service for all traffic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563492 | 429,169 |
Free refill For example, Burger King restaurants in Spain often provide free refills, whereas in Bolivia, Burger King restaurants do not. In France, free refills have actually been outlawed; in Germany, most restaurants charge even to refill water. In Japan, free refills are referred to as "drink bar" (ドリンクバー) and often a separate purchase is required to access them. Free refills are seen as a good way to attract customers to an establishment, especially one whose beverages are not their primary source of income. Due to the extremely low cost of fountain soft drinks (especially the beverage itself, not including the cost of the cup, lid and straw), often offering a profit margin of 80-82%, establishments tend to offer free refills as a sales gimmick. Coffee produces a similar high profit margin, allowing establishments to include coffee in free refill offers. Most of these establishments have fast customer turnover, thus customers rarely consume enough beverage to make the offering unprofitable. Some establishments, who make their primary income with beverage sales, only offer free refills to members of rewards programs. Bars in the United States often do not charge designated drivers for soft drinks, including refills. In certain areas of the United States, such as Massachusetts and New York, politicians have proposed banning free refills as a move against obesity. When New York City banned sugary drinks over 16 ounces in 2012, critics faulted free refills as one of the ban's biggest weaknesses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45345550 | 475,520 |
Li-Fi (short for "light fidelity") is wireless communication technology which utilizes light to transmit data and position between devices. The term was first introduced by Harald Haas during a 2011 TEDGlobal talk in Edinburgh. In technical terms, is a light communication system that is capable of transmitting data at high speeds over the visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared spectrums. In its present state, only LED lamps can be used for the transmission of visible light. In terms of its end use, the technology is similar to Wi-Fi -- the key technical difference being that Wi-Fi uses radio frequency to transmit data. Using light to transmit data allows to offer several advantages, most notably a wider bandwidth channel, the ability to safely function in areas otherwise susceptible to electromagnetic interference (e.g. aircraft cabins, hospitals, military), and offering higher transmission speeds. The technology is actively being developed by several organizations across the globe. is a derivative of optical wireless communications (OWC) technology, which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver network, mobile, high-speed communication in a similar manner to Wi-Fi. The market was projected to have a compound annual growth rate of 82% from 2013 to 2018 and to be worth over $6 billion per year by 2018. However, the market has not developed as such and remains with a niche market, mainly for technology evaluation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34533427 | 378,907 |
Impedance matching Power loss is an unavoidable consequence of using resistive networks, and they are only (usually) used to transfer line level signals. Most lumped-element devices can match a specific range of load impedances. For example, in order to match an inductive load into a real impedance, a capacitor needs to be used. If the load impedance becomes capacitive, the matching element must be replaced by an inductor. In many cases, there is a need to use the same circuit to match a broad range of load impedance and thus simplify the circuit design. This issue was addressed by the stepped transmission line, where multiple, serially placed, quarter-wave dielectric slugs are used to vary a transmission line's characteristic impedance. By controlling the position of each element, a broad range of load impedances can be matched without having to reconnect the circuit. Filters are frequently used to achieve impedance matching in telecommunications and radio engineering. In general, it is not theoretically possible to achieve perfect impedance matching at all frequencies with a network of discrete components. networks are designed with a definite bandwidth, take the form of a filter, and use filter theory in their design. Applications requiring only a narrow bandwidth, such as radio tuners and transmitters, might use a simple tuned filter such as a stub. This would provide a perfect match at one specific frequency only. Wide bandwidth matching requires filters with multiple sections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=320733 | 391,644 |
Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA) In human mitochondrial genetics, the Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup CZ is a descendant of haplogroup M and is a parent to the haplogroups C and Z. The C and Z subclades share a common ancestor dated to approximately 45,000 years ago. Today, CZ is found in eastern Asian, Central Asian, Siberian, indigenous American, and European populations, and is most common in Siberian populations. It is recognized by a genetic marker at 249d. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup CZ subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" and subsequent published research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8283124 | 161,159 |
SimulTrain The chart shows the number of people involved in a project and its change with time. Training is done in small groups of 4 people in two sessions of 3–4 hours each. Each group has one computer with the simulation program. The participants thus learn how to work and make decisions as a team. The simulator allows the group to work on the progress and execution of the project. It confronts the learners with many situations requiring the ability of making fast decisions and of taking all of the project parameters into account (costs, deadlines as well as human factors). The feedback and consequences of the different decisions are immediately made visible. The simulator involves multimedia technology: the participants receive many phone calls, e-mails and voice-mails, thus immersing them in surrounding them in a realistic project atmosphere. The trainees have to complete the project within the deadline and budget. Their main tasks as project managers include: With the simulation attendees learn in two ways: SimulTrain's only requirement is a general knowledge about project management, including the Gantt chart and the Activity Network. Both online and desktop versions of the simulator are available. In accordance with the marketing strategy defined at the beginning of the year, the management wishes to provide its customers with an on-line interactive service. This will allow customers to follow up and control orders without the intervention of either the customer service or accounting departments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20327090 | 481,889 |
GenArts, Inc. is a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based developer of visual effects software for the film, broadcast and advertising industries. A majority of traditional video content such as movies, commercials, television shows, newscasts and music videos include at least some special effects created in a GenArts product. GenArts create visual effects software and plugins that integrate visual effects such as glows, lightning, fire and fluids into post-production video editing software from companies like Apple, Adobe, Autodesk and The Foundry. GenArts is best known for its traditional role in high-end production environments, where high budget and broadly distributed video content is being created by a large corporation. This has changed since 2008, when new leadership, product development and a series of acquisitions broadened GenArts' focus, product portfolio and customer base. GenArts now creates plugins developed for smaller budget video editing tools typically used by smaller studios, the videographer market, or creators of content distributed solely online on websites like YouTube. Karl Sims founded as Genetic Arts in 1996 in Cambridge, MA as a developer of Discreet Spark Plugins. In 1997 Gary Oberbrunner joined GenArts as its second employee. The company name was changed to GenArts in June, 1999. GenArts' first office space was in Karl's barn. By 1999, three years after the company was founded, GenArts had achieved significant commercial success, a pace of growth founder Karl Sims says he did not expect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32336631 | 281,372 |
John Maynard Keynes By 1909 Keynes had published his first professional economics article in "The Economic Journal", about the effect of a recent global economic downturn on India. He founded the Political Economy Club, a weekly discussion group. Also in 1909, Keynes accepted a lectureship in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall. Keynes's earnings rose further as he began to take on pupils for private tuition. In 1911 Keynes was made the editor of "The Economic Journal". By 1913 he had published his first book, "Indian Currency and Finance". He was then appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance – the same topic as his book – where Keynes showed considerable talent at applying economic theory to practical problems. His written work was published under the name "J M Keynes", though to his family and friends he was known as Maynard. (His father, John Neville Keynes, was also always known by his middle name). The British Government called on Keynes's expertise during the First World War. While he did not formally re-join the civil service in 1914, Keynes traveled to London at the government's request a few days before hostilities started. Bankers had been pushing for the suspension of specie payments – the convertibility of banknotes into gold – but with Keynes's help the Chancellor of the Exchequer (then Lloyd George) was persuaded that this would be a bad idea, as it would hurt the future reputation of the city if payments were suspended before it was necessary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37973 | 509,450 |
Electronics World In the December 1975 edition an article described “feed-forward” error correction for audio amplifiers as embodied in the legendary QUAD 405 current dumping power amplifier designed by Peter Walker and M. P. Albinson. In 1975/6 "Wireless World" published the design of a decoder of broadcast TV Teletext information before the first commercial decoder became available. Later it published regular columns of brief "Circuit Ideas". In the August to December 1967 editions a series, Wireless World Digital Computer by Brian Crank, was published. It described how to build a "very" simple binary computer at home. It was constructed entirely from "reject" transistors (functional, but not meeting all specifications, consequently sold cheaply), and was intended for teaching the basic principles of computer operation. In 1977 a series of articles was published based on the design of the NASCOM 1 computer. In 1979 they published a design by John Adams for a dual-processor desktop computer which included a novel high-level programming language. Entitled "A scientific computer", it was marketed as the PSI Comp 80 in kit form by the company Powertran. Contributors included M.G. Scroggie, who contributed articles of an educational nature on subjects such as applied mathematics and electronic theory using the pen name "Cathode Ray". "Free Grid" was the pseudonym of Norman Preston Vincer-Minter (1897–1964), a classicist and ex-naval wireless operator who specialised in deflating pomposity with his biting wit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24053883 | 393,410 |
Steve Jobs The first iPad was released on April 3, 2010; the most recent iPad models, the iPad (2017), iPad Pro, and iPad Mini 4, were released on September 9, 2015, and March 24, 2017. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad includes built-in Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on select models. , more than 250 million iPads have been sold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7412236 | 406,195 |
Soil seed bank The term soil diaspore bank can be used to include non-flowering plants such as ferns and bryophytes. In addition to seeds, perennial plants have vegetative propagules to facilitate forming new plants, migration into new ground, or reestablishment after being top-killed. These propagules are collectively called the 'soil bud bank', and include dormant and adventitious buds on stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs. is significant breeding source for vegetation restoration and species-rich vegetation restoration, as they provide memories of past vegetation and represent the structure of future population. did not very differ in overall seed density or species diversity, and there was little relative between the species composition of the seed bank and the composition of the aboveground vegetation. These two facts could lead to the conclusion that the species composition of the aboveground vegetation and the soil bank can differ. Additionally, it is a key point that the relationship between soil seed bank and original potential to measure the revegetation potential. In endangered habitats, such as mudflats, rare and critically endangered species may be present in high densities within the soil seed bank and survive between 50 years or a century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4695949 | 143,536 |
An Essay on the Principle of Population He explained this phenomenon by arguing that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until a relatively large size of population, relative to a more modest supply of primary resources, caused distress: Malthus also saw that societies through history had experienced at one time or another epidemics, famines, or wars: events that masked the fundamental problem of populations overstretching their resource limitations: The rapid increase in the global population of the past century exemplifies Malthus's predicted population patterns; it also appears to describe socio-demographic dynamics of complex pre-industrial societies. These findings are the basis for neo-Malthusian modern mathematical models of "long-term historical dynamics". Malthus argued that two types of checks hold population within resource limits: "The first, or preventive check" to lower birth rates and "The second, or positive check" to permit higher mortality rates. This second check "represses an increase which is already begun" but by being "confined chiefly, though not perhaps solely, to the lowest orders of society". The preventive checks could involve birth control, postponement of marriage, and celibacy while the positive checks could involve hunger, disease and war; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3563054 | 514,251 |
Scone Civic Theatre The Company had shown its determination to cater for the entertainment of the people, and looked forward to a continuance of their patronage, which was so much appreciated in the evening. "The Scone Advocate" praised the company for their "boldness and faith and confidence in the town and district." The directors of the company in 1937 were Arthur Centennial Inham, a grazier from Parklands; Herbett Ernest Ell Garside, a store keeper in Scone; and the alternate director was Maxwell Osmond Pye, a medical practitioner in based in Scone. The Civic Theatre was seen as a sign of progress and enterprise for Scone, "imposing and resplendent to a degree", "an ornament to the district, of which it will also remain one of the architectural features for many years to come". The Scone Advocate reported the theatre opened "in a blaze of splendour and colour". The design and fittings of the cinema were admired for being modern, efficient and comfortable." In the magnificent building, seating accommodation has been provided for approximately 1000 persons in stalls and circle (a slight exaggeration, as the cinema actually seated 808), while spacious foyer room and vestibules have been incorporated in the scheme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57840394 | 316,565 |
AV1 performs internal processing in higher precision (10 or 12 bits per sample), which leads to compression improvement due to smaller rounding errors in reference imagery. Predictions can be combined in more advanced ways (than a uniform average) in a block ("compound prediction"), including smooth and sharp transition gradients in different directions ("wedge-partitioned prediction") as well as implicit masks that are based on the difference between the two predictors. This allows combination of either two inter predictions or an inter and an intra prediction to be used in the same block. A frame can reference 6 instead of 3 of the 8 available frame buffers for temporal (inter) prediction while providing more flexibility on bi-prediction (codice_4). The "Warped Motion" (codice_5) and "Global Motion" (codice_6) tools in aim to reduce redundant information in motion vectors by recognizing patterns arising from camera motion. They implement ideas that were tried to be exploited in preceding formats like e.g. MPEG-4 ASP, albeit with a novel approach that works in three dimensions. There can be a set of warping parameters for a whole frame offered in the bitstream, or blocks can use a set of implicit local parameters that get computed based on surrounding blocks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51159625 | 289,182 |
Stereo display Pairs of stereo views printed on a transparent base are viewed by transmitted light. One advantage of transparency viewing is the opportunity for a wider, more realistic dynamic range than is practical with prints on an opaque base; another is that a wider field of view may be presented since the images, being illuminated from the rear, may be placed much closer to the lenses. The practice of viewing film-based stereoscopic transparencies dates to at least as early as 1931, when Tru-Vue began to market sets of stereo views on strips of 35 mm film that were fed through a hand-held Bakelite viewer. In 1939, a modified and miniaturized variation of this technology, employing cardboard disks containing seven pairs of small Kodachrome color film transparencies, was introduced as the View-Master. The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small LCD or OLED displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate controller. Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost. Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating what is called augmented reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=950041 | 235,654 |
Movie projector The film winds through a series of rollers from the platter stack to the projector, through the projector, through another series of rollers back to the platter stack, and then onto the platter serving as the take-up reel. This system makes it possible to project a film multiple times without needing to rewind it. As the projectionist threads the projector for each showing, the payout unit is transferred from the empty platter to the full platter and the film then plays back onto the platter it came from. In the case of a double feature, each film plays from a full platter onto an empty platter, swapping positions on the platter stack throughout the day. The advantage of a platter is that the film need not be rewound after each show, which can save labor. Rewinding risks rubbing the film against itself, which can cause scratching of the film and smearing of the emulsion which carries the pictures. The disadvantages of the platter system are that the film can acquire diagonal scratches on it if proper care is not taken while threading film from platter to projector, and the film has more opportunity to collect dust and dirt as long lengths of film are exposed to the air. A clean projection booth kept at the proper humidity is of great importance, as are cleaning devices that can remove dirt from the film print as it plays. The single reel system can allow for the complete automation of the projection booth operations, given the proper auxiliary equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=731779 | 421,236 |
Young–Laplace equation It is sometimes also called the Young–Laplace–Gauss equation, as Carl Friedrich Gauss unified the work of Young and Laplace in 1830, deriving both the differential equation and boundary conditions using Johann Bernoulli's virtual work principles. If the pressure difference is zero, as in a soap film without gravity, the interface will assume the shape of a minimal surface. The equation also explains the energy required to create an emulsion. To form the small, highly curved droplets of an emulsion, extra energy is required to overcome the large pressure that results from their small radius. The Laplace pressure, which is greater for smaller droplets, causes the diffusion of molecules out of the smallest droplets in an emulsion and drives emulsion coarsening via Ostwald ripening. In a sufficiently narrow (i.e., low Bond number) tube of circular cross-section (radius "a"), the interface between two fluids forms a meniscus that is a portion of the surface of a sphere with radius "R". The pressure jump across this surface is related to the radius and the surface tension γ by This may be shown by writing the in spherical form with a contact angle boundary condition and also a prescribed height boundary condition at, say, the bottom of the meniscus. The solution is a portion of a sphere, and the solution will exist "only" for the pressure difference shown above | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9122581 | 47,863 |
Charles Wood (ironmaster) This followed one to John Wood alone in 1761. In December 1763, Peter How's tobacco firm became bankrupt, as did the braziers' business of Gabriel Griffiths and Robert Ross. The fate of the forge is not clear. In 1789, the building had been suffered to decay, and the expense of repairing it was more than the lease was worth, so that the lease was surrendered. However, Wood had left there in 1766 to go to Merthyr Tydfil. William Brownrigg and Anthony Bacon (a London merchant born in Whitehaven) leased the mines in at Merthyr Tydfil. Wood was brought in to build a forge for them there and he reached Merthyr in April 1766. The forge had six races leading off the river Taff, for a clay mill, two stampers, two hammers, and a chafery. In addition there were air furnaces, in which the iron was heated during the refining process. A drying shed for the pots and other buildings. A blast furnace, high and blown by blowing cylinders was begun to be built that autumn, but was probably not completed until the following year. In the meantime, pig iron was needed for the forge to work, so Wood arranged for the owners to take over the nearby Plymouth Furnace. Wood returned to Lowmill in January 1766, but was back at Merthyr in April. He remained there as manager until his death in 1774. His widow stayed there until her death in 1799. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17731326 | 43,583 |
Techno-progressivism During the November 2014 Transvision Conference, many of the leading transhumanist organizations signed the Technoprogressive Declaration. The Declaration stated the values of technoprogressivism. Bioconservatism (a portmanteau word combining "biology" and "conservatism") is a stance of hesitancy about technological development especially if it is perceived to threaten a given social order. Strong bioconservative positions include opposition to genetic modification of food crops, the cloning and genetic engineering of livestock and pets, and, most prominently, rejection of the genetic, prosthetic, and cognitive modification of human beings to overcome what are broadly perceived as current human biological and cultural limitations. Bioconservatives range in political perspective from right-leaning religious and cultural conservatives to left-leaning environmentalists and technology critics. What unifies bioconservatives is skepticism about medical and other biotechnological transformations of the living world. Typically less sweeping as a critique of technological society than bioluddism, the bioconservative perspective is characterized by its defense of the natural, deployed as a moral category | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1514086 | 259,934 |
Air well (condenser) For instance, the dew temperature of air at and 80 percent relative humidity is . The dew temperature falls to if the relative humidity is 50 percent. A related, but quite distinct, technique of obtaining atmospheric moisture is the fog fence. An air well should not be confused with a dew pond. A dew pond is an artificial pond intended for watering livestock. The name "dew pond" (sometimes "cloud pond" or "mist pond") derives from the widely held belief that the pond was filled by moisture from the air. In fact, dew ponds are primarily filled by rainwater. A stone mulch can significantly increase crop yields in arid areas. This is most notably the case in the Canary Islands: on the island of Lanzarote there is about of rain each year and there are no permanent rivers. Despite this, substantial crops can be grown by using a mulch of volcanic stones, a trick discovered after volcanic eruptions in 1730. Some credit the stone mulch with promoting dew; although the idea has inspired some thinkers, it seems unlikely that the effect is significant. Rather, plants are able to absorb dew directly from their leaves, and the main benefit of a stone mulch is to reduce water loss from the soil and to eliminate competition from weeds. Beginning in the early 20th century, a number of inventors experimented with high-mass collectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21902856 | 254,192 |
Label switching This model permits finer granularity resource allocation to traffic streams, since label values are not globally significant but are only significant on a single link; therefore resources can be reserved for the aggregate of packets/cells received on a link with a particular label, and the label switching semantics govern the next-hop selection, allowing a traffic stream to follow a specially engineered path through the network." A related topic is "Multilayer Switching," which discusses silicon-based wire-speed routing devices that examine not only layer 3 packet information, but also layer 4 (transport) and layer 7 (application) information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10849824 | 372,905 |
Engineering geology is the application of the geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for. Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development and various types of structures. The realm of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or investigation of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human activities. studies may be performed during the planning, environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design, value engineering and construction phases of public and private works projects, and during post-construction and forensic phases of projects. Works completed by engineering geologists include; geological hazard assessments, geotechnical, material properties, landslide and slope stability, erosion, flooding, dewatering, and seismic investigations, etc. studies are performed by a geologist or engineering geologist that is educated, trained and has obtained experience related to the recognition and interpretation of natural processes, the understanding of how these processes impact human made structures (and vice versa), and knowledge of methods by which to mitigate hazards resulting from adverse natural or human made conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=777471 | 309,913 |
Gravity wagon The gravity wagon, or slant wagon, is an angled hopper style wagon that utilizes gravity to make the unloading process easier. It is primarily used on farms for agricultural purposes, such as for holding crops or fertilizer. For easy comparison, it is similar to a railroad hopper car, only with one door which is located on the bottom side rather than on the bottom center. A gravity wagon has three sides which are angled at about 45 degrees and one side that is vertical. An unloading door is located at the bottom of the vertical side where the three angled sides come together. This design causes the contents of the wagon to funnel towards the door so that no effort has to be put forth to unload the contents other than opening the door, which opens upwards by the action of a lever or turning of a wheel. The chassis used for gravity wagons is sometimes the same as the chassis used for hay wagons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19839241 | 424,954 |
Synchronization gear Photographic evidence suggests that an earlier version of this gear, controlling a single gun, might have been fitted to the Nieuport 23 and the Hanriot HD.1. The SPAD S.VII was designed around Marc Birkigt's Hispano-Suiza engine, and when the new fighter entered service in September 1916 it came armed with a single Vickers gun synchronized with a new gear provided by Birkigt for use with his engine. Unlike most other mechanical gears, the "SPAD gear" as it was often called, did without a pushrod altogether: the firing impulses being transmitted to the gun torsionally by a moving "oscillating" shaft, which rotated through about a quarter of a revolution, alternately clockwise and anticlockwise. This oscillation was more mechanically efficient than the reciprocating motion of a push rod, permitting higher speeds. Officially known as the "Systeme de Synchronisation pour Vickers Type II (moteurs fixes)" the Birkigt gear was later adapted to control two guns, and remained in use in French service up to the time of the Second World War. No Russian synchronization gears went into production before the 1917 Revolution – although experiments by Victor Dibovski in 1915 contributed to the later British Scarff-Dibovski gear (described above), and another naval officer, G.I. Lavrov, also designed a gear that was fitted to the unsuccessful Sikorsky S-16. French and British designs licence-built in Russia used the Alkan-Hamy or Birkigt gears | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174474 | 434,567 |
Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases This decision rests with regulators, particularly in South Africa. In 2013, the VOICE study (MTN 003), another large-scale trial, is scheduled to release results. VOICE is evaluating three different strategies to prevent HIV in women: one ARV-based microbicide and two regimens consisting of oral ARVs on a daily basis. The VOICE trial is testing 1% tenofovir vaginal gel in a once-daily formulation. It is not known at this time if VOICE will be considered a confirmatory trial for CAPRISA 004, which used a different dosing strategy. Products known as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, or PrEP, are also being tested at various stages of the development process. These products, administered orally or via injection, would contain ARVs to protect HIV-negative people from becoming infected. Individuals would receive ARVs before they were exposed to HIV, with the goal of lowering their risk or preventing infection. One of the potential advantages of PrEP is that an individual could use it autonomously (without the need to negotiate with a partner), and it is not dependent on the time of sex. It is hoped that those unable to negotiate condom use with their sexual partners would be able to reduce their risk of HIV infection with the use of an oral (or injectable) prophylactic drug. Current PrEP candidates in development include tenofovir and Truvada (a combination of two ARV compounds, tenofovir and emtricitabine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=425158 | 174,755 |
Debit card Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank account. This means that, among other advantages, the new system is suitable for electronic purchases without a delay of two to four days for bank-to-bank money transfers. Australia operates both electronic credit card transaction authorization and traditional EFTPOS debit card authorization systems, the difference between the two being that EFTPOS transactions are authorized by a personal identification number (PIN) while credit card transactions can additionally be authorized using a contactless payment mechanism (requiring a PIN for purchases over $100). If the user fails to enter the correct pin three times, the consequences range from the card being locked out for a minimum 24-hour period, a phone call or trip to the branch to reactivate with a new PIN, the card being cut up by the merchant, or in the case of an ATM, being kept inside the machine, both of which require a new card to be ordered. Generally credit card transaction costs are borne by the merchant with no fee applied to the end user (although a direct consumer surcharge of 0.5 - 3% is not uncommon) while EFTPOS transactions cost the consumer an applicable withdrawal fee charged by their bank | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9008 | 135,232 |
Criticism of the theory of relativity However, as already shown by Robert Daniel Carmichael (1910) and others, the constancy of the speed of light can be interpreted as a natural consequence of "two" experimentally demonstrated facts: Note that measurements regarding the speed of light are actually measurements of the two-way speed of light, since the one-way speed of light depends on which convention is chosen to synchronize the clocks. Einstein emphasized the importance of general covariance for the development of general relativity, and took the position that the general covariance of his 1915 theory of gravity ensured implementation of a generalized relativity principle. This view was challenged by Erich Kretschmann (1917), who argued that every theory of space and time (even including Newtonian dynamics) can be formulated in a covariant way, if additional parameters are included, and thus general covariance of a theory would in itself be insufficient to implement a generalized relativity principle. Although Einstein (1918) agreed with that argument, he also countered that Newtonian mechanics in general covariant form would be too complicated for practical uses. Although it is now understood that Einstein's response to Kretschmann was mistaken (subsequent papers showed that such a theory would still be usable), another argument can be made in favor of general covariance: it is a natural way to express the equivalence principle, "i.e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30694430 | 445,231 |
Electron multiplier A continuous dynode system uses a horn shape funnel of glass coated with a thin film of semiconducting materials. The electrodes have increasing resistance to allow secondary emission. Continuous dynodes use a negative high voltage in the wider end and goes to a positive near ground at the narrow end. The first device of this kind was called a Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM). CEMs required 2-4 kilovolts in order to achieve a gain of 10 electrons. Another geometry of continuous-dynode electron multiplier is called the microchannel plate (MCP). It may be considered a 2-dimensional parallel array of very small continuous-dynode electron multipliers, built together and powered in parallel. Each microchannel is generally parallel-walled, not tapered or funnel-like. MCPs are constructed from lead glass and carry a resistance of 10 Ω between each electrode. Each channel has a diameter of 10-100 μm. The electron gain for one microchannel plate can be around 10-10 electrons. In mass spectrometry electron multipliers are often used as a detector of ions that have been separated by a mass analyzer of some sort. They can be the continuous-dynode type and may have a curved horn-like funnel shape or can have discrete dynodes as in a photomultiplier. Continuous dynode electron multipliers are also used in NASA missions and are coupled to a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) which allows scientists to determine the amount and types of gasses present on Titan, Saturn's largest moon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1777403 | 94,585 |
Driving America Forward Act Many top sellers, such as General Motors and Tesla, will soon reach or have already reached that cap. In October 2019, the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration released a report of an audit it had conducted. In its audit, the agency found that "millions of dollars in potentially erroneous plug-in tax credits are being claimed for ineligible vehicles on income tax returns—to the tune of $82 million from tax years 2013 through 2017." The legislation extends two specific tax credits: electric vehicle purchases and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle purchases. Under the bill, when people buy qualifying electric vehicles or hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, they get a dollar-for-dollar reduction in their federal tax liability (taxes owed for that year). For example, if someone's federal income tax is $7,500 for the year, and they purchase an electric vehicle that qualifies for a $7,500 tax credit, that person would not owe anything in federal taxes for that year. Under current law, the first 200,000 electric vehicles manufactured by each automaker come with a $7,500 tax credit to the consumers who buy them. The would allow an additional 400,000 EVs to come with a tax credit (slightly less, at $7,000 per vehicle). Unless the bill is signed into law, people who buy EVs from manufacturers who have already sold over 200,000 electric vehicles do not get the tax credit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62438703 | 387,146 |
Phases of clinical research It is common practice that certain Phase III trials will continue while the regulatory submission is pending at the appropriate regulatory agency. This allows patients to continue to receive possibly lifesaving drugs until the drug can be obtained by purchase. Other reasons for performing trials at this stage include attempts by the sponsor at "label expansion" (to show the drug works for additional types of patients/diseases beyond the original use for which the drug was approved for marketing), to obtain additional safety data, or to support marketing claims for the drug. Studies in this phase are by some companies categorized as "Phase IIIB studies." While not required in all cases, it is typically expected that there be at least two successful Phase III trials, demonstrating a drug's safety and efficacy, in order to obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory agencies such as FDA (USA), or the EMA (European Union). Once a drug has proved satisfactory after Phase III trials, the trial results are usually combined into a large document containing a comprehensive description of the methods and results of human and animal studies, manufacturing procedures, formulation details, and shelf life. This collection of information makes up the "regulatory submission" that is provided for review to the appropriate regulatory authorities in different countries. They will review the submission, and, it is hoped, give the sponsor approval to market the drug | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34382035 | 2,119 |
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 was an amendment to the Public Health Service Act mandating performance standards for electronic products suspectible of electromagnetic radiation or radiation emissions. The United States statute established provisions involving research and development programs for the studies of electromagnetic shielding, ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, and exposure assessment to humans. The Act of Congress was recodified to Title 21 from Title 42 with the passage of the Safe Medical Device Amendments of 1990. The electronic product radiation control provisions are authorized for administrative law purposes by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The H.R. 10790 legislation was passed by the 90th United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson on October 18, 1968. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44838369 | 229,756 |
Bio-MEMS There are stationary (chamber-based), dynamic (continuous flow-based), and microdroplet (digital PCR) chip architectures. The ability to perform medical diagnosis at the bedside or at the point-of-care is important in health care, especially in developing countries where access to centralized hospitals is limited and prohibitively expensive. To this end, point-of-care diagnostic bio-MEMS have been developed to take saliva, blood, or urine samples and in an integrated approach perform sample preconditioning, sample fractionation, signal amplification, analyte detection, data analysis, and result display. In particular, blood is a very common biological sample because it cycles through the body every few minutes and its contents can indicate many aspects of health. In blood analysis, white blood cells, platelets, bacteria, and plasma must be separated. Sieves, weirs, inertial confinement, and flow diversion devices are some approaches used in preparing blood plasma for cell-free analysis. Sieves can be microfabricated with high-aspect-ratio columns or posts, but are only suitable for low loading to avoid clogging with cells. Weirs are shallow mesa-like sections used to restrict flow to narrow slots between layers without posts. One advantage of using weirs is that the absence of posts allows more effective recycling of retenate for flow across the filter to wash off clogged cells. Magnetic beads are used to aid in analyte separation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19081158 | 370,090 |
PAGASA On the same occasion, the Ground Receiving Station for the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite was inaugurated, bringing the satellite meteorology of the Philippines to a giant leap forward. In April 1983, Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operations was jointly undertaken by PAGASA, National Power Corporation, and National Irrigation Administration, with financial assistance in the form of loans from the Japanese Government. Phase 1 of the project covered Angat and Pantabangan Dams, while Phase II covered the Magat, Binga, and Ambuklao Dams, as well as the Data Information Center for the project. The subsequent efforts of the government to centrally direct the integration of all government scientific and technological efforts led to the transfer of to the National Science and Technology Authority through Executive Order No. 984, s. 1984. The reorganization also transferred the seismological services of to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLC), now Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Following the reestablishment of the democratic government after the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos (see People Power Revolution) in 1986, President Corazon C. Aquino ordered the reorganization of the National Science and Technology Authority (now called Department of Science and Technology) and all agencies under its authority, pursuant to Executive Order 128, s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3704916 | 233,534 |
C19H18ClN3O5S The molecular formula CHClNOS (molar mass: 435.881 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24711216 | 75,496 |
SGS S.A. SGS (formerly Société Générale de Surveillance (French for "General Society of Surveillance")) is a multinational company headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland which provides inspection, verification, testing and certification services. It has more than 94,000 employees and operates over 2,600 offices and laboratories worldwide. It ranked on Forbes Global 2000 in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The core services offered by SGS include the inspection and verification of the quantity, weight and quality of traded goods, the testing of product quality and performance against various health, safety and regulatory standards, and to make sure that products, systems or services meet the requirements of standards set by governments, standardization bodies or by SGS customers. International traders in London, including those from France, Germany and the Netherlands, the Baltic, Hungary, the Mediterranean and the United States, founded the London Corn Trade Association in 1878 in order to standardize shipping documents for exporting nations and to clarify procedures and disputes relating to the quality of imported grain. In the same year, SGS was founded in Rouen, France, by Henri Goldstuck, a young Latvian immigrant who, having seen the opportunities at one of the country’s largest ports, began to inspect French grain shipments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1916664 | 460,823 |
Commutation cell The commutation cell is the basic structure in power electronics. It is composed of an electronic switch (today a high-power semiconductor, not a mechanical switch) and a diode. It was traditionally referred to as a chopper, but since switching power supplies became a major form of power conversion, this new term has become more popular. The purpose of the commutation cell is to "chop" DC power into square wave alternating current. This is done so that an inductor and a capacitor can be used in an LC circuit to change the voltage. This is in theory a lossless process, and in practice efficiencies above 80-90% are routinely achieved. The output is then usually run through a filter to produce clean DC power. By controlling the on and off times (the duty cycle) of the switch in the commutation cell, the output voltage can be regulated. This basic principle is the core of most modern power supplies, from tiny DC-DC converters in portable devices to huge switching stations for high voltage DC power transmission. A connects two power elements, often referred to as sources, although they can either produce or absorb power. Some requirements to connect power sources exist. The impossible configurations are listed in figure 1. They are basically: This applies to classical sources (battery, generator), but also to capacitors and inductors: At a small time scale, a capacitor is identical to a voltage source, and an inductor to a current source | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4604136 | 411,129 |
Inverted pendulum A person standing upright acts as an inverted pendulum with his feet as the pivot, and without constant small muscular adjustments would fall over. The human nervous system contains an unconscious feedback control system, the sense of balance or righting reflex, that uses proprioceptive input from the eyes, muscles and joints, and orientation input from the vestibular system consisting of the three semicircular canals in the inner ear, and two otolith organs, to make continual small adjustments to the skeletal muscles to keep us standing upright. Walking, running, or balancing on one leg puts additional demands on this system. Certain diseases and alcohol or drug intoxication can interfere with this reflex, causing dizziness and disequilibration, an inability to stand upright. A field sobriety test used by police to test drivers for the influence of alcohol or drugs, tests this reflex for impairment. Some simple examples include balancing brooms or meter sticks by hand. The inverted pendulum has been employed in various devices and trying to balance an inverted pendulum presents a unique engineering problem for researchers. The inverted pendulum was a central component in the design of several early seismometers due to its inherent instability resulting in a measurable response to any disturbance. The inverted pendulum model has been used in some recent personal transporters, such as the two-wheeled self-balancing scooters and single-wheeled electric unicycles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=265421 | 238,527 |
William Henry Preece In 1885, Preece and Arthur West Heaviside (Oliver Heaviside's brother) experimented with parallel telegraph lines and an unwired telephone receiver, discovering radio induction (later identified with the effects of crosstalk). In 1897, with Marconi radio experiments from Lavernock Point in south Wales to the island of Flatholm, became one of Marconi's most ardent supporters. He made various efforts to support Guglielmo Marconi in the wireless field. Preece gained financial assistance from the Post Office to help expand Marconi's work. Preece believed that the Earth's magnetic field was critical in the propagation of radio waves over long distances. He had a long-standing rivalry with Oliver Heaviside over his traditional ideas about electricity. It was derisively referred to as "the drain-pipe theory" by Heaviside, because Preece presented the analogy of electricity and water for thought experiments. Reportedly, he rejected and never understood James Clerk Maxwell's advances to mathematical physics, and insisted that adding inductance to a telegraph line could only be detrimental, even while Maxwell's and Heaviside's theory and experiments showed that inductance could help. Preece once stated, conveying sentiments which were later made by Edwin Armstrong, Preece served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers between April 1898 and November 1899. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=862432 | 310,308 |
Cour d'honneur A cour d'honneur (; ; ) is a three-sided ceremonial courtyard, created by flanking the main central block, or "corps de logis", with symmetrical advancing secondary wings containing minor rooms. The Palace of Versailles ("illustration") and Blenheim Palace ("plan") both feature such entrance courts. Technically, the term "cour d'honneur" can be used of any large building whether public or residential, ancient or modern, which has a symmetrical courtyard set apart in this way, at which the honored visitor arrives. (The rest may arrive without flourish, through a side entrance.) Some 16th-century symmetrical Western European country houses built on U-shaped groundplans resulted in a sheltered central door in a main range that was embraced between projecting wings, but the formalized "cour d'honneur" is first found in the great palaces and mansions of 17th-century Europe, where it forms the principal approach and ceremonial entrance to the building. Its open courtyard is presented like the classical permanent theatre set of a proscenium stage, such as the built Roman set of opposed "palazzi" in a perspective street at Palladio's Teatro Olimpicoo (Vicenza, 1584). Like the theatre set, the built environment is defined and enclosed from the more public space by ornate wrought iron gilded railings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2792334 | 276,944 |
Multidisciplinary design optimization The exploration of decomposition methods has continued in the last dozen years with the development and comparison of a number of approaches, classified variously as hierarchic and non hierarchic, or collaborative and non collaborative. Approximation methods spanned a diverse set of approaches, including the development of approximations based on surrogate models (often referred to as metamodels), variable fidelity models, and trust region management strategies. The development of multipoint approximations blurred the distinction with response surface methods. Some of the most popular methods include Kriging and the moving least squares method. Response surface methodology, developed extensively by the statistical community, received much attention in the MDO community in the last dozen years. A driving force for their use has been the development of massively parallel systems for high performance computing, which are naturally suited to distributing the function evaluations from multiple disciplines that are required for the construction of response surfaces. Distributed processing is particularly suited to the design process of complex systems in which analysis of different disciplines may be accomplished naturally on different computing platforms and even by different teams. Evolutionary methods led the way in the exploration of non-gradient methods for MDO applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547743 | 195,425 |
Skin flora Although it is a part of the commensal skin microbiota, patients affected with rosacea show an increase in "D. folliculorum" compared to healthy individuals, suggesting pathogenicity. "Bacillus oleronius", a "Demodex" associated microbe, is not typically found in the commensal skin microbiota but initiates inflammatory pathways whose starting mechanism is similar to rosacea patients. Populations of "S. epidermidis" have also been isolated from pustules of rosacea patients. However it is possible that they were moved by "Demodex" to areas that favour growth as "Demodex" has shown to transport bacteria around the face. Current treatments include topical and oral antibiotics and laser therapy. As current research has yet to show a clear mechanism for "Demodex" influence in rosacea, there are no potential probiotic treatments. Skin microbes are a potential source of infected medical devices such as catheters. It is important to note that the human skin is host to numerous bacterial and fungal species, some of which are known to be harmful, some known to be beneficial and the vast majority unresearched. The use of bactericidal and fungicidal soaps will inevitably lead to bacterial and fungal populations which are resistant to the chemicals employed (see drug resistance). do not readily pass between people: 30 seconds of moderate friction and dry hand contact results in a transfer of only 0.07% of natural hand flora from naked with a greater percentage from gloves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11100132 | 193,418 |
Dipole antenna The radiation resistance is "usually" expressed relative to the maximum current present along an antenna element, which for the half-wave dipole (and most other antennas) is also the current at the feedpoint. However, if the dipole is fed at a different point at a distance "x" from a current maximum (the center in the case of a half-wave dipole), then the current there is not I but only I cos(kx). In order to supply the same power, the voltage at the feedpoint has to be similarly "increased" by the factor 1/cos(kx). Consequently, the resistive part of the feedpoint impedance Re(V/I) is increased by the factor 1/cos(kx): This equation can also be used for dipole antennas of other lengths, provided that R has been computed relative to the current maximum, which is "not" generally the same as the feedpoint current for dipoles longer than half-wave. Note that this equation breaks down when feeding an antenna near a current node, where cos(kx) approaches zero. Indeed, the driving point impedance rises greatly, but is nevertheless limited due to quadrature components of the elements' current which is ignored in the above model for the current distribution. A folded dipole is a half-wave dipole with an additional parallel wire connecting its two ends. If the additional wire has the same diameter and cross-section as the dipole, two nearly identical radiating currents are generated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=465156 | 377,389 |
Wireless security To some extent the prevention relies on known modes and methods of attack and relevant methods for suppression of the applied methods. However, each new mode of operation will create new options of threatening. Hence prevention requires a steady drive for improvement. The described modes of attack are just a snapshot of typical methods and scenarios where to apply. Violation of the security perimeter of a corporate network can come from a number of different methods and intents. One of these methods is referred to as “accidental association”. When a user turns on a computer and it latches on to a wireless access point from a neighboring company's overlapping network, the user may not even know that this has occurred. However, it is a security breach in that proprietary company information is exposed and now there could exist a link from one company to the other. This is especially true if the laptop is also hooked to a wired network. Accidental association is a case of wireless vulnerability called as "mis-association". Mis-association can be accidental, deliberate (for example, done to bypass corporate firewall) or it can result from deliberate attempts on wireless clients to lure them into connecting to attacker's APs. “Malicious associations” are when wireless devices can be actively made by attackers to connect to a company network through their laptop instead of a company access point (AP) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2681135 | 281,241 |
International Chemistry Olympiad Presently, 75 countries participate in the International Chemistry Olympiad. In light of the ongoing 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic, the IChO 2020 Organizing Committee has initiated discussion among participant countries' mentors on the possibility of a remote olympiad in hopes of keeping the Olympic spirit of collaboration and peace even in harsh times. Preparatory problems, final results, and the theoretical and practical examinations from particular competition can be found on the respective IChO's website. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=526214 | 34,527 |
Climate system The system can also experience "external forcing" from phenomena outside of the system (e.g. a change in Earth's orbit). Longer changes, usually defined as changes that persist for at least 30 years, are referred to as "climate changes", although this phrase usually refers to the current global climate change. When the climate changes, the effects may build on each other, cascading through the other parts of the system in a series of climate feedbacks (e.g. albedo changes), producing many different effects (e.g. sea level rise). Components of the climate system vary continuously, even without external pushes (external forcing). One example in the atmosphere is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which operates as an atmospheric pressure see-saw. The Portuguese Azores typically have high pressure, whereas there is often lower pressure over Iceland. The difference in pressure oscillates and this affects weather patterns across the North Atlantic region up to central Eurasia. For instance, the weather in Greenland and Canada is cold and dry during a positive NAO. Different phases of the North Atlantic oscillation can be sustained for multiple decades. The ocean and atmosphere can also work together to spontaneously generate internal climate variability that can persist for years to decades at a time. Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5565588 | 4,974 |
Hawkins Electrical Guide For your convenience, links to the available scanned media are provided here: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15186379 | 376,058 |
Uzawa's theorem Model with aggregate production function formula_9, where formula_10 and formula_11 represents technology at time t (where formula_12 is an arbitrary subset of formula_13 for some natural number formula_14). Assume that formula_15 exhibits constant returns to scale in formula_3 and formula_4. The growth in capital at time t is given by formula_18 where formula_19 is the depreciation rate and formula_20 is consumption at time t. Suppose that population grows at a constant rate, formula_21, and that there exists some time formula_22 such that for all formula_23, formula_24, formula_25, and formula_26. Then 1. formula_27; and 2. For any formula_28 , there exists a function formula_29 that is homogeneous of degree 1 in its two arguments, such that the aggregate production function can be represented as "formula_30", where formula_31 and formula_32. For any constant formula_33, formula_34. Proof: Observe that for any formula_35, formula_36. Therefore, formula_37. We first show that the growth rate of investment formula_38 must equal the growth rate of capital formula_39 (i.e. formula_40) The resource constraint at time formula_41 implies By definition of formula_43, formula_44 for all formula_23 . Therefore, the previous equation implies for all formula_23. The left-hand side is a constant, while the right-hand side grows at formula_48 (by Lemma 1) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56351412 | 264,051 |
DisplayID codice_42 Display device data block provides information about display panel characteristics for embedded applications, such as display technology, panel type, and pixel response times. Display interface features block - superseded by codice_14 Display Interface Features. Data blocks not described above are: codice_44 Serial Number Data block provides product serial number as an ASCII string. codice_45 General Purpose ASCII String block provides general purpose text strings that may be required by specific applications. codice_46 Interface Power Sequencing block defines display interface signal timings required for entering and exiting sleep mode. codice_47 Transfer Characteristics block defines detailed gamma curves according to VESA Display Transfer Characteristic Data Block (DTCDB) standard, as may be required by Byte 1 in codice_5 Color characteristics block. codice_18 Stereo Display Interface block describes stereoscopic 3D/VR modes - superseded by codice_17 Stereo display interface. codice_20 Tiled Display Topology data block defines multi-panel displays - superseded by codice_19 Tiled Display Topology. codice_53 Vendor specific block defines proprietary vendor data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27944315 | 383,172 |
NextNav Rajendra Singh, the Founder of LCC International, Recipient of Wireless Hall of Fame serves as Vice Chairman. Dr. Norm Krasner, Founder and CTO of SnapTrack Inc., is the Chief Science Advisor to the Company. The network uses Metropolitan Beacon System technology to deliver high precision three-dimensional indoor location capabilities across a market area. MBS is built on principles similar to GPS transmitting precisely timed signals from a network of wide-area beacons enabling receivers to use trilateration techniques to determine their precise location. This differs significantly from other approaches to indoor and urban location, which rely on short-range, local-area transmitters. Due to the terrestrial placement of the transmitters and sub-GHz nature of the signal, MBS signals can travel several kilometers and—because the network is specifically designed, deployed, and managed for indoor positioning—can be reliably received in deep indoor conditions that block satellite signals (e.g., GPS, GLONASS). MBS signals also enable location to be computed with far lower power drain than GPS. In addition, the system incorporates barometric pressure compensation technology that allows receivers equipped with pressure sensors to compute their altitude very precisely, typically within a floor. A byproduct of the GPS-like operating principles of NextNav’s MBS network is the ability to deliver high-precision (Stratum-1-level) timing to indoor locations or in the event of GPS outages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50175899 | 288,665 |
LG Electronics LG said that "Vietnam provides an "abundant labor force", and that 750 workers at its South Korean handset factory would be relocated to its home appliance plant. has five business units: LG Electronics' products include televisions, home theater systems, refrigerators, washing machines, computer monitors, wearable devices, solar modules, smart appliances, and smartphones. The LG SL9000 was one of several new Borderless HDTV's advertised for release at IFA Berlin in 2009. launched an OLED TV in 2013 and 65-inch and 77-inch sizes in 2014. introduced its first Internet TV in 2007, originally branded as "NetCast Entertainment Access" devices. They later renamed the 2011 Internet televisions to "LG Smart TV" when more interactive television features were added, that enable the audience to receive information from the Internet while watching conventional TV programming. In November 2013, a blogger discovered that some of LG's smart TVs silently collect filenames from attached USB storage devices and program viewing data, and transmit the information to LG's servers and LG-affiliated servers. Shortly after this blog entry went live, LG disabled playback on its site of the video, explaining how its viewer analytics work, and closed the Brightcove account the video was hosted on. LG manufactures remote control models that use Hillcrest Labs' Freespace technology to allow users to change channels using gestures and Dragon NaturallySpeaking technology for voice recognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=656589 | 421,067 |
Linux console The text buffer is a part of VGA memory which describes the content of a text screen in terms of code points and character attributes. Code points in the text buffer and font are generally not the same as encoding used in text terminal semantics to put characters on the screen. The set of glyphs on the screen is determined by the current font. The text screen is handled by console.c and consolemap.c drivers. There is a utility for altering fonts and terminal encodings called consolechars. The Linux kernel (keyboard.c driver) has almost complete support for keyboard input (keyboard layouts), but it remains a bit inconsistent because it interacts badly with different character sets. Layouts are loaded by the loadkeys utility. These two utilities and corresponding data files are packed in Linux Console Tools http://lct.sourceforge.net/ shipped with many Linux distributions. Efforts on the internationalization of Linux at the kernel level started as early as in 1994 by Markus Kuhn and Andries Brouwer. The is capable of supporting any VGA-style text mode, but the kernel itself has very limited means to set these modes up. SVGATextMode helps to enable more complex text modes than the standard EGA and VGA modes. It is fully compatible with Console Tools, but has some conflicts with dosemu, SVGAlib and display servers. Currently, there is no support for different modes on different virtual consoles. Microsoft Windows (of any version) does not have a fully functional support of the console | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26395527 | 139,838 |
National Broadband Plan (United States) The two Republican FCC commissioners, Robert McDowell and Meredith Baker, feared "burdensome rules excavated from the early-Ma Bell-monopoly era onto 21st century networks" which would prevent companies from making the necessary investments to improve their networks. House Minority Leader John Boehner of Ohio called the plan "a government takeover of the Internet." Genachowski said regulations would "support policies that advance our global competitiveness and preserve the Internet as a powerful platform for innovation." In the Federal Communications Commission's Fifth Report before Congress, released in June 2008, the FCC reported: Based on our analysis in this Report, we conclude that the deployment of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans is reasonable and timely. The data reflect the industry's extensive investment in broadband deployment, including at higher speeds, as evidenced by increased subscribership for those higher-speed services. The report stated that 47% of adult Americans had access in the home, rural home broadband adoption was at 31%, and over 57.8 million U.S. households subscribed to broadband at home. The NTIA contended that universal, affordable access was being provided in the home, workplace, classroom, and library. When measuring subscription rates of low-income areas, the survey reported that "92 percent of the lowest-income zip codes have at least one high-speed subscriber, compared with 99.4 percent of the highest-income zip codes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26710541 | 132,833 |
Restricted random waypoint model In mobility management, the restricted random waypoint model is a random model for the movement of mobile users, similar to the random waypoint model, but where the waypoints are restricted to fall within one of a finite set of sub-domains. It was originally introduced by Blaževic et al. in order to model intercity examples and later defined in a more general setting by Le Boudec et al. The restricted random waypoint models the trajectory of a mobile user in a connected domain formula_1. Given a sequence of locations formula_2 in formula_1, called waypoints, the trajectory of the mobile is defined by traveling from one waypoint formula_4 to the next formula_5 along the shortest path in formula_1 between them. In the restricted setting, the waypoints are restricted to fall within one of a finite set of subdomains formula_7. On the trip between formula_4 and formula_5, the mobile moves at constant speed formula_10 which is sampled from some distribution, usually a uniform distribution. The duration of the formula_11-th trip is thus: formula_12 where formula_13 is the length of the shortest path in formula_1 between formula_15 and formula_16. The mobile may also pause at a waypoint, in which case the formula_11-th trip is a pause at the location of the formula_11-th waypoint, i.e. formula_19. A duration formula_20 is drawn from some distribution formula_21 to indicate the end of the pause. The transition instants formula_22 are the time at which the mobile reaches the formula_11-th waypoint | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60933516 | 114,981 |
Framing (construction) However, the first building using balloon framing was possibly a warehouse constructed in 1832 in Chicago, Illinois, by George Washington Snow. Architectural critic Sigfried Giedion cited Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel's 1880s attribution, as well as A. T. Andreas' 1885 "History of Chicago," to credit Snow as 'inventor of the balloon frame method'. In 1833, Augustine Taylor (1796–1891) constructed St. Mary's Catholic Church in Chicago using the balloon framing method. In the 1830s, Hoosier Solon Robinson published articles about a revolutionary new framing system, called "balloon framing" by later builders. Robinson's system called for standard 2x4 lumber, nailed together to form a sturdy, light skeleton. Builders were reluctant to adopt the new technology, however, by the 1880s, some form of 2x4 framing was standard. Alternatively, a precursor to the balloon frame may have been used by the French in Missouri as much as thirty-one years earlier. The name comes from a French Missouri type of construction, "maison en ", "boulin" being a French term for a horizontal scaffolding support. Historians have also fabricated the following story: As Taylor was constructing his first such building, St. Mary's Church, in 1833, skilled carpenters looked on at the comparatively thin framing members, all held together with nails, and declared this method of construction to be no more substantial than a balloon. It would surely blow over in the next wind! Though the criticism proved baseless, the name stuck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2071443 | 305,365 |
Kharkiv model V-2 The () was a Soviet diesel tank V-12 engine designed at the Kharkiv Locomotive Factory by Konstantin Chelpan and his team. It is found in the BT-7M (BT-8), T-34, KV, IS and IS-10 (T-10) tanks, and by extension, the vehicles based on them, such as the SU-85 and SU-100 tank destroyers based on the T-34 and the ISU-122 and ISU-152 self-propelled guns based on the IS-2. Throughout its production life, output ranged from roughly 450-700 hp. The water-cooled engine was made of aluminium. Displacement , bore , stroke left cylinder group and right cylinder group, torque . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32581988 | 431,049 |
XML Unicode itself defines encodings that cover the entire repertoire; well-known ones include UTF-8 and UTF-16. There are many other text encodings that predate Unicode, such as ASCII and ISO/IEC 8859; their character repertoires in almost every case are subsets of the Unicode character set. allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings, and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. also provides a mechanism whereby an processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used. Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 are not necessarily recognized by every parser. provides "escape" facilities for including characters that are problematic to include directly. For example: There are five predefined entities: All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with a "numeric character reference". Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an document encoded either as codice_32 or codice_33. Similarly, the string "I <3 Jörg" could be encoded for inclusion in an document as codice_34. codice_35 is not permitted, however, because the null character is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference. An alternative encoding mechanism such as Base64 is needed to represent such characters. Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34138 | 114,105 |
International Phytogeographic Excursion The International Phytogeographic Excursions was a series of international meetings in plant geography that significantly contributed to exchange of scientific ideas across national and linguistic barriers and also to the rise of Anglo-American plant ecology. The initiative was taken by the British botanist Arthur Tansley at the International Geographic Congress in Geneva in 1908. Tansley and another early key figure, Henry C. Cowles, were both much-inspired by the new 'ecological plant geography' introduced by Eugenius Warming and its quest for answering why-questions about plant distribution, as opposed to the traditional, merely descriptive 'floristic plant geography'. The First was held in the British Isles in 1911. It was organized by Arthur Tansley and went through parts of England, Scotland and Ireland. The participants were: The Second was a travel across North America from July to September 1913. It was hosted by a number of American ecologists led by Henry C. Cowles. The participants were: The Third was proposed in 1915, but postponed due to the First World War. It was finally carried through in 1923 in neutral Switzerland, and as noted by John William Harshberger is his report in Ecology, the participants from Germany, France and other nations recently at war, coexisted peacefully. The organizers were the Swiss botanists Rübel, Schroeter and H. Brockmann-Jerosch. The participants were, among others: The Fourth was held in Scandinavia in 1925 (July 2 to August 24) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13922392 | 190,535 |
Predatory pricing The principal part of predatory pricing is the operator in the seller's market, and the operator has certain economic or technical strength. This feature distinguishes it from price discrimination, which includes not only competition between sellers but also competition among buyers. 2. The geographical market of predatory pricing is the country's domestic market. This feature distinguishes it from "dumping". "Dumping" refers to the act of selling commodities in overseas markets at a lower price than the domestic market. It can be seen that these two have similarities in terms of "low-cost sales" and "exhaustion of competitors", but their differences are obvious. (1) The scopes of application of the two are different. "Predatory pricing" applies to domestic trade, and "dumping" applies to international trade. 2) The standards for the identification of the two are different. "Predatory pricing" is based on cost, while "dumping" is based on the price applicable to the normal trading of domestic similar products. (3) The laws applicable to both are different. "Predatory pricing" mainly applies to domestic laws, while "dumping" mainly applies to international treaties or the laws of other countries. (4) The consequences of the two are different. Legal sanctions on “predatory pricing” are compensating damages or administrative penalties, while “dumping” is levying anti-dumping duties. 3. The objective performance of predatory pricing is a company temporarily sells goods or services below cost | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=545725 | 484,117 |
STS relay is the speech-to-speech relay service available to any telephone callers or callees with speech disability and to those who wish to talk with them. "STS Relay" is available via 711 in the US through the Telecommunications Relay Service; in a telephone call, first dial 711, then ask for STS. A trained communication assistant will ask you what number you want to call. The assistant will repeat what the caller with the speech disability is saying. The callee can then respond. The caller can then reply. The communication assistant will "revoice" the caller's message. The callee then responds in this three-way assisted phone conversation. The service is available in Australia, Sweden, and in other nations on a trial basis. STS Relay on the PSTN (public switch telephone network) is available for those who need telephone call assistance because of a speech disability. STS Relay first became available in the US in California, in 1997; the service became available nationally March 1, 2001. On May 12, 2006, the University of Wisconsin - Madison awarded Robert Z. Segalman, PhD (UW 1972), an honorary Doctor of Science for his work in creating Speech To Speech. DrSTS@comcast.net—this email address is intended for the use of those who need information on how to use Speech to Speech on the telephone in their daily lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2500987 | 280,585 |
Metalloprotein The catalytic cycle produces the bicarbonate ion and the hydrogen ion as the equilibrium favours dissociation of carbonic acid at biological pH values. The cobalt-containing Vitamin B (also known as cobalamin) catalyzes the transfer of methyl (−CH) groups between two molecules, which involves the breaking of C−C bonds, a process that is energetically expensive in organic reactions. The metal ion lowers the activation energy for the process by forming a transient Co−CH bond. The structure of the coenzyme was famously determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and co-workers, for which she received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. It consists of a cobalt(II) ion coordinated to four nitrogen atoms of a corrin ring and a fifth nitrogen atom from an imidazole group. In the resting state there is a Co−C sigma bond with the 5′ carbon atom of adenosine. This is a naturally occurring organometallic compound, which explains its function in "trans"-methylation reactions, such as the reaction carried out by methionine synthase. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is a very energy-intensive process, as it involves breaking the very stable triple bond between the nitrogen atoms. The enzyme nitrogenase is one of the few enzymes that can catalyze the process. The enzyme occurs in "Rhizobium" bacteria. There are three components to its action: a molybdenum atom at the active site, iron–sulfur clusters that are involved in transporting the electrons needed to reduce the nitrogen, and an abundant energy source in the form of magnesium ATP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185748 | 26,698 |
Per Teodor Cleve He isolated a quantity of scandium in this same year and determined its atomic weight. He discovered the element holmium in 1879 by examining a sample of erbium oxide. While removing impurities from a sample of erbium oxide, Cleve discovered a brown substance and a green substance, and the brown substance was holmium oxide (the green substance was thulium oxide). However, this sample may have been impure. He separated thulium from an erbium oxide sample in 1879. Additionally, Cleve and Abraham Langlet discovered helium in the mineral cleveite in 1895. Cleve discovered six forms of dichloronaphthalene and discovered aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids, which are sometimes named after him. He prepared a number of nitrosulfonic acids as well. In 1883, Cleve was the first person to describe the plankton species "Nitzschia seriata". In 1890, Cleve began to mainly focus on the field of biology, mainly studying freshwater algae, diatoms, and plankton. Cleve participated in a Swedish expedition to Spitsbergen in 1898. While on this mission, he discovered a number of species of spumellarians, nassellarians, and phaeodarians. Cleve, in collaboration with Otto Höglund prepared numerous previously-undiscovered salts of yttrium and erbium. The two also did work on the chemistry of the chemical elements thorium and lanthanum. By 1874, Cleve discovered that thorium was a quadrivalent element and also determined lanthanum to be trivalent. These findings were initially doubted by the scientific community | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434674 | 68,255 |
Power graph analysis Network compression, a new measure derived from Power Graphs, has been proposed as a quality measure for protein interaction networks. Power Graphs have been also applied to the analysis of drug-target-disease networks for Drug repositioning. Power Graphs have been applied to large-scale data in social networks, for community mining or for modeling author types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18411966 | 118,057 |
Arduino A program for hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer). The integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages "Processing" and "Wiring". It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple "one-click" mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub "main()" into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5389424 | 121,000 |
Systems chemistry Laboratory processes are mostly designed such that the (closed) system goes thermodynamically downhill; i.e. the product state is of lower Gibbs free energy, yielding stable molecules that can be isolated and stored. Yet the chemistry of life operates in a very different way: Most molecules from which living systems are constituted are turned over continuously and are not necessarily thermodynamically stable. Nevertheless, living systems can be stable, but in a homeostatic sense. Such homeostatic (open) systems are far-from-equilibrium and are dissipative: they need energy to maintain themselves. In dissipative controlled systems the continuous supply of energy allows a continuous transition between different supramolecular states, where systems with unexpected properties may be discovered. One of the grand challenges of Systems Chemistry is to unveil complex reactions networks, where molecules continuously consume energy to perform specific functions. While multicomponent reactions have been studied for centuries, the idea of deliberately analyzing mixtures and reaction networks is more recent. The first mentions of systems chemistry as a field date from 2005. Early adopters focused on prebiotic chemistry combined with supramolecular chemistry, before it was generalized to the study of emergent properties and functions of any complex molecular systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55573246 | 9,113 |
Intranet "Built for one audience": Many companies dictate computer specifications which, in turn, may allow developers to write applications that only have to work on one browser (no cross-browser compatibility issues). Being able to specifically address one's "viewer" is a great advantage. Since intranets are user-specific (requiring database/network authentication prior to access), users know exactly who they are interfacing with and can personalize their intranet based on role (job title, department) or individual ("Congratulations Jane, on your 3rd year with our company!"). "Promote common corporate culture": Every user has the ability to view the same information within the intranet. "Immediate updates": When dealing with the public in any capacity, laws, specifications, and parameters can change. Intranets make it possible to provide one's audience with "live" changes so they are kept up-to-date, which can limit a company's liability. "Supports a distributed computing architecture"': The intranet can also be linked to a company's management information system, for example a time keeping system. "Employee Engagement": Since "involvement in decision making" is one of the main drivers of employee engagement, offering tools (like forums or surveys) that foster peer-to-peer collaboration and employee participation can make employees feel more valued and involved | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37481 | 114,152 |
Mercy (Overwatch) A "Polygon" story covering the event noted Mercy was equipped with feathery wings, a healing stream, and a pistol. Mercy is voiced by Lucie Pohl, a German-American voice actress. While Blizzard had been trying to find an actor native to the area that could perform a good Swiss-German accent, they found Pohl's accent to be good for the character and selected her instead, according to lead writer Michael Chu. In concept art for "Overwatch", prior to her final design, Mercy had been represented as a black man with white hair and a broad build, but otherwise having similar outfits and abilities as the released version. In addition to her default skin, Mercy has received themed cosmetics, such as during the game's 2017 "Year of the Rooster" event. While Blizzard has made various changes to all of the heroes since the game's release, Mercy has seen very significant changes, including a complete rework of her skill kit, maintain to address how her ability to resurrect downed team members has impacted the game. At release, Mercy's ultimate ability was "Resurrect", which revived any recently eliminated teammates within a certain range, granting them full health and a brief invulnerability. Blizzard's developer notes on their July 21, 2016 patch for "Overwatch" referred to Resurrect as "one of the most powerful abilities in the game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50689963 | 181,223 |
Depaneling The disadvantages are: ability to cut in straight lines only and higher stress than for routing. Laser cutting is now being offered as a sixth method by some equipment makers. UV laser depaneling makes use of a 355 nm wavelength (ultraviolet), diode-pumped, Nd:YAG laser source. At this wavelength the laser is capable of cutting, drilling and structuring on rigid and flex circuit substrates. The laser beam, capable of cut widths under 25μm, is controlled by high-precision, galvo-scanning mirrors with repeat accuracy of +/- 4 μm. A variety of substrate materials can be cut with a UV laser source including FR4 and similar resin-based substrates, polyimide, ceramics, PTFE, PET, Aluminum, Brass and Copper. Advantages: accuracy, precision, low mechanical stress and flexible contour and cut capabilities. Disadvantages: initial capital investment is often higher than traditional depaneling technologies, also the optimal board thickness is recommended to be no more than 1mm. CO2 laser sources have also been used for depaneling, but are considered outdated as UV laser technology provides cleaner cuts, less-thermal stress and higher precision capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1209805 | 383,933 |
Religion and the Internet There has also been a series of legal battles—sometimes referred to as Scientology versus the Internet—concerning the publishing of esoteric teachings such as the "space opera" and, more specifically, Xenu. According to Stephen O'Leary of the University of Southern California, the Falun Gong's Internet awareness was an important factor in its ability to organize unauthorized demonstrations in the People's Republic of China. The group's leader, Li Hongzhi, was able to use the Internet to coordinate the movement, although he currently lives in New York. There are various religious movements that have used the Internet extensively and this has been studied by academics, in the field of sociology of religion. Examples cited by Adam Possamai, of the University of Western Sydney, include Jediism and Matrixism. Possamai uses the term 'hyper-real religion' to describe these religions mixed with popular culture, arguing that they are part of the consumer logic of late capitalism and are enhanced by the growing use of the internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1984439 | 304,984 |
Mobile procurement The design is such that images, text, and user experience adjust based on the size and resolution of the platform. Adaptive web design is based on predetermined parameters for each platform. Both are ideal for any business that plans on interacting with customers on any type of mobile device. HTML, JavaScript and CSS3 seamlessly integrate backend systems with browsers and user interfaces. This creates an easy-to-use experience for all users on any device. Although some designs are scaled down, which can limit functionality, responsive and adaptive web design is easily accessible for any customer. And functionality is all about priority. If a scaled down site still performs the necessary functions, users will still find the advantages of increased turnarounds and time saving. The widespread availability of Wi-Fi increases the availability of HTML5 sites, reducing concerns about accessibility. With Wi-Fi everywhere, mobile procurement can happen in any place on a responsive site. Elegantly designed responsive and adaptive sites are the ideal solution for mobile procurement because of the simplicity of creating and implementing one. If a user’s experience is smooth and consistent, they will have no problem accessing a mobile procurement platform from any device. With the advancement of tools and technology it is currently possible to provide a native feel and minimal native feature set to your mobile products. Examples would be AngularJS, which allows for rapid web app development while preserving quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48590779 | 473,380 |
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