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Galcanezumab Galcanezumab, sold under the brand name Emgality, is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for the prevention of migraine. It is also used for cluster headaches. Common side effects include pain or redness at the site of injection. Other side effects may include hypersensitivity reactions. A substance called calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP has been shown to be involved in the development of migraine by widening blood vessels in the brain. is a monoclonal antibody (a type of protein) designed to attach to and block CGRP, thereby helping blood vessels to return to their normal size. This will stop the symptoms of migraine. This drug was developed by Eli Lilly. It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2018, becoming the third calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitor to do so. When used for migraines it costs about 7,000 USD per year in the United States . In September 2018, galcanezumab-gnlm was approved in the United States for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved galcanezumab-gnlm based on evidence from three clinical trials (Trial 1/NCT02614183, Trial 2/NCT02614196, and Trial 3/NCT02614261) in 2156 adult patients 18 to 65 years of age with chronic or episodic migraine headaches. Trials were conducted at 318 sites in Asia, Canada, Europe, Israel, Latin America, Puerto Rico, and the United States. Trials one and two enrolled patients with a history of episodic migraine headaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50977642 | 181,454 |
Arbitration Act 1996 The (c 23) is an Act of Parliament which regulates arbitration proceedings within the jurisdiction of England and Wales and Northern Ireland. The 1996 Act only applies to parts of the United Kingdom. In Scotland the rules governing arbitrations are found in schedule 7 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 and are based upon the UNCITRAL Model Law. England and Wales is one of the very few developed jurisdictions in the world which has consciously elected not to follow the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. This is a position which has been subject to criticism. The Act mandates that the general duty of the arbitral tribunal is to: The various subsequent provisions relating to the conduct of arbitrations are largely pinned upon this overriding duty. The legislation specifies that "The tribunal shall comply with that general duty in conducting the arbitral proceedings, in its decisions on matters of procedure and evidence and in the exercise of all other powers conferred on it." Subject to that overriding duty, the tribunal has broad discretion in relation to matters of procedure and evidence. The legislation provides that "It shall be for the tribunal to decide all procedural and evidential matters, subject to the right of the parties to agree any matter." Procedural and evidential matters include: The Act also imposes a duty on the parties to "do all things necessary for the proper and expeditious conduct of the arbitral proceedings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28394291 | 481,067 |
Financial law There is an increasing reliance on collateral in financial markets, and in particular, this is driven by regulatory margin requirements set out for derivatives transactions and financial institution borrowing from the European Central Bank. The higher the collateral requirements, the greater demand for quality exists. For lending, it is generally regarded that there are three criteria for determining high-quality collateral. Those being assets which are or can be: There are several benefits to having financial collateral provisions. Namely, financial reduces credit risk, meaning the cost of credit and the cost of transacting will be lowered. The reduced insolvency risk of the counter-party, combined with more credit being available to the collateral taker will mean the collateral taker can take additional risk without having to rely on a counter-party. Systemic risk will be reduced by increased liquidity, This produces "knock-on effects" by increasing the number of transactions a collateral taker can safely enter, freeing up capital for other uses. However, there is a need for balance; the removal of limitations on insolvency rules and security registration requirements, as observed in the FCARs, is dangerous as it degrades powers and protections which have been conferred deliberately by the law. The primary objective of the Financial Collateral Directive was to reduce systemic risk, harmonise transactions and reduce legal uncertainty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35701952 | 475,927 |
VzRoom vzRoom is a software system developed by Manipeer Limited for multi-party video conferencing, media sharing and VoIP phone integration. It was launched in July 2008. Each conference room supports up to 63 concurrent users. Each user has an own room to host individual videoconferencing meeting and all users can share voice, camera and other multimedia to the users in the videoconferencing room. The meeting will be coordinated by the host of the room. vzRoom clients can connect to VoIP phone and merge the phone call with the conference room users. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29649530 | 241,356 |
Anything In Anything (AYIYA) is a computer networking protocol for managing IP tunneling protocols in use between separated Internet Protocol networks. It is most often used to provide IPv6 transit over an IPv4 network link when network address translation masquerades a private network with a single IP address that may change frequently because of DHCP provisioning by Internet service providers. The protocol has the following features: Many consumer networks are provisioned by Internet service providers using network address translation (NAT) which precludes the usage of IP protocol 41 tunnels (IPv6 tunnelled in IPv4, either RFC 4213 or RFC 3056) unless they manually reconfigure their NAT setup. In some cases, this is impossible as the NAT cannot be configured to forward protocol 41 to a specific host. There might also be cases when multiple endpoints are behind the same NAT, when multiple NATs are used, or when the user has no control at all over the NAT setup. This is an undesired situation as it limits the deployment of IPv6, which was meant to solve the problem of the disturbance in end to end communications caused by NATs, which were created because of limited address space in the first place. This problem can be solved by tunneling the IPv6 packets over either User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2475782 | 102,637 |
Emergent evolution 72] The idea of an emergent quality that was something new in nature was further taken up by George Henry Lewes (1874–1875), who again noted, as with Galen earlier, that these evolutionary "emergent" qualities are distinguishable from adaptive, additive "resultants." Henry Drummond in "The Descent of Man" (1894) stated that emergence can be seen in the fact that the laws of nature are different for the organic or vital compared to the inertial inorganic realm. As Reid points out, Drummond also realized that greater complexity brought greater adaptability. (Reid. p. 73) Samuel Alexander took up the idea that emergences had properties that overruled the demands of the lower levels of organization. And more recently, this theme is taken up by John Holland (1998): Another major scientist to question natural selection as the motive force of evolution was C. Lloyd Morgan, a zoologist and student of T.H. Huxley, who had a strong influence on Samuel Alexander. His "Emergent Evolution" (1923) established the central idea that an emergence might have the appearance of saltation but was best regarded as "a qualitative change of direction or critical turning point."(quoted in Reid, p. 73-74) Morgan, due to his work in animal psychology, had earlier (1894) questioned the continuity view of mental evolution, and held that there were various discontinuities in cross-species mental abilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1333727 | 144,024 |
Touchscreen Touchscreens are found in the medical field, heavy industry, automated teller machines (ATMs), and kiosks such as museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content. Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators, and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products. Eric Johnson, of the Royal Radar Establishment, located in Malvern, England, described his work on capacitive touchscreens in a short article published in 1965 and then more fully—with photographs and diagrams—in an article published in 1967. The application of touch technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in 1968. Frank Beck and Bent Stumpe, engineers from CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), developed a transparent touchscreen in the early 1970s, based on Stumpe's work at a television factory in the early 1960s. Then manufactured by CERN, and shortly after by industry partners, it was put to use in 1973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=667206 | 421,097 |
Sod shock tube This is related by the contact discontinuity with the pressure in region 3 by Unfortunately the pressure in region 3 can only be calculated iteratively, the right solution is found when formula_13 equals formula_14 This function can be evaluated to an arbitrary precision thus giving the pressure in the region 3 finally we can calculate and formula_21 follows from the adiabatic gas law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13752761 | 90,296 |
Jicamarca Radio Observatory Since 1969, the great majority of the radar components have been replaced and modernized with “home made” hardware and software, designed and built by Peruvian engineers and technicians. More than 60 Ph.D. students, many from US institutions and 15 from Peru, have done their research in association with Jicamarca. JRO’s main instrument is the VHF radar that operates on 50 MHz (actually on 49.9 MHz ) and is used to study the physics of the equatorial ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. Like any other radar, its main components are: antenna, transmitters, receivers, radar controller, acquisition and processing system. The main distinctive characteristics of JRO’s radar are: (1) the antenna (the largest of all the ISRs in the world) and (2) the powerful transmitters. The main radar operates in mainly two modes: (1) incoherent scatter radar (ISR) mode, and (2) coherent scatter (CSR) mode. In the ISR mode using the high power transmitter, Jicamarca measures the electron density, electron and ion temperature, ion composition and vertical and zonal electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere. Given its location and frequency of operation, Jicamarca has the unique capability of measuring the absolute electron density via Faraday rotation, and the most precise ionospheric electric fields by pointing the beam perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field. In the CSR mode the radar measures the echoes that are more than 30 dB stronger than the ISR echoes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19065605 | 308,649 |
Mechanical joint They are used on virtually every automobile made and work similarly to the ball-and-socket design of the human hip joint. A ball joint consists of a bearing stud and socket enclosed in a casing; all these parts are made of steel. The bearing stud is tapered and threaded, and fits into a tapered hole in the steering knuckle. A protective encasing prevents dirt from getting into the joint assembly. Usually, this is a rubber-like boot that allows movement and expansion of lubricant. Motion-control ball joints tend to be retained with an internal spring, which helps to prevent vibration problems in the linkage. The "offset" ball joint provides means of movement in systems where thermal expansion and contraction, shock, seismic motion, and torsional motions, and forces are present. A prismatic joint provides a linear sliding movement between two bodies, and is often called a slider, as in the slider-crank linkage. A prismatic pair is also called as sliding pair. A prismatic joint can be formed with a polygonal cross-section to resist rotation. The relative position of two bodies connected by a prismatic joint is defined by the amount of linear slide of one relative to the other one. This one parameter movement identifies this joint as a one degree of freedom kinematic pair. Prismatic joints provide single-axis sliding often found in hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33447811 | 220,284 |
Calthemite It has been suggested the deposition of calthemite formations are one example of a natural process which has not previously occurred prior to the human modification of the Earth's surface, and therefore represents a unique process of the Anthropocene. The way stalactites form on concrete is due to different chemistry than those that form naturally in limestone caves and is the result of the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) in cement. Concrete is made from aggregate, sand and cement. When water is added to the mix, the calcium oxide in the cement reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)), which under the right conditions can further dissociate to form calcium (Ca) and hydroxide (OH) ions []. All of the following chemical reactions are reversible and several may occur simultaneously at a specific location within a concrete structure, influenced by leachate solution pH. The chemical formula is: Calcium hydroxide will readily react with any free CO to form calcium carbonate (CaCO) []. The solution is typically pH 9 – 10.3, however this will depend on what other chemical reactions are also occurring at the same time within the concrete. This reaction occurs in newly poured concrete as it sets, to precipitate CaCO within the mix, until all available CO in the mix has been used up. Additional CO from the atmosphere will continue to react, typically penetrating just a few millimetres from the concrete surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52502945 | 336,258 |
History of computer animation Clark attempted to shop his design around to computer companies, and finding no takers, he and colleagues at Stanford University, California, started their own company, Silicon Graphics. SGI's first product (1984) was the IRIS (Integrated Raster Imaging System). It used the 8 MHz M68000 processor with up to 2 MB memory, a custom 1024×1024 frame buffer, and the Geometry Engine to give the workstation its impressive image generation power. Its initial market was 3D graphics display terminals, but SGI's products, strategies and market positions evolved significantly over time, and for many years were a favoured choice for CGI companies in film, TV, and other fields. In 1981, Quantel released the "Paintbox", the first broadcast-quality turnkey system designed for creation and composition of television video and graphics. Its design emphasized the studio workflow efficiency required for live news production. Essentially, it was a framebuffer packaged with innovative user software, and it rapidly found applications in news, weather, station promos, commercials, and the like. Although it was essentially a design tool for still images, it was also sometimes used for frame-by-frame animations. Following its initial launch, it revolutionised the production of television graphics, and some Paintboxes are still in use today due to their image quality, and versatility. This was followed in 1982 by the Quantel Mirage, or DVM8000/1 "Digital Video Manipulator", a digital real-time video effects processor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30797574 | 206,142 |
Legacy Plug and Play Apart from the Plug and Play BIOS Specification, all standards are still supported by Microsoft. However, support for them as opposed to Advanced Configuration and Power Interface will be removed in a future version of Windows. To use Plug and Play, three requirements have to be met: Plug-and-play hardware typically also requires some sort of ID code that it can supply, in order for the computer software to correctly identify it. This ID code system was not integrated into the early Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) hardware common in PCs when Plug and Play was first introduced. ISA Plug and Play caused some of the greatest difficulties that made PnP initially very unreliable. This led to the derisive term "Plug and Pray", since I/O addresses and IRQ lines were often set incorrectly in the early days. Later computer buses like MCA, EISA and PCI (which was becoming the industry standard at that time) integrated this functionality. Finally, the operating system of the computer needs to be able to handle these changes. Typically, this means looking for interrupts from the bus saying that the configuration has changed, and then reading the information from the bus to locate what happened. Older bus designs often required the entire system to be read in order to locate these changes, which can be time consuming for lots of devices. More modern designs use some sort of system to either reduce or eliminate this "hunt"; for example, USB uses a hub system for this purpose | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10307206 | 403,051 |
Handspike A handspike is a metal bar or pipe that is used as a lever for prying or leverage, similar to a crowbar. is also an archaic term for a bar or lever, generally of wood, used in a windlass or capstan, for heaving anchor, and, in modified forms, for various other purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3194198 | 233,253 |
Multiple-channel architecture In computer networking, multiple-channel architecture (MCA) is the design of a wireless network in such a way that the client sees multiple points of access to the wireless network. MCA allows wireless clients to choose which access points (APs) to communicate with for access to the network, in contrast to single-channel architecture, which gives more control to the centralized network devices such as the wireless LAN controller. MCA is the most commonly used network architecture, as it is the most intuitive way to solve the problem of co-channel interference (although it does not completely eliminate the problem). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41984378 | 105,400 |
James Scott Maclaurin (8 November 1864 – 19 January 1939) was a New Zealand analytical chemist. He was born in Unst, Shetland, Scotland on 8 November 1864. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34576538 | 2,158 |
Bivector This is related to bivectors, as bivectors in odd dimensions decompose into the same number of bivectors as the even dimension below, so have the same number of planes, but one extra dimension. As each plane generates rotations in two dimensions in odd dimensions there must be one dimension, that is an axis, that is not being rotated. Bivectors are also related to the rotation matrix in "n" dimensions. As in three dimensions the characteristic equation of the matrix can be solved to find the eigenvalues. In odd dimensions this has one real root, with eigenvector the fixed axis, and in even dimensions it has no real roots, so either all or all but one of the roots are complex conjugate pairs. Each pair is associated with a simple component of the bivector associated with the rotation. In particular the log of each pair is ± the magnitude, while eigenvectors generated from the roots are parallel to and so can be used to generate the bivector. In general the eigenvalues and bivectors are unique, and the set of eigenvalues gives the full decomposition into simple bivectors; if roots are repeated then the decomposition of the bivector into simple bivectors is not unique. Geometric algebra can be applied to projective geometry in a straightforward way. The geometric algebra used is , the algebra of the real vector space ℝ. This is used to describe objects in the real projective space ℝℙ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=884040 | 216,999 |
KL-7 This loop-back, the so-called re-entry, created complex scrambling of the signal and could result in multiple passes through the rotor pack, depending on the current state of the rotor wiring. There was also a switch pile-up under each movable rotor that was operated by cams on its plastic outer ring. Different outer rings had different arrangements of cams. The circuitry of the switches controlled solenoids which in turn enabled the movement of the rotors. The combination of cam rings and the controlling of a rotor by several switches created a most complex and irregular stepping. The exact wiring between switches and solenoids is still classified. The was largely replaced by electronic systems such as the KW-26 ROMULUS and the KW-37 JASON in the 1970s, but KL-7s were kept in service as backups and for special uses. In 1967, when John Anthony Walker (a sailor in the U.S. Navy) walked into the embassy of the Soviet Union in Washington, DC seeking employment as a spy, he carried with him a copy of a key list for the KL-47. KL-7s were compromised at other times as well. A unit captured by North Vietnam is on display at NSA's National Cryptologic Museum. The was withdrawn from service in June 1983, and Canada's last KL-7-encrypted message was sent on June 30, 1983, "after 27 years of service." The successor to the was the KL-51, an off-line, paper tape encryption system that used digital electronics instead of rotors. Britannica (2005) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1011245 | 441,908 |
Vatra Dornei Casino The mayor pitched the project to Emperor Franz Joseph, whom approved the works. The casino was to be constructed near the therapeutic baths and built on communal forested land, confiscated from the church. The land required to be deforested. A portion of the money needed to build the casino was appropriated from the Church-fund of Bukovina, raised through fundraisers and community donations, to which Emperor Franz Joseph had also contributed. The remaining portion was borrowed from a bank in Vienna. Construction of the building began in 1896 by Austrian architect Peter Paul Brang. The building was designed in an eclectic style, with hints of German Renaissance Revival. In 1898, a partial inauguration took place. The official inauguration occurred July 10, 1899 and hosted Emperor Franz Joseph and Arch Duke Ferdinand. The building opened to serve Viennese tourists, with local authorities using gambling taxes to repay the debt and finance local services. The casino comprised a theatre hall, a library, a restaurant, a confectionery, and public utility spaces. Three large Murano Crystal chandeliers adorned the ceilings, initially being lit by candlelight followed by electrification and lightbulbs. To accommodate the tourists, a train line opened nearby, and wealthy tourists were transported from the train station by coach to the therapeutic baths and to the casino complex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57121894 | 350,115 |
Stereophonic sound To compensate, the premiere engagement of "Carousel" used a six-track magnetic full-coat in an interlock, and a 1961 re-release of "The King and I", featured the film "printed down" to 70 mm, used a six-track stereo soundtrack as well. Eventually, 50 complete sets of combination 55/35 mm projectors and "penthouse" reproducers were completed and delivered by Century and Ampex, respectively, and 55 mm release print sounding equipment was delivered by Western Electric. Several samples of 55 mm sound prints can be found in the Sponable Collection at the Film and Television Archives at Columbia University. The subsequently abandoned 55/35 mm Century projector eventually became the Century JJ 70/35MM projector. After this disappointing experience with their proprietary "wide gauge" system, Fox purchased the Todd-AO system and re-engineered it into a more modern 24 fps system with brand-new 65MM self-blimped production cameras (Mitchell BFC ... "Blimped Fox Camera") and brand-new 65MM MOS cameras (Mitchell FC ... "Fox Camera") and brand-new Super Baltar lenses in a wide variety of focal lengths, first employed on South Pacific. Essentially, although Todd-AO was also available to others, the format became Fox's premier origination and presentation apparatus, replacing CinemaScope 55. Current DVDs of the two CinemaScope 55 feature titles were transferred from the original 55mm negatives, often including the separate 35MM films as extras for comparison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1369770 | 260,635 |
Law of dilution Wilhelm Ostwald’s dilution law is a relationship proposed in 1888 between the dissociation constant ' and the degree of dissociation ' of a weak electrolyte. The law takes the form Where the square brackets denote concentration, and is the total concentration of electrolyte. Using formula_2, where formula_3 is the molar conductivity at concentration c and formula_4 is the limiting value of molar conductivity extrapolated to zero concentration or infinite dilution, this results in the following relation: Consider a binary electrolyte AB which dissociates reversibly into A and B ions. Ostwald noted that the law of mass action can be applied to such systems as dissociating electrolytes. The equilibrium state is represented by the equation: If ' is the fraction of dissociated electrolyte, then ' is the concentration of each ionic species. must, therefore be the fraction of "undissociated" electrolyte, and the concentration of same. The dissociation constant may therefore be given as For very weak electrolytes (however, neglecting 'α' for most weak electrolytes yields counterproductive result) , implying that . This gives the following results; Thus, the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is proportional to the inverse square root of the concentration, or the square root of the dilution. The concentration of any one ionic species is given by the root of the product of the dissociation constant and the concentration of the electrolyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18728 | 48,630 |
Gas collecting tube If the gas is a pure gaseous chemical substance (and not a mixture), with the mass density formula_12, then using the ideal gas law permits to calculate the molar mass formula_30 of the gaseous chemical substance: formula_31 (formula_32 represents the universal gas constant, formula_33 the absolute temperature at which the measurements took place) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25719198 | 209,559 |
Intensity modulation In optical communications, intensity modulation (IM) is a form of modulation in which the optical power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating signal. The envelope of the modulated optical signal is an analog of the modulating signal in the sense that the instantaneous power of the envelope is an analog of the characteristic of interest in the modulating signal. Recovery of the modulating signal is usually by direct detection, not heterodyning. However, optical heterodyne detection is possible and has been actively studied since 1979. Bell Laboratories had a working, but impractical, system in 1969. Heterodyne and homodyne systems are of interest because they are expected to produce an increase in sensitivity of up to allowing longer hops between islands for instance. Such systems also have the important advantage of very narrow channel spacing in optical frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. OFDM is a step beyond wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Normal WDM using direct detection does not achieve anything like the close channel spacing of radio frequency FDM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41269 | 379,478 |
Irritable bowel syndrome An improvement with a gluten-free diet of immune-mediated symptoms, including autoimmune diseases, once having reasonably ruled out coeliac disease and wheat allergy, is another way to realize a differential diagnosis. Investigations are performed to exclude other conditions: People with IBS are at increased risk of being given inappropriate surgeries such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and hysterectomy due to being misdiagnosed as other medical conditions. Some common examples of misdiagnosis include infectious diseases, coeliac disease, "Helicobacter pylori", parasites (non-protozoal). The American College of Gastroenterology recommends all people with symptoms of IBS be tested for coeliac disease. Bile acid malabsorption is also sometimes missed in people with diarrhea-predominant IBS. SeHCAT tests suggest around 30% of people with D-IBS have this condition, and most respond to bile acid sequestrants. Chronic use of certain sedative-hypnotic drugs, especially the benzodiazepines, may cause irritable bowel-like symptoms that can lead to a misdiagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Several medical conditions, or comorbidities, appear with greater frequency in people with IBS. A number of treatments have been found to be effective, including fiber, talk therapy, antispasmodic and antidepressant medication, and peppermint oil. A 2018 systematic review found that although there is evidence of improved IBS symptoms with a low FODMAP diet; the evidence is of very low quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210596 | 151,924 |
Sick building syndrome Office BRI may more likely than not be explained by three events: "Wide range in the threshold of response in any population (susceptibility), a spectrum of response to any given agent, or variability in exposure within large office buildings." Isolating any one of the three aspects of office BRI can be a great challenge, which is why those who find themselves with BRI should take three steps, history, examinations, and interventions. History describes the action of continually monitoring and recording the health of workers experiencing BRI, as well as obtaining records of previous building alterations or related activity. Examinations go hand in hand with monitoring employee health. This step is done by physically examining the entire workspace and evaluating possible threats to health status among employees. Interventions follow accordingly based off the results of the Examination and History report. Some studies have shown a small difference between genders, with women having slightly higher reports of SBS symptoms compared to men. However, many other studies have shown an even higher difference in the report of sick building syndrome symptoms in women compared to men. It is not entirely clear, however, if this is due to biological, social, or occupational factors. A 2001 study published in the Journal Indoor Air, gathered 1464 office-working participants to increase the scientific understanding of gender differences under the Sick Building Syndrome phenomenon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=404088 | 443,436 |
Bounce Rock is a football-sized primarily pyroxene rock found within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. It was discovered and observed by the Mars Exploration Rover "Opportunity" in April 2004. The rock was named for the fact that it was struck by "Opportunity" as the craft bounced to a stop during its landing stage. bears a striking resemblance to a class of meteorites found on Earth known as shergottites, that are believed to have originated from Mars. Bopolu (crater) was identified as a possible source of Bounce rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7304477 | 14,284 |
Mabuchi Motor Dalian Mabuchi set up the Mabuchi High School Scholarship at the Dalian Education Foundation in 1997 to provide access to education for students of all ages with disabilities or who suffer from economic hardship. In 2007, a Mabuchi Hope Junior High School was established in China's Liaoning province. Second, Mabuchi has supported young engineers by co-sponsoring many sorts of robotics competitions every year since 2002. Mabuchi provides funds and motors to support young people who participate in these robot building contests. Since 1983, the company has operated an exhibition corner in the Science Museum of Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo. Mabuchi also provides motors to participants in events held by the Japan Science Museum Association. The company has also been compiling its hobby craft guidebook every year from more than 30 years and has supported slot car racing since 1961. Third, the company educates local employees as leaders, regardless of their nationality, provides skill improvement training, and human resource development and benefit packages tailored to each region where Mabuchi operates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3736043 | 374,517 |
Waiver A waiver is the voluntary relinquishment or surrender of some known right or privilege. Regulatory agencies or governments may issue waivers to exempt companies from certain regulations. For example, a United States law restricted the size of banks, but when banks exceeded these sizes, they obtained waivers. In another example, the United States federal government may issue waivers to individual states so that they may provide Medicaid in different ways than the law typically requires. While a waiver is often in writing, sometimes a person's words can also be used as a counteract to a waiver. An example of a written waiver is a disclaimer, which becomes a waiver when accepted. When the right to hold a person liable through a lawsuit is waived, the waiver may be called an exculpatory clause, liability waiver, legal release, or hold harmless clause. In some cases, parties may sign a "non-waiver" contract which specifies that no rights are waived, particularly if a person's actions may suggest that rights are being waived. This is particularly common in insurance. Sometimes the elements of "voluntary" and "known" are established by a legal fiction. In this case, one is presumed to know one's rights and that those rights are voluntarily relinquished if not asserted at the time. In civil procedure, certain arguments must be raised in the first objection that a party submits to the court, or else they will be deemed waived | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1020044 | 454,272 |
Schengen bond A is a bond denominated in offshore Renminbi, and more specifically refers to bonds listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and issued by a Chinese company. On 8 May 2014, Bank of China Limited, Luxembourg Branch, launched its first offshore-RMB “Schengen” bond, for an amount of RMB 1.5 billion. The transaction was done under the US$10 billion MTN programme of the Bank of China Group. With the support from international and local institutional investors, the issuance was around 2 times oversubscribed. It was priced at 3.50% for the 3-year bond. On 15 May 2014, it was listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange. This first offshore-RMB bond was originally named ‘Schengen’ bond due to the fact that ‘Schengen’ has a particular meaning in European countries. It is a reference to the name of a small village in Luxembourg that borders France and Germany where the Schengen agreement permitting the free movement of movement of persons within the Schengen area was signed. Additionally, the pronunciation of ‘Schengen’ in Chinese represents the meaning of “root here and develop here”. Compared to Dim sum bonds, which were originally the offshore RMB bonds listed in Hong Kong and later came to refer to offshore RMB bonds listed elsewhere, Schengen bonds are the offshore RMB bonds listed in Europe, featuring a new trend of the internationalization of RMB and establishing a brand name for the RMB bonds in the Eurozone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42737726 | 504,112 |
Spore Hero is the Wii spin-off of "Spore", developed by Maxis, in which the players focus on creativity and evolution using the unique controls of the Wii. The game was released on October 6, 2009. A Wii spinoff of the game had been mentioned by Will Wright several times, such as in his October 26, 2007 interview with "The Guardian". Eventually, a spin-off under the title "Spore Hero", an adventure game built ground up for the Wii with a heavier focus on evolution, was announced as part of the 2009 lineup along with "Arena" and """ The first details of began to emerge when MTV's Totilo had an interview with designer Lucy Bradshaw. In it she said that the team was taking a look at Wii Motion Plus for better motion sensitivity. On May 12, EA sent out their official press release for and Arena. Several previews began to emerge later. At an event in Los Angeles, GameSpot got another look at Spore Hero. IGN and Gamezone also posted previews as part of their pre-E3 lineup. was on show at E3 2009 and at Comic-Con. In late July, Maxis conducted an interview with several of the major fansites. During it they revealed that one of the choices they made during development was to focus on the story-line of the game. This focus meant that they had to detract from the game's online capabilities. There are two types of meteors: the blue one whose rocks give the player more DNA, and the red one whose rocks make most creatures go crazy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23225193 | 171,283 |
Electroceramics is a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties. While ceramics have traditionally been admired and used for their mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties have become of increasing importance in many key technologies including communications, energy conversion and storage, electronics and automation. Such materials are now classified under "electroceramics", as distinguished from other functional ceramics such as advanced structural ceramics. Historically, developments in the various subclasses of electroceramics have paralleled the growth of new technologies. Examples include: ferroelectrics - high dielectric capacitors, non-volatile memories; ferrites - data and information storage; solid electrolytes - energy storage and conversion; piezoelectrics - sonar; semiconducting oxides - environmental monitoring. Recent advances in these areas are described in the Journal of Electroceramics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221141 | 339,896 |
AstraZeneca According to the settlement agreement, targeted its illegal marketing of the anti-psychotic Seroquel towards doctors who do not typically treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, such as physicians who treat the elderly, primary care physicians, pediatric and adolescent physicians, and in long-term care facilities and prisons. In March 2011, settled a lawsuit in the United States totalling $68.5 million to be divided up to 38 states. The company's most commercially successful medication is esomeprazole (Nexium). The primary uses are treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, treatment of duodenal ulcers caused by "Helicobacter pylori", prevention of gastric ulcers in those on chronic NSAID therapy, and treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers associated with Crohn's disease. When it is manufactured the result is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules, R and S. Two years before the omeprazole patent expired, patented S-omeprazole in pure form, pointing out that since some people metabolise R-omeprazole slowly, pure S-omeprazole treatment would give higher dose efficiency and less variation between individuals. In March 2001, the company began to market Nexium, as it would a brand new drug. The (R)-enantiomer of omeprazole is metabolized exclusively by the enzyme CYP2C19, which is expressed in very low amounts by 3% of the population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=441872 | 477,544 |
Tribo-Fatigue " In 2010, 25 scientists and scientific coordinators from different countries were awarded with the Honorable Anniversary Sign "TRIBO-FATIGUE-25." In 2015, a bibliographic index was published; it included 930 works on Tribo-Fatigue, including about 40 books and 12 state and interstate standards that had been developed based on the results of research in a new field. Currently, the number of works exceeds 1,100 titles. studies mechanical systems where the friction process is implemented in its manifestations during rolling, sliding, slipping, impact, erosion, and the like. At the same time, friction accommodates and transfers the volume-alternating load, which is in particular cyclic. These are high-duty products. Thus, in the traditionally studied friction pair of the wheel and rail, the rail head is simultaneously subjected to alternating bending. Therefore, the performance of this system is determined by the complex wear-fatigue damage (WFD), which is the mechanical rolling fatigue. Similarly in the pair of the crankshaft and connecting rod, the shaft journal is simultaneously subjected to bending and torsion; therefore, its performance is determined by the complex WFD, which is the mechanic sliding fatigue. In a variety of shaft-and-hub joints, the shaft is additionally subjected to bending with rotation. The joints' performance is determined by the complex WFD, which is the fretting fatigue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60261116 | 199,724 |
Xenoestrogen DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was widely used in pesticides for agriculture until it was banned in 1972 in the United States due to its hazardous effects on the environment. DDT continues to be used in many parts of the world for agricultural use, insect control and to fight the spread of malaria. DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD are persistent in the environment and accumulate in fatty tissues. Dioxin, a group of highly toxic chemicals are released during combustion processes, pesticide manufacturing and chlorine bleaching of wood pulp. Dioxin is discharged into waterways from pulp and paper mills. Consumption of animals fats is thought to be the primary pathway for human exposure. Endosulfan is an insecticide used on numerous vegetables, fruits, cereal grains and trees. Endosulfan can be produced as a liquid concentrate, wettable powder or smoke tablet. Human exposure occurs through food consumption or ground and surface water contamination. PBB (Polybrominated biphenyls) are chemicals added to plastics used in computer monitors, televisions, textiles and plastics foams to make them more difficult to burn. Manufacturing of PBBs in the United States stopped in 1976, however because they do not degrade easily PBBs continue to be found in soil, water and air. PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) are man made organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1997887 | 71,112 |
DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an "R-loop". utilizes a sequence-independent but structure-specific antibody for DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP) to capture R-loops for massively parallel DNA sequencing. An R-loop is a three-stranded nucleic acid structure, which consists of a DNA-RNA hybrid duplex and a displaced single stranded DNA (ssDNA). R-loops are predominantly formed in cytosine-rich genomic regions during transcription and are known to be involved with gene expression and immunoglobulin class switching. They have been found in a variety of species, ranging from bacteria to mammals. They are preferentially localized at CpG island promoters in human cells and highly transcribed regions in yeast. Under abnormal conditions, namely elevated production of DNA-RNA hybrids, R-loops can cause genome instability by exposing single-stranded DNA to endogenous damages exerted by the action of enzymes such as AID and APOBEC, or overexposure to chemically reactive species. Therefore, understanding where and in what circumstances R-loops are formed across the genome is crucial for the better understanding of genome instability. R-loop characterization was initially limited to locus specific approaches. However, upon the arrival of massive parallel sequencing technologies and thereafter derivatives like DRIP-seq, the possibility to investigate entire genomes for R-loops has opened up. relies on the high specificity and affinity of the S9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45461558 | 164,668 |
Double feature In the typical 1930s double bill, the screening began with a variety program consisting of trailers, a newsreel, a cartoon and/or a short film preceding a low-budget second feature (the B movie), followed by a short interlude. Lastly, the high-budget main feature (the A movie) ran. A neighborhood theatre running a double feature won out over a higher-priced first-run theatre with only one feature film. The major studios took note of this, and began making their own B features using the technicians and sets of the studio and featuring stars on their way up or on their way down. The major studios also made film series featuring recurring characters. Although the double feature put many short comedy producers out of business, it was the primary source of revenue for smaller Hollywood studios, such as Republic and Monogram, that specialized in B movie production. The double feature arose partly because of a studio practice known as "block booking," a form of tying in which major Hollywood studios required theaters to buy B-movies along with the more desirable A-movies. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that this practice was illegal in "United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc." in 1948, contributing to the end of the studio system. Even after the studio requirement was dropped, many smaller or independent neighborhood theatres, especially drive-in theatres, sought double features to bring in more patronage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1590933 | 260,467 |
Cambridge capital controversy " The neoclassical and Neo-Keynesian sides were represented by Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, and Franco Modigliani, who taught at the MIT, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, while the Keynesian and Post-Keynesian sides were represented by Nicholas Kaldor, Joan Robinson, Luigi Pasinetti, Piero Sraffa, and Richard Kahn, who mostly taught at the University of Cambridge in England. The common name of the two places gave rise to the terms "the two Cambridges debate" or "the Cambridge capital controversy." Both camps generally treated the natural rate of growth as given. Virtually all the focus of the debate centered on the potential mechanisms by which the warranted growth rate might be made to converge on the natural rate, giving a long-run, equilibrium growth-path. The American Cambridge side focused on adjustments to the capital/output ratio through capital-labour substitution if capital and labour were growing at different rates. The English Cambridge side concentrated on adjustments to the saving ratio through changes in the distribution of income between wages and profits, on the assumption that the propensity to save out of profits is higher than out of wages. Much of the emotion behind the debate arose because the technical criticisms of marginal productivity theory were connected to wider arguments with ideological implications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 | 503,596 |
Herbal As woodcuts and metal engravings could be reproduced indefinitely they were traded among printers: there was therefore a large increase in the number of illustrations together with an improvement in quality and detail but a tendency for repetition. As examples of some of the world's most important records and first printed matter, a researcher will find herbals scattered through the world's most famous libraries including the Vatican Library in Rome, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the Royal Library in Windsor, the British Library in London and the major continental libraries. China is renowned for its traditional herbal medicines that date back thousands of years. Legend has it that mythical Emperor Shennong, the founder of Chinese herbal medicine, composed the "Shennong Bencao Jing" or "Great Herbal" in about 2700 BCE as the forerunner of all later Chinese herbals. It survives as a copy made c. 500 CE and describes about 365 herbs. High quality herbals and monographs on particular plants were produced in the period to 1250 CE including: the "Zhenlei bencao" written by Tang Shenwei in 1108, which passed through twelve editions until 1600; a monograph on the lychee by Cai Xiang in 1059 and one on the oranges of Wenzhhou by Han Yanzhi in 1178. In 1406 Ming dynasty prince Zhu Xiao (朱橚) published the "Jiuhuang Bencao" illustrated herbal for famine foods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=514783 | 167,008 |
Autonomic computing They state the essence of autonomic computing is system self-management, freeing administrators from low-level task management while delivering better system behavior. A general problem of modern distributed computing systems is that their complexity, and in particular the complexity of their management, is becoming a significant limiting factor in their further development. Large companies and institutions are employing large-scale computer networks for communication and computation. The distributed applications running on these computer networks are diverse and deal with many tasks, ranging from internal control processes to presenting web content to customer support. Additionally, mobile computing is pervading these networks at an increasing speed: employees need to communicate with their companies while they are not in their office. They do so by using laptops, personal digital assistants, or mobile phones with diverse forms of wireless technologies to access their companies' data. This creates an enormous complexity in the overall computer network which is hard to control manually by human operators. Manual control is time-consuming, expensive, and error-prone. The manual effort needed to control a growing networked computer-system tends to increase very quickly. 80% of such problems in infrastructure happen at the client specific application and database layer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=658223 | 126,470 |
Joseph-Martin Cabirol was a French man who patented a new model of standard diving dress in Paris in 1855, based on Augustus Siebe's designs, and afterwards he made them. The suit is made out of rubberized canvas. The helmet, for the first time, includes a hand-controlled exhust valve that the diver uses to evacuate his exhaled air. The valve included a non-return valve which stops water from entering the helmet. Until 1855 diving helmets were equipped with only three circular windows (front, left and right sides). Cabirol's helmet introduced the fourth window, in the upper front part of the helmet, which gives the diver an upward view. Having been presented to the "Exposition Universelle" in Paris Cabirol's diving dress won the silver medal. This original diving dress and helmet are now preserved at the "Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers" in Paris. His gravestone has a carving of a goat on it, as 'cabirol' is Occitanian for "goat". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33821042 | 220,333 |
Shielded metal arc welding It serves as an automated version of the traditional shielded metal arc welding process, employing an electrode holder attached to an inclined bar along the length of the weld. Once started, the process continues until the electrode is spent, allowing the operator to manage multiple gravity welding systems. The electrodes employed (often E6027 or E7024) are coated heavily in flux, and are typically in length and about thick. As in manual SMAW, a constant current welding power supply is used, with either negative polarity direct current or alternating current. Due to a rise in the use of semiautomatic welding processes such as flux-cored arc welding, the popularity of gravity welding has fallen as its economic advantage over such methods is often minimal. Other SMAW-related methods that are even less frequently used include firecracker welding, an automatic method for making butt and fillet welds, and massive electrode welding, a process for welding large components or structures that can deposit up to of weld metal per hour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239076 | 446,071 |
Criticism of NASCAR The number of cautions per race in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series increased from 7.4 in 2001 to 9.6 in 2007 (an increase of almost 30%), while the number of actual crashes per race has only increased from 5.6 to 6.7 (an increase of about 20%). This is likely due to increased caution periods for cleaning debris from the track. In 2015, the number of cautions per race averaged at 8.2, showing a gradual decline since then. Fans and competitors alike speculate whether some of these cautions are used to keep the cars tightly packed in an effort to keep a race close. An unnecessary caution at a specific time could affect a driver's strategy and the outcome of the race, while providing a potential opportunity for other drivers to close the gap and prevent a runaway victory. In April 2007, then two-time champion Tony Stewart, on his radio show hosted via Sirius Satellite Radio, said: "It's like playing God. They can almost dictate the race instead of the drivers doing it… I don't know that they've run a fair race all year." Stewart also made a comparison to the WWE, which is scripted. NASCAR itself was not flattered by these comments, and stated that Stewart's comments were "very, very disappointing" but did not punish Tony Stewart, as there were no rules against criticizing the officiating of a race | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14855318 | 492,300 |
RISC-V RV32I reserves a "HINT" instruction space that presently does not contain any hints on branches. segregates math into a minimal set of integer instructions (set "I") with add, subtract, shift, bit-wise logic and comparing-branches. These can simulate most of the other instruction sets with software. (The atomic instructions are a notable exception.) currently lacks the "count leading zero" and bit-field operations normally used to speed software floating-point in a pure-integer processor. The integer multiplication instructions (set "M") includes signed and unsigned multiply and divide. Double-precision integer multiplies and divides are included, as multiplies and divides that produce the "high word" of the result. The ISA document recommends that implementors of CPUs and compilers "fuse" a standardized sequence of high and low multiply and divide instructions to one operation if possible. The floating-point instructions (set "F") includes single-precision arithmetic and also comparison-branches similar to the integer arithmetic. It requires an additional set of 32 floating-point registers. These are separate from the integer registers. The double-precision floating point instructions (set "D") generally assume that the floating-point registers are 64-bit (i.e., double-width), and the "F" subset is coordinated with the "D" set. A quad-precision 128-bit floating-point ISA ("Q") is also defined. computers without floating-point can use a floating-point software library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43653496 | 99,299 |
Marshall McLuhan Some media, such as the movies, were "hot"—that is, they enhance one single sense, in this case vision, in such a manner that a person does not need to exert much effort in filling in the details of a movie image. McLuhan contrasted this with "cool" TV, which he claimed requires more effort on the part of the viewer to determine meaning, and comics, which due to their minimal presentation of visual detail require a high degree of effort to fill in details that the cartoonist may have intended to portray. A movie is thus said by McLuhan to be "hot", intensifying one single sense "high definition", demanding a viewer's attention, and a comic book to be "cool" and "low definition", requiring much more conscious participation by the reader to extract value. "Any hot medium allows of less participation than a cool one, as a lecture makes for less participation than a seminar, and a book for less than a dialogue." Hot media usually, but not always, provide complete involvement without considerable stimulus. For example, print occupies visual space, uses visual senses, but can immerse its reader. Hot media favour analytical precision, quantitative analysis and sequential ordering, as they are usually sequential, linear and logical. They emphasize one sense (for example, of sight or sound) over the others. For this reason, hot media also include radio, as well as film, the lecture, and photography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19548 | 251,113 |
Specific appetite Other unlearned appetites are more difficult to demonstrate. In one study, protein-deficient rats that had not previously experienced protein deficiency demonstrated strong preferences for high-protein foods such as soybean, gluten, and ovalbumin within thirty minutes of food presentation. This preference was not seen in controls, and was also exhibited by pregnant females with higher protein needs who were not experimentally protein-deficient. Rats also seem to have an unlearned appetite for calcium and sodium. In addition, zinc-depleted chicks show preferences for zinc-rich feeds. can be indirectly induced under experimental circumstances. In one study, normal (sodium-replete) rats exposed to angiotensin II via infusion directly into the brain developed a strong sodium appetite which persisted for months. However, the conclusions of this experiment have been contested. Nicotine implants in rats have been shown to induce a specific appetite for sucrose, even after removal of the implants. There is very little strong evidence for specific appetite in humans. However, it has been demonstrated that humans have the ability to taste calcium, and indirect evidence supports the idea that patients on kidney dialysis who develop hypocalcemia prefer cheese with greater amounts of calcium added. Exercise also increases the preference for salt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22025300 | 141,190 |
Safety data sheet A national measure mentioned in SDS section 15 is as example the water hazard class (WGK) it is based on Regulations governing systems for handling substances hazardous to waters (AwSV). This section contributes to a better understanding of the regulations governing SDS within the South African framework. As regulations may change, it is the responsibility of the reader to verify the validity of the regulations mentioned in text. As globalisation increased and countries engaged in cross-border trade, the quantity of hazardous material crossing international borders amplified. Realising the detrimental effects of hazardous trade, the United Nations established a committee of experts specialising in the transportation of hazardous goods. The committee provides best practises governing the conveyance of hazardous materials and goods for land including road and railway; air as well as sea transportation. These best practises are constantly updated to remain current and relevant. There are various other international bodies who provide greater detail and guidance for specific modes of transportation such as the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) by means of the International Maritime Code and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) via the Technical Instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air as well as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) who provides regulations for the transport of dangerous goods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=337353 | 59,915 |
Blue-collar worker Some examples of technology that threaten workers are self-driving cars and automated cleaning devices, which could place blue-collar workers such as truck drivers or janitors out of work. Others have suggested that technological advancement will not lead to blue-collar job unemployment, but rather shifts in the types of work performed. Proponents of this idea view coding as a replacement for blue-collar jobs, and suggest that more coders will be needed in a technologically advancing world, and posit that, ostensibly, new white-collar IT jobs could be filled by displaced blue-collar workers. Others see future of blue-collar work as humans and computers working together to improve efficiency. Such jobs would consist of data-tagging and labeling. Blue-collar workers have played a large role in electoral politics. In the 2016 United States Presidential election, many attributed Donald Trump's victories in the states of Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan to blue-collar workers, who overwhelmingly favored Trump over opponent Hillary Clinton. Among white-working class citizens, Trump won 64% of the votes, compared to only 32% for Clinton. This was the largest margin of victory among this group of voters for any presidential candidate since 1984. Many attributed Trump's success among this bloc of voters to his opposition of international trade deals and environmental regulations, two of the largest perceived threats to blue-collar employment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246816 | 490,280 |
Pharmacokinetics Noncompartmental methods estimate the exposure to a drug by estimating the area under the curve of a concentration-time graph. Compartmental methods estimate the concentration-time graph using kinetic models. Noncompartmental methods are often more versatile in that they do not assume any specific compartmental model and produce accurate results also acceptable for bioequivalence studies. The final outcome of the transformations that a drug undergoes in an organism and the rules that determine this fate depend on a number of interrelated factors. A number of functional models have been developed in order to simplify the study of pharmacokinetics. These models are based on a consideration of an organism as a number of related compartments. The simplest idea is to think of an organism as only one homogenous compartment. This "monocompartmental model" presupposes that blood plasma concentrations of the drug are a true reflection of the drug's concentration in other fluids or tissues and that the elimination of the drug is directly proportional to the drug's concentration in the organism (first order kinetics). However, these models do not always truly reflect the real situation within an organism. For example, not all body tissues have the same blood supply, so the distribution of the drug will be slower in these tissues than in others with a better blood supply | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9674107 | 471,522 |
Black hole Some monster black holes in the universe are predicted to continue to grow up to perhaps 10 during the collapse of superclusters of galaxies. Even these would evaporate over a timescale of up to 10 years. By nature, black holes do not themselves emit any electromagnetic radiation other than the hypothetical Hawking radiation, so astrophysicists searching for black holes must generally rely on indirect observations. For example, a black hole's existence can sometimes be inferred by observing its gravitational influence upon its surroundings. On 10 April 2019 an image was released of a black hole, which is seen in magnified fashion because the light paths near the event horizon are highly bent. The dark shadow in the middle results from light paths absorbed by the black hole. The image is in false color, as the detected light halo in this image is not in the visible spectrum, but radio waves. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), run by MIT's Haystack Observatory, is an active program that directly observes the immediate environment of the event horizon of black holes, such as the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. In April 2017, EHT began observation of the black hole in the center of Messier 87. "In all, eight radio observatories on six mountains and four continents observed the galaxy in Virgo on and off for 10 days in April 2017" to provide the data yielding the image two years later in April 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4650 | 446,811 |
Supported employment State trends in "conversion" to integrated work have been monitored by the Institute for Inclusion in Boston and are available on the internet. "Local community rehabilitation agencies providing supported employment grew from just over 300 in 1986 to approximately 5,000 in 1993" (McCaughey et al., 1995). However, Wehman and Kregel (1995) indicated that supported employment was established in every state through Title III, Part C of the Rehabilitation Act Amendments in 1986; Gary Smith with Bob Gettings indicated all states were funded for supported employment under the Home and Community-Based Medicaid Waivers, too. remains a viable employment option and operates side-by-side with segregated employment options within states in the US and involved 212,000 individuals with severe disabilities in 2002(Rusch & Braddock, 2004). Racino (1994) reported (conceptual schemes) that the changes required in areas termed "support services" require other than the traditional "organizational" or "systems change" strategies of professional education and training. For example, in a study involving herself, the VR system continued to revert to the 1970s "entry level" position as the agreed upon (employer-school-service provider)approach to personnel with high educational degrees and extensive work experiences (i.e., one size fits all) similar to parents of children with disabilities who might be in entry level jobs with high degrees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16845153 | 512,365 |
Distributed workforce Researchers repeatedly see that failure of distributed work often results from attempts to introduce new technologies to organizations or communities that are not yet comfortable with technologies that are already in place. The following chart explains the order in which various collaboration technologies should be adopted in organizations to allow the employees to become familiar with and learn each new technology. The list below shows the observed order in which various collaboration technologies were adopted and used in different organizations. As this chart shows, advanced technologies should be introduced in small steps. These key concepts are important because they help differentiate between collocated and distributed work. Later on a fifth concept of organizational management was proposed.Organizational management is the "practices by which management activities are part of shaping the fundamental premises for collaboration without proximity" There are two types of work that explain the geographical distance between coworkers/collaborators. Collocated work is the case in which team members are at the same location. Distributed work is the term used to explain team members who are not in the same physical location when working on a project. There are many differences, similarities, benefits, and obstacles of these two types of work. In order to distinguish between collocated and distributed work, it is necessary to go into more detail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21270193 | 451,489 |
Moffat Tunnel The district had the authority to levy taxes and issue bonds backed by real estate within the district. The following summer, bonds were sold and construction began. The bonds were fully paid off in December 1983, but the commission continued to exist until 1998. It was finally disbanded after a series of political intrigues related to the Winter Park Resort, which was built partly on land owned by the commission (known as the Evans Tract). In 1988, Rio Grande Industries, the company that controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, purchased the Southern Pacific Railroad. The combined company took the Southern Pacific name because of its name recognition among shippers. On September 11, 1996, owner Philip Anschutz sold the combined company to the Union Pacific Railroad in response to the earlier merger of the Burlington Northern and the Santa Fe which formed the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway. The Union Pacific Railroad still uses today. Although its primary purpose today is as a rail route for coal and freight and as a water tunnel from the Pacific watershed to the Denver area, tourists and cross-country passengers can enjoy the route on Amtrak's train, the "California Zephyr" (the tunnel's apex elevation of is the highest point on the Amtrak network). The was cut under a shoulder of James Peak. A small pioneer tunnel was bored parallel with and south of the main tunnel to facilitate the work and was high and wide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3726247 | 310,717 |
Solar-assisted heat pump A solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) is a machine that represents the integration of a heat pump and thermal solar panels in a single integrated system. Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce hot water. In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator. The goal of this system is to get high COP and then produce energy in a more efficient and less expensive way. It is possible to use any type of solar thermal panel (sheet and tubes, roll-bond, heat pipe, thermal plates) or hybrid (mono/polycrystalline, thin film) in combination with the heat pump. The use of a hybrid panel is preferable because it allows covering a part of the electricity demand of the heat pump and reduce the power consumption and consequently the variable costs of the system. The operating conditions' optimization of this system is the main problem, because there are two opposing trends of the performance of the two sub-systems: by way of example, a decreasing of the evaporation temperature of the working fluid generates an increasing of the thermal efficiency of the solar panel but a decreasing in the performance of the heat pump, with a decreasing in the COP. The target for the optimization is normally the minimization of the electrical consumption of the heat pump, or primary energy required by an auxiliary boiler which supplies the load not covered by renewable source | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50889773 | 326,352 |
Lattice and bridged-T equalizers , for example). Optimizing transient performance in this way is particularly applicable to situations where waveform fidelity is important such as in television. When circuit values are obtained in this way, the description “waveform corrector” is preferred to “response equalizer” An example of a “waveform corrector” for a coaxial cable section for video frequencies is shown. The shunt impedance Z2 is not shown in detail. It is the dual of Z1, so whereas Z1 contains a series resonant circuit and an R-C ladder network, Z2 contains a shunt resonant circuit and an R-L ladder network. The plot of vout/vin (in dBs) versus frequency, for this circuit, using the component values proposed in the reference is also shown, on the right. Zobel, in his early paper, described a procedure in which a cascade of prototype constant resistance lattice networks formed the basis of his equalizers. His method was basically a curve fitting procedure and an Appendix in his paper provided a series of networks from which a complete equalizer could be built. He apportioned contributions to the overall desired equalizer response to the various members of a lattice (or bridged-T) cascade. Each lattice circuit in the cascade was identified by its impedances Z and Z (where Z = R/Z and by its “propagation function” and “attenuation constant” (in effect, the square of the magnitude). These image parameters... are all interrelated as Zobel demonstrated see (Image impedance) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55717769 | 390,794 |
Felid gammaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus "Percavirus", subfamily "Gammaherpesvirinae", family "Herpesviridae", and order "Herpesvirales". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61594804 | 10,175 |
Land reclamation in Monaco Land reclamation is done in Monaco because land is very scarce, as the country is comparatively tiny, at . To solve this problem and to continue economic development, for years the country has been adding to its total land area by reclaiming land from the sea. The entire district of Fontvieille was constructed on land reclaimed from the sea in the western part of Monaco in the 1970s. It is the newest of the four traditional quartiers (districts) in the principality of Monaco, and one of ten Wards for modern administrative purposes. Land has also been added to areas of La Condamine and Larvotto/Bas Moulins. Prince Albert's father, Rainier III, was known as the "Builder Prince". In an attempt to further develop the economy of Monaco, he first supported the idea of land reclamation. Since it was impossible to extend into France, the only solution was to reclaim land from the sea. First, the Larvotto beach district was created in the early 1960s, then the Fontvieille industrial area, increasing the principality's surface area by approximately 20 percent. More recently, Port Hercules has been extended to welcome larger cruise ships on one side, and to provide land for a new Yacht Club on the other. Prince Albert II is currently planning to reclaim even more land. He intends to build into the Mediterranean to create a new area about 5 hectares (12.5 acres) in size | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36049376 | 326,149 |
Microseism For wave trains with a very small difference in frequency (and thus wavenumbers), this pattern of wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves, between 1500 and 3000 m/s, and will excite acoustic-seismic modes that radiate away. As far as seismic and acoustic waves are concerned, the motion of ocean waves in deep water is, to the leading order, equivalent to a pressure applied at the sea surface. This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared. Because of this square, it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter (red and black lines in the figures) but the amplitude of the sum, the wave groups (blue line in figures). Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains and there is always some energy propagating in the opposite direction. Also, because the seismic waves are much faster than the water waves, the source of seismic noise is isotropic: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions. In practice, the source of seismic energy is strongest when there are a significant amount of wave energy traveling in opposite directions. This occurs when swell from one storm meets waves with the same period from another storm, or close to the coast due coastal reflection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19023136 | 424,711 |
Cyanobacteria By producing and releasing oxygen (as a byproduct of photosynthesis), cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, causing the Great Oxygenation Event and the "rusting of the Earth", which dramatically changed the composition of the Earth's life forms and led to the near-extinction of anaerobic organisms. produce a range of toxins known as cyanotoxins that can pose a danger to humans and animals. The cyanobacteria "Synechocystis" and "Cyanothece" are important model organisms with potential applications in biotechnology for bioethanol production, food colorings, as a source of human and animal food, dietary supplements and raw materials. are a group of photosynthetic bacteria, some of which are nitrogen-fixing, that live in a wide variety of moist soils and water either freely or in a symbiotic relationship with plants or lichen-forming fungi (as in the lichen genus "Peltigera"). They range from unicellular to filamentous and include colonial species. Colonies may form filaments, sheets, or even hollow spheres. Some filamentous species can differentiate into several different cell types: vegetative cells – the normal, photosynthetic cells that are formed under favorable growing conditions; akinetes – climate-resistant spores that may form when environmental conditions become harsh; and thick-walled heterocysts – which contain the enzyme nitrogenase, vital for nitrogen fixation in an anaerobic environment due to its sensitivity to oxygen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=129618 | 58,285 |
Phased array Phased arrays are used in naval sonar, in active (transmit and receive) and passive (receive only) and hull-mounted and towed array sonar. The "MESSENGER" spacecraft was a space probe mission to the planet Mercury (2011–2015). This was the first deep-space mission to use a phased-array antenna for communications. The radiating elements are circularly-polarized, slotted waveguides. The antenna, which uses the X band, used 26 radiative elements and can gracefully degrade. The National Severe Storms Laboratory has been using a SPY-1A phased array antenna, provided by the US Navy, for weather research at its Norman, Oklahoma facility since April 23, 2003. It is hoped that research will lead to a better understanding of thunderstorms and tornadoes, eventually leading to increased warning times and enhanced prediction of tornadoes. Current project participants include the National Severe Storms Laboratory and National Weather Service Radar Operations Center, Lockheed Martin, United States Navy, University of Oklahoma School of Meteorology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Atmospheric Radar Research Center, Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, the Federal Aviation Administration, and Basic Commerce and Industries. The project includes research and development, future technology transfer and potential deployment of the system throughout the United States. It is expected to take 10 to 15 years to complete and initial construction was approximately $25 million | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41509 | 295,823 |
Log cabin In Europe, modern log cabins are often built in gardens and used as summerhouses, home offices or as an additional room in the garden. Summer houses and cottages are often built from logs in northern Europe. Chinking refers to a broad range of mortar or other infill materials used between the logs in the construction of log cabins and other log-walled structures. Traditionally, dried mosses, such as "Pleurozium schreberi" or "Hylocomium splendens", were used in the Nordic countries as an insulator between logs. In the United States, "Chinks" were small stones or wood or corn cobs stuffed between the logs. Log cabins were constructed with either a purlin roof structure or a rafter roof structure. A purlin roof consists of horizontal logs that are notched into the gable-wall logs. The latter are progressively shortened to form the characteristic triangular gable end. The steepness of the roof was determined by the reduction in size of each gable-wall log as well as the total number of gable-wall logs. Flatter roofed cabins might have had only 2 or 3 gable-wall logs while steeply pitched roofs might have had as many gable-wall logs as a full story. Issues related to eave overhang and a porch also influenced the layout of the cabin. The decision about roof type often was based on the material for roofing like bark. Milled lumber was usually the most popular choice for rafter roofs in areas where it was available | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=639823 | 212,080 |
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP , versions at different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia files are typically available, and selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming and QoE (Quality of Experience) fairness. DASH standard does not specify the adaptive bitrate streaming (ABR) logic. DASH is also agnostic to the underlying application layer protocol. Thus, DASH can be used with any protocol, e.g., DASH over CCN. On July 27, 2015, MPEG LA announced a call for MPEG-DASH-related patents in order to create a single patent pool for this technology. MPEG LA announced its MPEG-DASH patent portfolio licence. It includes patents that are essential to the MPEG standard. MPEG-DASH is available natively on Android through the ExoPlayer, on Samsung Smart TVs 2012+, LG Smart TV 2012+, Sony TV 2012+, Philips NetTV 4.1+, Panasonic Viera 2013+ and Chromecast. YouTube as well as Netflix already support MPEG-DASH, and different MPEG-DASH players are available. While MPEG-DASH isn't directly supported in HTML5, there are JavaScript implementations of MPEG-DASH which allow using MPEG-DASH in web browsers using the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE). There are also JavaScript implementations such as the bitdash player which support DRM for MPEG-DASH using the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions. In combination with WebGL, the HTML5-based adaptive bitrate streaming of MPEG-DASH enables also the efficient streaming of 360° video for live and on-demand use cases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33066456 | 413,445 |
Ra.One One" won a National Award, an "overjoyed" Khan said that the film's world could be further explored. He stated that the sequel, if made, would be titled "G.One" and not "Ra.Two", and that he would make it "faster, bigger and better" than "Ra.One". Khan was reported to be looking for a script, without a fixed release date. In April 2012, Mushtaq Sheikh said that the pre-production of the sequel had begun. A number of reports stated that Kareena Kapoor would not be a part of the sequel. Despite Khan's enthusiasm for the idea of a sequel, the film industry expressed mixed opinions regarding it. Filmmaker Rajkumar Gupta commented, "It would be challenging to take forward a story that has not worked earlier." Producer Ramesh Taurani responded negatively to the idea, saying, "It is important for the film to be appreciated so that a sequel can be made." Trade analyst Atul Mohan called the sequel "a bad idea." Conversely, others were supportive of the sequel. Producer Goldie Behl brushed aside arguments about the success of the first film, saying, "If the people think that they can earn some more, then it doesn't matter how big or small the hit was." Director Kunal Kohli also reacted positively, saying, "Certain ideas naturally lend themselves to sequels. So why not use that investment of your time and effort to make a sequel that will take the brand further?" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26008898 | 244,055 |
Comparison of e-book formats Note that the format has changed several times since its original release, and there are numerous incompatibility difficulties between various releases and the assorted programs which attempt to read / write the format. DOCX is a document file format that is directly supported by few ebook readers. Its advantages as an ebook format are that it can be easily converted to other ebook formats and it can be reflowed. It can be easily edited. The .epub or OEBPS format is a technical standard for e-books created by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). The EPUB format has gained some popularity as a vendor-independent XML-based e-book format. The format can be read by the Kobo eReader, BlackBerry devices, Apple's iBooks app running on Macintosh computers and iOS devices, Google Play Books app running on Android and iOS devices, Barnes & Noble Nook, Amazon Kindle Fire, Sony Reader, BeBook, Bookeen Cybook Gen3 (with firmware v2 and up), Adobe Digital Editions, Lexcycle Stanza, FBReader, PocketBook eReader, Aldiko, the Mozilla Firefox add-on EPUBReader, Lucifox, Okular and other reading apps. Adobe Digital Editions uses .epub format for its e-books, with digital rights management (DRM) protection provided through their proprietary ADEPT mechanism. The ADEPT framework and scripts have been reverse-engineered to circumvent this DRM system. eReader is a freeware program for viewing Palm Digital Media electronic books which use the pdb format used by many Palm applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12115370 | 257,768 |
War of the currents With the help of the financier Henry Villard the Edison group of companies also went through a series of mergers: "Edison Lamp Company", a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; "Edison Machine Works", a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; "Bergmann & Company", a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and "Edison Electric Light Company", the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments, merged. The new company, "Edison General Electric Company", was formed in January 1889 with the help of Drexel, Morgan & Co. and Grosvenor Lowrey with Villard as president. It later included the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company. Through the fall of 1888 a battle of words with Brown specifically attacking Westinghouse continued to escalate. In November George Westinghouse challenged Brown's assertion in the pages of the "Electrical Engineer" that the Westinghouse AC systems had caused 30 deaths. The magazine investigated the claim and found at most only two of the deaths could be attributed to Westinghouse installations. Although New York had a criminal procedure code that specified electrocution via an electric chair, it did not spell out the type of electricity, the amount of current, or its method of supply, since these were still relative unknowns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342086 | 236,970 |
IP codec IP codecs are used to send video or audio signals over an IP network such as the Internet. The initials "IP" here stand for "Internet Protocol", while the term "codec" is short for "encoder/decoder" or "compressor/decompressor". IP video codecs are used widely in security and broadcast applications to send video between two locations. Video codecs use compression algorithms to send good video quality at substantially lower bit rates than uncompressed signals. Broadcast applications often use MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standards for video compression. The EBU is working on a minimum set of common standards for real-time video over IP transmissions. The recommended standards and protocols are designed to ensure compatibility between different codecs and provide adequate high quality transmissions. IP audio codecs are used to send broadcast quality audio over IP from remote broadcast locations to radio and television studios around the globe. IP codecs are ideal for use in remote broadcasts, as studio/transmitter links (STLs) or for studio-to-studio audio distribution. IP audio codecs use audio compression algorithms to send high fidelity audio over both wired broadband IP networks and wireless 3G, 3.5G and 4G broadband networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23624898 | 131,567 |
Crawford Beveridge Crawford W. Beveridge CBE is a Scottish-American technology executive. Beveridge, originally from Scotland, attended the University of Edinburgh, earning a B.Sc. in social science. He followed that with an M.Sc. in industrial administration from the University of Bradford. He was given the honor of a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1995 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2016. Beveridge's business background included Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment Corp. and Analog Devices. In 1985, he joined Sun Microsystems as vice president of corporate resources, where he stayed until 1991, when he left and took the position of chief executive of Scottish Enterprise. In 2000, he returned to Sun to fill the position of executive vice president people and places and chief human resources officer. He was a board member of corporations outside of Sun, including Autodesk, Memec and Scottish Equity Partners. He is a non-executive chairman of the board in Autodesk and as of July 2016, Beveridge owns approximately $1.9 million worth of Autodesk shares. He was executive vice president and chairman, EMEA, APAC and the Americas of Sun in 2007. He chairs the Scottish government's Council of Economic Advisers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2647011 | 479,460 |
Node of Ranvier The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many. The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell. This process is sequenced by the in-folding of the Schwann cell surface so that a double membrane of the opposing faces of the in-folded Schwann cell surface is formed. This membrane stretches and spirally wraps itself over and over as the in-folding of the Schwann cell surface continues. As a result, the increase in the thickness of the extension of the myelin sheath in its cross-sectional diameter is easily ascertained. It is also evident that each of the consecutive turns of the spiral increases in size along the length of the axon as the number of turns increase. However, it is not clear whether or not the increase in length of the myelin sheath can be accounted solely by the increase in length of axon covered by each successive turn of the spiral, as previously explained. At the junction of two Schwann cells along an axon, the directions of the lamellar overhang of the myelin endings are of opposite sense. This junction, adjacent of the Schwann cells, constitutes the region designated as the node of Ranvier. Researchers prove that in the developing CNS, Nav1.2 is initially expressed at all forming nodes Ranvier. Upon maturation, nodal Nav1.3 is down-regulated and replaced by Nav1.6. Naz1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=962174 | 85,010 |
Trihydrogen cation " first suggested that may be present in interstellar space given the large amount of hydrogen in interstellar space and its reaction pathway was exothermic (~1.5 eV). This led to the suggestion of Watson and Herbst & Klemperer in 1973 that is responsible for the formation of many observed molecular ions. It was not until 1980 that the first spectrum of was discovered by Takeshi Oka, which was of the ν fundamental band using a technique called frequency modulation detection. This started the search for interstellar . Emission lines were detected in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the ionospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. In 1996, was finally detected in the interstellar medium (ISM) by Geballe & Oka in two molecular interstellar clouds in the sightlines GL2136 and W33A. In 1998, was unexpectedly detected by McCall "et al." in a diffuse interstellar cloud in the sightline Cygnus OB2#12. In 2006 Oka announced that was ubiquitous in interstellar medium, and that the Central Molecular Zone contained a million times the concentration of ISM generally. The three hydrogen atoms in the molecule form an equilateral triangle, with a bond length of 0.90 Å on each side. The bonding among the atoms is a three-center two-electron bond, a delocalized resonance hybrid type of structure. The strength of the bond has been calculated to be around 4.5 eV (104 kcal/mol) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2699278 | 22,117 |
Adaptive algorithm An adaptive algorithm is an algorithm that changes its behavior at the time it is run, based on information available and on "a priori" defined reward mechanism (or criterion). Such information could be the story of recently received data, information on the available computational resources, or other run-time acquired (or "a priori" known) information related to the environment in which it operates. Among the most used adaptive algorithms is the Widrow-Hoff’s least mean squares (LMS), which represents a class of stochastic gradient-descent algorithms used in adaptive filtering and machine learning. In adaptive filtering the LMS is used to mimic a desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean square of the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal). For example, stable partition, using no additional memory is "O"("n" lg "n") but given "O"("n") memory, it can be "O"("n") in time. As implemented by the C++ Standard Library, codice_1 is adaptive and so it acquires as much memory as it can get (up to what it would need at most) and applies the algorithm using that available memory. Another example is adaptive sort, whose behavior changes upon the presortedness of its input. An example of an adaptive algorithm in radar systems is the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8286430 | 103,676 |
Lava lamp A lava lamp is a decorative lamp, invented in 1963 by British entrepreneur Edward Craven Walker, the founder of the lighting company Mathmos. The lamp consists of a bolus of a special coloured wax mixture inside a glass vessel, the remainder of which contains clear or translucent liquid; the vessel is then placed on a box containing an incandescent light bulb whose heat causes temporary reductions in the density of the wax and surface tension of the liquid. The warmed wax rises through the surrounding liquid, cools, loses its buoyancy, and falls back to the bottom of the vessel in a cycle that is visually suggestive of pāhoehoe lava, hence the name. The lamps are designed in a variety of styles and colours. A classic lava lamp contains a standard incandescent or halogen lamp which heats a tall (often tapered) glass bottle. A formula from a 1968 US patent consisted of water and a transparent, translucent, or opaque mix of mineral oil, paraffin wax, and carbon tetrachloride. The clear water or mineral oil can optionally be coloured with transparent dyes. Common wax has a density much lower than that of water and would float on top at any temperature. However, carbon tetrachloride is heavier than water (also nonflammable and miscible with wax) and is added to the wax to make its density at room temperature slightly higher than that of the water. When heated, the wax mixture becomes less dense than the water, because the wax expands more than water when both are heated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19593996 | 370,327 |
National Longitudinal Surveys Beginning in 1988, children age 10 and older have answered a self-administered set of questions about family, friends, jobs, school, after-school activities, computer use, religious attendance, smoking, alcohol and drug use, and more. Starting in 1994, children who have reached age 15 by December 31 of the survey year complete a questionnaire that is similar to the main NLSY79 survey and asks about work experiences, training, schooling, health, fertility, parenting and attitudes. The Young Adult questionnaire, conducted primarily by telephone, replaced the child assessments for young adults 15 years or older. Young adults also report on sensitive topics such as parent child conflict, participation in delinquent or criminal activities, use of controlled and uncontrolled substances, sexual activity, volunteer activities, and expectations for the future. The data collected about the children can be linked with information collected from their mothers in the main NLSY79 survey. The NLSY79 Child and Young Adult surveys are a valuable resource for studying how individual and family characteristics and experiences affect the well-being and development of children, adolescents, and young adults. The NLSW and NLSM make up the original four cohorts, which were designed to represent the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population at the time of the initial survey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2893811 | 513,837 |
Alkali metal In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes ([M(HO))]), with the exception of the lithium ion, which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes ([Li(HO))]); the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules. Because of this, anhydrous salts containing alkali metal cations are often used as desiccants. Alkali metals also readily form complexes with crown ethers (e.g. 12-crown-4 for Li, 15-crown-5 for Na, 18-crown-6 for K, and 21-crown-7 for Rb) and cryptands due to electrostatic attraction. The alkali metals dissolve slowly in liquid ammonia, forming ammoniacal solutions of solvated metal cation M and solvated electron e, which react to form hydrogen gas and the alkali metal amide (MNH, where M represents an alkali metal): this was first noted by Humphry Davy in 1809 and rediscovered by W. Weyl in 1864. The process may be speeded up by a catalyst. Similar solutions are formed by the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, barium, as well as the divalent lanthanides, europium and ytterbium. The amide salt is quite insoluble and readily precipitates out of solution, leaving intensely coloured ammonia solutions of the alkali metals. In 1907, Charles Krause identified the colour as being due to the presence of solvated electrons, which contribute to the high electrical conductivity of these solutions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=666 | 87,036 |
History of telecommunication The communications efficiency of the Morse Code preceded that of the Huffman code in digital communications by over 100 years, but Morse and Vail developed the code purely empirically, with shorter codes for more frequent letters. The submarine cable across the English Channel, wire coated in gutta percha, was laid in 1851. Transatlantic cables installed in 1857 and 1858 only operated for a few days or weeks (carried messages of greeting back and forth between James Buchanan and Queen Victoria) before they failed. The project to lay a replacement line was delayed for five years by the American Civil War. The first successful transatlantic telegraph cable was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time. The electric telephone was invented in the 1870s, based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven, Connecticut in the US and London, England in the UK. Alexander Graham Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both countries. All other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed from this master patent. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone has been frequently disputed, and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time-to-time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3276921 | 201,796 |
Lewis turning point The is a situation in economic development where surplus rural labor is fully absorbed into the manufacturing sector. This typically causes agricultural and unskilled industrial real wages to rise. The term is named after economist W. Arthur Lewis. Shortly after the Lewis point, an economy requires balanced growth policies. Typically, reaching the causes an increase in the wage bill and the functional distribution favoring labor. However, in some cases such as in Japan from 1870 to 1920, agricultural labor productivity increased significantly and produced a labor surplus, damping the rise in real wages. According to a study by Zhang and Yang, China reached the Lewis point in 2010; cheap labor in the country has rapidly decreased and real agricultural wages have substantially increased. Despite its large population, in the early 2010s China faced labor shortages, and real wages nearly doubled since 2003. Such rapid rise in wages for unskilled work is a key indicator of reaching the Lewis point. However, other journals such as the "China Economic Review" claim that China has not reached the Lewis point, comparing the effect of the Lewis point in China to the Japanese experience. A 2013 working paper by the International Monetary Fund predicts the Lewis point in China to "emerge between 2020 and 2025" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45079830 | 504,439 |
Quirky (company) It was announced on February 8, 2016 that the company had new financing and owners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43980105 | 229,225 |
Ultra-low volume Formulation is delivered by means of either electric, gear, FMI or Diaphragm pump to deliver the formulation to the nozzle of the machine, or in other equipment it is delivered through creating a low air pressure in the formulation tank to force the formulation to the nozzle for easy application. The nozzle of the machine has a very specific shape, which causes a swirling motion of the air stream. The motion is achieved by means of several stationary fins that force the air to rotate. The formulation is delivered to the air by means of a supply tube that is situated in the center of the nozzle. The motion of the air shears the liquid formulation into very small droplets and then disperses it into the atmosphere. ULV fogging machines are the most preferred misting machines as the size of the droplets can be controlled by means of machine calibration. The chemicals used in this type of machine are more concentrated than the chemicals used in other spraying equipment, which also increases the killing efficiency. Other advantages of ULV misting machines includes lower risks of injury due to the fog cloud being nearly invisible, low volumes of carrier chemicals, lower application cost and low noise levels. Unfavorable aspects of these machines may include longer application times, wind drift, high concentrations of active ingredients causing environmental hazards, and the requirement of higher technical skills for calibration of the machines. ULV fogging machines can be used in a number of different industries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16348839 | 171,622 |
Hemicontinuity This can be fixed upon strengthening continuity properties: if one of those lower hemicontinuous multifunctions has open graph then their intersection is again lower hemicontinuous. Crucial to set-valued analysis (in view of applications) are the investigation of single-valued selections and approximations to multivalued maps. Typically lower hemicontinuous correspondences admit single-valued selections (Michael selection theorem, Bressan–Colombo directionally continuous selection theorem, Fryszkowski decomposable map selection). Likewise, upper hemicontinuous maps admit approximations (e.g. Ancel–Granas–Górniewicz–Kryszewski theorem). If a correspondence is both upper hemicontinuous and lower hemicontinuous, it is said to be continuous. A continuous function is in all cases both upper and lower hemicontinuous. The upper and lower hemicontinuity might be viewed as usual continuity: (For the notion of hyperspace compare also power set and function space). Using lower and upper Hausdorff uniformity we can also define the so-called upper and lower semicontinuous maps in the sense of Hausdorff (also known as metrically lower / upper semicontinuous maps). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2945778 | 108,563 |
Johnson's Building, The Rocks The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. As a group, the buildings (Federation Hall, Royal Naval House, Johnson's Building, 231 George Street and Brooklyn Hotel) have considerable significance. All facades contribute to the overall richness of the group, with Royal Naval House the focal point and the Johnson's Building leading nicely around the corner to a "coda" of two small but heavily textured facades which seem to be a logical end to the whole. The trees, which are deciduous, give an added quality to the richness of the facades and have considerable significance. The facades as a group have important landmark qualities with their location on the north-west corner of a major intersection, providing an entry point to The Rocks and, in the context of Grosvenor Street, contrasting with the open space of Lang Park on the southern side of the street. Johnson's Building: This outstanding Edwardian commercial building with its simple detailing to its imposing facades is a most significant element in the George Street townscape and provides a foil to the extravagant Baroque façade of Royal Naval House. The return along Milson Lane has a variety of openings, with a cat-head system for heavy loads. The shopfront with its awning, and its deeply recessed entries, is typical of the period, and one of the few remaining in original form in Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58991376 | 306,189 |
Cat gap Nimravids and barbourofelids were saber-toothed cat-like animals of the families Nimravidae and Barbourofelidae, respectively. Although not "true cats" of the family Felidae, they are closely related to felids. The Nimravidae are either basal feliforms or a sister group to both feliforms and caniforms, while the Barbourofelidae are a sister group to the Felidae. Physically, some Nimravidae and Barbourofelidae resembled the saber-toothed cat "Smilodon", which would not appear until many millions of years later. Nimravidae also became extinct in North America during the "cat gap". The history of carnivorous mammals is characterized by a series of rise-and-fall patterns of diversification, in which declining clades are replaced by phylogenetically distinct but functionally similar clades. Over the past 50 million years, successive clades of small and large carnivorous mammals diversified and then declined to extinction. In most instances, the cause of the decline was energetic constraints and pervasive selection for larger size (Cope's rule) that lead to hypercarnivory dietary specialization. Hypercarnivory leads to increased vulnerability to extinction. The nimravids were large cat-like animals that occupied this ecomorphic niche in the ecosystem until 26 Ma. It is highly likely that their hypercarnivory led to their extinction in North America. After the extinction of the nimravids there were no other feliform or felid-like species until other felids arrived from Eurasia after crossing the Bering land bridge 18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20355828 | 146,068 |
Gravy Another Southern US dish that uses white gravy is chicken-fried steak. Rice and gravy is a staple of Cajun and Creole cuisine in the southern US state of Louisiana. is an integral part of the Canadian dish poutine. It uses a mix of beef and chicken stock as well as vinegar. In some parts of Asia, particularly India gravy is any thickened liquid part of a dish. For example, the liquid part of a thick curry may be referred to as gravy. In the Mediterranean, Maghreb cuisine is dominated with gravy and bread-based dishes. Tajine and most Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) dishes are derivatives of oil, meat and vegetable gravies. The dish is usually served with a loaf of bread. The bread is then dipped into the gravy and then used to gather or scoop the meat and vegetables between the index, middle finger and thumb, and consumed. In gastronomy of Menorca, it has been used since the English influence during the 17th century in typical Menorcan and Catalan dishes, as for example "macarrons amb grevi" (pasta). In Italian-American communities, particularly on the East Coast and around the Chicago area, the term "gravy", "tomato gravy", or "Sunday gravy" is used, but this refers to a meat-based tomato sauce rather than meat drippings mixed with a thickener. Used in this context, "gravy" is meant to be an English translation from the Italian "sugo", which means sauce, as in "sugo per pastasciutta" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85320 | 330,458 |
Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover In this particular case, the distributed system consisted of piezoelectric sensors detecting tool vibrations, a measuring system processing and enhancing signals, and a radio module processing signals to a measuring computer. IPH also concentrates its research efforts on wireless communication and the use of this technology on production sites. To fight the production of counterfeit medications, a new method of integrating RFID tags and antennas into drug packages was developed as part of the EZ pharm project (www.ez-pharm.de). Lately, the ZigBee technology has been applied to an abrasive sheet during a cutoff grinding process. Recent research in the field of production automation focuses on optical communication. To enable automated guided vehicles to detect their position, a system based on visible light is being designed (www.isi-walk.de). Also, for the use in intralogistics, a new method of identifying goods is being developed. With regard to logistics, IPH engineers do research on how to design and control production networks efficiently, both ecologically and economically. For example, the project "synchronization of logistic responsiveness in production networks" revealed that structural interactions within networks have a strong influence on dynamic behavior and thus logistic performance. Furthermore, a scientific method aiming at the economic and organizational planning and assessment of transformability in supply chains is currently being developed as part of the research project “ISI-WALK” (www | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33803593 | 275,464 |
Rieke metal Interest is motivated by the ability of Rieke Zn to convert 2,5-dibromothiophenes to the corresponding polythiophene. Rieke-Zn also reacts with bromoesters to give organozinc reagents of value for the Reformatsky reaction. Rieke magnesium reacts with aryl halides, some even at −78 °C, to afford the corresponding Grignard reagents, often with considerable selectivity. Rieke magnesium is famous for enabling the formation of "impossible Grignard reagents" such as those derived from aryl fluorides and from 2-chloronorbornane. The use of highly reactive metals in chemical synthesis was popularized in the 1960s. One development in this theme is the use of metal vapor synthesis, as described by Skell, Timms, Ozin, and others. All of these methods relied on elaborate instrumentation to vaporize the metals, releasing an atomic form of these reactants. In 1972, Reuben D. Rieke, a professor of chemistry at the University of North Carolina, published the method that now bears his name. In contrast to previous methods, it did not require special equipment, and the main challenges were only the handling of pyrophoric reagents and/or products, and the need for anhydrous reagents and air-free techniques. Thus his discovery gained much attention because of its simplicity and the reactivity of the activated metals. Rieke continued this work at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He and his wife Loretta founded Rieke Metals LLC in 1991, based on these materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6274914 | 93,432 |
F. A. Fitzbayne During this period Edinburgh’s trams were converted from cable-drawn to electricity, and the rolling stock was changed from timber and iron to fully steel construction. Profit of the transport system increased by 50% in this period. He lived at 5 Smiths Place, off Leith Walk. In 1932 he chaired a national conference on motor transport held at the Atholl Palace Hotel in Pitlochry. He died on 3 March 1935 and is buried in Rosebank Cemetery in northern Edinburgh. His toppled stone lies to the south of the Christian Salvesen monument. Following his death, his house at Smiths Place was demolished to make way for a faux-Georgian infill by Ebenezer James MacRae operating as offices and social club for the teamworks (which were located to the rear). He was married to Emily Daisy Hall (d.1967). His son, Eric Fitzpayne, was General Manager of Glasgow Corporation Transport. In 1962 his grandson, Alan Fitzpayne, aged only 13, was given the honour of running the last tram through the streets of Clydebank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53613771 | 336,815 |
Energy poverty The GEF partnership includes 10 agencies: the UN Development Programme; the UN Environment Programme; the World Bank; the UN Food and Agriculture Organization; the UN Industrial Development Organization; the African Development Bank; the Asian Development Bank; the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Inter-American Development Bank; and the International Fund for Agricultural Development. The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel provides technical and scientific advice on the GEF’s policies and projects." "The Climate Investment Funds (CIF) comprises two Trust Funds, each with a specific scope and objective and its own governance structure: the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF). The CTF promotes investments to initiate a shift towards clean technologies. The CTF seeks to fill a gap in the international architecture for development finance available at more concessional rates than standard terms used by the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and at a scale necessary to help provide incentives to developing countries to integrate nationally appropriate mitigation actions into sustainable development plans and investment decisions. The SCF serves as an overarching fund to support targeted programs with dedicated funding to pilot new approaches with potential for scaled-up, transformational action aimed at a specific climate change challenge or sectoral response | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8856894 | 502,264 |
George Westinghouse They later acquired houses in Lenox, Massachusetts, where they summered, and in Washington, District of Columbia. Westinghouse remained a captain of American industry until 1907, when the financial panic of 1907 led to his resignation from control of the Westinghouse company. By 1911, he was no longer active in business, and his health was in decline. died on March 12, 1914, in New York City at age 67. He was initially interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, NY then removed on December 14, 1915. As a Civil War veteran, he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, along with his wife Marguerite, who survived him by three months. She had also been initially interred in Woodlawn and removed and reinterred at the same time as George. A six-day workweek was the rule when inaugurated the first Saturday half holiday in his Pittsburgh factory in 1881. In 1918 his former home, Solitude, was razed and the land given to the City of Pittsburgh to establish Westinghouse Park. In 1930, the Westinghouse Memorial, funded by his employees, was placed in Schenley Park in Pittsburgh. Also named in his honor, Bridge is near the site of his Turtle Creek plant. Its plaque reads: The Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home in Central Bridge, New York, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1989, Westinghouse was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49195 | 380,321 |
WTXF-TV Soon after taking control of channel 29, Fox rebranded it as "Fox Philadelphia" (similar to how Chicago sister station WFLD was branded as "Fox Chicago") with the channel number used sparingly and the call letters mostly relegated to legal IDs; this was because WTXF, to this day, is normally not on channel 29 on area cable systems (though for the first few months, it was merely branded as "Fox" with the call letters below a color-changing Fox logo in promos). As a Fox owned-and-operated station, WTXF immediately added more first run talk and reality shows to the schedule. Throughout the mid-to-late 1990s, WTXF was available nationally to satellite television providers as the East Coast Fox feed, most notably on PrimeStar. In 2003, WTXF rebranded back to "Fox 29" for the first time since 1994 to create a consistent use of the "Fox (channel number)" branding across all Fox-owned stations. WTXF also underwent a major overhaul of its studio facilities in Old City Philadelphia, with a "Window on the World"-type studio making its debut on June 6, 2005. The "Window of the World" studio was originally intended to be used for the station's morning newscast. It is a historical irony that the station, originally owned locally by the Fox family as WIBF-TV, is now owned by Los Angeles-based Fox Broadcasting Company. On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company, owner of ABC and WPVI-TV, announced its intent to buy WTXF's parent company, 21st Century Fox, for $52 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1546771 | 400,893 |
NMR line broadening techniques Especially at the coalescence temperature (formula_1), where the two peaks coalesce, the rate constant of rotation at formula_1 and the energy barrier of the rotation can be easily calculated. As increasing the temperature, the exchange reaction get faster, and at a certain temperature, which is formula_1, the appearance of the peaks changes from two separate peaks in slow exchange to a single peak in fast exchange. The rate constant formula_4 at formula_1 can be calculated with the following equation: formula_6,where formula_7 and formula_8 are the chemical shift of each species at lower temperatures where they are in slow exchange. By using the Eyring equation, the Gibbs free energy of rotation, formula_9, can be determined: formula_10 (Eyring equation)formula_11where formula_12 is gas constant, formula_13 is the Boltzmann constant, and formula_14 is the Planck's constant. Electron transfer self-exchange rates can be also determined with the experimental value of line-width and chemical shift. Sharp peaks of diamagnetic compounds can be broadened during the electron transfer with its partner paramagnetic compound (one-electron oxidized species), since paramagnetic compounds exhibit broader peaks at a different chemical shift. If their self-exchange rate is sufficiently faster than the NMR timescale, the line-broadening of the peaks is observed at shifted chemical shifts in the spectrum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53181475 | 44,941 |
BCT Network The Army will continue the development and fielding of an incremental ground tactical network capability to all Army brigade combat teams. This network is a layered system of interconnected computers and software, radios, and sensors within the Brigade Combat Team (BCT). The BCT network is essential to enable Unified Battle Command and will be delivered to the Army's Brigade Combat Teams in increasing capability increments. The first increment is currently finishing SDD developmental and operational testing and will be delivered to Infantry Brigade Combat Teams in the form of Network Integration Kits (B-kits) with E-IBCT. The soldier at every echelon, from Brigade to Squad, will be connected to the proper sensor data and communication relays to ensure proper battlespace situational awareness. The Network Integration Kit (NIK) is a suite of equipment capable of being installed on many vehicles including HMMWV's and MRAPs. It provides the Network connectivity and battle command software to integrate and fuse sensor data into the common operational picture (COP) displayed on the Force XXI Battle Command Battalion/Brigade and Below (FBCB2). The Network Integration Kit consists of an integrated computer system (ICS) that hosts the Battle Command software and the Systems of Systems Common Operating Environment (SOSCOE) software, along with the JTRS GMR radio to provide the interface to the sensors and unmanned systems, as well as voice and data communications with other vehicles and soldiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24376013 | 284,025 |
Stem cell controversy Spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease are two examples that have been championed by high-profile media personalities (for instance, Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox, who have lived with these conditions, respectively). The anticipated medical benefits of stem cell research add urgency to the debates, which has been appealed to by proponents of embryonic stem cell research. In August 2000, The U.S. National Institutes of Health's Guidelines stated: ... research involving human pluripotent stem cells ... promises new treatments and possible cures for many debilitating diseases and injuries, including Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, burns and spinal cord injuries. The NIH believes the potential medical benefits of human pluripotent stem cell technology are compelling and worthy of pursuit in accordance with appropriate ethical standards. In 2006, researchers at Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, succeeded in obtaining stem cells from mouse embryos without destroying the embryos. If this technique and its reliability are improved, it would alleviate some of the ethical concerns related to embryonic stem cell research. Another technique announced in 2007 may also defuse the longstanding debate and controversy. Research teams in the United States and Japan have developed a simple and cost-effective method of reprogramming human skin cells to function much like embryonic stem cells by introducing artificial viruses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3831284 | 150,815 |
Controlled vocabulary The word "football" is also applied to rugby football (rugby union and rugby league), American football, Australian rules football, Gaelic football, and Canadian football. A search for "football" therefore will retrieve documents that are about several completely different sports. solves this problem by tagging the documents in such a way that the ambiguities are eliminated. Compared to free text searching, the use of a controlled vocabulary can dramatically increase the performance of an information retrieval system, if performance is measured by precision (the percentage of documents in the retrieval list that are actually relevant to the search topic). In some cases controlled vocabulary can enhance recall as well, because unlike natural language schemes, once the correct authorized term is searched, there is no need to search for other terms that might be synonyms of that term. A controlled vocabulary search may lead to unsatisfactory recall, in that it will fail to retrieve some documents that are actually relevant to the search question. This is particularly problematic when the search question involves terms that are sufficiently tangential to the subject area such that the indexer might have decided to tag it using a different term (but the searcher might consider the same). Essentially, this can be avoided only by an experienced user of controlled vocabulary whose understanding of the vocabulary coincides with that of the indexer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1850719 | 293,182 |
Cell disruption is a method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell. The production of biologically interesting molecules using cloning and culturing methods allows the study and manufacture of relevant molecules. Except for excreted molecules, cells producing molecules of interest must be disrupted. This page discusses various methods. Another method of disruption is called cell unroofing. A common laboratory-scale mechanical method for cell disruption uses glass, ceramic or steel beads, 0.1 to 2 mm in diameter, mixed with a sample suspended in aqueous media. First developed by Tim Hopkins in the late 1970s, the sample and bead mix is subjected to high level agitation by stirring or shaking. Beads collide with the cellular sample, cracking open the cell to release intercellular components. Unlike some other methods, mechanical shear is moderate during homogenization resulting in excellent membrane or subcellular preparations. The method, often called "beadbeating", works well for all types of cellular material - from spores to animal and plant tissues. It is the most widely used method of yeast lysis, and can yield breakage of well over 50% (up to 95%). It has the advantage over other mechanical cell disruption methods of being able to disrupt very small sample sizes, process many samples at a time with no cross-contamination concerns, and does not release potentially harmful aerosols in the process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1637666 | 149,783 |
Design manufacture service This is especially important in industries like medical devices where customer owned IP is critical. Some contract product development models, including Original Design Manufacturing (ODM), allow the developer, instead of the customer, to retain IP rights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37257277 | 495,580 |
Secondary School Mathematics Curriculum Improvement Study As teaching the program was a specialized activity, teachers tended to move along from each grade to the next with their students, and so it was typical for students to have one of the same two teachers, or even the same teacher, for five or six years in a row. More teachers were added in 1968 and 1969 and the University of Maryland and University of Arizona were added as teaching sites. Eighteen schools in Los Angeles adopted SSMCIS in what was called the Accelerated Mathematics Instruction program; some 2,500 gifted students took part. By 1971, teacher education programs were being conducted in places like Austin Peay State University in Tennessee, which was attended by junior high school teachers from seventeen states and one foreign country. By 1974, Fehr stated that 25,000 students were taking SSMCIS courses across the U.S. The program did show some success in its educational purpose. A study of the Los Angeles program found that SSMCIS-taught students had a better attitude toward their program than did students using School Mathematics Study Group courses (another "New Math" initiative) or traditional courses. In New York State schools, special examinations were given to tenth and eleventh grade SSMCIS students in lieu of the standard Regents Examinations due to a mismatch in curriculum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40556829 | 106,579 |
International Association for Pattern Recognition The (IAPR) is an international association of non-profit, scientific or professional organizations (being national, multi-national, or international in scope) concerned with pattern recognition, computer vision, and image processing in a broad sense. Normally, only one organization is admitted from any one country, and individuals interested in taking part in IAPR's activities may do so by joining their national organization. The IAPR publishes four main academic publications of record: IAPR Conferences The IAPR Fellow Award has been awarded biennially since 1994 to recognize distinguished contributions to the field of pattern recognition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43501035 | 99,241 |
Advertising research The two types of campaign post-testing that have achieved the greatest use among major advertisers include continuous tracking, in which changes in advertising spending are correlated with changes in brand awareness, and longitudinal studies, in which the same group of respondents are tracked over time. With the longitudinal approach, it is possible to go beyond brand awareness, and to isolate the campaign's impact on specific behavioral and perceptual dimensions, and to isolate campaign impact by media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9611967 | 473,047 |
Electronic authentication E-authentication is a centerpiece of the United States government's effort to expand electronic government, or e-government, as a way of making government more effective and efficient and easier to access. The e-authentication service enables users to access government services online using log-in IDs (identity credentials) from other web sites that both the user and the government trust. E-authentication is a government-wide partnership that is supported by the agencies that comprise the Federal CIO Council. The United States General Services Administration (GSA) is the lead agency partner. E-authentication works through an association with a trusted credential issuer, making it necessary for the user to log into the issuer's site to obtain the authentication credentials. Those credentials or e-authentication ID are then transferred the supporting government web site causing authentication. The system was created in response a December 16, 2003 memorandum was issued through the Office of Management and Budget. Memorandum M04-04 Whitehouse. That memorandum updates the guidance issued in the "Paperwork Elimination Act" of 1998, 44 U.S.C. § 3504 and implements section 203 of the E-Government Act, 44 U.S.C. ch. 36. NIST provides guidelines for digital authentication standards and does away with most knowledge-based authentication methods. A stricter standard has been drafted on more complicated passwords that at least 8 characters long or passphrases that are at least 64 characters long | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7363430 | 491,823 |
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University The third-semester students may choose one of the following papers as elective subjects: Spectroscopy, Nuclear Chemistry, Natural Product Chemistry, Biochemistry and Food Chemistry. In the context of emerging new developments in Chemistry, the Department is doing homework in introducing more courses as electives in the future. Candidates seeking admission to the M. Sc. Degree must hold a B. Sc. degree with a major in Chemistry from Tribhuvan University (TU) or an equivalent Degree from the Universities recognized by the TU. They must be qualified in the Entrance Test conducted by the Department. Candidates seeking to admit in the Ph. D. program must have an M. Sc. degree in Chemistry from TU or an equivalent Degree from the University recognized by the TU. The Department is engaged in research and development activities in various fields of chemistry and biochemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43662029 | 90,705 |
Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor Meiosis in the dominant follicle resumes and follicle ruptures shortly after the LH surge. Ovulation can only occur if GnSAF is absent and the mid-cycle LH surge occurs. Immediately after the LH surge and subsequent ovulation, estradiol concentrations drop and the corpus luteum develops. Towards the end of luteal phase, GnSAF production in the small antral follicles increases steadily. FSH does not stimulate GnSAF production in the corpus luteum, so GnSAF bioactivity is low after ovulation, until the intercycle rise in FSH occurs. GnRH and GnSAF are functionally antagonistic over the control of LH secretion in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In the presence of GnSAF, endogenous pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus still persist, in approximately one hour intervals. Due to this large time interval between consecutive GnRH pulses, GnSAF effectively limits the effects of GnRH on the anterior pituitary. GnSAF acts on the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary to neutralise the second messenger pathway responsible for transducing GnRH signalling in the gonadotropes. The effectiveness of downstream actions of GnRH, such as calcium mobilisation and the protein kinase C system, are reduced by GnSAF. These antagonistic effects of GnSAF on GnRH keeps the anterior pituitary in a low responsiveness state, which prevents acute elevations of serum LH concentrations until GnSAF bioactivity declines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57710455 | 88,427 |
Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis The Mukaiyama taxol total synthesis published by the group of Teruaki Mukaiyama of the Tokyo University of Science between 1997 and 1999 was the 6th successful taxol total synthesis. The total synthesis of Taxol is considered a hallmark in organic synthesis. This version is a linear synthesis with ring formation taking place in the order C, B, A, D. Contrary to the other published methods, the tail synthesis is by an original design. Teruaki Mukaiyama is an expert on aldol reactions and not surprisingly his Taxol version contains no less than 5 of these reactions. Other key reactions encountered in this synthesis are a pinacol coupling and a Reformatskii reaction. In terms of raw materials the C20 framework is built up from L-serine (C3), isobutyric acid (C4), glycolic acid (C2), methyl bromide (C1), methyl iodide (C1), 2,3-dibromopropene (C3), acetic acid (C2) and homoallyl bromide (C4). The lower rim of the cyclooctane B ring containing the first 5 carbon atoms was synthesized in a semisynthesis starting from naturally occurring L-serine ("scheme 1"). This route started with conversion of the amino group of the serine methyl ester (1) to the diol ester 2 via diazotization (sodium nitrite/sulfuric acid) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14527002 | 46,420 |
Eigenvector slew In vector form this means that In terms of linear algebra this means that one wants to find an eigenvector with the eigenvalue = 1 for the linear mapping defined by which relative to the coordinate system has the matrix Because this is the matrix of the rotation operator relative the base vector system formula_18 the eigenvalue can be determined with the algorithm described in "Rotation operator (vector space)". With the notations used here this is: Note that is the trace of the matrix defined by the orthogonal linear mapping and that the components of the "eigenvector" are fixed and constant during the rotation, i.e. where formula_28 are moving with time formula_29 during the slew. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18580345 | 226,382 |
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