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Quinone methide Maytenoquinone, an isomer of taxodione, is a biologically active quinone methide found in "Maytenus dispermus". Kendomycin is an antitumor antibacterial quinone methide macrolide first isolated from the bacterium "Streptomyces violaceoruber". It has potent activity as an endothelin receptor antagonist and anti-osteoporosis agent. Elansolid A3 is a quinone methide from the bacterium "Chitinophaga sancti" that displays antibiotic activity. Antibacterial quinone methides, 20-epi-isoiguesterinol, 6-oxoisoiguesterin, isoiguesterin and isoiguesterinol were found in "Salacia madagascariensis". Quinone methides tingenone and netzahualcoyonol were isolated from "Salacia petenensis". Nortriterpenoid quinone methide amazoquinone and (7S, 8S)-7-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-tingenone were isolated from "Maytenus amazonica". An antimicrobrial quinone methide, 15 alpha-hydroxypristimerin, was isolated from a South American medicinal plant, "Maytenus scutioides". A quinone dimethide is a related derivative in which the carbonyl group is replaced by another methylene group. A well studied example is tetracyanoquinodimethane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976714 | 32,176 |
Ventura Corporate Towers The is an office building in the Centro neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, fronting the avenue between Chile and Lavradio, the street in front of the Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. It was built by Camargo Correa in partnership with Tishman Speyer, who together invested 500,000,000 reais. Designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, the building has achieved LEED certification, by presenting streamlined and intelligent use of water. Moreover, the special glass provide natural lighting and not so warm inside the building, reducing expenses with chilled air and light. Together with the Ventura Corporate Tower II, the venture will strengthen the corridor's commercial avenues Chile, formed by the BNDES, Petrobras and Caixa Economica Federal. The tower is 140 meters tall, with 36 floors and a heliport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28909544 | 353,168 |
Saint Anthony's Battery () is an artillery battery in Qala, Gozo, Malta. It was built by the Order of Saint John between 1731 and 1732 as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the coasts of the Maltese Islands. It is one of only two surviving batteries on Gozo, the other one being Qolla l-Bajda Battery in Żebbuġ. The battery is also known as Qala Battery () or Qala Point Battery (), and is known locally as "It-Trunċiera" (). was built by the Order of Saint John on the easternmost point of Gozo, known as Ras il-Qala, and it was intended to guard the channel between Gozo and Comino. The battery was proposed in 1730, and construction commenced in 1731 and was largely complete by December 1732. The final finishing touches were made in 1734. The battery was named after Saint Anthony, as it was built during the reign of António Manoel de Vilhena. It was possibly designed by the military engineer Charles François de Mondion. The battery was designed with a semi-circular gun platform and two blockhouses at the rear. However, the design was changed and it was built with a semi-hexagonal front. There is a free-standing redan that has thick walls and musketry loopholes to prevent a landward attack. These are shielded by two flanking traverses, and the land front is also surrounded by a shallow ditch. The gateway has the sculpted coat of arms of Grandmaster de Vilhena. The design of the battery is different from other batteries in the Maltese islands, making it unique | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45075879 | 361,279 |
Resonant inductive coupling The coupling coefficient does not change between when the system is in the resonance state and when it is not in the resonance state, or even if the system is in resonance state and a secondary voltage larger than the turns ratio is generated. However, in the resonance case, the flux ratio changes and the mutual flux increases. Resonant systems are said to be tightly coupled, loosely coupled, critically coupled or overcoupled. Tight coupling is when the coupling coefficient is around 1 as with conventional iron-core transformers. Overcoupling is when the secondary coil is so close and the formation of mutual flux is hindered by the effect of antiresonance, and critical coupling is when the transfer in the passband is optimal. Loose coupling is when the coils are distant from each other, so that most of the flux misses the secondary. In Tesla coils around 0.2 is used, and at greater distances, for example for inductive wireless power transmission, it may be lower than 0.01. Generally the voltage gain of non resonantly coupled coils is directly proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. However, if in the state of resonant coupling, higher voltage is generated. The short-circuit inductance L on the secondary side can be obtained by the following formula. The short-circuit inductance L and the resonance capacitor Cr on the secondary side resonate. The resonance frequency ω is as follows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23424071 | 392,979 |
Estimation theory To find the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the sample mean estimator, it is first necessary to find the Fisher information number and copying from above Taking the second derivative and finding the negative expected value is trivial since it is now a deterministic constant formula_40 Finally, putting the Fisher information into results in Comparing this to the variance of the sample mean (determined previously) shows that the sample mean is "equal to" the Cramér–Rao lower bound for all values of formula_8 and formula_9. In other words, the sample mean is the (necessarily unique) efficient estimator, and thus also the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE), in addition to being the maximum likelihood estimator. One of the simplest non-trivial examples of estimation is the estimation of the maximum of a uniform distribution. It is used as a hands-on classroom exercise and to illustrate basic principles of estimation theory. Further, in the case of estimation based on a single sample, it demonstrates philosophical issues and possible misunderstandings in the use of maximum likelihood estimators and likelihood functions. Given a discrete uniform distribution formula_45 with unknown maximum, the UMVU estimator for the maximum is given by where "m" is the sample maximum and "k" is the sample size, sampling without replacement. This problem is commonly known as the German tank problem, due to application of maximum estimation to estimates of German tank production during World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1565926 | 515,090 |
BT (musician) Brian Wayne Transeau (born October 4, 1971), known by his initials as BT, is an American musician, DJ, singer, songwriter, composer and audio engineer. An artist in the electronica music genre, he is credited as a pioneer of the trance and intelligent dance music styles that paved the way for EDM, and for "stretching electronic music to its technical breaking point." In 2010, he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album for "These Hopeful Machines". He creates music within a myriad of styles, such as classical, film composition, and bass music. BT holds multiple patents for pioneering the technique he calls stutter editing. This production technique consists of taking a small fragment of sound and repeating it rhythmically, often at audio rate values while processing the resultant stream using advanced digital processing techniques. BT was entered into the "Guinness Book of World Records" for his song "Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)", recognized as using the largest number of vocal edits in a song (6,178 edits). BT's work with stutter edit techniques led to the formation of software development company Sonik Architects, developer of the sound-processing software plug-ins Stutter Edit and BreakTweaker, and Phobos with Spitfire Audio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18950530 | 256,978 |
List of referred Indian Standard Codes for civil engineers 30) 1980 21 Determination of the density in place by the ring and water replacement method.IS:2720 (Part.33) 1971 22 Determination of free swell index of soils IS: 2720 (Part. XI) 1977 23 Measurement of swelling pressure of soils. IS: 2720 (Part. XII) 1978 24 Classification and identification of soils for General Engineering purposes.IS:1498 1970 http://apwsipnsp.gov.in/APWSIP/Downloads/PIP%20Final/QC&QA_Manual_%20WB%2028.12.2009%20as%20corrected%20by%20R.K.Malhotra%20final/List%20of%20Indian%20Standards.pdf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48735497 | 218,960 |
Helical scan (In practice, it's not uncommon for the recorded stripes to overlap somewhat). Later machines including the JVC VHS and the Sony Betamax use slant-azimuth recording as well as all later machines and their digital derivatives. Using slant-azimuth recording, the need for guard bands is completely eliminated, allowing more recording to be placed on a given length of tape. Helical scanning was a logical progression beyond an earlier system (pioneered by Ampex) known as quadruplex recording, also referred to as "transverse" recording. In this scheme, the rotating head drum runs essentially perpendicular to a tape, and the slices recorded across the tape are nearly perpendicular to the tape's motion. U.S. quadruplex systems revolve the head drum at 14,400 revolutions per minute (240 revolutions per second) with four heads on the drum so that each television field is broken into 16 stripes on the tape (which requires appropriately complex head-switching logic). By comparison, the longer stripe recorded by a helical-scan recorder usually contains an entire video field and the two-headed drum spins at the frame rate (half the field rate) of the TV system in use. Recording an entire field in a single pass allows these machines to play back a viewable still frame when the tape is stopped, and display a viewable image sequence while shuttling forwards or backwards. This greatly facilitates the editing process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=291069 | 245,464 |
Invention of the telephone Wallis Ellis store in the neighboring community of Mount Pleasant, received and may possibly have transferred his uncle's voice onto a phonautogram, a drawing made on a pen-like recording device that could produce the shapes of sound waves as waveforms onto smoked glass or other media by tracing their vibrations. The next day on August 4 another call was made between Brantford's telegraph office and Melville House, where a large dinner party exchanged "...speech, recitations, songs and instrumental music". To bring telephone signals to Melville House, Alexander Graham audaciously "bought up" and "cleaned up" the complete supply of stovepipe wire in Brantford. With the help of two of his parents' neighbours, he tacked the stovepipe wire some 400 metres (a quarter mile) along the top of fence posts from his parents' home to a junction point on the telegraph line to the neighbouring community of Mount Pleasant, which joined it to the Dominion Telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario. The third and most important test was the world's first true long-distance telephone call, placed between Brantford and Paris, Ontario on August 10, 1876. For that long-distance call Alexander Graham Bell set up a telephone using telegraph lines at Robert White's Boot and Shoe Store at 90 Grand River Street North in Paris via its Dominion Telegraph Co. office on Colborne Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193804 | 203,315 |
Stream restoration Common criticisms are that the scale at which form-based restoration is often much smaller than the spatial and temporal scales of the processes that cause the observed problems and that the target state is frequently influenced by the social conception of what a stream should look like and does not necessarily take into account the stream's geomorphological context (e.g. meandering rivers tend to be viewed as more "natural" and more beautiful, whereas local conditions sometimes favour other patterns such as braided rivers). Numerous criticisms have also been directed at the NCD method by fluvial geomorphologists, who claim that the method is a "cookbook" approach sometimes used by practitioners that do not have sufficient knowledge of fluvial geomorphology, resulting in project failures. Another criticism is the importance given to channel stability in the NCD method (and with some other form-based restoration methods), which can limit the streams' alluvial dynamic and adaptability to evolving conditions. Contrary to form-based restoration, which consists of improving a stream's conditions by modifying its structure, process-based restoration focuses on restoring the hydrological and geomorphological processes (or functions) that contribute to the stream's alluvial and ecological dynamics. This type of stream restoration has gained in popularity since the mid-1990s, as a more ecosystem-centered approach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14757643 | 196,622 |
PDE1 (phosphodiesterase type 1) is a phosphodiesterase enzyme also known as calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase. It is one of the 11 families of phosphodiesterase (PDE1-PDE11). has three subtypes, PDE1A, PDE1B and PDE1C which divide further into various isoforms. The various isoforms exhibit different affinities for cAMP and cGMP. The existence of the Ca-stimulated was first demonstrated by Cheung (1970), Kakiuchi and Yamazaki (1970) as a result of their research on bovine brain and rat brain respectively. It has since been found to be widely distributed in various mammalian tissues as well as in other eukaryotes. It is now one of the most intensively studied member of the PDE superfamily of enzymes, which today represents 11 gene families, and the best characterized one as well. Further researches in the field along with increased availability of monoclonal antibodies have shown that various isozymes exist and have been identified and purified. It is now known that exists as tissue specific isozymes. The isozyme family belongs to a Class I enzymes, which includes all vertebrate PDEs and some yeast enzymes. Class I enzymes all have a catalytic core of at least 250 amino acids whereas Class II enzymes lack such a common feature. Usually vertebrate PDEs are dimers of linear 50–150 kDa proteins. They consist of three functional domains; a conserved catalytic core, a regulatory N-terminus and a C-terminus [3-5]. The proteins are chimeric and each domain is associated with their particular function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7904662 | 52,755 |
NCR 53C9x The is a family of application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) produced by the former NCR Corporation and others for implementing the SCSI (small computer standard interface) bus protocol in hardware and relieving the host system of the work required to sequence the SCSI bus. The 53C9x was a low-cost solution and was therefore widely adopted by OEMs in various motherboard and peripheral device designs. The original 53C90 lacked direct memory access (DMA) capability, an omission that was addressed in the 53C90A and subsequent versions. The 53C90(A) supported the SCSI-1 protocol, implemented the eight bit parallel SCSI bus, and eight bit host data bus transfers. The 53C94 added SCSI-2 features to those of the 53C90A, and the 53C96 added support for the high voltage differential (HVD) parallel bus. The 53CF94 and 53CF96 also implemented larger transfer sizes and 20 MB/second synchronous SCSI bus speed (the so-called ultra-SCSI protocol). All members of the 53C94/96 type support both eight and 16 bit host bus transfers via programmed input/output (PIO) and DMA. QLogic FAS216 and Emulex ESP100 chips are a drop-in replacement for the NCR 53C94. The 53C90A and 53C(F)94/96 were also produced under license by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). A list of systems which included the 53C9x controller includes: 53C94 53C96 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1364003 | 101,339 |
Cherry Springs State Park The ends of the pavilion are built from log walls with white chinking, like log cabins. Each end has a large opening to the breezeway in one wall, while the other three sides are fully enclosed with a large window in the wall facing the highway, a stone fireplace and chimney on the opposite wall, and a door flanked by windows on the wall opposite the breezeway. A 1984 survey of Pennsylvania state parks found the "three picnic pavilions, and their associated latrines" at Cherry Springs "typical of the smallest day use areas constructed by the CCC". These pavilions are examples of the rustic style built by the CCC in state parks throughout the Great Depression. Local materials were used in a way that minimized impact on the natural surroundings, and in a manner that resembled the building style of the pioneer settlements of the Appalachian Mountains. In addition to the two CCC camps active at the park, Cherry Springs also was home to Camp Elliott, which was run by the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters (precursor to the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR)) for college students and other unemployed men. In 1935 they built an airfield, Cherry Springs Intermediate Field, just north of the park. The airfield was originally built for emergency landings and later became a small airport. In 1936 it had a sod runway of dimensions , and a hangar. The United States' entry into the Second World War led to the end of the CCC and all its camps were closed by the summer of 1942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6016829 | 332,644 |
Attack tree From the bottom up, "child nodes" are conditions which must be satisfied to make the direct parent "node" true; when the "root" is satisfied, the attack is complete. Each "node" may be satisfied only by its direct "child nodes". A "node" may be the "child" of another node; in such a case, it becomes logical that multiple steps must be taken to carry out an attack. For example, consider classroom computers which are secured to the desks. To steal one, the securing cable must be cut or the lock unlocked. The lock may be unlocked by picking or by obtaining the key. The key may be obtained by threatening a key holder, bribing a keyholder, or taking it from where it is stored (e.g. under a mousemat). Thus a four level attack tree can be drawn, of which one path is ("Bribe Keyholder", "Obtain Key", "Unlock Lock", "Steal Computer"). An attack described in a "node" may require one or more of many attacks described in "child nodes" to be satisfied. Our above condition shows only "OR conditions"; however, an "AND condition" can be created, for example, by assuming an electronic alarm which must be disabled if and only if the cable will be cut. Rather than making this task a "child node" of cutting the lock, both tasks can simply reach a summing junction. Thus the path (("Disable Alarm", "Cut Cable"), "Steal Computer") is created. Attack trees are related to the established fault tree formalism. Fault tree methodology employs boolean expressions to gate conditions when parent nodes are satisfied by leaf nodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4339301 | 121,662 |
Telluric acid This is true even for salts such as magnesium tellurate, MgTeO, which is isostructural with magnesium molybdate and contains TeO octahedra. Metatelluric acid, HTeO, the tellurium analogue of sulfuric acid, HSO, is unknown. Allotelluric acid of approximate composition (HTeO)(HO), is not well characterised and may be a mixture of Te(OH) and (HTeO). Tellurous acid (HTeO), containing tellurium in its +4 oxidation state, is known but not well characterised. Hydrogen telluride is an unstable gas that forms hydrotelluric acid upon addition to water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263246 | 21,724 |
Uberisation or uberization is a neo-euphemism for a property of a highly tele-networked business to hit peak efficiencies in operations, providing highly economical and efficient services. The idea is then projected into the area of economic systems to speak of vehicles and drivers (in the Uber example) as under-utilised capacity of existing assets or human resources, and then highly networked communications as a simple fact of economic reality, where then study of economic systems includes telecom in everything. The term is derived from the company name "Uber". The company developed a mobile application that allows consumers to submit a trip request which is then routed to Uber drivers who use their own cars. The term refers to the utilisation of computing platforms, such as mobile applications, in order to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions between clients and providers of a service, often bypassing the role of centrally planned corporations. This business model has different operating costs compared to a traditional business. has been made possible by the development of digital technologies developed in the 20th and 21st centuries. Business organisations such as Uber, Grab, Lyft and Airbnb enable potential customers to be put into direct contact with potential providers of a service. The phenomenon of uberisation is characterised by the elimination or quasi-elimination of middle man roles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50478388 | 129,020 |
Butterball Eleven thousand people called in 1981, and in recent years the number has grown to over 200,000 each holiday season. The most frequent question asked is how long a turkey takes to defrost. In "The West Wing" episode "The Indians in the Lobby", President Josiah Bartlet calls the number (referred to as the "Hotline" in the script) to discuss stuffing and cooking his Thanksgiving turkey while trying to avoid revealing his identity to the operator (voiced by an uncredited Ana Gasteyer). Animal rights activists such as Mercy for Animals, the Humane Society of the United States, and PETA have accused of animal cruelty. These organizations cite intentional cruelty inflicted on the birds, as well as the incidental cruelty inherent in the slaughter methods used, and the breeding practices which produce animals too large to reproduce without human intervention. In October 2012, a Mercy for Animals investigator documented a pattern of abuse and neglect at numerous turkey operations in North Carolina. The investigation revealed workers kicking and stomping on birds, dragging them by their wings and necks, and throwing turkeys onto the ground or on top of other birds; birds suffering from serious untreated illnesses and injuries, including open sores, infections, and broken bones; and workers grabbing birds by their wings or necks and violently slamming them into tiny transport crates with no regard for their welfare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2351920 | 478,778 |
Gamergate controversy By 2018, the Sad Puppies had diminished visibility, and Quinn's 2017 memoir, "", was nominated for the 2018 Hugo Award for Best Related Work (for non-fiction works related to science fiction or fantasy). The most active Gamergate supporters or "Gamergaters" said that Gamergate was a movement for ethics in games journalism and for protecting the "gamer" identity and that any harassment of women was done by others not affiliated with Gamergate. They argued that the close relationships between journalists and developers demonstrated a conspiracy among reviewers to focus on progressive social issues, leading to conflicts of interest. Some supporters pointed to what they considered disproportionate praise for games such as "Depression Quest" and "Gone Home", which feature unconventional gameplay and stories with social implications, while they viewed traditional AAA games as downplayed. Journalists who did not cover the examination into Quinn's private life were accused of conspiracy, and a blacklist circulated by Gamergate supporters. Observers in the media have largely rejected these claims as baseless. Chris Ip of the "Columbia Journalism Review" wrote that "many criticisms of press coverage by people who identify with Gamergate [...] have been debunked" and concluded that "at core, the movement is a classic culture war". Writing in "Vox", Emily VanDerWerff said that "[e]very single question of journalistic ethics Gamergate has brought up has either been debunked or dealt with" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43758363 | 474,913 |
Volatility (chemistry) Vapor pressure is a measurement of how readily a condensed phase forms a vapor at a given temperature. A substance enclosed in a sealed vessel initially at vacuum (no air inside) will quickly fill any empty space with vapor. After the system reaches equilibrium and no more vapor is formed, this vapor pressure can be measured. Increasing the temperature increases the amount of vapor that is formed and thus the vapor pressure. In a mixture, each substance contributes to the overall vapor pressure of the mixture, with more volatile compounds making a larger contribution. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding pressure, causing the liquid to rapidly evaporate, or boil. It is closely related to vapor pressure, but is dependent on pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at atmospheric pressure, but it can also be reported at higher and lower pressures. An important factor influencing a substance's volatility is the strength of the interactions between its molecules. Attractive forces between molecules are what holds materials together, and materials with stronger intermolecular forces, such as most solids, are typically not very volatile. Ethanol and dimethyl ether, two chemicals with the same formula (CHO), have different volatilities due to the different interactions that occur between their molecules in the liquid phase: ethanol molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding while dimethyl ether molecules are not | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2528589 | 429,134 |
Rivet The force needed to apply a semitubular rivet is about 1/4 of the amount needed to apply a solid rivet. Tubular rivets are sometimes preferred for pivot points (a joint where movement is desired) since the swelling of the rivet is only at the tail. The type of equipment used to apply semi-tubular rivets range from prototyping tools to fully automated systems. Typical installation tools (from lowest to highest price) are hand set, manual squeezer, pneumatic squeezer, kick press, impact riveter, and finally PLC-controlled robotics. The most common machine is the impact riveter and the most common use of semitubular rivets is in lighting, brakes, ladders, binders, HVAC duct work, mechanical products, and electronics. They are offered from 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) to 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) in diameter (other sizes are considered highly special) and can be up to 8 inches (203 mm) long. A wide variety of materials and platings are available, most common base metals are steel, brass, copper, stainless, aluminum and most common platings are zinc, nickel, brass, tin. Tubular rivets are normally waxed to facilitate proper assembly. An installed tubular rivet has a head on one side, with a rolled over and exposed shallow blind hole on the other | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=509033 | 346,613 |
Rudolf Ruedemann (October 16, 1864–June 18, 1956) was a German American paleontologist, widely known as an expert in graptolites, enigmatic fossil animals. He worked at the New York State Museum for over 40 years, including a decade as State Paleontologist of New York. and was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1928. Born in Georgenthal, Germany, he was educated in Europe, earning a PhD in 1887 from the University of Jena (Ph.D., 1887), and a second doctorate in 1889 from France's University of Strasbourg where he was an assistant in geology from 1887 to 1892. He emigrated to the United States in 1892 and taught at the high schools of Lowville and Dolgeville, New York for several years before joining the State Museum in 1899, where he worked for the remainder of his career. Although his primary interests were in graptolites he also made contributions to other areas of invertebrate paleontology, describing new species of fossil corals, eurypterids ("sea scorpions"), trilobites, and cephalopods. He was married with a daughter and six sons, and retired in 1937. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3674522 | 4,236 |
Ehrenfest–Tolman effect In general relativity, the (also known as the Tolman–Ehrenfest effect), created by Richard C. Tolman and Paul Ehrenfest, argues that temperature is not constant in space at thermal equilibrium, but varies with the spacetime curvature. Specifically, it depends on the spacetime metric. In a stationary spacetime with timelike Killing vector field formula_1, the temperature formula_2 satisfies instead the Tolman-Ehrenfest relation: formula_3, where formula_4 is the norm of the timelike Killing vector field. This relationship leads to the concept of "thermal time" which has been considered as a possible basis for a fully general-relativistic thermodynamics. It has been shown that the Tolman–Ehrenfest effect can be derived by applying the equivalence principle to the concept that temperature is the rate of thermal time with respect to proper time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33607522 | 431,187 |
Absentee business owner An absentee business owner is one who does not personally manage the business but owns it or does not live in the community in which the business operates. Studies show that money spent locally circulates back into the community three times as much when it is not spent with an absentee-owned business. Local currency has been implemented in some communities as a countermeasure to this effect. Neighborhood investment, in which members of the community are given opportunities to become partial owners of new developments, is another method. In Brazil, studies found that more than a third of the profits generated from tourism were exported to absentee business owners. In Vietnam, the economic expansion of the 1990s was associated with a rise in absentee business owners. There has also been concern that tourism profits in Southern Africa go to absentee business owners. Absentee business owners can be more vulnerable to theft by employees, especially when recordkeeping is turned over to employees, unless proper internal controls and review are implemented. In the United States, many business-owning military reservists have become absentee business owners during long tours of duty in Iraq and Afghanistan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27049851 | 480,520 |
Cinema of Europe Other films that began pre-war in France also included the Assassination of the Duke of Guise as well as the film d’art movement in 1908. These films depicted the realities of human life especially within the European society. Moreover, French film produced costume spectacles that raised attention and brought global prominence before the start of World War I. Approximately 70% of the global films were imported from Paris studios from Éclair, Gaumont, and Pathe before the war. However, as WWI commenced, the French film industry declined during the war because it lost many of its resources which were drained away to support the war. Besides, WWI blocked the exportation of French films forcing it to reduce large productions to pay attention to low finance film-making. However, in the years that followed the war, American films increasingly entered the French market because the American film industry was not affected by the war as much. This meant that a total of 70% of Hollywood films were screened in France. During this period, the French film industry faced a crisis as the number of its produced features decreased and they were surpassed by their competitors including the United States of America and Germany. After the end of World War II, the French cinema art commenced its formation of the modern image as well as recognizing its after-impacts. Following the establishment and growth of the American and German film industries during the post-WWI era as well as during Great Depression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3265315 | 240,355 |
Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility Segregated Portfolio Company (CCRIF SPC) is an insurance company headquartered in the Cayman Islands. The sixteen original member-countries of CCRIF included participants in CARICOM, and the membership of the Board of Directors is selected by CARICOM and by the Caribbean Development Bank. Founded in 2007, CCRIF is the first multi-country risk pool in the world, and was the first insurance instrument to successfully develop parametric policies backed by both traditional and capital markets. These parametric policies release funds based upon factors of a calamity such as rainfall or wind speed, which can speed up the payout of policies rather than after damages are assessed. Unused funds are kept as reserves for the CCRIF. The fund can also draw upon $140 million in funds underwritten by reinsurance. Other regions have since setup similar government disaster instance including in the African Union and the Pacific Islands Forum. In 2008, CCRIF made its first payout to the government of the Turks and Caicos Islands in response to damage from Hurricane Ike. During its formative years, day-to-day operations were handled by Caribbean Risk Managers Limited (CaribRM), who acted as the facility supervisor. In 2013, Isaac Anthony, previously a member of the Board of Directors of CCRIF and the Permanent Secretary for Planning and National Development in the Government of St Lucia, was appointed the first Chief Executive Officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51011938 | 469,649 |
Features new to Windows XP Automated System Recovery is a feature that provides the ability to save and restore Windows and installed applications, the "system state", and critical boot and system files from a special backup instead of a plain reinstall. ASR consists of two components - backup and restore. The Backup portion located in NTBackup backs up the system state (Windows Registry, COM+ class registration database, Active Directory and the SYSVOL directory share), and the volumes associated with operating system components required to start Windows after restore as well as their configuration (basic or dynamic). The Restore portion of ASR is accessed by pressing F2 from Windows XP Text mode Setup. Automated System Recovery can even restore programs and device drivers if they are added to the ASR Setup information disk. ASR does not restore data files. A common issue in previous versions of Windows was that users frequently suffered from DLL hell, where more than one version of the same dynamically linked library (DLL) was installed on the computer. As software relies on DLLs, using the wrong version could result in non-functional applications, or worse. Windows 98 Second Edition and Windows 2000 partially solved this problem for native code by introducing side-by-side component sharing and DLL/COM redirection. These operating systems allowed loading a private version of the DLL if it was placed in the application's folder by the developer, instead of the system directory and must be registered properly with the system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3463130 | 124,727 |
Casimir pressure is created by the Casimir force of virtual particles. According to experiments, the Casimir force formula_1 between two closely spaced neutral parallel plate conductors is directly proportional to their surface area formula_2: formula_3 Therefore, dividing the magnitude of Casimir force by the area of each conductor, formula_4 can be found. Because the Casimir force between conductors is attractive, the in space between the conductors is negative. Because virtual particles are physical representations of the zero point energy of physical vacuum, the is the difference in the density of the zero point energy of empty space inside and outside of cavity made by conductive plates. Some scientists believe that zero point energy is the dominant energy of the Universe and that the of this energy is the main cause of the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe. In other words, virtual particles drive the accelerated expansion of the Universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5129726 | 4,837 |
History of videotelephony During its life the German system underwent further development and testing, resulting in higher resolutions and a conversion to an all-electronic camera tube transmission system to replace its mechanical Nipkow scanning disc. While the system's image quality was primitive by modern standards, it was deemed impressive in contemporary reports of the era, with users able to clearly discern the hands on wristwatches. The special public videophone service was offered to the general public, which had to visit special post office "Fernsehsprechstellen" (video telephone booths, from ""far sight speech place"") simultaneously in their respective cities, but which at the same time also had Nazi political and propagandistic overtones similar to the broadcasting of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. The German post office announced ambitious plans to extend their public videophone network to Cologne, Frankfurt and Vienna, Austria, but expansion plans were discontinued in 1939 with the start of the Second World War. After Germany subsequently became fully engaged in the war its public videophone system was closed in 1940, with its expensive inter-city broadband cables converted to telegraphic message traffic and broadcast television service. A similar commercial post office system was also created in France during the late-1930s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37419576 | 228,226 |
Working parent As more countries joined the European Union, and become subject to its directives, the policies regarding women's labour rights have improved throughout Europe. Noteworthy directives include the Employment Equality Framework Directive, the Pregnant Workers Directive, the Parental Leave Directive and the "Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions". In Japan, according to data collected by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, 70.8% of total employed women are mothers whose children under the age of 18. Benefiting from policies that encourage mothers to work, more companies are adopting child care leave and shorter working time to attract more mothers as workers. However, according to Japan's Gender Equality Bureau, only 3.4% of executives at listed companies in Japan are women, while the percent is 17% in the United States and 30% in France. The battle between working mothers and stay-at-home moms has been named "mommy wars". Arguments between these two types of mothers center around the most effective use of one's time when raising children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30691539 | 479,772 |
John Basset (writer) John Basset (17 November 1791 – 4 July 1843) was a writer on Cornish mining. He was deeply interested in Cornish mining, mining technology and economics. Born at Illogan in Cornwall, he published an article in 1840 drawing attention to the devices called "Man Engines" for mechanically raising and lowering mine workers up and down the mine-shaft, replacing many yards of ladders. These devices were known to operate in the Harz Mountains in Germany. The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (which had published the paper), offered a prize for a version suitable for use in Cornish mines, which was won by Michael Loam. Basset was High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1837, and MP for Helston in 1840–41. He died at Boppard am Rhein, Germany, on 4 July 1843 aged 51. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6588751 | 212,839 |
Gene orders are the permutation of genome arrangement. A fair amount of research has been done trying to determine whether gene orders evolve according to a molecular clock (molecular clock hypothesis) or in jumps (punctuated equilibrium). Some research on gene orders in animals' mitochondrial genomes reveal that the mutation rate of gene orders is not a constant in some degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6682341 | 152,544 |
Technocrane is a telescopic crane that is used in the film industry and in television production, currently manufactured and designed in Poland by Peter Adamietz. There are many different sizes available, from 10 ft to 100 ft. The camera is mounted on the remote head on the end of the crane and is moved by a camera operator at a control desk. The can telescope at different speeds controlled by the operator. It allows camera moves that cannot be achieved using a jib arm and dolly, and the telescoping can be used to compensate for the camera moving in an arc called "arc compensation". Scorpio Technocranes by the manufacturers: Service Vision based in Barcelona, Spain for example: can programmed to be engaged to remove the natural arc by adjusting the telescoping arm to do a straight dolly move at a much quicker setup than a traditional dolly and track. Horst Burbulla, Gyula Mester and Keith Edwards won Academy Awards in 2005 for inventing and developing the Technocrane, and it was also honored by the Society of Camera Operators of America in 2001. It was originally built in London by Technovision Ltd., and was introduced into Hollywood by Simon Jayes. Productions that have used the or the later Super-include "Titanic", the "Harry Potter" films, the "Lord of the Rings" films, and all the James Bond films of the late 1990s and 2000s, among many others. Maker of Super Technocranes https://www.supertechno.com/ Maker of Louma Technocranes http://www.loumasystems.biz/index.phtml Maker of MovieBird Technocranes http://www | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25000672 | 284,387 |
Ant–fungus mutualism Given the exclusive New World distribution of the over 200 fungus-growing ant species, this mutualism is thought to have originated in the basin of the Amazon rainforest some 50–66 million years ago. This would be after the K-Pg event and before the Eocene Optimum. During the fallout of the K-Pg event, the ancestor of the attine ants speciated as the resources it depended on as a generalized hunter-gathered grew scarce. At the same time, the sister group of the attine ants "Dacetina" developed predatory behavior during the same drive for new resources . The mutualism ant-fungus mutualism did not evolve symmetrically. Ants quickly lost the ability to synthesize arginine by losing the argininosuccinate lyase gene, the final step in the arginine biosynthesis pathway. This created an immediate dependency on their cultivars and is supported by the lack of reversal to hunter-gatherer lifestyles . The species "Cyatta abscondita" is considered the most recent ancestor of all leaf-cutting ants. Though the ants are monophyletic, their symbionts are not. They fall roughly into three major groups, only G1 having evolved gongylidia. Some G2 species grow long hyphae that form a protective cover over the nest. Those in G3 are paraphyletic, the most heteregenous, and form the most loose relationships with their cultivators. Studies now show that fungi belonging to lower attine ants are not obligate mutualists and are capable of free-living | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3374279 | 144,648 |
Faiveley Transport After tender offers for the remaining outstanding shares, Wabtec owned 98.53% of Faiveley stock, with 97.66% of the voting rights. Wabtec plans to complete the acquisition with a mandatory squeeze-out of the shares which were not tendered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36740300 | 242,394 |
Palace of Versailles He was staying there in November 1630 during the event known as the Day of the Dupes, when the enemies of the King's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, aided by the King's mother, Marie de' Medici, tried to take over the government. The King defeated the plot and sent his mother into exile. After this event, Louis XIII decided to make his hunting lodge at Versailles into a château. The King purchased the surrounding territory from the Gondi family and in 1631–1634 had the architect Philibert Le Roy replace the hunting lodge with a château of brick and stone with classical pilasters in the doric style and high slate-covered roofs, surrounding the courtyard of the original hunting lodge. The gardens and park were also enlarged, laid out by Jacques Boyceau and his nephew, Jacques de Menours (1591–1637), and reached essentially the size they have today. Louis XIV first visited the château on a hunting trip in 1651 at the age of twelve, but returned only occasionally until his marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain in 1660 and the death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661, after which he suddenly acquired a passion for the site. He decided to rebuild, embellish and enlarge the château and to transform it into a setting for both rest and for elaborate entertainments on a grand scale. The first phase of the expansion (c. 1661–1678) was designed and supervised by the architect Louis Le Vau. Initially he added two wings to the forecourt, one for servants quarters and kitchens, the other for stables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53316 | 324,080 |
Costa Rica Thermal Dome "For other uses, see Costa Rica." The (CRTD; also called the Costa Rica Dome), is a marine hotspot that consists of a width between 300 and 1,000 km in diameter. The Dome is located off the western coast of Central America in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Through the interaction of swirling wind and ocean currents a vertical conveyance consisting of cold, nutrient waters rises from the deep ocean towards the surface, creating the dome like shape. Led by an investigation by UNESCO'S World Heritage Site and International Union for Conservation of nature (IUCN) back in 2016, the dome was considered to be eligible to become a World Heritage Site in the near future. The Costa Rica Dome's core is located between 9° North and 90° West on average off the coast of Costa Rica. The Dome is positioned above the Cocos underwater tectonic valley and provides the subaquatic cyclonic current that moves in sync with the above air flows. The is full of biodiversity and with that comes many forms of Marine Life. The nutrient hotspot consists of all types of animals ranging from zoo-plankton to the Blue Whale. The location is also located within one of the largest Tuna catchment areas in the world The Costa Rica Dome is also positioned within the major seaway that is on route to the Panama Canal for transportation. The Dome and the Marine Life provide economic benefits for countries such as Panama and Costa Rica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60788648 | 158,722 |
James William McBain FRS (March 22, 1882 – March 12, 1953) was a Canadian chemist. He gained a Master of Arts at Toronto University and a Doctor of Science at Heidelberg University. He carried out pioneering work in the area of micelles at the University of Bristol. As early as 1913 he postulated the existence of "colloidal ions", now known as micelles, to explain the good electrolytic conductivity of sodium palmitate solutions. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1923 He won their Davy Medal in 1939. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6524119 | 14,092 |
Akhtar Hameed Khan The initiatives included the establishment of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralized, small scale irrigation programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at sub-district level. After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success. By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to the ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds. This prompted the subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and Fazle Hasan Abed of BRAC, to abandon the cooperative approach in favour of more centralised control and service delivery structures. The new strategy targeted the poorest villagers, while excluding the 'less poor'. However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders, as well as other participatory development initiatives in the country. The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an NGO in 1980. Orangi is located on the northwest periphery of Karachi. At that time, it was the largest of the city's approximately 650 low-income squatter settlements (known as "katchi abadi") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4155777 | 366,301 |
Symmetry in quantum mechanics Under a proper orthochronous Lorentz transformation in Minkowski space, all one-particle quantum states locally transform under some representation of the Lorentz group: where is a finite-dimensional representation, in other words a dimensional square matrix, and is thought of as a column vector containing components with the allowed values of : The irreducible representations of and , in short "irreps", can be used to build to spin representations of the Lorentz group. Defining new operators: so and are simply complex conjugates of each other, it follows they satisfy the symmetrically formed commutators: and these are essentially the commutators the orbital and spin angular momentum operators satisfy. Therefore, and form operator algebras analogous to angular momentum; same ladder operators, "z"-projections, etc., independently of each other as each of their components mutually commute. By the analogy to the spin quantum number, we can introduce positive integers or half integers, , with corresponding sets of values and . The matrices satisfying the above commutation relations are the same as for spins "a" and "b" have components given by multiplying Kronecker delta values with angular momentum matrix elements: where in each case the row number "m′n′" and column number "mn" are separated by a comma, and in turn: and similarly for J. The three J matrices are each square matrices, and the three J are each square matrices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39580830 | 435,437 |
Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system The system does not degrade gracefully under high voltage faults. Rather than isolating, for example, the south 138 kV feeder between Washington and Perryville, the system would require opening converter output breakers at Jericho Park and Safe Harbor. This results in loss of much more of the network than is required to simply isolate the fault. All transmission lines within the 25 Hz system are two-wire, single-phase, 138 kV. The center tap of each 138 kV/12 kV transformer is connected to ground, thus the two transmission lines are tied to ±69 kV with respect to ground and 138 kV relative to each other. Generally two separate two-wire circuits travel along the rail line between substations. One circuit is mounted at the top of the catenary poles on one side of the track; the second circuit runs along the other side. The arrangement of catenary supports and transmission wires gives the overhead structure along former Pennsylvania Railroad lines its characteristic -tall 'H'-shaped structure. They are much taller than the overhead electrification structures on other electrified American railroads due to the 138 kV transmission lines. Catenary towers and transmission lines along former New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad lines and Amtrak's New England division are much shorter, and are recognizable due to different design and construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20193516 | 398,092 |
Shock response spectrum A Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) is a graphical representation of a shock, or any other transient acceleration input, in terms of how a Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) system (like a mass on a spring) would respond to that input. The horizontal axis shows the natural frequency of a hypothetical SDOF, and the vertical axis shows the peak acceleration which this SDOF would undergo as a consequence of the shock input. The most direct and intuitive way to generate an SRS from a shock waveform is the following procedure: The resulting plot of peak acceleration vs test system frequency is called a Shock Response Spectrum. It is often plotted with frequency in Hz, and with acceleration in units of g Consider a computer chassis containing three cards with fundamental natural frequencies of "f", "f", and "f". Lab tests have previously confirmed that this system survives a certain shock waveform—say, the shock from dropping the chassis from 2 feet above a hard floor. Now, the customer wants to know whether the system will survive a "different" shock waveform—say, from dropping the chassis from 4 feet above a carpeted floor. If the SRS of the new shock is lower than the SRS of the old shock at each of the three frequencies "f", "f", and "f", then the chassis is likely to survive the new shock. (It is not, however, guaranteed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2596238 | 429,240 |
Atanasoff–Berry computer The intermediate results storage allowed operation on problems too large to be handled entirely within the electronic memory. (The largest problem that could be solved without the use of the intermediate output and input was two simultaneous equations, a trivial problem.) Intermediate results were binary, written onto paper sheets by electrostatically modifying the resistance at 1500 locations to represent 30 of the 50-bit numbers (one equation). Each sheet could be written or read in one second. The reliability of the system was limited to about 1 error in 100,000 calculations by these units, primarily attributed to lack of control of the sheets' material characteristics. In retrospect a solution could have been to add a parity bit to each number as written. This problem was not solved by the time Atanasoff left the university for war-related work. Primary user input was decimal, via standard IBM 80-column punched cards and output was decimal, via a front panel display. The ABC was designed for a specific purpose, the solution of systems of simultaneous linear equations. It could handle systems with up to twenty-nine equations, a difficult problem for the time. Problems of this scale were becoming common in physics, the department in which John Atanasoff worked. The machine could be fed two linear equations with up to twenty-nine variables and a constant term and eliminate one of the variables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1349 | 134,494 |
Parallel computation thesis In computational complexity theory, the parallel computation thesis is a hypothesis which states that the "time" used by a (reasonable) parallel machine is polynomially related to the "space" used by a sequential machine. The parallel computation thesis was set forth by Chandra and Stockmeyer in 1976. In other words, for a computational model which allows computations to branch and run in parallel without bound, a formal language which is decidable under the model using no more than formula_1 steps for inputs of length "n" is decidable by a non-branching machine using no more than formula_2 units of storage for some constant "k". Similarly, if a machine in the unbranching model decides a language using no more than formula_3 storage, a machine in the parallel model can decide the language in no more than formula_4 steps for some constant "k". The parallel computation thesis is not a rigorous formal statement, as it does not clearly define what constitutes an acceptable parallel model. A parallel machine must be sufficiently powerful to emulate the sequential machine in time polynomially related to the sequential space; compare Turing machine, non-deterministic Turing machine, and alternating Turing machine. N. Blum (1983) introduced a model for which the thesis does not hold. However, the model allows formula_5 parallel threads of computation after formula_6 steps. (See Big O notation.) Parberry (1986) suggested a more "reasonable" bound would be formula_7 or formula_8, in defense of the thesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3447712 | 124,683 |
Visual indexing theory Visual Indexing Theory (also called FINST theory) is an account of early visual perception developed by Zenon Pylyshyn in the 1980s. It proposes a pre-attentive mechanism (a ‘FINST’) whose function is to individuate salient elements of a visual scene, and track their locations across space and time. Developed in response to what Pylyshyn viewed as limitations of prominent theories of visual perception at the time, visual indexing theory is supported by several lines of empirical evidence. 'FINST' abbreviates ‘FINgers of INSTantiation’. Pylyshyn describes visual indexing theory in terms of this analogy. Imagine, he proposes, placing your fingers on five separate objects in a scene. As those objects move about, your fingers stay in respective contact with each of them, allowing you to continually track their whereabouts and positions relative to one another. While you may not be able to discern in this way any detailed information about the items themselves, the presence of your fingers provides a reference via which you can access such information at any time, without having to relocate the objects within the scene. Furthermore, the objects' continuity over time is inherently maintained — you know the object referenced by your pinky finger at time "t" is the same object as that referenced by your pinky at "t", regardless of any spatial transformations it has undergone, because your finger has remained in continuous contact with it. holds that the visual perceptual system works in an analogous way | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50730824 | 181,261 |
Green chemistry ECHA, the EU Chemicals Agency in Helsinki, is implementing the regulation whereas the enforcement lies with the EU member states. The U.S. law that governs the majority of industrial chemicals (excluding pesticides, foods, and pharmaceuticals) is the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. Examining the role of regulatory programs in shaping the development of green chemistry in the United States, analysts have revealed structural flaws and long-standing weaknesses in TSCA; for example, a 2006 report to the California Legislature concludes that TSCA has produced a domestic chemicals market that discounts the hazardous properties of chemicals relative to their function, price, and performance. Scholars have argued that such market conditions represent a key barrier to the scientific, technical, and commercial success of green chemistry in the U.S., and fundamental policy changes are needed to correct these weaknesses. Passed in 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act helped foster new approaches for dealing with pollution by preventing environmental problems before they happen. In 2008, the State of California approved two laws aiming to encourage green chemistry, launching the California Green Chemistry Initiative. One of these statutes required California's Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) to develop new regulations to prioritize "chemicals of concern" and promote the substitution of hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=936085 | 84,887 |
Embassy Theatre, Peterborough The Embassy Theatre is a historic structure on Broadway in the city of Peterborough in the United Kingdom, which operated as a cinema from 1953 to 1989. The Embassy Theatre was designed by David Evelyn Nye in the Art Deco style and built by The Demolition & Construction Co. of Croydon using the locally produced Fletton bricks. It opened in 1937, putting on performances by well-known performers such as Laurel and Hardy. Nye was usually a cinema architect, and this was his only theatre. However, the building was converted into a cinema in 1953, later becoming the ABC and finally Cannon Cinema. It tripled in size in 1981, before finally closing in 1989. Since 1996, part of the premises have been occupied by the Edwards bar chain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47878699 | 328,170 |
Computational anatomy The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the equations of motion of computational anatomy took off post 1997 with several pivotal meetings including the 1997 Luminy meeting organized by the Azencott school at Ecole-Normale Cachan on the "Mathematics of Shape Recognition" and the 1998 Trimestre at Institute Henri Poincaré organized by David Mumford "Questions Mathématiques en Traitement du Signal et de l'Image" which catalyzed the Hopkins-Brown-ENS Cachan groups and subsequent developments and connections of to developments in global analysis. The developments in computational anatomy included the establishment of the Sobelev smoothness conditions on the diffeomorphometry metric to insure existence of solutions of variational problems in the space of diffeomorphisms, the derivation of the Euler-Lagrange equations characterizing geodesics through the group and associated conservation laws, the demonstration of the metric properties of the right invariant metric, the demonstration that the Euler-Lagrange equations have a well-posed initial value problem with unique solutions for all time, and with the first results on sectional curvatures for the diffeomorphometry metric in landmarked spaces. Following the Los Alamos meeting in 2002, Joshi's original large deformation singular "Landmark" solutions in were connected to peaked "Solitons" or "Peakons" as solutions for the Camassa-Holm equation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 | 123,578 |
Dedicated outdoor air system The study demonstrated annual energy savings of 14% to 27% and 15% to 23% smaller equipment capacity for the parallel cooling system. Jeong et al. compared the energy and cost performance of a DOAS with parallel ceiling radiant panels to a conventional VAV system with air-side economizer for a nearly office space in an educational building in Pennsylvania. A 42% reduction of the annual energy usage for the DOAS system with substantial savings in both fan and chiller energy use was reported in this study. Emmerich and McDowell evaluated the potential energy savings of DOAS in U.S. commercial buildings. The building model was developed to be consistent with typical new construction and meet the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 90.1) requirements. The simulation results indicated that the full DOAS resulted in the annual HVAC energy cost savings ranging from 21% to 38%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29618220 | 383,562 |
Artificial stupidity Within computer science, there are at least two major applications for artificial stupidity: the generation of deliberate errors in chatbots attempting to pass the Turing test or to otherwise fool a participant into believing that they are human; and the deliberate limitation of computer AIs in video games in order to control the game's difficulty. The first Loebner prize competition was run in 1991. As reported in "The Economist", the winning entry incorporated deliberate errors – described by "The Economist" as "artificial stupidity" – to fool the judges into believing that it was human. This technique has remained a part of the subsequent Loebner prize competitions, and reflects the issue first raised by Turing. Lars Lidén argues that good game design involves finding a balance between the computer's "intelligence" and the player's ability to win. By finely tuning the level of "artificial stupidity", it is possible to create computer controlled plays that allow the player to win, but do so "without looking unintelligent". "Algorithms" There are many ways to deliberately introduce poor decision-making in search algorithms. Take the minimax algorithm for example. The minimax algorithm is an adversarial search algorithm that is popularly used in games that require more than one player to compete against each other. The main purpose in this algorithm is to choose a move that maximizes your chance of winning and avoid moves that maximizes the chance of your opponent winning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16707204 | 111,932 |
Particle deposition is the spontaneous attachment of particles to surfaces. The particles in question are normally colloidal particles, while the surfaces involved may be planar, curved, or may represent particles much larger in size than the depositing ones (e.g., sand grains). Deposition processes may be triggered by appropriate hydrodynamic flow conditions and favorable particle-surface interactions. Depositing particles may just form a monolayer which further inhibits additional particle deposition, and thereby one refers to "surface blocking". Initially attached particles may also serve as seeds for further particle deposition, which leads to the formation of thicker particle deposits, and this process is termed as "surface ripening" or "fouling". While deposition processes are normally irreversible, initially deposited particles may also detach. The latter process is known as "particle release" and is often triggered by the addition of appropriate chemicals or a modification in flow conditions. Microorganisms may deposit to surfaces in a similar fashion as colloidal particles. When macromolecules, such as proteins, polymers or polyelectrolytes attach to surfaces, one rather calls this process adsorption. While adsorption of macromolecules largely resembles particle deposition, macromolecules may substantially deform during adsorption. The present article mainly deals with particle deposition from liquids, but similar process occurs when aerosols or dust deposit from the gas phase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | 325,980 |
System context diagram The system context diagram is a necessary tool in developing a baseline interaction between systems and actors; actors and a system or systems and systems. Alternatives to the system context diagram are: Most of these diagrams work well as long as a limited number of interconnects will be shown. Where twenty or more interconnects must be displayed, the diagrams become quite complex and can be difficult to read. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243791 | 226,930 |
Medieval technology Artesian wells are named after the town of Artois in France, where the first one was drilled by Carthusian monks in 1126. Central heating through underfloor channels (9th century) In the early medieval Alpine upland, a simpler central heating system where heat travelled through underfloor channels from the furnace room replaced the Roman hypocaust at some places. In Reichenau Abbey a network of interconnected underfloor channels heated the 300 m large assembly room of the monks during the winter months. The degree of efficiency of the system has been calculated at 90%. Rib vault (12th century) An essential element for the rise of Gothic architecture, rib vaults allowed vaults to be built for the first time over rectangles of unequal lengths. It also greatly facilitated scaffolding and largely replaced the older groin vault. Chimney (12th century) The first basic chimney appeared in a Swiss monastery in 820. the earliest true chimney did not appear until the 12th century, with the fireplace appearing at the same time. Segmental arch bridge (1345) The Ponte Vecchio in Florence is considered medieval Europe's first stone segmental arch bridge. Treadwheel crane (1220s) The earliest reference to a treadwheel in archival literature is in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. Apart from tread-drums, windlasses and occasionally cranks were employed for powering cranes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1390149 | 260,736 |
Synthetic setae The combined effect of millions of spatulae provides an adhesive force many times greater than the gecko needs to hang from a ceiling by one foot. The surprisingly large forces generated by the gecko's toes raised the question of how geckos manage to lift their feet so quickly – in just 15 milliseconds – with no measurable detachment forces. Kellar Autumn and his research group found out the " 'Lift-off mechanism' " of the gecko's feet. Their discovery revealed that gecko adhesive actually works in a 'programmable' way that by increasing the angle between the setal shaft and the substrate to 30 degrees, no matter how big the perpendicular adhesive force is, geckos 'turn off' the stickiness since the increased stress at the trailing edge of the seta causes the bonds between seta and the substrate to break. The seta then returns to an unloaded default state. On the other hand, by applying preload and dragging along the surface, the geckos turn on the modulate stickiness. This 'Lift-off' mechanism can be shown in the figure on the right. Unlike conventional adhesives, gecko adhesive becomes cleaner with repeated use, and thus stays quite clean around everyday contaminants such as sand, dust, leaf litter and pollen. In addition, unlike some plants and insects that have the ability of self-cleaning by droplets, geckos are not known to groom their feet in order to retain their adhesive properties – all they need is only a few steps to recover their ability to cling to vertical surfaces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2547900 | 27,719 |
Ovarian follicle activation This particular action of PTEN was initially discovered in an experiment using PTEN knockout mice. The absence of PTEN within the primordial follicles lead to an increase in AKT phosphorylation. This then creates a subsequent rise in FOXO3 export, as AKT is no longer inhibiting its production. This led to over-activation of the primordial follicles, which resulted in a premature decline of the primordial follicle pool. When Foxo3 is KO in mice models a huge uncontrolled activation of follicles is seen thus the mouse ovaries are deficient of the entire pool of primordial follicles because they have been prematurely activated. This action is regulated by phosphorylation, the unphosphorylated form is transcriptionally active in the nucleus. However, when phosphorylation occurs the protein is transported to the cytoplasm and loses its transcriptional activity. Pelosi et al. noted that the timing and level of the Foxo3 expression is very important to regulate ovarian follicle activation. AKt- PTEN-AKt and Foxo3 are all involved in the same pathway. PTEN is situated upstream of AKt. Therefore, if PTEN is deleted specifically from an oocyte this causes an increase in AKt activity resulting in large numbers of dormant ovarian follicles resuming their growth and differentiation. The TSC complex also plays an important role in this pathways by suppressing the activity of mTOR which has been proven to be essential for maintaining dormancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55362208 | 187,646 |
Spray pond A spray pond is a reservoir in which warmed water (e.g. from a power plant) is cooled before reuse by spraying the warm water with nozzles into the cooler air. Cooling takes place by exchange of heat with the ambient air, involving both "conductive heat transfer" between the water droplets and the surrounding air and "evaporative cooling" (which provides by far the greatest portion, typically 85 to 90%, of the total cooling). The primary purpose of spray pond design is thus to ensure an adequate degree of contacting between the hot injection water and the ambient air, so as to facilitate the process of heat transfer. The spray pond is the predecessor to the natural draft cooling tower, which is much more efficient and takes up less space but has a much higher construction cost. A spray pond requires between 25 and 50 times the area of a cooling tower. However, some spray ponds are still in use today. The height of each spray nozzle above the surface of the pond should be between 1.5 m and 2.0 m. The spray nozzles themselves should be chosen so as to provide the desired spray pattern diameter at the pond surface, while yielding a maximum spray height of 2.5 m or more above the nozzle. This will provide an adequate contact time between the air and water and should be achievable with a delivery pressure of between 50 and 75 kPa across the nozzles. The performance of a spray pond depends to a large degree on the effectiveness of the spray nozzles which are installed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37856584 | 334,480 |
Vitaphone Sam, not wanting to take any more of Harry Warner's refusal to move forward with using sound in future Warner films, agreed to accept Zukor's offer, but the deal died after Paramount lost money in the wake of Rudolph Valentino's death. Harry eventually agreed to accept Sam's demands. Sam then pushed ahead with a new feature starring Al Jolson, the Broadway dynamo who had already scored a big hit with early audiences in "A Plantation Act", a musical short released on October 7, 1926. On October 6, 1927, "The Jazz Singer" premiered at the Warner Theater in New York City, broke box-office records, established Warner Bros. as a major player in Hollywood, and is traditionally credited with single-handedly launching the talkie revolution. At first, the production of shorts and the recording of orchestral scores were strictly a New York phenomenon, taking advantage of the bountiful supply of stage and concert hall talent there, but the Warners soon migrated some of this activity to their more spacious facilities on the West Coast. Dance band leader Henry Halstead is given credit for starring in the first short subject filmed in Hollywood instead of New York. "Carnival Night in Paris" (1927) featured the Henry Halstead Orchestra and a cast of hundreds of costumed dancers in a Carnival atmosphere. From the perspective of the cast and crew on the sound stage, there was little difference between filming with and a sound-on-film system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540849 | 269,827 |
Personal robot The toy robot, made it seem like it was alive like a pet that you have to watch on and give it attention. There are many different kind of toy robots that are animal related, like, robotic dogs. Another type of robotic toy is the phone-powered robots. Using this toy, you are able to connect with your phone and control the toy while using an application. Now, robotic toys are becoming more mobile device platformed. This in turn is creating a larger demand for these types of products. The increase in demand has a direct effect on the escalation of the technology used in the toys. There are also phone-powered robots for fun and games, such as Romo which is a small robot that employs smartphones as its brain. By using another mobile device and a cross-platform app, the user can drive it, make it produce animated facial expressions, direct it to dance, or turn it into a spybot. Social robots take on the function of social communication. Domestic humanoid robots are used by elderly and immobilized residents to keep them company. Wakamaru is a domestic humanoid robot developed in Japan. Its function is to act as a care taker. Wakamaru has a number of operations and “can be programmed to remind patients to take their medicine and even call a doctor when it appears that someone is in distress.” Paro, a robotic baby seal, is intended to provide comfort to nursing home patients. Home-telepresence robots can move around in a remote location and let one communicate with people there via its camera, speaker, and microphone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7501487 | 385,392 |
Security alarm The alarm system is required to have a maintenance check carried out every 6 – 12 months (in the UK, 'Audible Only' intruder alarm systems require a routine service visit once every 12 months and monitored intruder alarm systems require a check twice in every 12-month period) to ensure all internal components, sensors and PSUs are functioning correctly. In the past, this would require an alarm service engineer to attend site and carry the checks out. With the use of the Internet or radio path and a compatible IP/radio transmitting device (at the alarmed premises), some checks can now be carried out remotely from the central station. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1294759 | 249,238 |
Association of Christian Schools International v. Stearns On January 12, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the federal district court's summary judgment in favor of the University of California. On October 12, 2010, the Supreme Court declined to review the case, effectively ending it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16734943 | 171,773 |
Export Administration Regulations With a few exceptions, the EAR define "export" to mean: Once a thing has been exported from the United States to a foreign country, the EAR define "reexport" to mean a subsequent export of the thing from the first foreign country to a second foreign country, and to any subsequent export after that. The EAR define "technology" to mean information necessary for the “development,” “production,” “use,” operation, installation, maintenance, repair, overhaul, or refurbishing (or other terms specified in ECCNs on the CCL that control “technology”) of an item. “Technology” may be in any tangible or intangible form, such as written or oral communications, blueprints, drawings, photographs, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, tables, engineering designs and specifications, computer-aided design files, manuals or documentation, electronic media or information revealed through visual inspection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2102443 | 294,429 |
Computer-supported collaborative learning Once the activity has begun, the teacher is charged with kick-starting and monitoring discussion to facilitate learning. He or she must also be able to mitigate technical issues for the class. Lastly, the instructor must engage in assessment, in whatever form the design calls for, in order to ensure objectives have been met for all students. Without the proper structure, any CSCL strategy can lose its effectiveness. It is the responsibility of the teacher to make students aware of what their goals are, how they should be interacting, potential technological concerns, and the time-frame for the exercise. This framework should enhance the experience for learners by supporting collaboration and creating opportunities for the construction of knowledge. Another important consideration of educators who implement online learning environments is affordance. Students who are already comfortable with online communication often choose to interact casually. Mediators should pay special attention to make students aware of their expectations for formality online. While students sometime have frames of reference for online communication, they often do not have all of the skills necessary to solve problems by themselves. Ideally, teachers provide what is called "scaffolding", a platform of knowledge that they can build on. A unique benefit of CSCL is that, given proper teacher facilitation, students can use technology to build learning foundations with their peers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4548948 | 282,496 |
Distributed-element filter A distributed-element filter is an electronic filter in which capacitance, inductance, and resistance (the elements of the circuit) are not localised in discrete capacitors, inductors, and resistors as they are in conventional filters. Its purpose is to allow a range of signal frequencies to pass, but to block others. Conventional filters are constructed from inductors and capacitors, and the circuits so built are described by the lumped element model, which considers each element to be "lumped together" at one place. That model is conceptually simple, but it becomes increasingly unreliable as the frequency of the signal increases, or equivalently as the wavelength decreases. The distributed-element model applies at all frequencies, and is used in transmission-line theory; many distributed-element components are made of short lengths of transmission line. In the distributed view of circuits, the elements are distributed along the length of conductors and are inextricably mixed together. The filter design is usually concerned only with inductance and capacitance, but because of this mixing of elements they cannot be treated as separate "lumped" capacitors and inductors. There is no precise frequency above which distributed element filters must be used but they are especially associated with the microwave band (wavelength less than one metre) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24231219 | 405,930 |
Future value is the value of an asset at a specific date. It measures the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is "worth" at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate, or more generally, rate of return; it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function. The value does not include corrections for inflation or other factors that affect the true value of money in the future. This is used in time value of money calculations. Money value fluctuates over time: $100 today has a different value than $100 in five years. This is because one can invest $100 today in an interest-bearing bank account or any other investment, and that money will grow/shrink due to the rate of return. Also, if $100 today allows the purchase of an item, it is possible that $100 will not be enough to purchase the same item in five years, because of inflation (increase in purchase price). An investor who has some money has two options: to spend it right now or to invest it. The financial compensation for saving it (and not spending it) is that the money value will accrue through the interests that he will receive from a borrower (the bank account on which he has the money deposited). Therefore, to evaluate the real worthiness of an amount of money today after a given period of time, economic agents compound the amount of money at a given interest rate. Most actuarial calculations use the risk-free interest rate which corresponds the minimum guaranteed rate provided the bank's saving account, for example | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=578327 | 509,157 |
IEEE Rebooting Computing also maintains a collaborative partnership with IRDS, as well as responding to and participating in national and international initiatives, the NSCI and the "Nanotechnology Inspired Grand Challenge for Future Computing". The web portal is the primary online home for IEEE Rebooting Computing. The website provides relevant news, information, and resources to users, such as articles authored by IEEE experts and third-party publications. It also includes access to a list of both IEEE-sponsored and general industry conferences and events, videos, and historical data from IEEE Rebooting Computing's past summits. The web portal also hosts the Podcast, which is a collection of interviews with leaders in the field, updated monthly. This collection is also hosted on the video website IEEE.tv. IEEE Technical Communities are virtual communities for practitioners, subject matter experts, researchers, and other technology professionals interested in specific topic areas. Open to any interested individual, the Technical Community serves as a venue for the distribution and dissemination of news, announcements, and other information from those societies and councils taking part in the initiative. An email newsletter is distributed monthly to several thousand community members, and includes free access to specially selected recent articles of interest from the IEEE Xplore library of journals and conference proceedings. IEEE membership is not required to become a member of the Technical Community | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51002505 | 397,179 |
Protein production coli" are well developed and work by increasing the number of copies of the gene or increasing the binding strength of the promoter region so assisting transcription. For example, a DNA sequence for a protein of interest could be cloned or subcloned into a high copy-number plasmid containing the "lac" (often LacUV5) promoter, which is then transformed into the bacterium "E. coli". Addition of IPTG (a lactose analog) activates the lac promoter and causes the bacteria to express the protein of interest. "E. coli" strain BL21 and BL21(DE3) are two strains commonly used for protein production. As members of the B lineage, they lack "lon" and "OmpT" proteases, protecting the produced proteins from degradation. The DE3 prophage found in BL21(DE3) provides T7 RNA polymerase (driven by the LacUV5 promoter), allowing for vectors with the T7 promoter to be used instead. Non-pathogenic species of the gram-positive "Corynebacterium" are used for the commercial production of various amino acids. The "C. glutamicum" species is widely used for producing glutamate and lysine, components of human food, animal feed and pharmaceutical products. Expression of functionally active human epidermal growth factor has been done in "C. glutamicum", thus demonstrating a potential for industrial-scale production of human proteins. Expressed proteins can be targeted for secretion through either the general, secretory pathway (Sec) or the twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167540 | 181,682 |
Virtonomics In the game, players may engage in agriculture, exploitation of natural resources, manufacturing, retail, foreign exchange market trade, finance, personnel management, marketing, logistics, scientific research and other business processes. "Virtonomics" is developed by GamerFlot Trading Ltd. A prototype of "Virtonomics" called "Money Mania" was released in 2004, and it ran as a non-commercial project for a few years. On 11 December 2006, "Money Mania" was renamed "Virtonomics", and released in the Russian language. The game was named by "Game World Navigator" as the best economic online game of 2007. The game entered the global market in 2009 with a freemium model, and was translated to several other languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48943946 | 473,573 |
The New Dinosaurs In this capacity, the "lank", a four-legged, terrestrial and grazing pterosaur derived from the Cretaceous family Azhdarchidae, has been seen by some writers as perhaps the worst offender. In a 1990 review of the book, researcher Gregory S. Paul called the creature "perhaps the worst beast in the book" and "unbelievable", pointing out that he thought it was infeasible that pterosaurs would evolve into giraffe-like animals before the more dominant and already terrestrial dinosaurs. In 1992, researcher David Unwin echoed the same sentiment, viewing four-legged and grass-eating pterosaurs as highly unlikely. In 2008, British paleontologist and science writer Darren Naish offered a more redeeming look at the animal, pointing out that if pterosaurs were to become terrestrial, azhdarchids were the most likely group to do so and that azhdarchids would have used a gait similar to that of giraffes when walking. Paul, Unwin and Naish all pointed out that the sheer diversity seen in pterosaurs within the book is somewhat unlikely as the group was low in diversity at the point of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, the azhdarchids being the only living group. Paul even went on to state that he considered pterosaurs surviving into the Cenozoic "doubtful" even if the extinction event had not happened. Many of the hypothetical animals created for "The New Dinosaurs" ended up resembling actual Mesozoic creatures that have since been discovered | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2680899 | 173,669 |
Rex1 exhibits gene control in developing embryos via its epigenetic control on genes such as PEG3, which has been identified as playing a key role in fetal growth rates The only adult tissue has been identified in are the testicles. Using in situ hybridization it was determined that the spermatocytes in the more inner layers of the testicles are expressing Rex1. Thus, the male germ cells undergoing meiosis are the specific cells in the testicles that express Rex1. It has not been observed, however, that is expressed in the female germ cells. participates in a network of transcription factors that all work to regulate each other via varying expression levels. The Nanog protein has been found to be a transcriptional activator for the "Rex-1" promoter, playing a key role in sustaining "Rex1" expression. Knockdown of Nanog in embryonic stem cells results in a reduction of "Rex-1" expression, while forced expression of Nanog stimulates "Rex-1" expression. Nanog regulates the transcription of through 2 strong transactivation domains on the C-terminus which are required to activate the promoter. has been found to inhibit the expression of NOTCH, thus preventing differentiation. has been found to inhibit the expression of STAT3, thus preventing differentiation. Cooperative regulation of is seen with Sox2 and Nanog. Oct3/4 can both repress and activate the promoter. In cells that already express high level of Oct3/4, exogenously transfected Oct3/4 will lead to the repression of Rex1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16458889 | 171,672 |
National Gallery of Victoria When plans for the construction of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra became firmly established in the 1960s, Australia's state galleries removed the word "national" from their names (for example, the National Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney became the Art Gallery of New South Wales). This naming convention dated back to the 19th century when Australia's colonies were self-governing political entities and had yet to federate. Only the NGV has retained "national" in its name. This has proven to be somewhat contentious, given that the NGV is technically not a national gallery, and occasionally there have been calls for it to follow the example of the other state galleries. According to former Victorian Premier Steve Bracks, "We won't be renaming the National Gallery of Victoria. It has a great tradition. It is the biggest and best gallery in the country and it's one of the biggest and best in the world." A famous event in the museum's history occurred in 1986 with the theft of Pablo Picasso's painting "The Weeping Woman" (1936). A person or group identifying themselves as the "Australian Cultural Terrorists" claimed responsibility for the theft, stating that the painting was stolen in protest against the perceived poor treatment of the arts by the state government of the time. They sought as a ransom the establishment of an art prize for young artists. The painting was found undamaged in a railway locker two weeks later and returned to the gallery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66104 | 324,574 |
Enigma machine After the end of World War II, the Allies sold captured Enigma machines, still widely considered secure, to developing countries. On 23 February 1918, Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a ciphering machine that used rotors. Scherbius and E. Richard Ritter founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter. They approached the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design, but neither agency was interested. Scherbius & Ritter then assigned the patent rights to Gewerkschaft Securitas, who founded the "Chiffriermaschinen Aktien-Gesellschaft" (Cipher Machines Stock Corporation) on 9 July 1923; Scherbius and Ritter were on the board of directors. Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine, "Enigma model A", which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1924. The machine was heavy and bulky, incorporating a typewriter. It measured 65×45×38 cm and weighed about . In 1924 Enigma "model B" was introduced, and was of a similar construction. While bearing the Enigma name, both models "A" and "B" were quite unlike later versions: They differed in physical size and shape, but also cryptographically, in that they lacked the reflector. The reflector, suggested by Scherbius' colleague Willi Korn, was introduced in "Enigma C" (1926). "Model C" was smaller and more portable than its predecessors. It lacked a typewriter, relying on the operator; hence the informal name of "glowlamp Enigma" to distinguish it from models "A" and "B". The "Enigma C" quickly gave way to "Enigma D" (1927) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9256 | 447,169 |
Kutta condition The is a principle in steady-flow fluid dynamics, especially aerodynamics, that is applicable to solid bodies with sharp corners, such as the trailing edges of airfoils. It is named for German mathematician and aerodynamicist Martin Kutta. Kuethe and Schetzer state the as follows: In fluid flow around a body with a sharp corner, the refers to the flow pattern in which fluid approaches the corner from both directions, meets at the corner, and then flows away from the body. None of the fluid flows around the sharp corner. The is significant when using the Kutta–Joukowski theorem to calculate the lift created by an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge. The value of circulation of the flow around the airfoil must be that value which would cause the to exist. Applying 2-D potential flow, if an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge begins to move with an angle of attack through air, the two stagnation points are initially located on the underside near the leading edge and on the topside near the trailing edge, just as with the cylinder. As the air passing the underside of the airfoil reaches the trailing edge it must flow around the trailing edge and along the topside of the airfoil toward the stagnation point on the topside of the airfoil. Vortex flow occurs at the trailing edge and, because the radius of the sharp trailing edge is zero, the speed of the air around the trailing edge should be infinitely fast. Though real fluids cannot move at infinite speed, they can move very fast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4265190 | 423,992 |
Certified Wireless Network Administrator The (CWNA) is a foundation level certification from the CWNP that measures the ability to administer any wireless LAN. A wide range of topics focusing on the 802.11 wireless LAN technology are covered in the coursework and exam, which is vendor neutral. The (CWNA) is a foundation level wireless certification for the Certified Wireless Network Professional (CWNP) program. The CWNP next offers three professional level certifications: Certified Wireless Security Professional (CWSP), Certified Wireless Analysis Professional (CWAP) and Certified Wireless Design Professional (CWDP). A candidate can only achieve the expert level CWNE certification after earning the CWNA, CWSP, CWAP and CWDP certifications. A candidate no longer has to pass an exam for the expert level Certified Wireless Network Expert (CWNE) certification. In addition to passing the CWNA, CWSP, CWAP and CWDP a candidate must also provide: 3 professional endorsements, 3 years of documented enterprise Wi-Fi experience, 2 other current valid networking certifications and documentation of 3 enterprise Wi-Fi projects the candidate has participated in or led. The main subject areas covered by the CWNA are as follows: These subjects are covered at an introductory level in the CWNA coursework and examination. The other certifications specialize in one or more of these subjects. The CWNA certification is valid for three years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14285191 | 254,792 |
Genomic imprinting The absence of genomic imprinting in a placental reptile, the Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii, is interesting as genomic imprinting was thought to be associated with the evolution of viviparity and placental nutrient transport. Studies in domestic livestock, such as dairy and beef cattle, have implicated imprinted genes (e.g. IGF2) in a range of economic traits, including dairy performance in Holstein-Friesian cattle. A similar imprinting phenomenon has also been described in flowering plants (angiosperms). During fertilization of the egg cell, a second, separate fertilization event gives rise to the endosperm, an extraembryonic structure that nourishes the embryo in a manner analogous to the mammalian placenta. Unlike the embryo, the endosperm is often formed from the fusion of two maternal cells with a male gamete. This results in a triploid genome. The 2:1 ratio of maternal to paternal genomes appears to be critical for seed development. Some genes are found to be expressed from both maternal genomes while others are expressed exclusively from the lone paternal copy. It has been suggested that these imprinted genes are responsible for the triploid block effect in flowering plants that prevents hybridization between diploids and autotetraploids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15235 | 160,825 |
Krenz-Kerley Trading Post The Krenz-Kerley Trading Post, in Tuba City, Arizona, was built in 1915. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is located at 78 N. Main St., on the east side of Main Street. It is located "within the part of Tuba City that was a Mormon townsite from 1878 until 1903 (Judd 1965; Brugge 1972). The Mormons installed an irrigation system that watered fruit trees, Lombardy poplars, cottonwoods, and vegetable fields. Although the irrigation system is gone, many of the trees planted by the settlers still thrive, defining the verdant core of the city. The in recent decades has often been called "the Old Mormon Laundry Building" (see, for example, Threinen 1981) because of its townsite location, its masonry (stone was a material favored by Mormon settlers in northern Arizona), and recollections of it as a laundry facility. However, research conducted to prepare this nomination indicates that the building was constructed more than a decade after the Mormon era ended in Tuba City and that it did not become a laundry until after World War II." In 2019, it is the Tuba City Public Library. It is a one-story building built by Frederick D. Krenz as a trading post. It includes some aspect of Colonial Revival style, somehow. Other names: Building 78;Old Mormon Laundry Building Historic function: Commerce/trade; Government Historic subfunction: Department Store; Government Office The Tuba Trading Post, across Main St. and down, is also listed on the National Register. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62434920 | 351,733 |
Nerode Prize The EATCS--IPEC is a theoretical computer science prize awarded for outstanding research in the area of multivariate algorithmics. It is awarded by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science and the International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation. The prize was offered for the first time in 2013. The prize winners so far have been: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39039164 | 106,039 |
Expert Review of Medical Devices is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on the clinical use of devices. It was established in 2004 and is published by Informa. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.784. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42120237 | 224,700 |
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro. DMRC was certified by the United Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing carbon emission levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes every year. also interchanges with the Rapid Metro Gurugram (with a shared ticketing system) and Noida Metro. On 22 October 2019, the DMRC took over the operations of the financially troubled Rapid Metro Gurgaon. The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969. Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of Government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and Governmental jurisdiction. In 1984, the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks. While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a two-fold rise in population and a five-fold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30874055 | 206,187 |
Thermal printing Toward the beginning of the 21st century, however, thermal wax transfer, laser, and inkjet printing technology largely supplanted thermal printing technology in fax machines, allowing printing on plain paper. Thermal Receipt Printers are very efficient and quick. Its efficiency can be utilized in retail sectors. Thermal printers are still commonly used in seafloor exploration and engineering geology due to their portability, speed, and ability to create continuous reels or sheets. Typically, thermal printers found in offshore applications are used to print realtime records of side scan sonar and sub-seafloor seismic imagery. In data processing, thermal printers are sometimes used to quickly create hard copies of continuous seismic or hydrographic records stored in digital SEG Y or XTF form. The Game Boy Printer, released in 1998, was a small thermal printer used to print out certain elements from some Game Boy games. Early formulations of the thermo-sensitive coating used in thermal paper were sensitive to incidental heat, abrasion, friction (which can cause heat, thus darkening the paper), light (which can fade printed images), and water. Later thermal coating formulations are far more stable; in practice, thermally printed text should remain legible for at least 50 days. In many hospitals in the United Kingdom, many common ultrasound sonogram devices output the results of the scan onto thermal paper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743007 | 24,883 |
Magnetofection is a simple and highly efficient transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing nucleic acid into the target cells. This method attempts to unite the advantages of the popular biochemical (cationic lipids or polymers) and physical (electroporation, gene gun) transfection methods in one system while excluding their inconveniences (low efficiency, toxicity). is commercialized by OZ Biosciences and is registered as a trademark. The magnetofection principle is to associate nucleic acids with cationic magnetic nanoparticles: these molecular complexes are then concentrated and transported into cells supported by an appropriate magnetic field. In this way, the magnetic force allows a very rapid concentration of the entire applied vector dose onto cells, so that 100% of the cells get in contact with a significant vector dose. has been adapted to all types of nucleic acids (DNA, siRNA, dsRNA, shRNA, mRNA, ODN), non viral transfection systems (transfection reagents) and viruses. It has been successfully tested on a broad range of cell lines, hard-to-transfect and primary cells. Several optimized and efficient magnetic nanoparticle formulations have been specifically developed for several types applications such as DNA, siRNA, and primary neuron transfection as well as viral applications. The magnetic nanoparticles are made of iron oxide, which is fully biodegradable, coated with specific cationic proprietary molecules varying upon the applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11664690 | 193,860 |
Computer keyboard The Home key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line. The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop. The Insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The Delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position "back" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the preceding character. Lock keys lock part of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are scattered around the keyboard. Most styles of keyboards have three LEDs indicating which locks are enabled, in the upper right corner above the numeric pad. The lock keys include Scroll lock, Num lock (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and Caps lock. The SysRq and Print screen commands often share the same key. SysRq was used in earlier computers as a "panic" button to recover from crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18842281 | 370,003 |
Efferocytosis results in production by the ingesting cell of mediators such as hepatocyte- and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are thought to promote replacement of the dead cells. Defective efferocytosis has been demonstrated in such diseases as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis and atherosclerosis. Specialized pro-resolving mediators are cell-derived metabolites of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids viz.: arachidonic acid which is metabolized to the lipoxins; eicosapentaenoic acid which is metabolized to the Resolvin E's; docosahexaenoic acid which is metabolized to the resolvin D's, maresins, and neuroprotectins; and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid which is metabolized to the n-3 docosapentaenoic acid-derived resolvins and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectins (See Specialized pro-resolving mediators). These mediators possess a broad range of overlapping activities which act to resolve inflammation; one of the important activities which many of these mediators possess is the stimulation of efferocytosis in inflamed tissues. Failure to form sufficient amounts of these mediators is proposed to be one cause of chronic and pathological inflammatory responses (see Specialized pro-resolving mediators#SPM and inflammation). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22328498 | 170,784 |
Alternatives to evolution by natural selection By 1818, however, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued in his "Philosophie anatomique" that the chain was "a progressive series", where animals like molluscs low on the chain could "rise, by addition of parts, from the simplicity of the first formations to the complication of the creatures at the head of the scale", given sufficient time. Accordingly, Geoffroy and later biologists looked for explanations of such evolutionary change. Georges Cuvier's 1812 "Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles" set out his doctrine of the correlation of parts, namely that since an organism was a whole system, all its parts mutually corresponded, contributing to the function of the whole. So, from a single bone the zoologist could often tell what class or even genus the animal belonged to. And if an animal had teeth adapted for cutting meat, the zoologist could be sure without even looking that its sense organs would be those of a predator and its intestines those of a carnivore. A species had an irreducible functional complexity, and "none of its parts can change without the others changing too". Evolutionists expected one part to change at a time, one change to follow another. In Cuvier's view, evolution was impossible, as any one change would unbalance the whole delicate system. Louis Agassiz's 1856 "Essay on Classification" exemplified German philosophical idealism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53955838 | 187,286 |
Room temperature For those with respiratory problems or allergies, they recommend no less than , and for the sick, disabled, very old or very young, a minimum of . Temperature ranges are defined as "room temperature" for certain products and processes in industry, science, and consumer goods. For instance, for the shipping and storage of pharmaceuticals, the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) defines "controlled room temperature" as between , with excursions between allowed, provided the mean kinetic temperature does not exceed . The European Pharmacopoeia defines it as being simply , and the Japanese Pharmacopeia defines "ordinary temperature" as , with room temperature being . Merriam-Webster gives as a medical definition a range of as being suitable for human occupancy, and at which laboratory experiments are usually performed. People traditionally serve red wine at room temperature. This practice dates from before central heating, when room temperature in wine-drinking countries was considerably lower than it is today, usually in the range between and . It is therefore advised to serve red wine at a temperature of at most . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240105 | 25,424 |
William Nierenberg In October 1980, during the Carter presidency, an Act of Congress was passed requesting the National Academy of Science to review what was known about climate change. Nierenberg was appointed by the Academy to chair the committee to produce this report. The committee was made up of prominent physical scientists and two economists, William Nordhaus of Yale and Thomas Schelling of Harvard. Schelling and many of the scientists had served on committees for two previous reports for the Carter administration, which had highlighted global warming as a potentially major problem, and Nordhaus was developing a new model for growth in emissions, the first which did not assume linear extrapolations. The scientific facts of the resulting "Changing Climate" report were largely in line with the previous reports. Its key points were: The report also contained policy recommendations: The policy recommendations have proved controversial. Oreskes and Conway contend that the chapters written by the economists differ from those written by the scientists, that the policy recommendations reflect mainly the views of the economists, and that Nierenberg, the committee chairman, personally rejected an emerging consensus view on global warming among climate scientists, and "in doing so arguably launched the climate change debate, transforming the issue from one of scientific concern to one of political controversy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1989661 | 305,002 |
Pink-collar worker It raised wages, shortened workers' hours, and increased employment for the first time maximizing hour and minimizing wage provisions benefiting female workers. The NRA had its flaws however, it only covered half of the women in the workforce particularly manufacturing and trade. The NRA regulated working conditions only for women with a job and did not offer any relief for the two million unemployed women who desperately needed it. The 1930s proved successful for women in the workplace thanks to federal relief programs and the growth of unions. For the first time women were not completely dependent on themselves, in 1933 the federal government expanded in its responsibility to female workers. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act grew out of several successful strikes. Two million women joined the workforce during the Great Depression despite negative public opinion. "Pink ghetto" is a term used to refer to jobs dominated by women. The term was coined in 1983 to describe the limits women have in furthering their careers since the jobs are often dead-end, stressful and underpaid. The term "pink ghetto" is just simply another way of describing pink-collar work. "Pink ghetto" was more commonly used in the early years, when women were finally able to work. Pink-collar work became the popular term once it was popularized by Louise Kapp Howe, a writer and social critic, in the 1970s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 | 482,129 |
CLIPZ is a database of post-transcriptional regulatory elements (RNA-binding proteins) built from cross-linking and immunoprecipitation data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30357670 | 155,908 |
Paradox of thrift The paradox of thrift (or paradox of saving) is a paradox of economics. The paradox states that an increase in autonomous saving leads to a decrease in aggregate demand and thus a decrease in gross output which will in turn lower "total" saving. The paradox is, narrowly speaking, that total saving may fall because of individuals' attempts to increase their saving, and, broadly speaking, that increase in saving may be harmful to an economy. Both the narrow and broad claims are paradoxical within the assumption underlying the fallacy of composition, namely that which is true of the parts must be true of the whole. The narrow claim transparently contradicts this assumption, and the broad one does so by implication, because while individual thrift is generally averred to be good for the economy, the paradox of thrift holds that collective thrift may be bad for the economy. It had been stated as early as 1714 in "The Fable of the Bees", and similar sentiments date to antiquity. It was popularized by John Maynard Keynes and is a central component of Keynesian economics. It has formed part of mainstream economics since the late 1940s. The argument begins from the observation that in equilibrium, total income must equal total output | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1918286 | 517,781 |
Khaled A. Mahdi His primary interest is the study of modeling complex systems and process optimization. Mahdi and collaborators also established SYNERGY with Prof. Maytham Safar, Computer Engineering Department at Kuwait University. He is a senior member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and several other professional societies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54249143 | 82,434 |
Informatics Bauer and associates who co-founded "Inc.", and "informatica" (Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese, Dutch). This new term was adopted across Western Europe, and, except in English, developed a meaning roughly translated by the English ‘computer science’, or ‘computing science’. Mikhailov advocated the Russian term "informatika" (1966), and the English "informatics" (1967), as names for the "theory of scientific information", and argued for a broader meaning, including study of the use of information technology in various communities (for example, scientific) and of the interaction of technology and human organizational structures. In the English-speaking world, the term "informatics" was first widely used in the compound medical informatics, taken to include "the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks". In the U.S., however, informatics is linked with applied computing, or computing in the context of another domain. First broad interpretation of "informatics in english-speaking world", as "the study of the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems," was introduced by the University of Edinburgh in 1994 when it formed the grouping that is now its School of Informatics. This meaning is now (2006) increasingly used in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23997153 | 283,733 |
Warren Gish First opened to outside users in December 1989, the NCBI Experimental BLAST Network Service, running the latest BLAST software on SMP hardware against the latest releases of the major sequence databases, quickly established the NCBI as a convenient, one-stop shop for sequence similarity searching. At Washington University in St. Louis, Gish revolutionized similarity searching by developing the first BLAST suite of programs to combine rapid gapped sequence alignment with statistical evaluation methods appropriate for gapped alignment scores. The resulting search programs were significantly more sensitive but only marginally slower than ungapped BLAST, due to novel application of the BLAST dropoff score X during gapped alignment extension. Sensitivity of gapped BLAST was further improved by the novel application of Karlin-Altschul Sum statistics to the evaluation of multiple, gapped alignment scores in all BLAST search modes. Sum statistics were originally developed analytically for the evaluation of multiple, ungapped alignment scores. The empirical use of Sum statistics in the treatment of gapped alignment scores was validated in collaboration with Stephen Altschul, from 1994-1995. In May 1996, WU-BLAST version 2.0 with gapped alignments was publicly released in the form of a drop-in upgrade for existing users of ungapped NCBI BLAST and WU-BLAST (both at version 1.4, after having forked in 1994) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14860831 | 196,657 |
Carbon-neutral fuel By April 2014, Willauer's team had not yet made fuel to the standard required by military jets, but they were able in September 2013 to use the fuel to fly a radio-controlled model airplane powered by a common two-stroke internal combustion engine. Because the process requires a large input of electrical energy, a plausible first step of implementation would be for American nuclear-powered aircraft carriers (the Nimitz-class and the Gerald R. Ford-class) to manufacture their own jet fuel. The U.S. Navy is expected to deploy the technology some time in the 2020s. A 250 kilowatt methane synthesis plant was constructed by the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW) at Baden-Württemberg and the Fraunhofer Society in Germany and began operating in 2010. It is being upgraded to 10 megawatts, scheduled for completion in autumn, 2012. The George Olah carbon dioxide recycling plant operated by Carbon Recycling International in Grindavík, Iceland has been producing 2 million liters of methanol transportation fuel per year from flue exhaust of the Svartsengi Power Station since 2011. It has the capacity to produce 5 million liters per year. Audi has constructed a carbon-neutral liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Werlte, Germany. The plant is intended to produce transportation fuel to offset LNG used in their A3 Sportback g-tron automobiles, and can keep 2,800 metric tons of CO out of the environment per year at its initial capacity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36913101 | 228,008 |
Trombe wall Since a less fluctuating temperature swing is more desirable for occupant senses and to maintain an average space temperature, Trombe walls perform better than any indirect-gain systems regarding this matter. • Among the passive solar heating strategies, Trombe walls can harmonize the relationship between humans and the natural environment and are widely used because of advantages such as simple configuration, high efficiency, zero running cost and so on. • While passive solar techniques can reduce annual heating demand up to 25, specifically using a in building can reduce a building’s energy consumption up to 30% in addition to being environmentally friendly. • Similarly, the energy heating savings of 16.36% can be achieved if a was added to the building envelope. • Glare, ultraviolet degradation, or reduction of night time privacy are not problems with a full-height system. • As seen in the design and construction section, the performance of the Trombe walls is well characterized for a variety of design and climate parameters. Possible other modifications can be adding a rigid insulation board to foundation area and insulation curtains between the glass and thermal mass to avoid heat transfer into the building during undesired periods or heat loss from the to the foundation, or adding a ventilation system into the wall system (if the wall has upper and lower vents) to provide an additional heat transfer by air convection which is desirable to circulate the air evenly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61867 | 324,516 |
Enigma machine Current flowed from the keyboard through the plugboard, and proceeded to the entry-rotor or "Eintrittswalze". Each letter on the plugboard had two jacks. Inserting a plug disconnected the upper jack (from the keyboard) and the lower jack (to the entry-rotor) of that letter. The plug at the other end of the crosswired cable was inserted into another letter's jacks, thus switching the connections of the two letters. Other features made various Enigma machines more secure or more convenient. Some M4 Enigmas used the "Schreibmax", a small printer that could print the 26 letters on a narrow paper ribbon. This eliminated the need for a second operator to read the lamps and transcribe the letters. The "Schreibmax" was placed on top of the and was connected to the lamp panel. To install the printer, the lamp cover and light bulbs had to be removed. It improved both convenience and operational security; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext. Another accessory was the remote lamp panel "Fernlesegerät". For machines equipped with the extra panel, the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel. A lamp panel version could be connected afterwards, but that required, as with the "Schreibmax", that the lamp panel and light bulbs be removed. The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9256 | 447,159 |
Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price The test consists of observing whether a small increase in price (in the range of 5 to 10 percent) would provoke a significant number of consumers to switch to another product (in fact, substitute product). In other words, it is designed to analyse whether that increase in price would be profitable or if, instead, it would just induce substitution, making it unprofitable. In general, one uses databases from the firms which may include data on variables such as costs, prices, revenue or sales and over a sufficiently long period (generally over at least two years). In economic terms, what the SSNIP test does is to calculate the residual elasticity of demand of the firm. That is, how a change in prices by the firm affects its own demand. As an example, let's suppose the following situation for a firm: In this case, the firm would make profits equal to 5000: formula_1. Now suppose the firm decides to increase its price by a 10 percent, which would imply that the new price would be 11 (10 percent increase). Suppose that the new situation facing the firm is therefore: In this case, the firm would make profits equal to 4800: formula_1. As can be seen, such an increase in prices would induce a certain substitution for our hypothetical firm, in fact, 200 units less will be sold. This may be so because some consumers have started to buy a substitute product, the same consumers have bought a smaller quantity of the product given its price increase or maybe because they have stopped from buying that type of product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9275274 | 472,796 |
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings The (SPAB) (sometimes known as Anti-Scrape) is an amenity society founded by William Morris, Philip Webb and others, in 1877; to oppose what they saw as destructive 'restoration' of ancient buildings then occurring in Victorian England; 'ancient' being used in the wider sense of 'very old' rather than the more usual modern one of 'pre-medieval'. Morris was particularly concerned about the practice, which he described as 'forgery', of attempting to return functioning buildings to an idealised state from the distant past, which often involved the removal of elements added in their later development, and which Morris saw as contributing to their interest as documents of the past. Instead, he proposed that ancient buildings should be repaired, not restored, so that their entire history would be protected as cultural heritage. Today, these principles are widely accepted. The architect A. R. Powys served as the Secretary of the SPAB for 25 years in the early 20th century. Today, the SPAB still operates according to Morris's original manifesto. It campaigns, advises, runs training programmes and courses, conducts research and publishes information. As one of the National Amenity Societies, the Society is a statutory consultee on alterations to listed buildings, and by law must be notified of any application in England and Wales to demolish in whole or part any listed building. It currently has c. 8,500 members (2012). The Society also has a branch in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1027770 | 236,206 |
Full body scanner Current machines installed by the TSA require agents in the US to designate each passenger as either male or female, after which the software compares the passenger's body against a normative body of that sex. Transgender passengers have reported that full body scanners at several U.S. airports have falsely raised alarms based on their anatomy. There have been health concerns relating to the use of full body scanning technology, especially the use of x-ray scanners. Currently Soter, unlike their counterparts Adami and Smiths Detection, can regulate radiation exposure up to 1,000 passes per person yearly still with a low dosage. Soter is widely used in prisons unlike Smith Detection or Adami. Currently adopted millimeter wave scanners operate in the millimeter or sub-terahertz band, using non-ionizing radiation, and have no proven adverse health effects, though no long term studies have been done. Thomas S. Tenforde, president of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, said in 2010 that millimeter wave scanners are probably within bounds [of standards for safe operation], but there should be an effort to verify that they are safe for frequent use. WHO (World Health Organization) in 2011 categorized RF (radio frequency) radiation as a possible carcinogen. Numerical simulations of terahertz radiation, which active millimeter wave scanners do not operate at, have produced mixed results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11241718 | 198,299 |
Fluid Depending on the relationship between shear stress, and the rate of strain and its derivatives, fluids can be characterized as one of the following: The behavior of fluids can be described by the Navier–Stokes equations—a set of partial differential equations which are based on: The study of fluids is fluid mechanics, which is subdivided into fluid dynamics and fluid statics depending on whether the fluid is in motion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10915 | 447,281 |
Thor Hiorth Schøyen (May 1, 1885 – June 6, 1961) was a Norwegian entomologist. He became the curator of the Oslo Zoological Museum in 1908. Later, in 1913, he became the government entomologist at the Norwegian Plant Protection Office ("Statens plantevern"), a position that he held for 42 years. Schøyen taught at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1910 to 1950. He was also a central figure in the Norwegian Entomological Society. He received the King's Medal of Merit in gold in recognition of his work. became interested in nature and insects at an early age, and he studied zoology at the University of Oslo. He was described as "... a quiet man, gracious and helpful, without prejudice. He had diverse interests and was a gentleman throughout his journey." He was the son of the entomologist Wilhelm Maribo Schøyen. became the first curator of the Oslo Zoological Museum in 1908. He was involved in moving the insect collection to the new building in Tøyen. He also put part of the collection on display. Schøyen served as the secretary of the fourth Nordic entomology conference in 1933. Following in his father's footsteps, in 1913 assumed the position of Norway's government entomologist. In the first years, mycology was also included in this position, but in 1919 a separate position was created for a government mycologist, filled by Ivar Jørstad. Schøyen worked in an office with no assistants, and he responded to hundreds of pest and fungal disease requests annually. He also made many business trips in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61683869 | 10,206 |
High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis is a powerful technique in molecular biology for the detection of mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic differences in double-stranded DNA samples. It was discovered and developed by Idaho Technology and the University of Utah. It has advantages over other genotyping technologies, namely: HRM analysis is performed on double stranded DNA samples. Typically the user will use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to HRM analysis to amplify the DNA region in which their mutation of interest lies. In the sample tube there are now many copies of the DNA region of interest. This region that is amplified is known as the amplicon. After the PCR process the HRM analysis begins. The process is simply a precise warming of the amplicon DNA from around 50 ˚C up to around 95 ˚C. At some point during this process, the melting temperature of the amplicon is reached and the two strands of DNA separate or "melt" apart. The key to HRM is to monitor this separation of strands in real-time. This is achieved by using a fluorescent dye. The dyes that are used for HRM are known as intercalating dyes and have a unique property. They bind specifically to double-stranded DNA and when they are bound they fluoresce brightly. In the absence of double stranded DNA they have nothing to bind to and they only fluoresce at a low level. At the beginning of the HRM analysis there is a high level of fluorescence in the sample because of the billions of copies of the amplicon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21003747 | 253,488 |
BiCMOS Higuchi, Goro Kitsukawa and Takahide Ikeda. In the 1990s, modern integrated circuit fabrication technologies began to make commercial technology a reality. This technology rapidly found application in amplifiers and analog power management circuits. A type of technology is bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) technology, which combines with DMOS (double-diffused MOS), a type of power MOSFET technology. BCD technology combines three semiconductor device fabrication processes on a power IC (power integrated circuit) chip: bipolar for precise analog functions, CMOS for digital design, and DMOS for power electronic and high-voltage elements. It was developed by ST Microelectronics in the mid-1980s. There are two types of BCD: high-voltage BCD and high-density BCD. They have a wide range of applications, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) BCD being used for medical electronics, automotive safety and audio technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=512528 | 119,625 |
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