text stringlengths 17 3.36M | source stringlengths 3 333 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 518k |
|---|---|---|
Industrial applications of nanotechnology Nanotechnology may also play a role in sports such as soccer, football, and baseball. Materials for new athletic shoes may be made in order to make the shoe lighter (and the athlete faster). Baseball bats already on the market are made with carbon nanotubes that reinforce the resin, which is said to improve its performance by making it lighter. Other items such as sport towels, yoga mats, exercise mats are on the market and used by players in the National Football League, which use antimicrobial nanotechnology to prevent parasuram from illnesses caused by bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (commonly known as MRSA). Lighter and stronger materials will be of immense use to aircraft manufacturers, leading to increased performance. Spacecraft will also benefit, where weight is a major factor. Nanotechnology might thus help to reduce the size of equipment and thereby decrease fuel-consumption required to get it airborne. Hang gliders may be able to halve their weight while increasing their strength and toughness through the use of nanotech materials. Nanotech is lowering the mass of supercapacitors that will increasingly be used to give power to assistive electrical motors for launching hang gliders off flatland to thermal-chasing altitudes. Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materials would be useful for creating vehicles that are both faster and safer. Combustion engines might also benefit from parts that are more hard-wearing and more heat-resistant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7067473 | 299,339 |
Experience curve effects The well travelled road effect may lead people to overestimate the effect of the experience curve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=322332 | 452,896 |
Hezekiah W. and Sarah E. Fishell Cobb House The Hezekiah W. and Sarah E. Fishell Cobb House, also known as just the Cobb House, is a single-family home located at 115 West 2nd Street in Perry, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. In 1874–77, the Chicago and Northeastern Railway (controlled by the Grand Trunk Western Railroad) constructed a line through this area. Local residents thought the railway would establish a station at the point where the line crossed the Mason and Owosso state road, but instead, the railway constructed a station three miles away in Morrice, Michigan. Undeterred, residents platted the village of Perry at the crossing point in 1877. The railway refused to establish a station at the new community, but residents petitioned the state Legislature, who decided in their favor. The population of the new community grew rapidly, and by 1880 had reached 300 people. Two of these were Hezekiah W. Cobb and his wife, Sarah Fishell Cobb, who came to Perry in early 1879. Cobb was a doctor, one of two in the community. Hezekiah W. Cobb was born in Barre, New York, in 1832. He attended a seminary for two years, after which he taught school in Missouri for four years. During this time, he studied medicine, then attended the St. Louis Medical College. He married Sarah E. Fishell of Pembroke, New York in 1859. The couple moved to Pleasant Gap, Missouri, but in 1861, and the Civil War loomed, they fled back to New York after their house was burned | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59231237 | 306,368 |
P-cycle protection The p-Cycle protection scheme is a technique to protect a mesh network from a failure of a link, with the benefits of ring like recovery speed and mesh-like capacity efficiency, similar to that of a shared backup path protection (SBPP). p-Cycle protection was discovered in late 1990s, with research and development done mostly by Wayne D. Grover, and D. Stamatelakis. In Transport communication networks two methods were developed and introduced for restoration and recovery, one was a ring-based protection and the other was mesh restoration. The ring based protection offered a quick recovery time at the expense of higher capacity redundancy, while the mesh restoration offered better capacity-efficiency at the expense of slower recovery times. In 1998 the "p-Cycle" became a promising technique for recovery in mesh networks because of the combined benefits of ring network recovery speed and mesh like capacity efficiency. In a mesh network, the spare capacity is used to create the ring like structures as shown in Figure 1. Due to the nature of the rings assuming bi-directional line switched ring (BLSR), only 2 end nodes are involved in a case of a link failure to switch traffic to a pre-planned cycle (path) and recover, as it is demonstrated in Figure 2. One of the key differences between a ring-based scheme and the "p-cycle" scheme is the ability of the "p-cycle" to protect links that are not on the "p-cycle" ring as shown in Figure 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37975794 | 98,993 |
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F The eIF4F proteins interact with a number of different binding partners, and there are multiple genetic isoforms of eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G in the human genome. In mammals, eIF4F is bridged to the 40S ribosomal subunit by eIF3 via eIF4G, while budding yeast lacks this connection. Interactions between eIF4G and PABP are thought to mediate the circularization of mRNA particles. Approximate molecular weight for human proteins. In addition to the major proteins encompassing the eIF4F trimer, the eIF4F complex functionally interacts with proteins including eIF4B and eIF4H. The unusual isoform of eIF4G, eIF4G2 or DAP5, also appears to perform a non-canonical translation function. The eIF4E subunit of eIF4F is an important target of mTOR signaling through the eIF4E binding protein (4E-BP). Phosphorylation of 4E-BPs by mTOR prevents their binding to eIF4E, freeing eIF4E to bind eIF4G and participate in translation initiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49497304 | 157,887 |
Unit construction BSA produced their first four-stroke unit construction singles in 1959 when they introduced the C15 to replace the venerable c12 single. The unit construction (in contrast to the separate engine and gearbox of the C10/C11 and c12) gave the family of motorcycles started by this model its familiar name. The C15 was intended as a utility "get to work" model, and served this purpose faithfully for many thousands of users. It was a simple and reasonably robust design. Along with the C15 came the B40, the 350 cc version. This was no faster than the C15, but had a little more lugging power. A version of the B40 was also produced (in considerable quantities) for various branches of the military. These motorcycles (known as the "Ex-WD B40") were more rugged than the vanilla version (in particular, the timing-side main bearing was over- rather than under-engineered and an oil filter was fitted), slightly de-tuned and given a version of the competition frame. For these reasons, these bikes can make very good buying, and are often used as the basis for competition machines. Several minor changes were made to the C15 in 7 years (with some variations on the theme - the "warmer" SS80 and SS90, plus competition versions). In 1967 the model underwent some revisions and a name change to B25. The model then continued with little variation until BSA collapsed in the early 1970s. The BSA unit single was an affordable introduction to motorcycling for many young men in the 1960s and 1970s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5958446 | 214,045 |
Mach number The obvious result is that in order to accelerate a flow to supersonic, one needs a convergent-divergent nozzle, where the converging section accelerates the flow to sonic speeds, and the diverging section continues the acceleration. Such nozzles are called de Laval nozzles and in extreme cases they are able to reach hypersonic speeds ( at 20 °C). An aircraft Machmeter or electronic flight information system (EFIS) can display derived from stagnation pressure (pitot tube) and static pressure. The at which an aircraft is flying can be calculated by where: Note that the dynamic pressure can be found as: Assuming air to be an ideal gas, the formula to compute in a subsonic compressible flow is derived from Bernoulli's equation for M < 1: and the speed of sound varies with the thermodynamic temperature as: where: The formula to compute in a supersonic compressible flow is derived from the Rayleigh supersonic pitot equation: is a function of temperature and true airspeed. Aircraft flight instruments, however, operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number, not temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20051 | 447,653 |
MOSFET This change in channel strength by application of reverse bias is called the 'body effect'. Simply put, using an nMOS example, the gate-to-body bias "V" positions the conduction-band energy levels, while the source-to-body bias V positions the electron Fermi level near the interface, deciding occupancy of these levels near the interface, and hence the strength of the inversion layer or channel. The body effect upon the channel can be described using a modification of the threshold voltage, approximated by the following equation: where "V" is the threshold voltage with substrate bias present, and "V" is the zero-"V" value of threshold voltage, formula_32 is the body effect parameter, and 2"φ" is the approximate potential drop between surface and bulk across the depletion layer when and gate bias is sufficient to ensure that a channel is present. As this equation shows, a reverse bias causes an increase in threshold voltage "V" and therefore demands a larger gate voltage before the channel populates. The body can be operated as a second gate, and is sometimes referred to as the "back gate"; the body effect is sometimes called the "back-gate effect". A variety of symbols are used for the MOSFET. The basic design is generally a line for the channel with the source and drain leaving it at right angles and then bending back at right angles into the same direction as the channel. Sometimes three line segments are used for enhancement mode and a solid line for depletion mode (see depletion and enhancement modes) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40345 | 114,250 |
Fotis Sotiropoulos is a Greek-born American engineering professor and researcher known for his contributions in computational fluid dynamics for river hydrodynamics, renewable energy, biomedical and biological applications. He currently serves as the dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Stony Brook University, a position he has held since October 15, 2015. Born and raised in Athens, Greece, Sotiropoulos earned his Diploma in mechanical engineering from the National Technical University of Athens in Greece (1986). In 1987 he moved to the United States to pursue his graduate studies. He received a M.S. degree in aerospace engineering from the Pennsylvania State University (1989) and a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and engineering mechanics from the University of Cincinnati (1991). From 1991 to 1995 he was a postdoctoral associate and assistant research scientist at the University of Iowa Institute for Hydraulic Research in Iowa City, IA. serves as dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and SUNY Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering at Stony Brook University, since October 15, 2015. Prior to that, Sotiropoulos served as the director of the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, the founding director of the EOLOS wind energy research field station, and the James L. Record Professor of Civil, Environmental and Geo-Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (2006–2015) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61501119 | 445,740 |
Sylvia Rose Ashby Ashby herself later declared that she was the only woman in the British Empire conducting an independent market research bureau. She persevered against the challenges, and within five years her clients included the Australian Gas Light Company, Pick-me-up Condiment Co. Ltd, the National Bank of Australasia, Dunlop-Perdriau rubber goods, Bushells, the "Australian Women's Weekly" and a number of advertising agencies. Ashby's method was to employ mainly women, who she believed were more conscientious and effective investigators than men. In particular she found female investigators "much more patient with other women", and that "women will talk to another woman more freely". She preferred unmarried women, as she believed that "a single woman is better able to concentrate solely upon the problem on hand [and] has no home worries to distract her [and] has more time to keep herself physically fit". Ashby essentially believed that unmarried women had "a singleness of purpose denied to the married woman". She found focused interviews directly with housewives the most effective approach to market research. In a later interview with "Australian Women's Weekly", she showed two small wooden, jointed mannequins as an example of how she expected her representatives to conduct themselves. One mannequin showed "Mrs. Right" and the other "Mrs. Wrong". Mrs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63314529 | 495,098 |
Sumihiko Hatusima Hatsushima was born in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan in 1906. His tertiary studies and early lectureship was at Kyushu Imperial University, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1942. He accompanied Ryōzō Kanehira on a collecting expedition in New Guinea in 1940. Hatsushima returned to Austronesia in a collecting expedition to The Philippines in 1964. Hatsushima died in 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24374551 | 10,861 |
Richard Paul Wagner Richard Felix Paul Wagner (25 August 1882 – 14 February 1953) was the Chief of Design in the design office of the Deutsche Reichsbahn in Germany from its inception in 1922 to 1942. He held the rank of "Reichsbahnoberrat". Richard Wagner was born in Berlin on 25 August 1882 and studied at the Charlottenburg Technical High School there from 1901 to 1906. In 1920 he took over as head of the Berlin-Grunewald Locomotive Testing Office. In 1922 he was on the Enger Committee for the Standardisation of Locomotives and was employed by the Reichsbahn Central Office. In 1923 he took over the locomotive section within the Central Office. With the development of standard steam locomotives (the so-called "Einheitsdampflokomotiven") for the Deutsche Reichsbahn he was able to carry through his proposals for rationalising the construction and operation of steam locomotives. These were: to have the fewest possible locomotive classes, to avoid sub-classes and special classes, to have as many interchangeable parts as possible between different classes, even after undergoing repairs, and to produce components to a high degree of precision. As a result, in his time, a programme of locomotive classes was set up in the Standardisation Office of the Reichsbahn and with the manufacturers. On 1 June 1942 he retired, his successor being Friedrich Witte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19589579 | 424,861 |
GlaxoSmithKline An internal SmithKline Beecham document said in 1998, about withheld data from two GSK studies: "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that [pediatric] efficacy had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine." The company ghostwrote an article, published in 2001, in the "Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", that misreported the results of one of its clinical trials, Study 329. The article concluded that Paxil was "generally well tolerated and effective for major depression in adolescents." The suppression of the research findings is the subject of "Side Effects" (2008) by Alison Bass. For 10 years GSK marketed Paxil as non-habit forming. In 2001, 35 patients filed a class-action suit alleging they had suffered withdrawal symptoms, and in 2002, a Los Angeles court issued an injunction preventing GSK from advertising that the drug was not habit forming. The court withdrew the injunction after the FDA objected that the court had no jurisdiction over drug marketing that the FDA had approved. In 2003, a World Health Organization committee reported that Paxil was among the top 30 drugs, and top three antidepressants, for which dependence had been reported | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192517 | 151,621 |
Demand assignment In telecommunication, a demand assignment is a method which several users share access to a communication channel on a real-time basis, "i.e.", a user needing to communicate with another user on the same network requests the required circuit, uses it, and when the call is finished, the circuit is released, making the circuit available to other users. is similar to conventional telephone switching, in which common trunks are provided for many users, on a demand basis, through a limited-size trunk group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41016 | 295,675 |
Induced stem cells However, the safety of these cells remains questionable. Since lineage conversion from pre-iPSC relies on the use of iPSC reprogramming conditions, a fraction of the cells could acquire pluripotent properties if they do not stop the de-differentation process in vitro or due to further de-differentiation in vivo. A common feature of pluripotent stem cells is the specific nature of protein glycosylation of their outer membrane. That distinguishes them from most nonpluripotent cells, although not white blood cells. The glycans on the stem cell surface respond rapidly to alterations in cellular state and signaling and are therefore ideal for identifying even minor changes in cell populations. Many stem cell markers are based on cell surface glycan epitopes including the widely used markers SSEA-3, SSEA-4, Tra 1-60 and Tra 1-81. Suila Heli et al. speculate that in human stem cells extracellular O-GlcNAc and extracellular O-LacNAc, play a crucial role in the fine tuning of Notch signaling pathway - a highly conserved cell signaling system, that regulates cell fate specification, differentiation, left–right asymmetry, apoptosis, somitogenesis, angiogenesis and plays a key role in stem cell proliferation (reviewed by Perdigoto and Bardin and Jafar-Nejad et al.) Changes in outer membrane protein glycosylation are markers of cell states connected in some way with pluripotency and differentiation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | 178,566 |
Trans-Golgi network vesicle protein 23 A There is evidence of higher expression in the brain tissue of mice. The promoter for TVP23A is GXP_91266, spanning 1403 base pairs located on the negative strand of chromosome 16. The hypothesized function of TVP23A is a transmembrane protein involved in retrograde transport of vesicles from early endosomes into the late Golgi apparatus. TVP23A interactions with SNARE TVI1 were found to be required for retrograde transport. TVP23A has been found to interact with four different proteins via Yeast two hybrid arrays. Two of these proteins, YIPF1 and YIPF2, are believed to be Golgi transport proteins. TVP23A is a DUF846 containing protein, which is homologous throughout TVP-type proteins. This domain contains the 4 transmembrane domains of TVP23A TVP23A has two paralogs, TVP23B and TVP23C. TVP23B and TVP23C are 96% similar to each other, and both are located on chromosome 17. Due to the locations of these three genes, and their identities to each other, it is probable that ancestral TVP23 underwent duplication and translocation, giving rise to TVP23A on chromosome 16 and TVP23B/C on chromosome 17, which then underwent a second duplication to form TVP23B and TVP23C. TVP23A has been found in all multicellular eukaryotes, including fungi. This gene has not been found in bacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52974301 | 8,467 |
Quantum algorithm We are required to find n n-bit strings z..., z such that for the Hadamard-Fourier transform, at least 3/4 of the strings satisfy and at least 1/4 satisfies This can be done in bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP). Amplitude amplification is a technique that allows the amplification of a chosen subspace of a quantum state. Applications of amplitude amplification usually lead to quadratic speedups over the corresponding classical algorithms. It can be considered to be a generalization of Grover's algorithm. Grover's algorithm searches an unstructured database (or an unordered list) with N entries, for a marked entry, using only formula_3 queries instead of the formula_4 queries required classically. Classically, formula_4 queries are required even allowing bounded-error probabilistic algorithms. Theorists have considered a hypothetical generalization of a standard quantum computer that could access the histories of the hidden variables in Bohmian mechanics. (Such a computer is completely hypothetical and would "not" be a standard quantum computer, or even possible under the standard theory of quantum mechanics.) Such a hypothetical computer could implement a search of an N-item database at most in formula_6 steps. This is slightly faster than the formula_3 steps taken by Grover's algorithm. Neither search method would allow either model of quantum computer to solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time. Quantum counting solves a generalization of the search problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=632489 | 278,675 |
Bicycle lock (This can thwart someone carrying a single wrench, but is trivially defeated by using a wrench on each end.) Wheels are also commonly secured by use of a wheel tether, which is basically a flexible steel cable with a noose swaged on either end. This type cable does not require its own lock. It is secured by the main security device, which may be a security chain, u-lock or even another cable device. Smart locks use Bluetooth technology to allow a lock to be unlocked with a smartphone, and can send a notification if they are breached. Several smart bicycle locks have been produced through crowdfunding and sold as consumer products. Some bicycle-sharing systems also use them. Smart locks introduce added security risks through the possibility of hacking. Disc brakes are a popular braking system for bicycles, most notable for mountain bikes but recently there has been an increase in their popularity for road bikes, especially after the UCI approved them for use in professional races in May 2018. Disc rotor locks have been popular for motorcyclists for many years but with the proliferation of bicycles now using them smaller, more compact versions for bicycles have been created. They work by inserting a metal pin through the hole in the disc rotor between the seatstay and chainstay, preventing the wheel from rotating and virtually immobilising the rear wheel. The locks themselves are small, metal devices that sit around the edge of the disc rotor and are locked with a key insertion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1483426 | 437,069 |
Coding interview If the information about the dress code of a target company is given or can be found, wear accordingly. Women are advised to avoid heavy jewelry. The question of why manhole covers are typically round (in some countries) was made famous by Microsoft when they began asking it as a job-interview question. Originally meant as a psychological assessment of how one approaches a question with more than one correct answer, the problem has produced a number of alternative explanations, from the tautological ("Manhole covers are round because manholes are round.") to the philosophical. Reasons for the shape include: The practice of asking these sorts of so-called lateral thinking questions was later formally discouraged at Microsoft. Microsoft provides a list of suggested reading to prepare for its interview. Notable examples include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3740728 | 233,604 |
DocPoint is a commercial document management system. targets a wide variety of audiences ranging from corporations and government institutions, to small and medium enterprises across a broad spectrum of market verticals. is designed to meet the requirements of: simplifies regulatory compliance with the following standards: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17106978 | 497,886 |
Mucoadhesion This can occur mechanically by bringing together the two surfaces, or through the bodily systems, like when particles are deposited in the nasal cavity by inhalation. The principles of initial adsorption of small molecule adsobates can be described by DLVO theory. According to DLVO theory, particles are held in suspension by a balance of attractive and repulsive forces. This theory can be applied to the adsorption of small molecules like mucoadhesive polymers, on surfaces, like mucus layers. Particles in general experience attractive van der Waals forces that promote coagulation; in the context of adsorption, the particle and mucus layers are naturally attracted. The attractive forces between particles increases with decreasing particle size due to increasing surface-area-to-volume ratio. This increases the strength of van der Waals interactions, so smaller particles should be easier to adsorb onto mucous membranes. DLVO theory also explains some of the challenges in establishing contact between particles and mucus layers in mucoadhesion due to their repulsive forces. Surfaces will develop an electrical double layer if they are in a solution containing ions, as is the case with many bodily systems, creating electrostatic repulsive forces between the adhesive and surface. Steric effects can also hinder particle adsorption to surfaces. Entropy or disorder of a system will decrease as polymeric mucoadhesives adsorb to surfaces, which makes establishing contact between the adhesive and membrane more difficult | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21017672 | 146,507 |
Aqueduct of Segovia One of the buildings of Segovia's former mint, the "Real Casa de Moneda", houses an aqueduct interpretation centre, developed with funding from European Economic Area grants. There is a connection between the mint and the aqueduct in that coins minted in Segovia used the aqueduct as a mint mark. Another link is that the 16th-century building harnessed water power to drive its machinery, although the water is taken directly from the River Eresma rather than sourced from the aqueduct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4064177 | 366,202 |
Video codec This part of the process is often called "inverse quantization" or "dequantization", although quantization is an inherently non-invertible process. designs are usually standardized or eventually become standardized—i.e., specified precisely in a published document. However, only the decoding process need be standardized to enable interoperability. The encoding process is typically not specified at all in a standard, and implementers are free to design their encoder however they want, as long as the video can be decoded in the specified manner. For this reason, the quality of the video produced by decoding the results of different encoders that use the same video codec standard can vary dramatically from one encoder implementation to another. A variety of video compression formats can be implemented on PCs and in consumer electronics equipment. It is therefore possible for multiple codecs to be available in the same product, reducing the need to choose a single dominant video compression format to achieve interoperability. Standard video compression formats can be supported by multiple encoder and decoder implementations from multiple sources. For example, video encoded with a standard MPEG-4 Part 2 codec such as Xvid can be decoded using any other standard MPEG-4 Part 2 codec such as FFmpeg MPEG-4 or DivX Pro Codec, because they all use the same video format. Codecs have their qualities and drawbacks. Comparisons are frequently published | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54475 | 248,244 |
Motoko Kusanagi Having lived for over a century, while being physically locked as a young adult in her mid-twenties, Kusanagi's current prosthetic body is amongst the most advanced models on the market, possessing 16²/cm² skin tactile elements, meaning she has a greatly heightened sense of touch. In every anime iteration, Section 9 has been all-male excepting the Major who leads the team. The "Arise" series details Kusanagi forming the current team roster to her own specifications. She forms and leads Section 9 because she is the most capable member of the team. Kusanagi is a leading expert in fourth-generation warfare and cyberbrain combative warfare. As the most heavily mechanized member of Section 9, she is regarded amongst her peers as the best hand-to-hand melee fighter and the most skilled "hacker and net diver." Chief Aramaki described her abilities as "...rarer than 'ESP'; the kind of person that government agencies hire to assassinate without leaving a trace." Classified as "Wizard Class" grey hat, her computer security hacking skills allow her brain–computer interface consciousness to control two-external humanoid "drone"-robots remotely with the ability to move her "ghost" from host to host. Kusanagi repeatedly demonstrates uncanny ability to hack people's wetware protected with military-grade malware protection and counter-measures, allowing her to "see through their eyes," disable their vocal systems, or even take control of their bodies altogether | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691883 | 411,441 |
Korangi Industrial Area (KIA) is located in [Korangi District, in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the largest industrial areas of Pakistan. It houses approximately 4500 industries, commercial and trading units including textile, steel, pharmaceutical, automobile, chemical, engineering and flour mills. The Korangi Association of Trade & Industry (KATI) is representative trade body of this industrial estate. Mr. S.M. Muneer is the Patron-in-Chief of KATI. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16909515 | 297,657 |
Strontian process One of the biggest mines, at Drensteinfurt, was named after Dr. Reichardt, the director of the Dessauer Sugar Refinery. A further place the strontian process came to be used was the Sugar Factory Rositz (in Rositz). Yet by 1883, the demand on strontianite had begun to shrink. Firstly, it was replaced by another strontium mineral (celestine), that could be imported from England, in a cheaper way. Secondly, the prices for sugar decreased so much, that the production from molasses was no longer worthwhile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41281214 | 487,960 |
Envelope (motion) In mechanical engineering, an envelope is a solid representing all positions which may be occupied by an object during its normal range of motion. Another (jargon) word for this is a "flop". In automobile design, a wheel envelope may be used to model all positions a wheel and tire combo may be expected to occupy during driving. This will take into account the maximum jounce and rebound allowed by the suspension system and the maximum turn and tilt allowed by the steering mechanism. Minimum and maximum tire inflation pressures and wear conditions may also be considered when generating the envelope. This envelope is then compared with the wheel housing and other components in the area to perform an interference/collision analysis. The results of this analysis tell the engineers whether that wheel/tire combo will strike the housing and components under normal driving conditions. If so, either a redesign is in order, or that wheel/tire combo will not be recommended. A different wheel envelope must be generated for each wheel/tire combo for which the vehicle is rated. Much of this analysis is done using CAD/CAE systems running on computers. Of course, high speed collisions, during an accident, are not considered "normal driving conditions", so the wheel and tire may very well contact other parts of the vehicle at that time. In robotics, the working envelope or work area is the volume of working or reaching space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2863149 | 425,624 |
SpaceX reusable launch system development program The company produced a computer-animated video depicting a notional view of the first stage returning tail-first for a powered descent and the second stage with a heat shield, reentering head first before rotating for a powered descent. In September 2012, SpaceX began flight tests on a prototype reusable first stage with the suborbital Grasshopper rocket. Those tests continued into 2014, including testing of a second and larger prototype vehicle, F9R Dev1. News of the Grasshopper test rocket had become public a few days earlier, when the US Federal Aviation Administration released a draft Environmental Impact Assessment for the SpaceX Test Site in Texas, and the space media had reported it. In May 2012, SpaceX obtained a set of atmospheric test data for the recovery of the Falcon 9 first stage based on 176 test runs in the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center wind tunnel test facility. The work was contracted for by SpaceX under a reimburseable Space Act Agreement with NASA. In 2012, it was projected that the first-stage separation of a reusable Falcon 9 rocket would occur at a velocity of approximately rather than for an expendable Falcon 9, to provide the residual fuel necessary for the deceleration and turnaround maneuver and the controlled descent and landing. In November 2012, CEO Elon Musk announced SpaceX's plans to build a second, much larger, reusable rocket system, this one to be powered by LOX/methane rather than LOX/RP-1 used on Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34666187 | 220,518 |
Peça A (Portuguese) (also "boa peça", "peça da India", and "pieza de India" – Piece of India, Spanish) was a unit of value in the slave trade in West Africa through the Cape Verde Islands during the 16th to 18th centuries. A peca was the value of a healthy male or female slave between 15 and 25 years of age. Slaves between 25 and 35, and between 8 and 15 years were valued at 2/3 peça. Slaves outside this age range and those infirm were valued lower. The peça was used to establish quotas and tariffs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9018549 | 502,305 |
Reciprocating Chemical Muscle The reciprocating chemical muscle (RCM) is a mechanism that takes advantage of the superior energy density of chemical reactions. It is a regenerative device that converts chemical energy into motion through a direct noncombustive chemical reaction. RCM is capable of generating autonomic wing beating from a chemical energy source. It can also be used to provide a small amount of electricity to the onboard control systems. It further helps in differential lift enhancement on the wings to achieve roll, pitch, and hence, steered flight. The RCM technique is particularly useful in the manufacturing of insect-like micro air vehicles. The first generation of RCMs was large and had a reciprocating frequency around 10 Hz. The later generations developed were very much smaller and lighter. Also, the reciprocating frequency of this generation RCM was as high as 60 Hz. The reciprocating chemical muscle was invented by Prof. Robert C. Michelson of the Georgia Tech Research Institute and implemented up through its fourth generation by Nino Amarena of ETS Laboratories. Particular benefits of the RCM are: The reciprocating chemical muscle uses various monopropellants in the presence of specific catalysts to create gas from a liquid without combustion. This gas is used to drive reciprocating opposing cylinders (in the fourth-generation device) to produce sufficient motion (throw) with sufficient force and frequency to allow flapping-wing flight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4288722 | 282,079 |
History of Italian Renaissance domes The church of Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri (c. 1568–1575), designed by Vignola and completed by his son Giacinto Barozzi, was the first church to have an oval dome over an oval plan. The Villa Capra, also known as "La Rotunda", was built by Andrea Palladio from 1565 to 1569 near Vicenza. Its highly symmetrical square plan centers on a circular room covered by a dome, and it would prove highly influential on the Georgian architects of 18th century England, architects in Russia, and architects in America, Thomas Jefferson among them. Palladio's two domed churches in Venice are Il Redentore (1577–92) and San Giorgio Maggiore (1565–1610), the former built in thanksgiving for the end of a bad outbreak of plague in the city. Pope Sixtus V appointed Giacomo della Porta and Domenico Fontana in 1588 to begin construction of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica to Michelangelo's model. They made modifications to his design estimated to have reduced the tensile stresses in the dome by 40%, including thinning the two shells near the top, reducing the thickness and exterior projection of the ribs, raising the springing line by 4.8 meters, and changing the shape of the dome. Giacomo della Porta insisted on a vertically elliptical profile for the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, for structural reasons, and construction began in June 1588. The dome was completed up to the base of the lantern in May 1590, a few months before the death of Pope Sixtus V | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45632842 | 361,670 |
Clark L. Wilson (August 31, 1913 – August 12, 2006 in Winchester, Virginia) was an American industrial psychologist who introduced the concept of 360 feedback surveys for management training and development applications. From 1970-1973 he developed his first 360-degree feedback survey, the "Survey of Management Practices". It was based on a learning sequence he called the Task-Cycle-Theory. Today, 360 feedback surveys of many types are standard tools for management training and development worldwide. Wilson studied under psychologist J.P. Guilford as a University of Southern California graduate student after World War II. Guilford had expanded on the work by Louis Leon Thurstone, pioneer in the field of psychometrics, by using factor analysis to assess management skills. Guilford’s work led Wilson to experiment with identifying important management and leadership skills through psychometrics. He eventually developed his Task Cycle assessment tools as an application of Guilford’s statistical approach. Wilson borrowed the concept of multi-rater feedback from the field of psychological assessment, particularly as it was being applied by the US Army during World War II. Managers and leaders, he believed, could learn and improve if they knew how others perceived their skills and behaviors. He also believed that management skills can be learned, like any other skill, through a learning sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13636430 | 501,014 |
Die cutting (web) Die cutting is the general process of using a die to shear webs of low-strength materials, such as rubber, fibre, foil, cloth, paper, corrugated fibreboard, chipboard, paperboard, plastics, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes, foam, and sheet metal. In the metalworking and leather industries, the process is known as clicking and the machine may be referred to as a "clicking machine". When a "dinking die" or "dinking machine" is used, the process is known as dinking. Commonly produced items using this process include gaskets, labels, tokens, corrugated boxes, and envelopes. Die cutting started as a process of cutting leather for the shoe industry in the mid-19th century. It is now sophisticated enough to cut through just one layer of a laminate, so it is now used on labels, stamps, and other stickers; this type of die cutting is known as "". Die cutting can be done on either flatbed or rotary presses. Rotary die cutting is often done inline with printing. The primary difference between rotary die cutting and flatbed die cutting is that the flatbed is not as fast but the tools are cheaper. This process lends itself to smaller production runs where it is not as easy to absorb the added cost of a rotary die. The purpose of die cutting depends on the function of the material being cut. For corrugated boxes, die cutting is primarily used to ensure the material folds properly to create the box. In label printing, die cutting is used to separate the design of the label from the rest of the substrate. And so forth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3283459 | 483,390 |
Pyrite Arsenopyrite has a related structure with heteroatomic As–S pairs rather than homoatomic ones. Marcasite also possesses homoatomic anion pairs, but the arrangement of the metal and diatomic anions is different from that of pyrite. Despite its name a chalcopyrite () does not contain dianion pairs, but single S sulfide anions. usually forms cuboid crystals, sometimes forming in close association to form raspberry-shaped masses called framboids. However, under certain circumstances, it can form anastamozing filaments or T-shaped crystals. can also form shapes almost the same as a regular dodecahedral, known as pyritohedra, and this suggests an explanation for the artificial geometrical models found in Europe as early as the 5th century BC. Cattierite (CoS) and vaesite (NiS) are similar in their structure and belong also to the pyrite group. Bravoite is a nickel-cobalt bearing variety of pyrite, with > 50% substitution of Ni for Fe within pyrite. Bravoite is not a formally recognised mineral, and is named after the Peruvian scientist Jose J. Bravo (1874–1928). It is distinguishable from native gold by its hardness, brittleness and crystal form. Natural gold tends to be anhedral (irregularly shaped), whereas pyrite comes as either cubes or multifaceted crystals. can often be distinguished by the striations which, in many cases, can be seen on its surface. Chalcopyrite is brighter yellow with a greenish hue when wet and is softer (3.5–4 on Mohs' scale) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 | 23,179 |
Mebendazole It kills parasites relatively slowly, and in those with very heavy infestations, it can cause some parasites to migrate out of the digestive system, leading to appendicitis, bile duct problems, or intestinal perforation. To avoid this, heavily infested patients may be treated with piperazine, either before or instead of mebendazole. Piperazine paralyses the parasites, causing them to pass in the feces. It is also used rarely in the treatment of hydatid disease. Evidence for effectiveness for this disease, however, is poor. and other benzimidazole antithelmetics are active against both larval and adult stages of nematodes, and in the cases of roundworm and whipworm, kill the eggs, as well. Paralysis and death of the parasites occurs slowly, and elimination in the feces may require several days. is pregnancy category C, which means it has been shown to cause ill effects in pregnancy in animal models, and no adequate studies of its effects in human pregnancy have been conducted. Whether it can be passed by breastfeeding is unknown. sometimes causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. In rare cases, it has been associated with a dangerously low white blood cell count, low platelet count, and hair loss, with a risk of agranulocytosis in rare cases Carbamazepine and phenytoin lower serum levels of mebendazole. Cimetidine does not appreciably raise serum mebendazole (in contrast to the similar drug albendazole), consistent with its poor systemic absorption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202629 | 21,342 |
Painlevé conjecture Saari proved in 1977 that for almost all (in the sense of Lebesgue measure) initial conditions in the plane or space for 2, 3 and 4-body problems there are singularity-free solutions. In 1984 Joe Gerver gave an argument for a noncollision singularity in the planar 5-body problem with no collisions. He later found a proof for the 3"n" body case. Finally, in his 1988 doctoral dissertation, Jeff Xia demonstrated a 5-body configuration that experiences a noncollision singularity. Joe Gerver has given a heuristic model for the existence of 4-body singularities. In his 2013 doctoral thesis at University of Maryland, Jinxin Xue considered a simplified model for the planar four-body problem case of the Painlevé conjecture. Based on a model of Gerver, he proved that there is a Cantor set of initial conditions which lead to solutions of the Hamiltonian system whose velocities are accelerated to infinity within finite time avoiding all earlier collisions. In 2018 Xue extended his previous work and proved the conjecture for n=4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43825561 | 431,687 |
SplitFire spark plug SplitFire was a company that manufactured a spark plug featuring a split ground electrode. SplitFire claimed that its "V" electrode design improved combustion by allowing the ignited flame to pass through the gap in the electrode, instead of around it. SplitFire spark plugs were popular and heavily advertised in the early 1990s. The manufacturer also sponsored the SplitFire Spark Plug 500 NASCAR stock car race, the SplitFire 200, various other powersports, and the Pro Bowlers Association SplitFire Spark Plug Open. In 1997, the United States Federal Trade Commission charged SplitFire with deceptive advertising. The manufacturer settled the charges with the FTC; as part of the settlement, SplitFire was prohibited from making what the FTC considered deceptive claims about fuel economy or emissions. After the settlement, the popularity of SplitFire's spark plug range declined. In 2002, it was still considered a leading sparkplug manufacturer, but by 2015, the company's products were not broadly distributed, and its official website had been removed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9791532 | 265,909 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Stewart went on to be the pioneer and lead attorney in the first and majority of cases against Monsanto and focused on residents in the immediate area known to be most polluted. Other attorneys later joined in to file suits for those outside the main immediate area around the plant; one of these was the late Johnnie Cochran. In 2007, the highest pollution levels remained concentrated in Snow and Choccolocco Creeks. Concentrations in fish have declined and continue to decline over time; sediment disturbance, however, can resuspend the PCBs from the sediment back into the water column and food web. In 1976 environmentalists found PCBs in the sludge at Waukegan Harbor, the southwest end of Lake Michigan. They were able to trace the source of the PCBs back to the Outboard Marine Corporation that was producing boat motors next to the harbor. By 1982, the Outboard Marine Corporation was court-ordered to release quantitative data referring to their PCB waste released. The data stated that from 1954 they released 100,000 tons of PCB into the environment, and that the sludge contained PCBs in concentrations as high as 50%. In 1989, during construction near the Zilwaukee bridge, workers uncovered an uncharted landfill containing PCB-contaminated waste which required $100,000 to clean up. Much of the Great Lakes area were still heavily polluted with PCBs in 1988, despite extensive remediation work | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 | 23,372 |
Dark current (physics) In physics and in electronic engineering, dark current is the relatively small electric current that flows through photosensitive devices such as a photomultiplier tube, photodiode, or charge-coupled device even when no photons are entering the device; it consists of the charges generated in the detector when no outside radiation is entering the detector. It is referred to as reverse bias leakage current in non-optical devices and is present in all diodes. Physically, dark current is due to the random generation of electrons and holes within the depletion region of the device. The charge generation rate is related to specific crystallographic defects within the depletion region. Dark-current spectroscopy can be used to determine the defects present by monitoring the peaks in the dark current histogram's evolution with temperature. Dark current is one of the main sources for noise in image sensors such as charge-coupled devices. The pattern of different dark currents can result in a fixed-pattern noise; dark frame subtraction can remove an estimate of the mean fixed pattern, but there still remains a temporal noise, because the dark current itself has a shot noise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19805906 | 220,796 |
Eutectic bonding To prevent the melt pressed outside the bonding interface the optimization of the bonding parameter control is necessary, e.g. low force on the wafers. Otherwise, it may lead to short circuits or device malfunctions of the used components (electrical and mechanical). The heating of the wafers leads to a change in the surface texture due to formation of fine silicon micro structures on top of the gold surface. The material mix is solidified when the temperature decreases below eutectic point or the concentration ratio changes (for Si-Au: ). The solidification leads to epitaxial growth of silicon and gold on top of the silicon substrate resulting in numerous small silicon islands protruding from a polycrystalline gold alloy (compare to cross-section image of the bonding interface). This can result in bonding strengths around 70 MPa. The importance lies in the appropriate process parameters, i.e. sufficient bonding temperature control. Otherwise the bond cracks due to stress caused by a mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient. This stress is able to relax over time. Based on the high bonding strength this procedure is special applicable for pressure sensors or fluidics. Also smart micro mechanical sensors and actuators with electronic and/or micro mechanical functions over multiple wafers can be fabricated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31336127 | 382,475 |
Cost basis Min Tax sells shares in the following order: shares with short-term losses, long-term losses, long-term gains and lastly short-term gains. Max Gain is the exact opposite of Min Tax. Shareholders are no longer required to petition the IRS to switch cost basis methods starting in 2012, however to move into or out of average cost, the shareholder must do so in writing. The IRS considers in writing to be letters from the shareholder to their financial institution, changing methods online, or filling out a method election/change form from their financial institution. The IRS does not currently consider verbal permission on a recorded line as being "in writing." Transfer agents and broker/dealers are now required by law to report the gains or losses of any sales of covered shares to the IRS. Institutions transferring covered shares to another institution must transfer the basis for those shares within 15 days of transfer. Because FIFO and Spec ID require a complete lot history, institutions must transfer and track full lot history and cannot transfer a "rolled up" total cost when transferring the cost basis to another institution. Several financial institutions will be participating in a Cost Basis Reporting System or CBRS to ease the transfer of cost basis between institutions but are not required by the IRS to do so. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5036061 | 454,361 |
Z-order curve Points can be sorted according to their shuffle without explicitly interleaving the bits. To do this, for each dimension, the most significant bit of the exclusive or of the coordinates of the two points for that dimension is examined. The dimension for which the most significant bit is largest is then used to compare the two points to determine their shuffle order. The exclusive or operation masks off the higher order bits for which the two coordinates are identical. Since the shuffle interleaves bits from higher order to lower order, identifying the coordinate with the largest most significant bit, identifies the first bit in the shuffle order which differs, and that coordinate can be used to compare the two points. This is shown in the following Python code: One way to determine whether the most significant bit is smaller is to compare the floor of the base-2 logarithm of each point. It turns out the following operation is equivalent, and only requires exclusive or operations: It is also possible to compare floating point numbers using the same technique. The "less_msb" function is modified to first compare the exponents. Only when they are equal is the standard "less_msb" function used on the mantissas. Once the points are in sorted order, two properties make it easy to build a quadtree: The first is that the points contained in a square of the quadtree form a contiguous interval in the sorted order | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1699416 | 104,343 |
Research Institute of Computer Science and Random Systems The Institut de recherche en informatique et systèmes aléatoires is a joint computer science research center of CNRS, University of Rennes 1, ENS Rennes, INSA Rennes and Inria, in Rennes in Brittany. It is one of the eight Inria research centers. Created in 1975 as a spin-off of the University of Rennes 1, merging the young computer science department and a few mathematicians, more specifically probabilists, among them Michel Métivier, who was to become the first president of IRISA. Research topics span from theoretical computer science, such as formal languages, formal methods, or more mathematically oriented topics such as information theory, optimization, complex system... to application-driven topics like bioinformatics, image and video compression, handwriting recognition, computer graphics, medical imaging, content-based image retrieval. French space program | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2289394 | 108,166 |
Tower of London Since 1994, the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block. Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen. The display includes 23,578 gemstones, the 800-year-old Coronation Spoon, St. Edward's Crown (worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey) and the Imperial State Crown. There is evidence that King John (1166–1216) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower. Records of 1210–1212 show payments to lion keepers. The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards, circa 1235, which were kept in the Tower. In 1252, the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King's polar bear, a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain. In 1254 or 1255, Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his "Chronica Majora". A wooden structure was built to house the elephant, 12.2 m (40 ft) long by 6.1 m (20 ft) wide. The animal died in 1258, possibly because it was given red wine, but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England. In 1288, Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals. Edward III added other types of animals, two lions, a leopard and two wildcats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31165 | 330,884 |
Twin Research and Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by the Cambridge University Press. It is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS). The journal covers research on the biology and epidemiology of twinning as well as biomedical and behavioral twin- and molecular-genetic research. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", it has a 2018 impact factor of 1.159. The journal was established in 1998 and has been edited by Robert Derom (1998–1999), and Nick Martin (2000–present). The title is a translation of "Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae", from 1952 until 1978 the official organ of the Permanent Committee for the International Congresses of Human Genetics and Società italiana di genetica medica, the original title of the first journal of the ISTS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23574969 | 171,467 |
Thierry Deuve (born 29 August 1956) is a French entomologist. The moth "Deuveia banghaasi" is named for Deuve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56905196 | 9,286 |
Orbital ring This means that using the Orbital Ring concept, one or many pairs of Stations can be positioned above "any" points on Earth desired or can be moved everywhere on the globe. Thus, any point on Earth can be served by a space elevator. Also a whole network of orbital rings can be built, which, by crossing over the poles, could cover the whole planet and be capable of taking over most of freight and passenger transport. By an array of elevators and several geostationary ring stations, asteroid or Moon material can be received and gently put down where land fills are needed. The electric energy generated in the process would pay for the system expansion and ultimately could pave the way for a solar-system-wide terraforming- and astroengineering-activity on a sound economical basis. If built by launching the necessary materials from Earth, the cost for the system estimated by Birch in 1980s money was around $31 billion (for a "bootstrap" system intended to expand to 1000 times its initial size over the following year, which would otherwise cost 31 trillion dollars) if launched using Shuttle-derived hardware, whereas it could fall to $15 billion with space-based manufacturing, assuming a large orbital manufacturing facility is available to provide the initial 180,000 tonnes of steel, aluminium, and slag at a low cost, and even lower with orbital rings around the Moon. The system's cost per kilogram to place payloads in orbit would be around $0.05. The simplest type would be a circular orbital ring in LEO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1945739 | 304,779 |
Wireless USB After receiving the group key of a cluster, a device must keep the connection alive by at least confirming its presence within each "trust timeout" boundary, which is set to four seconds. If it does not succeed at keeping up with this requirement, reauthentication is demanded. Following the natural asymmetry of USB, the host initiates all processes (except signaling), security being no exception. Security requests are made to devices to find their security capabilities, after which the appropriate devices can be chosen. The standard, symmetric encryption method is AES-128 with CCM, though Public key encryption may be used for initial authentication (namely, only the sending of the initial CCM key), provided that the achieved security level is comparable (in practice by using 3072-bit RSA and SHA-256 for hashing). Note that there is a difference between "master keys" and "session keys". Master keys are long-lived and usually work as a shared secret or a means to distribute session keys, which in turn do not outlive the connection for which they were created and usually serve as the functional encryption/decryption mechanism. A specific header field indicates which of the possible keys is to be used. It is also important to note that replay prevention mechanisms require the keeping of counters which are updated on valid receptions. The range of these counters further limits the life of session keys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1462445 | 400,716 |
National Road Today, travelers driving east from Vandalia travel along modern U.S. 40 through south-central Illinois. The continued into Indiana along modern U.S. 40, passing by the cities of Terre Haute and Indianapolis. Within Indianapolis, the used the original alignment of U.S. 40 along West and East Washington Street (modern U.S. 40 is now routed along I-465). East of Indianapolis, the road went through the city of Richmond before entering Ohio, where the road continued along modern U.S. 40 and passed through the northern suburbs of Dayton, Springfield, and Columbus. West of Zanesville, Ohio, despite U.S. 40's predominantly following the original route, many segments of the original road can still be found. Between Old Washington and Morristown, the original roadbed has been overlaid by I-70. The road then continued east across the Ohio River into Wheeling in West Virginia, the original western end of the when it was first paved. After running in West Virginia, the then entered Pennsylvania. The road cut across southwestern Pennsylvania, heading southeast for about before entering Maryland. East of Keyser's Ridge, the road used modern Alternate U.S. 40 to the city of Cumberland (modern U.S. 40 is now routed along I-68). Cumberland was the original eastern terminus of the road. In the mid-19th century, a turnpike extension to Baltimore—along what is now Maryland Route 144 from Cumberland to Hancock, U.S. 40 from Hancock to Hagerstown, Alternate U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55562 | 207,863 |
Canon EF-S 15–85mm lens The Canon EF-S 15–85mm f/3.5–5.6 IS USM is a standard zoom lens for Canon digital single-lens reflex cameras with an EF-S lens mount. The field of view has a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 24–136mm. The EF-S mount was specifically designed for APS-C cameras. It is the higher end kit lens for the Canon EOS 7D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24194182 | 283,901 |
Dehumidifier When water is chilled below the atmospheric dewpoint, atmospheric water will condense onto it faster than water evaporates from it. Spray dehumidifiers mix sprays of chilled water and air to capture atmospheric moisture. They also capture pollutants and contaminants like pollen, for which purpose they are sometimes called "air washers". Because window air conditioner units have condensers and expansion units, some of them can be used as makeshift dehumidifiers by sending their heat exhaust back into the same room as the cooled air, instead of the outside environment. If the condensate from the cooling coils is drained away from the room as it drips off the cooling coils, the result will be room air that is drier but slightly warmer. However, many window air conditioners are designed to dispose of condensate water by re-evaporating it into the exhaust air stream, which cancels out the air humidity decrease caused by the condensation of moisture on the cooling coils. To be effective as a dehumidifier, an air conditioner must be designed or modified so that most or all of the water that condenses is drained away in liquid form, rather than re-evaporated. Even if condensate is drained, a modified air conditioner is still less efficient than a single-purpose appliance with a design optimized for dehumidification. Dehumidifiers are designed to pass air directly over the cooling coils and then the heating coils in a single efficient pass through the device | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251975 | 355,927 |
Discretization We also assume that formula_39 is constant during the integral, which in turn yields which is an exact solution to the discretization problem. Exact discretization may sometimes be intractable due to the heavy matrix exponential and integral operations involved. It is much easier to calculate an approximate discrete model, based on that for small timesteps formula_41. The approximate solution then becomes: This is also known as Euler's method. Other possible approximations are formula_43 and formula_44. Each of them have different stability properties. The last one is known as the bilinear transform, or Tustin transform, and preserves the instability of the continuous-time system. In statistics and machine learning, discretization refers to the process of converting continuous features or variables to discretized or nominal features. This can be useful when creating probability mass functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=330017 | 391,713 |
Lean product development While some basic principles and guidelines are applicable across and Lean production (such as waste reduction), many applications of lean process for development have focused more on the production approach. The purpose of production is to manufacture products reliably within margins of control. The flow of value is physically evident, and the link between cause and effect is easy to see. For example, feedback on adjusting the speed of production is immediately realized in an increase or decrease in rejected items. Any decisions made must be based on best practice. On the other hand, the purpose of product development is to design new products that improve the lives of customers. This is a complex space where the flow of value can only be discerned at an abstract level and where cause and effect might be separated by time and space. For example, feedback on the decision to design a certain feature will not be received until the product has been built and is in the hands of the customer. This means that decisions are made on short-cycle experimentation, prototyping, set-based design, and emergent practice. A premium is placed on creating reusable knowledge and reducing risk at handover points. An essential point about these differences is summarized in the advice Jim Womack gives Harley Davidson: ""Don't try to bring lean manufacturing upstream to product development. The application of Lean in product development and manufacturing are different | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32173564 | 219,931 |
Entrepreneurship When non-routine strategies are needed, distrusting persons perform better, while when routine strategies are needed trusting persons perform better. Gudmundsson and Lechner extended this research to entrepreneurial firms. They argued that in entrepreneurial firms the threat of failure is ever-present, resembling non-routine situations in high-risk settings. They found that the firms of distrusting entrepreneurs were more likely to survive than the firms of optimistic or overconfident entrepreneurs. The reasons were that distrusting entrepreneurs would emphasize failure-avoidance through sensible task selection and more analysis. Kets de Vries has pointed out that distrusting entrepreneurs are more alert about their external environment. He concluded that distrusting entrepreneurs are less likely to discount negative events and are more likely to engage control mechanisms. Similarly, Gudmundsson and Lechner found that distrust leads to higher precaution and therefore increases chances of entrepreneurial-firm survival. Researchers Schoon and Duckworth completed a study in 2012 that could potentially help identify who may become an entrepreneur at an early age. They determined that the best measures to identify a young entrepreneur are family and social status, parental role-modeling, entrepreneurial competencies at age 10, academic attainment at age 10, generalized self-efficacy, social skills, entrepreneurial intention and experience of unemployment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18950003 | 485,762 |
Disaster recovery Preparedness measures for all categories and types of disasters fall into the five mission areas of prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. Recent research supports the idea that implementing a more holistic pre-disaster planning approach is more cost-effective in the long run. Every $1 spent on hazard mitigation (such as a disaster recovery plan) saves society $4 in response and recovery costs. 2015 disaster recovery statistics suggest that downtime lasting for one hour can cost As IT systems have become increasingly critical to the smooth operation of a company, and arguably the economy as a whole, the importance of ensuring the continued operation of those systems, and their rapid recovery, has increased. For example, of companies that had a major loss of business data, 43% never reopen and 29% close within two years. As a result, preparation for continuation or recovery of systems needs to be taken very seriously. This involves a significant investment of time and money with the aim of ensuring minimal losses in the event of a disruptive event. Control measures are steps or mechanisms that can reduce or eliminate various threats for organizations. Different types of measures can be included in a disaster recovery plan (DRP). planning is a subset of a larger process known as business continuity planning and includes planning for resumption of applications, data, hardware, electronic communications (such as networking), and other IT infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=640655 | 484,738 |
Talimogene laherparepvec More than 10% of people had edema, headache, cough, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, muscle pain, or joint pain. Between 1% and 10% developed cold sores, pain or infection in the lesion, anemia, immune mediated events (like vasculitis, pneumonia, worsening psoriasis, glomerulonephritis and vitiligo ), dehydration, confusion, anxiety, depression, dizziness, insomnia, ear pain, fast heart beating, deep vein thrombosis, high blood pressure, flushing, shortness of breath when exercising, sore throat, symptoms of the common cold, stomach pain, back pain, groin pain, weight loss, or oozing from the injection site. is taken up by normal cells and cancer cells like the wild type herpes simplex virus, it is cleared in the same way. directly destroys the cancer cells it infects, inducing a systemic immune response against the patient's cancer. The virus invades both cancerous and healthy cells, but it cannot productively replicate in healthy tissue because it lacks Infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5). When cells are infected with a virus they shut down and die, but ICP34.5 blocks this stress response, allowing the virus to hijack the cell's translation machinery to replicate itself. A herpesvirus lacking the gene coding for ICP34.5 cannot replicate in normal tissue. However, in many cancer cells the stress response is already disrupted, so a virus lacking ICP34.5 can still replicate in tumors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38686504 | 286,941 |
International Building Performance Simulation Association Recipients of the IBPSA Distinguished Achievement Award: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44409150 | 218,257 |
World Summit on the Information Society In such circumstance, recognizing that these challenges and opportunities require global discussion on the highest level, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), following a proposal by the government of Tunisia during ITU Plenipotentiary Conference in Minneapolis in 1998, approved Resolution 73 to hold a and put forward it to the United Nations. In 2001, the ITU Council decided to hold the Summit in two phases, the first from 10 to 12 December 2003, in Geneva, and the second from 16 to 18 November 2005 in Tunis. On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly by approving Resolution 56/183 endorsed the holding of the (WSIS) to discuss on information society opportunities and challenges. According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration to implement ICT to facilitate achieving Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasized on the multi-stakeholder approach to use all stakeholders including civil society and private sector beside the governments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=274322 | 245,100 |
Sydney Brenner According to the late Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they all travelled together in two cars once Dorothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see the model of the structure of DNA. Brenner made several seminal contributions to the emerging field of molecular biology in the 1960s (see Phage group). The first was to prove that all overlapping genetic coding sequences were impossible. This insight separated the coding function from structural constraints as proposed in a clever code by George Gamow. This led Francis Crick to propose the concept of the adaptor or as it is now known "transfer RNA (tRNA)". The physical separation between the anticodon and the amino acid on a tRNA is the basis for the unidirectional flow of information in coded biological systems. This is commonly known as the central dogma of molecular biology i.e. that information flows from nucleic acid to protein and never from protein to nucleic acid. Following this adaptor insight, Brenner proposed the concept of a messenger RNA, based on correctly interpreting the work of Elliot "Ken" Volkin and Larry Astrachan. Then, with Francis Crick, Leslie Barnett and Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner genetically demonstrated the triplet nature of the code of protein translation through the Crick, Brenner, Barnett, Watts-Tobin et al. experiment of 1961, which discovered frameshift mutations. This insight provided early elucidation of the nature of the genetic code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=379148 | 174,232 |
Librestream Technologies Inc. is a privately owned, venture capital–backed company based in Winnipeg, Canada. provides technologies that enable mobile enterprise collaboration. is notable in that its technology, consisting of unique hand-held mobile devices and accompanying software, extends traditional video conferencing and collaborative services to places previously unreachable such as an off-shore oil rig or a manufacturing plant floor a continent away. Mobile collaboration is a technology-based process of communicating utilizing electronic assets and accompanying software designed for use in remote locations. Newest generation hand-held electronic devices include video, audio, and telestration (on-screen drawing) capabilities broadcast over secure networks, enabling multi-party conferencing in real time. Differing from traditional video conferencing, mobile collaboration utilizes wireless, cellular and broadband technologies enabling effective collaboration independent of location. Where traditional video conferencing has been limited to boardrooms, offices, and lecture theatres, recent technological advancements have extended the capabilities of video conferencing for use with discreet, hand-held mobile devices, permitting true mobile collaborative possibilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31816986 | 273,071 |
Laves graph For each such pair, and each edge "uv" adjacent to "v" in "G", make an edge from ("v","w") to ("u","w" ± "ε") where "ε" is zero if "uv" belongs to the spanning tree and is otherwise the basis vector associated with "uv", and where the plus or minus sign is chosen according to the direction the edge is traversed. The resulting graph is independent of the choice of the spanning tree, and the same construction can also be interpreted more abstractly using the theory of homology. Using the same construction, the hexagonal tiling of the plane is the maximal abelian covering graph of the three-edge dipole graph, and the diamond cubic is the maximal abelian covering graph of the four-edge dipole. The "d"-dimensional integer lattice (with unit length edges) is the maximal abelian covering graph of a graph with one vertex and "d" self-loops. The is a cubic graph (there are exactly three edges at each vertex) and a symmetric graph (every incident pair of a vertex and an edge can be transformed into every other such pair by a symmetry of the graph). The girth of this structure is 10 — the shortest cycles in the graph have 10 vertices — and 15 of these cycles pass through each vertex. The cells of the Voronoi diagram of this structure are heptadecahedra with 17 faces each. They are plesiohedra, polyhedra that tile space isohedrally. Experimenting with the structures formed by these polyhedra led Alan Schoen to discover the gyroid minimal surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44557148 | 79,732 |
Holland Tunnel A bust of Holland sits outside the entrance to the westbound tube in Freeman Plaza. A business improvement district for the area, the Hudson Square Connection, was founded in 2009 with the goal of repurposing the square for pedestrian use. Hudson Square Connection and the Port Authority collaborated to create a five-year, $27 million master plan for Freeman Plaza. In 2013, Freeman Plaza West was opened to the public. Bounded by Hudson, Broome, and Watts Streets, it features umbrellas, bistro tables and chairs, and tree plantings. In 2014, Freeman Plaza East and Freeman Plaza North were opened on Varick and Broome Streets, respectively. The plazas contained chaise lounge chairs, bistro tables, and umbrellas. In 2016, the Hudson Square Connection added solar powered charging stations to both plazas, and introduced a summer lunchtime music series, called live@lunch. A statue by the artist Isamu Noguchi was also installed within the plaza. To the south of Freeman Plaza, between Varick, Watts, and Canal Streets, is the Holland Plaza Building, made a New York City designated landmark in 2013. Until the first decade of the 20th century, passage across the lower Hudson River was possible only by ferry. The first tunnels to be bored below the Hudson River were for railroad use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172243 | 359,099 |
Lichen Crustose and squamulose lichens have only an upper cortex, with the "inside" of the lichen in direct contact with the surface they grow on (the "substrate"). Even if the edges peel up from the substrate and appear flat and leaf-like, they lack a lower cortex, unlike foliose lichens. Filamentous, byssoid, leprose, gelatinous, and other lichens do not have a cortex, which is called being ecorticate. Fruticose, foliose, crustose, and squamulose lichens generally have up to three different types of tissue, differentiated by having different densities of fungal filaments. The top layer, where the lichen contacts the environment, is called a "cortex". The cortex is made of densely tightly woven, packed, and glued together (agglutinated) fungal filaments. The dense packing makes the cortex act like a protective "skin", keeping other organisms out, and reducing the intensity of sunlight on the layers below. The cortex layer can be up to several hundred micrometers (μm) in thickness (less than a millimeter). The cortex may be further topped by an epicortex of secretions, not cells, 0.6–1 μm thick in some lichens. This secretion layer may or may not have pores. Below the cortex layer is a layer called the "photobiontic layer" or "symbiont layer". The symbiont layer has less densely packed fungal filaments, with the photosynthetic partner embedded in them. The less dense packing allows air circulation during photosynthesis, similar to the anatomy of a leaf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172396 | 36,491 |
Human nutrition However, the nutrition of children in the region as a whole has degraded for the past ten years due to the increasing portion of underweight children in three populous nations – Iraq, Sudan, and Yemen. Forty six percent of all children in Yemen are underweight, a percentage that has worsened by 4% since 1990. In Yemen, 53% of children under five are stunted and 32% are born at low birth weight. Sudan has an underweight prevalence of 41%, and the highest proportion of wasted children in the region at 16%. One percent of households in Sudan consume iodized salt. Iraq has also seen an increase in child underweight since 1990. Djibouti, Jordan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT), Oman, the Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia are all projected to meet minimum nutrition goals, with OPT, Syrian AR, and Tunisia the fastest improving regions. This region demonstrates that undernutrition does not always improve with economic prosperity, where the United Arab Emirates, for example, despite being a wealthy nation, has similar child death rates due to malnutrition to those seen in Yemen. The East Asia/Pacific region has reached its goals on nutrition, in part due to the improvements contributed by China, the region's most populous country. China has reduced its underweight prevalence from 19 percent to 8 percent between 1990 and 2002. China played the largest role in the world in decreasing the rate of children under five underweight between 1990 and 2004, halving the prevalence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93827 | 192,723 |
Output impedance The output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being connected that is "internal" to the electrical source. The output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in voltage when the load draws current, the source network being the portion of the network that transmits and the load network being the portion of the network that consumes. Because of this the output impedance is sometimes referred to as the source impedance or internal impedance. All devices have some resistance and capacitance, and therefore no device can be a perfect source. The output impedance is often used to model the source's response to current flow. Some portion of the device's measured output impedance may not physically exist within the device; some are artifacts that are due to the chemical, thermodynamic, or mechanical properties of the source. This impedance can be imagined as an impedance in series with an ideal voltage source, or in parallel with an ideal current source ("see": Series and parallel circuits). Sources are modeled as ideal sources (ideal meaning sources that always keep the desired value) combined with their output impedance. The output impedance is defined as this modeled and/or real impedance in series with an ideal voltage source. Mathematically, current and voltage sources can be converted to each other using Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=643070 | 420,995 |
Foster Business Library During the fall, winter, and spring quarters, the library is open Mondays through Thursdays from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m., on Fridays from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturdays, and 1 to 10 p.m. on Sundays. Hours are extended during exam weeks and shortened during the summer quarter, university holidays, and between quarters. Foster Library provides computers, printers, scanners, study tables, and reservable group study rooms equipped with flat-panel displays. The Foster Library collection supports the study and practice of business management with books, periodicals, and research databases. The collection primarily includes material that supports professional practice and research in accounting, finance, management, marketing, information systems management, international business, operations management, and entrepreneurship. Complementary and similar materials are housed in other UW libraries, including Suzzallo-Allen Libraries, Odegaard Undergraduate Library, and the libraries at University of Washington Bothell and University of Washington Tacoma. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7535552 | 491,993 |
Warfarin People can be exposed to warfarin in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin absorption, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for warfarin exposure in the workplace as 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m, warfarin is immediately dangerous to life and health. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. is a derivative of dicoumarol, an anticoagulant originally discovered in spoiled sweet clover. Dicoumarol, in turn, is from coumarin, a sweet-smelling but coagulation-inactive chemical found in "sweet" clover and tonka beans (also known as "cumaru" from which coumarin's name derives). The name "warfarin" stems from its discovery at the University of Wisconsin, incorporating the acronym for the organization that funded the key research, "WARF" for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the ending "-arin", indicating its link with coumarin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 | 25,311 |
Immunity-aware programming Parity Checks only detect odd numbers of flipped bits. The even numbers of bit errors stay undetected. A possible improvement is the usage of both VRC and LRC, called Double Parity or Optimal Rectangular Code (ORC). Some microcontrollers feature a hardware CRC unit. A specific method of data redundancy is duplication, which can be applied in several ways, as described in the following: When the data is read out, the two sets of data are compared. A disturbance is detected if the two data sets are not equal. An error can be reported. If both sets of data are corrupted, a significant error can be reported and the system can react accordingly. In most cases, safety-critical applications have strict constraints in terms of memory occupation and system performance. The duplication of the whole set of variables and the introduction of a consistency check before every read operation represent the optimum choice from the fault coverage point of view. Duplication of the whole set of variables enables an extremely high percentage of faults to be covered by this software redundancy technique. On the other side, by duplicating a lower percentage of variables one can trade off the obtained fault coverage with the CPU time overhead. The experimental result shows that duplicating only 50% of the variables is enough to cover 85% of faults with a CPU time overhead of just 28% | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8008565 | 385,643 |
Alkaline earth metal The principal minerals are celestite and strontianite. Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral barite. Radium, being a decay product of uranium, is found in all uranium-bearing ores. Due to its relatively short half-life, radium from the Earth's early history has decayed, and present-day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium. Most beryllium is extracted from beryllium hydroxide. One production method is sintering, done by mixing beryl, sodium fluorosilicate, and soda at high temperatures to form sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide, and silicon dioxide. A solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water is then used to form beryllium hydroxide by precipitation. Alternatively, in the melt method, powdered beryl is heated to high temperature, cooled with water, then heated again slightly in sulfuric acid, eventually yielding beryllium hydroxide. The beryllium hydroxide from either method then produces beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride through a somewhat long process. Electrolysis or heating of these compounds can then produce beryllium. In general, strontium carbonate is extracted from the mineral celestite through two methods: by leaching the celestite with sodium carbonate, or in a more complicated way involving coal. To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to barium sulfide by carbothermic reduction (such as with coke) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37411 | 37,971 |
Emerging technologies Many medical researchers believe that stem cell treatments have the potential to change the face of human disease and alleviate suffering. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and give rise to subsequent generations with variable degrees of differentiation capacities offers significant potential for generation of tissues that can potentially replace diseased and damaged areas in the body, with minimal risk of rejection and side effects. Distributed ledger or blockchain technology provides a transparent and immutable list of transactions. A wide range of uses has been proposed for where an open, decentralised database is required, ranging from supply chains to cryptocurrencies. Smart contracts are self-executing transactions which occur when pre-defined conditions are met. The aim is to provide security that is superior to traditional contract law, and to reduce transaction costs and delays. The original idea was conceived by Nick Szabo in 1994, but remained unrealised until the development of blockchains. With technology being faster with delivering data with cloud computing, the medical field is taking advantage of this by creating digital health records. Since doctors recently created digital health records, this can greatly improve the efficiency, the hospital can have with patients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3889704 | 234,042 |
Euprymna scolopes fischeri" cells swim on towards the antechamber, a large epithelial-lined space, and colonize the narrow epithelial crypts. The bacteria thrive on the host-derived amino acids and sugars in the antechamber and quickly fill the crypt spaces within 10 to 12 hours after hatching. Every second, a juvenile squid ventilates about of ambient seawater through its mantle cavity. Only a single "A. fischeri" cell, one/1-millionth of the total volume, is present with each ventilation. The increased amino acids and sugars feed the metabolically demanding bioluminescence of the "A. fischeri", and in 12 hours, the bioluminescence peaks and the juvenile squid is able to counterilluminate less than a day after hatching. Bioluminescence demands a substantial amount of energy from a bacterial cell. It is estimated to demand 20% of a cell’s metabolic potential. Nonluminescent strains of "A. fischeri" would have a definite competitive advantage over the luminescent wild-type, however nonluminescent mutants are never found in the light organ of the "E. scolopes". In fact, experimental procedures have shown that removing the genes responsible for light production in "A. fischeri" drastically reduces colonization efficiency. Luminescent cells, with functioning luciferase, may have a higher affinity for oxygen than for peroxidases, thereby negating the toxic effects of the peroxidases. For this reason, bioluminescence is thought to have evolved as an ancient oxygen detoxification mechanism in bacteria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9547298 | 153,498 |
Artificial consciousness The emergentist multiple drafts principle proposed by Daniel Dennett in "Consciousness Explained" may be useful for prediction: it involves the evaluation and selection of the most appropriate "draft" to fit the current environment. Anticipation includes prediction of consequences of one's own proposed actions and prediction of consequences of probable actions by other entities. Relationships between real world states are mirrored in the state structure of a conscious organism enabling the organism to predict events. An artificially conscious machine should be able to anticipate events correctly in order to be ready to respond to them when they occur or to take preemptive action to avert anticipated events. The implication here is that the machine needs flexible, real-time components that build spatial, dynamic, statistical, functional, and cause-effect models of the real world and predicted worlds, making it possible to demonstrate that it possesses artificial consciousness in the present and future and not only in the past. In order to do this, a conscious machine should make coherent predictions and contingency plans, not only in worlds with fixed rules like a chess board, but also for novel environments that may change, to be executed only when appropriate to simulate and control the real world. Subjective experiences or qualia are widely considered to be "the" hard problem of consciousness. Indeed, it is held to pose a challenge to physicalism, let alone computationalism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=195552 | 138,420 |
Discovery and development of ACE inhibitors Later, the researchers compared a few mercaptoacyl amino acid inhibitors and concluded that the binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme involved a hydrogen bond between a donor site on the enzyme and the oxygen of the amide carbonyl, much like predicted for the substrates. The most common adverse effects of Captopril, skin rash and loss of taste, are the same as caused by mercapto-containing penicillamine. Therefore, a group of researchers aimed at finding potent, selective ACE inhibitors that wouldn't contain a mercapto (SH) function and would have a weaker chelating function. They returned to work with carboxyl compounds and started working with substituted "N"-carboxymethyl-dipeptides as a general structure (R-CHCOOH-A-A). According to previous research they assumed that cyclic imino acids would result in good potency if substituted on the carboxyl terminus of the dipeptide. Therefore, substituting A with proline gave good results. They also noted that according to the enzyme's specificity imino acids in the position next to the carboxyl terminus would not give a potent compound. Also noticeable is that by substituting R and A groups with hydrophobic and basic residues would give a potent compound. By substituting –NH in the general structure resulted in loss of potency which is consistent to the enzyme's need for a –NH in corresponding position on the substrates. The results were 2 active inhibitors: Enalaprilat and Lisinopril | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14257881 | 81,081 |
DO-254 A widely used industry mnemonic for the difference is: While simple electronic hardware (SEH) is within the scope of DO-254/ED-80, its guidance on the subject has been considered inadequate among applicants seeking certification of simple electronic hardware. The Certification Authorities Software Team published the Position Paper CAST-30, "Simple Electronic Hardware and RTCA Document and EUROCAE Document ED-80", to provide clarification to the guidance for simple electronic hardware. This clarification was amplified as FAA guidance in FAA Order 8110.105. Essentially, for simple electronic hardware, the verification through “comprehensive combination of deterministic testing and analysis” that justifies the simple classification needs to be defined, performed, and recorded. However, the appropriate "rigor and thoroughness" of that verification depends on the hardware design assurance level. For Level A/B, test coverage analysis should confirm that all nodes and interconnections have been exercised (comparable to DO-178C structural coverage objectives), while for Level C it is only needed to demonstrate correct operation under all combinations and permutations of conditions of applied only to the inputs of the device (black box), and Level D testing can be accomplished through indirect tests applied to the system that has the item installed. If certification as a simple electronic device is sought, minimal documentation still should be submitted | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3296562 | 109,149 |
Wire wrap was invented to wire telephone crossbar switches, and later adapted to construct electronic circuit boards. Electronic components mounted on an insulating board are interconnected by lengths of insulated wire run between their terminals, with the connections made by wrapping several turns of uninsulated sections of the wire around a component lead or a socket pin. Wires can be wrapped by hand or by machine, and can be hand-modified afterwards. It was popular for large-scale manufacturing in the 1960s and early 1970s, and continues today to be used for short runs and prototypes. The method eliminates the design and fabrication of a printed circuit board. Wire wrapping is unusual among other prototyping technologies since it allows for complex assemblies to be produced by automated equipment, but then easily repaired or modified by hand. construction can produce assemblies which are more reliable than printed circuits: connections are less prone to fail due to vibration or physical stresses on the base board, and the lack of solder precludes soldering faults such as corrosion, cold joints and dry joints. The connections themselves are firmer and have lower electrical resistance due to cold welding of the wire to the terminal post at the corners. was used for assembly of high frequency prototypes and small production runs, including gigahertz microwave circuits and supercomputers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65897 | 380,735 |
Absinthin While terpenoids like can be said to consist of isoprene "units," isoprene by itself is unstable and does not react directly. Rather, the isoprene units are transferred and reacted as diphosphates. As the nomenclature for terpenes suggests, the first precursor farnesyl diphosphate [A] contains 15 carbons, or 3 isoprene units. Diphosphate departure (1) generates a carbo-cation within the synthase, which can then be attacked by a carbon-carbon double bond at the opposing end of the molecule (2). The first stable intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway in Artemisia is likely Germacrene A [B], which has been previously identified in plant sesquiterpene pathways as a precursor to guaianolides. From there, hydroxylation (3) occurs, followed by oxidation (4) to an aldehyde directly followed by further hydroxylation (5) and formation of a carboxyl group. It is important to note the disappearance of the terminal carbon-carbon double bond after (4), as the reduction of this bond in the final product differentiates the monomer from other Germacrene A downstream products. This reduction does not necessarily occur at step (4), but may occur further downstream. With the carboxyl and hydroxyl group in position, the guaiano-lactone [C] formation via dehydration (7) can occur, as proposed for a general guaianolide pathway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23189674 | 19,515 |
Master of biological sciences A Master of Science in Biological Sciences is a specific degree to a Master's Degree in the field of the Biological Sciences. This is a higher degree taken up in the Graduate School provided by a university. This degree is usually specific to those who have accomplished their undergraduate studies in any field under the Natural Sciences. The advancement in the study of this field offers a lot more specific fields of study such as Plant Biology, Molecular Biology, and Animal Biology. It requires at least 2 years of graduate studies. It may or may not require any thesis or research work, depending on the program offered by the university. There are laboratory works, lectures, and research works involved in this degree. There are also examinations given to the graduate students. After one has finished their Master in Biological Sciences, they can become a researcher, a professor for undergraduate studies, or they can also pursue a higher education in Doctoral Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24260834 | 10,853 |
Renix (Electronique) was a joint venture by Renault and Bendix that designed and manufactured automobile electronic ignitions, fuel injection systems, electronic automatic transmission controls, and various engine sensors. Major applications included various Renault and Volvo vehicles. The name became synonymous in the U.S. with the computer and fuel injection system used on the AMC/Jeep 2.5 L I4 and 4.0 L I6 engines. The term also has a number of applications. In certain carburetor equipped Renault and Volvo models, it provides an electronic ignition system, consisting of an engine control unit (ECU) to replace the job of contact breaker points in the distributor. The system uses an angle sensor and a number of fuel sensors to provide a maintenance-free ignition system. The ECU is sealed and cannot be serviced, and the EPROM cannot be re-programmed. Later, the name was synonymous with a form of fuel injection. In such an application, it consisted of an ECU and a number of sensors. It was first seen in engines produced by Renault (Renault 21, 25, and Espace) in and capacities. It is better known in America for its application in the AMC 4.0 L displacing straight-6 engines. Production began by American Motors (AMC) with the 1987 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) models. It was preceded by the AMC Computerized Engine Control, and followed by Chrysler's Mopar MPI system. Electronique S.A., was established in 1981 as a joint venture by Renault with 51% interest and Bendix with 49% that was headquartered in Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7712632 | 103,284 |
Stevens Award The is a software engineering lecture award given by the Reengineering Forum, an industry association. The international was created to recognize outstanding contributions to the literature or practice of methods for software and systems development. The first award was given in 1995. The presentations focus on the current state of software methods and their direction for the future. This award lecture is named in memory of Wayne Stevens (1944-1993), a consultant, author, pioneer, and advocate of the practical application of software methods and tools. The and lecture is managed by the Reengineering Forum. The award was founded by International Workshop on Computer Aided Software Engineering (IWCASE), an international workshop association of users and developers of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technology, which merged into The Reengineering Forum. Wayne Stevens was a charter member of the IWCASE executive board. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8881415 | 216,634 |
Facilitated variation The theory of facilitated variation is supported by computational analyses of the evolution of regulatory networks. These studies confirm that phenotypic variability can be directed towards phenotypes with high fitness even when mutations are randomly distributed, and even when challenged with novel environmental conditions. Parter et al. demonstrate how key elements of facilitated variation theory, such as weak regulatory linkage, modularity, and reduced pleiotropy of mutations, evolve spontaneously under realistic conditions. In the classical Darwinian view, a large number of successive mutations, each selected for its usefulness to the survival of the organism, is required to produce novel structures such as wings, limbs, or the brain. Alternatively, facilitated variation asserts that the physiological adaptability of core processes and properties such as weak linkage and exploratory processes enable proteins, cells, and body structures to interact in numerous ways that can lead to the creation of novelty with a limited number of genes, and a limited number of mutations. Therefore, the role of mutations is often to change how, where, and when the genes are expressed during the development of the embryo and adult. The burden of creativity in evolution does not rest on selection alone. Through its ancient repertoire of core processes, the current phenotype of the animal determines the kind, amount, and viability of phenotypic variation the animal can produce in response to regulatory change | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2998760 | 147,966 |
Brazilian packaging market PET is the second most recycled packaging material in Brazil with 54% of PET having been recycled in 2014. However, due to lower production costs this rate is yet much smaller than the percentage of recycled aluminum. Given its very low production costs as well as the more expensive processes needed to recycle the material, plastics exhibit the lowest recycling rate among the most common packaging materials. The Brazilian beauty care and cosmetics brand Sejaa serves as an example for products that use recycled packaging. Sejaa, which was launched by Brazilian fashion model Gisele Bündchen uses fibers consisting to 100% of recycled post-consumer waste paper and is Forest Stewardship certified. Another example is Brazilian pulp and paper manufacturer Suzano, which since 2012 produces paperboard made from Post consumer resin (PCR) by extracting fibers from long life packaging such as milk cartons. In 2012, more than one third of recycled PET was used as polyesters for the textile industry. Roughly one quarter of recycled PET was processed to alkyds, that is, synthetic resins which are mostly used as varnish, while packaging accounted for 18% of recycled PET. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48650819 | 473,421 |
Activation energy In chemistry and physics, activation energy is the energy which must be provided to a chemical or nuclear system with potential reactants to result in: a chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or various other physical phenomena. The activation energy ("E") of a reaction is measured in joules per mole (J/mol), kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). can be thought of as the magnitude of the potential barrier (sometimes called the energy barrier) separating minima of the potential energy surface pertaining to the initial and final thermodynamic state. For a chemical reaction, or division to proceed at a reasonable rate, the temperature of the system should be high enough such that there exists an appreciable number of molecules with translational energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. The term Activation Energy was introduced in 1889 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius. The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the equation, the activation energy can be found through the relation where "A" is the pre-exponential factor for the reaction, "R" is the universal gas constant, "T" is the absolute temperature (usually in kelvins), and "k" is the reaction rate coefficient. Even without knowing "A", "E" can be evaluated from the variation in reaction rate coefficients as a function of temperature (within the validity of the Arrhenius equation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38413 | 38,167 |
Water heating Depending on how electricity is generated, overall efficiency may be much lower. For example, in a traditional coal plant, only about 30–35% of the energy in the coal ends up as electricity on the other end of the generator. Losses on the electrical grid (including line losses and voltage transformation losses) reduce electrical efficiency further. According to data from the Energy Information Administration, transmission and distribution losses in 2005 consumed 6.1% of net generation. In contrast, 90% of natural gas’ energy value is delivered to the consumer. (In neither case is the energy expended exploring, developing and extracting coal or natural gas resources included in the quoted efficiency numbers.) Gas tankless water heaters shall have an energy factor of 82% or greater under the 2015 standards, which corresponds to the pre-2015 Energy Star standard. Water heaters potentially can explode and cause significant damage, injury, or death if certain safety devices are not installed. A safety device called a temperature and pressure relief (T&P or TPR) valve, is normally fitted on the top of the water heater to dump water if the temperature or pressure becomes too high. Most plumbing codes require that a discharge pipe be connected to the valve to direct the flow of discharged hot water to a drain, typically a nearby floor drain, or outside the living space. Some building codes allow the discharge pipe to terminate in the garage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=521801 | 368,515 |
Session border controller A session border controller (SBC) is a network element deployed to protect SIP based voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks. Early deployments of SBCs were focused on the borders between two service provider networks in a peering environment. This role has now expanded to include significant deployments between a service provider's access network and a backbone network to provide service to residential and/or enterprise customers. The term "session" refers to a communication between two parties – in the context of telephony, this would be a call. Each call consists of one or more call signaling message exchanges that control the call, and one or more call media streams which carry the call's audio, video, or other data along with information of call statistics and quality. Together, these streams make up a session. It is the job of a session border controller to exert influence over the data flows of sessions. The term "border" refers to a point of demarcation between one part of a network and another. As a simple example, at the edge of a corporate network, a firewall demarcates the local network (inside the corporation) from the rest of the Internet (outside the corporation). A more complex example is that of a large corporation where different departments have security needs for each location and perhaps for each kind of data. In this case, filtering routers or other network elements are used to control the flow of data streams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1491198 | 109,414 |
Open Bionics Open Bionics, founded in 2014, is a UK based company developing low-cost bionic hands. It is based inside Future Space, co-located with Bristol Robotics Laboratory. In 2015 Disney and the company announced a partnership to create superhero-themed prosthetics for young amputees. In the same year, the company won a James Dyson Award for innovative engineering 2015 and a Tech4Good award. In 2016 it won a Bloomberg Business Innovators award. In January 2019, James Cameron and 20th Century Fox partnered with to give 13-year-old double amputee Tilly Lockey a pair of Alita-inspired bionic Hero Arms for the London premiere of "". Lockey lost both of her hands when she contracted meningococcal septicemia at 15 months of age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49312388 | 214,311 |
Zinc finger protein 613 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF613 gene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49253215 | 157,805 |
Amylolytic process The amylolytic process is used in the brewing of alcohol from grains. Since grains contain starches but little to no simple sugars, the sugar needed to produce alcohol is derived from starch via the amylolytic process. In beer brewing, this is done through malting. In sake brewing, the mold Aspergillus oryzae provides amylolysis, and in Tapai, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5657385 | 77,681 |
Herbimycin is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic that binds to Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) and alters its function. Hsp90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis. It was originally found by its herbicidal activity, and thus named. The most recent herbimycins to be discovered, herbimycins D-F, were isolated from a "Streptomyces" isolated from thermal vents associated with the Ruth Mullins coal fire in Appalachian Kentucky. induces the degradation of proteins that are need to be mutated in tumor cells such as v-Src, Bcr-Abl and p53 preferentially over their normal cellular counterparts. This effect is mediated via Hsp90. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10792481 | 182,852 |
Prophase If chromosomes do not need to re-condense, prophase II often proceeds very quickly as is seen in the model organism Arabidopsis. The most notable difference between prophase in plant cells and animal cells occurs because plant cells lack centrioles. The organization of the spindle apparatus is associated instead with foci at opposite poles of the cell or is mediated by chromosomes. Another notable difference is preprophase, an additional step in plant mitosis that results in formation of the preprophase band, a structure composed of microtubules. In mitotic prophase I of plants, this band disappears. I in meiosis is the most complex iteration of prophase that occurs in both plant cells and animal cells. To ensure pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination of genetic material occurs properly, there are cellular checkpoints in place. The meiotic checkpoint network is a DNA damage response system that controls double strand break repair, chromatin structure, and the movement and pairing of chromosomes. The system consists of multiple pathways (including the meiotic recombination checkpoint) that prevent the cell from entering metaphase I with errors due to recombination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=145563 | 193,071 |
Motor soft starter A motor soft starter is a device used with AC electrical motors to temporarily reduce the load and torque in the power train and electric current surge of the motor during start-up. This reduces the mechanical stress on the motor and shaft, as well as the electrodynamic stresses on the attached power cables and electrical distribution network, extending the lifespan of the system. It can consist of mechanical or electrical devices, or a combination of both. Mechanical soft starters include clutches and several types of couplings using a fluid, magnetic forces, or steel shot to transmit torque, similar to other forms of torque limiter. Electrical soft starters can be any control system that reduces the torque by temporarily reducing the voltage or current input, or a device that temporarily alters how the motor is connected in the electric circuit. Across-the line starting of induction motors is accompanied by inrush currents up to 7-10 times higher than running current, and starting torque up to 3 times higher than running torque. The increased torque results in sudden mechanical stress on the machine which leads to a reduced service life. Moreover, the high inrush current stresses the power supply, which may lead to voltage dips. As a result, lifespan of sensitive equipment may be reduced. A soft starter eliminates the undesired side effects. Several types based on control of the supply voltage or mechanical devices such as slip clutches were developed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8145633 | 406,482 |
Metzler paradox In economics, the (named after the American economist Lloyd Metzler) is the theoretical possibility that the imposition of a tariff on imports may reduce the relative internal price of that good. It was proposed by Lloyd Metzler in 1949 upon examination of tariffs within the Heckscher–Ohlin model. The paradox has roughly the same status as immiserizing growth and a transfer that makes the recipient worse off. The strange result could occur if the exporting country's offer curve is very inelastic. In this case, the tariff lowers the duty-free cost of the price of the import by such a great degree that the effect of the improvement of the tariff-imposing countries' terms of trade on relative prices exceeds the amount of the tariff. Such a tariff would not protect the industry competing with the imported goods. It is deemed to be unlikely in practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20188411 | 513,146 |
Mojette Transform In many countries, bean is a basic educational tool representing an exact unit that teaches visually additions and subtractions. Therefore, the choice of the name "Mojette" serves to emphasize the fact that the transform uses only exact unit in additions and subtractions. There is an old French saying in Vendee: "counting his mojettes", meaning to know how to count his money. It is quite amazing that in the English-speaking world, the words "bean counter" refers to a non-zealous official making additions. An old English expression says "he knows how many beans make five", which means: "He knows his stuff". The original purpose of the was to create a discrete tool to divide the Fourier plane into angular and radial sectors. The first attempt of application was the psychovisual encoding of image, reproducing the human vision channel. However, it was never realized. The "raw" transform Mojette definition is this: formula_1 The following figure 1 helps to explain the “raw” transform Mojette. We start with the function f represented by 16 pixels from p1 to p16. The possible values of the function at the point (k, l) are different according to the applications. This can be a binary value of 0 or 1 that it often used to differentiate the object and the background. This can be a ternary value as in the Mojette game. This can be also a finite set of integers value from 0 to (n-1), or more often we take a set of cardinality equal to a power of 2 or a prime number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35164689 | 379,102 |
Diesel generator Ships often also employ diesel generators, sometimes not only to provide auxiliary power for lights, fans, winches etc., but also indirectly for main propulsion. With electric propulsion the generators can be placed in a convenient position, to allow more cargo to be carried. Electric drives for ships were developed before World War I. Electric drives were specified in many warships built during World War II because manufacturing capacity for large reduction gears was in short supply, compared to capacity for manufacture of electrical equipment. Such a diesel-electric arrangement is also used in some very large land vehicles such as railroad locomotives. Generating sets are selected based on the electrical load they are intended to supply, the electrical load's characteristics such as kW, kVA, var, harmonic content, surge currents (e.g., motor starting current) and non-linear loads. The expected duty (such as emergency, prime or continuous power) as well as environmental conditions (such as altitude, temperature and exhaust emissions regulations) must also be considered. Most of the larger generator set manufacturers offer software that will perform the complicated sizing calculations by simply inputting site conditions and connected electrical load characteristics. One or more diesel generators operating without a connection to an electrical grid are referred to as operating in island mode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3291660 | 427,052 |
ReAction! Chemistry in the Movies (2009, ) is a nonfiction book about movies, chemistry, and chemistry in the movies by Chemistry Professor Mark Griep and Artist Marjorie Mikasen published by Oxford University Press USA. The authors were awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grant in the area of Public Understanding of Science to research and write the book. This book is about the chemistry when it is part of the narrative. Most of the examples are contemporary popular feature films while some are documentaries, shorts, silents, and international films. The book uses the dualities personified by the benevolent Dr. Jekyll on one hand and the evil Mr. Hyde on the other to describe how chemists and chemistry are portrayed in the movies. There are 10 chapters, the first five of which have dark chemical themes and the second five of which have bright chemical themes. The chapter titles are: According to several reviews, the book's strength is when it explores what might be the real chemicals that inspired the fictional compounds found in certain movies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23183722 | 19,510 |
Neochromosome A neochromosome is a chromosome that is not normally found in nature. Cancer-associated neochromosomes are found in some cancer cells. Neochromosomes have also been created using genetic engineering techniques. Cancer-associated neochromosomes are giant supernumerary chromosomes. They harbor the mutations that drive certain cancers (highly amplified copies of key oncogenes, such as MDM2, CDK4, HMGA2). They may be circular or linear chromosomes. They have functional centromeres, and telomeres when linear. They are rare overall, being found in about 3% of cancers, but are common in certain rare cancers. For example, they are found in 90% of parosteal osteosarcomas. Neochromosomes from well- and de-differentiated liposarcoma have been studied at high resolution by isolation (using flow sorting) and sequencing, as well as microscopy. They consist of hundreds of fragments of DNA, often derived from multiple normal chromosomes, stitched together randomly, and contain high levels of DNA amplification (~30-60 copies of some genes). Using statistical inference and mathematical modelling, the process of how neochromosomes initially form and evolve has been made clearer. Fragments of DNA, produced following chromothriptic shattering of chromosome 12 undergo DNA repair to form of a circular or ring chromosome. This undergoes hundreds of circular breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, causing random amplification and deletion of DNA with selection for the amplification of key oncogenes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44370851 | 225,240 |
History of AC power plugs and sockets Hubbell's catalogue of 1906 includes various three-way adaptors similar to those shown in the US 776,326 patent, but modified for use with the coplanar flat pin plugs. The Chapman receptacle must have been in general use at the time, as it was the only type of non-lampholder receptacle for which adaptors were supplied. The 1906 catalogue says of the Chapman adaptor: "The device avoids fastening the cords together as is necessary with the ordinary Chapman plug when used for more than one purpose." This suggests that Hubbell's original invention was prompted by his observation of the problem that arose with the use of this sort of receptacle and plug. Gradually wall sockets were developed to supplement those that screwed into lampholders. In 1912 Hubbell rotated his tandem pins by 90 degrees to arrive at the parallel flat pin configuration still widely used today (NEMA 1-15). A feature common to all of Hubbell's patented designs is the provision of detents to retain a plug in its socket. This would have been a desirable feature in the days before wall receptacles became widespread and, for many consumers, the only source of electricity was an electric light socket. Despite Hubbel's objections, other manufacturers adopted the Hubbell pattern (omitting Hubbell's detents as these did not affect interchangeability) and by 1915 the use of Hubbell's configuration was widespread | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57592739 | 391,054 |
Dynamical pictures Transforming the Schwinger–Tomonaga equation into the language of the density matrix (or equivalently, transforming the von Neumann equation into the interaction picture) gives: The interaction picture does not always exist. In interacting quantum field theories, Haag's theorem states that the interaction picture does not exist. This is because the Hamiltonian cannot be split into a free and an interacting part within a superselection sector. Moreover, even if in the Schrödinger picture the Hamiltonian does not depend on time, e.g. , in the interaction picture it does, at least, if does not commute with , since | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40428588 | 435,669 |
Bodily integrity Methods of increasing children's sense of bodily autonomy include: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states the following: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation". Activists who oppose genital modification and mutilation define themselves as intactivists (a portmanteau of "intact" and "activist") or genital integrity activists, who strive to defend the rights of male, female, and intersex children and babies to keep their sex organs intact, to raise awareness about the forced genital mutilations and to prohibit genital mutilation and involuntary or forced circumcision on children internationally. Various organisations have been set up specifically for the purpose, other organisations have stated their support for the movement. Some intactivists consider themselves to be an LGBT social movement, and have participated in LGBT pride parades ever since 2006. In North America, the genital integrity movement primarily focuses on non-therapeutic circumcision of male infants and children and to a lesser but still prevalent extent, intersex surgery. Intactivists also promote bodily integrity and tend to have little or no issue with consenting and informed adults undergoing surgery, since their main concern is to secure children from genital mutilations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31601107 | 502,879 |
Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme The system has the capacity to provide water to other industrial users, agricultural users and to supplement drinking water supplies in Wivenhoe Dam. Testing of the pipeline to Wivenhoe Dam has been conducted, however in November 2008, Premier Anna Bligh declared that recycled water will not enter the dam unless levels drop to below 40%. As of May 2009, the three power stations are the main customers of the recycled water, consuming per day. Since coming online in August 2007, through to July 2010, the has supplied more than of water into the SEQ Water Grid. In January 2013 it was reported that the Newman government was considering shutting down part or all of the scheme. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17393733 | 313,622 |
Founder Group PKU Founder IT Group (北大方正信产集团) is a leader in China's IT industry, possessing more than a dozen technological enterprises, two of which employ 15,000 employees. Its subsidiary, Founder Technology, is the second largest personal computer distributor in China. The industry group covers a wide range of products; from software and industrial solutions to the mobile internet, PCB, semiconductors, hardware, and value-added services. In 2003, Founder Group, in collaboration with Peking University, established the PKU Healthcare Group (), and immediately began work on the Peking University International Hospital project. In the same year, the Group acquired Southwest Synthetic Pharmaceutical (now PKU Healthcare). With the help of PKU Health Science Center, PKU Healthcare has developed its own hospital network and is now a leading figure in China's healthcare and pharmaceuticals industry. As at 31 December 2015 PKU Healthcare Group owned 40.38% shares of PKU Healthcare (). PKU Resource Group () is a real estate holding group specializing in real estate development, education investment, commercial real estate operations, and property management. Since 2013, part of the assets were backdoor listed as Peking University Resources (Holdings). Incorporated in 1992, PKU Resource Group itself is currently 40% owned by Peking University and 30% by Founder Group. However, Peking University entrusted to manage the company. An additional 30% was owned by a third party () | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3477669 | 124,787 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.