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Geoffrey Wilkinson In 1980 he was awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bath. Imperial College London named a new hall of residence after him, which opened in October 2009. Wilkinson Hall is named in his honour. Wilkinson was married to Lise and the father to two daughters, Anne and Pernille. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1249023 | 50,054 |
C16H14O4 The molecular formula CHO (molar mss : 270.28 g/mol, exact mass : 270.089209 u) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24423666 | 31,036 |
Listing and approval use and compliance Even an organisation that is nationally accredited for testing purposes may not necessarily issue test reports that provide assurance that commercial products tested by it are the same as what is being sold or used by the public. Safety related products undergo product certification to enable their use by the public. The value of testing by organizations without accreditation for product certification is based on faith in the organisation or its ethics, or culpability. In countries in which a national authority is a present (e.g., the United States), the listings provided by large well established third-party testing and certification companies are accepted as the societal standard. In such cases, the link to the building code is through regional standards, such as the Uniform Building Code, or the Standard Building Code. Manufacturers of products routinely test their own products and competitors' products for their own purposes, as it makes good fiscal sense to test in one's own lab before incurring the costs of a third party facility. Product certification involves testing a product to a test standard that is accepted in the region in which the product will be sold. For instance, in the case of a firestop, Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada ULC-S115 is the test method that must be used by a laboratory whose tests are to be accepted in Canada. ULC is nationally accredited in Canada to write standards, test products and to certify products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4693243 | 357,716 |
Drum tower (Asia) The term drum tower () is used to refer to a tower in the center of an old Chinese city, housing signal drums. There was usually also a Bell tower nearby. For individual towers, see: Drum towers can be found in a number of Buddhist temples in China and other countries of the region. The drum tower often being located in the symbolic center of a city, downtown districts of several Chinese cities have been named after the tower; see Gulou (disambiguation) for a list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18783345 | 308,379 |
Magnesium transporter This transporter has recently had its structure solved by x-ray crystallography. The MgtE gene was first identified by Smith "et al." (1995) during a screen for CorA-like proteins in bacteria and complements the Mg-uptake-deficient "S. typhimurium" strain MM281 (corA mgtA mgtB), restoring wild type growth on standard media. The kinetics of Mg transport for the protein were not determined, as Mg was unavailable. As a substitute, the uptake of Co was measured and was shown to have a km of 82 μM and a Vmax of 354 pmol min 10 cells. Mg was a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 50 μM—the Ki of Mg inhibition of Co uptake via CorA is 10 μM. A comparison of the available kinetic data for MgtA and CorA is shown in the table. Clearly, MgtE does not transport Co to the same degree as CorA, and the inhibition of transport by Mg is also less efficient, which suggests that the affinity of MgtE for Mg is lower than that of CorA. The strongest inhibitor of Co uptake was Zn, with a Ki of 20 μM. The transport of Zn by this protein may be as important as that of Mg. The table shows a comparison of the transport kinetics of MgtE and CorA, and key kinetic parameter values for them are listed. As shown, the data has been generated at differing incubation temperatures. km and Ki are not significantly altered by the differing incubation temperature. Conversely, Vmax shows a strong positive correlation with temperature, hence the value of Co Vmax for MgtE is not directly comparable with the values for CorA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3474896 | 61,322 |
Dominance (genetics) A dominant or recessive allele may account for any of these trait types. Dominance does not determine whether an allele is deleterious, neutral or advantageous. However, selection must operate on genes indirectly through phenotypes, and dominance affects the exposure of alleles in phenotypes, and hence the rate of change in allele frequencies under selection. Deleterious recessive alleles may persist in a population at low frequencies, with most copies carried in heterozygotes, at no cost to those individuals. These rare recessives are the basis for many hereditary genetic disorders. Dominance is also unrelated to the distribution of alleles in the population. Both dominant and recessive alleles can be extremely common or extremely rare. In genetics, symbols began as algebraic placeholders. When one allele is dominant to another, the oldest convention is to symbolize the dominant allele with a capital letter. The recessive allele is assigned the same letter in lower case. In the pea example, once the dominance relationship between the two alleles is known, it is possible to designate the dominant allele that produces a round shape by a capital-letter symbol R, and the recessive allele that produces a wrinkled shape by a lower-case symbol r. The homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes are then written RR, Rr, and rr, respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68300 | 185,113 |
Variational asymptotic method Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) is a powerful mathematical approach to simplify the process of finding stationary points for a described functional by taking an advantage of small parameters. VAM is the synergy of variational principles and asymptotic approaches, variational principles are applied to the defined functional as well as the asymptotes are applied to the same functional instead of applying on differential equations due to its less prone to errors. This methodology is applicable for whole range of physics problems, where the problem has to be defined in a variational form and should be able to identify the small parameters within the problem definition. In other words, VAM can be applicable where the functional is so complex in determining the stationary points either by analytical or by computationally expensive numerical analysis with an advantage of small parameters. Thus, approximate stationary points in the functional can be utilized to obtain the original functional. VAM was first initiated by Berdichevsky in 1979 for shell analysis. He has been applied VAM to develope nonlinear shell theory in 1980 and for the beams in 1982. This method can completely justify as a right tool in constructing accurate models for dimensionally reducible structures and in analyzing geometric and material nonlinear models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56926089 | 450,694 |
Old Barn (Canton, Massachusetts) The Old Barn is a historic barn off Blue Hill River Road in Canton, Massachusetts. Based on the construction methods used, it is estimated to have been built between 1690 and 1720, and is the oldest building on Brookwood Farm. It is currently undergoing a major restoration undertaken by the North Bennet Street School. They have removed the oldest section for major work to repair rot and insect damage. It is expected to be returned to the site in 2010 or 2011. All of the photographs here are of the portions of the barn built after the original barn. The barn was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Old Barn on September 25, 1980. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22050469 | 341,110 |
Snowden (film) government's attempts to arrest him for espionage. The U.S. government had revoked his passport while Snowden was trying to reach South America. Gordon-Levitt described Snowden as a person who is akin to Philippe Petit, whom Gordon-Levitt played in the 2015 film "The Walk". Problems arose in Russia, however, as companies that were affiliated with the U.S. refused to become involved in the project, and no studio was ready to support it. It became extremely difficult for Stone, who had to finance everything along with the producer. Eventually, financing came through from France and Germany, and the film ended up being shot in Germany as a German production, with contracts being signed eight days before production began. Since the budget was too tight, Stone had to miss the funeral of his mother, who had died in America while filming was occurring in Germany. Going back to America would have meant that Stone would have had to cut four days of work, which he said he could not afford to do. On September 21, 2014, Joseph Gordon-Levitt was in talks to play Edward Snowden, the American computer professional who leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) to the mainstream media starting in June 2013. On November 10, 2014, news confirmed that Gordon-Levitt would be starring in the lead role. On November 14, 2014, Shailene Woodley was in final talks to join the film, to play Snowden's girlfriend, Lindsay Mills. On February 2, 2015, Scott Eastwood joined the cast to play an NSA agent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45322449 | 239,408 |
Syndicalism Strikes increased in frequency, numbers of workers involved, and duration. According to van der Linden and Thorpe, syndicalism was only one way this radicalization expressed itself. In the United Kingdom, for example, the period from 1910 to 1914 became known as the Great Labour Unrest. Many historians see syndicalism as a consequence of this unrest, but Elie Halévy and the politician Lord Robert Cecil claim it was its cause. Employers in France likewise blamed an upsurge in workers' militancy in the same period on syndicalist leaders. was further encouraged by employers' hostility to workers' actions. The economist Ernesto Screpanti hypothesized that strike waves such as the one from 1911 to 1922 generally occur during the upper turning-points of the periodic global long cycles of boom and bust known as Kondratieff waves. Such waves of proletarian insurgency, claims Screpanti, were global in reach, saw workers breaking free of the dynamics of the capitalist system, and aimed to overthrow that system. According to van der Linden and Thorpe, workers' radicalization manifested itself in their rejection of the dominant strategies in the, mostly socialist, labor movement, which was led by reformist trade unions and socialist parties. Lenin posited that "revolutionary syndicalism in many countries was a direct and inevitable result of opportunism, reformism and parliamentary cretinism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 | 516,522 |
Albert Kahn Associates Albert Kahn established the Detroit firm in 1895 and was its first and only employee then. In 1896, Kahn took on two partners: George Nettleton and Alexander Trowbridge. All three were architects at the time with the architectural firm Mason & Rice in Detroit. The firm they opened in January 1896 was initially called "Nettleton, Kahn, and Trowbridge". At the time there was an abundance of design jobs available. Mason & Rice even referred some of their work to Kahn's new firm when they had more than they could handle. The firm's first large design job in Detroit was to design Children's Hospital of Michigan. Its next major project came in 1898 from James E. Scripps to design an elaborate library with an art gallery. The Scripps Library and Museum was located adjacent to Scripps' mansion home on Trumbull Avenue at Grand River Avenue. The dynamics of the firm changed when Trowbridge took a position at Cornell University in 1897 and Nettleton died in 1900. The firm then hired designers with good reputations and an ability to work as a team with other designers. Ernest Wilby, a young Englishman from Canada, was their key designer working for the firm at the time. This new team then collaborated with the Mason & Rice architectural firm to design the Palms Apartments, a building with English architecture on Jefferson Avenue at Rivard Street in Detroit. It was one of the first buildings to use reinforced concrete as a major construction material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11947062 | 347,807 |
HIV trial in Libya "The People's Court has the jurisdiction to pronounce itself on state security-related cases and believes itself incompetent on this matter, the spreading of HIV which caused the death of more than one person is a fact, but the claims that the defendants were conspiring against the Libyan state are dubious and controversial" The case was then bound over to ordinary criminal court. The People's Court was disbanded in 2005. The second trial took place in the Benghazi Appeals Court, beginning 8 July 2003. The judges were from Derna, a town neighboring Benghazi. Judges from Tripoli and Benghazi refused to take on the case due to the high level of public sentiment in those cities. Tight security measures were in place. Police officers with submachine guns guarded the venue as relatives of the children gathered in front. The prosecutor stated that the case documents did not reflect the real number of children. The real number of children is 429. A report by prominent AIDS experts Luc Montagnier and Vittorio Colizzi was admitted in evidence. Luc Montagnier and Vittorio Colizzito were called to testify in person on behalf of the medics. Professor Montagnier, the co-discoverer of the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), testified that the virus in the 393 children studied is a rare type found mostly in West Africa, but also throughout the continent. Montagnier told the court that the outbreak was probably started by an infected child admitted for treatment at the hospital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036546 | 461,399 |
Danish modern This ultimately led to mass-production in the United States, too. The scarcity of materials after World War II encouraged the use of plywood. In the late 1940s, the development of new techniques led to the mass production of bent plywood designs by Hans Wegner and Børge Mogensen, both of whom produced chairs with a teak plywood seat and back on a beech frame. In 1951, Arne Jacobsen went even further with his sculptural Ant Chair with a one-piece plywood seat and back, bent in both directions. Collapsible chairs dating from the 1930s include Kaare Klint's Safari Chair and propeller stools which were also developed by Poul Kjærholm and Jørgen Gammelgaard. Finn Juhl's home in Charlottenlund, just north of Copenhagen, has been preserved as he left it with the furniture he designed. Other major contributors to Danish Modern include Mogens Koch, Verner Panton, Jørn Utzon, Hans J. Wegner and Grete Jalk. Examples of their work can be seen at Designmuseum Danmark in Copenhagen. Of particular note are Mogensen's Sleigh Chair, Jacobsen's Swan and Juhl's sculptural wood-frame seats. One of Wegner's works was used by Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy in a 1960 televised debate and is now known simply as The Chair. As a result of the furniture school he founded at the Royal Academy in 1924, Klint had a strong influence on Danish furniture, shaping designers such as Kjærholm and Mogensen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22569896 | 266,834 |
Finite strain theory This decomposition implies that the deformation of a line element formula_64 in the undeformed configuration onto formula_65 in the deformed configuration, i.e. formula_110, may be obtained either by first stretching the element by formula_111, i.e. formula_112, followed by a rotation formula_113, i.e. formula_114; or equivalently, by applying a rigid rotation formula_113 first, i.e. formula_116, followed later by a stretching formula_117, i.e. formula_118 (See Figure 3). Due to the orthogonality of formula_119 so that formula_111 and formula_117 have the same eigenvalues or "principal stretches", but different eigenvectors or "principal directions" formula_123 and formula_124, respectively. The principal directions are related by This polar decomposition, which is unique as formula_15 is invertible with a positive determinant, is a corrolary of the singular-value decomposition. Several rotation-independent deformation tensors are used in mechanics. In solid mechanics, the most popular of these are the right and left Cauchy–Green deformation tensors. Since a pure rotation should not induce any strains in a deformable body, it is often convenient to use rotation-independent measures of deformation in continuum mechanics. As a rotation followed by its inverse rotation leads to no change (formula_127) we can exclude the rotation by multiplying formula_90 by its transpose | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2210759 | 339,847 |
Industrial and provident society The Legislative Reform Order (Industrial & Provident Societies and Credit Unions) Order 2011 removed the limit for non-withdrawable shares. Since 2006, the FSA has been willing, in principle, to permit societies to have non-user investor members providing certain conditions are met and this, in combination with the removal of the £100,000 holding limit for non-withdrawable shares, may open up wider possibilities for co-operatives to raise finance from investors while maintaining user control. It may be withdrawable share capital, an unusual form of finance which is treated as equity but may be withdrawn subject to specified conditions, and is relatively cheap for small co-operatives to raise as it is exempt from certain regulations applicable to conventional share issues regarding the publication of a prospectus. However, an IPS with withdrawable share capital is not allowed to carry on a banking business, presumably because a withdrawable share capital would make it impractical to ensure capital adequacy requirements are continuously met. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2181067 | 482,351 |
Somatic embryogenesis occurs when embryos are started directly from explant tissue creating an identical clone. occurs when explants produced undifferentiated, or partially differentiated, cells (often referred to as callus) which then is maintained or differentiated into plant tissues such as leaf, stem, or roots. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Gibberellic acid (GA) has been used for development of indirect somatic embryos in strawberry ("Fragaria ananassa") Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis occurs in five steps: initiation of embryogenic cultures, proliferation of embryogenic cultures, prematuration of somatic embryos, maturation of somatic embryos and plant development on nonspecific media. Initiation and proliferation occur on a medium rich in auxin, which induces differentiation of localized meristematic cells. The auxin typically used is 2,4-D. Once transferred to a medium with low or no auxin, these cells can then develop into mature embryos. Germination of the somatic embryo can only occur when it is mature enough to have functional root and shoot apices Factors and mechanisms controlling cell differentiation in somatic embryos are relatively ambiguous. Certain compounds excreted by plant tissue cultures and found in culture media have been shown necessary to coordinate cell division and morphological changes. These compounds have been identified by Chung et al | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900 | 1,673 |
On-die termination is implemented with several combinations of resistors on the DRAM silicon along with other circuit trees. DRAM circuit designers can use a combination of transistors which have different values of turn-on resistance. In the case of DDR2, there are three kinds of internal resistors 150ohm, 75ohm and 50ohm. The resistors can be combined to create a proper equivalent impedance value to the outside of the chip, whereby the signal line (transmission line) of the motherboard is being controlled by the on-die termination operation signal. Where an on-die termination value control circuit exists the DRAM controller manages the on-die termination resistance through a programmable configuration register which resides in the DRAM. The internal on-die termination values in DDR3 are 120ohm, 60ohm, 40ohm and so forth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16334130 | 405,193 |
Micronutrient In India, Tata Salt Plus, priced at an economical rate of Rs 20 per kg, is an iodine plus iron fortified salt, developed by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad through double fortification technology. This technology was offered to Tata Chemicals under a long-term MoU after due studies on bio-availability across the population strata conducted and published by NIN. It was first used in public programming in 2004. In September 2010 DFS was produced in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu and distributed through a state school feeding program. DFS has also been used to combat Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in the Indian state of Bihar. In September 2010, Venkatesh Mannar was named a Laureat of the California-based Tech Awards for his work in developing Double-Fortified Salt. The returns of applying micronutrient-enriched fertilizers could be huge for human health, social and economic development. Research has shown that enriching fertilizers with micronutrients had not only an impact on plant deficiencies but also on humans and animals, through the food chain. A 1994 report by the World Bank estimated that micronutrient malnutrition costs developing economies at least 5 percent of gross domestic product. The Asian Development Bank has summarized the benefits of eliminating micronutrient deficiencies as follows: Along with a growing understanding of the extent and impact of micronutrient malnutrition, several interventions have demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of correction and prevention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1148672 | 148,926 |
Friedrich-von-Raumer-Bibliothek In 1928 the Kreuzberg Head Library, also domicile to Wormann's office, moved into a provisional location on Belle-Alliance-Straße 80 (renamed and renumbered as Mehringdamm 59), the planned new head library building only materialised in 1964 (Wilhelm-Liebknecht-Bibliothek). During the Great Depression since 1929 the circulation rose by almost 50%, the number of users by 30%. Right after the Nazis' takeover of power their newspapers started an inflammatory propaganda against – what they called – subversive literature among the public libraries holdings. On 6 April 1933 leading members of the German Student Union had announced book burnings, conducted in many German university cities on 10 May. Following the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April the Library No. I lost Else Simon, who was fired for being Jewish, as was Wormann, director of all the Kreuzberg public libraries. Simon later perished in Auschwitz. The directorate remained vacant, so that the collaboration between the Kreuzberg public libraries loosened. Only in 1948 the position of a head of all Kreuzberg public libraries was restaffed, however, provisionally only. On 26 April 1933 Berlin's Library Councillor Dr. Max Wieser and the librarian Dr. Hans Engelhard issued a black list of undesired books. Public librarians were told to withhold "undesired" books from loaning, however, some librarians ignored this in cases of acquainted users whom they trusted. Between 1 July and 15 August 1933 the Library No | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41218254 | 327,472 |
Criticisms of the labour theory of value If the tips were not sufficient to provide this return on investment, then the waiter would rationally seek other employment, such as a wage-earning job with similar compensation that does not include the risk element or an entrepreneurial job with similar risk that provides a better return. Regarding other situations where the employer-entrepreneur does receive a profit from after the labor has been rendered (e.g. a salesperson who works on commission), the employer-entrepreneur may take risks other than paying a wage to the salesman, including: providing a salesperson with an office, cell phone and/or computer; paying for product training and marketing materials; paying for travel and lodging expenses; producing inventory in reliance upon future sales that may or may not be made by the salesperson. All of this comprises a potential for loss that accounts for the return on investment realised by the employer-entrepreneur. Nikolai Bukharin argued that Böhm-Bawerk's concept of roundaboutness was untenable in the context of the continuous, simultaneous production of a modern economy. The Austrian school, led by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, argues against the whole tradition of the LTV (see above) and prefers methodological individualism. Neoclassical economics also follows this lead — and that of Jevons, Menger, and Walras — from the 1870s and discards the LTV in favour of General equilibrium theory, which determines prices based on the interaction of preferences, technology and endowments through supply and demand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24385428 | 510,418 |
Islamic banking and finance As of 2010, Islamic financial institutions operate in 105 countries. Statistics differ on which country has the largest Islamic banking sector. According to the 2016 World Islamic Banking Competitiveness Report (see table), Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, and Turkey represented over 87% of the international Islamic banking assets. A 2006 report by ISI Analytics also lists Saudi Arabia at the top and Iran as insignificant. In Qatar, Islamic banking assets were valued at $97 billion at the end of 2017, accounting for nearly 81% of total Islamic finance assets, according to QFC Authority chief executive officer Yousuf Mohamed al-Jaida. The country also announced the launch of an energy-focused Islamic bank with $10 billion capital in 2019, which would make it the biggest Islamic lender for energy projects in the world. However, according to Ibrahim Warde, Shia-majority Iran dominates Islamic banking with $345 billion in Islamic assets, Saudi Arabia with $258 billion, Malaysia $142 billion, Kuwait with $118 billion and UAE with $112 billion. Islmaic banks in UAE also provides Islamic investment programs which are Shariah compliant. And according to Reuters, Iranian banks accounted for "over a third" of the estimated worldwide total of Islamic banking assets, (although sanctions have hurt Iran's banking industry and "its Islamic financial system has evolved in ways that will complicate ties with foreign banks") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146740 | 498,444 |
Junk head Air cooling is also difficult, as the shape of the head is deeply re-entrant and it is difficult to arrange airflow to the deep well around the spark plug or injector. Bristol developed a two-part head to address this problem, with copper conducting fins. The term "junk head" originates from these sealing rings or "junk rings" and the dummy piston head. The term was previously in use with steam engines. Whereas a piston ring must slide within the cylinder and so be made of the best quality long-lived materials, where a fixed cylinder cover was sealed by a ring, this "stationary" ring could be of the lowliest materials or "junk", often a greased or graphited rope or oakum packing. Although the high cylinder temperature of an internal combustion engine requires high quality materials even here, the term stuck. The junk head was only widely used with sleeve valve engines. These sealed on the inside of the sleeve, also sealing the sleeves themselves from the combustion pressure. It would also have been difficult to arrange a flat head gasket on the top of the moving sleeves. Sleeve valves were rarely used in road vehicles, although the Knight engine did enjoy some limited popularity in luxury cars. These used a junk head. Radial engines, almost universally air-cooled aero engines, almost all use single-cylinder blocks, with a separate head for each cylinder. Most use monobloc blocks and heads, referred to as 'barrels' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25537172 | 243,748 |
Reed's law Other analysts of network value functions, including Andrew Odlyzko, have argued that both Reed's Law and Metcalfe's Law overstate network value because they fail to account for the restrictive impact of human cognitive limits on network formation. According to this argument, the research around Dunbar's number implies a limit on the number of inbound and outbound connections a human in a group-forming network can manage, so that the actual maximum-value structure is much sparser than the set-of-subsets measured by or the complete graph measured by Metcalfe's law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64333 | 510,025 |
Self-healing hydrogels Because the growth of the extracellular matrix scaffold is pH dependent, the materials selected must be factored for pH response when selecting the scaffolding material. The swelling and bioadhesion of hydrogels can be controlled based on the fluid environment they are introduced to in the body. These properties make them excellent for use as controlled drug delivery devices. Where the hydrogel adheres in the body will be determined by its chemistry and reactions with the surrounding tissues. If introduced by mouth, the hydrogel could adhere to anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract including the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine, or the colon. Adhesion in a specifically targeted region will cause for a localized drug delivery and an increased concentration of the drug taken up by the tissues. Smart hydrogels in drug delivery: Smart hydrogels are sensitive to stimuli such as changes in temperature or pH. Changes in the environment alter the swelling properties of the hydrogels and can cause them to increase or decrease the release of the drug impregnated into the fibers. An example of this would be hydrogels that release insulin in the presence of high glucose levels in the bloodstream. These glucose sensitive hydrogels are modified with the enzyme glucose oxidase. In the presence of glucose, the glucose oxidase will catalyze a reaction that ends in increased levels of H | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39638268 | 18,097 |
Gou Zhongwen (; born June 1957) is a Chinese politician, serving since 2017 as the director of the State General Administration of Sports. Gou was born Zhenyuan County, Gansu province. He joined the Communist Party of China in April 1976, the year Mao died. He attended Xidian University with a degree in electrical engineering. He also has a Master's of Business Administration (MBA). In February 2002, Gou was named Vice Minister of Information Technology. He was transferred to become a vice mayor of Beijing in April 2008. He became a member of the Beijing party standing committee in July 2013, taking charge of the Zhongguancun administrative district a month later, in addition to overseeing education in the city. In May 2016, he replaced the disgraced Lü Xiwen as deputy party chief of the Chinese capital. In October 2016, Gou became Director of the State General Administration of Sports. On December 28, 2016, he was elected as the President of the Chinese Olympic Committee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50462145 | 288,836 |
Microwave transmission These are often seen on the touchlines of sports fields on Steadicam systems. Terrestrial microwave relay links are limited in distance to the visual horizon, a few tens of miles or kilometers depending on tower height. Tropospheric scatter ("troposcatter" or "scatter") was a technology developed in the 1950s to allow microwave communication links beyond the horizon, to a range of several hundred kilometers. The transmitter radiates a beam of microwaves into the sky, at a shallow angle above the horizon toward the receiver. As the beam passes through the troposphere a small fraction of the microwave energy is scattered back toward the ground by water vapor and dust in the air. A sensitive receiver beyond the horizon picks up this reflected signal. Signal clarity obtained by this method depends on the weather and other factors, and as a result a high level of technical difficulty is involved in the creation of a reliable over horizon radio relay link. Troposcatter links are therefore only used in special circumstances where satellites and other long distance communication channels cannot be relied on, such as in military communications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5540651 | 125,409 |
Open Innovations (event) The session also welcomed Andrei Fursenko, aide to the president of the Russian Federation; Dmitry Livanov, minister of education and science of the Russian Federation; Denis Manturov, minister of industry and trade; Sergei Donskoi, minister of natural resources and environment; Sergey Sobyanin, mayor of Moscow. Among other participants of Open Innovations Forum 2014 were Cabinet members Nikolai Nikiforov and Alexander Galushka; heads of companies: Viktor Vekselberg (Skolkovo), Dmitry Konov (Sibur), Anatoly Chubais (Rusnano), Bo Andersson (AvtoVAZ), Guo Ping (Huawei), Joe Liu (3M), Rupert Keeley (PayPal); scientists: Vladimir Fortov, Kurt Wüthrich and others. The key speakers at Forum were Richard Roberts (New England Biolabs), Kurt Wüthrich (EZH Zürich), Zhores Alferov, Bertrand Piccard (Solar Impulse), and Eckard Foltin (Bayer MaterialScience). At the end of Forum winners of GenerationS 2014, the federal accelerating competition for technological startups, were announced. The winners were Promobot (Industrial), Kera-Tech (BioTechMed), NanoServ (CleanTech) and VeeRoute (IT). In 2015, Forum and exhibition took place in Moscow on 28 October-1 November at Pavilion 75, VDNH. For five days Forum hosted 115 business events involving more than 200 speakers from more than 30 countries. In 2015, the participants of Forum discussed how technologies influence productivity, habitat, education, health and entertainment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37503285 | 495,764 |
Samsung NX 50-150mm F2.8 S OIS The is an interchangeable telezoom lens announced by Samsung on September 15, 2014. It has a constant wide aperture of f/2.8. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47252261 | 231,739 |
Bistable structure In mechanical engineering, a bistable structure is one that has two stable mechanical shapes, particularly where they are stabilized by different curvature axes. A common example of a bistable structure is a slap bracelet. Bistable structures enable long tube-like structures to roll up into small cylinders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29887866 | 353,632 |
Spitalfields Historic Buildings Trust The Spitalfields Historic Buildings Trust, also known as the Spitalfields Trust, is a British architectural conservation charity. It originated in the Spitalfields area of London, although it also operates elsewhere in England and Wales. The trust's founders include the architectural historians Mark Girouard and Colin Amery and the art historian and television presenter Dan Cruickshank. The was founded in 1977 to rescue the remaining Georgian houses in Spitalfields, London, which were threatened with demolition by the expansion of London's financial district. The trust's work was important in the preservation of the network of early 18th-century streets in the area. The trust is largely funded by grants from English Heritage and Cadw, and by loans from the Architectural Heritage Fund. The trust's work has been criticised as leading to the gentrification of Spitalfields, changing a working-class area into "a gentrified enclave for writers, historians and the like", who are "all predominantly white European". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44587996 | 229,645 |
Weber number The (We) is a dimensionless number in fluid mechanics that is often useful in analysing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids, especially for multiphase flows with strongly curved surfaces. It is named after (1871–1951). It can be thought of as a measure of the relative importance of the fluid's inertia compared to its surface tension. The quantity is useful in analyzing thin film flows and the formation of droplets and bubbles. The may be written as: where The modified Weber number, equals the ratio of the kinetic energy on impact to the surface energy, where and One application of the is the study of heat pipes. When the momentum flux in the vapor core of the heat pipe is high, there is a possibility that the shear stress exerted on the liquid in the wick can be large enough to entrain droplets into the vapor flow. The is the dimensionless parameter that determines the onset of this phenomenon called the entrainment limit (greater than or equal to 1). In this case the is defined as the ratio of the momentum in the vapor layer divided by the surface tension force restraining the liquid, where the characteristic length is the surface pore size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028895 | 340,825 |
English land law "Halsall v Brizell" held that if some Liverpool estate dwellers had the benefit of using the estate roads, drains, promenade, and sea walls, they could be required to pay for its upkeep. Covenants are enforceable, generally, through injunctions, but may also (if an injunction would be oppressive) enforceable through a payment of damages reflecting the loss of the right. For instance in "Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd" a developer who built homes in breach of a restrictive covenant was ordered by Brightman J to pay 5% of his anticipated profits in compensation. Finally, applications to the Land Tribunal may be made for declarations to extinguish covenants under Law of Property Act 1925 section 84 if it is obsolete, the beneficiary would lose little, or has implicitly agreed, or it impedes a reasonable user of land and the beneficiary can be compensated. While the typical content of "land law" texts in England or the United Kingdom concerns the content, creation and protection of interests in property in land, the practical and social significance of land extends to the way it is used. Historically, land was the most important source of social wealth. Over the 19th century its role in preserving wealth was to a large extent eclipsed by corporations and the managed fund, however land remains vital for housing, economic development, for agriculture and extraction of natural resources, and as its part of the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31761911 | 363,005 |
Lichen Evidence that lichens are examples of successful symbiosis is the fact that lichens can be found in almost every habitat and geographic area on the planet. Two species in two genera of green algae are found in over 35% of all lichens, but can only rarely be found living on their own outside of a lichen. In a case where one fungal partner simultaneously had two green algae partners that outperform each other in different climates, this might indicate having more than one photosynthetic partner at the same time might enable the lichen to exist in a wider range of habitats and geographic locations. At least one form of lichen, the North American beard-like lichens, are constituted of not two but three symbiotic partners: an ascomycetous fungus, a photosynthetic alga, and, unexpectedly, a basidiomycetous yeast. Phycobionts can have a net output of sugars with only water vapor. The thallus must be saturated with liquid water for cyanobionts to photosynthesize. Algae produce sugars that are absorbed by the fungus by diffusion into special fungal hyphae called appressoria or haustoria in contact with the wall of the algal cells. The appressoria or haustoria may produce a substance that increases permeability of the algal cell walls, and may penetrate the walls. The algae may lose up to 80% of their sugar production to the fungus. associations may be examples of mutualism, commensalism or even parasitism, depending on the species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172396 | 181,810 |
VT-158 However, American radar equipment at the time had a frequency ceiling of 200 megacycles, which made them not only vulnerable to surprise raids by low-flying aircraft but also extremely bulky and difficult to scale down. Serving as a Signal Corps major at the Evans Signal Laboratory (which later became part of the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories), Harold Zahl was charged with increasing the frequency of existing radar technology and reducing the size of bulky equipment as well as developing new radar tubes for Army ground forces and Air Corps. At the suggestion of Major General Roger B. Colton, Zahl had worked on the for several years until it was finished in 1939 and later officially introduced in 1941. As a result of his invention, American radar technology could potentially reach a high frequency of 600 megacycles, allowing for smaller antennas. According to Zahl, tests of the vacuum tube were so successful that the equipment could obtain extremely long ranges and low angle coverage even from a set only 15 feet above sea level. Most notably, a very lightweight medium-warning radar could be constructed using the VT-158. At the request of the U.S. Air Force, the Signal Corps was asked to develop a lightweight assault-type radar that could be both air transportable and hand-carried as well as have a range of over 100 miles on enemy bombardment aircraft. Prior to this request, the Air Force relied on the British lightweight warning (LW) radar, which the Signal Corps studied for ideas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63094781 | 296,613 |
Journal of Comparative Economics The is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies. It was established in 1977 and the editors-in-chief are D.M. Berkowitz (University of Pittsburgh) and G. Roland (University of California at Berkeley). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30852941 | 502,736 |
Virtual office Virtual offices have been criticized for enabling fraudulent companies by offering false addresses, phone numbers and temporary space that helps phony companies to look legitimate. Many virtual office companies are aware of these crimes and now take precautions in the form of background checks on their customers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=914090 | 453,859 |
Moore v. Regents of the University of California Laboratories doing research receive a large volume of medical samples and cannot be expected to know or discover whether somewhere down the line their samples were illegally converted. Furthermore, Moore's interest in his bodily integrity and privacy are protected by the requirement of informed consent, which must also inform about economic interests. Justice Arabian wrote a concurring opinion, stating that the deep philosophical, moral and religious issues presented by the case could not be decided by the court. Justice Broussard concurred in part and dissented in part. Justice Mosk dissented, stating that Moore could have been denied some property rights and given others. At the very least, Moore had the "right to do with his own tissue what the defendants did with it". That is, as soon as the tissue was removed, Moore had at least the right to choose to sell it to a laboratory or to have it destroyed. Thus, there would be no necessity to hold labs strictly liable for conversion when property rights could be broken up, to allow Moore to extract a significant portion of the economic value created by his tissue. Furthermore, to prove damages from informed consent, Moore would have to have proved that if he were properly informed, neither he, nor a reasonable person would have consented to the procedure. Thus, Moore's chances of proving damages through informed consent were slim. Also, he could not consent to the procedure but reserve the right to sell his organs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4217717 | 151,501 |
Kinetic diameter is a measure applied to atoms and molecules that expresses the likelihood that a molecule in a gas will collide with another molecule. It is an indication of the size of the molecule as a target. The kinetic diameter is not the same as atomic diameter defined in terms of the size of the atom's electron shell, which is generally a lot smaller, depending on the exact definition used. Rather, it is the size of the sphere of influence that can lead to a scattering event. is related to the mean free path of molecules in a gas. Mean free path is the average distance that a particle will travel without collision. For a fast moving particle (that is, one moving much faster than the particles it is moving through) the kinetic diameter is given by, However, a more usual situation is that the colliding particle being considered is indistinguishable from the population of particles in general. Here, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of energies must be considered, which leads to the modified expression, The following table lists the kinetic diameters of some common molecules; Collisions between two dissimilar particles occur when a beam of fast particles is fired into a gas consisting of another type of particle, or two dissimilar molecules randomly collide in a gas mixture. For such cases, the above formula for scattering cross section has to be modified | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30783530 | 18,898 |
Vacuum truck They generally use a low-volume sliding vane pump or a liquid ring pump to create a negative air pressure. The use of diaphragm mud pumps is less common, but with the advantage of a simpler design and usually lower overall costs. The disadvantage is that mechanical parts come into contact with the sludge, which is not the case for the more common vacuum pumps. The truck can be configured to be a direct belt drive, or a hydraulic drive system. There are two different ways to mount the pump: either directly on the truck with the vacuum drive powered by the truck motor, or on the trailer with an independent motor. The second option with the independent motor is more complicated and not commonly used. It has the advantage of potentially having the pump closer to the septic tank. It is also able to use the negative pressure suction side of the pump as well as the positive pressure side to pump sludge over longer distances or lift it higher into the tank. The suction hoses are typically 2" - 4" (or 50mm to 100mm) in diameter with 3" (or 75mm) being the norm. The possible length depends on various factors mainly related to the lift and other pressure losses. It is usually impossible to extend it beyond . An inherent suction limitation of all suction pumps is that they can only lift a liquid through utilizing atmospheric pressure. For pure water the theoretical maximum lift is approximately | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23853763 | 274,156 |
Hammett equation This is attributed to the resonance contribution of the EWG to withdraw electron density thereby increasing the susceptibility for nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon. A change in rate occurs when X is EDG, as is evidenced when comparing the rates between X = Me and X = OMe, and nonlinearity is observed in the Hammett plot. The effect of the substituent may change the rate-determining step (rds) in the mechanism of the reaction. A certain electronic effect may accelerate a certain step so that it is no longer the rds. A change in the mechanism of a reaction also results in nonlinearity in the Hammett plot. Typically, the model used for measuring the changes in rate in this instance is that of the SN2 reaction. However, it has been observed that in some cases of an SN2 reaction that an EWG does not accelerate the reaction as would be expected and that the rate varies with the substituent. In fact, the sign of the charge and degree to which it develops will be affected by the substituent in the case of the benzylic system. For example, the substituent may determine the mechanism to be an SN1 type reaction over a SN2 type reaction, in which case the resulting Hammett plot will indicate a rate acceleration due to an EDG, thus elucidating the mechanism of the reaction. Another deviation from the regular is explained by the charge of nucleophile. Despite nonlinearity in benzylic SN2 reactions, electron withdrawing groups could either accelerate or retard the reaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4986733 | 78,021 |
Peter G. Neumann Peter Gabriel Neumann (born 1932) is a computer-science researcher who worked on the Multics operating system in the 1960s. He edits the RISKS Digest columns for ACM "Software Engineering Notes" and "Communications of the ACM". He founded ACM SIGSOFT and is a Fellow of the ACM, IEEE, and AAAS. From 1950 to 1958, Neumann studied at Harvard University. In 1961, he was granted a Ph.D. after completing a Fulbright scholarship in Germany (1958–1960). While a student at Harvard, he had a two-hour breakfast with Albert Einstein, on 8 November 1952, discussing simplicity in design. Neumann worked at Bell Labs from 1960 to 1970. He has worked at SRI International in Menlo Park, California since 1971. Before the RISKS mailing list, Neumann was known for the Provably Secure Operating System (PSOS). Neumann worked with Dorothy E. Denning in the 1980s to develop a computer intrusion detection system known as IDES that was a model for later computer security software. Neumann has long served as moderator of RISKS Digest and is a member of the ACCURATE project. Neumann is the founding editor of ACM Software Engineering Notes (SEN), and is a Fellow of the ACM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=383127 | 100,043 |
Termite Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus. Because the worker and soldier castes lack wings and thus never fly, and the reproductives use their wings for just a brief amount of time, termites predominantly rely upon their legs to move about. Foraging behaviour depends on the type of termite. For example, certain species feed on the wood structures they inhabit, and others harvest food that is near the nest. Most workers are rarely found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators. Subterranean termites construct tunnels and galleries to look for food, and workers who manage to find food sources recruit additional nestmates by depositing a phagostimulant pheromone that attracts workers. Foraging workers use semiochemicals to communicate with each other, and workers who begin to forage outside of their nest release trail pheromones from their sternal glands. In one species, "Nasutitermes costalis", there are three phases in a foraging expedition: first, soldiers scout an area. When they find a food source, they communicate to other soldiers and a small force of workers starts to emerge. In the second phase, workers appear in large numbers at the site. The third phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54808 | 191,483 |
Oscilloscope Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. Early oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) as their display element (hence they were commonly referred to as CROs) and linear amplifiers for signal processing. Storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to maintain a steady display of a single brief signal. CROs were later largely superseded by digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs) with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal processors. DSOs without integrated displays (sometimes known as digitisers) are available at lower cost and use a general-purpose digital computer to process and display waveforms. The Braun tube was known in 1897, and in 1899 Jonathan Zenneck equipped it with beam-forming plates and a magnetic field for sweeping the trace. Early cathode ray tubes had been applied experimentally to laboratory measurements as early as the 1920s, but suffered from poor stability of the vacuum and the cathode emitters. V. K. Zworykin described a permanently sealed, high-vacuum cathode ray tube with a thermionic emitter in 1931. This stable and reproducible component allowed General Radio to manufacture an oscilloscope that was usable outside a laboratory setting. After World War II surplus electronic parts became the basis of revival of Heathkit Corporation, and a $50 oscilloscope kit made from such parts was a first market success | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15361791 | 376,088 |
ANTIC So, where Horizontal scrolling is implemented, vertical scrolling is also supported just by changing the value incrementing or decrementing the LMS addresses. The other benefit of this arrangement is that it is easy to manage screen memory around ANTIC's 4K screen memory boundary limit. See the Vertical Coarse Scrolling section for further discussion and time constraints when updating LMS modifier addresses. Horizontal Fine Scrolling allows single color clock movement of the scrolling region for Text and Map modes. For all normal color interpretations this is by color clock, not pixel even when pixels are larger (or smaller) than the color clocks. Modes using the alternate GTIA color interpretations must be scrolled by an entire GTIA pixel (two color clocks). Only even values should be used to ensure correct GTIA pixel scrolling. Odd values of HSCROL will shift the GTIA pixel stream into a different state that will be interpreted as different colors. Fine scrolling requires setup to define the horizontal scrolling region. The first step is to start with a Display List using the LMS instruction modifier to specify starting address of each Mode line. This is done to organize screen memory as long rows of data for the display. The next step is setting the Horizontal Scroll (HS) modifier bit in all Display List Mode line instructions for the scrolling region. This number of color clocks to shift is controlled with the HSCROL register | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=870044 | 417,212 |
Simple interactive object extraction (SIOX) is an algorithm for extracting foreground objects from color images and videos with very little user interaction. It has been implemented as "foreground selection" tool in the GIMP (since version 2.3.3), as part of the tracer tool in Inkscape (since 0.44pre3), and as function in ImageJ and Fiji (plug-in). Experimental implementations were also reported for Blender and Krita. Although the algorithm was originally designed for videos, virtually all implementations use SIOX primarily for still image segmentation. In fact, it is often said to be the current de facto standard for this task in the open-source world. Initially, a free hand selection tool is used to specify the region of interest. It must contain all foreground objects to extract and as few background as possible. The pixels outside the region of interest form the sure background while the inner region define a superset of the foreground, i.e. the unknown region. A so-called foreground brush is then used to mark representative foreground regions. The algorithm outputs a selection mask. The selection can be refined by either adding further foreground markings or by adding background markings using the background brush. Technically, the algorithm performs the following steps: For video segmentation the sure background and sure foreground regions are learned from motion statistics. SIOX also features tools that allow sub-pixel accurate refinement of edges and high texture areas, the so-called "detail refinement brushes" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2874021 | 108,456 |
John Polanyi In honour of Polanyi's Nobel Prize win, the Ontario government established the "John Charles Polanyi Prizes". These prizes are each worth $20,000, and are awarded to young researchers in the province in a postdoctoral fellowship or who have recently started a faculty appointment at an Ontario university. The prizes are awarded in similar categories to the Nobel Prizes, broadly defined as: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Economics and Literature. Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) created the John C. Polanyi award to recognize a researcher or researchers whose work in an NSERC-supported field has led to an outstanding advance in the field. The research must have been conducted in Canada, and have been at least partially supported by NSERC funding. The award consists partially of a $250,000 grant for the winner. The inaugural winner of the John C. Polanyi Award was the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. In 2011, the award was presented to Victoria M. Kaspi, an astrophysicist at McGill University. Polanyi started publishing his scientific research in 1953. As of 2010, he has published over 250 scientific papers. His writing is not limited to his scientific interests, as he has published over 100 articles on policy, the impact of science on society and armament control. In 1970, he produced a film entitled "Concepts in Reaction Dynamics", and he co-edited a book called "The Dangers of Nuclear War" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=764652 | 96,006 |
Black-ray goby Stonogobiops nematodes, the Filament-finned prawn-goby, the high-fin goby, the red-banded goby, the high-fin red-banded goby, the striped goby, the barber-pole goby, or the black-ray Goby, is a species of marine goby native to the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean from the Seychelles to the Philippines and Bali. Adult fish can grow up to in length, with the striking pointed dorsal fin becoming more raised and pronounced in adulthood. This elongated fin is the most obvious distinguishing feature between the black-ray goby and its close cousin, the yellow snout goby ("S. Xanthorhinica"). The fish are beautifully coloured with four diagonal brown stripes across a white body, and a distinctive yellow head. See accompanying photograph for reference. It is almost impossible for anybody less than a specialised expert in the specific field of these types of fish to discern differences between males and females of the species. This goby inhabits sandy or sand-rubble bottoms adjacent to reefs at depths of from . It is one of several species that form commensal relationships with Randall's pistol shrimp ("Alpheus randalli"). This species shares a burrow with its shrimp partner. The goby has much better eyesight than the shrimp, and, as such, acts as the watchman for both of them, keeping an eye out for danger. The shrimp spends the day digging a burrow in the sand in which both live. Burrows usually measure up to one inch in diameter, and can reach up to four feet in length | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4745069 | 143,600 |
John Smeaton The project is now known informally as "Smeaton's Harbour", but despite the name his involvement was limited and occurred more than 30 years after work on the harbour commenced. It closed in 1839. Employing his skills as a mechanical engineer, he devised a water engine for the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in 1761 and a watermill at Alston, Cumbria in 1767 (he is credited by some with inventing the cast-iron axle shaft for water wheels). In 1782 he built the Chimney Mill at Spital Tongues in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first 5-sailed smock mill in Britain. He also improved Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine, erecting one at Chacewater mine, Wheal Busy, in Cornwall in 1775. In 1789 Smeaton applied an idea by Denis Papin, by using a force pump to maintain the pressure and fresh air inside a diving bell. This bell, built for the Hexham Bridge project, was not intended for underwater work, but in 1790 the design was updated to enable it to be used underwater on the breakwater at Ramsgate Harbour. Smeaton is also credited with explaining the fundamental differences and benefits of overshot versus undershot water wheels. Smeaton experimented with the Newcomen steam engine and made marked improvements around the time James Watt was building his first engines (). Smeaton died after suffering a stroke while walking in the garden of his family home at Austhorpe, and was buried in the parish church at Whitkirk, West Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=151584 | 365,677 |
Injector The maximum depth for deep well pumps is determined by the inside diameter of and the velocity through the jet. The major advantage of jet pumps for deep well installations is the ability to situate all mechanical parts (e.g., electric/petrol motor, rotating impellers) at the ground surface for easy maintenance. The advent of the electrical submersible pump has partly replaced the need for jet type well pumps, except for driven point wells or surface water intakes. In practice, for suction pressure below 100 mbar absolute, more than one ejector is used, usually with condensers between the ejector stages. Condensing of motive steam greatly improves ejector set efficiency; both barometric and shell-and-tube surface condensers are used. In operation a two-stage system consists of a primary high-vacuum (HV) ejector and a secondary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. Initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to finally pull vacuum to the required pressure. In operation a three-stage system consists of a primary booster, a secondary high-vacuum (HV) ejector, and a tertiary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. As per the two-stage system, initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164724 | 442,364 |
Thermal destratification 5% with the use of axial destratification fans. Because of their size, HVLS fans are normally installed in new construction, rather than retrofits, as the roof structure may have to be redesigned to accommodate the increased weight and size. It's not uncommon to require the relocation of lights, due to strobing as large fan blades pass under them, and sprinkler systems, which typically require unobstructed access to the floor to meet fire code. When used in the summer to encourage evaporative cooling, HVLS fans are run forward, blowing air at the floor. When used for destratification in the winter, the fans are run in reverse, blowing air towards ceiling which then circulates around the room. The height at which HVLS fans can be effective is limited compared to axial destratification fans. This method has the most benefits through its application in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry and in heating and cooling for buildings and it has been found that "stratification is the single biggest waste of energy in buildings today." By incorporating thermal destratification technology into buildings, energy requirements are reduced as heating systems are no longer over-delivering in order to constantly replace the heat that rises away from the floor area, by redistributing the already heated air from the unoccupied ceiling space back down to floor level, until temperature equalisation is achieved | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28353373 | 210,193 |
Diamond model Also, resource constraints may encourage development of substitute capabilities; Japan's relative lack of raw materials has spurred miniaturization and zero-defect manufacturing. For many firms, the presence of related and supporting industries is of critical importance to the growth of that particular industry. A critical concept here is that national competitive strengths tend to be associated with "clusters" of industries. For example, Silicon Valley in the USA and Silicon Glen in the UK are techno clusters of high-technology industries which includes individual computer software and semi-conductor firms. In Germany, a similar cluster exists around chemicals, synthetic dyes, textiles and textile machinery. Demand conditions in the domestic market provide the primary driver of growth, innovation and quality improvement. The premise is that a strong domestic market stimulates the firm from being a startup to a slightly expanded and bigger organization. As an illustration, we can take the case of Germany which has some of the world's premier automobile companies like Mercedes, BMW, Porsche. German auto companies have dominated the world when it comes to the high-performance segment of the world automobile industry. However, their position in the market of cheaper, mass-produced autos is much weaker. This can be linked to a domestic market which has traditionally demanded a high level of engineering performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10141539 | 471,834 |
Mother ship Notable examples include: Some large long-range aircraft have been modified as motherships in order to carry parasite aircraft which support the mothership by extending its role, for example for reconnaissance, or acting in a support role such as fighter defence. The first experiments with rigid airships to launch and recover fighters were carried out during World War I. The British experimented with the 23-class airships from that time. Then in the 1920s, as part of the "Airship Development Programme", they used the R33 for experiments. A de Havilland Humming Bird light aeroplane with a hook fitted was slung beneath it. In October 1925 Squadron Leader Rollo Haig, was released from the R33, and then reattached. Later that year, the attempt was repeated and the Humming Bird remained attached until the airship landed. In 1926, it carried two Gloster Grebe fighters releasing them at the Pulham and Cardington airship stations. In America, USS "Los Angeles" (ZR-3), used for prototype testing for the Akron and Macon airborne aircraft carriers. During World War II the Soviet Tupolev-Vakhmistrov Zveno project developed converted Tupolev TB-1 and TB-3 aircraft to carry and launch up to five smaller craft, typically in roles such as fighter escort or fighter-bomber. During the early days of the jet age, fighter aircraft could not fly long distances and still match point-defence fighters or interceptors in dogfighting. The solution was long-range bombers that would carry or tow their escort fighters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=576974 | 270,137 |
Kentucky Geological Survey The (KGS) is a department of the University of Kentucky that provides information on the geology of Kentucky. According to its website, the KGS "conducts research, collects data, and serves as the State's official archive for data on petroleum, coal, minerals, ground water, and topographic and geologic maps." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6854196 | 14,180 |
Tire balance Balance weights are then fitted to the outer and inner flanges of the wheel. Although dynamic balance is theoretically better than static balance, because both dynamic and static imbalances can be measured and corrected, its effectiveness is disputed because of the flexible nature of the rubber. A tire in a free spinning machine may not experience the same centrifugal distortion, heat distortion, nor weight and camber that it would on a vehicle. Dynamic balancing may therefore create new unintended imbalances. Dynamic balancing has traditionally required removing the wheel from the vehicle, but sensors installed in modern cars, such as for anti-lock brakes, enable estimating the imbalance while driving. To a first approximation, which neglects deformations due to its elasticity, the wheel is a rigid rotor that is constrained to rotate about its axle. If a principal axis of the wheel's moment of inertia is not aligned with the axle, due to an asymmetric mass distribution, then an external torque, perpendicular to the axle, is necessary to force the wheel to rotate about the axle. This additional torque must be provided by the axle and its orientation rotates continuously with the wheel. The reaction to this torque, by Newton's Third Law is applied to the axle, which transfers it to the suspension and can cause it to vibrate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9559591 | 438,604 |
Biospeleology Biospeleology, also known as cave biology, is a branch of biology dedicated to the study of organisms that live in caves and are collectively referred to as troglofauna. The first documented mention of a cave organisms dates back to 1689, with the documentation of the olm, a cave salamander. Discovered in a cave in Slovenia, in the region of Carniola, it was mistaken for a baby dragon and was recorded by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in his work "The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola". The first formal study on cave organisms was conducted on the blind cave beetle. Found in 1831 by Luka Čeč, an assistant to the lamplighter, when exploring the newly discovered inner portions of the Postojna cave system in southwestern Slovenia. The specimen was turned over to Ferdinand J. Schmidt, who described it in the paper "Illyrisches Blatt" (1832). He named it "Leptodirus Hochenwartii" after the donor, and also gave it the Slovene name "drobnovratnik" and the German name "Enghalskäfer", both meaning "slender-necked (beetle)". The article represents the first formal description of a cave animal (the olm, described in 1768, wasn't recognized as a cave animal at the time). Subsequent research by Schmidt revealed further previously unknown cave inhabitants, which aroused considerable interest among natural historians. For this reason, the discovery of "L. hochenwartii" (along with the olm) is considered as the starting point of biospeleology as a scientific discipline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43317198 | 6,736 |
Mobile gambling According to a February 2010 comScore MobiLens study of the U.S. mobile gaming market, smartphone subscribers are much more likely to play mobile casino games than subscribers of generic phones. The study revealed that 7.6% of smartphone subscribers and 1.2% of generic mobile subscribers played mobile casino games within a three-month time frame. Aside from availability online, United States of America-based mobile casino apps have appeared in several land-based locations that can be utilized to gamble only while physically present on the casino's property. This extends to outside areas that are still within the boundaries of the property, making them the first type of slot machine, sports-betting, and random number generated gambling to take place legally off the licensed gaming floor while still inside a U.S. casino. According to VentureBeat, Google does not allow any real-money gambling apps on its Google Play Store. In 2013 Apple and Google reversed a decision to permit mobile gambling applications to be distributed by their service in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5088365 | 271,492 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium Darmstadtium (Ds) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Ds in 1994. There are 9 known radioisotopes from Ds to Ds (with many gaps) and 2 or 3 known isomers. The longest-lived isotope is Ds with a half-life of 9.6 seconds. Super-heavy elements such as darmstadtium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of darmstadtium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers. Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons. In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 | 27,560 |
Collective intelligence In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society. The idea of collective intelligence also forms the framework for contemporary democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy. Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence. was introduced into the machine learning community in the late 20th century,<ref name="Wolpert arXiv:cs/9905004"></ref> and matured into a broader consideration of how to design "collectives" of self-interested adaptive agents to meet a system-wide goal. This was related to single-agent work on "reward shaping" and has been taken forward by numerous researchers in the game theory and engineering communities. Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20756850 | 261,996 |
London International Awards The judging category, first chaired by Jimmy Smith of Amusement Park Entertainment, awards "creativity and the power of the idea across films, television programming, live events, audio, gaming and music videos that engage consumers by entertaining them, rather than through traditional advertising." For 2016, LIA introduced a medium called Verbal Identity, centered on "the long-term verbal assets" of a brand, with sub-categories devoted to naming, taglines, copywriting and tone of voice. 2017 included the addition of a Health & Pharma competition in response to a "large number of requests from creatives"; a Social Influencers medium "based on Creativity and Engagement", and a Chinese Creativity Show featuring a unique red statue and executed through a first round of judging in China and a final judging session simultaneous with the annual LIA Judging. (See: Judging) 2019 saw the introduction of Podcasts as a medium. LIA has one main office in New York City. As of 2019, the fifteen LIA Jury panels, each one headed by a Jury President, are composed of nearly 100 experienced members of agencies, production companies, design houses, and technology companies. These panels decide on the Gold, Silver and Bronze Statue Winners, as well as the finalists, with each Jury given the non-compulsory opportunity to award a Grand LIA to a piece of work that has achieved a Gold statue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39634594 | 488,759 |
Heel effect In X-ray tubes, the heel effect, or, more precisely, the anode heel effect is a variation of the intensity of X-rays emitted by the anode depending on the direction of emission along the anode-cathode axis. Due to the geometry of the anode, X-rays emitted towards the cathode are in general more intense than those emitted perpendicular to the cathode–anode axis. The effect stems from the absorption of X-ray photons before they leave the anode in which they are produced. The probability of absorption depends on the distance the photons travel within the anode material, which in turn depends on the direction of emission. The distance from the anode (source of X-rays) to the image receptor greatly influences the apparent magnitude of the anode heel effect. The shorter the distance, the less space the beam has to diverge. The effect is less noticeable at larger source-image distances (SID). Diagnostic X-ray beams can be collimated to large or small beams. A large beam will emit more intensities of the beam along the cathode-anode axis than a small beam. A large image receptor will also capture more of this beam than a small receptor. Both of these factors will greatly influence the visibility of the anode heel effect. A smaller field size results in a less pronounced heel effect. When the angle of the anode is great, the usable X-ray photons will not have to travel through as much of the anode material to exit the tube | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42504282 | 6,599 |
Expression vector Transgenic animals have also been produced to study animal biochemical processes and human diseases, or used to produce pharmaceuticals and other proteins. They may also be engineered to have advantageous or useful traits. Green fluorescent protein is sometimes used as tags which results in animal that can fluoresce, and this have been exploited commercially to produce the fluorescent GloFish. Gene therapy is a promising treatment for a number of diseases where a "normal" gene carried by the vector is inserted into the genome, to replace an "abnormal" gene or supplement the expression of particular gene. Viral vectors are generally used but other nonviral methods of delivery are being developed. The treatment is still a risky option due to the viral vector used which can cause ill-effects, for example giving rise to insertional mutation that can result in cancer. However, there have been promising results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564380 | 26,320 |
Nyquist stability criterion For instance, the plot provides information on the difference between the number of zeros and poles of the transfer function by the angle at which the curve approaches the origin. When drawn by hand, a cartoon version of the Nyquist plot is sometimes used, which shows the linearity of the curve, but where coordinates are distorted to show more detail in regions of interest. When plotted computationally, one needs to be careful to cover all frequencies of interest. This typically means that the parameter is swept logarithmically, in order to cover a wide range of values. We consider a system whose open loop transfer function (OLTF) is formula_1; when placed in a closed loop with negative feedback formula_2, the closed loop transfer function (CLTF) then becomes formula_3. Stability can be determined by examining the roots of the desensitivity factor polynomial formula_4, e.g. using the Routh array, but this method is somewhat tedious. Conclusions can also be reached by examining the OLTF, using its Bode plots or, as here, polar plot of the OLTF formula_5 using the Nyquist criterion, as follows. Any Laplace domain transfer function formula_6 can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials: formula_7 The roots of formula_8 are called the "zeros" of formula_6, and the roots of formula_10 are the "poles" of formula_6. The poles of formula_6 are also said to be the roots of the "characteristic equation" formula_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1697331 | 104,319 |
Endocannabinoid system Based upon the interaction between the transmitter and receptor, neurotransmitters may trigger a variety of effects in the post-synaptic cell, such as excitation, inhibition, or the initiation of second messenger cascades. Based on the cell, these effects may result in the on-site synthesis of endogenous cannabinoids anandamide or 2-AG by a process that is not entirely clear, but results from an elevation in intracellular calcium. Expression appears to be exclusive, so that both types of endocannabinoids are not co-synthesized. This exclusion is based on synthesis-specific channel activation: a recent study found that in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, calcium entry through voltage-sensitive calcium channels produced an L-type current resulting in 2-AG production, while activation of mGluR1/5 receptors triggered the synthesis of anandamide. Evidence suggests that the depolarization-induced influx of calcium into the post-synaptic neuron causes the activation of an enzyme called transacylase. This enzyme is suggested to catalyze the first step of endocannabinoid biosynthesis by converting phosphatidylethanolamine, a membrane-resident phospholipid, into "N"-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). Experiments have shown that phospholipase D cleaves NAPE to yield anandamide. This process is mediated by bile acids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4617112 | 91,330 |
Nuclear chemistry Thus, if the reaction changes in rate when protons are replaced by deuteriums, it is reasonable to assume that the breaking of the bond to hydrogen is part of the step which determines the rate. Cosmogenic isotopes are formed by the interaction of cosmic rays with the nucleus of an atom. These can be used for dating purposes and for use as natural tracers. In addition, by careful measurement of some ratios of stable isotopes it is possible to obtain new insights into the origin of bullets, ages of ice samples, ages of rocks, and the diet of a person can be identified from a hair or other tissue sample. (See Isotope geochemistry and Isotopic signature for further details). Within living things, isotopic labels (both radioactive and nonradioactive) can be used to probe how the complex web of reactions which makes up the metabolism of an organism converts one substance to another. For instance a green plant uses light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose by photosynthesis. If the oxygen in the water is labeled, then the label appears in the oxygen gas formed by the plant and not in the glucose formed in the chloroplasts within the plant cells. For biochemical and physiological experiments and medical methods, a number of specific isotopes have important applications. By organic synthesis it is possible to create a complex molecule with a radioactive label that can be confined to a small area of the molecule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 | 13,854 |
Castner Medal The Castner Gold Medal on Industrial Electrochemistry is an biennial award given by the Electrochemical Technology Group of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) to an authority on applied electrochemistry or electrochemical engineering connected to industrial research. The award is named in honor of Hamilton Castner, a pioneer in the field of industrial electrochemistry, who patented in 1892 the mercury cell for the chloralkali process. Castner was an early member of SCI. The medal is presented in a public lecture, usually at the annual Electrochem conference, which is organised by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Electrochemistry Interest Group and the SCI Electrochemical Technology Group. When this is not possible, the medal presentation and lecture takes place at SCI's headquarters. The medal's design was conceived by Humphrey Paget by commission of SCI. At least until 1958, the award was called Castner Gold Medal. To the date, 23 academics and industrialists have received the award. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55409896 | 82,817 |
Synergy The synergistic gravity equation (SINGEq) comes to be represented by the formula: ∑SYN.Act = ∑R-*I(CRed+COOP++A)*V(Cust.+Info.)*cc where: The synergistic network represents an integrated part of the economic system which, through the coordination and control functions (of the undertaken economic actions), agrees synergies. The networks which promote synergistic actions can be divided in horizontal synergistic networks and vertical synergistic networks. The synergy effects are difficult (even impossible) to imitate by competitors and difficult to reproduce by their authors because these effects depend on the combination of factors with time-varying characteristics. The synergy effects are often called "synergistic benefits", representing the direct and implied result of the developed/adopted synergistic actions. can also be defined as the combination of human strengths and computer strengths, such as advanced chess. Computers can process data much more quickly than humans, but lack the ability to respond meaningfully to arbitrary stimuli. Etymologically, the "synergy" term was first used around 1600, deriving from the Greek word “synergos”, which means “to work together” or “to cooperate”. If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field (describing “the cooperation of human effort with divine will”), in the 19th and 20th centuries, "synergy" was promoted in physics and biochemistry, being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26859 | 471,375 |
James Irvine (chemist) He was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society of London in 1918 also being awarded its Davy Medal. He served as Vice-President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1922 to 1925. He won the society's Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1936–1940. Irvine was also Willard Gibbs Medallist of the American Chemical Society, Elliot Cressan Medallist of the Franklin Institute, Longstaff Medallist of the Chemical Society of London. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1920 and knighted in 1925 and was awarded the Freedom of St Andrews. He received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Aberdeen, Cambridge, Columbia, Durham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, McGill, Oxford, Princeton, Toronto, Wales and Yale. He died at home in St Andrews on 12 June 1952 and was buried in the eastern cemetery close to the main lower entrance gate. Irvine married Mabel Violet Williams in 1905. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3641581 | 74,879 |
Institute for Advanced Studies (Pakistan) The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), proposed as the Islamabad National University (INU) for future, formerly known as Prime Minister Secretariat, is a purposed think tank which will provide policy advice to the government of Pakistan. It is located in Islamabad, Pakistan. The think tank shall provide research on governance, development, technology and climate change. It will give policy advice to the federal cabinet and research advice for the Higher Education Commission. Previously, it was the Secretariat of the Prime Minister of Pakistan from its establishment in 1968 until 2018. In December 2018, it was proposed to convert the residence of the Prime Minister of Pakistan into a research university. In first phase, the Institute of Advanced Studies for the research would be established. In any case, it would not provide degree programs to students but may offer doctorates to promote research in future. The space consists of 800 Kanals and additional 300 Kanals for Prime Minister's Office and had over 500 servants. It was established during the reign of General Ayub Khan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58524219 | 305,805 |
AI box The purpose of an would be to reduce the risk of the AI taking control of the environment away from its operators, while still allowing the AI to calculate and give its operators solutions to narrow technical problems. Such a superintelligent AI with access to the Internet could hack into other computer systems and copy itself like a computer virus. Less obviously, even if the AI only had access to its own computer operating system, it could attempt to send hidden Morse code messages to a human sympathizer by manipulating its cooling fans. Professor Roman Yampolskiy takes inspiration from the field of computer security and proposes that a boxed AI could, like a potential virus, be run inside a "virtual machine" that limits access to its own networking and operating system hardware. An additional safeguard, completely unnecessary for potential viruses but possibly useful for a superintelligent AI, would be to place the computer in a Faraday cage; otherwise it might be able to transmit radio signals to local radio receivers by shuffling the electrons in its internal circuits in appropriate patterns. The main disadvantage of implementing physical containment is that it reduces the functionality of the AI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31641770 | 272,928 |
International Colour Authority The (ICA) is a private organization publishing forecasts about colour trends for the coming seasons, to be used by industry designers. It also awards a "Seal of Approval" that companies may display in their promotional materials if the colour ranges they use are appraised by the ICA. ICA forecasts were launched in 1968. Since then, a panel of international colour specialists, the Spanish Painter Pepa Poch among them, gathers twice a year in London to select the next colour palette. The selection is published 22 months ahead of the retail selling season, thus constituting the earliest colour trend prediction available to the furniture design and textile industries. Nowadays the ICA is one of the leading colour forecasters for the industry, along with the Color Marketing Group. Their products are ""high-quality forecast publications containing an abundance of accurate information on market trends"", which ranks them among ""the favourite publications of many professionals"", according to an article published by the International Trade Centre. Colours in the ICA colour guides are referenced using the Pantone standard, the Natural Color System (NCS) standard, or both. ICA has now launched an online service through which subscribers can download the forecasts, and is creating an online newsletter, World Colour News. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3914932 | 456,008 |
ERacks eRacks Open Source Systems was founded in 1999. The company provides computer systems based on open source software, including various distributions of Linux, *BSD and OpenSolaris, and manufactures rack-mounted servers (including NAS systems, firewalls, mail and web servers), desktops, laptops and netbooks. eRacks also manufactures quiet systems for recording studios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27248059 | 228,705 |
Thomas H. Fraser Thomas Henry Fraser is a ichthyologist and expert in cardinalfishes. According to the Australian Museum website, "He is a world expert on the taxonomy of Cardinalfishes." The combtooth blennies "Dodekablennos fraseri" and "Meiacanthus fraseri" were named in honour of Fraser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44148255 | 6,862 |
The Three Rs (animals) It is at this point that refinement starts, and its object is simply to reduce to an absolute minimum the amount of distress imposed on those animals that are still used."" Amongst areas of experiments that can be refined are the procedure to be used, the appropriateness of the species (its suitability for the procedure and its responses to a laboratory environment in general). Refinements techniques may include: The definition of Refinement has evolved from that provided by Russell and Burch. A newer definition is now commonly accepted, "any approach which avoids or minimises the actual or potential pain, distress and other adverse effects experienced at any time during the life of the animals involved, and which enhances their wellbeing". Refinement encompasses not only the direct harms associated with animal use, but the indirect, or contingent harms associated with breeding, transportation, housing and husbandry. Some have criticized the Three Rs for what they call "ambiguities" and tensions in the understanding and implementation of different prongs of the approach –Refinement, Reduction and Replacement. This is, in part, because different stakeholders (e.g. animal experimenters, institutional figures, policy makers, activists and the public) may interpret the Three Rs differently. The 3Rs principles do not address some issues, such as the ethics of using animals in research and focus instead on improving the humane use of animals which are used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40251468 | 156,465 |
Unified Thread Standard The letter suffix "A" or "B" denotes whether the threads are external or internal, respectively. Classes 1A, 2A, 3A apply to external threads; Classes 1B, 2B, 3B apply to internal threads. Thread class refers to the acceptable range of pitch diameter for any given thread. The pitch diameter is indicated as Dp in the figure shown above. There are several methods that are used to measure the pitch diameter. The most common method used in production is by way of a go/no go gauge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=666496 | 421,739 |
Exemestane Exemestane, sold under the brand name Aromasin among others, is a medication used to treat breast cancer. It is a member of the class of antiestrogens known as aromatase inhibitors. Some breast cancers require estrogen to grow. Those cancers have estrogen receptors (ERs), and are called ER-positive. They may also be called estrogen-responsive, hormonally-responsive, or hormone-receptor-positive. Aromatase is an enzyme that synthesizes estrogen. Aromatase inhibitors block the synthesis of estrogen. This lowers the estrogen level, and slows the growth of cancers. is indicated for the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer who have received two to three years of tamoxifen and are switched to it for completion of a total of five consecutive years of adjuvant hormonal therapy. US FDA approval was in October 2005. is also indicated for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women whose disease has progressed following tamoxifen therapy. For premenopausal women with hormone-receptor–positive breast cancer, adjuvant treatment with ovarian suppression plus the aromatase inhibitor exemestane, as compared with ovarian suppression plus tamoxifen, provides a new treatment option that reduces the risk of recurrence. The TEXT and SOFT trials demonstrated improved disease free survival in patients treated with exemestane and ovarian suppression compared to the tamoxifen and ovarian suppression group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3173222 | 72,356 |
Institute of Biosciences and Technology The (IBT), a component of the Texas A&M Health Science Center represents the Texas A&M University System, one of the two main Texas state university systems, in the state's and world's largest medical center, the Texas Medical Center, in Houston, Texas. The institute provides a bridge between Texas A&M University System scientists and other institutions' researchers working in the Texas Medical Center and the biomedical and biotechnology research community in Houston. It emphasizes collaboration between member scientists and others working in all the fields of the biosciences and biotechnology. IBT encourages its scientists to transfer discoveries made in their laboratories to the clinic and marketplace. The IBT was first established as part of the Texas A&M University System with the broad goal to expand biotechnology in the system. Plans for an institutional campus in Houston came to fruition in 1986 under Mr. David Eller (Chairman of the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents) and Dr. Richard Wainerdi (Chairman and CEO of the Texas Medical Center). Dr. Eugene G. Sander, head of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics in the Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (COALS) was named first director of the institute. The Robert A. Welch Foundation endowed a $1 million Robert A. Welch Chair in 1990. In 1988 the institute administration was moved from the Texas A&M University System to the Texas A&M University under the leadership of Dr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1446729 | 144,415 |
Flora of Borneo The flora of Borneo include 15 species of dicot tree, 37 species of non-tree dicot and 49 species of monocot endemic to the rich forest of Brunei Darussalam. Borneo is also home to the world's largest flower, the Rafflesia Arnoldii, this is the largest flower in the world and can reach up to 15 pounds in weight. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is divided between three countries: Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22585258 | 170,907 |
List of important publications in cryptography Feistel pushed a transition from stream ciphers to block ciphers. Although most ciphers operate on streams, most of the important ciphers today are block ciphers at their core. Description: DES is not only one of the most widely deployed ciphers in the world but has had a profound impact on the development of cryptography. Roughly a generation of cryptographers devoted much of their time to attacking and improving DES. Description: This paper suggested public key cryptography and presented Diffie–Hellman key exchange. For more information about this work see: W.Diffie, M.E.Hellman, "Privacy and Authentication: An Introduction to Cryptography", in Proc. IEEE, Vol 67(3) Mar 1979, pp 397–427. Description: In this paper (along with Loren M. Kohnfelder,"Using Certificates for Key Distribution in a Public-Key Cryptosystem", MIT Technical report 19 May 1978), Kohnfelder introduced certificates (signed messages containing public keys) which are the heart of all modern key management systems. Description: This paper introduced a branch of public key cryptography, known as public key distribution systems. Merkle's work predated "New directions in cryptography" though it was published after it. The Diffie–Hellman key exchange is an implementation of such a Merkle system. Hellman himself has argued that a more correct name would be Diffie–Hellman–Merkle key exchange. Description: The RSA encryption method. The first public-key encryption method. Description: A safe method for sharing a secret | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24562032 | 139,164 |
Solid oxygen Six different phases of solid oxygen are known to exist: It has been known that oxygen is solidified into a state called the β-phase at room temperature by applying pressure, and with further increasing pressure, the β-phase undergoes phase transitions to the δ-phase at 9 GPa and the ε-phase at 10 GPa; and, due to the increase in molecular interactions, the color of the β-phase changes to pink, orange, then red (the stable octaoxygen phase), and the red color further darkens to black with increasing pressure. It was found that a metallic ζ-phase appears at 96 GPa when ε-phase oxygen is further compressed. As the pressure of oxygen at room temperature is increased through 10 GPa (1,450,377 psi), it undergoes a dramatic phase transition to a different allotrope. Its volume decreases significantly, and it changes color from sky-blue to deep red. This ε-phase was discovered in 1979, but the structure has been unclear. Based on its infrared absorption spectrum, researchers assumed in 1999 that this phase consists of molecules in a crystal lattice. However, in 2006, it was shown by X-ray crystallography that this stable phase known as ε oxygen or red oxygen is in fact . No one predicted the structure theoretically: a rhomboid cluster consisting of four molecules. In this phase it exhibits a dark-red color, very strong infrared absorption, and a magnetic collapse. It is also stable over a very large pressure domain and has been the subject of numerous X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic and theoretical studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814939 | 425,505 |
Clock skew Another problem is caused if the destination flip-flop receives the clock tick earlier than the source flip-flop - the data signal has that much less time to reach the destination flip-flop before the next clock tick. If it fails to do so, a setup violation occurs, so-called because the new data was not set up and stable before the next clock tick arrived. A hold violation is more serious than a setup violation because it cannot be fixed by increasing the clock period. Positive skew and negative skew cannot negatively impact setup and hold timing constraints respectively (see inequalities below). can also benefit a circuit by decreasing the clock period locally at which the circuit will operate correctly. For each source register and destination register connected by a path, the following setup and hold inequalities must be obeyed: where Positive clock skews are good for fixing setup violations, but can cause hold violations. Negative clock skew can guard against a hold violation, but can cause a setup violation. In the above inequalities, a single parameter, "J", is used to account for jitter. This parameter must be an upper bound for the difference in jitter over all source register/destination register pairs. However, if the structure of the clock distribution network is known, different source register/destination register pairs may have different jitter parameters, and a different jitter value may be used for the hold constraint in contrast to the value for the setup constraint | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1823104 | 104,605 |
Field recording Another notable application of field recordings as of contemporary music is its inclusion in some vaporwave tracks, commonly recordings of public areas such as malls or grocery stores to add atmosphere. The sounds recorded by any device, and then transferred to digital format, are used by some musicians through their performance with MIDI-interfaced instruments. A contemporary artist with great success for his compositions is Christian Fennesz. In addition, electronic musicians, such as DJ Throwing Shade, have been using field recordings to create music that has "someone actually playing an instrument in real life, something which cannot be re-created in the same way through synthesised sounds". Earlier innovators who are noted for the importance and boldness of their projects are Luigi Russolo, who, in 1913, with his manifesto, "L'arte dei rumori" ("The Art of Noises"), gave musical value to environmental noise. He also designed and built the Intonarumori—the first instruments for making noise. Francesco Balilla Pratella utilized the Intonarumori in his opera, "L'aviatore Dro", which was written in close collaboration with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, (the founder of the Futurist movement). Radio documentaries often use recordings from the field, e.g., a locomotive engine running, for evocative effect. This type of sound functions as the non-fictional counterpart to the sound effect. During the early years of commercial recordings, the speeches of politicians sold well, since few people had radios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2495244 | 199,316 |
Nickel titanium At low temperatures, nitinol spontaneously transforms to a more complicated monoclinic crystal structure known as martensite (daughter phase). There are four transition temperatures associated to the austenite-to-martensite and martensite-to-austenite transformations. Starting from full austenite, martensite begins to form as the alloy is cooled to the so-called "martensite start temperature", or M, and the temperature at which the transformation is complete is called the "martensite finish temperature", or M. When the alloy is fully martensite and is subjected to heating, austenite starts to form at the "austenite start temperature", A, and finishes at the "austenite finish temperature", A. The cooling/heating cycle shows thermal hysteresis. The hysteresis width depends on the precise nitinol composition and processing. Its typical value is a temperature range spanning about 20-50 K (20-50 °C; 36-90 °F) but it can be reduced or amplified by alloying and processing. Crucial to nitinol properties are two key aspects of this phase transformation. First is that the transformation is "reversible", meaning that heating above the transformation temperature will revert the crystal structure to the simpler austenite phase. The second key point is that the transformation in both directions is instantaneous. Martensite's crystal structure (known as a monoclinic, or B19' structure) has the unique ability to undergo limited deformation in some ways without breaking atomic bonds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8305325 | 356,901 |
Midway Drive-In (Texas) The Midway Drive-In Theater was built in 1955 Between Turkey, Texas and Quitaque, Texas on Highway 86 when there were over 300 operating drive-ins in Texas. It was like the other Midway Drive-Ins which were built midway between two towns or cities. It closed down in the 1980s during a time that few drive-ins were surviving across America. Then it was purchased, restored and reopened to play current movies by a local citizen in 2000. The Midway was noted in episode 818 of Texas Country Reporter that aired May 3, 2003. The Drive-in ran for over five years until it closed again. The property was rented and the Drive-In opened intermittently until 2009 when it was purchased by another family and they started a second restoration and reopened the theater. It has been listed as one of 545 known permanently constructed and commercially operated drive-ins in the world that still operated in 2011. There are other Midway Drive-Ins located around the US, however this theater is the only known Midway Drive-In that was still in operation in Texas up until 2011. The Midway Drive-in closed down and did not open in 2012 because of the lack of available 35mm film prints. Supply slowed down because of the Hollywood transition to digital distribution only. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31787852 | 363,027 |
Supercritical fluid Additionally, due to the high rates of precursor transport in solution, it is possible to coat high surface area particles which under chemical vapour deposition would exhibit depletion near the outlet of the system and also be likely to result in unstable interfacial growth features such as dendrites. The result is very thin and uniform films deposited at rates much faster than atomic layer deposition, the best other tool for particle coating at this size scale. CO at high pressures has antimicrobial properties. While its effectiveness has been shown for various applications, the mechanisms of inactivation have not been fully understood although they have been investigated for more than 60 years. In 1822, Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour discovered the critical point of a substance in his famous cannon barrel experiments. Listening to discontinuities in the sound of a rolling flint ball in a sealed cannon filled with fluids at various temperatures, he observed the critical temperature. Above this temperature, the densities of the liquid and gas phases become equal and the distinction between them disappears, resulting in a single supercritical fluid phase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=762691 | 25,025 |
Deutsche Bank Prize in Financial Economics Woodford has developed a theory of monetary macroeconomics that holds widespread appeal to academic researchers owing to its rigorous microeconomic foundations. Woodford has proved the immense practical value of his theory by analyzing the central role played by expectations and communication in the implementation of monetary policy. The award ceremony was preceded by an international academic CFS symposium on "The Theory and Practice of Monetary Policy Today". Robert J. Shiller, Professor of Economics at Yale University, and Professor of Finance and Fellow at Yale School of Management, was awarded the 2009 prize for his contributions to the field of financial economics. Through his innovative work exploring the dynamics of asset prices, Robert Shiller has become a pioneer in the field of financial economics. His findings on the volatility of share prices, the occurrence of price bubbles and resultant crises, as well as on the distribution of macroeconomic risks are not only of great academic importance, they have also broken new ground in economic practice. An international academic symposium titled “Financial Innovation and Economic Crisis” was held in connection with the award ceremony on 30 September 2009. Leading financial economists, including Nobel Prize laureate Robert C. Merton of the MIT Sloan School of Management and Otmar Issing, President of the Center for Financial Studies, discussed the topics explored in Robert Shiller's research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17683716 | 512,563 |
Ventilation (architecture) The change was made to recognize that densely populated areas were sometimes overventilated (leading to higher energy and cost) using a per-person methodology. Occupant Based Ventilation Rates, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Area-based ventilation rates, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 The addition of occupant- and area-based ventilation rates found in the tables above often results in significantly reduced rates compared to the former standard. This is compensated in other sections of the standard which require that this minimum amount of air is actually delivered to the breathing zone of the individual occupant at all times. The total outdoor air intake of the ventilation system (in multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems) might therefore be similar to the airflow required by the 1989 standard. <br> From 1999 to 2010, there was considerable development of the application protocol for ventilation rates. These advancements address occupant- and process-based ventilation rates, room ventilation effectiveness, and system ventilation effectiveness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=529891 | 346,872 |
Financialization The difficulty of determining exactly how much this swap contract is worth, when accounted for on a financial institution's books, is typical of the worries of many experts and regulators over the explosive growth of these types of instruments. Contrary to common belief in the United States, the largest financial center for derivatives (and for foreign exchange) is London. According to MarketWatch on December 7, 2006, The global foreign exchange market, easily the largest financial market, is dominated by London. More than half of the trades in the derivatives market are handled in London, which straddles the time zones between Asia and the U.S. And the trading rooms in the Square Mile, as the City of London financial district is known, are responsible for almost three-quarters of the trades in the secondary fixed-income markets. In the wake of the 2007-2010 financial crisis, a number of economists and others began to argue that financial services had become too large a sector of the US economy, with no real benefit to society accruing from the activities of increased financialization. In February 2009, white-collar criminologist and former senior financial regulator William K. Black listed the ways in which the financial sector harms the real economy. Black wrote, "The financial sector functions as the sharp canines that the predator state uses to rend the nation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14232594 | 511,946 |
Galápagos syndrome Despite increasing numbers of international tourists in Japan, the country still attracts relatively few tourists according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, which ranked Japan 27th in the list of most visited countries 2013. In 2004, the wallet phone was introduced in Japan as a means to allow mobile payment alongside numerous other applications. In some ways the wallet phone can be seen as a predecessor of mobile payment tools that were later released on the global market such as Apple Pay or Google Wallet. The complete integration of multiple tools served to make the classical wallet redundant as the phone allows all types of payments, having train tickets or other everyday needs to be organized on the phone. In many ways the Japanese contactless infrastructure has been and is superior as compared to the current state in rest of the world. Kei cars ("light cars") are small four-wheeled vehicles/cars that have an engine of less than 660cc and enjoy preferential treatment in the form of tax advantages and lower insurance costs. Originally the Japanese government encouraged the use of those "light cars". This category of cars features a number of different car types including sport cars, minivans and commercial vehicles. However, Kei cars are not seen as profitable in export markets and therefore are only part of the Japanese automobile market | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23681908 | 457,674 |
Rydberg matter is an exotic phase of matter formed by Rydberg atoms; it was predicted around 1980 by É. A. Manykin, M. I. Ozhovan and P. P. Poluéktov. It has been formed from various elements like caesium, potassium, hydrogen and nitrogen; studies have been conducted on theoretical possibilities like sodium, beryllium, magnesium and calcium. It has been suggested to be a material that diffuse interstellar bands may arise from. Circular Rydberg states, where the outermost electron is found in a planar circular orbit, are the most long-lived, with lifetimes of up to several hours, and are the most common. consists of usually hexagonal planar clusters; these cannot be very big because of the retardation effect caused by the finite velocity of the speed of light. Hence, they are not gases or plasmas; nor are they solids or liquids; they are most similar to dusty plasmas with small clusters in a gas. Though can be studied in the laboratory by laser probing, the largest cluster reported consists of only 91 atoms, but it has been shown to be behind extended clouds in space and the upper atmosphere of planets. Bonding in is caused by delocalisation of the high-energy electrons to form an overall lower energy state. The way in which the electrons delocalise is to form standing waves on loops surrounding nuclei, creating quantised angular momentum and the defining characteristics of Rydberg matter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13662732 | 90,214 |
Work systems The dynamic view of a work system starts with the work system life cycle (WSLC) model, which shows how a work system may evolve through multiple iterations of four phases: operation and maintenance, initiation, development, and implementation. The names of the phases were chosen to describe both computerized and non-computerized systems, and to apply regardless of whether application software is acquired, built from scratch, or not used at all. The terms development and implementation have business-oriented meanings that are consistent with Markus and Mao's (2004) distinction between system development and system implementation. This model encompasses both planned and unplanned change. Planned change occurs through a full iteration encompassing the four phases, i.e., starting with an operation and maintenance phase, flowing through initiation, development, and implementation, and arriving at a new operation and maintenance phase. Unplanned change occurs through fixes, adaptations, and experimentation that can occur within any phase. The phases include the following activities: As an example of the iterative nature of a work system's life cycle, consider the sales system in a software start-up. The first sales system is the CEO selling directly. At some point the CEO can't do it alone, several salespeople are hired and trained, and marketing materials are produced that can be used by someone less expert than the CEO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13336525 | 500,726 |
Alternative fuel vehicle Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure. California led the search of sustainable alternatives with interest in methanol. In 1996, a new FFV Ford Taurus was developed, with models fully capable of running either methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline. This ethanol version of the Taurus was the first commercial production of an E85 FFV. The momentum of the FFV production programs at the American car companies continued, although by the end of the 90's, the emphasis was on the FFV E85 version, as it is today. Ethanol was preferred over methanol because there is a large support in the farming community and thanks to government's incentive programs and corn-based ethanol subsidies. Sweden also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agriculture policy, in the end emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles. The main benefit of Diesel combustion engines is that they have a 44% fuel burn efficiency; compared with just 25–30% in the best gasoline engines. In addition diesel fuel has slightly higher Energy Density by volume than gasoline. This makes Diesel engines capable of achieving much better fuel economy than gasoline vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8340209 | 356,959 |
Dickson Prize The in Medicine and the in Science were both established in 1969 by Joseph Z. Dickson and Agnes Fischer Dickson. The in Medicine is awarded annually by the University of Pittsburgh, and recognizes US citizens who have made "significant, progressive contributions" to medicine. The award includes $50,000, a bronze medal, and the Lecture. Receiving the in Medicine is strongly correlated with receiving the Lasker Award and the Nobel Prize. Source: University of Pittsburgh The in Science is awarded annually by Carnegie Mellon University, and recognizes those who "have made the most progress in the scientific field in the United States for the year in question." The award is dated by the year in which it was announced, which is often the year before the lecture occurs. Source: Carnegie Mellon University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13615938 | 190,411 |
Fan (machine) It was commercially marketed by the American firm Crocker & Curtis electric motor company. In 1882, Philip Diehl developed the world's first electric ceiling fan. During this intense period of innovation, fans powered by alcohol, oil, or kerosene were common around the turn of the 20th century. In 1909, KDK of Japan pioneered the invention of mass-produced electric fans for home use. In the 1920s, industrial advances allowed steel fans to be mass-produced in different shapes, bringing fan prices down and allowing more homeowners to afford them. In the 1930s, the first art deco fan (the "swan fan") was designed. By the 1940s, Crompton Greaves of India became the world's largest manufacturer of electric ceiling fans mainly for sale in India, Asia and the Middle East. By the 1950s, table and stand fans were manufactured in colors that were bright and eye catching. Window and central air conditioning in the 1960s caused many companies to discontinue production of fans. But in the mid-1970s, with an increasing awareness of the cost of electricity and the amount of energy used to heat and cool homes, turn-of-the-century styled ceiling fans became immensely popular again as both decorative and energy efficient units. In 1998 William Fairbank and Walter K. Boyd invented the high-volume low-speed (HVLS) ceiling fan, designed to reduce energy consumption by using long fan blades rotating at low speed to move a relatively large volume of air. Mechanical revolving blade fans are made in a wide range of designs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12877572 | 348,392 |
Roosevelt American Legion Hospital The Roosevelt American Legion Hospital, also known as the 'Roosevelt Community House, the Legion Villa, or The Rotunda, was a health care facility located at 107 Evergreen Road in Springfield, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. The building was demolished in 2016. In 1917, work began on construction of Fort Custer, for use as a training center for troops drafted to fight in World War I. In 1918, on land directly adjacent to Fort Custer, construction began on the Roosevelt Community House, intended to serve as an officer's club and a hospitality station for family members of the men stationed at Fort Custer. The building was financed by the state of Michigan War Emergency Fund. However, the building was not completely finished until late 1918, after Armistice had been declared. The building was dedicated on January 6, 1919, and named after Theodore Roosevelt, who had died earlier that same day. As the use of Fort Custer wound down, the Roosevelt Community House served as a hospitality station for only a few months. After the war, the building was purchased by Bernarr Macfadden, a popular proponent of physical culture, as a home for his International Health Resort. However, at the same time there was a rising tide of returning servicemen who had contracted tuberculosis; recognizing the public health crisis, governor Alex Groesbeck purchased the Roosevelt Community House back from Macfadden in 1921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60508708 | 307,150 |
Osama bin Laden That has to be our biggest national security priority." Upon being elected, then President-elect Obama expressed his plans to "renew U.S. commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, according to his national security advisers" in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist. President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that "conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah," replacing it with "a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn." U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials had had no reliable information on bin Laden's whereabouts for years. One week later, General Stanley McChrystal, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda would not be defeated unless its leader, Osama bin Laden, were captured or killed. Testifying to the U.S. Congress, he said that bin Laden had become an "iconic figure, whose survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world", and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. "I don't think that we can finally defeat al-Qaeda until he's captured or killed," McChrystal said of bin Laden. According to him, killing or capturing bin Laden would not spell the end of al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he remained at large. In April 2011, President Obama ordered a covert operation to kill or capture bin Laden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22468 | 364,093 |
CRISPR In type I and type II systems, protospacers are excised at positions adjacent to a PAM sequence, with the other end of the spacer cut using a ruler mechanism, thus maintaining the regularity of the spacer size in the array. The conservation of the PAM sequence differs between CRISPR-Cas systems and appears to be evolutionarily linked to Cas1 and the leader sequence. New spacers are added to a array in a directional manner, occurring preferentially, but not exclusively, adjacent to the leader sequence. Analysis of the type I-E system from "E. coli" demonstrated that the first direct repeat adjacent to the leader sequence, is copied, with the newly acquired spacer inserted between the first and second direct repeats. The PAM sequence appears to be important during spacer insertion in type I-E systems. That sequence contains a strongly conserved final nucleotide (nt) adjacent to the first nt of the protospacer. This nt becomes the final base in the first direct repeat. This suggests that the spacer acquisition machinery generates single-stranded overhangs in the second-to-last position of the direct repeat and in the PAM during spacer insertion. However, not all CRISPR-Cas systems appear to share this mechanism as PAMs in other organisms do not show the same level of conservation in the final position. It is likely that in those systems, a blunt end is generated at the very end of the direct repeat and the protospacer during acquisition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2146034 | 169,847 |
Uri Banin In 2019 Nanosys signed an exclusive agreement on quantum dot patents developed in Banin's lab and held by Yissum. Banin has been an associate editor of the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters since 2013. As of 2019, Banin has authored more than 350 papers that have been cited more that 23,500 times, granting him an h-index of 78. In addition, he has invented more than 35 different patents. Numerous former students and postdoctoral researchers of Banin are faculty members of Israeli and other universities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62357093 | 16,252 |
Ray–Dutt twist The is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically adopt an octahedral molecular geometry in their ground states, in which case they possess helical chirality. The pathway entails formation of an intermediate of C point group symmetry. An alternative pathway that also does not break any metal-ligand bonds is called the Bailar twist. Both of these mechanism product complexes wherein the ligating atoms (X in the scheme) are arranged in an approximate trigonal prism. This pathway is called the in honor of Prafulla Chandra Ray and N. K. Dutt, the inorganic chemists who proposed this process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12518595 | 89,291 |
List of tallest structures The tallest structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper at . Listed are guyed masts (such as telecommunication masts), self-supporting towers (such as the CN Tower), skyscrapers (such as the Willis Tower), oil platforms, electricity transmission towers, and bridge support towers. This list is organized by absolute height. See List of tallest buildings and structures, List of tallest freestanding structures and List of tallest buildings and List of tallest towers for additional information about these types of structures. Terminological and listing criteria follow Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat definitions. Guyed masts are differentiated from towers – the latter not featuring any guy wires or other support structures; and buildings are differentiated from towers – the former having at least 50% of occupiable floor space although both are self-supporting structures. indicates a structure that is no longer standing.<br> This is an incomplete list of structures under construction that are projected to be taller than and have current height under . It does not include on-hold or topped-out structures. Structures that are on hold or have been cancelled. The following table is a list of the current tallest structures by each continent (listed by geographic size): The following table is a list of the all time tallest structures by each continent (listed by geographic size): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166570 | 358,911 |
Anterograde tracing In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method which is used to trace axonal projections from their source (the cell body or soma) to their point of termination (the synapse). The complementary technique is "retrograde tracing", which is used to trace neural connections from their termination to their source (i.e. synapse to cell body). Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of the biological process of axonal transport. The anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques allow the detailed descriptions of neuronal projections from a single neuron or a defined population of neurons to their various targets throughout the nervous system. These techniques allow the "mapping" of connections between neurons in a particular structure (e.g. the eye) and the target neurons in the brain. Much of what is currently known about connectional neuroanatomy was discovered through the use of the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Several methods exist to trace projections originating from the soma towards their target areas. These techniques initially relied upon the direct physical injection of various visualizable tracer molecules (e.g. Green fluorescent protein, lipophylic dyes or radioactively tagged amino acids) into the brain. These molecules are absorbed locally by the soma (cell body) of various neurons and transported to the axon terminals, or they are absorbed by axons and transported to the soma of the neuron | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19529858 | 63,544 |
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