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Question: <p>If I have some synthetic DNA sequence (<=20 bp long), is there a way for me to reliably insert this sequence next to some n-bp motif? I'd like for this to be possible in humans. If so, are there any restrictions on the size of n? </p>
<p>I have explored the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for this end, but it is ... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/41516/insertion-of-synthetic-dna-sequence |
Question: <p>So I was reading up on articles to do a project about cloning but there were no places in the article where It states the tool used to take the gene out of the nucleus and insert it into plasmids ? can anyone accurately tell me what the tool is. I don't mean the process but the actual names of the tools li... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/42877/what-tools-are-used-in-animal-cloning |
Question: <p>I am struggling to set up a project proposal for validation of a known treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer in mouse models.
I want to see how SNPs in patients contribute to their drug resistance and/or toxicity. For the validation of these SNPs as predictive biomarkers, I will use cell lines and mou... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/68626/treatment-validation-on-mouse-models |
Question: <p>In eukaryotes, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, as part of protein complexes, can attack specific messenger RNAs with complementary sequences, thereby inhibiting translation. However, RNA can also complement DNA. So, do any regulatory RNAs directly bind to DNA (with a protein complex or alone)?</p>
<... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/54380/do-any-rnas-directly-inhibit-transcription |
Question: <p>I know this probably sounds rather hypothetical and not very feasible but I would very like an answer telling why it is possible or not possible and why.</p>
<p>With the advancement of crispr and other dna technologies, I have been wondering whether it is possible for us to use a virus, which would easily... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/67408/is-it-possible-to-use-virus-for-genetic-modification-of-embryos-during-the-fetus |
Question: <p><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40585299" rel="noreferrer">BBC News recently published an article</a> saying that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>An image and short film has been encoded in DNA, using the units of inheritance as a medium for storing information ...
The team sequenced the bac... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/62641/what-does-it-mean-to-write-an-image-and-gif-into-the-dna-of-bacteria |
Question: <p>Reading this study
<a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v23/n10/full/cr2013122a.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v23/n10/full/cr2013122a.html</a></p>
<p>They writing</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Multiple <strong>exogenous</strong> and endogenous genes can be simultaneously activated
... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/31751/what-does-it-mean-carrying-the-stably-integrated-gene |
Question: <p>Is taking AAS a form of gene-editing? Steroids alter genes in some way since they allow people to build more muscle than what's naturally possible -- so they sort of "break" natural genetics somehow.</p>
<p>Given this, would this be considered a form of genetic-engineering on living humans/etc.? What abou... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/78772/are-androgenic-anabolic-steroids-a-form-of-gene-editing |
Question: <p>From this article <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1909S/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1909S/abstract</a></p>
<p>“We created transgenic mice that overexpress human catalase localized in the peroxisome, nucleus, or mitochondria (... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/90987/where-do-biologists-get-information-about-mouse-genes |
Question: <p>CRISPR-Cas13 equipped with crRNA (complementary to transcripts of interest) can be designed to target ssRNA transcripts in cells. </p>
<p>Upon successful crRNA and ssRNA binding, a fluorescent domain on Cas13 generates a signal, indicating that target has been found. </p>
<p>As far as I know, this method... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/84841/can-cas13-be-used-with-multiple-crrnas-in-the-same-reaction |
Question: <p>If I understand correctly, the steps of gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9 are roughly as follows</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Cas9 nuclease and guide RNA form a complex.</li>
<li>Cas9+guide RNA complex scans genomic DNA and recognizes the sequences homologous to the guide RNA</li>
<li>Induces a double strand brea... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/96975/when-does-the-cas9-nuclease-stop |
Question: <p>In lectures, we have discussed Michaelis Menten enzyme kinetics, but from lectures it was clear that this was not the only type of kinetics.</p>
<p>After looking into this, I have found enzymes that give a sigmoid curve relating initial rate of reaction to substrate concentration.</p>
<p>So so far I have... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/54496/enzyme-kinetics-types |
Question: <p>I can't understand how to study enzyme kinetics. Say I have a lipase and want to study the kinetics of this lipase using a fluorogenic substrate, how would I do this? From what I understand I would use a 96 or so well plate and in each increase the amount of substrate or increase the amount of enzyme and u... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/17053/enzyme-kinetics |
Question: <p>I measured some enzyme kinetics in a practical course using a substrate-based FRET assay. Unfortunately some of my plots show weird effects. There was always a decrease in signal after 35 minutes. But the curve always regained.
During the whole measurement the plate was placed in the reader, and was heated... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/105084/why-such-strange-enzyme-kinetics |
Question: <p>What is the difference between $S_{0.5}$ values and $K_m$ values in enzyme kinetics?</p>
Answer: <p>This expands my comment on the question to an answer. </p>
<p>If an enzyme exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics, then it is valid to define a K<sub>M</sub> and this equates to the substrate concentration whe... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/5004/s-0-5-vs-k-m-values-in-enzyme-kinetics |
Question: <p>I have had a few biochemistry courses, but I still feel confused and a bit scared each time they try to explain and apply enzyme kinetics or even chemometrics in different situation during class. On our last lecture we had kinetics regarding:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Pingpong reactions (with two substrates A, B):</... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/45450/enzyme-kinetics-recommended-literature-to-grasp-the-concepts-better |
Question: <p>I´m here looking for empirical experience over this revelation, which surely is not so amazing but better call biology experts.</p>
<p>I recently founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomax_distribution" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Lomax Probability Distribution</a> and noted that the cumulative... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/115740/does-the-lomax-model-describes-enzyme-kinetics |
Question: <p>I'm interested in any way to do time-resolved study of enzyme kinetics. I am studying some physical variables that may affect kinetics, but I want to study how quickly they take effect, and how long the effect lasts. The time scale of interest is milliseconds or less, so the typical spectrophotometric me... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/48284/ways-to-monitor-enzyme-kinetics-with-very-fast-time-resolution |
Question: <p>I am stumped by two questions:</p>
<ol>
<li>Why do we take only the initial 10%(or may be 9.99999....%) of S conversion as the rate of the enzyme reaction. why not more than 10%?</li>
<li>Why doesn't the velocity keep on increasing linearly until the Vmax is reached (as all the S molecules get exhausted)<... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/65525/enzyme-kinetics-at-the-chemical-level |
Question: <p>I need enzyme concentration and metabolites concentration values to en-corporate these values in my model and do some simulation.</p>
<p>I searched through some database </p>
<p>yeast metabolome database <a href="http://www.ymdb.ca/" rel="nofollow">http://www.ymdb.ca/</a>
brenda and other enzyme databas... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/8864/modeling-yeast-biochemical-pathway-using-enzyme-kinetics |
Question: <p>What is the typical effect of enzyme immobilization on the kinetic parameters of an enzyme's activity? </p>
<p>Can one assume that they'd stay approximately the same or is there a gross change? Any way to estimate the effect? </p>
<p>The native parameters are as follows:</p>
<pre><code>kcat 0.5 1/min... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/44465/enzyme-kinetics-effect-of-immobilization-on-kinetic-parameters |
Question: <p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/0G3bL.png" alt="Enzyme action graph"></p>
<p>At the very peak, the energy is in a state of activation energy. Here, is the substrate just attaching to the enzyme, or is is substrate already breaking?</p>
Answer: <p>Enzymes are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalys... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/58944/enzyme-kinetics-what-happens-at-the-peak-of-the-gibbs-energy-graph |
Question: <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/0O1vC.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/0O1vC.png" alt="Enzyme reacts with substrate to produce a complex" /></a></p>
<p>Enzyme reacts with substrate to produce a complex. And finally the products in a catalysis reaction.</p>
Answer: <p>To answer... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/107110/in-enzyme-kinetics-can-the-kp-be-greater-than-k1-in-any-way |
Question: <p>Wikipedia has this image titled "Pressure Chamber to measure Enzyme Activity under High Pressure"</p>
<p>Made me wonder why do we need to measure Enzyme Activity under high pressure? </p>
<p>Are there enzymes in nature that must work under variable pressure conditions? My impression from my knowledge of ... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/48673/enzyme-activity-under-high-pressure |
Question: <p>I mean, I want to practice with challenging exercises and I want to know the theory behind them. So, I started reading:</p>
<ul>
<li>Organic Chemistry: Yurkanis, P.</li>
<li>Enzyme kinetics: Bisswanger, H.</li>
<li>Biotechnology procedures and experiments Handbook: Harisha, S.
But just the first one has p... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/87996/looking-for-a-good-and-complete-enzimology-exercises-book |
Question: <p>I was wondering what is the protein concentration in an E. coli cell. When studying enzyme kinetics and activity <em>in vitro</em>, I would argue that the substrate and enzyme concentrations resemble those <em>in vivo</em>. As a result, conclusions made by such assays do not apply 100% to the naturally occ... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/1134/how-crowded-is-the-bacterial-cell |
Question: <p>I'm trying to understand enzyme kinetics, the formula for K<sub>m</sub> and K<sub>cat</sub> make sense to me. </p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>K<sub>m</sub></strong> , the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of V<sub>max</sub></p>
<p><strong>K<sub>cat</sub></strong>, used to desc... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/53483/what-is-the-meaning-behind-kcat-km |
Question: <p>So I have two substrates for one enzyme and I measured the product formation-> michaelis menten kinetics. The Vmax for both substrates is the same, the Km however is higher on substrate number 2. What can I conclude from this in terms of enzyme-substrate interaction?</p>
Answer: <p>The situation you desc... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/79016/struggling-to-make-sense-of-km |
Question: <p>I'm doing an experiment for my IB bio EE involving colorimetry. I'm not experienced at all with colorimetry, so I'm having some trouble planning it. The experiment is on enzyme kinetics, and I'm testing the effect of an inhibitor on the rate of digestion of starch by alpha-amylase. Currently, my plan is ju... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/86091/will-amylase-inhibitors-affect-the-colorigenic-reaction-between-starch-and-iodin |
Question: <p>I have never heard of straigthforward definitions of these fields in my college lectures, and the Internet searches were not very helpful. However, from what I have learned at different subjects, this what I understand of the following areas.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Biochemistry:</strong> The study of metab... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/84247/what-is-the-difference-among-biochemistry-molecular-biology-molecular-genetics |
Question: <p>I was going through the GRN modelling from <em>Chemical and enzyme kinetics</em>
by D. Gonze & M. Kaufman (<a href="http://mcb111.org/w11/gonze_kinetics.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PDF</a>). The gene has 2 sites for activator/repressor. It say the DNA <span class="math-container">$D_0$</span> combin... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/100387/conservation-law-in-gene-regulatory-network-modelling |
Question: <p>I have created a <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1781438" rel="nofollow noreferrer">convenience kinetics</a><sup>†</sup> model. Now, I want to integrate the transcriptomics data with my convenience kinetics model for altering/weighing the kinetic parameter values. I have read so... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/85360/how-to-integrate-transcriptomics-data-with-kinetic-metabolic-models |
Question: <p>Quoting Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_limited_enzyme#Mechanism" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Some enzymes operate with kinetics which are faster than diffusion rates, which would seem to be impossible."</a> Which are those enzymes and how can they be so fast?</p>
<p>One example... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/51223/how-can-some-enzymes-work-faster-than-the-diffusion-rates-of-the-molecules-it-ca |
Question: <p>I'm from India and i'm preparing for a competitive exam called the Joint Admissions Test for a Masters admission.</p>
<p>I need help in finding books to read from for these chapters:</p>
<p><strong>General Biology</strong>: Taxonomy and physiology, Pro-and eukaryotic organism; cell organelles and their f... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/40022/what-are-the-best-books-for-the-iit-jam-biological-sciences-exam |
Question: <p>I have been trying to confirm the Km of a substrate (which is 34 +/- 4 mM). This value was obtained in 50 mM MOPS, pH 6.3. I conducted my kinetics assay in a buffer of pH 7 and obtained a Km value in the 21.5. According to this <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065158/" rel="noreferrer"... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/37050/does-ph-affect-michaelis-constant |
Question: <p>I'd like to try a new spectroscopic technique to study enzymatic reactions (which reaction doesn't especially matter, something simple and with fast kinetics like catalase would do fine - I'm just trying to test the technique).</p>
<p>Unfortunately, for this technique to work, it is best if there aren't a... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/79295/are-there-any-enzymes-without-aromatic-amino-acids |
Question: <p>It is a cliche of freshman biology labs to point out that "every cycle of PCR doubles the DNA, so the yield will be $2^{cycles}$ times the template amount". However, if this were true, 1 ng of template would generate about 35 billion ng after 35 cycles, or 35 <em>grams</em> of DNA. This is clearly absurd a... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/19081/equation-for-accurate-prediction-of-pcr-yield |
Question: <p>I would like to know about those transporters with <em>alternating-access</em>-type mechanism, <strong>that can only efficiently shuttle molecules in one direction but the other direction is severely kinetically inhibited</strong>. From <a href="https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/107289/thermodyna... | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/108966/examples-of-passive-membrane-transport-proteins-that-only-transport-in-one-direc |
Question: <p><em>Characteristics of chemical reactions</em> are certain characteristics that tell us whether a chemical reaction has occurred or not.</p>
<p>Some important characteristics of chemical reactions are given below :</p>
<li> Evolution of a gas
<li> Formation of a precipitate
<li> Change in color
<li> Change... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/135659/characteristics-of-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I just got in 10th grade and the first chapter in Chemistry in our school curriculum is <em>Chemical Reactions and Equations</em></p>
<p>The chapter is littered with a <strong>lot</strong> of chemical reactions and their equations and most of the teachers I consult say that there is no alternative to revi... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/132135/understanding-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Whats the difference between chemical processes and chemical reactions?
Ive heard that the chemical industries only uses chemical processes to produce new substances, but isnt that also what happens when a chemical reaction occurs? I couldn't find a lot on this topic online except for the wikipedia aricles... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/51782/chemical-processes-and-chemical-reactions-difference |
Question: <p>What are the chemical reactions and/or chemical processes that take place during SFE(supercritical fluid extraction)? Namely supercritical $\ce{CO2}$.</p>
Answer: <p>Supercritical fluid technology is used primarily to enhance the chemical extraction process. The solubility of a compound in a supercritica... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/14122/chemical-reactions-in-sfe |
Question: <p>I'm creating a program, which predicts reactions of compound. So, I need a database of chemical reactions. And I need both inorganic and organic reactions. But I can't use Scifinder or Reaxys because they are not free. Is there any free analogs?</p>
Answer: <p>In the current form the question is addressed... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/71827/free-chemical-reactions-database |
Question: <p>I am wondering about chemical reactions when the reactants are in a plasma state. Consider hydrogen and oxygen. Heated, these would react to form water.</p>
<p>If hydrogen and oxygen plasma were combined, would the separation of electrons from nuclei prevent normal chemical reactions? Or would the reaction... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/73840/chemical-reactions-in-plasma-state |
Question: <p>I am looking for introduction to modeling of chemical reactions. I think there is the base approach, where concentrations of chemical species are given, plus ratios of each possible reaction / outcome. Is there a paper lightly explaining internal mechanics of such reactions, and their modeling via system o... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/2619/introduction-to-modeling-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>We know that quantum tunneling is the reason behind several natural phenomenon like alpha decay and thermonuclear fusion inside the stars. How can it influence chemical reactions by tunnelling a species through the activation energy? If so how does it influence the kinetics and fraction of molecules taking... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/99004/tunneling-in-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Do reactions whose final outcome is <strong>not even theoretically predictable by any means possible</strong> exist in Nature or does the outcome of all possible chemical reactions can (at least in theory) be <strong>predicted</strong> if we could get enough information about the conditions the reaction sy... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/84242/do-non-ergodic-chemical-reactions-exist |
Question: <p>I was going to ask whether there are software that could be used to predict the products of any given chemical reaction. However, I then noticed these two earlier questions</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/2808/chemical-software-for-solving-reactions?rq=1">Chemical softw... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/24216/why-is-predicting-products-of-chemical-reactions-difficult |
Question: <p>I recently read about Chaos Theory and was wondering if a chemical reaction results in or shows characteristics of chaos (I found a few examples of such reactions <a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_famous_chemical_reactions_yielding_chaos/amp" rel="nofollow norefer... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/119571/chaos-in-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Most chemical reactions are reversible, and even for so called "irreversible" ones, the equilibrium point lies so far towards the product, that they are effectively irreversible, but even for them, an equilibrium point exists. The products and reactants are in an equilibrium with each other.</p>
... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/187690/are-there-any-true-irreversible-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>In a chemical reaction, is energy always either lost or gained by the reactants? As much as I am concerned, changes in energy can occur during the absorption of heat or the emission of light or heat (these are the most often occurring). Is every chemical reaction accompanied by these conditions? Aren't the... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/77339/energy-in-a-chemical-reaction |
Question: <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen</a></p>
<p>Can Halogens react with each other?</p>
<p>Examples :</p>
<p>Chlorine + Flourine</p>
<p>Flourine + Iodine</p>
<p>Iodine + Bromine</p>
<p>Chlorine + Bromine</p>
<p>and so on.</p>
<p>Per... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/141917/halogens-chemical-reactions-with-each-other |
Question: <p>I've always wondered what the chemistry behind fire is. What are the basic chemical reactions behind a simple wood fire, and how do they manifest into this phenomenon?</p>
Answer: <p>Even though fire is one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element#Classical_elements_in_Greece" rel="n... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/what-are-the-chemical-reactions-behind-fire |
Question: <p>My question concerns how energy is used in chemical reactions. I am working with a reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid in a class (although this is not a homework question). What I've found is that the magnesium gives away its valence electrons to either the hydrogen or to the chloride. But in... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/127186/energy-in-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I recently came across a question in which an option is 'Breaking a chemical bond is the first step in any chemical reaction', which lead me to think of reactions which do not involve bond breaking. The only reaction I can think of is dimer formation, but a Google search reveals no more. Surely this cannot... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/99967/which-chemical-reactions-dont-involve-bond-breaking |
Question: <p>I want to show a schematic representation of chemical reactions from start to finish in a way that will include more detailed preparation instructions than a plain chemical formula: volumes, concentrations, waiting time, temperature, etc.</p>
<p>Is there a graphical language for this kind of thing? I'm lo... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/36924/is-there-a-generic-graphical-language-to-represent-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I've seen before chemistry demonstrations where solutions are mixed with one another and subsequently where the resulting product goes through periodic color changes: for example blue to orange and back to blue again. The reaction seems to go on for awhile at a regular period.</p>
<p>My question - can thi... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/31383/periodically-oscillating-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I am looking for a complete directory of chemical reactions. It should be searchable by element or substance and also the various factors (pressure, temperature, catalyst, etc) should be mentioned. Is there something like this? Thanks!</p>
Answer: | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/57323/is-there-a-database-of-known-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Why is the Gibbs free energy (G) considered a spontaneity criterion for phase transformations and chemical reactions? Why are other thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and Helmholtz free energy (A) not accepted as spontaneity criteria?</p>
Answer: <p>Spontaneity is simply a system ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/166821/spontaneity-criterion-for-phase-transformations-and-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I am a mathematician working on real-life models in ordinary differential equations. I want to know if there are any models of oscillatory chemical reactions that consist of three ordinary differential equations where one variable is much slower than the other two. In particular I am interested in bursting... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/166898/mathematical-models-of-oscillatory-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Suppose only a set of chemical formulas is given. How can you find all mathematically possible chemical equations whose educts and products are only from this set?</p>
<p>Take e.g. the set <span class="math-container">$\{ \ce{C, H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, NO, NO2, NO3}\}$</span>.</p>
<p>Or consider e... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/111375/finding-all-chemical-reactions-given-products-and-reactants |
Question: <p>While studying enthalpy <span class="math-container">$H=U+PV$</span> and its changes, I realized I am not clear on the following: chemical reactions happen with the <strong>external</strong> pressure being constant and equal to the atmospheric pressure <span class="math-container">$P_{atmos}$</span>. But, ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/144598/do-most-chemical-reactions-happen-at-constant-pressure |
Question: <p>I'm reading a paper entitled <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1508.04125.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Reachability Problems for Continuous Chemical Reaction Networks</a> and as I was reading it I realized: I have no idea what the difference is between a continuous chemical reaction network (CCRN) and a che... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/74727/continuous-chemical-reaction-network-versus-chemical-reaction-network-differen |
Question: <p>There are <a href="http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/fgarces/zCourse/All_Year/Ch100_OL/aMy_FileLec/04OL_LecNotes_Ch100/05_CompoundBonding/505_IMF_Water/505_pic/descriptionIMF.gif" rel="nofollow">various chemical reactions</a> that can occur between materials.</p>
<ol>
<li>Which chemical reactions occur with th... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/24905/which-chemical-reactions-occur-between-my-tongue-and-the-food-i-eat |
Question: <p>Is it possible that some chemical reactions can't be balanced through the redox method? Because it seems to me that the elements on the reactants side have the same oxidation states with the product side.</p>
Answer: <p>Sometimes you aren't able to use the redox method to balance a chemical equation. This... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/34935/is-the-redox-method-applicable-to-all-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I am rather a newb in the GAMESS field but finally, learned to make input files for most molecular simulations and could even use TD-DFT for excited states (special thanks to Geoff Hutchison for his help).</p>
<p>Now I want to start simulating simple chemical reactions. I looked at the GAMESS manual and th... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/20003/how-to-simulate-chemical-reactions-in-gamess |
Question: <p>We might have a half cell consisting of the redox couple <span class="math-container">$\ce{Ag+}/\ce{Ag}$</span>, which for example's sake might be fixed to be at the cathode (i.e. undergoing reduction).</p>
<p>The reaction at the cathode is then</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\ce{Ag+ + e- -> Ag... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/129088/why-do-we-write-electrode-potentials-next-to-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I posted the following question in Physics SE and was advised to transfer it to Chemistry SE.</p>
<hr>
<p>I studied physics in college ten years ago and I recently started to learn biochemistry. I enjoy finding out that some familiar concepts in physics play important roles in biochemistry such as entrop... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/98490/why-do-some-chemical-reactions-require-many-steps |
Question: <p>Is there somewhere where I can find an authoritative list of chemical reactions, energy requirements, known catalysts, etc.? If not, how do you know if and how to transform substance A to substance B? What references do you use?</p>
Answer: | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/23452/is-there-an-authoritative-list-of-chemical-reactions-transformations |
Question: <p>I have always been confused about the role of slash in chemical reactions.</p>
<p>In some reactions, e.g. $\ce{NaBH4}/\ce{OH-}$ it means we use both compounds, right?</p>
<p>And in reactions where we write $\ce{Pt/Pd/Ni}$ do we mean platinum or palladium or nickel?</p>
Answer: <p>The ambiguity seems to ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/41492/what-is-the-role-of-the-slash-in-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I wondered if it was possible to predict the product(s) of a reaction (or even the equilibrium) based on the reactants and the temperature/pressure.</p>
<p>I found an answer to a similar question <a href="https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/2809/4447">here</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>No, there is no suc... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/8351/software-for-predicting-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>In my thermodynamics course, we introduced the chemical potential as a modification of the first + second law of thermodynamics in the case of a system that can exchange particles with its surroundings (consider only PV work):</p>
<p><span class="math-container">\begin{equation}
dU = TdS - pdV + \sum_{j=1}... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/160446/meaning-of-chemical-potential-in-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Are there chemical reactions that could cool down an average sized room by a noticeable amount (say 5 °C)?</p>
<p>I would like to investigate if it is possible to have a situation where I can mix 2 reagents at room temperature and pressure and in open air then they should react and become colder than ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/1238/chemical-reactions-with-a-room-scale-cooling-effect |
Question: <p>I have heard that chemical reactions create energy. I wanted to know how this energy was created (specifically light energy) and how this energy came about. I wanted to know if the energy produced was made of particles (for example, light energy is made of photons).</p>
<p><strong>My answer</strong> I a... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/5440/what-is-the-energy-released-in-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>I wanted to know some common parameters which decide the feasibility of any chemical reaction.
And can we make a non favourable reaction favourable.</p>
Answer: <p>Because a reaction is thermodynamically favoured does not mean that it will be a fast reaction. So 'yes' they always proceed but possibly infi... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/54722/do-thermodynamically-favourable-chemical-reactions-always-proceed |
Question: <p>I got interested in Chemical Reaction Theory by studying the lecture notes of Feinberg and related papers for my bachelor thesis and want to dive deeper into that subject.</p>
<p>Are there any books you would recommend for doing so? I would really appreciate it. I'm looking for something which emphasizes ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/69280/books-on-chemical-reaction-theory |
Question: <p>Can anybody give me a schematic representation of how quantum tunneling allows chemical reactions to occur at very low temperatures like in the interstellar medium.</p>
Answer: | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/34858/effect-of-quantum-tunnelling-on-chemical-reactions-at-very-low-temperature |
Question: <p>I know this kind of question has been asked many times but I think this is a bit different.</p>
<p>We have $G = H - TS$. Here I am talking about chemical reactions at constant pressure and temperature. We can write $\Delta G = Q - Q_\mathrm{rev} = \Delta H - T \Delta S$.</p>
<p>For an irreversible chemic... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/41057/gibbs-free-energy-in-chemical-reaction |
Question: <p>I know that one current area of research is ways to protect astronauts from ionizing radiation when they venture out of the atmosphere of Earth, but would that same ionizing radiation be a cause of concern when performing chemical reactions in space or in the atmosphere of planets with little atmosphere?</... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/30787/radiation-in-space-and-its-effects-on-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Considering energy-releasing devices such as bombs or batteries which operate on chemical reactions and not nuclear (i.e. strong/weak) forces, what are the upper bounds on the amount of chemical potential energy that can be contained in 1kg or 1m<sup>3</sup> of ordinary matter at RTP?</p>
<p>Here I'm not ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/57434/whats-the-limit-on-energy-density-for-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Every day we use chemical reactions to perform mechanical work by creating either heat (e.g. in a piston engine) or electricity (batteries). I know muscles perform work by taking stored chemical energy and converting it directly into mechanical force.</p>
<p>Other than in organic chemistry, are there any ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/14431/are-there-practical-chemical-reactions-that-do-mechanical-work-without-heat-or-e |
Question: <p>I'm a geology student completing a project on chemical staining and was after some chemistry help on some of the reactions taking place. I am using various different stains to identify carbonate and feldspar minerals. </p>
<p>One of the stains, in particular, is alizarin red S (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone)... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/34291/chemical-reactions-involved-in-staining |
Question: <p>"In reversible reactions, as the reactants react with other reactants to form products, the products are reacting with other products to form reactants."
<a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Reversible_vs._Irreversible_Reactions" rel="nofollow">http://chemw... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/41074/irreversible-chemical-reaction-in-a-battery |
Question: <p>Chemical transformation alters the chemical properties of a material, which includes reactivity with various chemical species. The new specials thus formed have different characteristics from the initials.</p>
<p>The chemical reaction breaks bonds, forms bonds, or both. Basically, the atoms within the sp... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/136415/is-there-a-chemical-reaction-without-a-chemical-change |
Question: <blockquote>
<p>Chemical reactions occur at constant temperature and pressure.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Consider a gaseous, equilibrium reaction: <span class="math-container">$\ce{2NO2(g) <=> N2O4(g)}$</span>. Most questions/textbooks formulate such questions by stating: <em>The reaction happens at (<span c... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/138417/thermodynamics-of-chemical-reactions-at-constant-pressure |
Question: <p>what are some of the original examples of uses of differential equations for modeling and analyzing chemical reactions, particularly those relevant to biochemistry, involving proteins and enzymes? Michaelis and Menten's work in 1910s is one example. </p>
<p>What are the earlier examples or antecedents to ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/97810/origin-of-use-of-differential-equations-for-modeling-chemical-reactions |
Question: <p>Tell me the requirements and procedure for <strong>producing black smoke using chemical reactions</strong>.</p>
Answer: <p>When ignited, mixtures of potassium chlorate, charcoal and anthracene (or naphthalene) produce black smoke.</p>
<p><strong>However, note that milling and grinding dry mixtures of po... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/24806/how-to-produce-black-smoke-using-chemical-reaction |
Question: <p>I was a college student of physics ten years ago, and recently started to learn biochemistry. I enjoy finding out that some familiar concepts in physics play important roles in biochemistry such as Entropy and Gibbs free energy. </p>
<p>For example, as a (ex-)student of physics, I am happy to know that Gi... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/98637/why-do-some-chemical-reactions-require-many-steps |
Question: <p>I have come across many questions like: "if electron had 3 spins (-1/2,0,+12) then what change will be there in the periodic table?", also sometimes " if the capacity of each orbital becomes 5 then in what period or group will the particular element be?" So what is the relation between quantum no. and the ... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/40377/periodic-table-quantum-numbers |
Question: <p>The periodic table I understand is arranged by order of increasing atomic number after Henry Moseley's X-ray experiment. </p>
<p>But I also learned that the periodic table also has its shape due to the types of subshells present in certain sections called blocks of the table.</p>
<p>However, I still do n... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/125276/structure-of-the-periodic-table |
Question: <p>I am not a chemist, but I am interested in Science in a general sense. Can anybody explain why the periodic table is periodic in nature? I would appreciate links for further reading.</p>
Answer: <p>Elements interact with the rest of the world through their electrons. How those electrons interact with othe... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/43869/why-is-the-periodic-table-periodic |
Question: <p>I there a <em>Good</em> Version of a printable Periodic table Which is minimalistic and gives <strong>necessary</strong> information only such as -</p>
<ul>
<li>At. Number</li>
<li>Element Name</li>
<li>At. weight</li>
<li>Shell configuration </li>
<li>color coding of various groups or Series</li>
</ul>
... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/24606/periodic-table-for-printing |
Question: <p>Why do we find big spaces in the periods of the Periodic Table between $\ce{H}$ and $\ce{He}$, $\ce{Be}$ and $\ce{B}$, and $\ce{Mg}$ and $\ce{Al}$? </p>
<p>What is the logic of such organization of the periods?</p>
Answer: <p>From a historical perspective, this was done to account for the commonalities b... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/28769/organisation-in-periodic-table |
Question: <p>Several people have said that the key to understanding chemistry is through memorizing the periodic table.</p>
<p>I want to ask if there is a simple technique to learn it, or if I just have to remember every element as it is?</p>
Answer: <p>You can memorize the periodic table in one night, simply by emul... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/24723/memorizing-the-periodic-table |
Question: <p>The groups go from 1 to 18 in the periodic table. When looking at the transition metals in the periodic table, You see roman numerals labelled with 'B,' in the order of III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, VIII, VIII, I, II.
Why does III - VIII come before I and II? And why does VIII get repeated three times? </p>
... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/133155/groups-of-the-periodic-table |
Question: <p>What are the blocks of the periodic table? What is the purpose of naming the elements per block group? What do they signify?</p>
Answer: <p>Below is a picture of the 4 blocks in the Periodic Table. The elements in a block all use the same orbital to hold their valence or outer shell electrons. For examp... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/13958/block-on-the-periodic-table |
Question: <p>How does reactivity change as you move from one side of the periodic table to the other or if you move from the top to the bottom?</p>
Answer: <p>I'm assuming you're asking about how the CHARACTER changes as we move all about the periodic table, and based on that how does the reactivity change.</p>
<p>As... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/57111/reactivity-change-of-periodic-table |
Question: <p>In my Chemistry course, we must <strong>memorize a list of common polyatomic ions</strong>. Is their an easy way of memorizing ions such as Sulfate $\ce{SO4^2-}$ by looking at just the <strong>periodic table</strong>. I listed the ones we have to memorize bellow. I know that if they contain oxygen (which i... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/39265/memorizing-polyatomic-ions-using-periodic-table |
Question: <p>Can we know the reaction between any two elements in the periodic table? If yes then can we know the reaction between any three or more elements in the periodic table?</p>
Answer: <p>We don't even know completely the reaction of one element with itself. </p>
<p>For example, consider carbon. There are c... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/24897/reaction-between-elements-in-a-periodic-table |
Question: <p>Dmitri Mendeleev noticed patterns in elements which allowed him to design the periodic table which ultimately led to the modern periodic table.</p>
<p>How were elements organized before this? Was there any method that served as a crude standard?</p>
Answer: <p>Aaron J. Ihde's <a href="https://books.googl... | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/74216/what-organizational-methods-pre-date-the-periodic-table |
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