Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-22835	How do we exactly die of old age?	Other comments have stated how we die when we get old, but I wanted to add that 'dying of old age' isn't an actual thing, rather the body become weak and may no longer run as smoothly as it used to, causing us to die from some infection or failure of a system.	[ "A distinction can be made between \"proximal ageing\" (age-based effects that come about because of factors in the recent past) and \"distal ageing\" (age-based differences that can be traced to a cause in person's early life, such as childhood poliomyelitis).\n\nAgeing is among the greatest known risk factors for...	[ "Humans can die of old age.", "Old age is a cause of death." ]	[ "Human's don't die of old age, but rather of infections or failures of body systems, occuring when they are old.", "People don't die from aging, over time the body becomes weak and people die from some infection or failure of a system." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans can die of old age.", "Old age is a cause of death." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Human's don't die of old age, but rather of infections or failures of body systems, occuring when they are old.", "People don't die from aging, over time the body becomes weak and people die from some infection or failure of a system." ]
2018-18054	Why does water left out in a glass for a few days start to taste different?	TL:DR Carbon Dioxide. Longer answer; After the water has been sat around for a while, carbon dioxide in the air interacts with the water, this begins to lower the pH of the water and this gives the water its slightly stale taste.	[ "The flavour of the whisky will linger on the palate and will change over time as the flavour decays in the mouth.\n\nSection::::Tasting notes.:Water.\n", "BULLET::::- Maximum Nitrogen Concentration (NH4-N [micro l-1] of 13 on the surface and 120 at the bottom of the lake have been reported.\n\nBULLET::::- The la...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03313	why aren’t all currencies valued at the same rate? Wouldn’t it be easier if they were all valued the same?	What would prevent another country from printing more currency if it all stays the same?	[ "Nontradables are primarily services and the output of the construction industry. Nontradables also lead to deviations in PPP because the prices of nontradables are not linked internationally. The prices are determined by domestic supply and demand, and shifts in those curves lead to changes in the market basket of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17103	How does Vitamin C boost my immune system?	Unless you have a deficiency already, consuming vitamin C won’t actually boost your immune system	[ "Vitamin C distributes readily in high concentrations into immune cells, has antimicrobial and natural killer cell activities, promotes lymphocyte proliferation, and is consumed quickly during infections, effects indicating a prominent role in immune system regulation. The European Food Safety Authority found a cau...	[ "Vitamin C boosts the immune system." ]	[ "Vitamin C will only help the immune system if you are deficient in vitamin C." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vitamin C boosts the immune system." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vitamin C will only help the immune system if you are deficient in vitamin C." ]
2018-19175	What causes body parts to grow in specific shapes?	Homeotic genes, (such as the Hox control genes) which control the timing of the development of each part of the body plan by turning on and off at certain points in embryo development. You have arms and legs because a fish had fins, and a fish had fins that developed from more primitive structures - but since the emergence of bilateral symmetry very, very similar genes have been doing the same work in the same rough place of the developing body. The book "Your Inner Fish" by Neil Shubin is an excellent description of the emergence of limbs, and their development from ancient fish to modern humans.	[ "Body shape\n\nHuman body shape is a complex phenomenon with sophisticated detail and function. The general shape or figure of a person is defined mainly by the molding of skeletal structures, as well as the distribution of muscles and fat. Skeletal structure grows and changes only up to the point at which a human ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15613	why is bullfighting still a thing with all the animal rights activists and the general hate against it?	Because the people who like it are politically powerful enough in their own countries that they can ignore foreign complaints (foreign complains may even add to support, similar to someone picking on a family member), and nations are sovereign which means other countries can't make them do anything (unless the maker is willing to commit to a war and occupation).	[ "In 2015, 438 of 687 Members of the European Parliament (MEP) voted in favour of amending the 2016 E.U. budget to indicate that the \"Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) appropriations or any other appropriations from the budget should not be used for the financing of lethal bullfighting activities\".\n\nSection::::Po...	[ "Animal rights activist should have stopped bullfighting by now. " ]	[ "There are people who hold enough power to ignore the complaints within the country, therefore bullfighting won't stop." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animal rights activist should have stopped bullfighting by now. ", "Animal rights activist should have stopped bullfighting by now. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are people who hold enough power to ignore the complaints within the country, therefore bullfighting won't stop.", "There are people who hold enough power to ignore the complaints within the country, therefore bullfighting won't stop." ]
2018-22458	if fire needs air to burn how dose rockets burn in space	The chemicals used to power rockets are self oxidizing, meaning they contain the oxygen molecules they need to burn rather than taking them from ambient air.	[ "If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of gravity, or of some similar force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce convection, which removes combustion products and brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own com...	[ "Rockets should not be able to maintain acceleration in space due to there being no oxygen." ]	[ "Rockets contain self oxidizing chemicals, they do not require air to be able to operate properly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rockets should not be able to maintain acceleration in space due to there being no oxygen." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rockets contain self oxidizing chemicals, they do not require air to be able to operate properly." ]
2018-09831	Why does water feel cold when evaporating from your skin?	TL;DR: It's because water moving from a liquid to a gas form requires heat input, and it "steals" that heat from your skin. Water basically has three "states" - solid (ice), liquid, and gas (water vapour). If you want to move water from one of these states to another you either have to add or remove a little burst of energy. You have to add energy to go solid-to-liquid or liquid-to-gas, or remove it to go the other way. And because energy's not free, it has to come from somewhere. So a film of water on your skin evaporates and goes from liquid to gas, and so it has to get energy from somewhere to do that, right? That energy comes from your skin that the water was sitting on, and as it evaporates that water actually robs your skin of its heat. The faster that water evaporates, such as if a dry wind is blowing across that film of water on your skin, the faster your skin gets robbed of its heat and the colder the wet region will feel. That's why getting out of a swimming pool on a cool breezy day instantly chills you.	[ "Skin wettedness is defined as \"the proportion of the total skin surface area of the body covered with sweat.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Flow rate of air: This is in part related to the concentration points above. If \"fresh\" air (i.e., air which is neither already saturated with the substance nor with other substances...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03475	Why can't we use vacuums for buoyancy?	> Wouldn't a space with no material in it have a much lower density? It would! The problem is the materials we have that could support such a vacuum chamber without it crushing are too heavy for the displacement of the vacuum. If we somehow had a magical material which wouldn't collapse under the pressure but was light enough for it to support then it would work, but we don't have anything like that.	[ "Section::::History.:First evaluation by astronauts.\n", "Section::::Characteristics.:Normal gravity experience.\n", "Buoyancy is another frequently misunderstood phenomenon. Some proposed perpetual-motion machines miss the fact that to push a volume of air down in a fluid takes the same work as to raise a corr...	[ "Humans should be able to use vaccuums for buoyancy. " ]	[ "The materials that would be withheld inside the vaccuum would likely collapse under pressure, and anything that wouldn't collapse would unfortunately be too heavy." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans should be able to use vaccuums for buoyancy. ", "Humans should be able to use vaccuums for buoyancy. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The materials that would be withheld inside the vaccuum would likely collapse under pressure, and anything that wouldn't collapse would unfortunately be too heavy.", "The materials that would be withheld inside the vaccuum would likely collapse under pressure, and anything that wouldn't collapse would unfortunat...
2018-04035	Why do salty foods measure sodium content, but not chlorine content? Why are the cations in salts generally listed but anions aren't?	Because it's the sodium that is nutritionally more relevant. Both because people need a certain amount of sodium intake, and because with certain medical conditions too much sodium becomes dangerous. As far as I know of, it is extremely uncommon to have a diet deficient in chloride (or too much), so there's no reason to list it.	[ "By definition, only the cations sodium (Na) and potassium (K) and the anions chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO) are used to calculate the anion gap. (As discussed above, potassium may or may not be used, depending on the specific lab.)\n\nThe cations calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are also commonly measured, but...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01268	Why is your palm lighter than your skin?	The palms and the soles don't have any melanocytes, the cells that produce the pigment responsible for the skin color. (melanin) More melanin = darker skin. edit: my english spelling sucks.	[ "The glabrous (hairless) skin on the front of the hand, the palm, is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones. Compared to the rest of the body's skin, the hands' palms (as well as the soles of the feet) are usually lighter — ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00826	Why have Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter during the past year gone from chronological newsfeeds to “customized” newsfeeds?	[Filter bubbles]( URL_0 ), by encouraging you to engage only with content you already engage with regularly, maximize engagement with their services and thus shareholder value and ad revenue. It also "sanitizes" the content, since censoring controversial or offensive content is taken as part of the tailoring, so it's more friendly and non-controversial for advertisers. In other words, by tailoring the content you see to be only naively what's "relevant" to you, they create a welcoming and non-challenging content environment where everything is in agreement with you and your personality profile, so you feel rewarded and comfortable in that environment, and thus spend more time in the platforms. This directly rewards them by increasing profit potential. (In my opinion, it's a really messed up thing based on entirely misguided motivations, but our society is based on misguided incentives anyway, so it's not surprising.)	[ "On October 11, 2017, Facebook introduced the 3D Posts feature to allow for uploading interactive 3D assets. On January 11, 2018, Facebook announced that it would change News Feed to prioritize friends/family content and de-emphasize content from media companies.\n\nSection::::Website.:Like button.\n", "Facebook ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02845	Why does the consumption of certain food causes our excretory substances (e.g. urine) to smell?	Because the human body failed to digest the aromatic/ester that gave off the smell, hence when that chemical is excreted your urine smells of it (you may notice your sweat smelling like it as well)	[ "The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed or specific diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney diseases as well, such as kidney stones.\n\nEating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06019	Why does the label around a plastic bottle of soda seem to shrink when the bottle is first opened?	The label doesn’t shrink. It’s being pulled in with the bottle as it reduces its volume and pressure as the gas is released when you open it.	[ "The designer of a die for a blow moulded bottle can never be completely sure of how much the finished bottle will hold. Shrinkage always occurs after the item is released from the mould. The amount of shrinkage depends upon many factors, including cycle time, inflation air pressure, time in storage prior to fillin...	[ "Labels on soda bottles shrink when the bottle is opened. ", "The label around a plastic bottle of soda shrinks when first the bottle is first opened." ]	[ "Labels on soda bottles are not shrinking, but are being pulled in as volume is reduced and gas pressure is released.", "The label doesn’t shrink, it is just pulled in because pressure is released when the bottle is opened." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Labels on soda bottles shrink when the bottle is opened. ", "The label around a plastic bottle of soda shrinks when first the bottle is first opened." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Labels on soda bottles are not shrinking, but are being pulled in as volume is reduced and gas pressure is released.", "The label doesn’t shrink, it is just pulled in because pressure is released when the bottle is opened." ]
2018-20034	Why do some vacinnes give you cold-like symptoms?	They've done numerous double-blind test for various vaccines shots and the only notable results were SLIGHTLY more soreness & redness at the injection site. 'Cold-like' symptoms occurred at the same rate of people who got the placebo. However, there are potential correlations to the flu shot and colds: 1.) Flu-shots are usually given during cold and flu season, so high chance you were gonna get sick then anyway 2.) Flu-shots are not fully effective until two weeks after receiving the vaccine, and they dont protect against the common cold anyway.	[ "BULLET::::- burning, itching, redness, skin rash, swelling, or soreness at the application site\n\nBULLET::::- flushing or redness of the skin\n\nBULLET::::- irritation\n\nBULLET::::- itching, scaling, severe redness, soreness, or swelling of the skin\n\nBULLET::::- peeling of the skin\n\nBULLET::::- raised, dark ...	[ "Some vacinnes give you cold-like symptoms." ]	[ "Double-blind studies have shown that the rate that cold symptoms occur is constant, for both the vaccinated cohort and the placebo cohort." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some vacinnes give you cold-like symptoms." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Double-blind studies have shown that the rate that cold symptoms occur is constant, for both the vaccinated cohort and the placebo cohort." ]
2018-00977	When a light is turned on, where do the photons come from?	Actual ELI5: You know how when you're really frustrated you want to scream out and let out some energy? Well, what a light does is make a material (either a gas, like air, or a solid, like the thing inside old light bulbs) really really frustrated, and the light "screams" by emitting light instead of sound and therefore gives away a bit of it's energy. ELI'm older. Lights work by "exciting" a material, whether that be the noble gas inside a fluorescent lamp or a tungsten wire inside an incandescent bulb. When a material is excited, the electrons inside the material move to a higher energy "orbit". However, the electrons don't WANT to be in that orbit, they want to be in their home orbit. (Because they are most "stable" there, and the universe, in general, tends toward stability.) So when they get the chance, they move back down to their home orbit, but do to so they need to give off some energy. (Because an electron can't arbitrarily move from one level to another, something needs to happen to push it there or something needs to happen to allow it to fall down to a lower level.) That energy is emitted as a photon (light). So what the light has done is convert electricity into photons by a series of chemical/physical processes. The photons are NOT always there. They're created in the instant the electron moves down to the lower energy level. Remember, photons are massless, they're just a form of energy, and converting from one energy type to another is easy. EDIT: Oh and yes, photons will "cease to exist" if they are absorbed by something else. Essentially in exactly the opposite process. The photon hits the atom at a specific place and makes an electron "excited." Therefore the photon (which was just energy) has now become the "energy" that is "exciting" the electrons. It's like saying "well if I splash water at a wall the water droplets don't exist after they hit the wall." That's... partially true, but the water DID something to the wall, it made it wet. Same thing with a photon. It DOES something to the atom. So while it doesn't exist AS A PHOTON anymore, it's still there, just in a different form, just like the water on the wall.	[ "Photons are emitted in many natural processes. For example, when a charge is accelerated it emits synchrotron radiation. During a molecular, atomic or nuclear transition to a lower energy level, photons of various energy will be emitted, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. Photons can also be emitted when a pa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00675	Why the supply shortage of PC memory?	demand has gone up dramatically. in last decade, there's been exploding increase in cloud computing, cryptocurrency, IOT, realtime services. all requiring copious amounts of computing power as well as storage. in previous years, suppliers sold extra inventory to cover demand. there's no more overstock inventory. prices go up.	[ "In 1988 there was a shortage due to high demand. Workers at seven Hitachi corporation factories had to work through their summer vacations to meet demand. In 1994, there was a shortage due to new technologies being developed. The newer manufacturing processes required significantly cleaner “clean rooms” and many b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22530	Why is it that every winged animal developed wings on the forelimbs?	Let me introduce you to [Sharovipteryx]( URL_0 ). Goofy gliding lizards aside; you need your wing to support you at your center of gravity for stability. Your wing also needs to be [thickest at the front]( URL_1 ) to generate lift. So the front of the wing is where you have room for bones. Put together, that means the wing needs to start somewhere on the front half (by mass) of your body - thus, the front pair of limbs is the only option, short of investing a bunch of mass in a tail for a counterbalance or moving the rear limbs way forward. Flying creatures need to be light, so a bunch of mass in the tail (which doesn't help generate lift) is out. And moving the rear limbs forward is a much bigger change in body plan than wings, and thus much less likely to arise out of mutation.	[ "The forelimbs' scope of use is also believed to have also been different among different families. The spinosaurids could have used their powerful forelimbs to hold fish. Some small maniraptorans such as scansoriopterygids are believed to have used their forelimbs to climb in trees. The wings of modern birds are u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02722	How does bacteria become more resistant to antibiotics?	Basically, it's "random". There are some mutations that happen randomly, making some of them uniquely immune to the antibiotic in question, then those are the ones that survive and then the most basic biology, namely reproduction, happens. Therefore, over time, you need more and more diverse / stronger antibiotics. This is also the reason why antibiotics should not be used preemptively, and not for a light cough for example.	[ "Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics; for example, gram-negative bacteria are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics due to the presence of β-lactamase. Antibiotic resistance can also be acquired as a result of either genetic mutation or horizontal gene transfer. Although mutations are rare...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15723	How do drill instructors in the military not damage their voice from all the shouting?	They do. Often. I couldn't even begin to remember how many days our Drill Sergeants showed up to work hoarse and barely able to speak.	[ "Training, in contrast to other remedies, often requires a large dedication of time at regular intervals. Some dogs may require the training routine to be extended for their entire lifetime to effectively manage the symptoms of noise anxiety. The use of trainers, also, may be prohibitive in cost. Finally, some dogs...	[ "Military drill instructors do not damage their voice due to all their shouting.", "Drill instructions in the military don't damage their voice from shouting." ]	[ "Drill Sergeants show up to work hoarse and barely able to speak.", "They do damage their throats and their voice becomes hoarse." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Military drill instructors do not damage their voice due to all their shouting.", "Drill instructions in the military don't damage their voice from shouting." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Drill Sergeants show up to work hoarse and barely able to speak.", "They do damage their throats and their voice becomes hoarse." ]
2018-01040	How do doctors decide who to give treatment to if there’s long waiting lists and only limited treatments available?	For the transplant example the decision is based on a couple of factors. Need, length of wait and distance of travel being the biggest ones I know of. If you're talking in a more generalized emergency sense then it all comes down to triage. Basically treatment goes by patient need but only to a point. Eventually, someones going to need more care than can reasonably be given without taking away time and care from other patients. In that case it's really about the needs of the many. Source: guy on the internet	[ "It is unclear how many of the patients waiting longer have to. Some may be by choice, because they wish to go to a well-known specialist or clinic that many people wish to attend, and are willing to wait to do so. Waiting times may also vary by region. One experiment reported that uninsured patients experienced lo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02620	how come the human brain is easily addicted to games and tv but not to studying and learning?	Whenever you do something good, like finish a task or do something fun, your body releases chemicals in your brain that make you happy. Simply put, these chemicals are the reason we want to do things, and enjoy doing things. These chemicals are powerful and make us feel good. If we flood our brains with these chemicals a lot in a short amount of time, it takes the brain time to adjust afterward to return to normal. Video games, gambling, television, and social media are all specifically designed to be enjoyable and force your body to release these chemicals. For some people, the period after those chemicals wear off can be particularly uncomfortable, so they seek out that stimulus again to feel good again. Over time, this cycle of instant gratification can lead to dependancy, where the person has trouble feeling happy or satisfied from other stimulus. They're brain is so used to soaking in these chemicals that when the chemicals leave their system, they don't feel normal like they should, they feel worse. Things like studying aren't instantly gratifying, it happens over time and isn't really exciting, but we get pleasure at the end when our hard work pays off.	[ "According to Paraskeva (2010), at least 68% of American households play video games. Many recent research articles postulate education and gaming can be joined to provide academic benefits.\n", "While not all researchers agree, some recent studies have shown the positive effects of using games for learning. A st...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04050	How do scientist determine how many animals are left of a certain endangered species?	Depends on the species. For larger animals like elephants you can do aerial surveys to count the number of family groups. Mammals are also very easy to keep track of via radio collar or transmitter. For harder and more elusive species all we can really do is calculate habitat area, calculate how much area is needed for an individual (which varies depending on home range size and how territorial they are) and if that area is cut down (say due to land use change) then the individuals are out of habitat. Keeping an accurate estimate of population sizes requires a knowledge of the animal involved, which is why studies relating to population dynamics of a species are actually really important to conservation.	[ "While the World Conservation Union (IUCN) mostly only categorizes whole species or subspecies, assessing the global risk of extinction, in some cases it also assesses the risks to stocks and populations, especially to preserve genetic diversity. In all, 119 stocks or subpopulations across 69 species have been asse...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00164	why do cold symptoms seem stronger/worse later in the day or before sleep as compared to during the day when you’re active?	Your immune system has a circadian rhythm much like your sleep cycle. During midday, functions related to cell immunity—antibody production and macrophage activity—dominate. During the night, these ramp down in favor of discomforting—but healing—inflammation functions. [Source (just googled)]( URL_0 )	[ "Many patients report that temperature may affect the severity of symptoms, especially cold as being an aggravating factor. However, there is some scientific debate on this subject, and some even report that cold may alleviate symptoms.\n\nSection::::Symptoms and signs.:The warm-up phenomenon.\n\nThis phenomenon wa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17113	Why is euler's identity e^(i π)=1called the 'The Most Beautiful Equation'?	It's actually e^(i*pi)+1=0 But, it's "beautiful" because it contains the five most fundamental constants in math: 0, 1, e, i, and pi; and nothing else.	[ "Stanford University mathematics professor Keith Devlin has said, \"like a Shakespearean sonnet that captures the very essence of love, or a painting that brings out the beauty of the human form that is far more than just skin deep, Euler's equation reaches down into the very depths of existence\". And Paul Nahin, ...	[ "Euler's equation is e˄(i pi)=1." ]	[ "The correct Euler's equation is e˄(i*pi)+1=0." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Euler's equation is e˄(i pi)=1.", "Euler's equation is e˄(i pi)=1." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The correct Euler's equation is e˄(ipi)+1=0.", "The correct Euler's equation is e˄(ipi)+1=0." ]
2018-03330	Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?	I’m not a cigar smoker but my father in law is and he explained that cigars are best enjoyed through your mucus membranes (mouth and nose, passive inhaling) and that you’re really only supposed to smoke enough to keep it lit. This is a very different experience compared to smoking a cigarette or a joint where people try to inhale as much of the smoke directly into their lungs as they can, mostly to get the effects of the nicotine or THC.	[ "Among the factors which contribute to the scent and flavor of cigar smoke are tobacco types and qualities used for filler, binder, and wrapper, age and aging method, humidity, production techniques (handmade vs. machine-made), and added flavors. Among wrappers, darker tend to produce a sweetness, while lighter usu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00038	How does a phone measure how many percents does the battery have?	Battery cells put out a certain voltage and amperage, based on their construction. Over time, the output voltage decreases in an exponential curve, in a way we can predict based on previous measurements. By measuring the battery's voltage at any given time and checking it against the chart, you can get an accurate representation of its capacity in relative terms of percent rather than just the voltage being output.	[ "A BMS may monitor the state of the battery as represented by various items, such as:\n\nBULLET::::- Voltage: total voltage, voltages of individual cells, minimum and maximum cell voltage or voltage of periodic taps\n\nBULLET::::- Temperature: average temperature, coolant intake temperature, coolant output temperat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01897	Why was Timothy McVeigh’s trial and subsequent execution so fast, especially compared to other popular trials of the 90’s until now?	His trial wasn't particularly fast - almost a month. The execution was fast because three years after the trial McVeigh petitioned the courts to waive all further appeals and set an execution date. He waived all appeals in December 2000, the judge waited a month to make a decision and then set an execution date for June 2001. It was the waiving of all appeals that sped up the process. Normally the death sentence is automatically appealed, the trial transcripts are checked for obvious legal errors, and if the sentence is upheld then there are years of waiting as the lawyers submit individual appeal after appeal through the state and federal courts.	[ "BULLET::::- Died: Victor Feguer, 27, became the last federal inmate executed in the United States before the 1972 moratorium on the death penalty, after being his conviction for kidnapping a physician in Iowa and murdering him in Illinois. Feguer, who had been held at the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07862	Over billions of years, why haven’t all of Jupiter’s gases mixed together to produce one solid color?	Gases dont necessarily mix by default, the same density differences, brownian motion, viscocities, and insolubilities that apply to liquids apply to gases as fluids as well. Basically somethings just dont mix/stay mixed	[ "Significant chemical cycles exist on Jupiter's moons. Recent evidence points to Europa possessing several active cycles, most notably a water cycle. Other studies suggest an oxygen and radiation induced carbon dioxide cycle. Io and Europa, appear to have radiolytic sulphur cycles involving their lithospheres. In a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00363	Why aren't death sentences carried out immediately	You can't reverse a death sentence. So what happens if someone is wrongfully convicted? Among many other reasons for the delay, you need to allow time for things like appeals to happen.	[ "But some say the death penalty must be enforced even if the deterrent effect is unclear, like John McAdams, who teaches political science at Marquette University: \"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed a bunch of murderers. If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so w...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11516	Why does our planet not show any effects due to the significant increase in combined weight of all the human beings following the massive population growth of the last 200 years?	All that extra mass is a vanishingly small fraction of the total mass of earth. Also, it's not as if it came from nowhere; before those people existed, it was tied up in soil, plants, animals, etc. The total mass of earth has not changed because more people were born.	[ "In the view of Paul and Anne Ehrlich, \"for earth as a whole (including those parts of it we call Australia and the United States), human beings are far above carrying capacity today.\"\n\nThe application of the concept of carrying capacity for the human population has been criticized for not successfully capturin...	[ "The increase of humans on the planet increases the weight the earth has to sustain, and the earth should have issues by now with the amount of humans on earth. " ]	[ "Regardless of the increase of human beings on the planet, human's combined weight are so miniscule compared to the earth that it will not effect the earth. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The increase of humans on the planet increases the weight the earth has to sustain, and the earth should have issues by now with the amount of humans on earth. ", "The weight of human beings has an affect on the planet." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Regardless of the increase of human beings on the planet, human's combined weight are so miniscule compared to the earth that it will not effect the earth. ", "The weight of human beings are a vanishingly small fraction of the total mass of the Earth." ]
2018-00129	what's the difference between a bomb cyclone and a hurricane?	A bomb is the term for a non-tropical low pressure system that rapidly intensifies. Bombs (in the weather term) are a cold-weather fed system often dependent on strong upper level winds, whereas hurricanes are fed by warm, moist air and thrive in weak upper level winds.	[ "By the 1970s, the terms \"explosive cyclogenesis\" and even \"meteorological bombs\" were being used by MIT professor Fred Sanders (building on work from the 1950s by Tor Bergeron), who brought the term into common usage in a 1980 article in the \"Monthly Weather Review\". In 1980, Sanders and his colleague John G...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08774	Why does hot water seem more effective when cleaning things than cold water?	Most things have a higher solubility in hot water than in cold. There is a certain amount (that depends on the substance and the temperature) that water can absorb, and usually (not always) that amount goes up with temperature. So hotter water is better at dissolving dirt/stuff when cleaning	[ "Section::::Factors affecting the effectiveness of the cleaning agents.\n\nTemperature of the cleaning solution. Elevating the temperature of a cleaning solution increases its dirt removal efficiency. Molecules with high kinetic energy dislodge dirt faster than the slow moving molecules of a cold solution.\n\nConce...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14224	Why tranquilizer darts have a fluffy red tail thing?	To increase drag on that end so the pointy needle end goes into the animal target. If the dart tumbles, like a ball or can of soup if you throw them, then the pointy end might not hit the animal and give it the tranquilizer shot. It's red in case you miss, so it's easier to find the dart (because darts cost money).	[ "BULLET::::- Path of Esteem: Stored in a large, flat, golden receptacle, The Path of Esteem serves the same role as a red carpet. When the golden chest is placed on the ground, a large number of red crab like creatures exit, forming a red path for the esteemed to walk upon.\n", "The blowgun can be used to fire da...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06378	Why is listening to sad music when sad so comforting?	Because it’s a relatable feeling. When you listen to sad music it’s like someone else is feeling the way you do. Your not alone.	[ "In a 2003 interview, Matt Skiba stated that \"Good Mourning\": is pretty good. I mean it took us a long time to do and I think most of the people that I talk to that make records and stuff, there's always stuff that you wish you did better or maybe a little differently. I've never been able to avoid that, even wit...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21486	Why were “1st” payment only windows added / built in to drive-throughs but don’t seem to be used any more?	To speed up the flow of traffic, I used one an hour ago so Im not sure what you mean by them not being used. Maybe they close them during off peak hours.	[ "BULLET::::- Windows where employees interact with customers by processing the customer's payment and giving them their order. Most drive-throughs have either one window serving both functions, or two windows with the first being used for payment and the second used for retrieving the order.\n", "Power assists or...	[ "“1st” payment only windows were added / built in to drive-throughs but don’t seem to be used any more.", "1st payment windows are not being used anymore." ]	[ "Customers do currently use “1st” payment only windows.", "They are being used." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "“1st” payment only windows were added / built in to drive-throughs but don’t seem to be used any more.", "1st payment windows are not being used anymore." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Customers do currently use “1st” payment only windows.", "They are being used." ]
2018-17883	Why do candles need wax to burn? Why can’t we just use wicks?	They would burn very quickly. The wax actually acts as a fuel, and the fire burns the wax as it goes. When the level of wax goes down, the wick is trimmed automatically because the fire burns the wick instead of the wax. That’s also why burning scented candles smells good.	[ "For most of recorded history candles were made from tallow (rendered from beef or mutton-fat) or beeswax. From the mid 1800s they were also made from spermaceti, a waxy substance derived from the Sperm whale, which in turn spurred demand for the substance. Candles were also made from stearin (initially manufacture...	[ "It should be possible to just use a wick instead of an actual candle to burn. " ]	[ "The wick would burn away too fast, the wax serves as fuel to the candle in a sense." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It should be possible to just use a wick instead of an actual candle to burn. ", "It should be possible to just use a wick instead of an actual candle to burn. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The wick would burn away too fast, the wax serves as fuel to the candle in a sense.", "The wick would burn away too fast, the wax serves as fuel to the candle in a sense." ]
2018-14649	how and why bombs or explosions are measured against X kilotons of "TNT" - is the explosive behaviour of TNT even that well known as a comparison? Is there a better measure?	A ton of TNT releases a pretty fixed amount of energy ( 4.184 gigajoules ) and TNT has been the standard for measuring the strength of bombs for the last hundred years or so. We have some better explosives but none of them are more than 2x the strength of TNT. It's a pretty natural unit of measure for the military to talk about things.	[ "The sand crush test is commonly employed to determine the relative brisance in comparison to TNT. No test is capable of directly comparing the explosive properties of two or more compounds; it is important to examine the data from several such tests (sand crush, trauzl, and so forth) in order to gauge relative bri...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02080	is the whole universe in constant free fall and how does it work?	No? What made you think that? You need gravity for free fall. The universe is expanding in all directions so there is no up or down. Things that are in orbit are technically in freefall though. Like the ISS and even the Earth.	[ "Free fall\n\nIn Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only acceleration acting upon it. In the context of general relativity, where gravitation is reduced to a space-time curvature, a body in free fall has no force acting on it.\n", "Free-fall time\n\nThe free-fall time is the...	[ "Universe is in constant free fall.", "The entire universe is in constant free fall. " ]	[ "Universe is not in freefall it is just expanding. ", "There is no free fall due to a lack of gravity in the universe. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Universe is in constant free fall.", "The entire universe is in constant free fall. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Universe is not in freefall it is just expanding. ", "There is no free fall due to a lack of gravity in the universe. " ]
2018-22772	Why do computers make that electric cracking sound when loading something?	New SSD based computer do not make this noise nowadays. The noise comes from the head of the hard drive moving around to find files. See this for example URL_0	[ "Section::::Hard disk drives.\n\nOn a hard disk drive, the \"click of death\" refers to a similar phenomenon; the head actuator may click or knock as the drive repetitively tries to recover from one or more errors. These sounds can be heard as the heads load or unload, or they can be the sounds of the actuator stri...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17370	If I repeatedly fail at something which needs precision (like scoring a goal in soccer), will I get better the more I try or will I always be bad due to muscle memory kicking in?	Sometimes the more you do something the more "honed" in you get at picking up any mistakes you might be making. Your brain picks up how toimprove and quite often you will have "eureka" moment and click.	[ "Practice has been proposed as the most important factor for the “relatively permanent” improvement in the ability to perform motor skills (Adams 1964; Annett 1969; Fitts 1964; Magill 2001; Marteniuk 1976; Newell 1981; Salmoni et al. 1984; Schmidt and Lee 1999; Guadagnoli and Lee 2004). With all other variables hel...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12613	If RAM (in typical computers) is memory used for temporary storage and is the fastest form of processor-storage transfer, what is Video RAM for?	Same thing but for the graphics processor instead of the normal one. There are two primary processors in a computer, the GPU and the CPU. One is for graphics and one is for data, speaking simply.	[ "Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)\n\nVideo RAM, or VRAM, is a dual-ported variant of dynamic RAM (DRAM), which was once commonly used to store the framebuffer in graphics adapters.\n", "Section::::UPnP AV clients.:UPnP control points and player software.\n\nSection::::UPnP AV clients.:UPnP control points and player s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03425	Why do venomous predators such as texas coral snakes have bright colourful body?	Exactly, that's the point. Most prey are found by their heat signature, and high quality color vision isn't a feature of most snake prey. If you're super poisonous and most birds would die if they bite you it doesn't do you any good if they have to bite you to find that out. You still get bit and that could kill or maim you. You want a huge sign that says "Bite this and you die" pointing right at you. But, birds can't read, so bright colorful bodies do the second best thing. Birds learn "that's too easy to see, there must be a catch". Even other snakes mimic your poisonous appearance, to scare away predators without the work of producing poison.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Erythrolamprus ocellatus\", Tobago false coral snake\n\nBULLET::::- \"Lampropeltis elapsoides\", scarlet kingsnake\n\nBULLET::::- \"Lampropeltis pyromelana\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Lampropeltis triangulum\", milk snake, including the following subspecies and others:\n\nBULLET::::- \"Lampropeltis triangulum...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08746	How do the people who plan high school reunions find everyone after years of being away from their home towns?	They usually remember their names. You can also ask your school for a name list and they usually have it. From there you can just facebook search people. If you can not find someone you can ask his friends from school etc.	[ "High School Reunion (TV series)\n\nHigh School Reunion is a reality television series chronicling real-life high school reunions.\n\nThe program originally aired on The WB for two seasons between 2003 and 2005, and featured reunions of classes after ten years.\n\nA new version of the series began airing on TV Land...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02076	Why do police still use horses?	Horses are great for crowd control situations. 1. An officer on horseback can see over the crowd. 2. Unlike a vehicle, a horse can easily maneuver through a crowd without squishing anyone. 3. Most people, even drunk people, are smart enough not to mess with a horse, and if they aren't, the horse bites. For agencies like rural Sheriff's departments or the Border Patrol horses are also pretty much the best cross-country transportation available. A horse can go places no motor vehicle can get to.	[ "Mounted police have been used since the 18th century, and still are used worldwide to control traffic and crowds, patrol public parks, keep order in processionals and during ceremonies and perform general street patrol duties. Today, many cities still have mounted police units. In rural areas, horses are used by l...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00568	Why are people eating Tide balls?	For the same reason people used to put banana peels in their bong in the 70's, or throw sharp daggers at each other (lawn darts), or dance the Macarena. Humans see a behavior, then it gets attention, so more people do it to get attention.	[ "Ann Marie Buerkle from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission went on \"Good Morning America\" and commented on the meme, saying, \"teens trying to be funny are now putting themselves in danger by ingesting this poisonous substance.\" Buerkle added, \"This is what started out as a joke on the internet and now...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02434	Why does our phone battery drain faster after using it while it was charging?	Just a guess, because I believe your perception to be in error.... If you are so intent on doing whatever it is that you cannot pause while the phone charges, then you are likely not letting it charge fully or it is an inherently battery draining activity to begin with (games and such, off hand) 100% charge is 100% charge (give or take) regardless of activity during charging, and should last the same time. Activity on the phone itself is the major contributor to how long a charge will last	[ "A common process often discribed to memory effect is voltage depression. In this case, the peak voltage of the battery drops more quickly than normal as it is used, even though the total energy remains almost the same. In modern electronic equipment that monitors the voltage to indicate battery charge, the battery...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "A phone battery drains faster after using it while it was charging" ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "How long a charge last depends on the activity on the phone." ]
2018-08292	Given that height is genetically predetermined, how does the body know that it has reached it and thus should stop growing?	But height isn't predetermined by genetics. There's a huge factor in it, yes, but nutrition is also a big factor as well. You can see this when you compare the heights of the Chinese generation that grew up before the major lifts out of poverty with the heights of their children's generation.	[ "Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration...	[ "Height is genetically predetermined.", "Height is predetermined by genetics." ]	[ "Height is not genetically predetermined, although it is a huge factor.", "Height is not predetermined by genetics." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Height is genetically predetermined.", "Height is predetermined by genetics." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Height is not genetically predetermined, although it is a huge factor.", "Height is not predetermined by genetics." ]
2018-01033	If all produce is grown in an open climate, why does some produce like broccoli need to be stored in a fridge, while some produce like avocados can be stored at room temperature? How come some can be stored either way also, like strawberries or grapes?	When fruits/vegetables are growing, they're part of a living plant. When you harvest them, they're no longer being supported by a living plant & you want to keep them in an environment that prolongs their freshness. Look at a slab of meat. That used to be an animal. Animals are fine until you kill them and cut them up and then they start to rot fairly quickly unless you do something to preserve the meat.	[ "Proper post-harvest storage aimed at extending and ensuring shelf life is best effected by efficient cold chain application. Cold storage is particularly useful for vegetables such as cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, radish, spinach, potatoes, and tomatoes, the optimum temperature depending on the type of produce. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01575	How come during winter my feet are cold but sometimes sweat while I try to warm them up?	Your feet are cold, but that doesn't mean your body is cold, and the only temperature your body cares about is your core body temperature. So you made your core warmer than it likes, so it sweats, even your feet.	[ "Keratolysis exfoliativa normally appears during warm weather. Due to excessive sweating and friction, in for example athletic shoes, the skin can start to exfoliate. Other factors that can cause exfoliation are detergents and solvents.\n\nAnother very common cause has been reported from salt water fishermen, who o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08251	Why does the tip of a penis get so sensitive after ejaculation? NSFW	To discourage the male from carrying on. The head on the penis is designed to basically "pull out" sperm. This is so after a female mates with a male, if she mates with another it gives his sperm better chance. Evolution in progress.	[ "The frenulum and the associated tissue delta on the underside of the penis below the corona has been described in sexuality textbooks as \"very reactive\" and \"particularly responsive to touch that is light and soft\". The \"underside of the shaft of the penis, meaning the body below the corona\" is a \"source of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14630	How is there no "center of the universe"?	In the case of the balloon, we are imagining the universe in two dimensions instead of three. The center of the balloon is not in the universe, since it's not on the two dimensional surface of the balloon, and therefore couldn't be the center of the universe. When the universe expands, it is a three dimensional space spreading into a fourth dimension, with every point getting farther away from every other point. Try to find a center on the surface of a balloon, not simply the whole balloon and its volume, and you'll have a hard time. It's incredibly hard to visualize since we live and evolved in three dimensions, but the 'center' of our universe in this context would not be in the universe itself.	[ "List of places referred to as the Center of the Universe\n\nSeveral cities have been given the nickname \"Center (or Centre) of the Universe\". In addition, several fictional works have described a depicted location as being at the center of the universe.\n\nModern models of the Universe suggest it does not have a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04418	Why does the lid of a ballpoint pen stop it drying out, despite there being a clear opening that sometimes you can even see the tip of the pen through.	It is not to stop it from drying out. it is to stop it from leaving a mark on things you don't want to write on	[ "The inks are resistant to water after drying but can be defaced by certain solvents which include acetone and various alcohols.\n\nSection::::Types of ballpoint pens.\n", "BULLET::::- Nema C88 is a vacuum pen that simplifies the application of Etest® strips. The applicator is held like a pen and the evacuation h...	[ "The lid of a ballpoint pen is there to stop it from drying out." ]	[ "The lid of a ballpoint pen is there to stop if from leaving a mark on things you don't want to write on." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The lid of a ballpoint pen is there to stop it from drying out." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The lid of a ballpoint pen is there to stop if from leaving a mark on things you don't want to write on." ]
2018-18322	Why dont we stuff nuclear waste back into the already radiated uranium mine?	The reason is this; when uranium ore is extracted from the ground, it’s not very radioactive. A little, yes, but not dangerously so. It’s the byproduct of nuclear processing (power generation or weapons manufacturing) that creates highly reactive, dangerous waste. That stuff cannot just be placed into the earth.	[ "Mining of uranium ore can disrupt the environment around the mine. Disposal of spent fuel is controversial, with many proposed long-term storage schemes under intense review and criticism. Diversion of fresh or spent fuel to weapons production presents a risk of nuclear proliferation. Finally, the structure of the...	[ "Uranium ore is as dangerous as nuclear waste." ]	[ "Uranium ore only becomes dangerously radioactive after it undergoes nuclear processing." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Uranium ore is as dangerous as nuclear waste.", "Uranium ore is as dangerous as nuclear waste." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Uranium ore only becomes dangerously radioactive after it undergoes nuclear processing.", "Uranium ore only becomes dangerously radioactive after it undergoes nuclear processing." ]
2018-19700	If myself, and millions of other Americans, pay into Social Security with every pay check, how are the funds not going to be there when we are older like everyone says? That is, if future generations continue to pay into SS.	Social Security is not, never has been, and never was intended to be a savings account. It has always been current workers paying for current collectors. When it was first developed there were over 40 workers per collector paying into the system which actually allowed them to get a surplus that was used to invest in various things. In modernity we only have around 4 workers per collector due to the retirement of the Babyboomers. This is not enough collections to meet demand and so they are using up the surpluses of previous decades rather rapidly. Once those surpluses have been consumed they will either have to fund SS in a different way, or cut benefits.	[ "Section::::Other concerns.:Effects of the gift to the first generation.\n\nIt has been argued that the first generation of social security participants have, in effect, received a large gift, because they received far more benefits than they paid into the system. Robert J. Shiller noted that \"the initial designer...	[ "Social Security works like a savings account." ]	[ "Social Security is not a savings account; it is paid in by current workers for payments to retired workers." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Social Security works like a savings account.", "Social Security works like a savings account." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Social Security is not a savings account; it is paid in by current workers for payments to retired workers.", "Social Security is not a savings account; it is paid in by current workers for payments to retired workers." ]
2018-08591	Why are fruits and vegetables considered healthier than multivitamins?	Yep, you and science are missing everything that is unknown about that apple. Those are measurements of some of the ingredients off that apple; there are other substances in for which are beneficial for health which are not currently quantifiable. Also, and this is important, if the choice is between one apple and one multivitamin, the pill wins. If the choice if between a varied diet of many healthy foods and a multivitamin, the pill loses. Additionally, multivitamins are NOT necessarily designed to be healthy! They are designed to be purchased. That is why some contain sometimes hundreds of times the RDA of a substance, despite clear science showing it isn't beneficial and may even be harmful (vitamin C, for example, is potentially toxic at the megadose levels the internet often recommends, with no research to support the idea that it helps after you already have a cold). Vitamins often also prominently display that they contain fad "superfood" ingredients like again or grapefruit or being gluten-free. There are some studies which show daily multivitamin use may be potentially harmful, but these studies are suggestive and not conclusive. In short, supplements are part of a multibillion-dollar industry and should be used casually cautiously. Healthy food in a varied diet has millions of years of proven benefits. Even apples!	[ "There is growing evidence that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is related to greater happiness, life satisfaction, and positive mood as well. This evidence cannot be entirely explained by demographic or health variables including socio-economic status, exercise, smoking, and body mass index, suggesting a caus...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03348	Why do galaxies have supermassive black holes at the center, and where do they come from?	AFAIK, we aren't exactly sure. It's guessed that the large size of these black holes make it likely for objects to orbit them, making a galaxy which has one tend to collect more stuff.	[ "The most massive galaxies are thought to always contain a supermassive black hole (SBH); these galaxies do not contain nuclear star clusters, and the CMO is identified with the SBH. Fainter galaxies usually contain a nuclear star cluster (NSC). In most of these galaxies, it is not known whether a supermassive blac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03242	Why do they call it "The birds and the bees"?	It's a reference to spring... when the birds and the bees return. This is followed (generally) by most wild animals producing offspring. See the connection?	[ "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:2006–07: Formation and \"The Bird and the Bee\".\n", "Word sleuths William and Mary Morris hint that it may have been inspired by words like these from the poet Samuel Coleridge (1825): 'All nature seems at work ... The bees are stirring—birds are on the wing ... and I ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22010	What does increasing audio bit size and frequency do?	The frequency determines the highest frequency that can be resolved in the signal. This is often called the Nyquist rate. If you sample at twice the frequency of the highest frequency desired in the signal, you can perfectly reconstruct it. However, there are certain signal processing applications where it may be beneficial to oversample the signal. This gives you more room to perform various DSP tricks. One of them involves increasing the effective resolution of signal, so you can trade off resolution for frequency to some extent. The resolution is how many different steps of amplitude (loudness) can be resolved. This is primarily important in terms of quantization error. When you render an analog signal into digital terms, you end up with discrete steps instead of a continuous signal. So at any given time, you have a little bit of error between the digital and analog signals. This little bit of error creates broadband noise in your audio stream. For example, 16 bit audio (CD quality) has 96 dB SNR while 32 bit audio has 192 dB SNR. The former would be nearly impossible for a human being to hear while the latter would be absolutely impossible for a human being to hear (192 dB is larger than the human audio range). The drawback to raising these values is that you'll be consuming more processing time/memory for the audio. However, changing these values isn't going to change anything about the source. If you're playing an audio file someone else recorded, you can't increase the frequency/resolution of that file and you'll just use whatever it was encoded at. The only reason you'd need to change these values is if you were recording/processing your own audio files.	[ "Section::::Dynamic range.:Noise shaping.\n", "With the proper application of dither, digital systems can reproduce signals with levels lower than their resolution would normally allow, extending the effective dynamic range beyond the limit imposed by the resolution.\n\nThe use of techniques such as oversampling ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04117	Why picking only 10 people for a data study is worse than picking > 30 people.	Use some dice. The average value of any single die being rolled should be 3.5(that the average of 6,5,4,3,2 & 1). However when you roll it once it's very possible for you to get really far away from that 3.5 number. Personally I just rolled a 6. That's super far away from that 3.5 we suggested earlier. Do you think rolling the die once was a good estimator? Probably not. Ok I just rolled again and got a 2. That's an average of 4, I got closer! Rolled again for a 1, that's average of 2.3, ouch we moved further away. Just keep rolling dice and judge how far away you are from the average after 10 rolls and 30 rolls.	[ "For example, a hypothetical population might include 10 million men and 10 million women. Suppose that a biased sample of 100 patients included 20 men and 80 women. A researcher could correct for this imbalance by attaching a weight of 2.5 for each male and 0.625 for each female. This would adjust any estimates to...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "10 people for a data study should be just as good as 30 people." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Data studies rely on very large datasets and become more accurate towards the true value as datasets increase. " ]
2018-04930	Maps I've seen of the Western Interior Seaway show it covering Wyoming, South Dakota. How then have we discovered Late Cretaceous dinosaurs in these states?	> Maastrichtian dinosaus in North America - Tyrannosaurus, Edmontosaurus, etc. Always seem to be found in those states. But at the time they were underwater? The Western Interior Seaway was present during the mid-to-late Cretaceous period which spanned 79 million years. Even if we only say it was dry for 30 million years there is a lot of stuff that can go on for that period of time.	[ "In the mid 19th century the US government began intense surveying the upper Missouri region. In the course of these surveys a geologist with the Northern Pacific Railroad Survey named John Evans described the region between the Sioux River and the Falls of the Missouri as one of the best places in the world for co...	[ "The Western Interior Seaway covered Wyoming and South Dakota for the whole Late Cretaceous period." ]	[ "The Western Interior Seaway may have been dry for some of that period of time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The Western Interior Seaway covered Wyoming and South Dakota for the whole Late Cretaceous period." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The Western Interior Seaway may have been dry for some of that period of time." ]
2018-04265	Why are our eyes seemingly unaffected by cold temperatures?	Those other things you mentioned are extreme ties and your eyes are not. Blood flow is different for those parts of your body making them more prone to the cold whereas your eyes are more or less internally protected	[ "Fish are normally cold-blooded, with body temperatures the same as the surrounding water. However, some oceanic predatory fish, such as swordfish and some shark and tuna species, can warm parts of their body when they hunt for prey in deep and cold water. The highly visual swordfish uses a heating system involving...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02989	Why do humans get 5 Rabies shots while animals get 1?	Animals are getting a preventative vaccine, to build antibodies in their immune systems to help it fight rabies better. Humans are getting a rabies treatment, when there isn't time for them to build up antibodies before they are exposed. Sure, both are shots, but they have little else in common with each other.	[ "Rabies is a zoonotic disease, caused by the rabies virus. The rabies virus, a member of the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family, survives in a diverse variety of animal species, including bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, wolves, coyotes, dogs, mongoose, weasels, cats, cattle, domestic farm animals,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Humans and animals are getting the same treatment for rabies." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "In this caase the human was being treated for rabies not just vaccinated which requires a larger dose of the medicine to be delivered. " ]
2018-04133	Why doesnt our blood clot inside our body.	Clotting, or thrombosis, is thought to occur as a result of a number of factors, most easily summarized by [Virchow's Triad]( URL_0 ). It explains that three things primarily contribute to clotting: * Stasis of blood flow. The blood in a normal human body is constantly moving, pushed along primarily by the heart's pumping force. When blood stops moving, as occurs after one dies or when blood is drawn at the doctor's office, it clots quickly. The only reason you don't see your blood clot in the little tubes at the doctor's office is that the tubes contain substances that help prevent clotting, which leads us to the next factor involved in Virchow's triad... * Hypercoagulability. This refers to changes in the components of blood that pre-dispose to or against clotting. Your blood is filled with proteins that promote the clotting of blood. They are kept in check by proteins that prevent clotting. Under normal circumstances, they balance each other out and no clots form. When a clot is necessary, as in a cut, the clotting factors win out and produce a clot. Some people are predisposed to having increased clotting. They may have a genetic disorder that results in higher amounts of the clotting factors or they may do something that causes their blood to clot more easily, such as smoking cigarettes. This would mean that the person is hypercoagulable. * Endothelial Injury. "Endothelial" refers to the type of cells that line our blood vessels - endothelial cells. When these cells are injured, they release proteins that help promote clotting. Earlier I mentioned that a cut is one instance when a clot is necessary. Endothelial injury is one method by which the body identifies where a clot is necessary. When you get a cut, there will be damage to the vessels in that area of the body, resulting in endothelial injury. Those endothelial cells release proteins that promote clotting, and, voila -- clot. The reason clots don't randomly form in our body under normal circumstances is that these three things don't occur. Now think about the people that do get dangerous blood clots. Here are a few examples: * People in the Hospital: These people spend days in bed, which can result in blood stasis. They may also have had a surgical procedure resulting in large amounts of endothelial injury. Furthermore, they are getting stuck with needles for blood draws and IVs, which can also result in endothelial injury. * Irregular Heart Rhythms (i.e. Atrial Fibrillation): These irregular heart rhythms cause dysfunction in the pumping of blood. As a result, blood does not move through the heart quite as well as it should, resulting in blood stasis in the heart. This is why atrial fibrillation is such a common cause of strokes -- blood clots in the heart and then the clot is pumped out eventually directly to the brain. This is why so many patients with atrial fibrillation are put on anti-clotting medications like warfarin. * Clotting Disorders: These people are extremely hypercoagulable and, therefore, are much more likely to develop clots.	[ "Coagulation or blood clotting relies on, in addition to the production of fibrin, interactions between platelets. When the endothelium or the lining of a blood vessel is damaged, connective tissue including collagen fibers is locally exposed. Initially, platelets stick to the exposed connective tissue through spec...	[ "Blood doesn't clot inside the body." ]	[ "It can clost inside the body and is very dangerous. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Blood doesn't clot inside the body." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It can clost inside the body and is very dangerous. " ]
2018-00251	How do birds that dive from the air into the water to catch fish manage to get back up into the air? Wouldn't the water soaking their feathers weigh them down?	Birds have an organ called the Uropygial gland, which is an excretory gland that produces oil for their feathers. Birds will use their beaks to spread this oil over their feathers. One benefit of this oil is that it makes the feathers waterproof.	[ "Like other cormorants, this bird's feathers are not waterproof, and they spend time after each dive drying their small wings in the sunlight. Their flight and contour feathers are much like those of other cormorants, but their body feathers are much thicker, softer, denser, and more hair-like. They produce very li...	[ "Water should weight down birds.", "When birds hunt for fish in the water, they should not be able to ascend again when their feathers get wet." ]	[ "Birds are waterproof due to an oil secreted from their glands. ", "Birds have a gland that produces oil, the birds take this oil and apply then to their wings, making them waterproof, and allowing the birds to ascend into the air again without falling." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Water should weight down birds.", "When birds hunt for fish in the water, they should not be able to ascend again when their feathers get wet." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Birds are waterproof due to an oil secreted from their glands. ", "Birds have a gland that produces oil, the birds take this oil and apply then to their wings, making them waterproof, and allowing the birds to ascend into the air again without falling." ]
2018-04818	What does it mean when a film is "remastered"? And how do they do it?	Remastering a film can include audiophonic, cinematic and/or videographic improvements. The term "remastering" typically refers to taking the "master" release of a film (the final version intended for end user or audience consumption) and transferring it's elements from an analogue to a digital medium. Digital audio provides a clearer and crisper sound, and allows for the introduction of new sound mixing elements. (A 50's film used a metal sheet to create a thunder sound effect and is remastered to include an actual recording of thunder.) This process can also include adjusting dialogue decibel levels and adding surround sound/immersive audio capability. Cinematic and videographic remastering usually involves scanning the actual film, one frame at a time, at no less than 2K resolution. (More recently films have been remastered at 4K and up.) This allows the use of software to artificially enhance and/or filter lighting, as well as remove any signs of damage that would have been seen on a reel - dust, scratches, oils, etc. Today, the process also allows for addition or subtraction of elements via CGI and animation. See the scene in the 2002 remastered version of Spielberg's E.T. where guns were replaced with radios.	[ "An example of a restored film is the 1939 film \"The Wizard of Oz\". The color portions of \"Oz\" were shot in the three-strip Technicolor process, which in the 1930s yielded three separate black and white negatives created from red, green, and blue light filters which were used to print the cyan, magenta, and yel...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13494	How are the really intricate fireworks made?	Fireworks have a few different stages to them. When you light the fuse to a fancy firework, first the propellant stage fires, which is basically like a rocket that shots the rest of the firework into the sky. The second stage is the dispersal stage. You can imagine basically there's a longer string that gets lit inside the firework so that this stage fires several seconds after the propellant stage. The dispersal blows a bunch of small fireworks away. These small fireworks are arranged in the shape you want the firework picture to be, like a heart or smile or something, and when the dispersal fires, it just spreads these all out so it forms the same shape. Finally there's the small fireworks that get spread out. These have fuel and metals because when you fire up different metals, the fire looks different colors.	[ "Fireworks tubes are made by rolling thick paper tightly around a former, such as a dowel. They can be made by hand, most firework factories use machinery to manufacture tubes. Whenever tubes are used in fireworks, at least one end is always plugged with clay to keep both chemicals and burning gases from escaping t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06722	Why does hard liquor get so much easier to drink when you get used to it?	All foods save for those that you are allergic to become easier to eat as you become accustomed to trying to consume them. You see the same issues with foods of odd textures, odd flavors, or the like.	[ "Liquor\n\nLiquor (also hard liquor, hard alcohol, spirit, or distilled drink) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. The distillation process purifies the liquid and removes diluting components like water, for the purpos...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02420	In the footage of today’s Florida shooting, students were escorted with their hands up, why?	> In the footage of today’s Florida shooting, students were escorted with their hands up, why? Officers responding to the incident are not guaranteed to be able to see everyone or the entire situation. If students have their hands up it is easy to see they are not armed and are not a threat, meaning they are not the person they are going after. You should understand that officers responding to the shooting do not know who they are after. They don't know what they look like, they don't know what they are wearing, they often don't even know if they are still in the area. The shooter might have killed themselves, or have run away, or backed themselves into a defensible position and be waiting to ambush responders. Being able to immediately identify innocent bystanders under such circumstances is very valuable.	[ "At the same time that officers arrived at Cole Hall, Sergeant Rodman, who had left a meeting at the Holmes Student Center, arrived at the west entrance of that building to find a shooting victim who had been shot in the back and the head, along with another victim who had blood on the face, seeking help for his in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04041	What is the difference between amortization and accrual?	They're really 2 different things but you can sort of think opposites. Acrual is when you are earning something, but it hasn't been paid to you yet. While usually this term is used to describe loans where the borrower does not have to pay interest on a loan NOW, but they still are getting "charged" interest by the bank and will have to pay it "LATER". Also, you will hear it used in other situation like when you acrue sick days at work. You "earn" a set amount for every set period of work you do (depending on state law and company policy) but they won't be "paid" to you until you actually call out sick. Amortization is a little trickier. Basically, it's when the cost of something is broken up over time. Usually is has to do with loans, and the "amortization period" is the time over which the cost of whatever you borrowed money for would be broken up. If you take out a 30 year mortgage on a house, then you would say the cost of the house is being amortized over 30 years. Amortization is also used similarly in accounting to expense or "break up" the cost of buying intangible assets over a period of time. In this sense, it is basically the same as depreciation, but depreciation is used for things like equipment while amortization is used for things like patents and contracts.	[ "Section::::Accruals in accounting.:Accrued expense.\n\nAccrued expense is a liability whose timing or amount is uncertain by virtue of the fact that an invoice has not yet been received. The uncertainty of the accrued expense is not significant enough to qualify it as a provision. An example of an accrued expense ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02849	Why does a womens haircut cost more then a man's?	Typically, they say it is because there is more hair. Realistically, it is because most females are willing to pay higher prices for a haircut.	[ "Gendered price disparities for hair salon services have also been documented in different locations across the United States and Europe. The California Assembly Office of Research conducted a survey of five large California cities and found that forty percent of the hair salons charged women, on average, five doll...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09665	How are signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss” binding?	That's easy, they aren't. They hold exactly zero weight when it goes to court. Even most personal injury liability waivers you sign aren't worth the paper they're printed on.	[ "MasterCard and Visa in the United States say they cover \"Physical damage and/or theft\", but an introductory paragraph for some MasterCards and all Visa cards limits this to \"collision or theft,\" so vandalism and hail are excluded. It may be ambiguous whether deer impacts and glass chips are covered as \"collis...	[ "Signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss\" are binding.", "Signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss” are binding." ]	[ "Signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss\" hold zero weight in court.", "Signs reading “We are not responsible for harm/loss” are not legally binding." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss\" are binding.", "Signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss” are binding." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Signs saying “We are not responsible for harm/loss\" hold zero weight in court.", "Signs reading “We are not responsible for harm/loss” are not legally binding." ]
2018-02728	How does Earth's atmosphere not get sucked into the vacuum of space?	Because gravity. I mean, that's really the whole answer. Gravity holds the atmosphere to the Earth.	[ "But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every couple...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08520	Why is an artist’s record label sometimes different from their music publisher?	Because the rights to the IP of the composition of the song (the lyrics and melody) and the IP of the master recording itself (the actual audio of the song) are two different things, and can be held by two different entities. Maybe someone else can comment as to the specifics of why in the case of the two examples you used.	[ "Labels typically own the copyright in the records their artists make, and also the master copies of those records. An exception is when a label makes a distribution deal with an artist; in this case, the artist, their manager, or another party may own the copyright (and masters), while the record is licensed exclu...	[ "The rights to a song are a single thing that can be held by a record label.", "The rights of compositions and the rights of the master recording are the same. " ]	[ "The rights to a composition of a song and the rights to a master recording of that song are two different things and can be held by different entities", "The rights to composition and the rights of the master recording are different and can be held by two people. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The rights to a song are a single thing that can be held by a record label.", "The rights of compositions and the rights of the master recording are the same. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The rights to a composition of a song and the rights to a master recording of that song are two different things and can be held by different entities", "The rights to composition and the rights of the master recording are different and can be held by two people. " ]
2018-02550	What causes the sneeze reaction you get when looking at a bright light?	There's a genetic component to it. It's referred to as the "photic sneeze reflex" or photoptarmosis. If you have the gene, you will sneeze as a result of looking directly at bright light. If you don't have the gene, you won't sneeze. I'm going to disagree with /u/mmont49 about it being caused by tears in the sinus ducts. I have this gene and the urge to sneeze is immediate and powerful, not enough time for tears to travel through sinus ducts. Plus I don't have the urge to sneeze on other occasions when tears travel through sinus ducts. It's an instinct directly triggered by the bright light.	[ "When the trigeminal nerve is directly stimulated, there is the possibility that increased light sensitivity in the ocular nerve could result. An example of directly stimulating would be plucking an eyebrow or pulling hair. In many people who show the photic sneeze reflex, even this direct stimulation can lead to a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00869	Why is it that animals don't get acne and humans do?	Animals totally get acne. It's slightly different from human acne, but it's acne nonetheless. In fact, [one of our cats has bouts of acne]( URL_0 ) from time to time.	[ "Decreased levels of retinoic acid in the skin may contribute to comedo formation. To address this deficiency, methods to increase the skin's production of retinoid acid are being explored. A vaccine against inflammatory acne has shown promising results in mice and humans. Some have voiced concerns about creating a...	[ "Animals don't get acne", "Animals don't get acne, however humans do. " ]	[ "Animals do get acne.", "Animals actually do get acne, but it's just different from human acne, however still considered acne. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals don't get acne", "Animals don't get acne, however humans do. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals do get acne.", "Animals actually do get acne, but it's just different from human acne, however still considered acne. " ]
2018-04085	Why summer night air has that discinct "peaceful" smell?	TL;DR: Dust mostly is gone because the wind dies, air is moister and cooler and so conducts smells better, there's not as many "bad smells" that you get from a hot sun, and a lot of plants that bloom at night smell awesome. So, lots of reasons. Let's get started. The first reason is that evening air during the summer usually comes with a reduction in wind. If you're living in a dusty area, such as a city with lots of concrete or a rural place that's off a dirt road, all the wind dying means the dust or grit settle out, and the air "feels" cleaner and no longer carries the smell of all that dirt. Second, sun bakes asphalt surfaces and makes any spilled gas, tar or rubber on them smell stronger. At night, this heating effect goes away and so does its acrid smell (as does a lot of car exhaust). You might not notice it being there during the day, but you will likely notice it not being there as much at night. Next, the air's moisture content goes up and its temperature goes down. We smell things much better when the air is moist. You can see this yourself by going out of a room where someone had a shower with scented soap and then going back into it - the wave of moist air smells a lot stronger - or going into a room with an indoor chlorinated pool. This can be amplified a LOT if there's a late-day shower that passed through. And a lot of night-flowering plants like jasmine have really nice smells because they rely on scent rather than visible light to attract the types of creatures that pollinate them. A summer's evening near a jasmine hedge is wonderful. Probably other reasons too.	[ "BULLET::::- Socrates:By Here, a fair resting-place, full of summer sounds and scents. Here is this lofty and spreading plane-tree, and the agnus castus high and clustering, in the fullest blossom and the greatest fragrance; and the stream which flows beneath the plane-tree is deliciously cold to the feet. Judging ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19371	How does complex behaviour get passed on generationally in animals?	> How can genes alone impart such an infallible sense of direction to such simple creatures? The ones who don't get the instinctual behavior to allow themselves to reproduce by necessity don't pass on their genes. If there is no gene that gives instructions on reproductive behavior in the entire species, that species goes extinct. They have it because the ones that don't die out, and the information density in those DNA proteins is pretty dense. Well dense enough to impart that level of instruction.	[ "From behaviourists such as B. F. Skinner come the learning theories, which state that complex behaviour is learned gradually through the modification of simpler behaviours. Imitation and reinforcement play important roles in these theories, which state that individuals learn by duplicating behaviours they observe ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06816	Why are a lot of skyscrapers in China designed and led by American or foreign firms rather than completely designed by Chinese architects and organizations?	> Are American architects, such as Adrian Smith, still considered more skilled and advanced compared to Chinese ones? In a sense - yes. The first Skyscraper in the US was built in 1885. I had some trouble finding which was the first skyscraper in China it was at best 20+ years later and was probably designed by an American company. America has been building skyscrapers for a long time, so if you want a really tall building the most experience/lengthy resume is probably American.	[ "Section::::People's Republic of China.\n", "BULLET::::- Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Headquarters, Ethiopia\n\nBULLET::::- Addis Ababa National Stadium, Ethiopia\n\nBULLET::::- Renovation of the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, New York City, New York\n\nBULLET::::- Ventilation shafts for the 7 Subway Extension, New Yo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00189	Why is Uranium the last naturally occurring element and not Neptunium for example?	A simple answer if the neptunium uranium question is half-life Np237 has a half life of of 2.144×10^6 years compared to the uncommon U235 with 7.04×10^8 y and common U238 with 4.468×10^9 y The 2 millions years for neptunium is to short for any large fraction to still be here. 700 million and 4.4 billion years for Uranium is significantly larger. The age of the earth of 4.5 billion years is 2250 half lives for neptunium compared to 6.5 and 1 half life for uranium. The amount left after 2250 half lives are so small that even if all atoms in the known universe was neptunium when the earth was formed you would not find one atom still in existence. The trace amount that exist on earth is from transmutation reaction in uranium or that constantly produce small amounts	[ "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:Background and early claims.\n\nWhen the first periodic table of the elements was published by Dmitri Mendeleev in the early 1870s, it showed a \" — \" in place after uranium similar to several other places for then-undiscovered elements. Other subsequent tables of known ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08783	Out of all minerals, why did salt become such a crucial cornerstone of our diets?	It’s good at preserving meat so that we don’t get sick when we eat it and that was very important before refrigeration. Also salt is found in abundance compared to a lot of other minerals.	[ "All through history, availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. In Britain, the suffix \"-wich\" in a placename means it was once a source of salt, as in Sandwich and Norwich. The Natron Valley was a key region that supported the Egyptian Empire to its north, because it supplied it with a kind of salt ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07556	How can a business like Planet Fitness choose who they do not want to join but it is not viewed as discrimination?	In the USA, only a certain set of people known as protected classes may not be discriminated against. There's no law against other kinds of discrimination. You could have a gym where only actors are allowed to work out, or only people who like pie.	[ "Just Ladies Fitness is a women-only fitness facility, although some men work there in management and maintenance. It was argued at the tribunal that women attend the facility because they feel demeaned by men gazing at them at unisex facilities. The facility also claimed that because it is cleaner, has smaller wei...	[ "All discrimination is illegal." ]	[ "Only certain sets of people may not be discriminated against." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All discrimination is illegal.", "All discrimination is illegal." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Only certain sets of people may not be discriminated against.", "Only certain sets of people may not be discriminated against." ]
2018-03750	how/why does bottled water have an expiry (best before) date?	Because the plastic bottles have tendency to release toxic chemicals into the water, thus making the water bad for your health. So the best before date is for the bottle. Hope this helped. I might be wrong though.	[ "Bottled water is often stored as part of an emergency kit in case of natural disaster. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) says the \"safest\" and \"most reliable\" source of drinking water is store bought bottled water. Commonly, disaster management experts recommend storing of water per person, p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01996	How do pain relievers relieve pain?	Ibprofen isn't a pain reliever per say, it is an anti-inflammatory. What is does is reduce swelling, so it may be reducing the swelling in your throat or nose so you may feel less pain. Other medications that are pain relievers block pain receptors like the user above explained.	[ "Pharmacological techniques are often continued in conjunction with other treatment options. Doses of pain medications needed often drop substantially when combined with other techniques, but rarely are discontinued completely. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, and sodium channel blockers, mainly ca...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Pain relievers relieve pain." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Pain relievers reduce swelling which causes you to feel less pain." ]
2018-05013	Why do pigeons (and other birds) move their head back and forth on every step they take?	They lack the means of moving their eyes independently. Bobbing their heads with their stride keeps their vision steady	[ "The wings are large, and have eleven primary feathers; pigeons have strong wing muscles (wing muscles comprise 31–44% of their body weight) and are among the strongest fliers of all birds.\n\nIn a series of experiments in 1975 by Dr.Mark B. Friedman, using doves, their characteristic head bobbing was shown to be d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12737	Why does the word "diving" has two distinct meanings related to swimming?	The old English word that became "dive" is roughly translated to mean sink, and there's an almost identical old Germanic word meaning "submerge". Diving involves either getting submerged/sinking from outside the water, or getting more submerged/sinking further while you're already in water. The way we use the word dive evolved from that.	[ "The English Amateur Swimming Association (at the time called the Swimming Association of Great Britain) first started a \"plunging championship\" in 1883. The Plunging Championship was discontinued in 1937.\n\nSection::::History.:Fancy diving.\n\nDiving into a body of water had also been a method used by gymnasts ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03437	How do lips still sync up in slow motion music videos?	One way to do this is to film people moving at normal speed, but the music they're lip syncing to is sped up. That way when they slow the video down and play the song at normal speed, the song is playing normally, the lips still match as long as they sped it up the right amount in the original recording.	[ "BULLET::::- A source of significant video delay is found in pixelated television displays (LCD, Plasma display, DLP) which utilize complex video signal processing to convert the resolution of the incoming video signal to the native resolution of the pixelated display, for example converting standard definition vid...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09225	why sometimes a Browsee doesn't recognize the file size of a download	The download starts with some headers which tell your browser about the file - things like what type of file it is and whether it has been compressed. The headers can include the file size, but they don't have to. The server may not even know the file size when it sends the headers, because it may be generating the file on demand rather than just reading it from disk.	[ "However, many users see this as quite unnecessary, because they generally know what they need and don't want to go through the site's mechanics (such as filling out forms over and over) to get said file. Also, there may be bugs in the site's detection and/or download methods, thus forcing the user to obtain the fi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03438	How do insects, that look exactly like leaves, adapt to camouflage that way? How can their DNA know what their environment looks like?	It doesn't, it's just that the DNA that gets it wrong tends to die. It's not DNA that makes the decision if a certain trait is good or bad. Rather, the environment makes that decision, one generation at a time, by killing the losers. Their ancestors happened to end up (probably via a series of other helpful mutations that helped camouflage) looking a lot like local leaves, and it helped so much that their descendants dominate today. The ancestors of those insects had DNA that caused them to look like all sorts of things... those that didn't camouflage well are gone now.	[ "This type of industrial melanism has only affected such moths as obtain protection from insect-eating birds by resting on trees where they are concealed by an accurate resemblance to their background (over 100 species of moth in Britain with melanic forms were known by 1980). No species which hide during the day, ...	[ "Insect DNA knows what the environment looks like and changes to match it.", "Insect's DNA know what the environment looks like and are able to choose and adapt to camoflauge themselves to look like the environment." ]	[ "The environment selects only those with DNA that helps them to survive by killing off the others. ", "The DNA of insects doesn't know what color to adapt to at all, it's likely that the insects just evolved based off of what insects survive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Insect DNA knows what the environment looks like and changes to match it.", "Insect's DNA know what the environment looks like and are able to choose and adapt to camoflauge themselves to look like the environment." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The environment selects only those with DNA that helps them to survive by killing off the others. ", "The DNA of insects doesn't know what color to adapt to at all, it's likely that the insects just evolved based off of what insects survive." ]
2018-05049	How has my phone (and other phones belonging to lucky people) survived falling onto hard floor without even a crack?	Glass is surprisingly a lot stronger than most people believe. The reason glass shatters or cracks from impacts is usually due to imperfections in the manufacturing process. These imperfections are often too small to see with the naked eye. Depending on how precisely it is made, there will be more or less imperfections. These imperfections give a weak point in the structure so when it receives an impact, that is the first area to fail. Since glass is very brittle, once a single area is compromised, the crack tends to propogate (spread) quickly and even shatter. It's like how something is easier to rip once a notch is cut in it. The force required to propogate a crack is much less than the force required to cause a material to fail on its own. There are very well engineered glass cups that are made to have minimal imperfections that you can easily drop from above your head onto a hard floor without shattering or cracking.	[ "The 3310 is known for being reasonably durable due to its casing and construction, a feature which is often humorously exaggerated in online communities. Numerous videos also exist of the phone being put through increasingly-severe damage tests to test the phone's strength, including being dropped from a great hei...	[ "Phone screen should crack whenever it is dropped." ]	[ "Phone screens are much more durable than most people believe. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Phone screen should crack whenever it is dropped." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Phone screens are much more durable than most people believe. " ]
2018-00871	How do 'fuel injection kits' that convert carborated engines into fuel injected ones work?	Here's what a kit contains: 1.A higher pressure fuel pump to supply injectors. 2.One or more fuel injectors, of course. URL_0 Engine Control Unit (computer) to control the injectors. 4.Sensors for the ECU to tell it what the airflow, temperature, speed, throttle position, crankshaft position, and exhaust oxygen level is. 5.A throttle body to control airflow into the engine. The advantage of fuel injection is that the correct amount of fuel for the operating conditions can be inserted into the pistons. That makes for more power and lower emissions. A closed loop control system looks at the exhaust for each firing of a piston and makes corrections quickly.	[ "A system similar to the Bosch inline mechanical pump was built by SPICA for Alfa Romeo, used on the Alfa Romeo Montreal and on U.S. market 1750 and 2000 models from 1969 to 1981. This was designed to meet the U.S. emission requirements with no loss in performance and it also reduced fuel consumption.\n\nSection:::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03924	Why do congressional bills typically consist of thousands of pages?	They don't, actually. Most bills are relatively short, but they're also relatively routine, so you don't hear about them on the news. As an example, as I'm writing this the most recently passed law is Public Law 115-137, "A bill to designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 120 West Pike Street in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, as the 'Police Officer Scott Bashioum Post Office Building'". It's four sentences long. However, you're presumably referring to the omnibus spending bill that Congress is currently working on. An omnibus bill is a bill that encompasses a whole bunch of different things all rolled into one thing that Congress will vote on as a whole, so it actually is a bunch of different things. This one is particularly long because a big portion of it is the 2018 appropriations, which means it's a bill that contains the spending authorizations for the entire US federal government. The federal government does a whole lot of stuff. For example, here's a section from the funding for the Department of Agriculture: > For gross obligations for the principal amount of direct and guaranteed farm ownership (7 U.S.C. 1922 et seq.) and operating (7 U.S.C. 1941 et seq.) loans, emergency loans (7 U.S.C. 1961 et seq.), Indian tribe land acquisition loans (25 U.S.C. 488), boll weevil loans (7 U.S.C. 1989), guaranteed conservation loans (7 U.S.C. 1924 et seq.), and Indian highly fractionated land loans (25 U.S.C. 488) to be available from funds in the Agricultural Credit Insurance Fund, as follows: $2,750,000,000 for guaranteed farm ownership loans and $1,500,000,000 for farm ownership direct loans; $1,960,000,000 for unsubsidized guaranteed operating loans and $1,530,000,000 for direct operating loans; emergency loans, $25,610,000; Indian tribe land acquisition loans, $20,000,000; guaranteed conservation loans, $150,000,000; Indian highly fractionated land loans, $10,000,000; and for boll weevil eradication program loans, $60,000,000: Provided, That the Secretary shall deem the pink bollworm to be a boll weevil for the purpose of boll weevil eradication program loans. While you probably don't particularly know anything about the federal government's boll weevil eradication loan program, it exists and is presumably important to farmers that need to get rid of boll weevils, and it needs to be funded every year, which means it needs to show up in an appropriations bill.	[ "It is common for a volume of the Serial Set to be composed of a combination of documents and reports. Some of these reports may be one to two pages in length, while others can be hundreds of pages long. Although congressional in name, there are thousands of executive branch publications (e.g., the \"Annual Report ...	[ "Congressional bills are thousands of pages long." ]	[ "Most are not that long. Ones that are that long make the news and you hear about them more. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Congressional bills are thousands of pages long." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most are not that long. Ones that are that long make the news and you hear about them more. " ]
2018-02768	how did the grape get to be the de-facto fruit to make into wine?	Grapes have the right balance of sugar, acids, and tannins. And they are wet enough, and easy enough to grow, and have a thin skin that makes them easy to crush. URL_0	[ "In South Africa, Muscat of Alexandria is known as \"\"Hanepoot\"\" and was the fourth-most widely planted white wine grape variety in the country until the early 2000s. While some of the plantings were used for wine production, particularly for fortified wine, many plantings were used for the production of grape c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02827	how are cured meats like salami and pepperoni safe to eat without being cooked?	Cured foods are highly dehydrated, using salts, heating, or other processes. That lack of water keeps bacteria from growing on cured meats, making them able to last an extremely long time, especially when stored in sealed packaging.	[ "Cured meats have been specifically produced to be edible for a long time. The curing process was used for generations to preserve pork before the invention of refrigeration. During the curing process the meat is dried in salt, which helps to prevent the build-up of harmful organisms, and then is hung to be exposed...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00188	Why do multiples of 9 always sum to 9?	Interesting question. Let's first lay down some basics: First, I'm going to use the term "mod" in a few of these points. mod is short for the modulo operation which calculates the remainder after division (e.g. 5 mod 4 = 1; 8 mod 3 = 2, etc.) An important property of the number nine is that all multiples of 10 leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 9. For example, 10 mod 9 = 1; 132850 mod 9 = 1, and so on. As we learn in elementary school, every number can be expressed as an addition expression adding unit values times increasing powers of 10. For example, The number 531 can be expressed as: 5 x 10^2 + 3 x 10^1 + 1 x 10^0. We can generalize this to an extent by saying that, for any three digit number abc, abc = 10^(2)a + 10^(1)b + 10^(0)c. If we divide each of these addends by 9, we get: abc/9 = (10^(2)a)/9 + (10^(1)b)/9 + (10^(0)c)/9. Understanding what the "mod" function is, we can extend this to the mod world: abc mod 9 = 10^(2)a mod 9 + 10^(1)b mod 9 + 10^(0)c mod 9 Again, since we know that mod 9 of any number divisible by 10 is 1, we know that the remainder for each of these terms is 1 times a, b, c, or whatever: abc mod 9 = a + b + c Some examples: - 50 mod 9 = 5 + 0 = 5 [50-45 = 5] - 115 mod 9 = 1 + 1 + 5 = 7 [115 - 108 = 7] This is just another way of stating the conclusion that, when a + b + c = 9, then abc will be divisible by 9. # Let's break down an example from start to finish Let's go with that 531 from before ## 1. Express as addition of units 531 = 5 x 10^2 + 3 x 10^1 + 1 x 10^0 = 5 x 10^2 + 3 x 10 + 1 ## 2. Calculate mod for each of the components, knowing that mod 9 for powers of 10 = 1 531 mod 9 = (5 x 10^2) mod 9 + (3 x 10^1) mod 9 + (1 x 10^0) mod 9 531 mod 9 = (5 x 1) + (3 x 1) + (1 x 1) = 5 + 3 + 1 = 9	[ "For an arbitrary number, formula_1, normally represented by the sequence of decimal digits, formula_2, the digit sum is formula_3. The difference between the original number and its digit sum is \n\nBecause numbers of the form formula_5 are always divisible by 9 (since formula_6), replacing the original number by ...	[ "multiples of 9 sum to 9" ]	[ "It is not multiples of 9 that sum to 9 but some use of the mod function on the multiples of 9 that will allow a sum to result in 9." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "multiples of 9 sum to 9" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is not multiples of 9 that sum to 9 but some use of the mod function on the multiples of 9 that will allow a sum to result in 9." ]
2018-02619	How is the United States a global education leader (at least in terms of universities) when it is objectively worse compared to other developed countries?	Its all about the wealth inequality. Those first division universities are attended by children of the wealthy who have benefited from an expensive education their whole lives. The universities do well on a global level because they are compared with foreign Universities that have a more open admissions policy or are free to students. Most Americans go through the public school system which is not as good as the equivalent in other countries. So at the pre-University level the US does not compare as well.	[ "The United States spends more per student on education than any other country. In 2014, the Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated US education as 14th best in the world. In 2015, the Programme for International Student Assessment rated U.S. high school students No. 40 globally in Math and No. 24 in Science and...	[ "The United States shouldn't be a leader of education when it is worse off than other developed countries." ]	[ "Due to wealth inequality, the first division universities are mainly attended by wealthy children who have benefited from am expensive education, American universities do better compared to foreign universities that possess a more open admissions policy." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The United States shouldn't be a leader of education when it is worse off than other developed countries.", "The United States shouldn't be a leader of education when it is worse off than other developed countries." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Due to wealth inequality, the first division universities are mainly attended by wealthy children who have benefited from am expensive education, American universities do better compared to foreign universities that possess a more open admissions policy.", "Due to wealth inequality, the first division universiti...
2018-06753	What prevents pipes from building up pressure and bursting when we turn off faucets/water valves	We pump water up into water towers, and the pressure is the pressure of gravity pulling down on the water. That pressure is fixed. It doesn't increase just because the flow of water is stopped. Just like the pressure in a glass of water doesn't keep increasing until the glass explodes. The scales are different, but the concept is the same.	[ "Other causes of water hammer are pump failure and check valve slam (due to sudden deceleration, a check valve may slam shut rapidly, depending on the dynamic characteristic of the check valve and the mass of the water between a check valve and tank). To alleviate this situation, it is recommended to install non-sl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02017	Why does wiring two speakers in parallel reduce the resistance by half?	If you have a sink full of water and one open drain at the bottom. Opening a second drain will cause the sink to empty twice as fast. As long as you can fill the sink fast enough, both drains will drain at full speed. the Amp you have needs to have enough capacity to power both speakers at full blast. as long as it does, both speakers have full capacity	[ "Many older LEDE (\"live end, dead end\") control room designs featured so-called \"Haas kickers\" – reflective panels placed at the rear to create specular reflections which were thought to provide a wider stereo listening area or raise intelligibility. However, what is beneficial for one type of sound is detrimen...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22649	Why do microscopic images of things seem to have no texture? They look like crappy, grey animations.	There are two major forms of microscopes light microscopes and electron microscopes. Light microscopes generally have to slice things thinly enough to shine a light through the object in order to make out what it is made of and may be stained different colours for contrast. - URL_1 Scanning electron microscopes use a beam of electrons to bounce of the surface of the object however since they are not using light all they are three dimensional shapes in black and white but they are extremely magnified - URL_0	[ "Visual texture, also referred to as \"implied texture\", is not detectable by our sense of touch, but by our sense of sight. Visual texture is the illusion of a real texture on a two-dimensional surface. Any texture perceived in an image or photograph is a visual texture. A photograph of rough tree bark is conside...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01650	Why can't scientists replicate the telomere DNA of Turritopsis dohrnii (immortal jellyfish) and inject stem cells of its DNA into humans to create biologically immortal humans?	Because jellyfish DNA makes jellyfish cells and jellyfish proteins. People wouldn't want to be turned into jellyfish as part of the process for becoming immortal. Understanding how that DNA has that effect and finding a way to get the same effect in humans would be much more difficult, but might extend lifetimes.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Zoo\" season 2 episode 6 \"Sex, Lies and Jellyfish\" – The team searches for immortal jellyfish to find a cure for animal mutations.\n\nBULLET::::- Wild Kratts Videos \"Meeting the Immortal Jellyfish\" – During the rescue of the Bowhead whale from Zach, Martin and Chris are thrown from the Tortuga, e...	[ "It is theoretically possible to take stem cells from the Turritopsis Dohrnii and inject them into humans in order to create biologically immortal humans." ]	[ "Injecting stem cells into humans from the Turritopsis Dohrnii will result in the human being mutated into a jellyfish, making it impractical." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is theoretically possible to take stem cells from the Turritopsis Dohrnii and inject them into humans in order to create biologically immortal humans.", "It is theoretically possible to take stem cells from the Turritopsis Dohrnii and inject them into humans in order to create biologically immortal humans." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Injecting stem cells into humans from the Turritopsis Dohrnii will result in the human being mutated into a jellyfish, making it impractical.", "Injecting stem cells into humans from the Turritopsis Dohrnii will result in the human being mutated into a jellyfish, making it impractical." ]

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