id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018-03992 | Why do humans instinctively hold their breath when they are about to do a labor intensive activity (i.e. lifting something heavy)? | Taking in a deep breath helps build pressure in your abdomen, which when lifting something heavy helps protect and keep your spine rigid so you become a lever for action! | [
"Lung volume decreases in the upright position due to cranial displacement of the abdomen due to hydrostatic pressure, and resistance to air flow in the airways increases significantly because of the decrease in lung volume.\n\nHydrostatic pressure differences between the interior of the lung and the breathing gas ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00422 | How to film crews film criminals doing bad things and also ride along with the police while making documentary? | > How does the film crew get permission from the people to film them breaking the law? They ask. Or it's a staged dramatization. > Does the film crew have to go to the police or anything? No. There is no general legal requirement to report a crime. | [
"In Guatemala, Bilheimer facilitated the arrest of trafficker Ortiz by renting a car for the police to use, in order to film the arrest as part of \"Not My Life\". Bilheimer said that, during the making of the film, he and his crew were surprised to discover that traffickers employ similar methods of intimidation a... | [
"It's not possible or legal to film criminals doing illegal things. "
] | [
"It is not necessary to report a crime. The documentaries just ask the criminals if they would like to be in a documentary. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It's not possible or legal to film criminals doing illegal things. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is not necessary to report a crime. The documentaries just ask the criminals if they would like to be in a documentary. "
] |
2018-17636 | Why do your muscles get extremely sore after intense training the first few times but working prefectly fine afterwards with frequent training? | The first few times your muscles aren't strong enough so they literally tear on a microscopic scale, which is what causes the soreness. Muscle strength increases as the torn tissue heals until they're strong enough to endure the exercise without tearing, which is when you no longer feel sore. | [
"Intensive weight training causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained; this is generally known as microtrauma. These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). It is the repair of these micro-traumas that results in muscle growth. Norm... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08047 | Why do you find dead spiders in their own webs and they don't just move to an area with more prey? | Spiders don’t live too terribly long, I suspect many of those cases are just them dead from old age. Also, spiders, just like anything else living, can get sick. It wouldn’t be surprising if plenty just died at “home” from a disease. | [
"The webs of spiders on which \"Portia\"s prey sometimes contain dead insects and other arthropods which are uneaten or partly eaten. \"P. schultzi\" and some other \"Portia\"s such as \"P. fimbriata\" (in Queensland) and \"P. labiata\" sometimes scavenge these corpses if the corpses are not obviously decayed.\n\nA... | [
"Spiders that die in their webs suffer from starvation or malnourishment."
] | [
"Spiders may also die in their own webs due to old age or disease."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Spiders that die in their webs suffer from starvation or malnourishment.",
"Spiders that die in their webs suffer from starvation or malnourishment."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Spiders may also die in their own webs due to old age or disease.",
"Spiders may also die in their own webs due to old age or disease."
] |
2018-09058 | How do restaurants make the breading on their boneless wings so well but is never the same at home? | I worked at BWW a number of years ago. The boneless wings come frozen. Almost everything that goes in the fryer comes frozen from the distributer. It's an integral part of cooking correctly. They are cooked, and kept in the warmer drawer until they are ordered, they are then tossed in to a bucket and spun with sauce. After that, they are placed in the expo window with a heat lamp until they are run out to your table. | [
"In 2010 Melt was featured on two national food-themed television shows: The Food Network's Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives with Guy Fieri, which aired February 8, 2010, The Travel Channel's Man v. Food with Adam Richman, which aired June 22, 2010. It has been featured in Cheese Paradise on the Travel channel, which ai... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-02399 | why do some things keep their smell for so long? How come they don't run out of molecules? | Simply because it doesn't take a lot of molecules to make a smell. They are indeed running out of molecules, just slowly. | [
"Section::::Storage and management.\n\nThe \"chemical space\" of all possible organic chemicals is large and increases exponentially with the size of the molecule. Most chemical libraries do not typically have a fully represented chemical space mostly because of storage and cost concerns.\n",
"Section::::Empirica... | [
"Things that have a smell don't run out of molecules."
] | [
"Things that have a smell run out of molecules slowly."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Things that have a smell don't run out of molecules."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Things that have a smell run out of molecules slowly."
] |
2018-20617 | Why are bright or flashing lights dangerous to people with epilepsy? | It's not all people with epilepsy, specifically those with photosensitive epilepsy or PSE. Flashing lights, regular patterns, visual stimuli like that. When they see stuff like that, it can cause them to have seizures. Seizures aren't necessarily dangerous on their own, but if they happen when you're crossing the street, or on the edge of a bridge, or near a fire, you're not in a place where it's safe to lose control of your body. | [
"There are many hazards that people with epilepsy, including those whose seizures are fully controlled by medication, face in the workplace. Those with active seizures face the obvious risk of loss of consciousness or muscle control, and those with side effects face diminished concentration or physical strength. So... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-02831 | Why does it feel like your heart sinks whenever you get scared? | A surge of adrenaline and sense of extreme alertness. Your brain is forcing you to improve your focus and prepare to fight or flight. The heart sinking feeling might be related to a rapid increase in heartbeat. The increased heartbeat improves and speeds of circulation, which allows your body to have more oxygen absorption. | [
"Some of the hormones involved during the state of fight-or-flight include epinephrine, which regulates heart rate and metabolism as well as dilating blood vessels and air passages, norepinephrine increasing heart rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles and the release of glucose from energy stores, and cortisol which... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-02201 | What is the difference between the Academy Awards and the Golden Globes? | Awards are given out by various groups that want to draw attention *to themselves*. The Academy Awards are given out by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences - this is a group that is made up of actors, directors & everyone else that makes movies. The Golden Globes are given out by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association - this is a group of people that talk about movies. Then you have the People's Choice Awards which is chosen by polling regular people who just watch movies. | [
"In 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned (but not for the first time in its history). The New York firm Society Awards collaborated for a year with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to produce a statuette that included a unique marble and enhanced the statuette's quality and gold content. It was un... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-00314 | Why, on TV coverage, do NFL punts and golf shots look like they’ve been shanked terribly but end up being fine. | Wide angle lens. Makes horizontal movement more pronounced than front-to-back movement. Like exaggerated curves when a pitcher throws the ball. If the camera was straight behind the kicker, it would look right, but at the slightest angle, the horizontal movement will look off. | [
"BULLET::::- There were zero punts in the Packers–Bears game making it the second regular-season game in NFL history to record no punts. The other regular-season game without a punt happened on September 13, 1992, as the Buffalo Bills played the San Francisco 49ers. There has been one playoff game with no recorded ... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-02921 | Why is it easier to peddle uphill standing up? | You can use your weight optimally to press down on the pedal from the standing position. When sitting most of your weight is on the seat so your leg muscles do almost all of the work without your body weight to assist. | [
"Most raised surfaces at the appropriate height can be used as seats for humans, whether they are made for the purpose, such as chairs, stools and benches, or not. While the buttocks are nearly always rested on the raised surface, there are many differences in how one can hold one's legs and back.\n\nThere are two ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-03281 | Why do mountains look blue when there’s snow on them? | [Everything far away looks blue]( URL_0 ), for the same reason the sky is blue. Blue light gets scattered by the atmosphere, so you're seeing light scattered by the air between you and the mountain. I'm guessing it looks more apparent when the mountains are covered by snow, because snow it white, so the blue is more noticeable than against another color, like green. | [
"Section::::Climate.\n",
"The Greater Blue Mountains Area consists of of mostly forested landscape on a sandstone plateau inland from the Sydney central business district. The area includes vast expanses of wilderness and is equivalent in area to almost one third of Belgium, or twice the size of Brunei.\n\nThe ar... | [
"Mountains exclusively look blue when they have snow on them. "
] | [
"It is not the snow that makes the mountains look blue, it is the distance, in addition it isn't just mountains that look blue from afar, it's virtually everything."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Mountains exclusively look blue when they have snow on them. ",
"Mountains exclusively look blue when they have snow on them. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is not the snow that makes the mountains look blue, it is the distance, in addition it isn't just mountains that look blue from afar, it's virtually everything.",
"It is not the snow that makes the mountains look blue, it is the distance, in addition it isn't just mountains that look blue from afar, it's virt... |
2018-14484 | Why do so many businesses still require documents to be faxed? | As far as banks go, it's liability to their systems. When you have 10s of thousands of employees opening attachments to emails, there's bound to be something malicious eventually. You may not think so, but banks spend a fortune on technology risk. Fax receipts can be controlled easier than random PDF attachments opened by multiple persons. Also, faxes get sent to one general box that can be used for record retention. If a bank employee does not send the email to the general inbox, then there is a great possibility that it will not be uploaded for record retention. Banks are required by law to hold all documents received for a period of time. If not the fines can add up pretty quickly. | [
"Although businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability, the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based alternatives. In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not yet recognized by law, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy co... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00956 | How can the President choose not to enforce the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) he signed into law? | There are a bunch of different issues here. The first and easiest to dismiss is that the sections of CAATSA in question read "the President shall impose the sanctions described in... with respect to any with respect to any person that the President determines..." So the President can just say that he has not determined that those individuals have acted in the described manner. But even if Congress rewords the legislation that doesn't solve the problem because this is a deeper and reasonably common separation of powers issue. Congress has the power to legislate, but it has no authority to enforce its own laws. The President has the opposite power - he can enforce laws but can't create them. This is complicated by the fact that the President does have powers that are exclusive to him - for example, most of the power to conduct foreign relations is exclusive to the President and so he doesn't *generally* need congressional authorization to carry out his foreign policy. If this case went to court the delineation of presidential vs congressional power would be important, because Trump is claiming that the provisions in question also infringe on his exclusive constitutional powers - a claim that isn't clearly with or without merit. Which gets into how someone forces the President to enforce the law. A private citizen who is harmed due to the President refusing to enforce the law can file for what is called a "Writ of Mandamus" in Federal Court. If the court finds that the citizen is, in fact, harmed by the President's refusal to enforce the law then the court can order that the law be enforced, regardless of whether the President wants to do so or not. Congress is not an entity capable of filing for a writ of mandamus, but individual Representatives can - and in the past have. But the Supreme Court has been very clear that even though the granting of a writ of mandamus may otherwise be appropriate, the Federal Courts will not grant one when the only Plaintiff with standing for the writ is a Representative acting in their legislative capacity. This is due to the separation of powers issues raised as well as the fact that Congress has other, internal mechanisms to compel the President to enforce the law, such as conditioning funding for other programs on the law in question being enforced. See Riegle v. Federal Open Market Committee, 656 F.2d 873 (1981) for a more complete discussion on this. So the situation with CAATSA is this: Congress can't go to court to force the President to enforce the law and there is no way that a private citizen could ever have standing for a writ of mandamus here. And more broadly, no this isn't a constitutional crisis. Its just how the system works - *generally speaking* Congress has the power to make laws; but it can't enforce them. Conversely, the President can choose to enforce all, some, or none of the laws that Congress passes - but *generally speaking* he can't do anything unless Congress authorizes him to. | [
"Section::::Reactions.\n\nSection::::Reactions.:President of the United States.\n\nOn the day President Donald Trump signed the bill into law, he issued two separate, simultaneous signing statements. In the statement meant for Congress he said:\n",
"On 29 September 2017, president Donald Trump issued a presidenti... | [] | [] | [
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2018-18936 | Why is Transylvania so associated with horror? | In Bram Stoker's classic novel *Dracula*, the titular vampire was a Transylvanian nobleman. | [
"Transylvania in popular culture\n\nLargely as a result of the success of Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\", Transylvania has become a popular setting for gothic horror fiction, and most particularly vampire fiction. In some later books and movies Stoker's Count Dracula was conflated with the historical Vlad Dracula, also ... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
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2018-00131 | How is it possible certain animals, lions for example, maintain their strength and muscle mass when they are inactive for the majority of their lives? | Cats rest for 18 hours a day.. not actual "sleep" but you are right, they are mostly inactive for 18 hours. When lions are young they are super playful, just like domestic kittens. Even as adults when they are active/awake they are pretty physical. What they eat is pure protein. Cats are obligate carnivores they need to eat meat (unlike dogs), this meat helps build muscle mass, which they do exercise when awake because when they are awake they are hunting, fighting, or playing.. all of which help them to maintain their muscle mass. | [
"Therefore, circadian regulation is more than sufficient to explain periods of activity and quiescence that are adaptive to an organism, but the more peculiar specializations of sleep probably serve different and unknown functions. Moreover, the preservation theory needs to explain why carnivores like lions, which ... | [
"Animals are too inactive to maintain muscle mass. "
] | [
"When animals are awake the hunting, fighting and playing is enough activity to maintain muscle mass. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Animals are too inactive to maintain muscle mass. ",
"Animals are too inactive to maintain muscle mass. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
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"When animals are awake the hunting, fighting and playing is enough activity to maintain muscle mass. ",
"When animals are awake the hunting, fighting and playing is enough activity to maintain muscle mass. "
] |
2018-00449 | Why aren't washer/dryer combos more mainstream? | Do you mean a single appliance that washes and then dries the clothes inside? One reason is that they slow down how quickly you can do laundry. With an all-in-one unit, you can only work on a single load of laundry at once. But with a separate washer and drier, you can wash a second load of laundry while the first one is drying. Also, the more complex you make an appliance, the more likely it is for something to go wrong with it. And if either the washer or dryer portion of the unit stops working, you have to pay for repairs that are more expensive than for a stand-alone washer or dryer, or replace the whole thing. | [
"AEG Okokombi is currently produced at Electrolux Porcia Plant (Italy), where it was designed and industrialized by local R&D, being the only heatpump washer-dryer on the European Market, while Toshiba offers a similar product (even if not compatible to European standards) in Asia.\n\nSection::::Benefits.\n",
"AE... | [
"Washer/dryer combos are better than separate washer and dryers."
] | [
"Washer/dryer combos would slow down how quickly laundry can be done, but with separate washers and dryers a second load of laundry can be washed while the first load of laundry dries. ."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Washer/dryer combos are better than separate washer and dryers.",
"Washer/dryer combos are better than separate washer and dryers."
] | [
"normal",
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"Washer/dryer combos would slow down how quickly laundry can be done, but with separate washers and dryers a second load of laundry can be washed while the first load of laundry dries. .",
"Washer/dryer combos would slow down how quickly laundry can be done, but with separate washers and dryers a second load of l... |
2018-04389 | How does transferring a car title work when money still owed? | If you still owe money you do not yet fully have the title. It is still put up as collateral on the loan. As such the contract that you signed will stipulate how a sale is to be conducted and who is on the hook for paying the remainder of the loan and how they can pay it. If it goes unpaid they still hold the right to take it as the collateral. | [
"Alternative title lending exist in many states known as car title pawn or auto pawn as they are called. Similar to a traditional car title loan, a car title pawn uses both the car title and the physical vehicle (which is usually stored by the lender) to secure the loan much like any secured loan works, and there a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-06556 | how much does the wind actually affect the flight of a golf ball? | Significantly. Even a little wind could through a long enough shot several meters off course. | [
"In the hardest difficulty levels, players are confronted with wind levels approaching that of a hurricane while the wind is almost stagnant in the easiest difficulty level. One of the drawbacks of the game is that the player must determine the angle of their flight separately from the strength of their swing and t... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-14090 | Why do rules of engagement seem stricter for soldiers than for police officers? | Because generally speaking soldiers have higher levels of training and are using far more dangerous weapons. As such the ROEs need to be stricter and adhered a lot more strictly so major incidents don't happen. | [
"Military police, in the current environment, often are in a combat role. Doctrine is catching up with reality, as in Panama, and most recently in Iraq, with the Raven 42 patrol led by Staff Sergeant Timothy Nein and Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester, where a woman, for the first time, received the Silver Star medal, and q... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-02360 | How do they edit so fast on the fly during sport events? | > rendered it out No. Live television isn't like Windows Movie Maker. There's no rendering. It's all done in real time. | [
"The BBC, Sky Sports and BT Sport show a vidiprinter during their scores and results programmes. Their vidiprinters appear at the start of the 3 pm kick-offs until 5 pm when all the results are in although Sky Sports keeps the vidiprinter onscreen whilst the channel broadcasts its classifled check and whilst presen... | [
"Live sports events edit the show immediately during the broadcast. "
] | [
"During sports events, everything is done in real time, therefore there is no rendering or editing involved."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Live sports events edit the show immediately during the broadcast. ",
"Live sports events edit the show immediately during the broadcast. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"During sports events, everything is done in real time, therefore there is no rendering or editing involved.",
"During sports events, everything is done in real time, therefore there is no rendering or editing involved."
] |
2018-04701 | How exactly Martin Shkerelli defrauded his investors. | He did not make his investors more money. He paid them off with new investors and then paid those new investors off with funds from one of his companies. | [
"While awaiting sentencing, Madoff met with the SEC's Inspector General, H. David Kotz, who was conducting an investigation into how regulators failed to detect the fraud despite numerous red flags. Because of concerns of improper conduct by Inspector General Kotz in conducting the Madoff investigation, Inspector G... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-14567 | how can a human possibly survive a headshot? What would the bullet have to miss? | As long as the bullet misses the Medulla Oblongata, a small section of your brain responsible for basic life support, you could in theory survive the gunshot if you were treated for the complications afterwards, such as internal bleeding. Obviously you'll suffer massive brain damage as the bullet rips through your skull, so it's impossible to be completely unscathed. The Medulla Oblongata sits right around the nape of your neck, which explains the common execution pose of kneeling face down. Edit: I've been getting a lot of comments about alligators and the movie Water Boy. It's a hilarious scene alright, but the medulla oblongata does NOT affect aggresssion. The amgydala has more of an affect on that. Hollywood just likes using Medulla Oblongata cause it's a sciency word. | [
"Chapter 15, \"The Final Breakthrough\", presents more ballistics, especially estimating the size of the head shot entry wound and its relevance. John Davis, another possible author for the book, is contacted and is at first enthusiastic. Howard gives up his Masters studies in forensics but becomes increasingly emp... | [] | [] | [
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2018-16970 | Why can't we insert a giant set of parachutes and detach a plane's body of the rest in a case of a plane falling? | Airplanes are heavy and move extremely fast. A parachute strong enough to stop a falling plane would be impractically large and heavy. Even if you could make a parachute large and strong enough it's more likely the plane would tear itself apart. Parachutes only work at low altitudes and speeds, which is why they don't have personal parachutes on commercial planes either. | [
"When the PLA Air Force started to test parachute extraction, these two design flaws caused a near disaster. The aircraft was flying too fast, and when the parachute started to extract cargo from the hold, the cargo rolled on the deck until it got to the 10 degree downward slope, and there it became airborne while ... | [
"A parachute could possibly enable a section of a falling plane to reach the ground safely.",
"A parachute large enough to slow a plane could be made. "
] | [
"A parachute strong enough to stop a falling plane would result in the plane tearing itself apart.",
"Parachutes large enough to slow planes could not be made. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A parachute could possibly enable a section of a falling plane to reach the ground safely.",
"A parachute large enough to slow a plane could be made. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A parachute strong enough to stop a falling plane would result in the plane tearing itself apart.",
"Parachutes large enough to slow planes could not be made. "
] |
2018-06011 | What number is being referred to exactly when people talk about "the interest rate" going up/down or the Fed raising/lowering interest rates? | The Federal Reserve Bank controls the [Federal Funds rate]( URL_0 ) which in turn causes normal banks to raise or lower the rate of interest they charge on loans, such as mortgages or car loans. | [
"Federal funds rate\n\nIn the United States, the federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions (banks and credit unions) lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight, on an uncollateralized basis. Reserve balances are amounts held at the Federal Reserve to maintain dep... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
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2018-00855 | Whats the water situation in Cape Town? Was this expected? Will this happen to other cities? Should other countries be worried? | They have been in a state of drought for years and the city population has not met the restriction goals to ration the water that they do have. As such they have been running out of water faster than they can build facilities to treat waste water or filter salt water. They have a number of plants in production to attempt to meet water needs, but they have encountered delays and will not be operational before they run out of water. Yes this was expected, but it was mostly ignored by the population till it was too late. | [
"The Cape Town water crisis in South Africa was a period of severe water shortage in the Western Cape region, most notably affecting the City of Cape Town. While dam water levels have been declining since 2015, the Cape Town water crisis peaked during mid-2017 to mid-2018 where water levels hovered between 15 to 30... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04850 | Why can't we breath when wind is blowing in our faces? | Air pressure. You can breathe *in* just fine; the problem is breathing *out*. If your lungs can't push out the stale air because there's too much pressing in, the fresh air never makes it to your lungs. I've also been in situations where I'm falling and the air is moving away from my face; in those situations, I can breathe out just fine... but the air pressure is lower, so a breath in doesn't get me as much oxygen as usual. It takes a lot of breaths to get enough air to function in those situations. | [
"This is the case even without exercise in people with respiratory disease, challenged circulation of blood to parts of the body or any other situation when oxygen cannot be supplied to the tissues involved.\n",
"Driving Force is the difference in the level of heat and humidity on one side of the material compare... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-20728 | Why does our hearing get worse the older we get? | I am no expert on this, but from what I know, the answer is quite simple actually. There are many, many reasons we can lose our hearing the older we get. But the most common reason for age-related hearing loss is damaged hair cells within your inner ear over time. Your inner ear contains a ton of tiny hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve signals that your brain can interpret. The longer you live, the more likely you are to damage or kill more and more of these inner ear hair cells. The problem is these hair cells do not grow back. So slowly your hearing gets worse. Again, there is no single cause for age-related hearing loss...there are many. But this is the most common. Your genes and loud noises have the biggest impact on have fast your hearing degenerates. | [
"Hearing loss is a common condition among ageing adults. Common conditions that can increase the risk of hearing loss in elderly people are high blood pressure, diabetes or the use of certain medications harmful to the ear. Hearing aids are commonly referred to as personal amplifying systems, which can generally im... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15605 | Why do bacteria stink? | They, very often, produce byproducts from their own metabolic process that are really toxic to us if we eat them. Somewhere way back on the evolutionary tree, an animal had a random mutation where they found the smell of those metabolic processes unpleasant, which helped prevent them from eating it, and thus reduced the amount that animal got sick. This was good for reproductive fitness, so it became a dominant trait in that species and continued to get passed on. | [
"Section::::Interactions with other organisms.\n\nDespite their apparent simplicity, bacteria can form complex associations with other organisms. These symbiotic associations can be divided into parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. Due to their small size, commensal bacteria are ubiquitous and grow on animals an... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-03732 | If antibacterial soaps are banned, what is ‘hand soap’ actually doing? | You've got a field filled with rabbits, and they're eating your crops. Antibacterial agents and hand sanitizers are like poisoning the rabbits. The problem is that dead rabbit bodies are still strewn about, and some of the rabbits survive the poisoning, and their kids will also be good at surviving poisoning. And rabbits hold a grudge. Scrubbing your hands with soap is like flooding the rabbit holes, and physically washing them off of your field. The advantage is that rabbits don't blame you for floods, and their kids don't grow up flood-resistant. That is the strangest analogy I've ever thought of. | [
"The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap (\"medicated\" or \"antimicrobial\" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent. Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.\n",
"A comprehensive analysis from th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Antibacterial soaps are banned."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Some soaps include antibacterial agents and hand sanitizers."
] |
2018-21891 | How do the recaptchas work where you click on them and they swirl then decide your not a robot without you doing anything? | As well as what the other guy said, some captchas will track mouse movement over the captcha box. If your mouse pointer moves smoothly, not in a direct straight line, and pauses before clicking then you're much more likely to be human than a program. | [
"On June 27, 2012, Claudia Cruz, Fernando Uceda, and Leobardo Reyes (a group of students from Mexico) published a paper showing a system running on reCAPTCHA images with an accuracy of 82%. The authors have not said if their system can solve recent reCAPTCHA images, although they claim their work to be intelligent ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03334 | When and why did musical composers start giving their compositions 'poetic' names instead of descriptive names? | Compositions numbered and named like Beethoven's were not named by the composer. They were named by musicologists and other people studying the music as their collections were categorized. Sometimes the composer named their pieces such as Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 17 being named "Tempest", but often Composers of that era did not name works. | [
"There is no mention of any poems composed by Olympus. It is argued by some writers that the inseparable connection between the earliest compositions in music and poetry forbids the supposition that he composed music without words. Without entering into this difficult and extensive question, it is enough to observe... | [
"Musical composers named their compositions.",
"Musical composers gave their compositions poetic names. "
] | [
"Musicologists and others studying music named their works as they were categorized. ",
"Composers never gave their compositions names, they were named by musicologists."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Musical composers named their compositions.",
"Musical composers gave their compositions poetic names. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Musicologists and others studying music named their works as they were categorized. ",
"Composers never gave their compositions names, they were named by musicologists."
] |
2018-11589 | USB 3.1 & the difference using it with usb type A or C. | USB A, B, C, mini, micro are about the the shape of the plug: URL_0 . Type C is unique compared to all previous ones in that both ends of the cable are the same, and you can turn it upside down. USB 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2 are mostly about the data transfer speed, but also how much power they can deliver. Devices on both ends negotiate to use the fastest speed they both can handle. You *usually* get at least USB 3.1 or 3.2 speeds if the device has a type C plug. Some devices also support transferring various video signals (HDMI, DVI, displayport) over the same type C cable at the same time as USB data. | [
"Full-featured USB-C 3.1 cables are electronically marked cables that contain a full set of wires and a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02884 | Why do treasury Bond yields have such a profound impact on the equity market? | Let's start things simple. Bonds are debt instruments, meaning every time you buy one somebody owes you the total money you gave them plus interest. That interest rate is set by the central bank. So when you owed by someone lets say $100 and you will get paid 5% for it ($5) until the debt expires the value of your investment is basically worth $100 + $5 = $105. If you then decide to sell that bond before it expires you should theoretically receive an amount around $105. IF the central bank changes the interest rates, by let's say reducing it from 5% to 3%, then the bond you hold pays more than what the NEW bonds will pay. Therefore your bond must worth more to offer the same % returns as the new bond. The same works if the interest rates are increased, then the $105 dollar bond should decrease in value to match the returns of the new bonds that pay better. HOW DOES THAT AFFECT THE STOCK MARKET: FOR MANY years countries around the world have been reducing interest rates essentially to zero as a way to battle the 2008 GFC. There are two things you must consider: First is, if interest rates are going up after all these years, the new bonds are more attractive than the older ones, therefore making investors that like safer investments to buy them instead of stocks. Second, when interest rates go up that indicates few things such as that the inflation is increasing and that the cost of debt will now increase, meaning that companies that borrowed money will now have to pay more for their debt as well as seeing increased costs caused by inflation resulting in their profits to drop and as a result of the stock prices to decrease. | [
"During 2013, the U.S. Federal Reserve is expected to purchase about $45 billion of U.S. treasury securities per month in addition to the $40 billion in mortgage debt it’s purchasing, effectively absorbing about 90 percent of net new dollar-denominated fixed-income assets. This reduces the supply of bonds available... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08959 | How do train derailments happen, and why do they still occur with many modern trains even today? | Trains stay on the track so long as the wheelflanges are held to the inside of track. If there is debris on the track, it might cause the train wheels to be lifted, and then disengaged, and off it goes. Trains often are shaped to remove debris, or tracks so it is difficult to interfere, but it's not universally perfect. Another, is trains are massive, like seriously so, and so the tracks curving are pushing the train to a side. But if the speed is too great for the train to push it, the train might continue going straight (physics), and jump the track. Lastly they might detail if they hit something like another train. There are many systems and procedures in place to prevent all the above, but no system is perfect. Sometimes human error, sometimes system error sometimes a combination of both. But, you might be suffering confirmation bias because train derailments are extraordinarily rare and trains are among the safest modes of transport. They are rare, and therefore when they happen get overreported | [
"The most common obstructions encountered are road vehicles at level crossings (grade crossings); malicious persons sometimes place materials on the rails, and in some cases relatively small objects cause a derailment by guiding one wheel over the rail (rather than by gross collision).\n\nDerailment has also been b... | [
"Train derailments occur with many modern trains even today."
] | [
"Train derailments are extraordinarily rare and trains are among the safest modes of transport."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Train derailments occur with many modern trains even today.",
"Train derailments occur with many modern trains even today."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Train derailments are extraordinarily rare and trains are among the safest modes of transport.",
"Train derailments are extraordinarily rare and trains are among the safest modes of transport. "
] |
2018-06377 | What do you do if there is an emergency during a surgery. ie. a fire alarm? | Or like, a bomb in someone's chest, amirite? lol greys anatomy sux It depends on the type of emergency. If it were super time sensitive to get out, they'd close up the patient and transport them to a safe spot. Then reconvene surgery when it's medically and physically safe to do so. | [
"Before the patient leaves the operating room there is a further check, usually conducted by the nursing staff. The instrument, sponge and needle counts are checked, equipment is checked and specimens are checked as appropriately labelled. The surgeon, anaesthetist and nursing staff then must discuss any key concer... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08671 | How in the F do jellyfish register things like colors with no brains to process things like colors? | Instead of a single, centralized brain, jellyfish possess a net of nerves. This “ring” nervous system is where their neurons are concentrated—a processing station for sensory and motor activity. These neurons send chemical signals to their muscles to contract, allowing them to swim, and do other stuff. But they just don’t just swim aimlessly—some jellyfish can actually navigate. | [
"In many species of jellyfish, the rhopalia include ocelli, light-sensitive organs able to tell light from dark. These are generally pigment spot ocelli, which have some of their cells pigmented. The rhopalia are suspended on stalks with heavy crystals at one end, acting like gyroscopes to orient the eyes skyward. ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04667 | Why is it so easy for us to electronically capture and send the sense of sight (via pictures/video), but sharing the sense of smell/touch/taste is impossible? | Light is relatively easy to capture and reproduce; the information it conveys when arranged in a particular fashion is mostly static. Smell, touch and taste all require far more complex interactions involving not just light but complicated chemical reactions which depend on huge amounts of factors almost impossible to control for. For example, the smell of your peanut butter sandwich. Smells good, right? To reproduce that precisely, you'd need to account for the type of the peanut butter, how old it was, the bread it was on, the jam you used, the air pressure in the room, the temperature, the humidity, the state of your olfactory senses *at the moment of smelling it*, and so many other things that it's an effective impossibility. Light, on the other hand, is relatively well-behaved and fairly static, because it's not as affected by other factors that change its perception as much. | [
"In 2005, researchers from the University of Huelva developed XML Smell, a protocol of XML that can transmit smells. The researchers also developed a scent-generating device and worked on miniaturising its size. Also in 2005, Thanko launched P@D Aroma Generator, a USB device that comes with 3 different cartridges f... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00323 | why is it such a big deal when someone falls asleep after a concussion? | Actually sleep is good to heal a concussion. The issue is assessing mental status in those with a head injury. You don't want someone to deteriorate without someone noticing and the concussion is something more serious. | [
"Section::::Treatment.\n\nAfter exclusion of neck injury, observation should be continued for several hours. If repeated vomiting, worsening headache, dizziness, seizure activity, excessive drowsiness, double vision, slurred speech, unsteady walk, or weakness or numbness in arms or legs, or signs of basilar skull f... | [
"It is bad if someone falls asleep after a concussion."
] | [
"Sleep is good to heal a concussion."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is bad if someone falls asleep after a concussion."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Sleep is good to heal a concussion."
] |
2018-14343 | Why do films always have two credit sequences at the end? | My guess would be that they put the most interesting/important names first in a format that will get people to pay more attention. The scrolling format is for the more obscure roles that most people won't care about seeing, but still deserve credit for their contribution. | [
"Originally two sequences were produced, an opening sequence and end sequence. However, only the end sequence was used.\n\n\"Yes, Joe liked the opening credits we did but after their edit they felt it slowed the momentum of the introduction. That seems to be a big concern for filmmakers now – they’re aware of the s... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05044 | Why you're supposed to back into a space when you parallel park | The way most cars steer, there's an effect called "front-end swing" where the front end of the car swings wider during a turn, and the back end of the car kinda just follows along. Because of that, you can be usually get a tighter fit if you back into a parallel space. First you swing your front end out, then back up until your rear wheels are just about in position, then you swing your front end in and you're parked. That particular maneuver only works if you are in reverse gear. In some cases it won't matter and there will be enough room to park with other maneuvers. | [
"However, if the spring is too weak to always move the rooster comb to the bottom of the trough between the teeth, the vehicle can be left between gears. On certain U.S. car manufacturers' vehicles, the problem is made worse as there is a flat spot between \"Park\" and \"Reverse\" detents where the ball can rest, a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23197 | Why do Boxers/MMA fighters circle each other instead of going straight in? | Movement is key in boxing. You want to make the target(you) as difficult to hit as possible. Head movement and circling make the targets position less predictable, when performed correctly. | [
"While this positioning was of paramount importance in boxing, which involved only upright striking (with the eyes facing straight), it was also important in pankration, especially in the beginning of the competition and as long as the athletes remained standing.\n\nSection::::Techniques.:Strategy and tactics.:Rema... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05230 | How are railroad crossing signs able to go down when there is a moving train near by but when a train is stopped 10 feet away from the tracks the signs aren’t active? | From what I gather, there's circuits that sense the train coming from a ways off, because of the train's conductivity. I'm certain it can sense if it's moving, since the circuit will be opened and closed repeatedly because of the movement. In either case, the stationary train may not be sitting on the detector, and the detector may notice that it's not moving and therefore that it's not a danger. From that point it's just programming. | [
"The push switch marked \"Train Stop Override\" is used to pass a signal at danger with authority - It ignores the TPWS TSS loops for around 20 seconds or until the loops have been passed, whichever is sooner.\n\nThe AWS system and the TPWS system are inter-linked and if either of these has initiated a brake applic... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Railroad crossing signs are not active when a train stops ten feet away from the crossing."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"It's not that the crossing signs are not active - the train may not be sitting on one of the detectors that activates them."
] |
2018-02723 | Where does cremation come from and why did it get so embedded with the Slovenian customs while being so rare in other countries? | [Cremation is Pretty common in both Europe and the US.]( URL_0 ) Not sure what you are talking about. For example the rate is 75% in the UK. | [
"Many of these practices are also present in Hindu cultures. However, unlike the dominant Hindu practice of burning the dead, Romani culture requires that the dead must be buried. Notable deviations from this practice exist among German Roma and British Romanichal, the latter holding a tradition of cremation simila... | [
"Cremation is only common in Slovenian customs."
] | [
"Cremation is pretty common in the UK as well as other places around the world. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cremation is only common in Slovenian customs."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cremation is pretty common in the UK as well as other places around the world. "
] |
2018-19025 | How do garbage dumps contain trash or prevent further pollution? | They do not. Not in any perfect sense, anyway. As for 'blow off' that is taken care of by 'eventually' burying the trash. In theory, dumps are planned to avoid things like surface water and groundwater. However, plenty of effluents wash away from even well - placed and well - designed dumpsites. In short, they are an ecological nightmare that constantly produce negative effects. | [
"Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area, usually a hole or sidehill. After the waste is dumped, it is then compacted by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then \"sealed\" with a plastic sheet and ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04527 | Why does the cold cause your teeth to chatter? | You shiver when you are loosing body heat. The shivering is the way your body attempts to generate heat. | [
"Almost all Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Hungarian and Estonian have a distinctive moraic chroneme as a phoneme (also arguably called archiphoneme or epenthetic vowel/consonant). The etymology of the vocalic chroneme has been traced to a voiced velar fricative in the hypothetical Proto-Uralic language, such t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23627 | How exactly does a bone marrow transplant work and how does it safe lives? | ELI5 version: Take good cells from person, give them to person who is lacking those good cells. Those good cells replace bad cells. Person with bad cells gets better... maybe. Long story: (I’m not a doctor but was almost a donor except the guy I was donating to ended up passing before I could donate). So there’s two kinds of marrow transplants. One where they drill into your bone (usually your pelvis) and remove the marrow cells. These cells generate red blood cells and if they die off (which is frequently a symptom of cancer and therapies to cure it) then you start dying slowly and painfully. There’s another where they give you a drug, this drug causes your body to overproduce a type of cell (I think they said it’s a stem cell?) that causes it to go from just being in your marrow out to your blood stream... then they hook you up to what’s essentially a dialysis machine, they filter this cell out of your blood and give you your blood back. Both of these are painful but I was told the filtering one was less so. Anyways these cells when implanted in a sick patient allow them to produce more red blood cells, restoring their blood’s ability to deliver oxygen to the body and preventing death (hopefully). | [
"Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia. Additionally, bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells, and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19199 | Why are renewable sources not our major sources of energy yet? | They’re expensive to implement, but the cost is ever decreasing so that it may become viable in the near future. | [
"While renewables have been very successful in their ever-growing contribution to electrical power there are no countries dominated by fossil fuels who have a plan to stop and get that power from renwables. Only Scotland and Ontario have stopped burning coal, largely due to good natural gas supplies. In the area of... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03635 | Why do you not feel “wet” when under water? | Your body doesnt really feel a state, it feels a change in states. Its why it doesn't feel like you're moving at 1,000 MPH, even though the earth is spinning that fast. You'd feel it if it abruptly stopped though. Same with a car how you don't feel in motion, until it turns. When youre submerged fully in water, you're in a constant state. If only part of you is under water, the change is always there: a huge difference between what the parts of your body feel. Same as with rain: places get hit randomly, others dont. No matter how fast its falling, the constant interruptions are detected. | [
"The wetness of skin in different areas also affects perceived thermal comfort. Humidity can increase wetness on different areas of the body, leading to a perception of discomfort. This is usually localized in different parts of the body, and local thermal comfort limits for skin wettedness differ by locations of t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00008 | how are themocouples able to detect the temperature? | When you join two dissimilar metals, you get a voltage across them. That voltage is proportional to the temperature at the junction. It's called the Seebeck effect: URL_0 You can also reverse it - driving a current through the junction to achieve a temperature change. That's the Peltier effect. | [
"In humans, temperature sensation from thermoreceptors enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn. The axons of these second order neurons then decussate, joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral p... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02700 | How is the heat energy released by the burning fuel is converted to the mechanical energy of a car’s motion? | URL_0 The key is that when you burn fuel, hot gases expand. You have a piston that goes back and forth in a cylinder. When it goes down, making more room in the cylinder, it sucks a fuel/air mixture in. On the way up, it compresses that mixture. A spark ignites the mixture and the resulting gasses *take up more room*, pushing the cylinder back down. The cylinder comes up again to push the burnt fuel out & then the cycle starts over. Crudely, the process can be described as "suck, squeeze, bang, blow". The specifics involve all sorts of things like intake/exhaust valves, flywheels & multiple cylinders to make sure you're generating power throughout the whole cycle and a million other little things. | [
"The amount of moving parts in a machine is a factor in its mechanical efficiency. The greater the number of moving parts, the greater the amount of energy lost to heat by friction between those parts. For example, in a modern automobile engine, roughly 7% of the total power obtained from burning the engine's fuel ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02440 | Why does ground meat in a tray have the string texture like worms (sorry if you're eating) but when it's in a tube it doesn't? | The grinder works by pushing the meat through a strainer that looks like a bunch of holes. Meat extruded through the holes can be long and squiggly, like worms. The stuff in the tube is ground much more fine. and is usually stirred around before going in the tubes, so it looks more fine and looses any shapes it might have had. | [
"Section::::The disc.\n\nThe disc for cooking the meats is usually a disc harrow made of either iron or steel. Shaped like a Chinese Wok, the disc provides an even heat distribution ideal for cooking. The cast iron also provides a robust, earthy flavor to food cooked in this fashion. The original concave disc shape... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00805 | What happens when a military tank gets struck by lightning? | Rubber wheels on the ground isn’t what protects you in a vehicle during a lightning strike. The body of the vehicle forms a faraday cage. | [
"BULLET::::- 1970 July 12: The central mast of the Orlunda radio transmitter in central Sweden collapsed after a lightning strike destroyed its foundation insulator.\n\nBULLET::::- 1994 November 2: A lightning incident led to the explosion of fuel tanks in Dronka, Egypt, causing 469 fatalities.\n",
"BULLET::::- B... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02184 | Why, after drinking, do I feel sober with my eyes open, but drunk (spinning room) with my eyes closed? | Your sight helps your sense of balance simply by seeing how oriented you are. Try balancing on one leg with your eyes open vs closed. You should find it harder with your eyes closed. Drinking will negatively affect our sense of balance. Your eyes will help cancel that out but closing them makes us feel the full effect of the drink(s). | [
"Section::::Background.\n",
"This \"upset\" has been seen in experiments in which human subjects were given clinical tests of the vestibular system before and after ingesting alcohol. The alcohol apparently causes the ampullary cupula in the semicircular canal to become lighter than the surrounding fluid (endolym... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19604 | What exactly is considered an emergency landing on a plane? | Emergency landing is usually tagged onto any landing forced for unexpected events not at the intended destination. such as somebody forgot to fuel the plane, someone is being unruly, plane is going down, plane lost engine or power, unexpected storm. | [
"Airliners frequently make emergency landings, and almost all of them are uneventful. However, because of their inherent uncertain nature, they can quickly become crash landings or worse. Some notable instances include United Airlines Flight 232, which broke up while landing at Sioux City, Iowa, United States on Ju... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03009 | Can you reduce a problem that is both in np and not np complete to np hard? | By definition, every problem in NP can be reduced to any problem in NP-hard (this it literally the definition of NP-hard). It doesn't matter whether it's in NP-complete or not. We don't actually know whether there are problems in NP that aren't in NP-complete though - if it turns out that P=NP than also P=NP=NPC (so if there are NP problems that aren't NPC, then P≠NP). | [
"An example of an NP-hard problem is the decision subset sum problem, which is this: given a set of integers, does any non-empty subset of them add up to zero? That is a decision problem, and happens to be NP-complete. Another example of an NP-hard problem is the optimization problem of finding the least-cost cycli... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18546 | How does splitting an atom cause such a huge explosion? | When you split an atom, the two chunks together weigh less than the atom weighed. That extra mass gets turned into energy. And even a tiny bit of mass becomes a LOT of energy, and in a big hurry. That much energy in a tiny place all at once means "boom". | [
"Section::::Continuous flow fast atom bombardment.\n",
"Section::::Applications.\n",
"Section::::Matrices and sample introduction.\n",
"BULLET::::4. Pushed from both sides (from the primary and the spark plug), the lithium deuteride fuel is highly compressed and heated to thermonuclear temperatures. Also, by ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02661 | If every cell in the body regenerates over the course of ~10 years, how are tattoos permanent over decades? | Tattoos aren't cells. When you get a tattoo, the needle is injecting large pigment particles into your skin. These particles are too large for WBCs to eat up/destroy, so they just sit there. | [
"Tattoo ink is generally permanent. Tattoo removal is difficult, painful, and the degree of success depends on the materials used. Recently developed inks claim to be comparatively easy to remove. Unsubstantiated claims have been made that some inks fade over time, yielding a \"semi-permanent tattoo.\"\n\nSection::... | [
"Tattoos should go away as skin cells regenerate."
] | [
"Tattoo ink is to large to get destroyed by white blood cells so it just stays on the skin."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Tattoos should go away as skin cells regenerate."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Tattoo ink is to large to get destroyed by white blood cells so it just stays on the skin."
] |
2018-00455 | What's that sudden pinch people sometimes feel out of nowhere at a random part of their body? | Any pain you experience is due to activation of sensory neurons. Random pinches out of nowhere could be due to a huge variety of things, from actually being pinched by something, pinched nerves or something else causing an action potential to propagate down a nerve. If I recall correctly, random spontaneous activation of neurons can occur, and can lead to random pain and muscle contractions (fasiculations). Imbalances of electrolytes is a common cause for weird nerve behavior. There isn't just a singular cause to this. | [
"Section::::Syndromes.\n\nBULLET::::- Upper limb\n\nBULLET::::- Lower limb, abdomen and pelvis\n\nSection::::Signs/symptoms.\n\nTingling, numbness, and/ or a burning sensation in the area of the body affected by the corresponding nerve. These experiences may occur directly following insult or may occur several hour... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10132 | How do places like zoos and amusement park profit off memberships? | People tend to over-estimate how often they go, so they’re as likely to not get their money’s worth than benefit from free admissions; conversely, admissions are basically free in terms of variable costs to institution — if another family shows up, the Zoo doesn’t need to have more staff working, there isn’t much consumed by more visitors (maybe a few squares of TP?)... and on the other hand, they do buy more $10 boxes of popcorn, overpriced burgers, and souvenir pandas if they show up than if they stay home. Also, for budgeting it’s better to have a significant chuck of known revenue to work with, to help hedge for an unusually rainy summer or recession limiting discretionary family outings. (Similarly, snow plow companies like to have balance of annual service plan customers and per-plow customers to hedge possibility of low or high snowfall season) | [
"Section::::Gameplay.\n",
"Section::::History.:Institutional membership and sponsored delegates.\n\nIZE offers institutional membership to zoos, aquariums, nature/wildlife centres and wildlife reserves. At least 50% of this annual membership fee is used in a scheme to enable sponsored delegates to attend conferen... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-07028 | Why does burping and Exhaling through the mouth sound and feel so different? | I would think that is because a burp comes from your stomach but you breath with you lungs. The come from 2 different places | [
"Section::::Brain involvement.:Involuntary expiration.:Receptors.\n",
"It has been found that two converging bimodal stimuli can produce a perception that is not only different in magnitude than the sum of its parts, but also quite different in quality. In a classic study labeled the McGurk effect, a person's pho... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Burping and exhaling through the mouth are similar."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A burp comes from the stomach, but breathing is from the lungs."
] |
2018-21996 | A couple hosting Nintendo ROMs was just sued by Nintendo. How does google avoid lawsuits for the same content being uploaded to Google Drive? | Liability for hosting copyrighted items is covered by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This act makes internet hosting providers immune to liability for hosting copyrighted content so long as they don't know that the content is infringing and follow the provisions of the DMCA when notified of infringing content. Google doesn't have actual knowledge of the content of what is hosted on google drive. Even if they are parsing it for advertising or antivirus purposes, that parse isn't good enough for them to have knowledge of the contents of the files. Google also follows the provisions of the DMCA when notified of infringing content. In the Nintendo case - the owners of the website were either uploading the ROMs themselves, or had actual knowledge of what the ROMs were as well as their infringing nature. Because of that, they were not protected as a hosting provider under the DMCA. | [
"Nintendo is opposed to any third-party emulation of its video games and consoles, stating that it is the single largest threat to the intellectual property rights of video game developers. However, emulators have been used by Nintendo and licensed third party companies as a means to re-release older games, with Vi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
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