Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-03497	How do “they” determine how many calories are in something?	The old-school way was to actually burn it and see how much heat it produced: a calorie is an actual measure of energy. Nowadays, the food would be blended up and analyzed for the amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate and alcohol (the stuff you can get energy/calories from), and knowing the amount of calories in each of those by weight, they just calculate how many calories it should have. The advantage here is that they can differentiate between calories your body will use, and calories it won't (like that in fiber: it'll burn, but our bodies don't digest it).	[ "Section::::Measurement of energy content of food.\n\nIn the past, a bomb calorimeter was used to determine the energy content of food by burning a sample and measuring a temperature change in the surrounding water. Today, this method is not commonly used in the USA and has been succeeded by calculating the energy ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04629	Why do brands hide their ownership and location?	Im certain it has to do with manufacturers having contractual obligations to only allow certain suppliers the right to sell that brand or that product. In order to buy from a manufacturer directly you usually have to show proof of your business and usually have to buy in large quantities. Which usually only makes sense if you plan to slap a logo on the item and sell them. So basically. To make it eli5 adequate. Company 1 manufacturers cups. Blank cookie cutter cups in bulk. Company b. Buys cups in bulk from company a at wholesale price, Slaps their logo on it, And resells in their store at retail price.	[ "Section::::Cautions.\n\nOne of the most prominent features of many markets is their overall stability — or \"marketing inertia\". Thus, in their essential characteristics they change very slowly, often over decades — sometimes centuries — rather than over months.\n", "BULLET::::- In this process the corporate ac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Brands hide their ownership and location." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Not all brands hide their ownership and location." ]
2018-01541	How do martial artists break huge stacks of bricks without their hand passing through every brick?	Dominos. The force is transfered from the top brick down by the breaking bricks themselves.	[ "Generally, a martial artist engaged in breaking will practice by repeatedly hitting hard surfaces. Masutatsu Oyama, a famous breaker who was known for breaking the horns off bulls, would use trees. In karate, a device called a makiwara is used; this device has found more popular use by practitioners of other marti...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04835	why there is no antigravitation as there seems to be an opposite of every other force?	> To rephrase, I read that there are two opposing forces for every physically phenomenon, such as acceleration, magnetism and so on, but gravity is always attractive. I think you are confusing Newtons Third Law. The law states: > When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body. [Source]( URL_0 ) The law isn't about any physical phenomenon. Rather it is specifically about forces in a certain situation: The law says that if Body A applies a force on Body B, then Body B will apply an opposite and equal force on Body A. Acceleration is not a force. It is how quicly you are speeding up or slowing down or changing direction. For example if you push against a wall (apply a force on wall), you will feel the wall pushing back against you (the wall applies an opposite but equal force on you). An important thing to note is that the forces the third law is talking about are always applied to different bodies. In the previous example, the forces are on you and the wall (which are two different bodies). In the case of gravity, the equal and opposite force is also gravity. In this case the two different bodies are you and the Earth. The Earth's gravity is a force on you that points downwards. However, you also have mass, and so you also have gravity. The Earth is attracted to you by an equal but opposite force - a force that points upwards.	[ "Section::::Physical principle.\n", "The concept of Odic force was criticized by the scientific community as there was no reliable or replicable data for its existence. In the 19th century it was described as quackery by critics and is regarded today as an example of pseudoscience.\n\nScience writer Martin Gardne...	[ "Opposite force means there should be anti-gravitation." ]	[ "Opposite force just means that when earth has a force of gravity on you, you also have a force on the earth. Your force doesn't move the earth because the mass of the earth is so large." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Opposite force means there should be anti-gravitation." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Opposite force just means that when earth has a force of gravity on you, you also have a force on the earth. Your force doesn't move the earth because the mass of the earth is so large." ]
2018-01943	Why we do not transplant mtDNA from the father?	My understanding is that it's simply too difficult to selectively remove mitochondria from a cell. You could possibly take all the cytoplasm from one of the father's cells and switch it into an egg... but there's bound to be a problem with that, I'm just not certain what, sorry. Possibly because there would no doubt be something that didn't make it, possibly something structural, possibly something to do with the haploid (half-DNA (sorta)) nature of eggs and sperm. And you couldn't transfer the cytoplasm from a sperm to an egg because the size difference just wouldn't work. Plus no doubt other reasons. So the three parent kid concept you've heard about is actually slightly different: Egg cell from donor, nucleus removed. + Nucleus from mother's egg cell. + Introduce the father's genes in whichever process is chosen. This means that the egg structure, mitochondria, and cytoplasm with all its contents comes from a donor. Sorry, my explanations tend to suck. Please tell me what I need to elaborate on or fix!	[ "There are two theories why the paternal mtDNA is not transmitted to the offspring. One is simply the fact that paternal mtDNA is at such a lower concentration than the maternal mtDNA and thus it is not detectable in the offspring. A second, more complex theory, involves the digestion of the paternal mtDNA to preve...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04177	How does exercise actually reduce the risk of diabetes? And how does too much sugar in a diet cause a person with no diabetes to get the disease?	Type two diabetes is effectively caused by having a higher than normal blood glucose level for a prolonged period of time. When you eat, most carbohydrates are transformed into glucose and absorbed into the bloodstream. Simple sugars are digested and absorbed into the blood very quickly, causing large spikes in blood sugar. Insulin is released by the body to control blood glucose levels, and to enable cells to absorb and use glucose. Higher than normal glucose levels needs more insulin to control it. This ends up causing insulin ineffectiveness/resistance, which means tat your insulin is less able to control blood glucose levels. In response, the pancreas creates and releases higher and higher levels of insulin. This effectively makes the cells that produce glucose run out. Simple sugar is one if the things that causes this. Exersize does two beneficial things. Firstly, it reduces your blood glucose. It helps you control it without relying on insulin. This reduces the strain on your insulin and can prevent insulin resistance and diabetes. Secondly, exersize makes your insulin more effective. Combined, this reduces the chances of getting diabetes.	[ "The main risk for diabetes patients is controlling glucose levels. There has been lots of research done on the positive effects of physical activity on lowering glucose levels. Physical exercise can include walking or swimming and does not have to be cardio intensive. If patients are able to perform 30 minutes of ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00804	How are humans able to feel heat and how can it cause physical damage?	The nerves in your skin detect pressure/temperature/pain, they make you react to pull away from whatever is causing the problem. Proteins are very sensitive to changes in temperature, too hot or cold and the protein can denature (changes shape) which will destroy its function. Too hot and you actually cook yourself. Think of frying an egg.. the egg white proteins change from a ball shape to something more like spaghetti that tangle together.	[ "Thermoregulation in humans\n\nAs in other mammals, thermoregulation in humans is an important aspect of homeostasis. In thermoregulation, body heat is generated mostly in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diver...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01162	What causes CRT TV's to blop away when turned off?	I assume you mean how the edges appear to kind of come slamming down into the middle. Its probably due to the fact that there are two capacitors that are in control of the horizontal and vertical synchronization of the electron beam. As the capacitors are charged and discharged the beam moves from left to right very quickly as the vertical capacitor allows the beam to go up and down a little more slowly. When the power is turned off the capacitors take time to discharge. As they discharge the natural state of the electron beam is pointing to the center of the screen. So it appears as the lighting of the screen comes crashing toward the middle. Really you are watching the two controlling electronic devices power down, lose their charge, so the beam begins to only illuminate the center of the screen.	[ "Doming (television)\n\nDoming is a phenomenon found on some CRT televisions in which parts of the shadow mask become heated. In televisions that exhibit this behavior, it tends to occur in high-contrast scenes in which there is a largely dark scene with one or more localized bright spots. As the electron beam hits...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07948	Why are the trees dieing from extra CO2 at Horseshoe Lake, CA if they feed of of it?	Every typical animal, plant, or fungus needs oxygen to burn sugar for immediate energy— an important step in performing basic biological functions. Trees can use CO2 to produce... or really to store... energy by creating sugar. They produce oxygen in this process, and while they’re actively growing they put out more oxygen than they consume. But any oxygen they produce mixes away into the air. There needs to be an appropriate balance of oxygen in the air for it to later be available for the tree to burn sugar and extract energy. The problem here isn’t exactly the presence of CO2 but the lack of oxygen. Though excess CO2 can make water (or fluids inside plants or animals) acidic which is its own, pretty serious issue.	[ "For Miscanthus planted on marginal land limited by cold temperatures (Moscow), the reduction in atmospheric CO2 is estimated to be 19.2 tonnes per hectare per year (7.7 tonnes per acre), with fossil energy savings of 273 GJ per hectare per year (110 GJ per acre). For marginal land limited by drought (Turkey), the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02231	Why does soda fizz and expand when it’s shaken?	Gas is dissolved in the soda when it's made. The bottle stops the gas from escaping by keeping it under pressure like a balloon in a sealed box. When you shake the bottle it forces some of the gas to come out of the liquid and increase the pressure. Think of the balloon being pumped up even though there is no more space in the box. This pressure causes expansion outwards. The fizz is just these bubbles coming out of the liquid slower than if you shake the bottle.	[ "The conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to gaseous carbon dioxide forms rapidly expanding gas bubbles in the soda, which pushes the beverage contents out of the container. Gases, in general, are more soluble in liquids at elevated pressures. Carbonated sodas contain elevated levels of carbon dioxide under press...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09414	Why is the moon so perfectly spherical, when other moons in the solar system aren't? Does it have something to do with orbit?	It's the mass of the moon more than the orbit that determines if it's going to be round. Gravity tends to pull objects into nearly spherical shapes. Our Moon is fairly large, and there is enough "stuff" that the gravitational pull is strong enough to overcome the chemical bonds holding the rocks in their rocky potato shapes. So the Moon is pulled into a ball. Mars's moons are too small to be shaped into spheres under their own gravity. But, Jupiter and Saturn have moons that are nearly spheres. Orbits can change things. As far as Jupiter's moon Io goes, its volcanic surface is driven by its orbit around Jupiter. The tidal forces flex Io so much that it has volcanoes.	[ "Section::::Characteristics.\n\nSection::::Characteristics.:Physical characteristics.\n\nHydra is irregular in shape, measuring along its longest axis and its shortest axis measuring across. This gives Hydra the measured dimensions of .\n", "Neptune's moon Proteus is the largest irregularly shaped natural satelli...	[ "The moon is perfectly spherical." ]	[ "Gravity tends to pull objects like the moon into nearly spherical shapes." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The moon is perfectly spherical.", "The moon is perfectly spherical." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Gravity tends to pull objects like the moon into nearly spherical shapes.", "Gravity tends to pull objects like the moon into nearly spherical shapes. " ]
2018-02580	What exactly sparked the culture of the stereotypical "Wild West"?	It probably originated with The Virginian, a novel published in 1902 authored Owen Wister set in Wyoming.	[ "Section::::Vanishing race.\n", "BULLET::::- Buckskin Ben's Wild West and Dog and Pony Show (1908) Benjamin Stalker\n\nBULLET::::- Buckskin Bill's Wild West (1900)\n\nBULLET::::- Bud Atkinson's Circus and Wild West (early 1900s) - Toured Australia in 1912\n\nBULLET::::- Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Ro...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08177	If plastics decay in sunlight why are common plastic pollutants listed as lasting decades and centuries?	Plastics don't decay in sunlight. They might fade or become brittle or not do their job well, but very few atoms are lost in those operations. It takes a very long time in direct sunlight for even thin plastics to get broken up into pieces that can blow away and be plastic pollution somewhere else. That's not "decay" in the biologic sense of the term.	[ "Section::::Persistent organic pollutants.\n\nIt was estimated that global production of plastics is approximately 250 mt/yr. Their abundance has been found to transport persistent organic pollutants, also known as POPs. These pollutants have been linked to an increased distribution of algae associated with red tid...	[ "plastic decays in sunlight", "Sunlight causes plastic to decay." ]	[ "plastic doesn't decay in a biologic sense, it just breaks down but doesn't go away.", "Sunlight only causes plastic to fade or become brittle but not decay." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "plastic decays in sunlight", "Sunlight causes plastic to decay." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "plastic doesn't decay in a biologic sense, it just breaks down but doesn't go away.", "Sunlight only causes plastic to fade or become brittle but not decay." ]
2018-01777	the reasoning behind sentencing a criminal to 1000 years behind bars.	A person might go to one trial for multiple crimes. For simplicity's sake, say "murder" has a maximum sentence of 100 years. And a person killed two people, and he's on trial charged with two counts of murder. The judge can give him up to the maximum amount allowed by law for each crime (in this case, 100 years). In this case, it would be 200 years. There's a lot of variations on this of course. Sometimes a person might be sentenced to a harsher penalty for one crime while being given a lighter punishment for a second crime. Theoretically it also helps ensure the person remains in jail instead of getting released on parole.	[ "Some of the justices were sympathetic to Berger's arguments. Vice Chief Justice Rebecca Berch described the mandatory minimum and consecutive sentencing rules, as well as the exclusion of probation, parole or pardon as a \"triple whammy,\" observing that \"it far exceeds the sentence imposed for similar crimes in ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20096	What makes sea salt so much better then sodium chloride	Because sodium chloride is only one of the many ionic compounds that we call salts. Sea salt contains small amounts of several others, which add to the flavor. (It may also contain a wee bit of other tasty impurities, such as a bit of dissolved algae residue.)	[ "Commercially available sea salts on the market today vary widely in their chemical composition. Although the principal component is sodium chloride, the remaining portion can range from less than 0.2 to 10% of other salts. These are mostly calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of chloride and sulfate with substa...	[ "Only sodium chloride is considered salt." ]	[ "More than sodium chloride is considered salt." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only sodium chloride is considered salt.", "Only sodium chloride is considered salt. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "More than sodium chloride is considered salt.", "More than sodium chloride is considered salt. " ]
2018-17295	Apparently the odds of winning the Australian lottery are basically 1 in 77 million (Please correct that if it's wrong). If you bought a ticket every week for say 60yrs, what are the odds you won't ever win?	The probability that something will NOT happen is 1-(chance that thing will happen). So the chance that you will not win in one try is 76999999/77000000, or 0.999999987 The probability of n repeated trials all coming up the same way (like not winning the lottery several times in a row) is the probability^n. So, 52 drawings a year times 60 years is 3120 trials. So now, the chance of not winning is (76999999/77000000)^3120, or 0.9999594813. So there's a 99.9959% chance of not winning, despite playing weekly for 60 years.	[ "Tatts Keno was administered by Tattersall's and played in most areas that offer their lottery products (Victoria, Tasmania and Australian Capital Territory) – Tatts Keno could not be played in the Northern Territory. Tatts Keno was a daily game, and entries could vary from 3 to 10 spots.\n", "In addition to the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12882	how are contortionists and people who do crazy dislocations to fit in small spaces not in immense amounts of pain when they dislocate their joints?	They don't dislocate their joints (not on purpose anyway). There's also no such thing as being "double jointed". It's all just a combination of being naturally flexible, training and practice. I'm sure some contortions are painful, but then again so is ballet, rugby and boxing. So I would imagine it's a matter of pain tolerance too.	[ "Some loose-jointed people are able to pop a joint out of its socket without pain, thereby making it difficult to determine if a joint is dislocated without medical examination such as an X-ray. However, as long as the joint socket is the right shape, most extreme bends can be achieved without dislocating the joint...	[ "Contortionists dislocate their joints to fit into small spaces." ]	[ "Contortionists do not dislocate their joints." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Contortionists dislocate their joints to fit into small spaces." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Contortionists do not dislocate their joints." ]
2018-00379	it's been -15°F (-26°C), how are birds and squirrels surviving this?	Those birds that do not fly south for the winter build nests that are insulated and when it gets too cold for them to be out they will hunker down in their nests and share body heat. Their feathers are designed with down layers that are good insulation, and they often have circulatory systems that are set up in such a way that they do not lose much heat through their feet. Squirrels hibernate in enclosed spaces sharing body heat, as well as grow insulative coats of fur.	[ "BULLET::::- \"U. p. nebulicola\" Osgood, 1903\n\nBULLET::::- \"U. p. osgoodi\" Merriam, 1900\n\nBULLET::::- \"U. p. parryii\" Richardson, 1825\n\nBULLET::::- \"U. p. plesius\" Osgood, 1900\n\nBULLET::::- \"U. p. stejnegeri\" J. A. Allen, 1903\n\nSection::::Description.\n", "BULLET::::- Some animals store food fo...	[ "If it is negative 15 degrees, then birds and squirrels should not be able to survive in the severe weather." ]	[ "Birds created nests in order to shield them from the cold, whilst squirrels hibernate in enclosed spaces and hibernate while share space, these strategies allow the birds and the squirrels to survive during extreme temperatures." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If it is negative 15 degrees, then birds and squirrels should not be able to survive in the severe weather.", "If it is negative 15 degrees, then birds and squirrels should not be able to survive in the severe weather." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Birds created nests in order to shield them from the cold, whilst squirrels hibernate in enclosed spaces and hibernate while share space, these strategies allow the birds and the squirrels to survive during extreme temperatures.", "Birds created nests in order to shield them from the cold, whilst squirrels hiber...
2018-14732	How do videogame companies copy-protect their games (physical discs)?	Mostly by doing things that are easy to detect, but hard to reproduce. For instance, one technique is placing artificial defects on the disk, and checking if they're there. Many duplication programs, when encountering a defect, won't create an identical defect in the copy. They'll try reading that data, fail, and then either abort the copy entirely, or write a readable but empty sector in its place on the copy. Some such methods rely on techniques that can only be done in a CD factory and that a burner is unable to reproduce. For some of them, the drive may be capable but still refuse to reproduce it because somebody convinced the drive's manufacturer to write the drive's firmware in such a way that it would not allow to do what's needed to duplicate the copy protection.	[ "4K resolution Blu-ray discs augment the existing Blu-ray protections. First, players must be dedicated devices that use protected hardware paths to ensure the entire process chain (from media to display) is not compromised. Second, some media require the use of players able to access the Internet for additional ve...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19185	Will a cage bird survive if let into the wild.	If those are the only options for you, I recommend you find a bird sanctuary and see if your bird can get a new home, with people who do appreciate the animal. It will die if you set it free, and you will make it miserable if you dont love it..	[ "The introduction of captives of unknown pedigree can pose a threat to native populations. Domestic fowl have threatened endemic species such as \"Gallus g. bankiva\" while pheasants such as the ring-necked pheasant and captive cheer pheasants of uncertain origin have escaped into the wild or have been intentionall...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02988	What about how 80's movies look makes it that you can immediately tell it was made in the 80's?	Its everything you mentioned and more. There are technological reasons like the cameras, lenses, film, that are period specific. Then there is artistic choices such as the background, the outfits, the shots used, the pacing, the dialogue, etc that goes in trends.	[ "BULLET::::- List of Japanese films of 1984\n\nBULLET::::- List of Swedish films of the 1980s\n\nSection::::External links.\n\nBULLET::::- \"Was 1984 the greatest year in movies ever?\" by Chris Nashawaty - \"Entertainment Weekly\" online\n\nBULLET::::- 1984 Domestic Grosses at Box Office Mojo\n\nBULLET::::- Top 19...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03978	How is audio transmitted from your console to your controller and then headset?	The same way button presses are sent to the console: Bluetooth. You can imagine Bluetooth as two men standing on opposite ends of a room, one represents the console, the other the controller. They shout information at each other. The controller man looks at what you do with the controller und shouts this at the console. The console man on the other hand shouts the audio at the controller man. The controller man than just whispers this to the headset. Only the two men don't talk englisch and they shout in such a way, that you can't hear them. The use a very specific language and talk in a very specific code they both agreed to. With the real thing all of this works by radio waves. The waves are sent in a very specific intervals. The controller (or the console for that matter) can translate this words (we call it words here for sake of simplicity) the controller then looks at the words, sees a specific one and knows everything after that is audio. Some time there will be another specific word telling the controller that there is no more audio coming. Everything between those two words is not translated by the controller but send to the headset as it is (the controller can't make sense of this anyway). Hope this helps, made it as 5-year-old friendly as I can.	[ "Section::::History.:Console games.\n", "The PS2 headset connects via USB 1.1 on the front of the console. The headset is most commonly used in online multiplayer games; however, it can also be used in some karaoke style games, for voice control, and to enhance the immersive experience of some single player games...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04438	Why do public schools (and many offices) exclusively use Internet Explorer?	Certain settings in Internet Explorer can be controlled through a Windows Domain environment with something called Group Policy. For instance, you can use Group Policy to enforce the Homepage of IE, whereas Chrome and Firefox would require running extra code on every device to keep the home page set to what you want. Additionally, Chrome and Firefox may allow people to allow extensions to them even if they aren't a system administrator. Depending on the scope of these addons, it just becomes more to manage.	[ "The initial inspiration came from Robert Cailliau, a Belgian computer scientist who developed together with Tim Berners-Lee the World Wide Web. The project trained over 700 school teachers from 170 schools across Europe in basic HTML using a simple text editor, the only affordable web creation tool at that time. F...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02643	the night sky is typically lit by millions of stars. Why are none visible when watching the Starman stream?	Because Starman car is experiencing the full glow of direct rays from the sun. The background is black because there is no air to scatter the sun's rays and create a blue sky colour, but the Starman is still in light as bright as day.	[ "Inside the Space Port, the planet screen at the front of the station has been changed to reflect the overlay, as well. While viewing the planet, a green \"storm\" appears over the planet, causing interruptions to the video feed. Static appears, then a blue screen, reminiscent of the Windows Blue Screen of Death, s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02346	Why does it seem like every gas station has flats of water stacked up out front of the store? Is there a special reason for this?	Water is a big seller as we approach the hotter months of the year. Most gas stations don't have a lot of storage space (basically none). So for a very high volume product like bottled water they just stack it up.	[ "In the United States most utilities bill only to the nearest 100 or 1,000 gallons (10 to 100 ft., 1 to 10 m), and often only read the leftmost 4 or 5 numbers on the display wheels. Using the above example, they would read and bill 1,234, rounding to 1,234,000 gallons based on a 1,000 gallon billing resolution. The...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03655	How do they date cave paintings with the materials used, such as ochre, when the materials within the ochre likely date back long before they were mixed into ochre?	They mostly do it by dating other human artifacts found nearby. Sometimes they use carbon or thorium dating but that's difficult because it's hard to get enough sample. One way I heard of is radioisotope dating of deposits laid down over cave paintings but again I think that's rare because it relies on a stalactite or something dripping onto the painting and being able to get a usable sample of those deposits.	[ "Significant early cave paintings, executed in ochre, have been found in Kakadu, Australia. Ochre is not an organic material, so carbon dating of these pictures is often impossible. Sometimes the approximate date, or at least, an epoch, can be surmised from the painting content, contextual artifacts, or organic mat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Cave paintings are tested directly to find the age." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Sometiomes objects found around the painting are tested to get an idea of the age. " ]
2018-08290	What makes chicken taste different from turkey, or beef from lamb?	I'm pretty sure listing all the reasons why (cooked) meat tastes different would require a knowledge of molecular gastronomy, since some flavors result from chemical interactions that happen during food preparation. But on the simplest level, the proteins of different species are made up of the same amino acids, but the proportions of the amino acids are different. Since various amino acids have different tastes (sweet, bitter, umami, flavorless, etc.), the levels they're present at will affect the overall flavor profile of a piece of meat. (the amino acid anion glutamate, for example, has a particularly meaty or hearty "umami" taste, which is why it's been used so widely as a food additive) Then you also have differences in fat content, the amount of sugars present that may or may not have been nicely browned, and probably quite a few other factors.	[ "Another possibility is that since much of the meat of a chicken is taken from the chest, which contains the white 'fast fibers' that are necessary for the short, fast flight of a fleeing chicken, it tastes like these other animals due to similar concentrations of fast fibers in the parts that are used for meat. Th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04214	how competitive eaters (Like Matt Stonie), can eat so much in one sitting, where does it all go?	It’s still impressive, but food that’s been masticated then digested in the stomach takes up a lot less space than in it’s original form. Put as many burgers as you can in a blender and turn it on and you’ll be able to fit a bunch more once it’s been liquified. The stomach can hold over a gallon of “blended” food, if not more for someone who regularly eats huge amounts intentionally. A gallon of blended burgers is a lot of burgers. A gallon of undigested ground beef is already about 8lbs in fact, or 32 1/4 pounder patties. Food has a lot of water content as well so much of it goes to the bladder, which can hold a little over a pint usually but probably more if you are intentionally pushing the limits. That’s a lot of food juice. Third, when you’re eating over a longer period of time much of it makes it’s way to the intestines and fills those up making room in the stomach for more food. It takes maybe 2-3 hrs for half of your stomach contents to move to you small intestine, meaning you could immediately eat 32 1/4 pound patties then in a few hrs pack in 16 more no problemo!	[ "Chestnut trains by fasting and by stretching his stomach with milk, water and protein supplements. Since the start of his competitive eating career, his competition weight has varied from . After winning his sixth consecutive hot dog eating contest in 2012 by eating 68 hot dogs, he stated, \"I will not stop until ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15702	If AC is a sine wave, how is the sine wave generated?	AC sine wave electricity is generated by moving magnet inside a coil of conductive wire. The magnet pulls and pushes the electrons in the coiled wire, making them move with the motion of the magnet. As electrons move back and forth, that's your voltage and your current.	[ "To see that it is the equation of a conic section, we isolate for formula_9:\n", "where \"M\" is the system magnification. The object plane transmittance above can now be re-written in a slightly modified form:\n\nwhere the various terms have been simply multiplied and divided in the exponent by \"M\", the syste...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03542	Why do movies look like soap operas on my MIL’s giant HD TV?	There is an adjustment for reducing judder, varies by brand name, that causes what you describe. Needs to be turned off.	[ "Many complain that the soap opera effect ruins the theatrical look of cinematic works, by making it appear as if the viewer is either on set or watching a behind the scenes featurette. For this reason, almost all manufacturers have built in an option to turn the feature off or lower the effect strength.\n", "Sec...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13736	Why are rape+homicide rates so high? What motivates someone who is simply out for sexual gratification to rape (and possibly end up murdering the victim) and why is that seen as a better alternative than paying for sex?	Ive studied violent crime in grad school a bit. It’s not as simple as looking for sexual gratification. In fact the sex is secondary for most, and the real thrill comes from overpowering and beating the system if only for a little while. Sex is just a means to that end for many.	[ "A study by the Australian Institute of Criminology of 162 attempted or actual contract murders in Australia between 1989 and 2002 indicated that the most common reason for murder-for-hire was insurance policies payouts. The study also found that the average payment for a \"hit\" was $15,000 with variation from $5,...	[ "Rape is about sexual gratification. ", "Rape is simply about sexual gratification." ]	[ "Rape is more about beating the system and sexual gratification is secondary.", "The primary thrill gained by a rapist is by overpowering and beating the system." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rape is about sexual gratification. ", "Rape is simply about sexual gratification." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rape is more about beating the system and sexual gratification is secondary.", "The primary thrill gained by a rapist is by overpowering and beating the system." ]
2018-17945	How did the Banksy painting know to shred when being auctioned?	Since it appears that Banksy was either there in person, or had an agent there, because he had really good film of the event that showed on his instagram, it seems likely that the person filming activated it remotely.	[ "In 2018, a framed copy of the work spontaneously shredded during an auction, by way of a mechanical device Banksy had hidden in the frame. Banksy authenticated he was responsible for the shredding and gave the altered piece a new name, \"Love Is in the Bin\". Sotheby said it was \"the first work in history ever cr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04204	How is the immortal jellyfish immortal, and why is it not a major point of research?	I’m gonna use an vague analogy but hopefully this makes sense: imagine a caterpillar that grows into a cocoon which births a butterfly, now when the butterfly is at the end of its life cycle, it sheds all the parts that make it a butterfly and become a caterpillar again repeating the cycle.	[ "Section::::Life cycle.:Biological immortality.\n\nMost jellyfish species have a relatively fixed life-span, which varies by species from hours to many months (long-lived mature jellyfish spawn every day or night; the time is also fairly fixed and species-specific). The medusa of \"Turritopsis dohrnii\" is the only...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05070	Why has it been so difficult for Austin PD to find the person/people responsible for these bombings?	Finding someone who has mailed or left something is way harder then TV or Films make it seem.	[ "After the third bombing, the APD began to investigate the connections between the victims. House's father was close friends with Mason's grandfather. Both of the elder men attend the same church and are prominent members of the African-American community in Austin. Police also cautioned the public against opening ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04388	Why does Google and other companies restrict so many of their products and apps to US only?	Legal reason mostly. There are a ton of different reasons that depend on what product you are talking about. Some are straight forward like copyright reasons, where they have managed to acquire the rights to one one thing in one place but not another. Like Netflix being able to stream a movie they bought the rights to in some country but can't in another. Others may have to do with the local laws regarding whatever product or service they are offering. Sometimes it is nothing legal at all but a question of getting things translated and otherwise localized first. Many of theses companies are American and start out only offering their stuff in the US before expanding father afield.	[ "This new trend also frees IT departments from having to keep up with new technology available on the market, which in recent years has become a complex and constantly growing challenge.\n\nSection::::Prevalence.\n\nThe Middle East has one of the highest adoption rates (about 80%) of the practice worldwide in 2012....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03308	why do most lamps turn on by turning a knob instead of pushing a button	Stability. If you have to push a button to turn the lamp on-off, you're pushing the (likely fragile) lamp in the process and will need to hold the lamp lest it topple over.	[ "More recently introduced electronic starters use a different method to preheat the cathodes. They may be designed to be plug-in interchangeable with glow starters for use in standard fittings. They commonly use a purpose-designed semiconductor switch and \"soft start\" the lamp by preheating the cathodes before ap...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06593	Why is losing cabin pressure in airplanes so catastrophic and can bring down the plane?	The air at altitude is incredibly thin, there isn't much oxygen in the air for you to breathe. People lose consciousness quickly. The extreme cold of the altitude accelerates that as well. If the pilots lose consciousness, bad things happen to the aircraft.	[ "Decompression incidents are not uncommon on military and civilian aircraft, with approximately 40–50 rapid decompression events occurring worldwide annually. However, in most cases the problem is manageable, injuries or structural damage rare and the incident not considered notable. One notable, recent case was So...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02317	Why do computers have a discrete GPU instead of one very powerful CPU which performs all the necessary calculations?	A CPU is very good at performing individual tasks very quickly. However, it is particularly piss-poor at simultaneously performing many, many, many tasks. This sort of performance is very useful when rendering scenes. A GPU has many, many, many cores each of which is much less powerful than a CPU, but is much better suited to rendering. Furthermore, the hardware and drivers are specifically optimized for graphics rendering, whereas CPUs are more general purpose. So your CPU is one really efficient hard worker that can get 10 times more done than anyone else at the factory and a wide range of training, but the GPU is a team of 10,000 workers that are pretty worthless on their own but as a team can work on a lot of things together at once.	[ "Such methods are limited by the degree of instruction level parallelism (ILP), the number of non-dependent instructions in the program code. Some programs can run very well on superscalar processors due to their inherent high ILP, notably graphics. However, more general problems have far less ILP, thus lowering th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18364	why does the moon sometimes look bigger/ closer and yellower or whiter	Sometimes the Moon is closer and sometimes it is farther away, but this is not the cause of your perception. The change is very, very, small. Rather, your eye's ability to judge size is not very good without things of known size in the same view. Close to the horizon, where you can also see other things, it seems much bigger. Color is a function of the air. The Moon is always the same color, but the more air you look through the less blue it seems. This is caused by Raleigh Defraction, the same thing that makes the sky blue.	[ "Section::::Crescent Moon.\n\nDuring the first two weeks, the Moon is called 'crescent' (when the illuminated portion increases) while it is 'falling' for the next two weeks.\n\nFor two weeks, the crescent Moon wanes before and waxes after new moon, or \"change of Moon\". The Moon when other than crescent or dark, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04893	How does someone high as a kite on PCP resist the physiological effects of a taser?	Electricity causes muscles to tense up, and (obviously) causes pain. People on PCP don't seem to feel pain, so they suffer only the effects of muscle seizure. If the taser prongs hit my shoulder and my chest, muscles will spaz between those two points (and nearby), but my legs and my other arm should be considerably less affected. If I'm not in any pain, I could still fight back (in theory). Also, thick clothing and other problems can stop a taser, so it might be a coincidence that whatever video you find is simply a result of bad taser contact, not PCP somehow overriding the effects of electricity on muscle.	[ "BULLET::::- November 22, 2011, Scotland Neck, North Carolina, Roger Anthony, 61, died a day after being tasered whilst cycling. Police had been called after the deaf man had fallen off his bicycle. The caller said Anthony appeared drunk, and may have hurt himself.\n\nBULLET::::- 2012\n\nBULLET::::- March 18, 2012,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03916	how you'd download your consciousness into a chip (like in Black Mirror)?	Well, the technology doesn't exist yet, so you can't it yet. However, the brain (and by extension the entire body) is nothing more than a big electrochemical machine. It should someday be possible, with enough computing power and medical advancement, to create a simulation of it. (This is generally called "hard AI"). Then there's "soft AI" which is just giving a computer advanced enough programming that it can simulate conscious through without replicating a specific existing brain.	[ "BULLET::::- The 2014 episode \"White Christmas\" of the British TV show \"Black Mirror\" features a procedure where copies of living subjects' minds are uploaded to \"cookies\", devices capable of running full brain emulation, and then used for household control jobs, judicial investigation, and criminal sentencin...	[ "You can download your consciousness int oa chip.", "Consciousness can be downloaded onto a chip. " ]	[ "The technology to do this does not exist currently. ", "Technology to download consciousness onto a chip does not exist yet. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can download your consciousness int oa chip.", "Consciousness can be downloaded onto a chip. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The technology to do this does not exist currently. ", "Technology to download consciousness onto a chip does not exist yet. " ]
2018-18206	What would happen if a massive planet came very close to earth, as in, would our gravity change?	The planets would disrupt each others orbit, draw each other closer together and then shoot apart again, over and over and over like this for years as gravity ripped chunks off of each with every pass, each time getting closer together. Those chunks would hit both planets turning them into lifeless balls of molten rock before finally slamming together completely, most of which would eventually cool down forming a solid mass, a new planet. The remainder of the materials would orbit around the new planet for a while, most of it raining down in the form of giant meteors, until they too eventually merge together and form a moon. That's actually how Earth and the Moon were formed.	[ "Disks around brown dwarfs have been found to have many of the same features as disks around stars; therefore, it is expected that there will be accretion-formed planets around brown dwarfs. Given the small mass of brown dwarf disks, most planets will be terrestrial planets rather than gas giants. If a giant planet...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21537	Why is getting chicken pox's as a child a good thing and as an adult a bad thing?	It's not particularly recommended to get it as a kid anymore, because an effective vaccine was released in 1995 that can prevent the possible dangerous effects of contracting the disease. Chickenpox can even be fatal. The effects of the disease can tend to be more severe in adults than children, which (especially before a vaccine existed) led some people to have their children infected to reduce the likeliness that they'd first be exposed to it in adulthood, as it is highly contagious. I would suggest any continued preference for chickenpox parties is largely a holdover from pre-vaccine times, rather than a good idea.	[ "Since its introduction in 1995, the varicella vaccine has resulted in a decrease in the number of cases and complications from the disease. It protects about 70 to 90 percent of people from disease with a greater benefit for severe disease. Routine immunization of children is recommended in many countries. Immuniz...	[ "Getting Chickenpox as a child is good. ", "Getting chicken pox as a child a good thing." ]	[ "Chickenpox can cause dangerous effects in children. ", "In children, there are possible dangerous effects of contracting the disease, and it can even be fatal." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Getting Chickenpox as a child is good. ", "Getting chicken pox as a child a good thing." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Chickenpox can cause dangerous effects in children. ", "In children, there are possible dangerous effects of contracting the disease, and it can even be fatal." ]
2018-12329	Why is there a large build up of dust on fan and air vent covers when there is air being blown over them often to displace dust from settling?	So lets start off with two things that may not be obvious: 1) Although the air looks clear and clean, its not. The air you're breathing is actually filled with water and dust, you just can't see it because there is substantially more air than water/dust, and the water/dust particles are extremely tiny. 2) Although your fan blade appears to smooth, its actually not - at least not at a microscopic level. If you looked at most fan blades under a microscope you'd see that at that scale they are actually pretty rough - it would look somewhat like a sponge with tons of small pits and holes. So with that out of the way, lets talk about how a fan pushes air. As the fan spins, the blades get forced against the air, compressing it. But air doesn't like to be compressed, so it tries to expand back to its original size. The fan blade is designed so that the only way that this compressed air can expand is to move away from the blade, creating a breeze of air moving away from the fan. But like I said earlier, the air itself is filled with water and dust. When the fan compresses the air, it squeezes some of that water and dust out. The water and dust that has been squeezed out of the air form a type of cement, which then impacts the fan blade and cements itself into those microscopic pits and holes that the surface of the blade is covered with. This newly cemented dust on the blade creates a new surface for even more dust to cement to, steadily growing over time. Because all of this dust is microscopic, you can't see the process happening. All you can see is the visible mass of dust, which is the result of that microscopic dust slowly accumulating over a very long period of time. But you are correct in that the movement of the fan does cause some of that dust to break off. As those dust particles break off, they get flung at high speed into the case of the fan, causing dust to form there as well. The ratio of dust on the blades to dust on the case that you end up with depends on how fast the fan is spinning and how smooth the fan blade is. Faster, smoother fans will produce more dust on the case while slower, coarser fans will produce more dust on the blades.	[ "BULLET::::- Characteristics of airstream – The characteristics of the airstream can have a significant impact on collector selection. For example, cotton fabric filters cannot be used where air temperatures exceed 180 °F (82 °C). Also, condensation of steam or water vapor can blind bags. Various chemicals can atta...	[ "There should not be dust on fan and air vent covers because air is blown to displace dust." ]	[ "Water and dust in the air create a kind of cement which layers itself on the fan or air vent." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There should not be dust on fan and air vent covers because air is blown to displace dust.", "There should not be dust on fan and air vent covers because air is blown to displace dust." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Water and dust in the air create a kind of cement which layers itself on the fan or air vent.", "Water and dust in the air create a kind of cement which layers itself on the fan or air vent." ]
2018-18559	Why, in this day and age, are we still using court stenographers to keep record of what happens in a courtroom when audio and video could be captured to provide a more accurate and objective record of events?	We aren't, at least not in the US. More and more courtrooms are using recording technology and not employing court reporters. Many states have laws requiring them to use a human reporter to keep a record. These laws are in the process of being removed, since recording is so available and cheap these days. 17 states do not employ any court reporters at all. Stenographers are mostly employed to produce closed captioning for TV and other events these days, but even that is not a very healthy job prospect.	[ "In Hall County, Georgia, videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances. The systems link jails with court rooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom.\n", "Section::::Fields of technology.:Digital courts.\n\nThe University of Montreal has recently...	[ "All US courts are still using court stenographers.", "Video recordings are not being used to record what happens in a courtroom." ]	[ "More and more courts are not using stenographers, there are 17 states that do no use them at all.", "Video recordings are being used increasingly, but stenographers are mostly employed to produce closed captioning for TV." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All US courts are still using court stenographers.", "Video recordings are not being used to record what happens in a courtroom." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "More and more courts are not using stenographers, there are 17 states that do no use them at all.", "Video recordings are being used increasingly, but stenographers are mostly employed to produce closed captioning for TV." ]
2018-21087	If Neanderthals became extinct by breeding with humans, how were they a different species in the first place?	A lot of people classify both Neanderthals and modern humans as subspecies of the same species: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens. That’s still up for debate, but the interbreeding is a strong signal in its favor. There’s still a lot we don’t understand about the disappearance of the Neanderthals (and the Denisovans with whom we also interbred) but it likely came down to modern humans out-competing them.	[ "Genetic studies indicate some form of hybridization between archaic humans and modern humans had taken place after modern humans emerged from Africa. An estimated 1–4% of the DNA in Europeans and Asians (e.g. French, Chinese and Papua probands) is non-modern, and shared with ancient Neanderthal DNA rather than wit...	[ "Neanderthals and modern humans are classified as a different species and have became extinct by breeding with humans." ]	[ "Neanderthals and modern humans are classified as the same species, and there is no for sure determining factor on the disappearance of Neanderthals." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neanderthals and modern humans are classified as a different species and have became extinct by breeding with humans." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neanderthals and modern humans are classified as the same species, and there is no for sure determining factor on the disappearance of Neanderthals." ]
2018-03090	How does a towel soak up water?	It’s due to something called the capillary effect. You can see the same thing if you put a straw in water. The water’s properties of cohesion (sticking to itself) and adhesion (sticking to other things) allow it to pull itself up the straw, and it works the same way up the fibers in the towel.	[ "Section::::History.:Incident.\n", "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:Background.\n", "Section::::Production.\n", "BULLET::::- A \"bath towel\" is used for drying the body when it is wet, such as after bathing or showering. It is typically rectangular, with a typical size around , and is made of terr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23310	So, every star and or light we see with our naked eye in the night sky is/was a sun with orbiting planets?	Not every single one, but the vast majority. Some are planets in our solar system, some are other solar system bodies like asteroids or comets, or even satellites we put up. A rare few are actually galaxies that are bright enough or near enough to be visible. Also not every star has planets, but we're learning now that most of them do.	[ "Pallas was on a \"watchlist\" of objects possibly meeting a provisional definition of \"planet\" in an early draft of the IAU's 2006 definition of planet.\n\nSection::::Satellites.\n", "On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on \"Kepler\" space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Ea...	[ "Every light seen in the night sky is a sun with orbiting planets." ]	[ "Some light seen are planets in the Earth's solar system, asteroids or comets, or galaxies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Every light seen in the night sky is a sun with orbiting planets.", "Every light seen in the night sky is a sun with orbiting planets." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Some light seen are planets in the Earth's solar system, asteroids or comets, or galaxies.", "Some light seen are planets in the Earth's solar system, asteroids or comets, or galaxies." ]
2018-13492	Why do all young mammals just want to play all the time but lose that interest as they get older	Because for them “playing” is actually learning valuable skills like hunting and survival. Plus, they’re kids, they like to have fun. Just like human kids like to play but then slow down or stop as they get older.	[ "A significant amount of literature suggests a moderate level of play has numerous positive outcomes in the lives of senior citizens. In order to support and promote play within the older population, studies suggest institutions should set up more diverse equipment, improve conditions within recreational areas, and...	[ "Mammals play only for fun. " ]	[ "When young mammals play they are actually learning. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mammals play only for fun. ", "Mammals play only for fun. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "When young mammals play they are actually learning. ", "When young mammals play they are actually learning. " ]
2018-09272	how come pigeons have learned to not be afraid of humans, but other birds (like sparrows and robins) that have been around humans forever still are?	By "pigeons", you mean feral pigeons: these are pigeons that were kept and raised by humans as racing pigeons or even pets, and escaped or never came home; and their descendants. When they went feral, they tended to live in cities: they weren't afraid of humans, and the tall buildings were naturally attractive to them as they were bred from rock doves which nest on cliff-faces. Since their young grow up in that environment, they are similarly not afraid of humans: humans are just these creatures that they see all the time and which usually ignore them -- some of them even throw some food their way. Sparrows that grow up in cities can also lose their fear of humans: even ones that grow up in small towns can become quite cheeky. In some cities, you actually have to be careful where you tread, because you're seriously in danger of stepping on a sparrow. Even in the country wild birds can become very familiar with humans. I live in central Europe, and blue tits and great tits (don't laugh, they really are called that) are regular garden visitors. Although they'll take flight if a human suddenly appears, a few of them return immediately and feel perfectly safe feeding mere feet or even inches away. European robins (a completely different species to the various species of robin native to North America) are an interesting case. On the European continent they were once actually hunted, but in Britain hunting robins was discouraged because they eat garden pests. Thanks to that, British robins are rather less shy than robins on the continent, and will frequently perch somewhere where somebody is digging in the garden, ready to swoop down if he unearths some tasty treat. And if you're really very patient and a bit lucky, you can get [some of these birds]( URL_0 ) to [eat out of your hand]( URL_1 ).	[ "Section::::Predators and parasites.\n\nCommon predators of the song sparrow include cats, hawks, and owls, however snakes, dogs, and the American kestrel are treated ambiguously, suggesting that they are less of a threat. The song sparrow recognizes enemies by both instinctual and learned patterns (including cultu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08529	what's the difference between a sautee pan and a frying pan, and does it justify the frying pan being 50-150% higher in price?	A saute pan has a wide, flat bottom and more straight vertical sides. In contrast a frying pan has more rounded sides and therefore a smaller flat bottom. Due to this a saute pan typically is heavier than an equally sized frying pan as it contains more material, requiring a suitably sturdier handle as well. If this justifies the kind of price increases you imply is subjective but I would say it does not. Generally speaking you can use a frying pan to do anything you would with a saute pan if needed.	[ "Frying pan\n\nA frying pan, frypan, or skillet is a flat-bottomed pan used for frying, searing, and browning foods. It is typically in diameter with relatively low sides that flare outwards, a long handle, and no lid. Larger pans may have a small grab handle opposite the main handle. A pan of similar dimensions, b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21627	How did the synchronisation gear in WWI fighter planes work?	The axle of the propeller had a bump on it behind each propeller blade. The bump would push up a rod, and the rod would then push up another rod that would interrupt the firing mechanism on the machine gun so it couldn’t shoot when there was a propeller blade in the way. Overall it was a fairly simple mechanism.	[ "Section::::History.:The Raymond Saulnier patent (1914).\n", "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:The Franz Schneider patent (1913–1914).\n\nWhether directly inspired by Euler's original patent or not, the first inventor to patent a method of firing forward through a \"tractor\" propeller was the Swiss eng...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00900	Are strains of the flu weaker than it used to be?	Different strains cause different severity of illness, but this hasn't changed much over the last 20 years. How well a person copes with the flu is also quite variable. Every year, the same flu that makes most people a little sick and miserable hits others very hard, and kills some. I believe over 30 people in CA alone have died from the flu this season already (which is worse than most years, not better). On the other hand, flu vaccine usage has gone up, so there's variables in both directions. So my guess to your particular situation is that you've seen some very sick people with the flu in the past, seen some not-so-sick people with the flu in there present, and simply haven't seen a large enough sample of flu victims overall to make an accurate assessment of the long-term trend.	[ "BULLET::::- In the study by Teschner et al., dosages and drug concentration showed no correlation with substantial variation from person to person.\n\nBULLET::::- In the Teschner study, low drug concentrations were associated with decrease in viral load. This makes it difficult to determine whether or not reductio...	[ "Flu is weaker than it used to be.", "Strains of the flu are weaker than they used to be." ]	[ "Flu virus changes in both directions. It can get stronger or weaker or change in different ways. ", "Different strains can cause a change in severity but this overall hasn't changed in a very long time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flu is weaker than it used to be.", "Strains of the flu are weaker than they used to be." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flu virus changes in both directions. It can get stronger or weaker or change in different ways. ", "Different strains can cause a change in severity but this overall hasn't changed in a very long time." ]
2018-04758	Why do blood drives collect all types of blood, instead of prioritizing O- and O+ donors?	If there were an unlimited supply, it would make sense to prioritize the donors whose blood is the most compatible. But that's not the case; donations generally keep pace with the demand for blood but in the United States, there's not a large surplus. So it's more practical to collect and use blood of the same type when possible, and to save the most compatible blood for when no other match is available. Why turn away a willing and eligible blood donor?	[ "The first step in organising any blood drive is to contact the nearest blood bank or blood donation centre. A blood drive representative is assigned to help the person organising the drive. The representative assesses whether the organising company meets the requirements for the drive to proceed. The representativ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08982	Why does heating an egg solidify it?	Basically the egg has a lot of protein chains. When it's uncooked the chains can slide around and slide past eachother more easily. When you cook the egg the proteins are denatured and begin to coil up and get tangled with the other proteins. This causes the overall structure to become more rigid. You can kind of think of it like a bowl of wet cooked spaghetti which you can stir easily, versus a bowl of dried spaghetti that is basically one solid chunk.	[ "When food is cooked, some of its proteins become denatured. This is why boiled eggs become hard and cooked meat becomes firm.\n", "BULLET::::- Cooling: After eggs are removed from heat, some cooking continues to occur, particularly of the yolk, due to residual heat, a phenomenon called carry over cooking, also s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12621	Why does flame make a noise when it is blown on?	Sound is just the movement of air molecules. When you blow on a flame the sudden change in air temperature creates a small pressure wave (as warmer air is less dense than cooler air) that you hear as audible sound. Its like mini-thunder	[ "BULLET::::- Percussion caps, as used in muzzleloader firearms, and primers used in rifle and shotgun shells create a stream of sparks when rapidly struck.\n\nSection::::Methods.:Electrical.\n", "BULLET::::- Linseed oil and Danish oil in a confined space (such as a pile of oil-soaked rags left out in an uncovered...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21195	Do birds and other animals with UV vision see the sky as violet instead of blue?	Consider for a moment that ultraviolet is its own range of electromagnetic radiation. It is not violet. How an animal with cones that can detect UV waves sees it is likely not going to see it as what we would call "violet." That said, we can't know what UV radiation actually looks like to these creatures because we can't just hook their brains up to a monitor and see what they see. We can measure that they're able to see it, but it's quite impossible to know what they're seeing. Now, on the topic of scattering, the process is wavelength dependent, and the shorter the wavelength, the more it scatters. So UV light will scatter more than blue light does. However, the sun emits far more photons in the visible spectrum than the ultraviolet spectrum. It's unclear whether an animal that can see UV wavelengths would see the effect of UV light scattering in the atmosphere when there will still be far far more blue light to pick up on.	[ "Composed-light violet shows two colors when decomposed. Violet light from the rainbow, which can be referred as spectral violet, is composed only by a short wavelength instead. This monochromatic violet light occupies its own place at the end of the visible spectrum, and is one of the seven spectral colors describ...	[ "It's possible birds and other animals see the color violet instead of the color blue when they look at the sky." ]	[ "How an animal with cones that can detect UV waves is unlikely to see the color of the sky as what we would call \"violet\"." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It's possible birds and other animals see the color violet instead of the color blue when they look at the sky." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "How an animal with cones that can detect UV waves is unlikely to see the color of the sky as what we would call \"violet\"." ]
2018-22025	How do we know that my red is the same as your red? (excluding people with colour blindness)	We can’t. We can identify colors by electromagnetic wavelength, and those are distinct. But there is no way to know if the way my brain interprets blue is the same way your brain interprets blue (or red, or any other color).	[ "Here is a somewhat more elaborate example where the behavior of belief and plausibility begins to emerge. We're looking through a variety of detector systems at a single faraway signal light, which can only be coloured in one of three colours (red, yellow, or green):\n", "In addition to following this evolutiona...	[ "All brains interpret colors the same. ", "One person's red is the same as another person's red." ]	[ "Colors are identified by electromagnetic wavelength, but there is no way to know how each brain interprets colors. ", "There is no way to know if the way one person's brain interprets red is the same way another person's brain interprets red." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All brains interpret colors the same. ", "One person's red is the same as another person's red." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Colors are identified by electromagnetic wavelength, but there is no way to know how each brain interprets colors. ", "There is no way to know if the way one person's brain interprets red is the same way another person's brain interprets red." ]
2018-00876	How did early scientists take electrons out of an element in order to shoot them in experiments?	We use machines called ion sources to create beams of ionized atoms to inject into accelerators. There are many different kinds of ion sources. Some of them are very simple, where you can simply heat up a powder or gas of material until electrons start to "boil off" of atoms. Some are more complicated, like electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) sources. In an ECR, you create a plasma with free electrons, then excite the plasma with microwaves until it starts ionizing the material that you want to make a beam of.	[ "Section::::Canal rays.\n\nIn the mid-nineteenth century, Julius Plücker investigated the light emitted in discharge tubes and the influence of magnetic fields on the glow. Later, in 1869, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf studied discharge tubes with energy rays extending from a negative electrode, the cathode. These rays pr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24072	What are the legal repercussions (if any) for Britain if they break the Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement) by reinstating a hard border after they leave the EU?	You are using the words legal repercussions in the context of international politics which does not really apply. The Good Friday Agreement does not have any judges, court room or police forces enforcing it. So what sanctions or other actions is to be taken is purely up to the country taking the action. So anything can happen. It is up to the Irish and the rest of the international community. However the open boarder is only part of this agreement. And the agreement were signed in very different situation then what we have today. So it is possible to question if the agreement does hold equal value to both parties any longer. It is easy to argue that the UK is currently benefiting more from the open boarder and shared institutions in the agreement then Ireland. So by breaking these parts of the agreement it might cost the UK more then Ireland. It might even bring the Irish countries closer together towards a common enemy. But who knows, this is all speculations.	[ "Until October 2019, both the UK and Ireland will be members of the EU, and therefore both are in the Customs Union and the Single Market. There is freedom of movement for all EU nationals within the Common Travel Area and there are no customs or fixed immigration controls at the border. Since 2005, the border has ...	[ "There are legal repercussions for Britain if they break the Good Friday Agreement." ]	[ "There are no judges, court rooms or police forces reinforcing the Good Friday Agreement, actions to be taken are up to the country taking the action." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are legal repercussions for Britain if they break the Good Friday Agreement.", "There are legal repercussions for Britain if they break the Good Friday Agreement." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There are no judges, court rooms or police forces reinforcing the Good Friday Agreement, actions to be taken are up to the country taking the action.", "There are no judges, court rooms or police forces reinforcing the Good Friday Agreement, actions to be taken are up to the country taking the action." ]
2018-03571	What does the Mexican side of the US/Mexico Immigration situation look like? Do they care about losing possible workers and citizens or are they angry at the US for trying to shut them out?	Like most questions about immigration, there is rarely an absolute. There is a lot of unemployment in Mexico, especially in the smaller towns and villages, so Mexico as a nation benefits by having their workers enter the US, and send money back home. It raises international demand for pesos, brings money to people who spend that remittance within Mexico, providing a multiplier effect. On the other side, they lose a lot their young and most ambitious workers. A con for Mexico is that they also face an immigration issue on their southern border as people from nations further south cross into Mexico on their way to the US. Mod answer: I'm not really sure if this is the right sub for your question, I think r/politicaldiscussions might be a better place.	[ "BULLET::::- July 3: Shelters for migrants in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, are reported full, and many Central American and Cuban refugees are forced to sleep in the streets.\n\nBULLET::::- July 4:\n\nBULLET::::- Thousands of federal police protest against their inclusion in the National Guard.\n\nBULLET::::- UNESCO d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02960	How do people hack (cheat) in video games, and how can hacks be prevented? Why are so few games completely cheater-free?	Hacks basically look at the code of the game and alter values or processes to achieve a beneficial effect for the player. This can be done in a number of ways, including altering what the game is doing while it's running, or changing the game prior to running it. Hacks are typically tracked and detected by comparing what the game is doing against what it should be doing, or against what the files are to what they should be. If you check the files and they're different, it might be indicative of tampering. Similarly if a player is doing something faster/better/stronger than your original parameters permit, it could be tampering. Unfortunately this does mean that practically any game where hackers can get access to the code/process of the game in even fairly simple ways... they can modify it. The protections listed above are also rather intensive and not always reliable. You either don't catch everyone or you catch innocent people as well. It's a very delicate and difficult process. The other approach that has a bit more longevity is having a closed system. Consoles tend to have a grace period where hackers cannot access enough resources of the game to alter anything meaningful. This is mostly a ticking time bomb though until things get cracked open... at which point, the same all applies and it's a game of cat and mouse between the developer and the cheats.	[ "Some game publishers may decide to try and permanently ban players who are persistent in cheating and ruining the game community. Such bans are typically placed based on hardware ID or IP address. Consequently, cheaters may develop ways of getting around these bans, by either playing through proxy or VPN servers, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01910	How do emergency systems choose who to send notifications to?	> After the Hawaii scare and thinking more about emergency alerts I'm curious how they decide who to send the alerts to, is it based off your area code or location and if your location services are off if you would still get the notification. It is even simpler than what you are thinking. Cell phones connect to cellular towers which are generally within about 5 miles in urban areas (as much as 20 in ideal conditions in rural areas). If the authorities want to alert people within a given area they can just issue the alert to anyone who is connected to the cellular towers that cover that area, regardless of if their phone has any idea of where it is. By being connected to those towers they must be within that general area.	[ "The devices use an internal GPS chip to gather location information. When the SEND is triggered, this information is sent via commercial satellite to a commercial monitoring agency whose role is to pass the information to an appropriate responding agency. The responding agency contacted depends, in part, on the lo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15948	Differences Between Soft Water and Hard Water	Hard water: lots of minerals (typically calcium and magnesium) dissolved in the water. Soft water: less minerals dissolved in the water. Now, why does it matter? Because minerals dissolved in water can sometimes crystallizes and no longer be dissolved in the water. This process is called precipitation. If it does it in your pipe, faucet, shower-head etc, it can accumulate and damage the pipe and the faucet.	[ "Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits, but can pose critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of foam format...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20091	Do binge meals process differently?	As other people in this thread have noted, it depends, but generally speaking, you will not absorb 2000 calories from one sitting as fast as 2000 calories from 3-4 meals. 2000 calories of white sugars may be able to be efficiently absorbed by your body in a short period of time, but 2000 calories of proteins and high fiber foods would likely result in poor absorption and and epic poop later. There are a couple factors - 1. Your body absorbs some types of foods faster and more efficiently than others (fats and sugars take the least amount of energy to absorb and are absorbed most efficiently, while protein and more fibrous foods have the largest amount of "waste" in their absorption), 2. From your esophagus through your stomach and intestines, there is a "pushing" effect as you eat. That is, as you eat more food, you will more quickly push food through the system. In fact, overeating can cause your body to attempt to force excess food out one end or the other resulting in gas pains, discomfort, and diarrhea of vomiting. In addition, eating a large meal will likely have a larger "thermic effect" which will cause more energy to be expended as eat during the digestive process and causing you to lose more calories. Probably even in the "perfect" example of eating 2000 calories of white sugar, due to all of those factors, you would probably absorb a little bit less of 2000 calories in one sitting vs. four 500 calorie meals. EDIT: I've been looking for it all morning and I can't find it, but there was actually a study that essentially did this with protein absorption. They had one group consume something like 150 grams of protein in one sitting and the other do it in multiple doses. They collected all the excrement from both groups and measured how much protein was excreted through urine and feces, and the group which "binged" on protein pooped and peed out significantly more protein than the group which spread it out. If I can find it, I'll add it here.	[ "According to DSM-5, the following criteria must be present to make a diagnosis of binge eating disorder. Studies have confirmed the high predictive value of these criteria for diagnosing BED.\n\nA. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:\n\nBULLET::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19649	How did we know the edge of the observable univers while there are planets that takes thousands of years to get lights from them?	The edge of the observable universe is the farthest point that we can see or "observe". It doesn't mean there is nothing beyond that it just means that if there is anything beyond it we haven't seen it yet.	[ "The angular resolution of the naked eye is about 1′; however, some people have sharper vision than that. There is anecdotal evidence that people had seen the Galilean moons of Jupiter before telescopes were invented. Uranus and Vesta had most probably been seen but could not be recognized as planets because they a...	[ "Humans know where the edge of observable universe is." ]	[ "Humans don't actually know where the edge of observable universe actually is, humans have only seen the farthest they can see, but it is unknown if anything lies beyond what we are capable of seeing." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans know where the edge of observable universe is." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans don't actually know where the edge of observable universe actually is, humans have only seen the farthest they can see, but it is unknown if anything lies beyond what we are capable of seeing." ]
2018-16557	Why do men have a refractory period making them unable to continue having sex after their orgasm while women don't?	If I remember correctly it’s all about procreation. Not sure if it’s the same for humans but I read about in the animal kingdom most animal penises are shaped to basically scoop out other males sperm so they can impregnate the female and pass their genes on. Assuming it’s the same for humans, you wouldn’t want to scoop it all out while trying to impregnate. Give it some time to work.	[ "The female sexual response is more varied than that of men, and women are capable of attaining additional or multiple orgasms through further sexual stimulation. However, there are many women who experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, which can effectively create a refractory period. These women may be...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24289	Why don’t we ever wake up from a sneeze, but you can from a cough?	We don't sneeze while we're asleep, at least during REM. The same thing that keeps us from moving around while dreaming shuts down our sneeze response. Even outside of REM, odds are that there aren't many irritants being put into the air that would make us sneeze, since we usually don't sleep in areas with a lot moving around. Coughing, on the other hand, often results from there being something (like saliva) in the lungs that isn't supposed to be there. It's usually not in response to something that's actually immediately life-threatening, but since it could be, sleep doesn't stop it from happening.	[ "Sneezing cannot occur during sleep due to REM atonia – a bodily state where motor neurons are not stimulated and reflex signals are not relayed to the brain. Sufficient external stimulants, however, may cause a person to wake from sleep to sneeze, but any sneezing occurring afterwards would take place with a parti...	[ "We can sneeze during our sleep.", "Humans sneeze while sleeping." ]	[ "We do not sneeze during our sleep.", "Humans do not sneeze while sleeping. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We can sneeze during our sleep.", "Humans sneeze while sleeping." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "We do not sneeze during our sleep.", "Humans do not sneeze while sleeping. " ]
2018-03795	How does the French healthcare system work and why is it rated as one of the best in the world?	Social security (CPAM) covers 70% of all healthcare expenses that it considers ‘suitable’. For example if a doctor prescribes you antibiotics, social security will pay 70% of the consultation and 70% of the antibiotics. However, if your doctor prescribes you Diosmine, a medication that is not considered ´good enough’ to be refunded, the CPAM will refund 70% of the consultation but it won’t refund any percent of the medication. The remaining 30% are paid by the patient. The patient can choose to buy a « mutuelle », which is a private insurance company, that pays these remaining costs. Patients with chronic diseases/illnesses are considered « ALD30 » which means the CPAM pays 100% of medical costs. The government controls the price of medication and the price of mutuelles. The CPAM is funded by taxes, which are more important than taxes in the USA, especially for indépendants. Source: French doctor Édit: People’s comments below are correct that I did not mention a few things: A specific Mutuelle is sometimes obligatory with your job, in this case you can terminate your current mutuelle and join the one paid by your employer. Depending on the employer a certain amount is deducted from your salary. Most of the time this deal is advantageous. For people who have no salary or earn very little. They can apply for CMU (couverture maladie universelle) which garantes 100% cover by the government.	[ "BULLET::::- The second government responsibility is oversight of health-insurance funds, to ensure that they are correctly managing the sums they receive, and to ensure oversight of the public hospital network.\n", "Health care in France\n\nThe French health care system is one of universal health care largely fi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15522	Where does the light from a fire come from?	Particles of carbon soot become incandescent (they glow) because they are so hot. They form the flames. As the temperature of the fire rises (due to oxygen intake for example), the particles burn up and the yellow flames go away.	[ "Section::::History.:Gas lamp lighting.\n\nThe first widespread system of street lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. Stephen Hales was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas the \"spirit\" of coal and discovered its flamma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01240	If sugar makes us hyperactive, then why are we prone to going into food coma after a big meal?	There is no evidence whatsoever to suggest that sugar actually does make people (especially children) hyperactive. Instead, it is highly likely that the effect is psychological i.e. kids act hyperactive after eating sugar because adults say that they will ("don't feed him that, he'll go mad!") and they are subconsciously conditioned to do so. Trials show that without knowledge of the presence of sugar in a food substance, children don't behave any differently. Unfortunately I don't know what mechanism causes the so-called sugar coma to occur.	[ "Sugar crashes are not to be confused with the after-effects of consuming large amounts of \"protein\", which produces fatigue akin to a sugar crash, but are instead the result of the body prioritising the digestion of ingested food.\n", "Australia's Human Nutrition conducted a study on the effect of meal content...	[ "Sugar makes us hyperactive." ]	[ "There are not any studies that show that sugar leads to being hyperactive. It is more psychological." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sugar makes us hyperactive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are not any studies that show that sugar leads to being hyperactive. It is more psychological." ]
2018-02937	When you’re hungry and you fall asleep, why do you wake up with no appetite?	Your body has signals that tell you if you need to be eating or not. What most people consider "hungry" is your body saying "hey, I've pretty much completed pulling all the stuff I can out of the last things you've eaten. If you don't put more in, I'll start working on stored goodies." (i.e., Fat/Muscle) If you don't feed yourself in a short amount of time, it turns off the hunger signal, and says "ok, gotcha, onto the stored goodies" and suddenly you're not hungry anymore. Then there's really hungry. This is your body saying "no man, you really gotta put something in me. I've already spent some time working on the stored goodies, I need external food! Like, now, man!" Most first world people rarely ever go long enough to feel the second one. Mainly when it happens is when we skip breakfast, get to work, and end up skipping lunch because we're too busy, even tho "eh, I could eat, I'm a bit hungry". By the time late dinnertime rolls around, you're saying to yourself "man, I could eat a horse! I'm starving!"	[ "There are two peptides in the hypothalamus that produce hunger, melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin. MCH plays a bigger role in producing hunger. In mice, MCH stimulates feeding and a mutation causing the overproduction of MCH led to overeating and obesity. Orexin plays a greater role in controlling the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22268	Why do human females only produce milk after giving birth whereas cows and other domesticated mammals produce milk regardless?	Cows and other domesticated mammals also only produce milk after giving birth. It is not any different. Mammals also tend to produce milk for as long as their child is feeding. This actually happens with humans and a woman can remain lactating for years so long as she is nursing a child regularly, or pumping the milk. This is how wetnurses did their jobs historically. With cows, goats, and other animals we milk for food the mechanical milking process causes them to keep lactating.	[ "Section::::Sources.\n\nThe females of all mammal species can by definition produce milk, but cow's milk dominates commercial production. In 2011, FAO estimates 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows. Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, human milk banks collect...	[ "Domesticated mammals produce milk regardless if they've given birth.", "Cows and other domesticated mammals produce milk without giving birth." ]	[ "Domesticated mammals only produce milk after giving birth however they can keep producing milk as long as they are milked.", "Cows and other domesticated mammals only produce milk after giving birth." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Domesticated mammals produce milk regardless if they've given birth.", "Cows and other domesticated mammals produce milk without giving birth." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Domesticated mammals only produce milk after giving birth however they can keep producing milk as long as they are milked.", "Cows and other domesticated mammals only produce milk after giving birth." ]
2018-12091	Why laptop screens or monitors almost always have clouding or light bleed on the edges while smartphones screen don't	Most computer screens take advantage of LCD technology, which have a backlight and liquid crystals. The backlight is the lightsource, and the liquid crystals make up the pixels. Each pixel is basically a mini electric circuit, and depending on the voltage you can change the amount of light that can pass through. If you add color filters, you get color LCDs. The edges of the screen will show the white backlight. Early phones used LCDs, but the problems with LCDs is that they are lackluster. They don't show black color very accurately, for example, due to the backlight. The backlight is always on, so the blackest black an LCD can show would be close to, but not exactly pure black, which noticeable by the human eye. Today, most flagship phones use AMOLED, which is mostly made by Samsung. AMOLED does not use a backlight. Instead, each pixel emits true light, so a black pixel will be no light. Since there is no black light, your smartphone will not have a white border. AMOLED technology suffers from burn-in, and if exposed to direct heat, the screen will be damage irreparably (LCD screens can recover from heat). However, AMOLED can depict rich, intimate environments much better than LCD screens can, so the trade off is worth it.	[ "Liquid-crystal displays are the most common; others are IPS, LED, OLED, and AMOLED displays. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung, and Apple's Force Touch system.\n\nSection::::Hardware.:Sound.\n", "Other examples: Apple’s iPhone X and Sams...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11237	how do we sequence DNA?	The first and most important method for DNA-sequencing was Sanger sequencing. I can try to explain it. A nucleic acid consists of four different nucleotides (G, T, C, A). They bind to each other and form a polymer (a chain). DNA consists of two such chains, which spin around each other and form a double-helix. In sequencing, the first step is to separate the two strands, by heating up the DNA-sample. We're left with a single-stranded DNA sequence. We then try to restore the double-helix, by creating a brand new strand, based on the template of the old strand. This is done using an enzyme called DNA-polymerase. It adds nucleotides to form a brand new strand. However, we don't just add the regular nucleotides. We add special "defective" nucleotides. The enzyme can't use these nucleotides, so the process stops, and we only get a half-finished new strand. The terminal "defective nucleotide" is color-marked so we can read which nucleotide it represents (A, G, C or T). We repeat the process for all nucleotides, and get many short half-finished new strands, each with different sizes and different terminal nucleotides. We put them in order, according to size, and read the terminal nucleotide. That gives us the sequence. I hope I made it understandable. It's much easier if you look at pictures actually, so you can see the structure of DNA.	[ "DNA can be quantified by cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme, running it on an agarose gel, staining with ethidium bromide or a different stain and comparing the intensity of the DNA with a DNA marker of known concentration.\n\nUsing the Southern blot technique, this quantified DNA can be isolated and examin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04007	How are lottery winnings received and taxed? Do you receive it full through one payment or are they spread annually taxed each year?	Typically, you have the choice of how to receive it. If you get it annualized, you'd get the full amount over some long period of time and each payment would be taxed. If you choose a lump sum all at once, you'd usually receive a much lesser sum total, you'd be taxed on it this year, and then you'd be free to spend/invest as you want right away.	[ "Rules vary according to the applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction where the ticket is sold, and the winner's residence (e.g. if a New Jerseyan wins on a ticket bought near their workplace in Manhattan). Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income tax in California; while Florida, New Hampshir...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03133	Does fighting to stay alive after being shot actually increase your chances of staying alive? If so, what happens to your body when this happens?	well I don't know if "not going towards the light" is a whole lot of use against a bullet in your vital organs, but I can say that one of the first things that will get you after being shot (if the bullet doesn't immediately kill you) is known as hypovolemic shock, which refers to a severe loss of blood volume and the lack of oxygen your vital organs subsequently receive. in the sense that fighting shock (i.e., keeping your body temperature up, not falling unconscious, putting immediate pressure on an open wound, etc.) can prevent you from succumbing to it, yes, fighting to stay alive can increase your chances of survival.	[ "However, if a person is sufficiently enraged, determined, or intoxicated, they can simply shrug off the psychological effects of being shot. During the colonial era, when native tribesmen came into contact with firearms for the first time, there was no psychological conditioning that being shot could be fatal, and...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02935	how did they originally measure the speed of light? If nothing goes faster than it, how were they able to compare it?	Originally, by looking at things that are really, really far away, specifically Jupiter's moons. URL_0 Rømer observed that lunar eclipses of Jupiter's moons, Io in particular. He noticed that the intervals between Io's eclipses become shorter when the Earth moves closer to Jupiter, and become longer when Earth moves away from Jupiter. He realized that this is because light has a finite speed - when Earth moves away from Jupiter, it takes light longer to reach it. He calculated that it takes the light about 22 minutes to travel the diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun, which results in the velocity of about 220,000 km/s (today we know it's closer to 300,000 km/s, but the result is impressive nonetheless).	[ "Section::::History.\n\nUntil the early modern period, it was not known whether light travelled instantaneously or at a very fast finite speed. The first extant recorded examination of this subject was in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks, Muslim scholars, and classical European scientists long debated this until ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03977	How did people trim their fingernails before the inventions of the fingernail clipper?	Well speaking as a pianist, your fingernails will wear down with use. While practicing several hours a day I never had to clip them, they were constantly fresh, and if one did extend too far and cause clicking or lack of stick, it broke itself due to wear from repetitive use, then I simply peeled that layer off. I'd expect the heavy work necessary in more primal times would have the same effect.	[ "Prior to the invention of the modern nail clipper, people would use small knives to trim or pare their nails. Descriptions of nail trimming in literature date as far back as the 8th century BC. The Book of Deuteronomy exhorts in 21:12 that a man, should he wish to take a captive as a wife, \"shall bring her home t...	[ "People needed to trim their nails before clippers were invented." ]	[ "People wouldn't have needed them because their nails would wear down from the work they did. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People needed to trim their nails before clippers were invented." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People wouldn't have needed them because their nails would wear down from the work they did. " ]
2018-02758	Why does the flu attack during fall and winter but not during spring and summer?	Transmission, basically. It's always around, it always exists, but the spread gets much worse around winter for various reasons. -School is back in session, so kids are spreading stuff. Flu outbreaks often begin with children first, then the parents, then the co-workers. -It's colder out, so people spend more time in doors, near other people. -Holiday shopping, travel, and events leads to more contact than usual. -Additional stress on our bodies lowers our ability to fight off invaders (can be anything from holiday stress, to tax time stress, to cold temperatures, to simply having less sun light). -Bacteria is more easily transmitted in colder and drier air. High heat kills it, and high humidity results in a droplet forming instead of staying aloft as an aerosol (from a sneeze or cough). TL;DR: it's around all year, including spring and summer, it just becomes a bigger issue during winter.	[ "Research done by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2008 found that the influenza virus has a \"butter-like coating\". The coating melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar ...	[ "Flu does not attack in spring and summer." ]	[ "Flu is around all year, the attacks are just worse in fall and winter." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flu does not attack in spring and summer." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flu is around all year, the attacks are just worse in fall and winter." ]
2018-06566	Why does a wooden spoon keep a pot of boiling water from spilling over?	Bubbles burst against the spoon, greatly reducing the volume of bubbles and thus reducing the chance of a boil-over. But your milage will vary. It's obviously dependent on the size of the spoon and the size of the pot and the vigor of the boil. A wooden spoon isn't stopping a large diameter pot, and a spindly spoon isn't stopping even a normal sized pot. Keep an eye on your cooking and adjust the heat to prevent boil-over. Water doesn't get hotter than 100C/212F without pressure, added salt, etc, so a normal boil and a violent boil really only differ in how vigorously the hot water is moving.	[ "Today, wooden spoons in western cultures are generally medium to large spoons used for mixing ingredients for cooking or baking. They may be flat or have a small dip in the middle.\n\nBefore electric mixers became common, wooden spoons were often used to cream together butter and sugar in recipes such as shortbrea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "A wooden spoon always keeps a pot of boiling water from spilling over." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The ability of a wooden spoon preventing a pot of boiling water from spilling over is dependant upon the size of the spoon, the size of the pot, and the vigor of the boil." ]
2018-01868	Why do burns on the tongue heal better than on the skin or other parts of the body?	The tongue is part of the oral mucus membrane; this means that a good deal of its mass is ground-substance; it's much looser and less organized then the multiple organized layers of cells that make up much of our skin. Beyond that it is _extremely_ vascular; it's full of blood vessels, and its part of the head which has a very steady blood supply for some reason (hint: name a big organ in the head). That makes getting nutrients and materials there for rebuilding easier. Lastly, our saliva contains various proteins, including both antimicrobial agents and things that promote healing directly; being bathed in such factors also helps the mouth regenerate more quickly.	[ "People after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Post-HSCT oral cancer may have more aggressive behavior with poorer prognosis, when compared to oral cancer in people not treated with HSCT. This effect is supposed to be owing to the continuous lifel...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05056	Why do soldiers move so robotically?	Because it increases the efficiency and cohesiveness and binding of the unit. This is important: a huge part of any army is to ensure the soldiers feel they BELONG TO SOMETHING. That's the thing that helps them believe their fellow soldiers will help then when they're under fire. It's what prevents them from running and abandoning those who they serve with when it's absolutely critical that they defend an important spot. Moving in unison is trained into them for an incredibly good reason: a unit that behaves in unison has a much, much better chance of victory in a lot of cases than a completely chaotic unit that doesn't follow orders or pay attention to the rhythms of the unit. If you can keep the beat and be responsive to what your fellow soldiers are doing, even if robotic, you BELONG. And because you look like you belong, it's much better odds that you are worthy of trust when a fellow soldier's life depends on your actions, and it's easier for them to help you when it's obvious how much you think and behave like they do.	[ "As intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance capabilities are rapidly developing, mobility becomes even more important. In 2016, Chief of Staff of the United States Army Gen. Mark A. Milley stated that \"On the future battlefield, if you stay in one place longer than two or three hours, yo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04422	Why do humans have such a bad grasp of time?	With our short life spans it's impossible to grasp the full extent of times length to one another. Think of it like 1% of a 10 year olds life is 1 year long, while 1% of a 70 year olds life is 7 years. Time perception is different from those two. Now with conscious writing only being around 2 or 3 thousand years, compared to the 60,000 years humans have collected and interacted a conscious thought. Now compare that to millions of years the earth has existed. To billions of years of the universe. Those small fragments make time a hard concept, as, ironically enough. It take time to understand time.	[ "Section::::Plot.:Crispin Hershey’s Lonely Planet, 2015.\n", "Section::::In Western societies.\n\nIn more urban societies, some of these natural phenomena were no longer at hand, and most were of much less consequence to the inhabitants. Artificial means of dividing and measuring time were needed. Plautus complai...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02733	How exactly qubits ability of being in superposition (both 0 & 1) makes computational time millions times faster?	Because in theory it allows you to compute both values at the same time. So, lets say I'm trying to hack an encryption. The encryption uses 10 bit key. So in order to break it, I have to try every possible input for that key, and decrypt with each one: 0000000000 0000000001 0000000010 0000000011 ... 1111111111 for a total of 1024 keys (2^10 = 1024). In theory, qubits allow me to perform the decryption process using all these different inputs at the same time, so it will take me around 1024 times faster (in practice it will probably be longer because of some overhead, but the main point is that you only have to make one computation instead of 1024 different ones). If the encryption uses 100 bits, then you only have to make 1 computation instead of 2^(100), making it 2^100 times faster. Even with some overhead, it still reduces the problem from being totally unfeasible (as it would take several orders of magnitudes longer than the age of the universe) to feasible.	[ "A quantum computer with a given number of qubits is fundamentally different from a classical computer composed of the same number of classical bits. For example, representing the state of an \"n\"-qubit system on a classical computer requires the storage of 2 complex coefficients, while to characterize the state o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23733	How are 3D movies made? Are the movies also edited wearing 3D glasses?	There are 3d cameras that have 2 lenses that allow for the 3d effect. I can't speak about editing though.	[ "In 2004, Las Vegas Hilton released which included two films. One of the films, \"Borg Invasion 4-D\" (Ty Granoroli), was in 3D. In August of the same year, rap group Insane Clown Posse released their ninth studio album \"Hell's Pit\". One of two versions of the album contained a DVD featuring a 3D short film for t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04764	If your neurones make a new connection when you learn something new, would it be possible to run out of space in your brain for new connections to form.	No, basically a neuron is capable of thousands of potential connection to other neurons, your brain is formed of trillions of these neural pathways (synapses) and they do strengthen and weaken over time. Your brain cleans out old or unused pathways as it develops more. The potential for creating new pathways is always extremely high in our brain and we don't really know the upper limit capacity, but even if you could prolong human life by a significant factor, your brain would never reach full capacity as it would be losing connections as well as creating new ones. Sometimes when you try to remember something and can't do it right away, then it comes back to you later, it's in essence your brain found a new pathway to old information because the old pathway to it was lost. This is an example of how you lose connections, but because there's trillions of connections there is almost always a backdoor to certain information.	[ "Evidence for macroscale rewiring mostly comes from research on grey and white matter density, which could indicate new connections or changes in axon density. Direct evidence for this level of rewiring comes from primate studies, using viral tracing to map the formation of connections. Primates that were taught to...	[ "It would be possible to run out of space in the brain due to newly created nueron connections." ]	[ "Old connections are continuously being lost to create new ones." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It would be possible to run out of space in the brain due to newly created nueron connections." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Old connections are continuously being lost to create new ones." ]
2018-01781	Why non-major over-the-air TV networks like myTVnetwork and Ion Television are still alive? How they are profitable?	They generally don't air their own programming - they mostly rely on cheap older programming that doesn't air anywhere else that they can cover with commercials. I also think they are owned by larger networks so cost isn't much of a thing.	[ "Section::::Affiliates.:Major market absences and station oddities.\n\nIon Television does not have any over-the-air stations in several major markets, most notably Baltimore, Maryland (Verizon FiOS subscribers in Baltimore County receive the network's Washington, D.C. affiliate WPXW-TV as a default affiliate) and ...	[ "Those companies operate by themselves and need a profit to survive.", "Non major over the air networks such as myTVnetwork and Ion television should not still be running." ]	[ "The companies are owned and operated by bigger companies so there is a low cost to running them. This allows for a respectable profit margin.", "Their cost to run is very low, therefore it does not take much to sustain the ability to run." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Those companies operate by themselves and need a profit to survive.", "Non major over the air networks such as myTVnetwork and Ion television should not still be running." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The companies are owned and operated by bigger companies so there is a low cost to running them. This allows for a respectable profit margin.", "Their cost to run is very low, therefore it does not take much to sustain the ability to run." ]
2018-01546	What physiological process causes you to be hungover after a night of heavy drinking?	It's called dehydration. Your liver needs water to process the alcohol or something like that	[ "Studies show that alcohol hangover is associated with a decrease in blood glucose concentration (less than 70 ml/dl), but the relationship between blood glucose concentration and hangover severity is unclear. Also known as insulin shock, hypoglycemia can lead to coma or even death.\n\nSection::::Causes.:Immune sys...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01802	Two identical matchstick, which one will burn faster? The one in cold environment or hot.	in theory heat will catalyze the combustion reaction. For example, even if the two oxygen level are the same, in a hot environment there is a better oxygen supply for the reaction than in the cold environment. and this is just one factor. faster molecular movement generally catalyze reactions.	[ "BULLET::::- the composition ratio - stoichiometric mixtures burn the fastest, also slight excess of metallic fuel also increases burn rate, probably due to heat transfer\n\nBULLET::::- particle sizes - smaller particles burn faster, but too small particles may lead to incomplete or interrupted burn due to too narr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02116	What happens to skin cells we inhale?	tl;dr - mucus is made in most areas that interact with the outside environment. The mucus protects, traps and removes these foreign items. Most surfaces, if not all your insides that have openings to the outside have a lining that produces mucus. This mucus traps all sorts of things including dust, bacteria and foreign objects to prevent these things from accumulating, obstructing etc. The mucus drains in specific directions, depending on their location to remove these things, to not be a problem.	[ "BULLET::::5. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water\n\nBULLET::::6. Absorption through the skin: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts; some animals use their skin as their sole respiration organ (in humans, the cells comprising the outerm...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18201	Why are almost all of the world’s micronations in Europe?	Europe is one of the only places in the world where the locals got to define their borders, over centuries of fighting and diplomacy with their neighbors. Most of the rest of the world was carved up by European powers as colonies. Countries in Africa and the middle east were made by drawing lines on maps, and suddenly two or three groups of people are expected to live together as one nation. Most of north and south America is the same, just foreign colonies. Asia is really the only other region that didn't get carved up by Europeans (except for Korea). There's lots of little, diverse countries in SE Asia. Edit: I guess I really don't know much about southeast Asian history. To wikipedia!	[ "Section::::Historical anomalies and aspirant states.\n\nA small number of tiny sovereign political units are founded on historical anomalies or eccentric interpretations of law. These types of states, often labelled as \"microstates,\" are usually located on small (usually disputed) territorial enclaves, generate ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11366	Why do clouds flatten out on the bottom side closest to the surface, yet have such tremendous shape variations everywhere else?	They don't flatten out as such, which suggests they're hitting something and spreading after falling. It's the other way around: the water vapour that forms the cloud rises until it reaches a level (which is relatively flat) where the air is cool enough to make it condense into visible water droplets (ie a cloud). It then 'bubbles up' from that point due to convection, so you have a flat bottom, and a fluffy top.	[ "Section::::Subforms.:Opacity-based varieties.\n\nStratus fractus are not divided into varieties, but stratus nebulosus on the other hand, are divided into two. The Stratus opacus variety appears as a nebulous or milky sheet of the nebulosus species, but are opaque enough to block the sun from view. Stratus Translu...	[ "Clouds flatten out of the bottom side.", "Clouds flatten out on the bottom." ]	[ "Water vapor rises until it reaches a certain level, then bubbles up from that point.", "Clouds only get created at a certain height, below that they cannot exist so the bottom appears flat. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Clouds flatten out of the bottom side.", "Clouds flatten out on the bottom." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Water vapor rises until it reaches a certain level, then bubbles up from that point.", "Clouds only get created at a certain height, below that they cannot exist so the bottom appears flat. " ]
2018-01095	What does "dew point" mean when talking about the weather? And how is it different to humidity?	The simplest explanation I ever received was: The dew point is the lowest temperature the air can go, before the moisture in the air will start turning into water. Humidity is the amount of moisture the air is currently carrying, which could be very little or a lot.	[ "The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. When further cooled, the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid water (dew). When air cools to its dew point through contact with a surface that is colder than the air, water will condense on the surface. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07361	What is the difference between "red" meat and "white" meat?	Red meats contain lots myoglobin, a protein responsible for storing oxygen in muscle cells. Myoglobin is highly pigmented; the more myoglobin, the redder/darker the meat. Red meats are comprised of "slow twitch muscle fibers", which require a reservoir of oxygen in order to function for prolonged periods of time. White meats contain less myoglobin. These meats are comprised of "fast twitch muscle fibers", which mainly use glycogen for energy (anaerobic). These muscles are mainly meant for quick bursts of intense activities. Chickens are white, fish are even whiter.	[ "Red meat\n\nIn gastronomy, red meat is commonly red when raw and a dark color after it is cooked, in contrast to white meat, which is pale in color before and after cooking. In culinary terms, only flesh from mammals or fowl (not fish) is classified as red or white.\n\nIn nutritional science, on the other hand, \"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06017	Why is the word "german" so different in other languages?	The name of a country is invented in each language (or language group) independent of other languages. Particularly in antiquity when there likely were few if any translators to work between the two groups.	[ "BULLET::::- \"haksna:\" legs, from Austrian \"Haxen\")\n\nBULLET::::- \"stangla:\" top tube of a bicycle, from German \"Stange\" (rod, pole)\n\nBULLET::::- \"ksicht:\" grimace, from \"Gesicht\" (face)\n\nBULLET::::- \"hic:\" heat, from \"Hitze\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"lochna:\" hole, from \"Loch\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"betla...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00533	Why is it that, in most major sports leagues, some teams will represent whole states(ex. Utah Jazz) while others will simply represent cities(Ex Cleveland Cavaliers)	It depends on the owner, and it usually done for marketing reasons. The owner chooses a name they think will resonate better with the potential customers (fans). In the case of the Jazz, the Utah Jazz sounds better than the Salt Lake City Jazz (that's a mouthful). The NFL Panthers and the NHL Hurricanes are from Carolina. Having the team named Carolina gathers fans from both North and South Carolina. Also, in the case of the Hurricanes, I don't think many people know where Raleigh is, so saying they are from Carolina makes it easier to know where they are from. The NFL Jets and Giants are teams from New Jersey, but are named after New York because New York is a more popular spot.	[ "BULLET::::- 1978: Buffalo Braves moved to San Diego and became the Clippers.\n\nBULLET::::- 1979: New Orleans Jazz moved to Salt Lake City and become the Utah Jazz.\n\nBULLET::::- 1984: San Diego Clippers moved to Los Angeles and became the Los Angeles Clippers.\n\nBULLET::::- 1985: Kansas City Kings moved to Sacr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10896	When you're staring at a computer screen, how can your brain distinguish between the image on the screen and the reflection on the screen.	I would imagine it's the same principle that allows us to focus on things closer or further away (which also makes the things we don't focus on blurry/lower detail). The light emitting from the screen is only traveling the distance from your screen to your face. Reflections are traveling from further than that. So focusing on the reflection is like focusing on an object further away. It causes a loss of detail in the light coming from the screen (and vice versa if you focus on the screen).	[ "BULLET::::- It is \"virtual\", meaning that the image appears to be behind the mirror, and cannot be projected onto a screen.\n", "Visual Image screenless display includes any image that the eye can perceive. The most common example of Visual Image screenless display is a hologram. In these cases, light is refle...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10820	Why do humans and other animals yawn?	Not that this is the end all answer; but it's been theorized that when we're tired, we don't breathe as deeply, but our body needs that oxygen to function efficiently. The strong contraction of the neck and jaw muscles during a yawn force blood through the circulatory system, and spinal fluid through the spine. It's theorized this shot of cool air helps jolt the system in attempt to "wake" the individual up Below is an article from 2011 that contains more information, and it explains we tend to yawn more in cool weather, as we're more sleepy/tired in (relatively) colder weather. (I.E. As stated in the article, AZ when it's 96 degrees vs 76 degrees). [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 )	[ "There are a number of theories that attempt to explain why humans and other animals yawn. It is likely that there are a number of triggers for the behavior. However, there are comparatively few theories that attempt to explain the primary evolutionary reason for the yawn.\n", "Another notion states that yawning ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16220	Is there a reason why suicide rates are SO much higher for men than women?	One reason is that while women actually attempt suicide more frequently than men they choose methods which are less immediately lethal so there is more opportunity for help to arrive or for them to change their mind and call for assistance. Men tend to attempt suicide in much more immediately lethal ways.	[ "In the United States, suicide is around 4.5 times more common in men than in women. U.S. men are 5 times as likely to commit suicide within the 15- to 19-year-old demographic, and 6 times as likely as women to commit suicide within the 20- to 24-year-old demographic. Gelder, Mayou and Geddes reported that women ar...	[ "Suicide rates for men and women should be the same.", "Suicides are more common in men." ]	[ "Suicide rates for men and women are different because they choose different methods of suicide.", "Women attempt suicide more often than men, it just fails due to the methods they use. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Suicide rates for men and women should be the same.", "Suicides are more common in men." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Suicide rates for men and women are different because they choose different methods of suicide.", "Women attempt suicide more often than men, it just fails due to the methods they use. " ]

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