id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
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2018-02461 | How does copyright on music work? What about remixes? | Lets say you write a song with lyrics on your guitar. In that moment you are the lyricist and composer (sometimes just lumped into “songwriter” for most cases). Great! Now what? Your friend has some recording equipment and connections/ability to put your song on iTunes, get it played on the radio, and it CDs in stores. He will be your “record label” and get your song heard. Your friend records the song and created a “record”. This record is sold, played, distributed, streamed. You agree that you will share the profits of sales and streams. When it comes to copyright, you as the songwriter have the rights to the song (the music and lyrics), but this is different from the record, which is the tangible individual recording of your song (tangible is used loosely nowadays since things are going digital). Your friend and his record label own the rights to the recording of your song. (Note that this arrangement of who has what rights differs for each case. And these rights can be switched out and transferred and offered to different people). Now, there’s more rights that you as the songwriter have based on how the song is used. This is very important for determining how you will get paid. For example, performance royalties cover performances of your song. “Performances” is a little tricky language, since these laws we’re written long before streaming and digital. A performance is a public use of your song. So a concert, radio play, Spotify stream (these are treated similar to radio), even ringtones. You as the songwriter have rights to decide and profit off of how your song is used. For example there rights for whether your song is used in conjunction with a visual (meaning a movie or tv show or something). Paul McCartney for example refuses to allow his songs to be used when showing meat, since he is a vegan. (Interestingly enough, Paul McCartney does NOT have the rights to some of his own songs, but advertisers and such respect him enough to ask first). Many record labels now a days try to have complete control over a recording AND song, meaning they will either buy out the songwriters copyright or have a clause in their contracts demanding ownership of all songs. It’s pretty tricky, but I can answer any questions from there. Basically, whoever owns the rights makes the money. The hardest concept to understand is the difference between a song and a recording, and how those two are used and profited. | [
"Because remixes may borrow heavily from an existing piece of music (possibly more than one), the issue of intellectual property becomes a concern. The most important question is whether a remixer is free to redistribute his or her work, or whether the remix falls under the category of a derivative work according t... | [] | [] | [
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2018-03049 | Why did putting toothpaste on scratched discs back in the day work? | Its a very mild abrasive. So in short it can polish the scratches on the disk making it slightly smoother and the laser able to read it again. | [
"For more on the development of the first permeameter as told by Walter Gardner, visit (http://www.decagon.com/ag_research/hydro/history.php)\n\nSection::::The Disc.\n",
"Ohl investigated why the cat's whisker functioned so well. He spent most of 1939 trying to grow more pure versions of the crystals. He soon fou... | [] | [] | [
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2018-04142 | how does that switch on my rearview mirror that helps dim headlights at night work? | There's two types. The old style is positional; the new style is electronic. The positional ones came first and have been around for decades. These type of car mirrors are actually two main parts - a true reflective "mirror" and a plain piece of transparent glass, mounted at a different angle, that's just in front of it. It relies on how transparent glass still reflects some light, and you can see this when looking up from the base of a skyscraper to see the reflection of the sky's clouds in all of its windows. During the day, the mirror's in the "NORMAL" position, and you're seeing the reflection of things behind you by looking at the mirror through the glass. It reflects almost all of the light, so you see pretty much 100% of the light that gets to it, which is great during the day. However, at night, you don't want 100% of that light because of the glare that comes with it... so you flip the tab to the "NIGHT" position. This moves the mirror out of alignment with your eyes, but {edit for accuracy} moves the different-angled transparent glass into it so it - and the partial reflection it gives you - stays lined up with your eyes. So the mirror's true reflection points elsewhere now and you only get a fraction of the light that bounces off that different-angled transparent window... and that lower volume of light is much easier to see with now. The electronic version replaces it with an actual dimming process. The switch in this case causes an electric current to pass through a very thin special film on the mirror that causes it to darken. Think of it like one of those cheap solar-powered calculators where the number 8 has seven segments. To get the number 1, electric power flows to the two rightmost segment, turning them black; the other five are "off" and thus transparent. In the mirror, applying current to the film just turns the whole surface slightly gray and stops some fraction of the light from being reflected, not turning it outright black but still blocking a lot of the glare. | [
"Current systems usually use photosensors mounted in the rear-view mirror to detect light and dim the mirror by means of electrochromism. This electrochromic feature has also been incorporated into side-view mirrors allowing them to dim and reduce glare as well.\n\nSection::::Trucks and buses.\n",
"On manual tilt... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00951 | Why are black Americans worse off than other minorities? | Because for that longer period of time Black Americans were enslaved, oppressed, brutalized, segregated, and disenfranchised. We are still emerging out of that period. | [
"BULLET::::- Irish, Italians, Jewish, and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without any special favors.\n\nBULLET::::- Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for Blacks to work their way out of the lower clas... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01571 | Why does making paper copies of paper copies eventually lead to poor quality? | Ever play the game telephone where each kid in a circle repeats what he heard from the person before him? And usually, by the end the last person ends up being told something a bit different? Similar thing here. The copier can only "hear" so well. Sometimes it doesn't hear it perectly correct. Bonus ELI15: If the copier is makes a copy at 99% quality, try multiplying 0.99*0.99*0.99*....*0.99. You will see that after 20 copies that original 0.99 turns into 0.81. | [
"Xerographic documents (and the closely related laser printer printouts) can have excellent archival durability, depending on the quality of the paper used. If low-quality paper is used, it can yellow and degrade due to residual acid in the untreated pulp; in the worst case, old copies can literally crumble into sm... | [] | [] | [
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2018-11241 | Why do cars only ever have DC outlets even though most electrical devices use AC plugs? | To answer this, we probably need to look at why we use AC in buildings in the first place. When you transmit electricity from the power station to the consumers, you can choose to do it with a high current/low voltage, or low current/high voltage. We choose to do as much of the transmission as possible using the low current/high voltage as, because high currents have a nasty habit of heating the cables up excessively. At home, though, we use a low(ish) voltage, and so we need to be able to convert between the high transmission voltage and low domestic voltage - to do this, we use devices called transformers, and transformers only work with AC. If we didn't use AC, we'd need large numbers of local power stations close to consumers. In a car, though, we have a different system - firstly, the distance thing isn't such an issue - you're generating your electricity locally, so we don't need to worry about sending it over miles and miles of cabling. Secondly, though, there's the fact that, at the heart of your car's electrical system is a battery - and batteries store and put out DC current, and so that's what's used. Sure, you can convert it to AC at an appropriate voltage to run small appliances from home, but the majority of things that people want to run in their cars these days run on DC anyway, so it's not really a concern. | [
"The use of cigarette lighter receptacles to supply 12 volt DC power is an example of backward compatibility to a de facto standard. As a power connector, the lighter receptacle is larger, harder to use and less reliable than other DC connectors. Cigarette lighter receptacles are in widespread use in many highway v... | [
"Electrical devices people run in their cars use AC."
] | [
"The majority of electrical devices people want to run in their cars use DC, not AC."
] | [
"false presupposition"
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"Electrical devices people run in their cars use AC.",
"most electrical devices use AC plugs."
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"false presupposition",
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"The majority of electrical devices people want to run in their cars use DC, not AC.",
"the majority of things that people want to run in their cars these days run on DC."
] |
2018-12035 | How do companies like Off White or Balenciaga get their customized clothes manufactured and produced? | The "Dior and I" documentary on Netflix sheds insight into how couture is made in-house. Doesn't really touch on the sweatshop aspect of things, tho. | [
"In 2017, the company collaborated with Champion developing sixteen items of clothing, including tracksuits, hoodies, fleeces, and t-shirts. In August 2017, the company also collaborated with A$AP Rocky with his label AWGE. In 2018, the company partnered with Jimmy Choo to create a Summer/Spring collection inspired... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01635 | How are impartial juries selected in massively publicized cases like OJ Simpson's trial? Can they insure a impartial jury? | Yes they try, but they can't do magic. The Simpson case might be the best example of the maxim "hard cases make bad law". You can't design the law to accommodate the weirdest thing, or it would fail on all the common things. | [
"Juries in the United States\n\nThe most outstanding feature in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must almost always be unanimous.\n\nThere are three types of juries in the United States: criminal grand juries, criminal petit juries, and civil juries. In the United States Constitution, juries are... | [] | [] | [
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"Impartial juries are always selected even in high profile cases."
] | [
"false presupposition",
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"Sometimes it is not possible to select an impartial jury."
] |
2018-04468 | Why does spoiled food smell so foul? | Humans interpret the smell to be foul as a defense mechanism. The smell comes from bacteria breaking the food down. | [
"Harvested foods decompose from the moment they are harvested due to attacks from enzymes, oxidation and microorganisms. These include bacteria, mold, yeast, moisture, temperature and chemical reaction. \n\nSection::::Reasons.:Bacteria.\n\nBacteria are responsible for the spoilage of food. When bacteria breaks down... | [] | [] | [
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2018-13264 | How do people and animals not impale themselves on tranquilizer darts when they fall? | Nobody uses tranquilizer darts on people. Unlike in movies, in real life a darted animal doesn't just fall over. It slowly gets sleepier and more lethargic, and usually lays down. | [
"BULLET::::- On September 4, 1995, Ee Heng Chuan, a 29-year-old rubber tapper from the southern Malaysian state of Johor, was reported to have been killed by a large reticulated python. The victim had apparently been caught unaware and was squeezed to death. The snake had coiled around the lifeless body with the vi... | [
"Tranquilizer darts are used on people and causes the target to fall down.",
"Tranquilized people or animals fall when they are tanquilized."
] | [
"Tranquilizer darts are only used on animals and slowly causes them to become sleepy and lay down.",
"They don't actually fall over they slowly get sleepier and lay down."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Tranquilizer darts are used on people and causes the target to fall down.",
"Tranquilized people or animals fall when they are tanquilized."
] | [
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"false presupposition"
] | [
"Tranquilizer darts are only used on animals and slowly causes them to become sleepy and lay down.",
"They don't actually fall over they slowly get sleepier and lay down."
] |
2018-06796 | how does depression begins in one person? | [A few different ways.]( URL_1 ) It can be genetic. It can come from trauma. You can develop it over time for seemingly no reason at all. The brain is still mostly a mystery, so it's hard to tell what causes depression in some people. Plenty of people who don't have a genetic risk, never had trauma, still end up with depression. Women can get really depressed after giving birth, even if it's the happiest moment of their life, and it can last years. For these reasons, there's no single medication or therapy that works for everyone. And sometimes a medication will work for a period of time, then stop working. Depression is one of the most difficult mental illnesses to treat because of how different it is for everyone. Not to mention the social stigma that was attached to it for so long. [Info from NIMH.]( URL_2 ) [Info from Harvard. ]( URL_0 ) | [
"Biological, psychological, and social factors are believed to be involved in the cause of depression, although it is still not well understood. Factors like socioeconomic status, life experience, and personality tendencies play a role in the development of depression and may represent increases in risk for develop... | [] | [] | [
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2018-23132 | Where is the line between legal medical emergency treatments by non professionals crossed? | The Good Samaritan Act (in Canada at least) helps answer the question. In short, a person performing first aid is protected by the law as long as they get consent from the patient, and they act within their level of training. Tracheotomy's are not a part of first aid, so if a first aider attempted one, even if successful, they could face legal charges. Technically, since first aid licenses expire over time, a person could potentially get in trouble performing a technique they know, but learned too long ago. As for being walked through procedures, I suppose that depends on the situation and the procedure. For example, I work on a ship, and the highest medical training anyone has is first aid. Technically, we are not even allowed to give medication or most types of injections. We can encourage and guide patient towards giving it to themselves, but we can't do it for them. That being said, in the middle of nowhere, we can receive medical advice from the radio doctor, and thus we can administer medication. I honestly don't know where else this situation applies. I'm sure there is legal precedent somewhere regarding this situation. | [
"Ethical and medico-legal issues are embedded within the nature of Emergency Medicine. Issues surrounding competence, end of life care, and right to refuse care are encountered on a daily basis within the Emergency Department. Of growing significance are the ethical issues and legal obligations that surround the Me... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01284 | Why can't Social Security Numbers be like credit card numbers where they get renewed (new number) every couple of years and if they get lost or stolen the old number can be cancelled and you get a new number? | The problem is that your Social Security Number is widely used as a *unique identifier* for a person. The whole reason it's worth stealing is because everyone uses the same number to reference a person. If you just get a new number every few years, it'd either be worthless for a credit report **or** somebody would just have a list of all your previous SSNs matched up against your current one and you'd have to tell everyone who uses it to update to your new number anyways. The fundamental issue is that the SSN was never intended to be a general purpose citizen identification number, it was just meant to be used for a single government program. Security was never even a concern in designing the system. If you want a safe & secure system for identifying a person, you'd need to approach the problem completely differently. | [
"Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine.\n\nSection::::Replacement numbers.\n\nA person c... | [
"Social Security numbers should be secure."
] | [
"Social Security numbers were never meant to be secure; they were meant for a single government program."
] | [
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"Social Security numbers should be secure."
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"Social Security numbers were never meant to be secure; they were meant for a single government program."
] |
2018-02313 | What was happening to old versions of Windows that was caused that glitch were you could create a cascade of windows on the screen? | When you're moving objects over each other in a graphical user interface (GUI), the GUI draws the top objects pixels over the bottom object. When the top object is moved off the bottom object, it's the bottom object's responsibility to "redraw" itself, replacing the pixels that were covered by the top object with its own. What you're seeing in that screenshot is that Windows Explorer has crashed, and since Windows Explorer is responsible for redrawing the entire desktop background, and it's not doing that, dragging a window over the desktop leaves a trail as the GUI draws the window over the desktop and the desktop fails to redraw its own pixels. **Edited to add**: these operations normally occur so fast you can't see it, you need to have something going on that's slowing down or crashing the processes running in order to see GUI drawing issues. | [
"BULLET::::- This tactic was used in an advertisement campaign by Sir-Tech in 1997 to advertise \"\". When the file is run, a full screen representation of the desktop appears. The software then begins simulating deletion of the Windows folder. When this process is complete, a message is slowly typed on screen sayi... | [] | [] | [
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2018-13069 | How do vending/cash machines know what type of dollar bill that was just inserted? | So I do not know it vending machines utilize all (or any if these) but I used to work for a company that made cash counting machines that banks use. Our machines used image sensors, magnetic detectors, and ultraviolet light to determine the denomination of the bill. | [
"These cash counters do not examine each note or coin separately but work by using finely calibrated loadcells to assess a number of notes or coins at a time, and using a constantly updated, stored average weight to compute the number of pieces it has been presented with. These machines often use complex algorithms... | [] | [] | [
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2018-03632 | How blood pressure medication works like Lisinopril? | So, your arteries have a layer of muscle around them, this can contract reducing the artery diameter and relax increasing it. Reduced diameter = less space for your blood, the problem is that, assuming you're resting, your heart always pumps the same amount of blood per minute (more or less), this means that even if the artery has a smaller diameter the amount of blood that goes trough it in, let's say, a minute, stays the same, the only way to achieve this constant flow is having the blood go faster, this raises the pressure it applies to the artery "walls". So, about your question, there is this protein called Angiotensin II that causes the muscle layer to contract raising your blood pressure, this protein is produced by another protein that takes Angiotensin I (that doesn't cause contraction) and converts it to Angiotensin II, a protein that works on another protein is called an enzyme; blood pressure drugs like Lisinopril work by blocking the enzyme that won't convert Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II reducing the contraction of the muscle layer of you arteries. | [
"Lisinopril\n\nLisinopril is a medication of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and after heart attacks. For high blood pressure it is usually a first line treatment, although in black people calcium-channel blockers or thiazide diuretics work b... | [] | [] | [
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2018-16374 | Why do computer screens (or TV screens) flicker when filming them with cameras | The flicker is caused by two things: 1. A difference in the scanning frequency between the TV and the camera. 2. A difference in the way the phosphor dots are perceivedbetween the human eye and the camera's image sensor. Found this in an article a long time ago | [
"Flatscreen Plasma displays have a similar effect. The plasma pixels fade in brightness between refreshes.\n",
"Flicker is used intentionally by developers on low-end systems to create the illusion of more objects or colors/shades than are actually possible on the system, or as a speedy way of simulating transpar... | [] | [] | [
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"Computer and TV screens don't actually flicker, there's a difference in the way the human eye and the camera's image sensor perceive the phosphor dots."
] |
2018-16565 | Why video games cost $60 as opposed to movies or other forms of entertainment. | A movie provides you with 2 hours of entertainment. When was the last 2 hour video game you played? | [
"BULLET::::- The music cost ranges based on length of composition, method of performance (live or synthesized), and composer experience. In 2003 a minute of high quality synthesized music cost between US$600-1.5k. A title with 20 hours of gameplay and 60 minutes of music may have cost $50k-60k for its musical score... | [
"Video games an movies provide similar entertainment value.",
"Video games an movies provide similar entertainment value."
] | [
"Video games can be played much longer than a movie takes to watch, thus they provide more entertainment value than movies.",
"Video games can be played much longer than a movie takes to watch, thus they provide more entertainment value than movies."
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"Video games an movies provide similar entertainment value.",
"Video games an movies provide similar entertainment value.",
"Video games an movies provide similar entertainment value."
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"Video games can be played much longer than a movie takes to watch, thus they provide more entertainment value than movies.",
"Video games can be played much longer than a movie takes to watch, thus they provide more entertainment value than movies.",
"Video games can be played much longer than a movie takes to... |
2018-23058 | How can searches on a PC influence targeted ads on my phone? | because youre logged into some account on your pc that you're also logged into on your phone and that information is being shared across platforms. | [
"One such tactic for cross-device tracking is called browser fingerprinting, and occurs when browsers, which are modifiable to the users’ tastes, produce a unique signal that companies or advertisers can use to single out the user. Browser fingerprinting has been a cause for concern because of its effectiveness and... | [] | [] | [
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2018-03965 | How do projector display the color black? | By using contrast. Your eye adjusts itself to a specific level of brightness, anything a lot dimmer than the brightest thing you can see will appear as black. Imagine taking a glow stick and holding at arm's length towards the sun. It would appear dark, even though it would seem to glow brightly at night. | [
"However, darkest black in a projected image is dependent on how dark the screen is. Because of this, some presenters and presentation-space planners prefer gray screens, which create higher-perceived contrast. The trade-off is that darker backgrounds can throw off color tones. Color problems can sometimes be adjus... | [] | [] | [
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2018-05989 | Why is it that when a recording is slowed down the noises become lower in pitch? | Frequency is how many times per second a sine wave completes a cycle. So if you are changing the time it will affect frequency. Eg. If a recorded signal cycles 100 times in a second, then you slow that down to 2 seconds, that will be 100 cycles in 2 seconds, or 50 per second. So instead of it sounding like 100hz it will sound like 50hz. | [
"Section::::Video correction.\n\nAs far back as 1956, professional reel-to-reel audio tape recorders relying on mechanical stability alone were stable enough that pitch distortion could be below audible level without time base correction. However, the higher sensitivity of video recordings meant that even the best ... | [] | [] | [
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2018-06790 | Why does club soda taste salty when bubbly and sweet when bubbles run out? | Carbonic acid. Club soda is water plus CO2 (carbon dioxide) bubbles. But flat club soda is not just water. Dissolved carbon dioxide actually changes the water. Water with dissolved CO2 is called carbonic acid and like it's name suggests, is mildly acidic which gives it a slightly bitter or vinegary flavor. Club soda also often has non-sugar sweeteners added for flavor that can remain. | [
"Our debut was at a fashion show at the \"Disco Airport\" (Discothèque), which was close to where we practiced in Buenos Aires. Nobody gave us so much as a nod. The three of us played on a very deficient sound system. But we were happy, even though no one paid attention. We really looked like a punk group, we didn'... | [] | [] | [
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2018-10121 | Why do bugs not die when dropped from extreme heights in proportion to their size like a human would? | Terminal velocity. It is the velocity at which the pull from gravity and the normal (opposite) force cancel out (and you stop accelerating). It is determined by a combination of surface area and mass. So you can drop a church mouse from a plane and it would be fine, but if you dropped an elephant 1 meter you would break its legs. ‘Cats always land on their feet’ is from their low terminal velocity. Bugs are really strong for their size and weight, so dropping them doesnt let them get fast enough to be hurt by impact. | [
"Terminal velocity is higher for larger creatures, and thus potentially more deadly. A creature such as a mouse falling at its terminal velocity is much more likely to survive impact with the ground than a human falling at its terminal velocity. A small animal such as a cricket impacting at its terminal velocity wi... | [
"If humans die from falling at extreme heights then so should bugs."
] | [
"Bugs are very strong for their weight and size, terminal velocity also cancels gravity which allows them to survive."
] | [
"false presupposition"
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"If humans die from falling at extreme heights then so should bugs.",
"If humans die from falling at extreme heights then so should bugs."
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"Bugs are very strong for their weight and size, terminal velocity also cancels gravity which allows them to survive.",
"Bugs are very strong for their weight and size, terminal velocity also cancels gravity which allows them to survive."
] |
2018-00454 | Why do animals make/understand eye contact if most of them don’t have a wide array of facial expressions and rely more on body language? | Lots of animals use sight as an important tool. For instance, hunting. As such, being aware that something is looking at you can be important. Whether it is to know you are attracting the attention of a predator (freezing when a cat looks at you), or getting noticed by prey (like a cat pausing in its stalk). Even though it isn't being used to necessarily convey an expression, it contains important information, like "danger!" | [
"BULLET::::- Gaze-following: Social animals coordinate their communication by monitoring of each other's head and eye orientation. Such behaviour has long been recognized as an important component of communication during human development, and gaze-following has recently received much attention in animals. Studies ... | [] | [] | [
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2018-03521 | Why do most screens and other color pickers use red, blue, green instead of red, blue, yellow? | Cyan, magenta and yellow are used in printing, and adding them up makes *black*. (Subtractive colours) A monitor however uses light where the three primary colours red, blue and green (say, LEDs) add up to white. (Additive colours) | [
"When dealing with truecolor images, some video mixing equipment can employ the RGB triplet (0,0,0) (no red, no green, no blue: the darkest shade of black, sometimes referred as \"superblack\" in this context) as the transparent color. At design time, it is replaced by the so-called magic pink. The same way, typica... | [] | [] | [
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2018-04416 | Does eating sweet food (or other food) while playing computer games or watching videos count as a reward and promotes your brain to keep doing these activities? | That depends. You can make it into a reward and certainly many people do (i.e.- I finished my homework so I'm going to eat some candy and play DoTA!), however, just the act of snacking while gaming isn't reward behaviour. Now, that in no way means it can't reinforce a bad habit or create bad, negative craving associations. But it's not necessarily reward based unless you e specifically made it a reward. | [
"In July 2018, a study published by LSU's Pennington Biomedical Research Center shows that some video games can decrease or control obesity, lower the blood pressure and cholesterol in children if followed with proper coaching and a step tracker.\n\nSection::::Public concern and formal study.:General critiques on a... | [] | [] | [
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2018-02398 | How exactly does the human body produce heat? | If you've heard the term "burning calories" that is literally what is happening. All of the food we eat eventually becomes a substance called ATP (this part is super dumbed-down), and when combined with oxygen, it "burns." It creates energy for our body with heat as a byproduct (just like an engine can burn gasoline to create an explosion to move a piston. It also creates heat as a byproduct). | [
"Another commonly considered model is the heat pump or refrigerator. Again there are four bodies: the working body, the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the work reservoir. A single cycle starts with the working body colder than the cold reservoir, and then energy is taken in as heat by the working body from ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-00978 | Why does liquid bubble when it boils? | When you heat up a pan or beaker of water (or look inside a glass-sided kettle) you will see bubbles starting to form on the bottom before it has reached boiling point. (Young people may think this is boiling and switch off the kettle, therefore they are not able to make a proper cup of tea.) These bubbles are mainly air. The water has air dissolved in it, but the solubility decreases at higher temperature. The bubbles also contain water vapor. As the temperature increases, there is more and more water vapor. At the boiling point, the the bubbles are completely vapor, and may form anywhere within the bulk of the liquid. Now is the time to make the tea. | [
"At standard atmospheric pressure and low temperatures, no boiling occurs and the heat transfer rate is controlled by the usual single-phase mechanisms. As the surface temperature is increased, local boiling occurs and vapor bubbles nucleate, grow into the surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse. This is \"sub-coole... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21103 | How do video streaming services like Netflix or Amazon obtain the original video files from their license providers? | Depending on the service, licensor, and contractual agreements, they either receive the file from a digital distributor or they receive a direct upload from licensor to licensee via a portal or API. Digital distributors need some explanation, so: Digital distributors are like physical distributors, but for digital products; if you're a record label, you don't upload your music to 20 different music stores yourself and then collect the money, you pass your work to a digital distributor, check some boxes on a web form to indicate the formats and regions where you want it licensed, and they do all the work of uploading your music to iTunes/Google Play/Tidal/etc and collecting the revenue for you. | [
"In 2010, Netflix moved to using Amazon EC2 for its information technology (IT) resources. Master copies of digital films from movie studios are stored on Amazon S3, and each film is encoded into over 50 different versions based on video resolution and audio quality using machines on the cloud. In total, Netflix ha... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01050 | How can the temperature outside be one thing but feel like another sometimes? Shouldn’t it feel like what it is all the time? | A few things: 1. Your weather likely comes from the airport or another government station. So its the temperature at the nearest one of those, not necessarily right outside. 2. Temperature will change greatly depending on if your in the sun or the shade, or if there is wind. It’ll even depend on what surface you are standing on. 3. what do you mean all the time? | [
"Section::::Influencing factors.:Relative humidity.:Interplay of temperature and humidity.\n\nVarious types of apparent temperature have been developed to combine air temperature and air humidity. \n\nFor higher temperatures, there are quantitative scales, such as the heat index.\n\nFor lower temperatures, a relate... | [
"Temperature should feel like what it really is, not something else.",
"If temperature if portrayed to be a set temperature, then it should always feel like that temperature."
] | [
"Temperature can feel different due to other environmental factors like being in the sun or shade, or wind. ",
"Weather reports are likely provided by airport or governments, which means the temperature is closest to one of those and not every other area, other factors such as the Sun, shade and wind also effect ... | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Temperature should feel like what it really is, not something else.",
"If temperature if portrayed to be a set temperature, then it should always feel like that temperature."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Temperature can feel different due to other environmental factors like being in the sun or shade, or wind. ",
"Weather reports are likely provided by airport or governments, which means the temperature is closest to one of those and not every other area, other factors such as the Sun, shade and wind also effect ... |
2018-17856 | Why are many Japanese companies active in so many different, unrelated industries? Like Yamaha, which makes musical instruments and motorcycles | The large conglomerates are known as Zaibatsu. The big 4 Zaibatsu (Sumitomo, Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Yasuda) have roots in imperial Japan, where they were employed by the government to collect taxes and produce military equipment. At one point in time, virtually all business was conducted by these 4 conglomerates, who had unstoppable monopoly power. After WW2, America dissolved the large conglomerates to encourage capitalistic competition, but the supply chain and business relations were so intertwined that the split businesses just fell back into place and the conglomerates were reborn. | [
"Similar relationships characterize the third type of corporate group, which was established around a major industrial producer. Members of this group are often subsidiaries or affiliates of the parent firm or are regular subcontractors. Subsidiaries and contracting corporations normally build components for the pa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03937 | How is it that I answered every single math question on my pre-ACT test, but received a 35 (the maximum is 36)? | Maybe you got one wrong? I have no idea how the pre-ACT works, but normally you only get marks for correct answers so....... I dunno what else to tell ya | [
"Scores for the ACT are mailed to the home of students usually one to two weeks after the date of the test. similar to the SAT, the maximum score of each portion of the test is 36. To quality for application to EEP, the student must have a minimum of 23 points in Mathematics and 22 points in the English section.\n\... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"answering every question means you get a perfect score."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"You could get some questions wrong."
] |
2018-03827 | Why do people in intense pain have sudden drops in blood pressure? | It is caused by a part of the nervous system called the Parasympathetic nervous system. This system is the opposite of the Sympathetic (or "fight or flight") system that the body uses when the body is under stress. The Parasympathetic system is responsible for bringing the body down from the "Fight or Flight" state into a more relaxed state so that the blood pressure, heart rate and breathing slows down. Pain can trigger this system even when the blood pressure is normal, causing it to drop and even causing the person in pain to pass out | [
"BULLET::::- Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones (mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase in blood volume results in an increased cardiac outp... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10935 | Why are some criminal cases brought to trial very quickly in the UK? | that is not trial. that is usually when they are formally charged and the prosecutor asked for them to be held in custody and or bail determination. trials come later much later , even if they admit to it. | [
"Summary offences, such as most motoring offences, are much less serious and most must be tried in a magistrates' court, although a few may be sent for trial to the Crown Court along with other offences that may be tried there (for example assault). The vast majority of offences are also concluded in a magistrates'... | [
"Some cases are brought to trial very quickly.",
"Criminal cases are brought to trials very quickly in the UK."
] | [
"That is not trail, that is just when they are charged.",
"The quick aspect is actually just the formal charge. The trial comes much later. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some cases are brought to trial very quickly.",
"Criminal cases are brought to trials very quickly in the UK."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"That is not trail, that is just when they are charged.",
"The quick aspect is actually just the formal charge. The trial comes much later. "
] |
2018-20251 | Why does the European GDPR mean I'm not allowed to view some American based websites? | It means that this website is not compliant to the GDPR regulations and choosing to operate in the EU would likely result in a fine for that company. Rather than modify their site to comply with the regulations, or possibly because it's in progress, they've decided to simply disable access to the site from the EU. Specifically that website does not have the infrastructure in place to comply with GDPR requirements like the "right to be forgotten" (ie they can't go into their database to delete your info on request), the site doesn't have a prompt for cookies, and other requirements. | [
"Only non-EU establishments that are subject to the GDPR are obliged to designate an EU Representative. It is worth reiterating the fact that a non-EU establishment shall be subject to the GDPR if it regularly undertakes one of the following activities: (a) the offering of goods or services, irrespective of whether... | [
"Due to the European GDPR, some American websites are not allowed to be viewed."
] | [
"Some American websites may choose to disable access for European users due to the site being unable to comply with GDPR requirements."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Due to the European GDPR, some American websites are not allowed to be viewed.",
"Due to the European GDPR, some American websites are not allowed to be viewed."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some American websites may choose to disable access for European users due to the site being unable to comply with GDPR requirements.",
"Some American websites may choose to disable access for European users due to the site being unable to comply with GDPR requirements."
] |
2018-02083 | how do radios with a scanning option know the difference between static and a station that comes in? | Radio signals are electromagnetic and a radio works by receiving this energy from the air using an antenna, filtering to a desired frequency and then amplifying the audio. There will be more energy picked up when the radio is tuned to a frequency with an active broadcast signal vs when it's tuned to white noise. This means the signal level can be measured on each channel and the radio can be made to stop scanning when the signal level is high enough. | [
"Radio scanner\n\nA scanner (also referred to a police scanner, police scanner radio or radio scanner) is a radio receiver that can automatically tune, or \"scan\", two or more discrete frequencies, stopping when it finds a signal on one of them and then continuing to scan other frequencies when the initial transmi... | [
"Radios know the difference between static and stations. "
] | [
"Radios know the difference between frequency levels, not the difference between static and stations. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Radios know the difference between static and stations. ",
"Radios know the difference between static and stations. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Radios know the difference between frequency levels, not the difference between static and stations. ",
"Radios know the difference between frequency levels, not the difference between static and stations. "
] |
2018-01171 | Why can we listen to music at a loud volume, but once it cuts to a commercial or someone talking, it sounds a lot louder? | You know how at the loud volume of your music the music itself has variations in loudness? Some sounds are louder some are softer. So, without changing the volume of your speakers you can encode and change the volume of the music. Advertisers know this and just make their sound super loud. Its illegal in most media in the US. There is a max encoded volume for television commercials, at any rate. | [
"Section::::Reception.:Commercial performance.\n",
"Most television commercials are heavily compressed (typically to a dynamic range of no more than 3 dB) to achieve near-maximum perceived loudness while staying within permissible limits. This causes a problem that TV viewers often notice: when a station switches... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03711 | Why are electric cars able to speed up so quickly compared to a car that uses gas? | A electric engine can provide full torque (the force that cause the rotation of the tires) from then start to rotate from stationary. A combustion engine have low tork at low RPM and max torque and a quite high RPM To be more correct the electric engines torque will change when the rpm changes but is it a flatter curve then for a combustion engine so in most/all RPM depending on the combustion engine a electric engine have more torque and therefore faster acceleration | [
"BULLET::::- Standby. The energy needed to keep the engine running while it is not providing power to the wheels, i.e., when stopped, coasting or braking.\n\nFuel-efficiency decreases from electrical loads are most pronounced at lower speeds because most electrical loads are constant while engine load increases wit... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00547 | Why is it so important for people with head injuries to stay awake and not fall asleep? Is this only in the movies or is it for some legit reason? | Mainly for evaluation. If you go to sleep/pass out it's hard for someone to figure out your symptoms and such. All concussions are bad, but if you suffered a brain hemorrhage (internal bleeding in the brain) people need to know ASAP or you will die. Once evaluation is complete and they're sure you're not going to die, sleep is actually the best possible thing you can do. | [
"Section::::Treatment.\n\nAfter exclusion of neck injury, observation should be continued for several hours. If repeated vomiting, worsening headache, dizziness, seizure activity, excessive drowsiness, double vision, slurred speech, unsteady walk, or weakness or numbness in arms or legs, or signs of basilar skull f... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01155 | If our bodies take a while to absorb food and drinks, why do thirsty people feel immediately better once they drink water? | The feeling of thirst is a creation of the brain to warn about a need for water. When you drink water, even though it may not have effect immediately, the brain knows that it’s effect is coming and therefore has no need to warn about a need of water anymore. | [
"Thirst quenching varies among animal species, with dogs, camels, sheep, goats, and deer replacing fluid deficits quickly when water is available, whereas humans and horses may need hours to restore fluid balance.\n\nSection::::Neurophysiology.\n\nThe areas of the brain that contribute to the sense of thirst are ma... | [
"The absorption of water is what makes thirsty people feel better."
] | [
"The knowledge that water has been drunk is what makes thirsty people feel better."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The absorption of water is what makes thirsty people feel better."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The knowledge that water has been drunk is what makes thirsty people feel better."
] |
2018-03781 | Why do developers have dataminable content instead of adding it after its ready to be released? | Saves time. That way when they want to implement it in-game, it's essentially a toggle, instead of forcing all players to download the content, therefore reducing down time when the stuff they want to go live, goes live. | [
"This of course assumes that a new item will be already described by its attributes, which is not always the case. Consider the case of so called \"editorial\" features (e.g. director, cast, title, year), those are always known when the item, in this case movie, is added to the catalogue. However, other kinds of at... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03809 | Why did certain vegetables(or plants really) such as tomatoes and cucumbers become popular crops? | people wanted to add more, different foods to their diet. The staple foods, Rice, wheat, potatoes are calorie dense, but are not very flavor full. So other foods could be sold for higher prices because people wanted new tastes. So you could make more money selling tomatoes than potatoes, and buy more food for yourself. tl:dr better tasting food would sell for more money to richer people, to buy more food. | [
"However, by the mid-18th century, tomatoes were widely eaten in Britain, and before the end of that century, the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" stated the tomato was \"in daily use\" in soups, broths, and as a garnish. They were not part of the average person's diet, and though by 1820 they were described as \"to be ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22663 | Why does Cuba have 2 currencies ? How is/was it economically beneficial ? | They had their own currency but it was such crap that people started using US Dollars instead. In an effort to avoid US power creeping into their country, they introduced a second currency that was directly linked to the US Dollar but was Cuban. | [
"The system of rationed food distribution in Cuba was known as the \"Libreta de Abastecimiento\" (\"Supplies booklet\"). As of 2012 ration books at bodegas still procured rice, oil, sugar and matches, above government average wage £15 monthly.\n\nRaul Castro signed Law 313 in September 2013 in order to create a spe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15207 | Why is an increase from $24 to $30 a 25% increase, but a decrease from $30 to $24 a 20% decrease? | Because you take the percentage from the starting amount. 6 of 24 isn't the same percentage as 6 of 30. | [
"An illustration of the base effect would be like: Price Index 100 goes to 150, and then to 200. The initial increase of 50, gives the percentage increase as 50% but the subsequent increase of 50 gives the percentage increase as 33.33%. This happens arithmetically as the base on which the percentage is calculated h... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18310 | how did Latin die, and how is it not spoken anywhere in the world given the size of the Roman Empire? | Some languages disappear, others evolve. Ever try to read Shakespeare and it's kind of difficult? It's actually modern English. Chaucer is old English, and it's impossible to understand without significant work or training. It has two letters we don't have anymore, and is generally closer to old German than anything else. But it's all English. They also evolve differently in different places. Kind of like England and America have slightly different words, spelling and pronunciation. And that's only a couple hundred years with a lot of close interaction. So back to Latin. What happened. As the western empire was breaking up (eastern transitioned to Greek, but that's for another day), the late Latin language was called vulgar Latin, and each province's version began to evolve separately, and each dialect of it slowly evolved enough to be considered separate languages. Collectively they are known as the romance languages (as in Roman), there closest one to vulgar Latin is Rumanian (you can see the etymology of Romania there). The others are Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese. There are plenty of dilects and nearly dead other languages that also come from Latin (from monacaseque to Occitan and Provencal to Romansh, Sardinian, Ligurian and more). So, in short, Latin is still around, it just evolved. Like a Trex is a giant chicken. | [
"The process of language change may also involve the splitting up of a language into a family of several daughter languages, leaving the common parent language \"dead\". This has happened to Latin, which (through Vulgar Latin) eventually developed into the Romance languages, and to Prakrit, which developed into the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Latin is dead."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Latin is still alive, in it's evolved forms."
] |
2018-01178 | Are internet backbone providers allowed to prioritize the traffic and interconnections of different ISPs the way ISPs are planning to do the same with content providers? | Yes. In fact, this was also allowed under the 2015 net neutrality rules; thise rules only regulated Internet service provided to individuals, small businesses, schools, libraries, etc. The ISP-to-ISP market is much more competitive, so the FCC hasn’t ever felt like it had to be heavily regulated. | [
"While the network neutrality debate continues, network providers often enter into peering arrangements among themselves. These agreements often stipulate how certain information flows should be treated. In addition, network providers often implement various policies such as blocking of port 25 to prevent insecure ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03833 | Why do humans get that orgasmic sensation when they clean their ears with a q-tip? | You have a ton of nerve endings in there. It’s similar to scratching an itch in that regard. | [
"SHOCK OF PLEASURE has Appeared in 5 National Industry Recognized Charts:\n\nKKBB ARTIST/ALBUM SPECIALTY CHART RANK: 14\n\nKKBB SPECIALTY SINGLES CHART RANK: 8 (Spooky)\n\nFMQB SPECIALTY SINGLES CHART RANK: 12\n\nCMJ: #5 MOST ADDED RECORD IN THE NATION (14 ADDS - RPM CHART #1078)\n\nSection::::It's About Time.\n",
... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01640 | Why do TV networks advertise new episodes in EST/CST but not in other US based time zones? | The Eastern/Central thing happens because the stations in both time zones use the same feed. It's a lot easier than programming the two zones separately. The Pacific time zone gets it's own programming feed because it is big enough to make it worth the effort. The Mountain time zone is so small that most stations record the East coast feed and then re-broadcast when they feel appropriate. The networks let the local affiliates deal with it. | [
"Section::::In Canada.\n\nSection::::In Canada.:Broadcast networks.\n\nCanadian broadcasting networks, with six time zones and a much larger percentage of its audience residing in the Mountain Time Zone than in the Central Time Zone, are sometimes able to avoid the issues that affect American programming by airing ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23976 | Why does a shaken carbonated drink explode? | In ELI5 terms, carbonated drinks have gas under pressure and bubbles. When the drink is shaken the big bubbles that are normally near the top of the bottle can now be found anywhere in the bottle. When the drink is opened, some of the gas escapes and the bubbles reach the opening of the bottle or can, this stirs up more of the gas dissolved in the soda making them want to escape the drink causing a chain reaction and a big burst of foam and liquid. I hope this explanation is clear, if not I can try to rephrase it. | [
"BULLET::::- Bubbles of carbon dioxide \"nucleate\" shortly after the pressure is released from a container of carbonated liquid.\n",
"BULLET::::- Note: Acetylene cylinders contain an inert packing material, which may be agamassan, and are filled with a solvent such as acetone or dimethylformamide. The acetylene ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00752 | Why are we still flushing toilets with clean, drinking water? | We certainly _can_ use grey or salt water and many places do. The reason that many places don't is cost of implementation. You have to install and maintain two sets of pipes - potable and non-potable water - to every bathroom. In areas where fresh water isn't scarce, there is little reason to do this. | [
"Reuse of reclaimed water is an increasingly common response to water scarcity in many parts of the United States. Reclaimed water is being reused directly for various non-potable uses in the United States, including urban landscape irrigation of parks, school yards, highway medians and golf courses; fire protectio... | [
"We are not using non clean water in toilets.",
"Humans should not flush toilets with clean drinking water."
] | [
"Some places do use non clean water but it requires more pipes to work.",
"Some places do flush salt or grey water instead of clean water down their toilets, to add, the reason why many places don't, is the cost to implement is way too high."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"We are not using non clean water in toilets.",
"Humans should not flush toilets with clean drinking water."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some places do use non clean water but it requires more pipes to work.",
"Some places do flush salt or grey water instead of clean water down their toilets, to add, the reason why many places don't, is the cost to implement is way too high."
] |
2018-01973 | When you numb your arm by sleeping on it what happens and why does it not hurt it permanently? | The numbness comes from pressure restricting blood supply to the nerves which convey sensation. While restricted enough to mess up their usual operation it typically isn't enough to cause permanent damage, although in more extreme cases it actually can cause permanent nerve damage. | [
"Cubital tunnel syndrome may be prevented or reduced by maintaining good posture and proper use of the elbow and arms, such as wearing an arm splint while sleeping to maintain the arm is in a straight position instead of keeping the elbow tightly bent. A recent example of this is popularization of the concept of ce... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17193 | Does the time a tablet takes to dissolve in your stomach acid indicate its effectiveness in any way? | It definitely matters. That's actually often how drugs that last for say 8-24 hours work- they have a shell that slowly dissolves, which gives you a nice slow steady dose (rather than a large spike all at once) > So, as a side question, anyone have any other suggestions as to how to test it? Ideally, you'd have people take the pills, and then measure how much of the chemical (usually bloodstream, since that's how 99% of stuff is circulated through your body) is in their system > Want to test this for an IRP, and can only think of using an artificial stomach acid to indicate the various brands of ibuprofen tablets’ effectiveness. I think barring an actual clinical trial, this is a pretty reasonable approach. The main downsides are uptake (you're kind of lucky, since according to google ibuprofen just gets absorbed through the stomach wall), and apparently there are some versions which can be applied orally or topically. > Want to test this for an IRP > could I still claim that it provides an indication as to how fast it works? I'm not quite sure what an IRP is, but if you're doing this as anything more than a science project for your own benefit, be very careful. The FDA gets extremely strict on making these sorts of claims, so ideally you should talk to both a lawyer and a doctor/biologist. I think you can use the results, but you need to use certain types of wording | [
"If the active ingredient of a tablet is sensitive to acid, or is irritant to the stomach lining, an enteric coating can be used, which is resistant to stomach acid, and dissolves in the less acidic area of the intestines. Enteric coatings are also used for medicines that can be negatively affected by taking a long... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22920 | How do planes not hydroplane when landing on a wet runway? | Ooh! Ooh! I know this one! Hydroplaning and sliding are two different things that people often confuse. Hydroplaning occurs when the tire is spun by a drive force so quickly that the rpm exceeds the force of friction and lifts the vehicle out of the standing water on the surface and glides across the top of the water. When a plane lands on a wet runway it CAN slide if brakes are applied too much too soon, (though at landing speeds most jets and turboprops use thrust reversers or change the angle of their propellers to slow their speed) but cannot hydroplane because nothing is mechanically spinning the wheels other than contact with the surface, so the tires cannot spin faster than the speed needed to create the hydroplaning effect. | [
"Section::::Hazards.\n\nAn occasional problem with amphibians is with ensuring the wheels are in the correct position for landing. In normal operation, the pilot uses a checklist, verifying each item. Since amphibians can land with them up or down though, the pilot must take extra care to ensure they are correct fo... | [
"Planes should hydroplane on a wet runway"
] | [
"me"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Planes should hydroplane on a wet runway",
"Planes should hydroplane on a wet runway"
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"me",
"Planes don't hydroplane on a wet runway because nothing is mechanically spinning the wheels, but planes can slide on a wet runway."
] |
2018-00935 | What causes people to pass out when enduring harsh pain? (Getting punched, slapped, hit, etc) | When you’re in the moment, you have hormones that are secreted from your adrenal glands. These hormones are more commonly known as adrenaline or epinephrine. When in the moment, adrenaline blocks you from the pain but once the adrenaline wears off, the pain kicks in. Your body’s way of responding to the pain is to shut itself out so you don’t feel more hurt than you should feel. | [
"BULLET::::7. John Winchester, dying as well in Mckendree Hospital.\n",
"Guru Gobind Singh blessed those forty dead as the \"Chali Mukte\", Forty Liberated Ones. He took into his care Mai Bhago, who had suffered serious injury in the battle.\n\nSection::::Biography.:Mai Bhago Kaur residing with the Guru.\n",
"T... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19825 | How do babies know that when they cry they'd attract attention and probably get wat they want? | For very young infants, it's not so much "knowledge" as instinct. Natural selection has favored babies that make noise when in need over those who are silent when in need. For older children like toddlers, positive reinforcement leads to a habit of more intentional crying to get attention. | [
"In a 2015 study by Verena Kersken, Klaus Zuberbühler and Juan-Carlos Gomez, non-linguistic vocalizations of infants were presented to adults to see if the adults could distinguish from infant vocalizations indicating requests for help, pointing to an object, or indicating an event. Infants show different prosodic ... | [
"Babies know they will get attention by crying.",
"Crying is done by babies to attract attention. "
] | [
"Crying is an evolved, instinctual behavior, since children who make noise when they are in need are more likely to survive than those who are silent.",
"Crying by young babies is done out of instinct, yet crying by older toddlers and children is due to reinforcement. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Babies know they will get attention by crying.",
"Crying is done by babies to attract attention. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Crying is an evolved, instinctual behavior, since children who make noise when they are in need are more likely to survive than those who are silent.",
"Crying by young babies is done out of instinct, yet crying by older toddlers and children is due to reinforcement. "
] |
2018-00611 | How do player trades in sports work? How much input does the player have in the decision to be traded? | > How do player trades in sports work? It varies by sport, but for a general answer, as long as the teams make a deal with each other, and they don't break any rules the league has about trades (which they generally don't because they know the rules), then its as simple as just two sides coming a deal. It really is that easy. > How much input does the player have in the decision to be traded? Depends on the player. In some cases, the player may be involved had have a lot of input. In others they may just go over and tell them they got traded, and done deal. And some in between. In some cases top players even get clauses in their regarding their input on trades involving them, or that they can only be traded at certain times, or to certain teams, and so on. The better a player you are, the better your contract is, the better chance you may get a say in the process, not that you will get a say, but a better chance to. | [
"In professional sports of the United States and Canada, a trade is a sports league transaction between sports clubs that involves an exchange of players from one club/team to another. Though players are the primary trading assets, draft picks and/or cash are other assets that may be supplemented to consummate a tr... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05082 | If chemical reactions release energy which produces heat, how does a chemical ice pack work? | This is called an endothermic reaction. When the water pack inside is broken it mixes with whatever substance is inside and this causes heat to be absorbed rapidly. edit: spelling. | [
"Unlike instant cold packs, that are stored at room temperature and quickly chill themselves when needed for one-time use, reusable hot cold packs are merely a material that holds its temperature well, so they are stored in a freezer or heated in water or a microwave oven to reach the desired temperature. The first... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Chemical reactions release energy."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Endothermic reactions absorb energy."
] |
2018-00203 | How do they test nuclear weapons without endangering the whole world, as we're often told nuclear weapons would do? | Back in the early days nuclear weapons were tested out in the middle of nowhere. Bomb ranges in Nevada. Siberian wastes. Tiny Pacific atolls. [Space.]( URL_0 ) Eventually the world's nuclear powers agreed that they should do *something* to try and conceal the nuclear fallout from these tests, and underground testing became the standard. There haven't been many nuclear tests in recent years, since the design of the bombs is well known now. Most testing has been dedicated to the delivery systems instead. | [
"Section::::Nuclear weapons tests.:Test preparation.:Test teams.\n",
"Between 1945 and 1980, the United States, the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom, France and China exploded 504 nuclear devices in atmospheric tests at thirteen primary sites yielding the explosive equivalent of 440 megatons of TNT. Of these atmosphe... | [
"Nuclear weapons testing endangers the whole world."
] | [
"World nuclear powers are able to conceal nuclear fallout by limiting testing to underground which does not endanger the whole world. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Nuclear weapons testing endangers the whole world.",
"Nuclear testing is ongoing in a way that is potentially dangerous."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"World nuclear powers are able to conceal nuclear fallout by limiting testing to underground which does not endanger the whole world. ",
"Nuclear testing if done at all is done underground which protects civilization from the fallout. Also tests on the nuclear payload are not done as much anymore because the way ... |
2018-15334 | Why does placing certain adjectives in a different order sounds weird? | Adjectives in English absolutely have to be in this order: opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose Noun. So you can have a lovely little old rectangular green French silver whittling knife. But if you mess with that word order in the slightest you'll sound like a maniac. It's an odd thing that every English speaker uses that list, but almost none of us could write it out. And as size comes before colour, blue big cars can't exist." Not mine, but a fairly common anecdote regarding this very question. Hope it helps! | [
"Over time the position of adjectives can be seen changing, for example, between Cato the Elder (2nd century BC) and Columella (1st century AD). Adjectives describing the type of something, such as \"wooden\", \"designed for oil\" or \"new\" always follow the noun in Cato, but can come either before or after in Col... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06141 | Why do tears taste salty ? | They have a lots of salt in them, about as much as sea water. So does your blood. Your tears are to flush foreign matter, assist in lubrication of blinking, and relive cellular irritation. So they have the salinity the cells o your eye are most comfortable at. Why so mush? - because cells originally evolved to exist in the salty sea. As things made the jump to multi-cellular, the evolved to carry an "internal sea" to keep their cells alive and happy - inter-cellular fluid and blood are two examples. Tears are another. | [
"The song was performed live on tour for the first time in November 2005 on the Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour. A performance from the 2006 leg of the tour was captured for the 2008 concert film \"Shine a Light\" and the accompanying soundtrack album. On 11 July in Milan the Stones performed the song with the Italian l... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09949 | How do software distribution platforms (such as Steam or Play Store) verify the security of the software they offer? | Well steam has no quality assurance at all, you can purchase games with actual money which do no even contain .exe files. Malware HAS been sold in the platform before. | [
"This activation code is generated during the packaging phase of manufacture, so that every user is receiving the same software but a different activation code. If a user performs a \"casual copy\" of the software for a friend, that friend must have the license code as well as the software to install it on their sy... | [
"Software distribution platforms (such as Steam or Play Store) verify the security of the software they offer.",
"Distribution platforms such as Steam verify the security of the software they offer."
] | [
"Steam has no quality assurance at all, thus do not verify the security of the software they offer.",
"Steam has no quality assurance at all."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Software distribution platforms (such as Steam or Play Store) verify the security of the software they offer.",
"Distribution platforms such as Steam verify the security of the software they offer."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Steam has no quality assurance at all, thus do not verify the security of the software they offer.",
"Steam has no quality assurance at all."
] |
2018-23757 | How are sine, triangle, square, and saw waves used to produce sound? | Those waves are a representation of the sound. Let's take a square wave because that'll be a simple example, at 1000hz. So 1000 times a second there will be a high and a low on the wave. So 1000 times in one second, the speaker playing the sound will move to where however much the high side gives in terms of voltage through the amp, and the low side will go to it's spot. If you had a scope that shows the sound waves, the noise coming out of the speaker (assuming a 100% correct playing of the sound) would show up as a square wave. So pretty much the wave just shows how the speaker is going to move and by how much. And if you had something like a lie detector where it has those needles scribbling lines on paper, and the other end of the needle was connected to the speaker, it would draw that wave that you put into it. | [
"In musical terms, they are often described as sounding hollow, and are therefore used as the basis for wind instrument sounds created using subtractive synthesis. Additionally, the distortion effect used on electric guitars clips the outermost regions of the waveform, causing it to increasingly resemble a square w... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00178 | Why is carbon fibre so strong if just held together by resin? | [This wiki link is a good place to start if you're curious about fibrous composites.]( URL_0 ) So "carbon fiber" the material has some incredibly high tensile strength to weight ratio. It's like a super rope material if you will... But like rope, it doesn't hold it's shape. You can weave the fiber into a shape you want, and then the matrix(resin/plastic) provides the stiffness. Then when there is a force in the direction the shape is designed for, the incredibly strong fibers take a lot of the stress. This means you can make it stronger and lighter. If you're doing a force the structure isn't made for, it can actually make it weaker - because the fiber isn't taking any stress in the direction and can actually cause a failure mode. | [
"Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite. When impregnated with a plastic resin and baked it forms carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (often referred to as carbon fiber) which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremely rigid although somewhat brittle. Carbon fibers a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04440 | Why do animals like pigs, horses, cows like to roll in mud? | To put it sinply, often times these animals roll in the mud to help with temperature regulation. Pigs for example don't sweat so they need the mud to help cool off . It can also be used for protection from the Sun. Source: wife is former large animal vet tech | [
"Wallowing in animals\n\nWallowing in animals is a comfort behaviour during which an animal rolls its body about in mud, water or snow. Some definitions include rolling about in dust, however, in ethology this is usually referred to as dust bathing. Wallowing is often combined with other behaviours to fulfil its pu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01102 | How do animals pick up their children/foster children by their mouths without hurting them? | These young animals weigh fairly little, so the stress on their tissue from the weight is very little. Usually the parent grabs some loose furry skin that is sort of made for use as a handle. | [
"Most of the muscle in an alligator's jaw evolved to bite and grip prey. The muscles that close the jaws are exceptionally powerful, but the muscles for opening their jaws are comparatively weak. As a result, an adult human can hold an alligator's jaws shut bare-handed. It is common today to use several wraps of du... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23300 | How exactly does milk help get rid of the pain you recieve from eating very spicy foods? | The substance that causes the burning and pain while eating chillies (capsaicin) is oily, milk has a substance that readily binds with oil (casein) so when you drink milk it washes down capsaicin from the receptors in your mouth. | [
"Capsaicinoids are the chemicals responsible for the \"hot\" taste of chili peppers. They are fat soluble and therefore water will be of no assistance when countering the burn. The most effective way to relieve the burning sensation is with dairy products, such as milk and yogurt. A protein called casein occurs in ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11444 | why can't we build a car that generates its power from the wheels turn like a windmill | Because energy transfer isn't perfect, and the energy you'd expend getting the wheels to turn is WAYYY more than the energy you'd get back trying to use the spinning wheels to turn a generator. | [
"In extended-range electric vehicles, like those planned by Land-Rover/Range-Rover in conjunction with Bladon, or by Jaguar also in partnership with Bladon, the very poor throttling response (their high moment of rotational inertia) does not matter, because the gas turbine, which may be spinning at 100,000 rpm, is ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19307 | why do sinks have aerators | To conserve water so we use less, and to increase the surface area of the water you are using too hit more of the object you want to wash. | [
"BULLET::::- Provides slight filtration of debris due to a small sieve plate\n\nSection::::Function.:Prevents splashing.\n",
"On average, sinks were 15% of U.S. indoor water use in 1999. There are, however, easy methods to rectify excessive water loss. Available for purchase is a screw-on aerator. This device wor... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04573 | What is happening mechanically different between a decent golfer and a world class competing professional golfer? Why can they make their ball for so much further? | The faster you swing, the harder it is to hit the ball accurately. It takes practice and control to be able to hit the ball further *and* hit it where you want it to go. But distance is only part of the game. There is accuracy, there is knowing what club to use, and then there is the short game. Most holes are par 4 and you'll have 1-2 strokes while on the green. That means 25% to 50% of your strokes is going to be with a putter trying to get the ball into the hole and that takes an entirely different set of skills. | [
"Equipment is accurate as of the 2018 WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play (March 20, 2018).\n\nBULLET::::- Driver: Callaway Rogue Sub Zero (9 degrees)\n\nBULLET::::- 3-wood: Callaway Rogue Sub Zero (13.5 degrees)\n\nBULLET::::- Hybrid: Callaway Rogue (19 Degrees)\n\nBULLET::::- Utility: Callaway X Forged UT (18 degree... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18898 | why do birds, like pigeons or crows, bob their heads when they walk? Why is that trait beneficial for them? | When we walk, our eyes actually bob a little to keep our gaze. Birds don’t have this mechanism. Instead they Bob their heads. It allows them to keep their head in the same position for the maximum amount of time before moving so their image/view is stable. Some birds don’t bob their heads though. Which is an interesting phenomenon. | [
"The neck of a bird is composed of 13–25 cervical vertebrae enabling birds to have increased flexibility. A flexible neck allows many birds with immobile eyes to move their head more productively and center their sight on objects that are close or far in distance. Most birds have about three times as many neck vert... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01003 | How does a knife cut through material on atomic/molecular level? | They push atoms out of the way. I know its a really common fact that atoms never touch eachother, but you have to understand that on the scale that that is true it never ever impacts anything practical. Its like if I showed you a stacked stone wall and said "here run through this, don't worry, those stones aren't technically connected." But atoms are connected on a macro level, and the knife can break these intramolecular bonds as it passes through. | [
"BULLET::::- Fine serration of the edge of the blade by micro-flaking. This step produces the sharpness of the blade.\n",
"Among the first references in fiction to a \"monofilament\" as such is in John Brunner's \"Stand on Zanzibar\" (1968), where hobby terrorists deploy this over-the-shelf General Technics produ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05773 | How can we shape C4 to explode in a certain direction but we can’t with nuclear explosions? | Shaped nuclear charges are theoretically possible, but they haven't been designed or built because there's no obvious need. If you're trying to penetrate something and one nuke didn't do it, why not just nuke it again? (if you're willing to nuke it at all) One practical application of shaped nuclear charges is nuclear pulse engines, a hypothetical spacecraft thruster. The idea never got off the ground (literally) because people thought nuking a box full of nukes was probably asking for trouble. This explains **why** shaped nukes don't exist, but it would take a different explaination as to **how** shaped charges work at all. | [
"The first set of questions concerned nuclear implosion. The first module, or fission trigger, exploded \"by compression of nuclear material or fission and fusion of materials by spherical explosion of chemical explosives, in which the spherical symmetry of the implosion was dictated by the initial spherically symm... | [
"Nuclear explosions cannot be shaped.",
"Nuclear explosions cannot be shaped to explode in a certain direction. "
] | [
"Shaped nuclear charges are theoretically possible.",
"Theoretically, shaped nuclear explosions are possible, but because theres no need for them, they haven't been created."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Nuclear explosions cannot be shaped.",
"Nuclear explosions cannot be shaped to explode in a certain direction. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Shaped nuclear charges are theoretically possible.",
"Theoretically, shaped nuclear explosions are possible, but because theres no need for them, they haven't been created."
] |
2018-03129 | why did (do?) the Catholics and Protestants in Ireland, and in general, hate and fight each other? | The English conquered and generally subjugated Ireland for almost 1000 years. The Protestants represent those in Ireland that generally sided with the English. The Catholics represent those in Ireland that generally fought in armed resistance against them. It's not about religion, it's about politics. | [
"The native Irish and the \"Old English\" (who had come to Ireland at the time of the Normans), while subject to the English crown, were overwhelmingly opposed to the Anglican and dissenting churches, and the vast majority remained Catholic, which had tragic implications for the later history of Ireland (such as th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02976 | in detail, how do people shrink as they get older? | The hydrated spaces between each vertebra (intervertebral) discs cushion each individual vertebra. As a person ages, these discs lose water, and the disc can't resist as much compression of the spine. So the spine compresses much like a slinky which causes it to shorten. Bone loss is also another factor. Issues like osteoporosis cause degradation of trabeculae, which are factors in forming bone. These cause overall bone loss which can shorten a human. The back muscles also get weaker as we age and can't hold the spine in it's natural position as well. | [
"With the growth in the elderly population of humans, there has been a rise to myelomalacia. Because the human body begins to deteriorate with age, and because human population is living many years longer, there has been a growth in cases of myelomalacia. As the bones in the body begin to weaken in a process known ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01669 | How do trees grow so tall? | Your second question is really interesting. If you try to suck water up a straw, the water will only go up to 10 meters and not any higher. Trees go beyond vacuum though - they create a negative pressure that sucks up the water. This only works because the tubes where the water is sucked up are completely free of air - otherwise the water would be boiling. [Here's a video addressing exactly that question.]( URL_0 ) | [
"The tree growth habit is an evolutionary adaptation found in different groups of plants: by growing taller, trees are able to compete better for sunlight. Trees tend to be tall and long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. Several trees are among the oldest organisms now living. Trees have modified str... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01062 | Why do some brands of potato crisps say "batch cooked"? | To get high output, big potato chip companies use a [continuous process]( URL_0 ) to make their potato chips. Batch cooking your potato chips implies that the manufacturer is smaller, or is more willing to take the time to get the cooking just right, as opposed to the highly automated method above. Indicating it's probably a more unique product. | [
"Deighton's cookstrips were seen by fellow student Raymond Hawkey who suggested that with the addition of a grid to increase legibility they could be a regular newspaper feature. Although the cookstrips were originally planned for the Daily Express they found a more permanent home as a weekly feature in The Observe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12363 | How do scientists "program" stem cells in labor to act in a certain way? | I'm no expert, so I'm hoping that someone with more knowledge can chime in, but since I'm here... As I understand it, stemcells are controlled using hormones. The scientists expose the cells to different hormones at different times to make them develop as they want. Don't quote me though, I'm not certain I'm right! | [
"The first patient, identified in an article by the Washington Post as Timothy J. Atchison of Alabama, enrolled in the trial in October 2010. The patient was treated at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta, GA just two weeks after he sustained a spinal cord injury in a car accident. The Shepherd Center and six other spin... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08207 | Was there a time when Greeks worshipped the Titans instead of the Gods? Or did the entire narrative come about after worship of the pantheon of gods was already established? | In a word, no. While certain gods came and went, and some were considered newer even when they were actually quite ancient, for the most part the gods that the Greeks worshiped remained, as far as this question is concerned, the same. Essentially their pantheon was inherited from the proto-indoeuropean roots much like their language. The gods that we are familiar with, Zeus and the like, have their roots in gods which, as far as we can tell, functioned very similarly based on PIE linguistics. Zeus and Jupiter (Roman equivalent) are both etymologically related to a reconstructed deity [Dyeus Phter]( URL_0 ) which just means "sky daddy". This makes sense because they are both fatherly figures of the sky. So where did all the titan stories come from? Well, a few places. For most of human history cultural information was passed down from generation to generation in the form of stories. It helps to have a compelling story to tell and, at times, certain embellishments can be made. Over the course of hundreds of generations and even more embellishments you will eventually wind up with a full fledged mythology. However, that does not mean that all of these stories are embellishments, strictly speaking. One of the interesting facets of Greek ritual observance is their willingness to adopt gods and appropriate their stories and fold them into their own mythologies. This is essentially what is happening at the beginning of Plato's Republic; it opens with a Greek festival to a foreign goddess. Over time, it becomes quite difficult to separate native stories from original stories from adopted ones. So, were the titans worshiped before the gods? Perhaps, but not by the Greeks. However, it is also important to remember that some of the titans were worshiped with much the same vigor and veneration as the gods, they all had their ritual roles to play in the overarching mythology. Addendum: It is also worth noting that some mythologies, such as some of the Roman origin stories, have ancient peoples that founders encounter worshiping deities such as Saturn. Instances such as this could really go either way, as a religion that got subsumed or as literary embellishment. However, most material evidence points to the extreme antiquity of much of the core pantheon. | [
"Earlier allusions to the myth possibly occur in the works of the poet Pindar, Plato, and Plato's student Xenocrates. A fragment from a poem, presumed to be by Pindar, mentions Persephone accepting \"requital for ancient wrong\", from the dead, which might be a reference to humans' inherited responsibility for the ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04335 | Why do people buy houses instead of rent? | Most rental houses have stipulations on what you can and can't do to the house. If you want a specific type of house, one that doesn't regularly exist, the your only option will be to build that house yourself (or contract it out) Also, long term, you could potentially pay less buying a house than you would renting it for the rest of your life. This is even more true if you plan on passing down your house to your family. | [
"It has been widely reported that the financial crisis of 2007–2010 may have contributed to the rapid growth of online rental marketplaces, such as erento, as consumers are more likely to consider renting instead of buying in times of financial hardship. Environmental concerns, fast depreciation of goods, and a mor... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02707 | If you poured 1 liter of neutrons from a bottle onto the ground, would it sink to the center of Earth, rise into space, attach to something, or what? | > If you poured 1 liter of neutrons from a bottle onto the ground, would it sink to the center of Earth, rise into space, attach to something, or what? Just neutrons? Well, first it would be a big question of how you got neutronium to stay together under standard Earth pressure in the first place. This liter of neutronium would weigh approximately 447.5 billion tons. In standard temperature and pressure it would immediately begin to expand outward as a gas, but also begin to decay. Their half life is 10 minutes 11 seconds during which time it would emit about 11565 yottajoules of beta decay energy. That is about 30 times the entire energy output of the sun over one second, and spreading it out over 10 minutes really isn't going to help. In summary the entire planet would be obliterated. | [
"The shape with minimal critical mass and the smallest physical dimensions is a sphere. Bare-sphere critical masses at normal density of some actinides are listed in the following table. Most information on bare sphere masses is considered classified, since it is critical to nuclear weapons design, but some documen... | [
"1 liter of neutrons could be put into a bottle"
] | [
"Neutrons could not stay together under standard Earth pressure."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"1 liter of neutrons could be put into a bottle"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Neutrons could not stay together under standard Earth pressure."
] |
2018-04743 | The earth is constantly spinning. If I had a drone with a 24 hour battery and set it to hover without moving would it change its position because the earth or would it appear to be stationary? Why is this the case/how does it work? | The earths sidereal rotation is 460 meters per second or roughly 1000 miles per hour. To get the effect I think you are describing your drone would need to travel east at 1000 mph to change position relative to the earths rotation, otherwise I think I would just hover in the same GPS coordinates for 24 hours. | [
"The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000, on which one inch represents sixteen miles. As with most globes, it's mounted at a 23.5 degree angle, the same axial tilt as the Earth itself; thus the equator is diagonal to the floor. It uses a cantilever mount with two motors, and simulates one day's revolution a... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00142 | How are electric cars heated? | Yeah, you're completely correct. There's just heaters and they do cut into the battery life of the car a fair deal. | [
"However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery EVs can be preheated, or cooled, with little or no need for battery energy, especially for short trips.\n",
"Performance testing simulates the drive cycles for the drive trains of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Pl... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00873 | how do architects design new and unique buildings and know that they will be structurally sound when actually built? | For *very* unique buildings they use computer software that actually calculates the forces on each and every post, beam, and joint. For buildings based on traditional designs they have pre-calculated figures they can just look up and adjust. | [
"There are many types of in-depth specialized technical evaluations and audits. These validations generally require time, a major effort by the customer group, and a high level of funding. Normally, the most valuable methods and tools are comprehensive scans which are performance based and include metrics that can ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02060 | Why does it take longer for mold to grow on wheat bread? | Mold like most food contaminants require 3 major factors to grow: -Available moisture -Available source of food (most of the time sugar and/or protein) -Temperature (most food spoiling critters has an optimal growth range between 4°C/40°F to 70°C/160°F To slow down growth you have to knock out one or more of those factor. Dehydrated food will last longer then fresh, frozen will again outlast room temp counterpart and chicken stock spoils faster then water. Wheat bread has it's sugar(primary food source) in less processed forms(fibers, starch) thus requiring more efforts and energy expenditure to acquire. White bread usually have sugars that are far more processed (usually straight processed sugar and/or glucose-fructose). Processed sugar(white bread) is to the mold the human equivalent of getting pizza delivered VS more complex sugars(wheat bread) of driving across town to get all the ingredients to make a pizza from scratch, going back home and making it. One will make you fatter a lot faster then the other and this is what's happening with the mold as well. | [
"As it ferments, sometimes for several days, the volume of the starter is increased by periodic additions of flour and water, called \"refreshments\". As long as this starter culture is fed flour and water regularly it will remain active.\n",
"Under optimal conditions, ascospores mature and are released to initia... | [] | [] | [
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2018-15703 | How exactly do scientantists know what a peticular gene does? | It’s trial and error. They take two people or animals, one that has the gene and one that doesn’t, then find out the difference. With a large enough sample size they’re able to isolate genes and better understand what they do | [
"DeCODE genetics\n\ndeCODE genetics, Inc. (Icelandic: Íslensk erfðagreining) is a biopharmaceutical company based in Reykjavík, Iceland. The company was founded in 1996 by Kári Stefánsson to identify human genes associated with common diseases using population studies, and apply the knowledge gained to guide the de... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23107 | Why is a camera not able to take a proper picture of a monitor or TV screen? | Are you talking about the wavy lines? They're called [moiré patterns]( URL_0 ). Nothing to do with the refreshing of the screen. It's an interference pattern due to the difference between the grid of pixels on the screen, grid of the camera sensor, and pixel grid on the camera screen. You can see this same effect if you try to take a picture of a window screen | [
"BULLET::::- Lack of motion detection. Provided on an input by input basis, this feature detects the movement of an object into the field of view and remaining still for a user definable time. Detection causes an internal event that may be output to external equipment and/or used to trigger changes in other interna... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02090 | How come we get runny nose when we eat spicy foods? | In your throat, nose, and lungs, you have mucus membranes. These produce mucus as a defense against anything foreign, which helps keep undesirable things (dust, allergens, etc.) out of your respiratory system so it all functions nice and clean. Spicy foods contain an irritating agent - in peppers, and many pepper-based foods like hot sauce, this is called **capsaicin**. Capsaicin reacts with sensory neurons in your mouth and throat, which causes the familiar "burning" sensation. This also causes mucus membranes to produce more mucus as a defense mechanism. The extra mucus has to go somewhere...leading to a runny nose. | [
"Pungency\n\nPungency is the condition of having a strong, sharp smell or flavor that is often so strong that it is unpleasant. \"Pungency\" is the technical term used by scientists to refer to the characteristic of food commonly referred to as spiciness or hotness and sometimes heat, which is found in foods such a... | [] | [] | [
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2018-02936 | Do plants have typical lifespans the same way animals do? | The lifespan is clearer in plants that are either annual or biannual. Those plants usually die during the dry season, fruiting at the last moment, leaving offspring to repopulate the next rainy season. It gets more complicated with plants that endure the dry season or live where there's no such thing as a dry season (like rainforests), in the ideal conditions (they don't get eaten or sick), they can live indefinitely. It's also important to keep in mind that age isn't quite important for plants. You can have two trees: Tree A is 20 years old but is only a tiny tree not higher than 4 m because it has lived under the shadow of taller trees during its lifetime. Tree B is 2 years old but is 25 m tall because it got the luck to germinate right when and where a clearing happened, giving it lots of space and resources to grow. If you saw them both separately, you would think that tree A is younger and tree B is older. In my experience as a biologist, I've come to the conclusion that it's better to think of plants on their own terms, instead of trying to "animalize" them, forcing factors that are more meaningful to animals in order to understand them. Plants are entirely in another level. | [
"Plants are referred to as annuals which live only one year, biennials which live two years, and perennials which live longer than that. The longest-lived perennials, woody-stemmed plants such as trees and bushes, often live for hundreds and even thousands of years (one may question whether or not they may die of o... | [
"Lifespans for plants is important in the same way lifespan is important for animals. "
] | [
"Lifespans for plants is not important in the same way lifespans are important to animals. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Lifespans for plants is important in the same way lifespan is important for animals. ",
"Lifespans for plants is important in the same way lifespan is important for animals. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Lifespans for plants is not important in the same way lifespans are important to animals. ",
"Lifespans for plants is not important in the same way lifespans are important to animals. "
] |
2018-02538 | How does trading on the stock exchange make the price of a stock increase or decrease? | I have a candy bar that I’m willing to sell for $2. You’ll buy it for $1. We sit and stare at each other. Joe comes into the room and says he has the exact same candy bar he’ll sell for 1.75 and Janet comes into the room and says she’ll buy one for 1.25. Every sits and stares at each other. Bill comes into the room and says I’ll sell a candy bar for 1.50. Barb comes into the room and says I’ll buy a candy bar for 1.50. Bill and Barb exchange 1.50 and the candy bar. Everyone else stares at each other. The “price” is the relative quantity of things for which people are willing to exchange things for. At that moment in time the price of a candy bar in dollars is 1.50 and the price of dollars in candy bars is 0.667. | [
"In stock index arbitrage a trader buys (or sells) a stock index futures contract such as the S&P 500 futures and sells (or buys) a portfolio of up to 500 stocks (can be a much smaller representative subset) at the NYSE matched against the futures trade. The program trade at the NYSE would be pre-programmed into a ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04200 | Why are the bottom of clouds flat and the tops are fluffy? | 2 separate atmospheric metrics are in play here. Temperature, like we are all familiar with, and dew point: the temperature at which the moisture contained in normal, clear air condenses and forms tiny droplets (visible moisture, like fog or clouds). As you rise in altitude, starting at ground level, the temperature decreases at a rate of roughly 2 degrees Celsius, or about 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit, per thousand feet of altitude, while the dew point stays roughly the same. This means that the spread between temperature and dew point gets smaller and smaller, until the point at which they meet, and visible moisture forms (ie clouds). This is why it’s possible to make fairly accurate predictions about where the base of clouds will form, and why they tend to be, a lot of times, pretty level at the base. Once the warm, rising air becomes cooled and condensed air, it becomes denser than the warm rising air beneath it, and reaches its peak altitude before settling back down. This creates a cyclical motion within the clouds that give them their puffy, pillowy look. This is obviously a simple concept that applies mostly to fair weather, cumulus clouds, which I picture when you phrased the question as you did. The truth is that weather systems are very, very complex and are worthy of some people’s entire specific careers. Hope this helps. | [
"Section::::Classification: How clouds are identified in the troposphere.:Accessory clouds, supplementary features, and other derivative types.:Cloud-based supplementary features.\n\n\"Incus\" is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A cumulonimbus incu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-13323 | How much of a song can be replicated before it is deemed a copy? and how can a musical style emulate artists, but not be copying them? | You change one note and you can say it’s different, I believe vanilla ice said he didn’t steal the heat to under pressure because the last note was different. Plus sampling is a huge thing in the music industry. Another good example is this is America by childish gambino almost completely ripped off the song from another rapper but it was just slightly different so there wasn’t too big of an up roar. It’s a hard thing to nail down honestly. | [
"The use of copyrighted material to create new content is a hotly debated topic. The emergence of the musical \"mashup\" genre has compounded the issue of creative licensing. A moral conflict is created between those who believe that copyright protects any unauthorized use of content, and those who maintain that sa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20718 | How was William Wallace able to be prosecuted by England? At the time they were an independent country, so why was this a “war on independence”? | At the time they were not a separate country. King Alexander III of Scotland died and the throne went to his Granddaughter Margaret who was still a young child and lived in Norway. They set up a proxy ruling council to rule till she came of age but she died of an illness 4 years after long before she could have produced an heir. This sent Scotland into civil war and after a time the Lords of Scotland asked King Edward I of England to arbitrate the succession to avoid said war. King Edward I required these Lords to all swear fealty to him before he would give arbitration, effectively conquering all of Scotland and making it a vassal state to England. John Balliol was chosen as the new King of Scotland and this caused tensions between Scotland and England. King John Balliol eventually renounced his fealty and rebelled against England and King Edward I went to war. King Edward I eventually forced King John Balliol to abdicate the Scottish throne then went about subjugating the other Nobles of Scotland often killing those that refused to swear fealty again. A few years after these events you get the Uprisings and the attempted rebellion that William Wallace was a part of. | [
"Not much is definitely known about this incident. The best account comes from the \"Scalacronica\" by Thomas Grey, whose father, also called Thomas Grey, was present. A fracas broke out at a court being held by Heselrig, but Wallace was able to escape with help from a girl who may have been his wife. He then came ... | [
"England was a separate country from Scotland during the Uprisings when William Wallace was alive.",
"England was independent from Scotland during the time of William Wallace."
] | [
"At that time, England and Scotland were not separate countries.",
"England was not a separate country from Scotland during the time of William Wallace."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"England was a separate country from Scotland during the Uprisings when William Wallace was alive.",
"England was independent from Scotland during the time of William Wallace."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"At that time, England and Scotland were not separate countries.",
"England was not a separate country from Scotland during the time of William Wallace."
] |
2018-15446 | how do truss rods in guitars work? | I’ve found a short video of a truss rod outside of a guitar, where you can get a good look at what happens when you tighten it: URL_0 It’s fixed into the guitar at two points, and tightening it extends the part that bends outwards, countering the pull of the strings. | [
"Truss rods are required for instruments with steel (high tension) strings. Without a truss rod, the guitar's wooden neck would gradually warp (i.e. bend) beyond repair due to applied high tension. Such devices are not normally needed on instruments with lower tension strings, such as the classical guitar, which us... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09210 | Why is the sound / EQ levels on some videos so low, when volume is maxed on the device? | Imagine the volume slider as a "multiplier" on the original sound source. In a gross oversimplification, let's assume that the slider is a direct multiplier on the sound level, so that max setting is 100% sound--the exact sound level of the original--50% is half the sound of the original, and a zero setting is obviously 0% (no sound). In this scenario, you'll notice that the volume control depends greatly on the sound level in the original audio. If you're playing audio file 1 with sound level 80, and an audio file 2 with sound level 40, file 2 will always be half as loud as file 1, no matter what your sound setting, because the original sound level in each file is just being multiplied by an amount set by the volume slider. (technically, sound levels scale logarithmically, but let's ignore that for now). So now that we've established how the volume slider works, the main part of the question is, *why* is it like that? Clearly, the physical speakers on the laptop are capable of creating larger sounds. However, whenever you play sounds louder than their original value (amplification), you run the risk of distorting them. Have you ever heard a video or sound file which sounded kind of "boomy" or "fuzzy"? That's typically the result of overwhelming amplification. Since this is generally viewed as undesirable, the computer generally doesn't let you do this, and limits you to playing sound files no louder than the original volume. Depending on your specific computer model and driver software, it might be possible--some systems have max slider at something greater than 100%, but this results in reduced sound quality. | [
"In broadcasting equipment, this is termed the Maximum Permitted Level, which is defined by European Broadcasting Union standards. These devices use peak programme meters instead of VU meters, which gives the reading a different meaning.\n\n\"Mic level\" is sometimes defined as −60 dBV, though levels from microphon... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04859 | Someone please explain the process of making vinyl records to me. How are records made so we can listen to them? | Sound waves are really just vibrations in the air (compression/density waves called phonons, to be specific, which can also propagate in other gases, liquids, and solids - but that's beyond the scope of your question). A tiny pattern of bumps and dips that almost exactly matches these vibrations can be recorded and pressed into grooves on a vinyl record. As the record needle passes over a pattern in the record grooves, it bounces and vibrates. In early record players (vibraphones), these vibrations were amplified directly to listening volume through a tuba-like funnel. Modern record players convert vibrations experienced by the needle into electric signals that are sent to a receiver for amplification and then to speakers, where the electric signal is converted back into compression waves in air (sound) by the electrically-driven motion of a speaker cone. | [
"BULLET::::- Lipman, Samuel,\"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions\", 1984. See the chapter on \"Getting on Record\", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and Walter Legge and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).\n\nBULLET::::- Millard, Andre J., \"America on record : a histor... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15561 | Why are handshakes used in meet and greets or why are they a sign of friendship? | I believe they were originally used as a way to establish trust where both parties prove to each other that they are not concealing anything (like weapons) in their hands | [
"Secret handshakes cannot be traced back to a specific dated origin, but it can be determined that it is as old as any form of greeting or identification. The Freemason Society is one of the most well-known and longstanding implementations of secret handshakes. However, Biblical records also show evidence of secret... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20886 | how can you use a potato to generate electricity? | Two pieces of different metals in a partially conducting liquid will generate a voltage, that's how batteries work. A potato, a lemon and similar provide the conduction but the electricity is essentially generated by the dissimilar metals. | [
"Potatoes have phosphoric acid and work well; they are the basis for commercial \"potato clock\" kits. Potato batteries with LED lighting have been proposed for use in poor countries or by off-grid populations. International research begun in 2010 showed that boiling potatoes for eight minutes improves their electr... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20443 | Why do your muscles hurt when you've got a fever? | The white blood cells that fight off the infection, they produce chemicals called cytokines in the process. That causes inflammation that is also beneficial in fighting off an infection but at the same time, it makes the muscles and joints ache. | [
"Persons having the HLA-DR4 type of human leucocyte antigen appear to have a higher risk of PMR.\n\nSection::::Diagnosis.\n\nNo specific test exists to diagnose polymyalgia rheumatica; many other diseases can cause inflammation and pain in muscles, but a few tests can help narrow down the cause of the pain. Limitat... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12389 | Why is California consistency ranked low in its financial position despite constantly generating the most economic activity and GDP? | When you have more money going out in social welfare then comes in. California has the highest amount of homeless and low income families in the states plus thousands of undocumented immigrants and it cost alot of money to fund those things | [
"BULLET::::- Comparison between U.S. states and countries by GDP (nominal)\n\nBULLET::::- List of country subdivisions by GDP over USD 100 billions\n\nBULLET::::- List of US state economies\n\nSection::::External links.\n\nBULLET::::- California's homepage\n\nBULLET::::- California Department of Finance\n\nBULLET::... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09194 | How do snakes digest their food when they eat the animal whole? | The snake's metabolism kicks into overdrive with its heart beating faster and its liver sometimes doubling in size, and it breaks down the carcass with the same thing we break down our food: sulfuric acid. It just takes a lot longer for a snake to dissolve a whole aligator or deer than for our bodies to dissolve already broken up, wet bits of food. It also takes more energy. In humans, when we eat consistently, up to 20% of our metabolism is used for digestion. You can imagine what it's like for snakes. | [
"Because snakes digest nearly all of their prey, they do not require additional sources of vitamins or minerals. Moreover, at this time, there exist no data to suggest otherwise.\n\nSection::::Captivity.:Heat, lighting and substrate.\n",
"After eating, snakes become dormant while the process of digestion takes pl... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Snakes should not be able to digest a whole animal"
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Snakes use sulfuric acid and energy to digest whole animals."
] |
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