id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
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2018-02861 | Microsoft has announced they’re ending support for push notifications in older versions of Windows Mobile. How can they do this and why would they want to? | Microsoft seem to be fed up of supporting anything mobile related. Try working with Windows CE5. | [
"During the 2016 Build keynote, Microsoft announced an update to the WNS and the Windows 10 Operating System that will allow for Android and iOS devices to forward push notifications received to Windows 10 to be viewed and discarded.\n\nSection::::Technical details.:Architecture.\n",
"November 2015, Microsoft ann... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Microsoft can't and shouldn't want to disable support for Windows Mobile. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Microsoft doesn't want to support Windows Mobile for reasons only known to them."
] |
2018-10173 | Why does the BC timeline seems like it's counted backwards and AD is counted forwards? | The timelines are based on the birth of Christ* - the AD years (Anno Domini - year of our lord) are based on years that have passed since his birth. BC years are based on the number of years before his birth, so we're counting down to that time. \* Most scholars accept that Christ was actually born between 4 - 6 BC, which throws the whole system off a bit | [
"BULLET::::- B.C. (or BC) – meaning \"Before Christ\". Used for years before AD 1, counting backwards so the year \"n\" BC is \"n\" years before AD 1. Thus there is no year 0.\n",
"BULLET::::- Part 8: list (fasti) of the Roman consuls to AD 354 br At AD 1: \"Hoc cons. dominus Iesus Christus natus est VIII kal. Ia... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11096 | how are hydroflasks capable of keeping cold and hot temperatures in terms of science? | Basically heat is transferred through material and air, the flask is a smaller bottle inside a bottle with a gap in-between. They suck the air out of the gap to stop the heat from escaping as quickly by forcing it to go through the top where there is no gap | [
"BULLET::::- Reaction flasks, which are usually spherical (i.e. round-bottom flask) and are accompanied by their necks, at the ends of which are ground glass joints to quickly and tightly connect to the rest of the apparatus (such as a reflux condenser or dropping funnel). The reaction flask is usually made of thic... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00294 | How do ghostwriters get reputation? How do they prove their ownership on works when getting employed? | they build their reputation through networking, it isn’t uncommon for artists/labels to pass around a GW. also — they prove ownership through credits. if it’s a commercial project, it’s illegal to withhold the credit of the GW. | [
"Sometimes famous authors will ghostwrite for other celebrities as well, such as when H. P. Lovecraft ghostwrote \"Imprisoned with the Pharaohs\" (also known as \"Under the Pyramids\") for Harry Houdini in \"Weird Tales\" in the 1920s.\n\nSection::::Types.:Religious.\n",
"A recent availability also exists, of out... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04737 | Why does only my right eye becomes red and irritated with too much screen time, but not both? | That's not a normal thing. It could be a condition on the eye, or you rubbing it with a hand that has more bacteria than the other. It is probably worth a doctors visit, at least everywhere outside the US it is. If you can see a doctor without bankruptcy you probably should. | [
"A reduction in visual acuity in a 'red eye' is indicative of serious ocular disease, such as keratitis, iridocyclitis, and glaucoma, and never occurs in simple conjunctivitis without accompanying corneal involvement.\n\nSection::::Diagnosis.:Ciliary flush.\n\nCiliary flush is usually present in eyes with corneal i... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18440 | why are injuries caused by acid considered burns when it has different effects on human flesh from heat? | Because by and large the way it is treated is the same. Copious amounts of water, dressing and seeking medical attention. In the worst cases, treatment in a burns unit, skin grafting and so on. It might not technically be a burn, but it's easier to lump people together into rough approximations of their clinical needs. | [
"Section::::Injury.:Chemical injury.\n\nThe sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals. The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants, preventing further harm. Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02563 | Why is an overbite more common than underbite for people needing braces? | Has to do with the placement of the bottom teeth which are connected to the jaw which is connected by a hinge the top teeth being bigger and cortisol connected to the skull sit over the bottom teeth an exaggeration of this is called an over bite | [
"Section::::Society and culture.\n\nThe cost of scoliosis involves both monetary losses and lifestyle limitations that increase with severity. Respiratory deficiencies may also arise from thoracic deformities and cause abnormal breathing. This directly affects exercise and work capacity, decreasing the overall qual... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16030 | How does gravity bend light if light is massless? | Because gravity bends space-time itself. The light is still going straight, by its own point of view, but the space-time is curved by the gravity, so something traveling straight through curved space-time alters its direction relative to an observer outside the curved region. Black holes basically curve space-time inward to the point that there's no getting back out of that gravity well. | [
"In general relativity, light follows the curvature of spacetime, hence when light passes around a massive object, it is bent. This means that the light from an object on the other side will be bent towards an observer's eye, just like an ordinary lens. In General Relativity the speed of light depends on the gravit... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Gravity bends light."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Light continues to travel straight but can appear to bend due to the way gravity bends space-time."
] |
2018-09286 | A car with constant speed means sigma Force=0, but yet i will feel the pain, why? | It's not about the acceleration here. It's about Momentum. When the car hits you, it brings about a change in its momentum in a short time (called impulse). That change in momentum (i.e. impulse) gets transferred to your body. Consequently, your own momentum shoots up from zero. And THAT is the force you experience. Given how heavy the car is versus you, a small change in the car's momentum will still be a large impulse | [
"The work needed to move the body over a small distance \"dr\" against this force is therefore given by\n\nwhere the minus sign indicates the force acts in the opposite sense of formula_34.\n\nThe total work needed to move the body from the surface \"r\" of the gravitating body to infinity is then\n\nThis is the mi... | [
"I should not feel pain during a car collision due to it not following Newton's law of force. (Constant Speed = Zero Force)"
] | [
"The pain is not caused by current speed or acceleration, it is due to change in momentum, when momentum is changed, it causes impulse. The impulse that is transferred to your body is the pain you feel."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"I should not feel pain during a car collision due to it not following Newton's law of force. (Constant Speed = Zero Force)",
"I should not feel pain during a car collision due to it not following Newton's law of force. (Constant Speed = Zero Force)"
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The pain is not caused by current speed or acceleration, it is due to change in momentum, when momentum is changed, it causes impulse. The impulse that is transferred to your body is the pain you feel.",
"The pain is not caused by current speed or acceleration, it is due to change in momentum, when momentum is c... |
2018-06266 | Why doesn’t stereo volume stop at a point before distortion occurs in stock speakers? Conversely, why don’t stock speakers hold up to the capability of their stereo counterparts? | Manufacturers often make more variety of speaker than head unit, so low quality speakers are often paired with more powerful head units. They want to keep the overall system inexpensive, but they're not able to get a cheaper head unit. | [
"BULLET::::- Distortion: Overdriven transformers can add ringing distortion to the audio signal. Low cost transformers are prone to distortion at higher power levels, especially with regard to low frequency response. Low level signals can fail to energize a poorly designed transformer core enough to prevent higher ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00165 | How do movie producers decide when to release their movie? | It is a huge strategic card game, where you have to take into account the seasonal behavior of moviegoers, the type of movie, the award cycle, they competitors, and how good they think their movie is. For example, action blockbusters tend to make the most money, and people are more likely to watch movies in the summer. So you release your blockbuster in the summer, right? Not so fast. Most of the other blockbusters will likely be released at the same time. So do you put your unproven movie up against the next *Avengers*, or wait for a slower time when there is less competition? There is no clear answer, and movie executives live and die by these choices. | [
"The process may involve finding a film distributor. A film's marketing may involve the film being shown at a film festival or trade show to attract distributor attention and, if successful, may then be released through a chosen distributor.\n\nSection::::Film.:Delayed release.\n\nA delayed release or late release ... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-12362 | how does a butterfly know how to use all of its body parts and wings seconds after leaving the cocoon? | Because this isn't learned knowledge, it's wired right into the butterfly's nervous system — just as your heart knows to beat, and your intestines know to move food along. | [
"Many \"Heliconius\" butterflies also use their proboscis to feed on pollen; in these species only 20% of the amino acids used in reproduction come from larval feeding, which allow them to develop more quickly as caterpillars, and gives them a longer lifespan of several months as adults.\n",
"When the larva is fu... | [
"A butterfly must learn how to use its wings before flying out of the cocoon.",
"A butterfly knows how to use all of its body parts and wings seconds after leaving the cocoon."
] | [
"A butterfly being about to fly is wired right into their nervous system like a human heart knows to beat.",
"Instinct allows a butterfly to successfully use its body parts and wings after leaving the cocoon, not learned knowledge."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A butterfly must learn how to use its wings before flying out of the cocoon.",
"A butterfly knows how to use all of its body parts and wings seconds after leaving the cocoon."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A butterfly being about to fly is wired right into their nervous system like a human heart knows to beat.",
"Instinct allows a butterfly to successfully use its body parts and wings after leaving the cocoon, not learned knowledge."
] |
2018-05439 | What does TCXO stand for and what does it have to do with audio DAC’s or amps? | TCXO stands for — Temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. Very accurate timing is crucial for high performance electronics. Timing is accomplished using crystal oscillators which are very very accurate however they can have slight drift caused by changes in temperature. TXCO devices have extra temperature compensation features to mitigate the impact of temp. change on the timing. Timing is critical for high quality digital to analog converters which are required in any audio application that uses digital storage (which these days is most of them). | [
"The original release of XACT was in 2002 and shipped as part of the Xbox SDK only and was originally called the \"Xbox Audio Creation Tool.\" It was designed to allow sound designers and composers for the original Xbox console to have access and control of the powerful MCPx audio chip in the console, which previou... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-13605 | why is it that the color of the sun looks the same almost every sunrise and during the day, but it ends up being a variety of colors during sunsets? | The primary factor is the thickness of atmosphere the sun's light has to pass through to reach you. At sunset, the atmosphere is the thickest, and light has the most chance to scatter the blue color away and leave the longer wavelengths -- yellow, orange, and red. | [
"Some of the most varied colors at sunset can be found in the opposite or eastern sky after the Sun has set during twilight. Depending on weather conditions and the types of clouds present, these colors have a wide spectrum, and can produce unusual results.\n\nSection::::Names of compass points.\n",
"Section::::D... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-03505 | Is hotwiring a car still a thing? Is it as easy as it looks like in the movies? | It's still a thing, but much less so these days. With old cars it was often as easy as just sticking a screwdriver in the ignition and wrenching on it, or just shorting the ignition circuit. Pretty much every modern car is ECU (engine control computer) controlled these days and most have some kind of security like and RFID transmitter in the key. Until the ECU is happy it's just going to be a lump and refuse to start the engine. You can still rig up a modern car to start without a key, but it isn't a 30 second job like it was in the day. | [
"Also, a continuation of the movie \"Highway 35\" called \"Hot Wheels AcceleRacers\" was created, taking place two years after the events of \"Highway 35\". It is featured in four movies and many short segments where the drivers (old ones, gangs, like Teku, Metal Maniacs, the evil Racing Drones, and the stealthy Si... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12199 | Why do (some) humans not want to eat when it’s so hot outside? | Mammals like humans use a lot of their calories keeping warm. We don’t even realise it until it’s very cold. When it’s already warm we aren’t using so many calories. | [
"It has been suggested that energy intake also increases during conditions of extreme or prolonged cold temperatures. Relatedly, researchers have posited that reduced variability of ambient temperature indoors could be a mechanism driving obesity, as the percentage of US homes with air conditioning increased from 2... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01662 | Why does it become increasingly difficult to learn languages as you get older? | Because as a young child's brain is developing, it's soaking up an incredible amount of information on how to live. Verbal language is a form of communication that smaller children develop by being around people who are speaking the language fluently. So during this time, if a child grows up in a household that speaks 2 languages, for example, they have no choice but to develop an understanding of what all the words mean. So it's just the way the brain is working and processing information during this developmental period. When people approach language learning as an adult, they don't approach it as communication, but more of a subject of study. It looks "foreign" to them and this just confuses the brain. That's why it's easier to learn a language if you're completely immersed (i.e. in a foreign country) because that's the only way you can communicate. | [
"In terms of specific ages, Steven Pinker and colleagues conducted a large-scale internet study aimed at measuring individual’s age, English proficiency, and amount of time spent practicing English. The findings suggest that the ability to learn a new language with fluency declines after age 18 and must begin by ag... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16419 | Where do all the bacteria that we need in our body come from? | Being born usually does the trick. Bunch of fluids get all in the mucus membranes, bacteria spreads, hell, kids can get infections while still inside the mom. The first time the kid eats a bunch of bacteria will get into the mouth. Bacteria can be airborne, so even breathing gets bacteria in you. It comes from a bunch of different places. | [
"There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, 90% of the cells in (or on) a human body are microbes, by number (much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are calle... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22235 | Why do our teeth tend to chatter when we get cold? | When we get cold out muscle “shiver” ( a rapid contraction and relaxation) to help warm us up. When our faces shiver this causes our teeth to chatter. | [
"Almost all Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Hungarian and Estonian have a distinctive moraic chroneme as a phoneme (also arguably called archiphoneme or epenthetic vowel/consonant). The etymology of the vocalic chroneme has been traced to a voiced velar fricative in the hypothetical Proto-Uralic language, such t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04495 | How do banks make money by giving away free money for switching to them? | Well, they've been doing offers like that for years, so it must work. The idea is that while they will lose money on most people switching, they'll make a lot of money on a few others. People tend to go to their bank first if they want to borrow money. One loan and they get that money back. Another thing to note is that FirstDirect, which was the first bank that came to mine when I read your post, isn't free. They charge you £10 per month if you don't have a certain amount of money in your account, or you don't have a loan with them. So they get that money back eventually, either through the fee or through using the money in your account to loan out to other customers. Finally, they're banking (no pun intended) on the fact you won't change banks when the year is up. The reality is that most people are lazy, so it's a reasonable assumption to make. Some will switch, sure, and they're losses. But overall, they'll make money from it. | [
"For example, a customer would usually pay interest to borrow from a bank, so they pay the bank an amount which is more than the amount they borrowed; or a customer may earn interest on their savings, and so they may withdraw more than they originally deposited. In the case of savings, the customer is the lender, a... | [
"If a bank gives money to a customer for switching banks, it can't make money",
"Banks should not be able to be profitable on the business model of paying new bankers free money for joining their bank. "
] | [
"Banks expect to make more money from the switch than they are giving away.",
"Banks will eventually make the free money back via monthly fees or loaning out the new banker's money to others."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"If a bank gives money to a customer for switching banks, it can't make money",
"Banks should not be able to be profitable on the business model of paying new bankers free money for joining their bank. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Banks expect to make more money from the switch than they are giving away.",
"Banks will eventually make the free money back via monthly fees or loaning out the new banker's money to others."
] |
2018-01644 | How do companies mass-produce food items that require eggs? | There are egg-breaking machines that can open thousands of eggs per hour into big buckets. They can even automatically separate yolks from whites, if you like. This is normally done at the egg processing plant, and the containers of liquid are then delivered. | [
"Section::::Production.\n\nIn 2013, world production of chicken eggs was 68.3 million tonnes. The largest four producers were China at 24.8 million of this total, the United States at 5.6 million, India at 3.8 million, and Japan at 2.5 million. A typical large egg factory ships a million dozen eggs per week.\n",
... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00504 | How do small trinket stores/shops stay in business? | This is only assumption, so no concrete answer here without seeing their books. Chances are, the markup is quite high on those items. So while you see a $2 item, it might actually cost $.10 a piece, $1.90 profit that can go towards rent, wages, etc. Do enough sales and you would be able to scrape by. | [
"Of those villages in England who still have shops, these days they are often a combination of services under one roof to increase the likelihood of profit and survival. Extra services may include a post office, private business services such as tearooms, cafes, and bed and breakfast accommodation; or state service... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03155 | When did raccoons make the transition to focusing on human waste locations for food vs foraging for food and why? | They're just crafty. They function perfectly fine in the wild as well. The time they didn't focus on trash in urban areas is the time before urban areas. They're no different from rats or roaches or any other animal. Leave food out and they'll eat it. They focus on trash because it is the easiest way, it's in ample supply and undefended. > they all know it like they've been taught for generations or something That have been | [
"Section::::Behavior.:Reproduction.\n",
"Section::::Behavior.\n\nSection::::Behavior.:Social behavior.\n",
"With respect to these three different modes of life prevalent among raccoons, Hohmann called their social structure a \"three-class society\". Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor of zoology at Weber State Unive... | [
"Raccoons made a transition to human food waste."
] | [
"Raccoons didn't transition they just get whatever is available at the time. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Raccoons made a transition to human food waste."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Raccoons didn't transition they just get whatever is available at the time. "
] |
2018-09323 | How exactly does sound travel through walls? | Sound is merely pressure waves of molecules bumping into other molecules, transferring energy. When the wave hits a solid object, some of the energy is transferred to the wall, allowing the sound to propagate through it. Then the molecules making up the wall push on the air molecules of the other side, allowing you to hear through the wall. Some energy is lost or reflected in the transitions, thus why the sound is muffled. And some frequencies transition better than others. | [
"Most vibration / sound transfer from a room to the outside occurs through mechanical means. The vibration passes directly through the brick, woodwork and other solid structural elements. When it meets with an element such as a wall, ceiling, floor or window, which acts as a sounding board, the vibration is amplifi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00846 | Why does fear seem much more intense during sleep paralysis than typical nightmares? | Another reason is that you continue breathing as if you're asleep (aka slower and shallower than if you were awake). This causes a perceived lack of oxygen (you're used to breathing more deeply when awake) and is one reason for that "suffocating" or "weight on the chest" feeling as well as the terror. | [
"A hyper-vigilant state created in the midbrain may further contribute to hallucinations. More specifically, the emergency response is activated in the brain when individuals wake up paralyzed and feel vulnerable to attack. This helplessness can intensify the effects of the threat response well above the level typi... | [] | [] | [
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2018-02526 | What makes soda taste so bad when you leave it out for some time? | It doesn't taste bad at all, you're just losing the carbonation so there isn't that stimulating feeling. If soda was made without carbonation I'm sure there would be a lot less soda drinkers in the world | [
"Section::::Biodiversity.:Microbial diversity surveys and species richness.\n",
"Beers can be carbonated with CO or with other gases such as Nitrogen. These gases are not as soluble in water as carbon dioxide, so they form bubbles that do not grow through Ostwald ripening. This means that the beer has smaller bub... | [
"Soda loses taste after being out for some time."
] | [
"Soda just loses carbonation which is what makes soda satisfying to drink. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Soda loses taste after being out for some time."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Soda just loses carbonation which is what makes soda satisfying to drink. "
] |
2018-00495 | How did the gun from the Nintendo game Duck Hunt work? | IIRC the screen would flash every time you pulled the trigger. Based on reflective light bouncing off angled light gun, game could detect where on screen the gun was pointed. | [
"\"Aliens\" demonstrated its capabilities with the M56 Smartgun, a handheld light machine gun. This weapon was connected to the user's Head-Up Display, showing where the weapon is aimed. It was also equipped with a motion-sensitive auto-tracking system, capable of autonomous and accurate targeting of moving objects... | [] | [] | [
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2018-21011 | how does salt make ice colder, but we also use salt to melt ice on road/walkways? | Salt lowers the melting point of water. So when they put salt on the road they do that to turn the ice into water. Salt doesn't make ice colder it would just turn the ice into colder water. The reason you add salt to ice is water can transfer heat more efficiently then ice can because it will have more area touching what you want colder. | [
"Salts are frequently used for de-icing, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they can cause severe corrosion to metals. Instead, non-corrosive antifreezes are commonly used for critical de-icing, such as for aircraft wings.\n\nSection::::Automotive and internal combustion engine use.\n",
"... | [
"Salt makes ice colder."
] | [
"Salt does not make ice colder, it just turns the ice into colder water."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Salt makes ice colder."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Salt does not make ice colder, it just turns the ice into colder water."
] |
2018-01638 | Before oral hygiene became common knowledge did people just suffer from severe tooth decay or did they clean their mouths some other way? | before toothpaste and toothbrushes, people used their fingers and an abrasive like salt, charcoal, or baking soda to remove plaque. in some places they used (and still do today) a twig from a special tree. it makes a “brush” when they chew the end of the stick. | [
"Since before recorded history, a variety of oral hygiene measures have been used for teeth cleaning. This has been verified by various excavations done throughout the world, in which chew sticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones and porcupine quills have been found. In historic times, different forms of too... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-02651 | Why are criminal cases in the military processed in military courts instead of public courts despite the military being funded by taxes? | It's ultimately because the military has many laws that are specific to the military; sedition, mutiny, and failure to obey a lawful order being just a few of them. These aren't civilian crimes, so the military needs legal authority to prosecute these charges. In the event that a servicemember commits a typical crime, let's say getting drunk and assaulting someone, the civilian legal system will get together with the military legal system and determine in which court to prosecute (typically it will end up in the civilian court if the crime was not committed on a military installation). When the crime is committed off-base, the city/county has jurisdiction. They can then choose to hand over jurisdiction to the military, or they can maintain jurisdiction and prosecute normally. | [
"On June 11, 2009, Washington, DC attorney Dwight H. Sullivan testified before a House Judiciary subcommittee that the costs, should HR 569 (111th Congress) be passed, would be approximately $1,000 per case.\n",
"Civilians prosecuted in military courts have the same legal protections as those prosecuted in civili... | [
"Due to the military being funded by taxes, cases for crime in the military should be held in public court and not military."
] | [
"Due to the military holding laws that are specific to the military, the it is necessary to process criminal military cases in military court."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Due to the military being funded by taxes, cases for crime in the military should be held in public court and not military.",
"Due to the military being funded by taxes, cases for crime in the military should be held in public court and not military."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Due to the military holding laws that are specific to the military, the it is necessary to process criminal military cases in military court.",
"Due to the military holding laws that are specific to the military, the it is necessary to process criminal military cases in military court."
] |
2018-19372 | When looking through spectrum glasses, why do some lights give off a blending color spectrum and some give off the colors disjointedly? | You'll have to help us - what is a 'curler light bulb'? One possibility - remote operated, 'RGB' lights use 3 different LED lights inside them - Red, Green and Blue - and make the different colors by adjusting how bright each light is. If you look at this light through something that splits up the light into a rainbow, you will see 3 different colors of light. Normal white LEDs have a bright blue LED with a mixture of different phosphors on top of it - you get lots of blue light, and a mixture of different reds, yellows and greens that show up as a fairly smooth gradient unless your observing device is very good. Fluorescent lights produce UV internally, which gets converted into a mix of colors, again by phosphors. Old style light bulbs - either halogen or old tungsten filament - produce a true mixture of all the colors that show up as a truly smooth gradient. | [
"One of the most important factors to consider when dealing with color calibration is having a valid source. If the color measuring source does not match the displays capabilities, the calibration will be ineffective and give false readings.\n\nThe main distorting factors on the input stage stem from the amplitude ... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
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2018-14166 | How does Bohemian Rhapsody, with all of it's transitions, sound like one, continuous, seamless song? | Tempo, key, style, instruments used. It’s not like they went from a classical brass and woodwinds piece to an EDM song. The portions are all in the same overarching style. | [
"Using the 24-track technology available at the time, the \"opera\" section took about three weeks to finish. Producer Roy Thomas Baker said \"Every time Freddie came up with another 'Galileo', I would add another piece of tape to the reel.\" Baker recalls that they kept wearing out the tape, which meant having to ... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03276 | How does the equation for a pendulum bob period? | Ignoring friction, there are two forces acting on the pendulum bob. One is gravity, and the other is the tension in the string. The total gravitational force on the bob is equal to the mass of the pendulum times the acceleration due to gravity (which is 9.81m/s^2 , usually denoted g). We are only interested in the component of this force that is tangent to the arc of the pendulum's swing, because we only care about the motion along the arc. Therefore the acceleration of the pendulum is given by a=-sin(θ)\*gm/m. The masses cancel to give a=-g\*sin(θ), so we can conclude that the mass of the pendulum bob will not affect its motion. Then the angular acceleration (by which I mean the rate at which the angular velocity is changing) is equal to the acceleration of the pendulum bob divided by the length of the string, so we get θ''=-g\*sin(θ)/l, where θ'' denotes the angle of the pendulum. This is an example of an ordinary differential equation and it's actually quite difficult to solve. But you can approximate it - for small enough θ, sin(θ)≈θ. This process is called *linearization*. So we conclude that θ''≈-gθ/l, provided g is small. This is much easier to solve and the solution is θ=A\*cos(√(g/l)\*t), where A is the initial angle of the pendulum upon release. Now, the cosine function has a period of 2π, so cos(√(g/l)\*t) has a period of 2π/√(g/l). This is where the formula for the period of the pendulum comes from, and you can see that it doesn't depend on A. Note that there was an approximation made - in reality, the period of a pendulum does depend somewhat on the angle of release (unless it is a [tautochrone pendulum]( URL_1 )), but for small angles, the effect is small and the approximation works well enough that pendulums were used for timekeeping for hundreds of years. A pendulum is an example of [simple harmonic motion]( URL_0 ). This might be a useful term to search for if you want to find links on this. | [
"Section::::Applications.:Period of oscillation.\n\nThe period of swing of a simple gravity pendulum depends on its length, the local strength of gravity, and to a small extent on the maximum angle that the pendulum swings away from vertical, \"θ\", called the amplitude. It is independent of the mass of the bob. Th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08736 | I once heard that when rockets launch they should have no spin. Contrast this to bullets which are more stable when spinning. | Bullets spin for stability. Angular momentum resists changes in the bullet's path. Rockets don't want a straight path. They need to eventually end up going sideways to achieve orbital velocity. Also, you would have to counteract the spin once in orbit and that would be a waste of fuel. | [
"Section::::Issues with reaching space.:G-forces.\n\nMany cargoes, particularly humans have a limiting g-force that they can survive. For humans this is about 3-6 g. Some launchers such as gun launchers would give accelerations in the hundred or thousands of g and thus are completely unsuitable.\n\nSection::::Issue... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Rockets and bullets should work the same way."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Bullets spin to go on a straight path. Rockets do not go on a straight path."
] |
2018-03236 | What's the difference between renaissance, baroque and classical music | What you are describing are both styles and eras. These are the major ones as I understand them, from oldest to newest. I added a little description of what I experience personally: * Medieval - 1400's and earlier - haunting, beautiful, I'm in a mossy forest sharpening my battle axe * Renaissance - 1500's - I'm in a dimly lit cathedral with chanting monks * Baroque - 1600's - I'm at Versailles eating cake and sipping bubbly * Classical - 1700's - I'm going to the Vienna opera in my horse-drawn carriage * Romantic - 1800's- I'm canoeing through the wilderness with my native guide * Contemporary - 1900's - I'm going to the Met in my tux | [
"BULLET::::- Fortepiano – an early version of the piano invented ca. 1700, but did not become popular during Baroque era\n\nBULLET::::- Harpsichord\n\nBULLET::::- Organ\n\nSection::::Instruments.:Percussion.\n\nBULLET::::- Timpani\n\nBULLET::::- Tambourine\n\nBULLET::::- Castanets\n\nSection::::Styles and forms.\n\... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11725 | What's the difference between hard water & soft water? | It's mostly the mineral content that determines the "hardness" of the water. Hard water usually has large amounts of calcium and lime. Soft water had been run through a reverse osmosis saline process to remove excess minerals, making the water easier and gentler on your shower head, pipes, and body. | [
"Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits, but can pose critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of foam format... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04166 | Why do animals of the same race/species look very identical but humans, same or not of the same race/species, look different? | Because we are wired to recognise human faces. There is an area of the brain that is dedicated to this, and people who can't recognise other people have what's called [face blindness]( URL_0 ). People with this condition see humans the way we see animals -- they have a tough time identifying other people, even familiar ones. Conversely, normal people with this area of the brain intact can very easily recognise faces and the subtle differences between them. This doesn't translate to animal skulls however, and so we're all effectively "animal face blind". This is an important adaptation in social species. For example, cows can recognise each other and even have "best friends" they prefer to hang out with. | [
"Among human beings, the sense of sight is usually in charge of recognizing other members of the same species, with maybe the subconscious help of smell. In particular, the human brain has a disproportionate amount of processing power dedicated to finely analyze the features of a human face. This is why we are able... | [
"Animals of the same species look the same while races of humans look very different.",
"Animals of the same species look very identical."
] | [
"The human eye can recognize the differences between humans but not the subtle differences of other animals.",
"Animals can look different but humans are not able to recognize the differences."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Animals of the same species look the same while races of humans look very different.",
"Animals of the same species look very identical."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The human eye can recognize the differences between humans but not the subtle differences of other animals.",
"Animals can look different but humans are not able to recognize the differences."
] |
2018-01568 | How do they get fruits and nuts to stay suspended in ice cream? | The ice cream is constantly mixed while it is being frozen. This is also what gives ice cream its special texture, otherwise it would have become a solid block (this is what happens if you let ice cream melt and then refreeze it). | [
"Ice cream maker\n\nA domestic ice cream maker is a machine used to make small quantities of ice cream for personal consumption. Ice cream makers may prepare the mixture by employing the hand-cranking method or by employing an electric motor. The resulting preparation is often chilled through either pre-cooling the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09003 | if you have been irradiated by nuclear fallout, are there any treatments that can save your life? | Potassium iodide can prevent the gland in your neck (thyroid) from taking up too much radioactive iodide after exposure. There is also neupogen, which can help your immune system recover from radiation damage. | [
"Where radioactive contamination is present, a gas mask, dust mask, or good hygiene practices may offer protection, depending on the nature of the contaminant. Potassium iodide (KI) tablets can reduce the risk of cancer in some situations due to slower uptake of ambient radioiodine. Although this does not protect a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03917 | How were maps made before GPS? | You know how you use a map in Ark Survival Evolved. You get up high and look for landmarks. Same method amigo | [
"Section::::Mapping process.:Drawing (cartography).\n\nSection::::Mapping process.:Drawing (cartography).:Corrected topographic maps.\n\nThe earliest orienteering maps used existing topographic maps e.g. United Kingdom Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 plans. These were cut down to a suitable size, corrected by hand, and th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02263 | I sprained my finger over 8 years ago, and to this day it still hurts if I try to crack it a certain way. Why is this? | Maybe you had a slight fracture at the knuckle so it has healed over leaving an extra bit of bone at the base of the knuckle and it rubs against it when you go to crack your knuckles, I have broken many bones at or near joints and when I try to crack some of them it gives me pain, The worst one is i my ankle from a fracture a short while ago i still cannot crack it and its painfull o a daily basis, So I suggest you go to the doctors to at least have it looked at I haven't done this because I suffer from severe anxiety and would rather deal with pain than going to a doctor's with people there. | [
"The median nerve can be compressed by a decrease in the size of the canal, an increase in the size of the contents (such as the swelling of lubrication tissue around the flexor tendons), or both. Since the carpal tunnel is bordered by carpal bones on one side and a ligament on the other, when the pressure builds u... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16108 | Why do Ocean waves get more rough during a storm? | The answer is **wind**. My one word answer got removed, presumably for being one word. Therefore, I layout a slightly more wordy response here, in which the answer is wind, specifically increased levels of it during a storm. The increased levels of wind during a storm exert wind shear on the water surface which whips up the water into waves. During storms, the wind direction is not particularly consistent, it is more chaotic and so the waves may come in all directions. This means that whichever way your vessel is facing, it is likely to get tossed about (particularly if it's a small vessel). In strong storms, there is even a phenomenon known as [rogue waves]( URL_0 ), in which the wave height is extrmely large and seemingly comes from nowhere. | [
"which produce the required standing wave conditions, also known as the clapotis. When the ocean storm is a tropical cyclone, the microbaroms are not produced near the eye wall where wind speeds are greatest, but originate from the trailing edge of the storm where the storm generated waves interact with the ambient... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00122 | I get why we as humans need to feel pain, but why can't we control our brains to lessen the pain after we're aware of the wound? | There's no particular advantage beyond your personal comfort, and a lot of potential disadvantage, like the ability to ignore injuries. You being comfortable isn't especially important to your survival or reproductive fitness. But being aware of injury, as well as restrained from continuing to aggravate injuries, is incredibly important. So there's no particular selective pressure to let you 'reduce the feeling of pain' and probably a fair amount of pressure to *not* let you do so. | [
"The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury, and recognition of the presence of injury. Episodic analgesia may occur under special circumstances, such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other s... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22985 | Why does diffusion work from high region to low region | Imagine a bunch of toy robots wandering randomly around a single room in a building. The doors are closed, so they can’t get out - they just wander around, bumping into each other. Then someone opens a door into another room with no toy robots. Eventually, some of the toy robots will wander through the door from the room with lots of robots to the room with none. Over time, more and more robots will wander through the door. Some will go from the room with fewer robots to the one with more robots, but on average, more will go the other way just because there are more robots on that side. Eventually, there will be a similar concentration of robots on both sides of the doorway. Diffusion works in essentially the same way, except it’s particles or molecules wandering around instead of toy robots. | [
"BULLET::::- Size-dependence: the rate of cluster diffusion has a strong dependence on the size of the cluster, with larger cluster size generally corresponding to slower diffusion. This is not, however, a universal trend and it has been shown in some systems that the diffusion rate takes on a periodic tendency whe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02498 | Given that humans have 'handedness' and that we tend to favour one side when lifting or doing manual tasks, why is our musculature not visibly asymmetrical? | People are generally asymmetrical based on handedness. The person's dominant arm will usually have a slightly lower shoulder. As well, a person's dominant hand will usually have a slightly thicker wrist if you measure it. This difference is generally small and not that noticeable unless you're looking for it, but will become exaggerated if you do certain activities that favour one arm, such as playing tennis or cello. | [
"The flexibility of human anatomy is a design issue for traditional \"hard\" robots. Several human joints such as the hips and shoulders are ball and socket joints, with the center of rotation inside the body. Since no two individuals are exactly alike, fully mimicking the degrees of freedom of a joint is not possi... | [
"Musculature is not affected by handedness.",
"Because people have dominant hands and arms, the shape of humans are not but should be asymmetrical due to one side of the body being tougher than the other."
] | [
"Musculature is affected by handedness it is just hard to tell. ",
"People actually are symmetrical due to hand dominance, however the difference isn't a significant one. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Musculature is not affected by handedness.",
"Because people have dominant hands and arms, the shape of humans are not but should be asymmetrical due to one side of the body being tougher than the other."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Musculature is affected by handedness it is just hard to tell. ",
"People actually are symmetrical due to hand dominance, however the difference isn't a significant one. "
] |
2018-04780 | Why when we look at a tall building we feel it's not that high but when we're on top and look downw it's the double hight ? | well the sky doesn't have a limit so there's nothing to base the size off of. when you look down you can't even see the people where you would be standing looking up at it so it puts it into perspective. also you can die looking off a building and not looking up at it so that probably is a part | [
"Section::::Major Empirical Findings.\n\nSection::::Major Empirical Findings.:Elevation Differs From Happiness.\n",
"Section::::Major Theories.:Elevation as a Self-Transcendent Positive Emotion.\n",
"Section::::Major Theories.\n\nSection::::Major Theories.:Haidt's Third Dimension of Social Cognition.\n",
"Sec... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04958 | Why are people more ready to beilive in the supernatural when alone and when its dark? | You posses a host of survival mechanisms intended to help you perceive mortal danger and then either fight it or escape it. The aim of a ghost story is to encourage some of these mechanisms to engage, despite not being in actual danger. This works better when alone and in the dark, because humans are more vulnerable when alone and in the dark, and so our survival mechanisms are easier to turn on. | [
"The belief in magic often includes the idea that magic and magicians are more powerful at night. Seances of spiritualism are usually conducted closer to midnight. Similarly, mythical and folkloric creatures as vampires and werewolves are described as being more active at night. Ghosts are believed to wander around... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-07693 | What is so special about petroleum oils that we can't just simply use most other kinds of oil (vegetable, animal) as a fuel substitute? | Petroleum oils are hydrocarbon chains, links of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms hooked to them. Vegetable oils have links of carbon atoms with some hydrogen atoms, but also some oxygen-hydrogen units attached to them. You can absolutely use these as a fuel supplement, in the US almost all cars run on 10% Ethanol (mostly derived from corn oil). Some cars can run on 85% Ethanol, and others run on pure oil (which is usually called bio-diesel when used for fuel). When it comes to why petroleum, the answer is very simple. It's cheaper. People buy fuel from the lowest cost source. | [
"There are large numbers of crude oils all around the world that are used to produce base oils. The most common one is a type of paraffinic crude oil, although there are also naphthenic crude oils that create products with better solubility and very good properties at low temperatures. By using hydrogenation techno... | [
"We cannot use vegetable or animal oils as fuel in place of petroleum oil."
] | [
"It is possible to use vegetable and animal oils in place of petroleum oil, it is just not the best choice due to cost."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"We cannot use vegetable or animal oils as fuel in place of petroleum oil."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is possible to use vegetable and animal oils in place of petroleum oil, it is just not the best choice due to cost."
] |
2018-02990 | Why do hands seemingly hurt in cold temperatures even though they feel "numb"? Why does it also feel like hands are more susceptible to pain when cold? | Our body wants to be near its optimal running temperature at all times, about 95-100 degrees Fahrenheit. As it gets further and further away from that temperature the body will try to influence itself to get warmer or colder. Part of that is to make it painful if it’s really cold really hot. So you tend to be in MORE pain when cold because your body is already sending “pain signals” when it’s too cold. As for the numbness, it’s most likely because the body moves blood into the chest to keep the vital organs like the heart and lungs functioning well when it gets too cold. This loss of blood to the hands and feet make it harder for nerve cells to function properly. That being said evolution made it so that our pain neurons can run with less blood flow, so even if you’re really cold you can detect whether you’re in pain or not. | [
"Warm and cold sensitive nerve fibers differ in structure and function. The cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive nerve fibers are underneath the skin surface. Terminals of each temperature-sensitive fiber do not branch away to different organs in the body. They form a small sensitive point which are unique from neighb... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03718 | How are drug companies able to patent products whose mechanism of action is unknown? | > How are drug companies able to patent products whose mechanism of action is unknown? In order to patent something it must be new, useful, and not obvious (and of course patentable). Nowhere in there is it required that one know exactly how it works. If for example a company wants to make a drug to help stop clotting and they observe that some strange jungle lizard has a venom that stops clotting in its victims, they could examine that venom and figure out some way to produce the substance that stops clotting and then test its efficacy on humans to the point where it is safe and useful. That product can be patented despite nowhere along the way discovering precisely how that venom stops clotting. | [
"While patent laws are written to apply to all inventions, whether mechanical, pharmaceutical, or electronic, the interpretations of patent law made by government patent granting agencies (the United States Patent and Trademark Office, for example) and courts, can be very subject-matter specific with significant im... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03487 | Aside from advertising, how do political parties spend their donation money? | They hold special events (luncheons, dinners, etc.) that can be either public or restricted to donors. They also have to pay for their staff, travel, reserving venues for public appearances, etc. | [
"Most frequently and in most countries the organizations that raise and spend money for political purposes are parties (headquarters, branches and chapters). Party headquarters spend on public relations, mass media (including billboards), the expertise of consultants and offices. Local party chapters (e.g. constitu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22600 | How do mobile games make money with adverts for other mobile games? | I think they make more from micro transactions than they do from ad revenue. So it may be a closed system, but a few people that see the ad and spend $20-$100 on in app purchases pay for it. | [
"One form of in-game mobile advertising is what allows players to actually play. As a new and effective form of advertising, it allows consumers to try out the content before they actually install it. This type of marketing can also really attract the attention of users like casual players. These advertising blur t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"mobile games make money from ads for other games."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Nost revenue comes from micro transactions in game. "
] |
2018-23880 | why are all pairs of double A batteries inserted in opposite directions in electronic devices? | Money. Many electronic devices require batteries to be connected in series (positive terminal of one cell connected to the negative of the next, and so on). Using aternating directions allows the connector between batteries to be reduced to a simple short metal strip rather than a wire or a long metal strip. | [
"L terminals consist of an L-shaped post with a bolt hole through the vertical side. These are used on some European cars, motorcycles, lawn and garden devices, snowmobiles, and other light duty vehicles.\n\nSome batteries sizes are available with terminals in two different configurations: 1) positive on left and n... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09155 | How binary 1's and 0's translate into complex output? | 01000010 01100101 01100011 01100001 01110101 01110011 01100101 00100000 01111001 01101111 01110101 00100000 01100011 01100001 01101110 00100000 01101011 01100101 01100101 01110000 00100000 01100001 01100100 01100100 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01101111 01101110 01100101 01110011 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01111010 01100101 01110010 01101111 01100101 01110011 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 01101101 01100001 01101011 01100101 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01100100 01100001 01110100 01100001 00100000 01111001 01101111 01110101 00100000 01110111 01100001 01101110 01110100 00101110 00100000 The above translates to "Because you can keep adding ones and zeroes to make the data that you want". Essentially a long enough string of ones and zeros can be made to represent any data. So with a long enough string of them, you can represent each pixel on your screen and the color it's supposed to be. This creates the image on your monitor. | [
"Every Moore machine formula_13 is equivalent to the Mealy machine with the same states and transitions and the output function formula_14, which takes each state-input pair formula_15 and yields formula_16, where formula_17 is formula_13's output function.\n",
"Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillio... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00767 | How can household appliances pick up radio signals and convert them to sounds? | Metals can absorb radio signals (for the most part). If the signal is strong enough (like AM stations) it can be strong enough to make the metal oscillate. It oscillates in time with the signal and vibrates the air which makes noise. speakers/recievers are just components that do this exceptionally well, but as you can see in those videos there are other things that can do it. | [
"There is a broad range of hardware solutions for radio amateurs and home use. There are professional-grade transceiver solutions, e.g. the Zeus ZS-1 or the Flex Radio, home-brew solutions,e.g. PicAStar transceiver, the SoftRock SDR kit, and starter or professional receiver solutions, e.g. the FiFi SDR for shortwav... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10847 | Why do you hear “the ocean” when you put a hollow object on your ear? | What is typically explained is that you are hearing the echo of your own ear. The whooshing sound is the sound of your blood in your ear veins and arteries reflected off the Shell and back in. | [
"In the case of the ATOC, the source was mounted on the bottom about a half mile deep, hence marine mammals, which are bound to the surface, were generally further than a half mile from the source. This fact, combined with the modest source level, the infrequent 2% duty cycle (the sound is on only 2% of the day), a... | [
"Noises are heard from a hollow object."
] | [
"The noise that is heard is coming from with in the ear."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Noises are heard from a hollow object.",
"Noises are heard from a hollow object. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The noise that is heard is coming from with in the ear.",
"The noise that is heard is coming from with in the ear. "
] |
2018-01135 | If 64-bit is called x64, why is 32-bit called x86? | Actually x64 is abbreviated from what used to be x86-64 which made a lot more sense. This is based on the Intel model numbers for the original chips: 8086, 80286, 80386. | [
"In the 1980s and early 1990s, when the 8088 and 80286 were still in common use, the term x86 usually represented any 8086 compatible CPU. Today, however, x86 usually implies a binary compatibility also with the 32-bit instruction set of the 80386. This is due to the fact that this instruction set has become someth... | [
"Bit number should also be architecture number.",
"If 64bit is called x64 then 32bit should be called x32."
] | [
"Architecture number comes from the original chip names.",
"x64 is only abbreviated on from what used to be x86-64, which is all based off of various Intel model chip numbers."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Bit number should also be architecture number.",
"If 64bit is called x64 then 32bit should be called x32."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Architecture number comes from the original chip names.",
"x64 is only abbreviated on from what used to be x86-64, which is all based off of various Intel model chip numbers."
] |
2018-04252 | How do some math problems become so massive they take up full massive chalk boards? | Some math problems are so massive, they involve more than just a chalk board, but rather entire books with hundreds, even thousands of pages. Most of it is establishing the problem in a formal, concrete way, and then creating a mathematical framework which you can use to solve the problem. For example, suppose your problem is trying to determine the number of prime numbers in the range 1 to 100. Well, first you have to define what a prime number is. Now you have to show some way to find prime numbers. Now you have to actually calculate the solution. Even for something trivial like this, we could probably fill a chalk board. | [
"Problems like this grow exponentially in the number of computations they require, and they are one reason why exponentially difficult problems are called \"intractable\" in computer science: for even small numbers like the 40 or 50 characters described earlier, the number of computations required exceeds even theo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02844 | How does FM Synthesis work (e.g. sound chips like the Yamaha YM3812) | you may like this video - URL_0 FM Synthesis in the context of the YM3812 had a few available voice channels for oscillators. The samples produced are eventually fed into a digital analog converter that creates a stream of voltage varying very quickly into an amplifier that makes sounds come out of your speakers. | [
"FM synthesis was the basis of some of the early generations of digital synthesizers, most notably those from Yamaha, as well as New England Digital Corporation under license from Yamaha. Yamaha's popular DX7 synthesizer, released in 1983, was ubiquitous throughout the 1980s. Several other models by Yamaha provided... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03538 | Why when you close you eyes, you see colors? | What you are describing is called a phosphene. They are thought to be caused by the inherent electrical charges produced by our retinas, even when our eyes are closed. Phosphenes are rings or spots of light produced by pressure or tension (direct, non-light stimulation of the visual system) on the eyeball. This is why rubbing your eyes (with your eyelids closed) makes the colors and lights stronger. | [
"When properly relaxed it is possible to cause regions of intense black, bright white or even colors such as yellow, green, or pink to appear in the noise. These regions can span the entire visual field, but seem to be fleeting in nature.\n\nSection::::Levels of CEV perception.:Level 3: Patterns, motion, and color.... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08511 | why does driving in the rain make the rain look like it’s coming from a single point in the sky | Standing in the rain has the same effect, driving just makes the raindrops approach you faster. Without too much wind all the raindrops are falling parallel. If you draw lines along their motion you get lots of parallel lines, and these always seem to meet in one place. You have the same with railway lines, long hallways, tunnels, and so on. This is called perspective. [Wikipedia has some examples]( URL_0 ). | [
"In everyday life aberration is a well-known phenomenon. Consider a person standing in the rain on a day when there is no wind. If the person is standing still, then the rain drops will follow a path that is straight down to the ground. However, if the person is moving, for example in a car, the rain will appear to... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"When driving rain appears to come from a single point. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"When standing or driving rain appears to come from a single point called perspective. "
] |
2018-24267 | How do hairs grow back when you pull them out by the roots? | Its the cells around the root that extrude the hair. Those stay in place when you pull a hair out by the root. | [
"Depending upon the strength and brittleness of the hair, some may snap off rather than being pulled out. Because those hairs snap off just above the skin surface, they can look somewhat like stubble from shaving, but are far more sparsely spread because the other hairs have been pulled out entirely. As with waxing... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23354 | What happens with all the sperm in the testicals that is no longer able to leave the body due to a vasectomy? | The exact same thing that happens if you just don't ejaculate for a month, the old sperm die and are absorbed. Sometimes sperm and debris and dead cells clump up and become a *sperm granuloma* which can lead to pain, swelling, and inflammation but most of the time they're just inert lumps. | [
"After vasectomy, the testes remain in the scrotum where Leydig cells continue to produce testosterone and other male hormones that continue to be secreted into the bloodstream. Some studies have found that sexual desire after vasectomy may be somewhat diminished.\n",
"Sperm are produced in the male sex gland or ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15190 | why does water in snow globes seem to disappear over time? Where does it go? | Glass is impermeable to water, so it's not seeping out through the glass. That means that it must be coming from somewhere else. Most snowglobes are made by making a ball of glass with an opening on one end, at that point it is filled with liquid and "snow" and plugged and sealed. It's this seal that would allow water to permeate through it and eventually evaporate. The reason why you probably won't see a puddle is because the rate of leakage is so slow that the water would nearly instantly evaporate. | [
"Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water returns to the ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or sno... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14219 | Why do phone touchscreens react to skin and water but not to metal and other conductors? | A touchscreen will work with any conductor, but there needs to be a large enough surface area touching the screen to make it work. Try touching a fingertip-sized piece of metal to the screen. | [
"Section::::Contact failures.\n\nElectrical contacts exhibit ubiquitous contact resistance, the magnitude of which is governed by surface structure and the composition of surface layers. Ideally contact resistance should be low and stable, however weak contact pressure, mechanical vibration, corrosion, and the form... | [
"Touchscreens don't react to some conductors such as metal.",
"Metal does not work as a conductor on a touchscreen. "
] | [
"Touchscreens react to any conductor but the surface area needs to be large enough.",
"Metal or any other conductor will work on a touch screen, if the conductor is large enough. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Touchscreens don't react to some conductors such as metal.",
"Metal does not work as a conductor on a touchscreen. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Touchscreens react to any conductor but the surface area needs to be large enough.",
"Metal or any other conductor will work on a touch screen, if the conductor is large enough. "
] |
2018-10912 | How come there are snail shells that are completely empty with no trace of a snail ever being there? | Birds like to eat snails, but not the shells. After they pull the snail out, there is little trace left in the shell. | [
"Section::::Fossil snail.\n",
"The operculum is large, ear-shaped in outline, and is corneus and somewhat transparent. On beaches where the shell of this species washed up commonly, the operculum will usually also be found washed up in the drift line.\n\nSection::::Moon snail predation.\n\nEmpty shells of clams a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20086 | What exactly happens when booting up a device such as computer or a smartphone and why isn't it instant? | Tons of things. I might miss some steps. Very generally: there's some code burned into ROM on the device that activates when power is first applied. It runs a power-on self test (POST). If everything checks out, it looks for an Operating System (OS) image. It might have to use some fancy math to verify that the OS hasn't been tampered with. Once it sees that everything is OK, it start to load the OS into memory which takes some amount of time. The OS itself will have many many things it does at startup, for example checking the disk/SSD structure to make sure the files haven't got damaged. It also loads a lot of the basic programs that make the system work. Each of those takes time and some of the steps are dependent on the previous steps completing, so that adds even more time. | [
"BULLET::::- booting: In computing, booting (also known as booting up) is the initial set of operations that a computer system performs after electrical power to the CPU is switched on or when the computer is reset. On modern general purpose computers, this can take tens of seconds and typically involves performing... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21575 | After you drink something carbonated, why does it hurt to burp through your nose but not through your mouth? | Carbonation is dissolved CO2, so a lot of the burp is carbon dioxide. In solution CO2 is acidic, so when the burp dissolves in the moist and very sensitive lining of the nose it acidifies it, which hurts. The same happens in the moisture of the mouth, but the mouth's lining is much less sensitive so it doesn't hurt. | [
"Because chemoresponsive nerve fibers are present in all types of skin, chemesthetic sensations can be aroused from anywhere on the body's surface as well as from mucosal surfaces in the nose, mouth, eyes, etc. Mucus membranes are generally more sensitive to chemesthetic stimuli because they lack the barrier functi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11871 | How do people with aphantasia (mind blindness) remember the faces of loved ones the second they look away? Or do they always look like strangers? | They do look like strangers but voices, posture, clothing, etc help them recognize people they know. Hair is a big way to recognize someone, too. And each person has different lengths of time between seeing the face and forgetting. They wouldn’t forget during a conversation, and they might remember if the person leaves the room for a moment and returns. | [
"One experiment investigated the influence of gaze direction and facial expression on face memory. Participants were shown a set of unfamiliar faces with either happy or angry facial expressions, which were either gazing straight ahead or had their gaze averted to one side. Memory for faces that were initially show... | [
"People with aphantasia remember the faces of loved ones."
] | [
"They do not remeber what they look lik, but other personality queues like voice, posture, etc help them identify people. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"People with aphantasia remember the faces of loved ones.",
"People with aphantasia remember the faces of loved ones."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"They do not remeber what they look lik, but other personality queues like voice, posture, etc help them identify people. ",
"They do not remeber what they look lik, but other personality queues like voice, posture, etc help them identify people. "
] |
2018-12038 | Why does our body need UV to create vitamin D when UV exposure increases our risk of skin cancer? | UV light is an energy source, since humans are automatically exposed in varying degrees to this energy source we have evolved to make use of the "free" energy to create vitamin D. We have also evolved to darken the skin to prevent over exposure to UV which would increase risks of skin cancer. Only animals like naked mole rats don't have to concern themselves about exposure to some degree or other to UV light URL_0 | [
"When the skin is exposed to UV-B light, cholesterol in the skin is transformed into vitamin D3. In general the skin does not need much UV-B energy to generate vitamin D3, and 15 minutes of strong sunshine every day is usually considered enough.\n\nIn Northern European countries especially in the winter when sunlig... | [
"UV exposure increases the risk of skin cancer."
] | [
"Humans have evolved to darken their skin which prevents over exposure to UV, which otherwise would increase a risk of skin cancer."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"UV exposure increases the risk of skin cancer."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Humans have evolved to darken their skin which prevents over exposure to UV, which otherwise would increase a risk of skin cancer."
] |
2018-11536 | Why do fats clog things? | Also they’re usually insoluble in water. So they aren’t “washed out” as easily and thus build up. | [
"Section::::Pathways.\n\nThree pathways for rancidification are recognized:\n\nSection::::Pathways.:Hydrolytic.\n\nHydrolytic rancidity refers to the odor that develops when triglycerides are hydrolyzed and free fatty acids are released. This reaction of lipid with water may require a catalyst, leading to the forma... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02920 | How is a neuron conneted to so many others? | Dendrites and axons. These appendages are what communicate to other cells and other neurons. They can also be very long. Axons can be feet long, giving lots of room for large networks. | [
"Section::::Structure and Function.\n\nNon-synaptic transmission is characteristic of autonomic neuroeffector junctions. The essential features are that: the terminal portions of autonomic nerve fibers are varicose and mobile; transmitters are released from varicosities at varying distances from the effector cells;... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04143 | If elements on the Periodic Table of Elements are all made of the same basic building blocks (protons, neutrons and electrons). Why is each element so different from each other? | Depending on the number of protons in the nucleus, the electrons are attracted to them in different ways, defining what quantum mechanics refer to as atomic orbitals. This affects how much the electrons will be attracted to the protons of other atoms. Likewise, if an atom is missing an electron, it is more likely to try to take one from another atom. Or if it has an extra electron, it's more likely to share. This taking, giving, and sharing of electrons defines how various elements can or cannot form bonds with other atoms and thus form molecules. It defines how strong or weak those bonds are. And it defines how electrons react when hit with energy, emitting stuff like color in response. | [
"Section::::Characteristics.\n\nSection::::Characteristics.:Chemical.\n\nLike other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electron configurations, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior. However, lawrencium is an exception, since its last electron is transferre... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Elements have the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [
"The variance of protons, neutrons, and electrons is what creates different elements."
] |
2018-02564 | Why does fast food taste really good but taste terrible a few hours later | This might not seem like a hard question but it has an reasonably complex answer like most things in food science; Its partially due to factors such as lipid oxidation (fats tasting bad), food dehydrating slightly, starch retrogradation (starches re-organising into bad tasting structures as it cools), loss of desirable characteristics such as crunch/smell/texture/warmth/bun fluffiness etc. Basically the food just looses its desirable characteristics. Due to the ingredients, structure and storage methods of fast food, the loss of desirable characteristics typically occurs faster. That is not to say the ingredients in fast food are lower quality, just that they are not designed to be eaten hours later and this reflects on the loss of characteristics . Yeah i know that might not be satisfying to hear, but going deeper than surface level starts to involve 4-page long explanations of why your bun went soggy. There is also the fact that cold fast food that has been out for hours creates a subversion of expectation. There is a lot of psychology in food science that helps uncover what attributes people like and what they do not. To reduce the section on expectations to a ridiculously simple level: if it doesn't match expectations or previous experiences, most people wont like it. There is also a bit of difference to how critical people are over food made at home vs made by someone else. If say a home-made steak is over-seasoned most people will think something along the lines of "well its not perfect but its not too bad" whereas if they just paid $30 for the steak and its over-seasoned they will likely think "this steak sucks" So when you have a burger that is cold, has a soggy bun, smells like cardboard your brain essentially flicks a switch that makes you think "this isn't its supposed to be, this is not good". You can change this preference by exposing yourself to more and more cold fast food, if you so wish. This can eliminate the dislike or even create a preference for cold food. It generally takes several (10-20) exposures over a short time frame (3-4 weeks) for this effect to start working. (or many exposures over a long period) As to why home-made foods taste "fine" is a pretty massive and ambiguous question and would probably vary by individual. Major reasons would likely be lower/fewer expectations, many experiences in eating that food cold before, different ingredient structure and quality, different storage methods, different cooking methods and understanding that home-made food isn't a set experience and has wide variation in end results. | [
"Section::::Temporal taste perception.:Variability of human taste perception.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Abito da sposa cercasi XXL\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Adolescenti XXL (\"Too Fat for 15\")\n\nBULLET::::- \"Basta: io o il cane\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Bimbi fatti in casa\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Cher: Mia figlia cambia sesso\" (\"Beco... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22216 | Why we still need to do the whole "left eye/right eye, option 1 or option 2" when getting glasses? Why isn't there a machine that can test this just by looking at our eyes? | Vision is a really subjective experience, affected by many factors including the exact shape of lots of different parts of the eye. You've got two choices: 1. Get a complicated, expensive machine that gives you an OK pair of glasses; or 2. Buy a simple, comparatively cheap set of lenses, and check to see what lenses make it easier and harder to see until you've got a great pair of glasses. I know which I'd choose. | [
"Generally speaking, if the double vision is intractable by optical and other means and the patient needs relief from the disturbing double images, it may be indicated to use a more modest approach that simply ensures that the image of the weaker eye no longer interferes with the image of the dominant eye. This rel... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00893 | How do people who work for services like Uber eats make profit? | Strictly based on cash flow, the driver makes a little money. Realistically figuring in depreciation of the car, it’s more like break even. Essentially drivers are selling a portion of their car each ride. Most drivers seem to focus only on the positive cash flow. IMO, you’d be better off getting a 2nd job than driving for Uber. | [
"The riders for the app services such as Uber Eats, Foodora, Grubhub, etc. are independent contractors because they have the flexibility to choose when they work. As independent contractors, they earn $6 an hour or more. In Australia, specifically riders for the food app of Foodora, consider themselves employees be... | [
"Uber eats drivers make profit."
] | [
"Uber eats drivers most likely break even therefore they don't make profit."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Uber eats drivers make profit.",
"Uber eats drivers make profit."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Uber eats drivers most likely break even therefore they don't make profit.",
"Uber eats drivers most likely break even therefore they don't make profit."
] |
2018-09086 | How does drinking water after you eat not dilute the acid in your stomach which causes it to be ineffective at digesting food? | Your stomach acid technically doesn't digest your food, it sterilises it. And provides an optimal environment for protein digesting enzymes to break down your food. Fat and carbohydrate breakdown occurs in the intestines (some in the mouth). Acid is continuously produced by your stomach lining and neutralised by secretions from your pancreas in your small intestines. So water won't dilute the acid too much as it's continuously added and removed from your stomach. The secretion of acid is also very tightly regulated by various hormones and receptors throughout your digestive tract. | [
"Buffered sodium phosphate solution draws additional water from the bloodstream into the colon to increase the effectiveness of the enema, but can be rather irritating to the colon, causing intense cramping or \"griping.\"\n",
"Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role ... | [
"Drinking water after eating may dilute the stomach's acid causing the stomach to be ineffective at digesting food.",
"Stomach acid is needed to digest food."
] | [
"Technically, stomach acid does not digest food and acid is continuously added and removed from the stomach so water will not dilute it very much.",
"Stomach acid helps with sterilizing food and not digesting it."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Drinking water after eating may dilute the stomach's acid causing the stomach to be ineffective at digesting food.",
"Stomach acid is needed to digest food."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Technically, stomach acid does not digest food and acid is continuously added and removed from the stomach so water will not dilute it very much.",
"Stomach acid helps with sterilizing food and not digesting it."
] |
2018-02401 | How do trees allow us to breathe oxygen? What is the entire process like? | Plants and algae take CO2 from the atmosphere as well as water from the ground and, using energy from the sun, create glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Every complex life form, plants included, then use that oxygen in the process of breaking down sugars to produce energy our body can use. The actual chemistry is [pretty complicated]( URL_0 ) but the results are what I said above. | [
"Section::::Oxygen evolution in nature.:History of discovery.\n",
"Oxygen is essential to all life. Plants and phytoplankton photosynthesize water and carbon dioxide and water, both oxides, in the presence of sunlight to form sugars with the release of oxygen. The sugars are then turned into such substances as ce... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20420 | Why is it not posdible to make drinkable freshwater from salt water (ocean water)? | You can do that, desalination plants do exist, but they are extremely expensive to run which is why that isn't our main source of water | [
"In 1954, Pattle suggested that there was an untapped source of power when a river mixes with the sea, in terms of the lost osmotic pressure, however it was not until the mid ‘70s where a practical method of exploiting it using selectively permeable membranes by Loeb was outlined.\n",
"Section::::Aquatic organism... | [
"It is impossible to make drinkable water from fresh water from salt water.",
"It is not possible to make fresh water from salt water."
] | [
"It is possible to make fresh water drinkable from salt water via the use of a desalination plant, but due to the costs to run it isn't viable to use salt water as the main source of water.",
"You can make fresh water from salt water using desalination plants."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is impossible to make drinkable water from fresh water from salt water.",
"It is not possible to make fresh water from salt water."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is possible to make fresh water drinkable from salt water via the use of a desalination plant, but due to the costs to run it isn't viable to use salt water as the main source of water.",
"You can make fresh water from salt water using desalination plants."
] |
2018-15815 | If you voluntarily took a lot of antibiotics everyday of your life would you eventually ruin your immune system? | It wouldn’t even be eventually. Antibiotics ruin your gut flora right away. You have to rebuild it. | [
"Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. As a result of the symbiotic relationship between commensals... | [
"Antibiotics will only gradually ruin your immune system."
] | [
"Antibiotics ruin your gut flora right away."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Antibiotics will only gradually ruin your immune system.",
"Antibiotics will only gradually ruin your immune system."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Antibiotics ruin your gut flora right away.",
"Antibiotics ruin your gut flora right away."
] |
2018-05747 | How do birth control pills prevent pregnancy? | These pills have synthetic hormones that when taken, trick your body into thinking it's pregnant. When you're pregnant, your body doesn't release eggs because it's already got a baby growing inside. So now that you've taken these pills, your body isn't trying to get pregnant. Of course, they're only 99.5% effective when taken correctly, and 92% effective with typical use. | [
"BULLET::::- 75 µg gestodene (UK: Femodette, Bayer; RU: Logest, Bayer; Brazil: Femiane, Bayer)\n\nBULLET::::- 3000 µg drospirenone: 24 days + 4 days placebo (US, EU, RU: Yaz; Bayer Schering Pharma AG. Cleonita); 21 days + 7 days placebo (US, EU: , Bayer); 24 days + 4 days placebo and levomefolate calcium (US: Beyaz... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18711 | How is the country (United States) with the largest deficit also the world's largest "super power"? | Superpower refers to military strength. I think you mean debt instead of deficit (correct me if I’m wrong). Even though our debt is high, our GDP is massive. As producers and consumers, the US still dwarfs other nations. | [
"Robert J. Guttman wrote in 2001 that the very definition of the term superpower has changed, and in the 21st century it does not only refer to states with military power, but also to groups such as the European Union, with strong market economics, young, highly educated workers savvy in high technology, and a glob... | [
"The United States has much debt, so it does not make sense that it's the world's largest super power.",
"It is illogical that the US, with the largest debt, is also the world's largest super power."
] | [
"The United States is considered the world's largest super power due to it's military strength and not it's financial value.",
"Even though the debt is high the GDP is massive and \"superpower\" refers to military strength."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The United States has much debt, so it does not make sense that it's the world's largest super power.",
"It is illogical that the US, with the largest debt, is also the world's largest super power."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The United States is considered the world's largest super power due to it's military strength and not it's financial value.",
"Even though the debt is high the GDP is massive and \"superpower\" refers to military strength."
] |
2018-03123 | Why do holidays like Christmas and Halloween have set dates, while holidays like Easter and Thanksgiving aren't on specific dates? | Easter has a set date. The date just uses a different calendar than you use, because the calendar you use was defined centuries after the date being commemorated. There are many fine explanations of the lunisolar calendar and Easter, please search for them. [Here is one from last week]( URL_0 ). Thanksgiving is a US social holiday, and it is scheduled to fall on a Thursday to facilitate a 4-day holiday weekend. It's the same system used for all the Monday government holidays. | [
"BULLET::::- In Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Canada, Ireland, Poland, Russia and the UK, a public holiday otherwise falling on a Sunday will result in observance of the public holiday on the next available weekday (generally Monday). This arrangement results in a long weekend\n\nBULLET::::- The U.S. Congress cha... | [
"Easter is not on a set date.",
"Easter does not have a set date. "
] | [
"Easter is on a set date according to a different calendar.",
"Easter does have a set date, it just doesn't seem as it does because the date uses a different calendar. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Easter is not on a set date.",
"Easter does not have a set date. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Easter is on a set date according to a different calendar.",
"Easter does have a set date, it just doesn't seem as it does because the date uses a different calendar. "
] |
2018-12545 | Why do heights feel taller when looking from the top down than from the ground up? | It's a lot more than just the height differences. It's your sense of danger kicking in coupled with your enhanced ability to actually perceive height because there's more to compare it to. When you're on the ground, you are not in danger. When you are leaning over a precipice looking down, you are. Your brain instantly kicks in with a big "Do not go any closer!" message that some people can easily overcome due to being accustomed to it, and others can never handle. That sense of fear makes the distance look enormous. Then there's the ability to comparatively measure. When you're up high looking down, you can easily tell that you're relatively high by comparing the size of stuff at ground level as you see it from your perch versus what size it is when you're down there next to it. Climb a radio tower, look down and see ant-sized people, and you instantly know you're REALLY high. But when you are on the ground looking up, there's nothing to compare it to, only the sky (or ceiling if indoors)... and so it's really hard to gauge distance. (Sidebar note: this is also why full moons on the horizon look enormous compared to how large they appear when up in the sky. The horizon gives you something to compare the size of the moon to, but the open sky doesn't, so the moon appears much smaller.) | [
"Section::::Major Empirical Findings.\n\nSection::::Major Empirical Findings.:Elevation Differs From Happiness.\n",
"Section::::Major Theories.\n\nSection::::Major Theories.:Haidt's Third Dimension of Social Cognition.\n",
"Section::::Major Theories.:Elevation as a Self-Transcendent Positive Emotion.\n",
"Sec... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04824 | How did different cultures with different musical systems account for differences in notes used in their music when transitioning to standard notation? | They didn't. Standard music notation is used for traditional western art music (or at least music written before the 1920s). Traditional music from non-western cultures doesn't use the same notation, or oftentimes no notation at all. For the vast majority of human history music has been an oral tradition, and that's still true today. Most music isn't written. Even in the context of western music, the notation hasn't stayed constant (ever) and the literal frequency of notes wasn't standardized until the late 19th century. Even today people don't use standard notation to refer to specific note frequencies, it's a guideline for playing intervals in our set of notes. There's even a theory out there that tries and generalize all music into one concept of intervals called Shenkerian analysis, but not everyone treats it as valid, it has shortcomings, and it's fundamentally biased towards the western European tradition. Others tried to go more "out there" and unify notes and rhythm into one concept of frequency but that didn't catch on (google the name "Karlheinz Stockhausen"). In short, there is no standard that fits everything, attempts to make one work has failed, and not everyone sticks to the existing standards today. | [
"Musical notation was well developed by then, originating around 1025. Guido d'Arezzo developed a system of pitch notation using lines and spaces. Until this time, only two lines had been used. d'Arezzo expanded this system to four lines, and initiated the idea of ledger lines by adding lines above or below these l... | [
"Different musical cultures accounted for those differences when standardising music."
] | [
"All musical cultures did not account for these differences. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Different musical cultures accounted for those differences when standardising music."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"All musical cultures did not account for these differences. "
] |
2018-00319 | how can Washington Lake (freshwater) exist on Teraina (middle of the Pacific Ocean)? | Well because generally fresh water bodies come from underground springs, runoff from melting snow, or rain, all of which are fresh water. | [
"In addition, there are numerous small creeks and rivers which feed the lake, including:\n\nBULLET::::- Coal Creek\n\nBULLET::::- Denny Creek (O.O. Denny Park)\n\nBULLET::::- Fairweather Creek\n\nBULLET::::- Forbes Creek\n\nBULLET::::- Juanita Creek\n\nBULLET::::- Kelsey Creek\n\nBULLET::::- Lyon Creek\n\nBULLET:::... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00906 | Why are crumbs/small particles or liquids dangerous in a space station/shuttle? shouldn't they be airtight and waterproofed? | Small particles (and liquids, of course) may conduct electricity, and because they don't fall to the floor, they may find their way into electronics more easily and cause them to short circuit or otherwise malfunction. The crew on ISS does use some regular commercial electronic equipment, such as laptops. Even if a piece of equipment isn't critical to survival, it's not like they can just go to a store and buy something new if it breaks. Fires are very dangerous on space stations, and you also have limited oxygen. | [
"Section::::Microbial hazards.:Microbes and microgravity in space.\n",
"As with submarines before them, space capsules are closed environments, subject to strict contamination requirements. Incoming material is screened for mission threats. Any shedding, including wood, graphite, and ink vapors and droplets, may ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01221 | Why isn't Arkansas pronounced "Ar-Kans-ass"? | "Arkansas" is a French attempt at pronouncing a Quapaw language word that means "land of downriver people." Because Arkansas (and the US Southeast in general) has a lot of French influence the French pronunciation stuck. "Kansas" is similarly a Frenchified Sioux word, but because there is much less French influence in that area the English pronunciation is the one that caught on. | [
"Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) sy... | [
"Arkansas should be pronounced differently."
] | [
"Arkansas is pronounced the way it is due to the language it was adopted from."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Arkansas should be pronounced differently."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Arkansas is pronounced the way it is due to the language it was adopted from."
] |
2018-19760 | If mold spores are in the air everywhere and generally only require as little as 24 hours of a relative humidity at or above 60% to start colonizing, why are structures in humid places not absolutely rampant with it? (Or are they?) | Right, so. 1) mold *is* somewhat more prevalent in these areas. 2) these areas tend to receive a lot of direct sunlight. Light of any kind can act as a deterrent to mold growth by drying out surfaces and evaporating standing water 3) interior spaces tend to benefit from climate control, typically resulting in lower humidity. 4) exterior spaces devoid of climate control tend to see a prevalence of micro and macro organisms competing for the same resources that mold does. There's a reason that mold tends to be found in dark places that do not see much traffic. | [
"Mold is found everywhere and can grow on almost any substance when moisture is present. They reproduce by spores, which are carried by air currents. When spores land on a moist surface suitable for life, they begin to grow. Mold is normally found indoors at levels which do not affect most healthy individuals.\n",
... | [
"Because mold spores are always in the air, many structures should be covered with mold."
] | [
"Light can act as a deterrent to mold growth by drying it out before it can grow, other factors also play a roll in disrupting mold growth."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Because mold spores are always in the air, many structures should be covered with mold.",
"Because mold spores are always in the air, many structures should be covered with mold."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Light can act as a deterrent to mold growth by drying it out before it can grow, other factors also play a roll in disrupting mold growth.",
"Light can act as a deterrent to mold growth by drying it out before it can grow, other factors also play a roll in disrupting mold growth."
] |
2018-23287 | Why flies lay eggs in dead tissue instead of living tissue | If the host were alive, they would have physical means (e.g. scratching) and autoimmune means to prevent the eggs from being laid and from hatching/consuming the host. Dead tissue is free housing and food for the eggs, with little risk of outside predators as well, since they’d likely pass on rotting tissue. | [
"BULLET::::1. The first stage is autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, during which the body's cells are destroyed through the action of their own digestive enzymes. However, these enzymes are released into the cells because of active processes ceasing in the cells, not as an active process. In other wo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04682 | What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since? | If we're talking about oil prices generally, then the shale oil and gas revolution in the United States has been a major factor. Before this took place, much of the world's oil came from countries part of OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC is a cartel, which regulates the amount of oil each member can produce. They attempted to carefully regulate it so that it never became too expensive to encourage a cheaper alternative, and never too low that they didn't make insane amounts of money from it. That's changed since the United States became a huge producer of shale oil and gas. What happens now is that as the price of oil goes up, it becomes ever more economically viable to activate many of the sites that produce shale oil. If the price goes up high enough, lots of them come online. Since the United States isn't a member of OPEC, companies can produce as much oil as they like. This leads to an oversupply in the market, prices come back down, and these facilities are gradually turned off if they're no longer profitable. As technology improves, that $ per barrel "threshold" drops further and further, meaning that it becomes profitable at much lower prices, further adding to the oversupply. I'm not sure if any of this directly corresponds to the gas price you're talking about - mid-2000s was the Iraq War years, so that may have had something to do with it. But I wanted to explain why prices have been relatively stable and low since the peak prices in the early 2010's. | [
"High oil prices and economic weakness contributed to a demand contraction in 2007–2008. In the United States, gasoline consumption declined by 0.4% in 2007, then fell by 0.5% in the first two months of 2008 alone. Record-setting oil prices in the first half of 2008 and economic weakness in the second half of the y... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00774 | Why do some overweight people sweat more than those who aren’t? | Because fat is a wonderful insulator. It helps keep the heat in. Also, the work needed to move that large a mass produces a lot of heat energy. | [
"People have an average of two to four million sweat glands. But how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including gender, genetics, environmental conditions, age or fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight. If an individ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02169 | How Do The Concept Of Calories And Metabolism Both Affect Weight? | Weight loss/gain is *entirely* about how many calories you eat vs how many calories you burn. Eat more calories than you burn and you gain weight. Burn more calories than you eat and you lose weight. Your metabolism is a measurement of the rate at which your body burns calories. The faster your metabolism, the more calories you burn simply by living. So you can eat more calories than someone with a slower metabolism without gaining weight, because you're burning more calories than them, too. Exercise burns calories by itself, and gaining muscles mass also boosts your resting metabolism. So exercise is often instrumental in losing weight. But it still comes down to calories in vs calories out, and while boosting your metabolism increases the "calories out" side of the equation, it's still *really* easy to screw up the "calories in" side, so restricting how much you eat is still usually necessary to lose weight. | [
"Section::::Key components of weight management.:Thermogenic Effect of Food.\n\nThe thermogenic effect of food is another component of a person's daily energy expenditure and refers to the amount of energy it takes the body to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients in the diet. The amount of energy expended while... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-07009 | Why is polygamy still illegal in the West? | One of the biggest reasons is it isn't just a matter of making it legal, it is creating a whole new legal framework. With gay marriage, the framework was just a matter of changing a few pronouns. Plural marriage is much, much more complicated. If a man has two wives, are they married just to him, or to each other? Are two of them the legal parents of any children, or all three? How is the property divided in a divorce? Equally, or is seniority an issue? How would child custody work? How does child and spousal support work if all three divorce? Can an existing spouse veto a plural marriage? Who gets power of attorney if one spouse is incapacitated? Who inherits if one spouse dies without a will? The questions are endless and can be answered in several ways. Cohesive plural marriage legislation would require a lot of forethought and would be a massive undertaking. And consider very few people are asking for it, there is no political reason to make it happen. | [
"Section::::Countries that do not recognize polygamous marriages.:Asia.:Illegal \"de jure\" but still practiced.\n\nBULLET::::- Cambodia\n\nBULLET::::- Israel: polygamy was criminalized in 1977, but the law is not consistently enforced and polygamy is still practiced by Israeli Bedouins.\n\nBULLET::::- Kazakhstan\n... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00344 | What determines the consistency of our snot? | Snot is made from mostly water and a few proteins, along with whatever it catches while lining your sinuses. Your body can adjust both the amount produced and the levels of water pretty considerably depending on your current state. If you're dehydrated or in a dusty environment, it will thicken as your body uses less water to make it or it fills with the particles that it's catching. When you're sick it thickens for the same reason it does when you're in a dusty environment (it's collecting lots of germs). If you've eaten spicy food, it will thin as your body makes lots watery mucus to flush the irritant from your mucus membranes. | [
"Section::::Properties of mucus.:Tunable swelling capacity.\n\nMucus is able to absorb water or dehydrate through pH variations. The swelling capacity of mucus stems from the bottlebrush structure of mucin within which hydrophilic segments provide a large surface area for water absorption. Moreover, the tunability ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04336 | how does our sense of temperature work? | That's pretty much it. The nerve endings devoted to sensing temperature sense the direction heat is flowing and the general speed of flow. That's why on a cold day the metal door handle you touch feels colder than the air around it even though that's not really true; it just conducts heat better, which means it sucks the heat out of your hand faster. And that's what your nerves are detecting. | [
"Section::::Calibration.\n\nSection::::Calibration.:Temperature sensors.\n",
"Apparent temperature\n\nApparent temperature is the temperature equivalent perceived by humans, caused by the combined effects of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The measure is most commonly applied to the perceived o... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06939 | When glass or window steams up and you write on it, but then you wipe it off but next day when steam comes again the writing is still there. | Your skin deposits oils onto the glass when you draw with your finger. These oils are hydrophobic, which means they don't like water and water doesn't like them. The next day, when the hot air comes in contact with the cold mirror, the water droplets condensing will prefer to go condense/land somewhere else or stay in the air rather than having to deal with interacting with the hydrophobic oil. | [
"Recent technology developments have aided collectors in assessing the temperature and humidity history or the wine which are two key components in establishing perfect provenance. For example, there are devices available that rest inside the wood case and can be read through the wood by waving a smartphone equippe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01744 | Why is that sometimes if I stand right next to a radio the signal comes in strong and clear but the moment I step away it becomes distorted and almost indistinguishable? | Radio waves can be reflected or absorbed by the environment. Sometimes you can produce a 'dead spot' where a reflected wave interferes with the original wave and causes bad reception. It sounds like your radio is in a dead spot, but when you stand next to it your body is altering the waves in a way that eliminates the dead spot... but only for as long as you or someone else if stood there. | [
"In analog radio systems, as receiving stations move away from a radio transmitting site, the signal strength decreases gradually, causing the relative noise level to increase. The signal becomes increasingly difficult to understand until it can no longer be heard as anything other than static.\n",
"Multipathing ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23141 | why cant birds like chickens, penguins, kiwis and ostriches/emus fly? | Chickens can fly. They just don't fly long distances. Kiwis, ostriches, and emus have wings that are proportionally too small to allow them to fly. Penguins evolved in a manner so that their bodies are hydrodynamic, so they can catch fish and avoid their predators more easily. | [
"Most birds fly (\"see bird flight\"), with some exceptions. The largest birds, the ostrich and the emu, are earthbound, as were the now-extinct dodos and the Phorusrhacids, which were the dominant predators of South America in the Cenozoic era. The non-flying penguins have wings adapted for use under water and use... | [
"Chickens can't fly.",
"Chickens cannot fly."
] | [
"Chickens can fly short distances.",
"Chicken can fly, they just don't fly long distances. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Chickens can't fly.",
"Chickens cannot fly."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Chickens can fly short distances.",
"Chicken can fly, they just don't fly long distances. "
] |
2018-23434 | Why do ashes turn white on black pants and black on white pants? | Ash contains both black carbon and white potassium compounds. On a black surface, you see the white potassium compounds, but a light surface will hide those and you'll only see the carbon soot. | [
"A different texture is provided by the jazzy \"Tell Me Why,\" shimmering with vibraphone beneath Rapp's whimsical lines.\n",
"Section::::Collins Colorfield Combines.\n",
"Ashes as the end product of incomplete combustion will be mostly mineral, but usually still contain an amount of combustible organic or othe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
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