context stringclasses 269
values | id_string stringlengths 15 16 | answers listlengths 5 5 | label int64 0 4 | question stringlengths 34 417 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights for black people in the United States made its most important gains, scholars are reaching for a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its momentous developments. New theories of social movements are being discussed, not just among social psychologists, but also a... | 199402_3-RC_4_27 | [
"persuade historians of the indispensability of a theoretical framework for understanding recent history",
"present a new model of social movement",
"account for a shift in a theoretical debate",
"show the unity underlying the diverse classical models of social movement",
"discuss the reasoning behind and s... | 4 | The main purpose of the passage is to |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_1 | [
"King's philosophy was more influenced by Thoreau's essay on civil disobedience than by any other writing of the transcendentalists.",
"While historians may have overestimated Thoreau's influence on King, King was greatly influenced by a number of the transcendentalist philosophers.",
"Thoreau's and King's view... | 3 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_2 | [
"It was not King's first contact with the concept of passive resistance to unjust laws.",
"It was one of many examples of transcendentalist writing with which King was familiar.",
"It provided King with a model for using passive resistance to effect social change.",
"It contains a number of ideas with which o... | 4 | Which one of the following statements about "Civil Disobedience" would the author consider most accurate? |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_3 | [
"chronicling the development of King's philosophy on passive resistance to unjust law",
"suggesting that a common emphasis on one influence on King's philosophy has been misleading",
"providing new information about the influence of twentieth-century philosophers on King's work",
"summarizing the work of hist... | 1 | In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_4 | [
"Some of their ideas were less typical of transcendentalism than were some of Thoreau's ideas.",
"They were more concerned with the reform of society than with the reform of the individual.",
"They would have been more likely than Thoreau to agree with King on the necessity of mass protest in civil disobedience... | 4 | According to the passage, which one of the following is true of Emerson and Fuller? |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_5 | [
"opposed violence as a form of civil protest",
"opposed war as an instrument of foreign policy under any circumstances",
"believed that just laws had an inherent moral value",
"was more interested in reforming society than in reforming the individual",
"protested social and legal injustice in United States ... | 3 | According to the passage, King differed from most transcendentalists in that he |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_6 | [
"He was the first to develop fully the theory of civil disobedience.",
"His work has had a greater influence on contemporary thinkers than has the work of Emerson and Fuller.",
"His philosophy does not contain all of the same elements as the philosophies of the other transcendentalists.",
"He advocated using ... | 2 | The passage suggests which one of the following about Thoreau? |
Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau's essay was his first intellectual ... | 199406_3-RC_1_7 | [
"They are an example of a way in which King's ideas differed from Thoreau's but were similar to the ideas of other transcendentalists.",
"They provide evidence that proves that King's philosophy was affected by transcendentalist thought.",
"They suggest that King, like the transcendentalists, judged human laws ... | 2 | The passage provides support for which one of the following statements about the quotations in lines 52–55 ? |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_8 | [
"way in which political power is decentralized in a polyarchy",
"central role of power resources in a polyarchy",
"kind of concentrated power that political parties generate in a polyarchy",
"dynamic balance that exists between economic enterprises and elected officials in a polyarchy",
"dynamic balance tha... | 0 | The characterization of polyarchies as "centrifugal" (line 22) emphasizes the |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_9 | [
"refute Dahl's statement that Western intellectuals expect more democracy from polyarchies than is possible",
"advocate the need for rethinking the basic principles on which the theory of democracy rests",
"suggest that the structure of government within pluralist democracies should be changed",
"point out th... | 4 | In the third paragraph, the author of the passage refers to criticism of the theory of pluralist democracy primarily in order to |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_10 | [
"determine what the position of the majority of voters is on a particular issue",
"determine what position on an issue will earn the support of particular groups of voters",
"organize voters into pressure groups in order to influence public policy on a particular issue",
"ensure that elected officials accurat... | 1 | According to the passage, the aim of a political party in a polyarchy is to do which one of the following? |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_11 | [
"Polyarchies are limited in the extent to which they can embody the idea of democracy.",
"The structure of polyarchical governments is free of hierarchical ordering.",
"The citizens of a polyarchy have equal access to the resources that provide political influence.",
"Polyarchy is the best political system to... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that Dahl assumes which one of the following in his defense of polyarchies? |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_12 | [
"an exact copy of an ancient artifact that is on display in a museum",
"a performance of a musical score whose range of tonality cannot be completely captured by any actual instruments",
"a lecture by a former astronaut to a class of young students who would like to be astronauts",
"the commemoration of a his... | 1 | Which one of the following is most closely analogous to pluralist democracies as they are described in relation to the democratic principle of political equality? |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_13 | [
"The political agenda in a polyarchy is strongly influenced by how power resources other than the vote are distributed.",
"The outcome of elections is more often determined by the financial resources candidates are able to spend during campaigns than by their stands on political issues.",
"Public policy in a po... | 4 | Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen Dahl's defense of polyarchy? |
In Democracy and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic values and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equal capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collecti... | 199406_3-RC_2_14 | [
"an inquiry into how present-day polyarchies can be made more democratic",
"a commentary on the means pressure groups employ to exert influence within polyarchies",
"a description of the relationship between polyarchies and economic enterprises",
"a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of polyarchy as a... | 3 | The passage can best be described as |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_15 | [
"Both the Amazon basin and the deep sea support an unusually high rate of speciation.",
"Both the rain forest trees in the Amazon basin and the mud-dwelling animals in the deep sea have survived for 30 million years.",
"Both the deep sea and the Amazon basin have not experienced dramatic changes in climate or p... | 2 | As discussed in the first paragraph of the passage Sanders' analogy between the deep sea and the Amazon basin involves which one of the following assumptions? |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_16 | [
"It provides an intriguing and complete explanation for the high rate of species diversity in the Amazon basin.",
"It is partially correct in that a number of climatic disturbances account for species diversity in the Amazon basin.",
"It has not yet been verified, but it has had an influential effect on current... | 2 | The author of the passage would most likely agree with which one of the following statements about Haffer's hypothesis? |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_17 | [
"Lowlands are desertlike, whereas uplands are lush.",
"Lowlands are less vulnerable to glaciation during the ice ages than are uplands.",
"Uplands support a greater diversity of species than do lowlands.",
"Uplands are wetter than are lowlands.",
"Uplands are more densely populated than are lowlands."
] | 3 | According to the passage, lowlands in the Amazon basin currently differ from uplands in which one of the following respects? |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_18 | [
"A hypothesis is discussed, evidence that undercuts that hypothesis is presented, and a new hypothesis that may account for the evidence is described.",
"A recently observed phenomenon is described, an explanation for that phenomenon is discussed, and the explanation is evaluated in light of previous research fin... | 0 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage? |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_19 | [
"provide proof that cooler and drier temperatures are primarily responsible for the distribution of species in the Amazon",
"explain how populations of species were protected from extinction in the Amazon basin",
"explain how most existing species were able to survive periodic climatic disturbances in the Amazo... | 4 | The author of the passage mentions the number of ice ages in the third paragraph most probably in order to |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_20 | [
"He underestimated the effects of winter and glaciation in the Amazon basin on the tropical rain forest.",
"He failed to recognize the similarity in physical conditions of the Amazon lowlands and the Amazon uplands.",
"He failed to take into account the relatively high rate of extinction during the ice ages in ... | 4 | The passage suggests that which one of the following is true of Sanders' hypothesis? |
The old belief that climatic stability accounts for the high level of species diversity in the Amazon River basin of South America emerged, strangely enough, from observations of the deep sea. Sanders discovered high diversity among the mud-dwelling animals of the deep ocean. He argued that such diversity could be attr... | 199406_3-RC_3_21 | [
"Accurately dated sediment cores from a freshwater lake in the Amazon indicate that the lake's water level rose significantly during the last ice age.",
"Data based on radiocarbon dating of fossils suggest that the Amazon uplands were too cold to support rain forests during the last ice age.",
"Computer models ... | 4 | Which one of the following is evidence that would contribute to the "proof" mentioned in line 54? |
Although surveys of medieval legislation, guild organization, and terminology used to designate different medical practitioners have demonstrated that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Europe during the Middle Ages, most historians continue to equate the term "woman medical practitioner," wherever they en... | 199406_3-RC_4_22 | [
"Recent studies demonstrate that women medical practitioners were more common in England than in the rest of Western Europe during the Middle Ages.",
"The quantity and quality of the information historians uncover concerning women's medical practice in medieval Europe would be improved if they changed their metho... | 1 | Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? |
Although surveys of medieval legislation, guild organization, and terminology used to designate different medical practitioners have demonstrated that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Europe during the Middle Ages, most historians continue to equate the term "woman medical practitioner," wherever they en... | 199406_3-RC_4_23 | [
"equating pear with apple",
"equating science with biology",
"equating supervisor with subordinate",
"equating member with nonmember",
"equating instructor with trainee"
] | 1 | Which one of the following is most closely analogous to the error the author believes historians make when they equate the term "woman medical practitioner" with "midwife" ? |
Although surveys of medieval legislation, guild organization, and terminology used to designate different medical practitioners have demonstrated that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Europe during the Middle Ages, most historians continue to equate the term "woman medical practitioner," wherever they en... | 199406_3-RC_4_24 | [
"Gottfried's study would have recorded a much larger number of women medical practitioners if the time frame covered by the study had included the late sixteenth century.",
"The small number of women medical practitioners identified in Gottfried's study is due primarily to problems caused by inaccurate sources.",... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following assertions regarding Gottfried's study? |
Although surveys of medieval legislation, guild organization, and terminology used to designate different medical practitioners have demonstrated that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Europe during the Middle Ages, most historians continue to equate the term "woman medical practitioner," wherever they en... | 199406_3-RC_4_25 | [
"the effect of social change on the political and economic structure of medieval society",
"the effect of social constraints on medieval women's access to a medical education",
"the types of medical specialties that developed during the Middle Ages",
"the reasons why medieval historians tend to equate the ter... | 1 | The passage suggests that a future study that would be more informative about medieval women medical practitioners might focus on which one of the following? |
Although surveys of medieval legislation, guild organization, and terminology used to designate different medical practitioners have demonstrated that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Europe during the Middle Ages, most historians continue to equate the term "woman medical practitioner," wherever they en... | 199406_3-RC_4_26 | [
"demonstrate that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Western Europe during the Middle Ages",
"demonstrate that women are often underrepresented in studies of medieval medical practitioners",
"prove that midwives were officially recognized as members of the medical community during the Middle Ages",... | 3 | The author refers to the study by Wickersheimer and Jacquart in order to |
Although surveys of medieval legislation, guild organization, and terminology used to designate different medical practitioners have demonstrated that numerous medical specialties were recognized in Europe during the Middle Ages, most historians continue to equate the term "woman medical practitioner," wherever they en... | 199406_3-RC_4_27 | [
"describing new methodological approaches",
"revising the definitions of certain concepts",
"comparing two different analyses",
"arguing in favor of changes in method",
"chronicling certain historical developments"
] | 3 | In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following? |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_1 | [
"Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues and for failing to focus on aesthetic concerns.",
"Critics have failed to take into account the technological innovations and aesthetic features that architects have incorporated into modern buildings.",
"Wagner's Modern Arc... | 3 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_2 | [
"The architect should make decisions about aesthetic issues and leave decisions about technical matters to the engineer.",
"The engineer has often developed the powers of aesthetic judgment previously thought to be unique to the architect.",
"The judgment of the engineer should be as important as the judgment o... | 4 | According to the passage, Wagner asserts which one of the following about the roles of architect and engineer? |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_3 | [
"The modern architect should avoid the mechanical imitation of the models of the Italian Renaissance and Austrian Baroque.",
"The modern architect cannot design buildings appropriate to a modern, urban society and still retain emotional attachments to the forms of the Italian Renaissance and Austrian Baroque.",
... | 1 | The passage suggests that Wagner would be LEAST likely to agree with which one of the following statements about classical architecture and the modern architect? |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_4 | [
"They represent the part of Wagner's work that has had the least influence on the architects who designed the high-rise buildings of the 1960s and 1970s.",
"They describe the part of Wagner's work that is most often evoked by proponents of Wagner's ideas on art and technology.",
"They do not adequately reflect ... | 2 | The passage suggests which one of the following about the quotations from Modern Architecture cited in the second paragraph? |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_5 | [
"Cost-efficiency, utility, and aesthetic demands are the primary concerns of the modern architect.",
"Practical issues supersede aesthetic concerns in the design of many modern buildings.",
"Cost-efficiency is more important to the modern architect than are other practical concerns.",
"The design of many new ... | 1 | The author of the passage states which one of the following about the concerns of modern architecture? |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_6 | [
"provide an example of the kinds of technological innovations Wagner introduced into modern architecture",
"provide an example of Wagner's dismissal of historical forms from the Italian Renaissance",
"provide an example of a modern building where technological issues were much less significant than aesthetic de... | 4 | The author mentions Wagner's choice of a "circular ground plan for churches" (line 54) most likely in order to |
Modern architecture has been criticized for emphasizing practical and technical issues at the expense of aesthetic concerns. The high-rise buildings constructed throughout the industrialized world in the 1960s and 1970s provide ample evidence that cost-efficiency and utility have become the overriding concerns of the m... | 199410_3-RC_1_7 | [
"summarizing the history of a debate",
"explaining a traditional argument",
"describing and evaluating a recent approach",
"justifying a recent criticism by presenting new evidence",
"supporting an assertion by discussing an important work"
] | 4 | The passage is primarily concerned with |
In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination, of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an econo... | 199410_3-RC_2_8 | [
"The socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants is best explained by a historical examination of the economic structures prevalent in the United States when such immigrant groups arrived.",
"The socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descenda... | 4 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination, of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an econo... | 199410_3-RC_2_9 | [
"concentration of small businesses in a given geographical area",
"need for workers with varying degrees of skill",
"high value placed by immigrants on work",
"expansion of the primary labor market",
"development of an advanced capitalist economy"
] | 2 | Which one of the following can best be described as a supply-side element in the labor market, as such elements are explained in the passage? |
In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination, of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an econo... | 199410_3-RC_2_10 | [
"It demonstrates the effects of changes in human capital.",
"It illustrates the operation of the primary labor market.",
"It explains the nature of early Chinese and Japanese immigration.",
"It characterizes the result of changing demand-side factors.",
"It underscores an influence on the labor market."
] | 3 | Which one of the following best states the function of the author's mention of "two immigrant streams" (line 62)? |
In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination, of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an econo... | 199410_3-RC_2_11 | [
"address the effects of the interaction of causal factors",
"exclude the factor of a developing capitalist economy",
"do not apply an economic metaphor",
"emphasize the disadvantageous effects of racial discrimination",
"focus on a single type of theoretical explanation"
] | 4 | It can be inferred that the author's analysis of the socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants differs from that of most sociologists primarily in that most sociologists |
In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination, of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an econo... | 199410_3-RC_2_12 | [
"initial status as sojourners",
"slow accumulation of capital",
"quick transition from laborer to manager",
"rapid establishment of nuclear families",
"rapid acquisition of technical skills"
] | 0 | It can be inferred that which one of the following was an element of the experience of both Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States? |
In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination, of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an econo... | 199410_3-RC_2_13 | [
"advancing a synthesis of approaches to an issue",
"challenging a tentative answer to a question",
"evaluating the soundness of theories",
"resolving the differences between schools of thought",
"outlining the achievements of a group"
] | 0 | The author is primarily concerned with |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_14 | [
"an analysis of similarities and differences between the legal systems of England and the United States",
"a reevaluation of two legal systems with the use of examples",
"a contrast between the types of reasons embodied in the United States and English legal systems",
"an explanation of how two distinct visio... | 2 | Which one of the following best describes the content of the passage as a whole? |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_15 | [
"not to do so would encourage others to act as the group did",
"not to do so would be to violate the substantive reasons underlying the law",
"the veterans failed to comply with the substantive purpose of the statute",
"the veterans failed to demonstrate that their activities had no adverse effect on the publ... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that English judges would be likely to find the veterans' group discussed in the second paragraph guilty of violating the statute because |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_16 | [
"The legal rule requiring that a will be witnessed in writing does not stipulate the format of the will.",
"The legal rule requiring that a will be witnessed stipulates that the will must be witnessed in writing by two people.",
"The legal ruling requiring that a will be witnessed in writing stipulates that the... | 4 | From the discussion of wills in the third paragraph it can be inferred that substantive arguments as to the validity of a will might be considered under which one of the following circumstances? |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_17 | [
"comparison and contrast",
"generalization",
"explication of terms",
"a chronology of historical developments",
"a hypothetical case"
] | 3 | The author of the passage makes use of all of the following in presenting the discussion of the English and the United States legal systems EXCEPT |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_18 | [
"It presents the consequences of extreme interpretations of the two types of legal reasons discussed by the author.",
"It shows how legal scholars can incorrectly use extreme examples to support their views.",
"It corrects inaccuracies in legal scholars' views of the nature of the two types of legal systems.",
... | 0 | Which one of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage? |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_19 | [
"Social conditions have changed to the extent that to continue to enforce the rule would be to decide contrary to present-day social norms.",
"The composition of the legislature has changed to the extent that to enforce the rule would be contrary to the views of the majority in the present legislative assembly.",... | 2 | The author of the passage suggests that in English law a substantive interpretation of a legal rule might be warranted under which one of the following circumstances? |
Although the legal systems of England and the United States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in ... | 199410_3-RC_3_20 | [
"They may be written into laws, but they may also exert an external influence on the law.",
"They must be explicitly written into the law in order to be relevant to the application of the law.",
"They are legal in nature and determine particular applications of most laws.",
"They often provide judges with spe... | 0 | According to the passage, which one of the following statements about substantive reasons is true? |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_21 | [
"The body's need for carbohydrates varies with the level of serotonin in the blood.",
"The body's use of carbohydrates can be regulated by the administration of serotoninlike drugs.",
"The role of serotonin in regulating the consumption of carbohydrates is similar in rats and in humans.",
"The body's desire f... | 3 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_22 | [
"serotonin is produced from tryptophan",
"carbohydrates are taken into the body",
"carbohydrates stimulate the secretion of insulin",
"insulin facilitates the uptake of amino acids into peripheral tissues",
"tryptophan enters the bloodstream"
] | 0 | The term "rate" (line 17) refers to the rate at which |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_23 | [
"the amount of insulin produced is too high",
"the amount of serotonin in the brain is too low",
"more tryptophan than usual crosses the blood-brain barrier",
"neurotransmission by neurotransmitters other than serotonin is interrupted",
"amino acids other than tryptophan are taken up by peripheral tissues"
... | 1 | It can be inferred that a person is likely to crave carbohydrates when |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_24 | [
"Subjects would probably show a preference for carbohydrate-rich snacks rather than protein-rich snacks.",
"Subjects would probably become sleepy after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal.",
"Subjects would be more likely to lose weight than before they took the drug.",
"Subjects' blood tryptophan levels would pr... | 0 | The information in the passage indicates that if human beings were given a drug that inhibits the action of serotonin, which one of the following might be expected to occur? |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_25 | [
"provide an overview of current research concerning the effect of serotonin on carbohydrate consumption",
"contrast the role of tryptophan in the body with that of serotonin",
"discuss the role of serotonin in the transmission of neural impulses",
"explain how the brain knows that carbohydrates should be cons... | 4 | The primary purpose of the second paragraph in the passage is to |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_26 | [
"inclined to gain weight",
"sleepy much of the time",
"unlikely to crave carbohydrates",
"unable to sleep as much as usual",
"likely to secrete more insulin than usual"
] | 2 | It can be inferred that after a person has taken d-fenfluramine, he or she will probably be |
How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter serotonin, one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a presynaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a ne... | 199410_3-RC_4_27 | [
"defend a point of view",
"correct a misconception",
"assess conflicting evidence",
"suggest new directions for investigation",
"provide information that helps explain a phenomenon"
] | 4 | The author's primary purpose is to |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_1 | [
"New evidence of neurogenesis in canaries challenges an established neurological theory concerning brain cells in vertebrates and suggests the possibility that human brains may repair themselves.",
"The brains of canaries differ from the brains of other vertebrate animals in that the brains of adult canaries are ... | 0 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_2 | [
"The canary's song repertoire takes on a fully structured and stable quality.",
"A process of neurogenesis replaces the song-learning neurons that were lost during the preceding months.",
"The canary begins to learn an entirely new repertoire of songs based on the models of other canaries.",
"The regions in t... | 3 | According to the passage, which one of the following is true of the typical adult canary during the late summer and fall? |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_3 | [
"research on possible similarities between the neurological structures of humans and canaries",
"studies that compare the ratio of brain weight to body weight in canaries to that in humans",
"neurological research on the genes or hormones that activate neurogenesis in the brain of human infants",
"studies abo... | 1 | Information in the passage suggests that the author would most likely regard which one of the following as LEAST important in future research on neurogenesis in humans? |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_4 | [
"A number of songbird species related to the canary have a shorter life span than the canary and do not experience neurogenesis.",
"The brain size of several types of airborne birds with life spans similar to those of canaries has been shown to vary according to a two-year cycle of neurogenesis.",
"Several spec... | 2 | Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the explanation proposed by the author in the third paragraph? |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_5 | [
"demonstrate the presence of a rudimentary grammatical structure in canary song",
"point out a similarity between the patterned groupings of sounds in a canary's song and the syllabic structures of words",
"stress the stability and uniformity of the canary's song throughout its lifetime",
"suggest a similarit... | 3 | The use of the word "vocabulary" (line 23) serves primarily to |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_6 | [
"the life span of the average canary",
"the process by which canaries learn songs",
"the frequency of canary breeding seasons",
"the number of regions in the canary brain related to song learning",
"the amount of time an average canary needs to learn a repertoire of songs"
] | 0 | According to the passage, which one of the following factors may help account for the occurrence of neurogenesis in canaries? |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_7 | [
"A theory is presented, analyzed, and modified, and a justification for the modification is offered.",
"Research results are advanced and reconciled with results from other studies, and a shared principle is described.",
"Research results are presented, further details are provided, and a hypothesis is offered ... | 2 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph? |
A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do with a fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not thr... | 199412_3-RC_1_8 | [
"exhaustive",
"progressive",
"incomplete",
"antiquated",
"incorrect"
] | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the current understanding of neurogenesis as |
For too many years scholars of African American history focused on the harm done by slaveholders and by the institution of slavery, rather than on what Africans in the United States were able to accomplish despite the effects of that institution. In Myne Owne Ground, T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes contribute significant... | 199412_3-RC_2_9 | [
"Their emphases have been on statutory law rather than on customary law.",
"They have ignored specific historical situations and personages in favor of broad interpretations.",
"They have focused on the least eventful periods in African American history.",
"They have underemphasized the economic system that w... | 4 | The author of the passage objects to many scholarly studies of African American history for which one of the following reasons? |
For too many years scholars of African American history focused on the harm done by slaveholders and by the institution of slavery, rather than on what Africans in the United States were able to accomplish despite the effects of that institution. In Myne Owne Ground, T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes contribute significant... | 199412_3-RC_2_10 | [
"The laws affecting black citizens were embodied in statutes much more gradually than were laws affecting white citizens.",
"As the percentage of black citizens in the population grew, the legal restrictions placed on them also increased.",
"Because of discriminatory laws, black farmers suffered more economic s... | 1 | Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the relationship between the African American population and the law in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia between 1650 and 1670? |
For too many years scholars of African American history focused on the harm done by slaveholders and by the institution of slavery, rather than on what Africans in the United States were able to accomplish despite the effects of that institution. In Myne Owne Ground, T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes contribute significant... | 199412_3-RC_2_11 | [
"provide a specific example of the potential shortcomings of Breen and Innes's interpretation of historical events",
"provide a specific example of relevant data overlooked by Breen and Innes in their discussion of historical events",
"provide a specific example of data that Breen and Innes might profitably hav... | 0 | The author of the passage most probably refers to Anthony Johnson and his family in order to |
For too many years scholars of African American history focused on the harm done by slaveholders and by the institution of slavery, rather than on what Africans in the United States were able to accomplish despite the effects of that institution. In Myne Owne Ground, T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes contribute significant... | 199412_3-RC_2_12 | [
"condescending dismissal",
"wholehearted acceptance",
"contentious challenge",
"qualified approval",
"sincere puzzlement"
] | 3 | The attitude of the author of the passage toward Breen and Innes's study can best be described as one of |
For too many years scholars of African American history focused on the harm done by slaveholders and by the institution of slavery, rather than on what Africans in the United States were able to accomplish despite the effects of that institution. In Myne Owne Ground, T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes contribute significant... | 199412_3-RC_2_13 | [
"summarize previous interpretations",
"advocate a new approach",
"propose and then illustrate a thesis",
"present and evaluate an interpretation",
"describe a historical event"
] | 3 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_14 | [
"A particular phenomenon is discussed, the reasons that it is atypical are put forward, and these reasons are evaluated and refined.",
"An assumption is made, results deriving from it are compared with what is known to be true, and the assumption is finally rejected as counterfactual.",
"A point of view is desc... | 4 | Which one of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage? |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_15 | [
"what they saw as Watteau's typical eighteenth-century talent for transcending reality through art",
"their opposition to the determinism that dominated late-nineteenth-century French thought",
"a lack of access to historical source material concerning the early eighteenth century in France",
"the nature of t... | 3 | The passage suggests that late-nineteenth-century biographers of Watteau considered the eighteenth century to be "witty and amiable" in large part because of |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_16 | [
"If such explanations were widely accepted, too many people who would otherwise have admired Watteau would cease to appreciate Watteau's works.",
"If such explanations were adopted, they would make it difficult for Watteau admirers to explain why Watteau's works were purchased and admired by foreigners.",
"If s... | 4 | According to the passage, explanations of artistic production based on determinism were unthinkable to Watteau admirers for which one of the following reasons? |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_17 | [
"some biographers' persistent inability to appreciate what the author considers a particularly admirable quality",
"certain writers' surprising lack of awareness of what the author considers an obvious discrepancy",
"some writers' willful refusal to evaluate properly what the author considers a valuable source ... | 1 | The phrase "curious blind spot" (lines 2–3) can best be interpreted as referring to which one of the following? |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_18 | [
"Unlike most late-nineteenth-century Watteau admirers, the author appreciates the importance of Watteau's artistic accomplishment.",
"The author finds Watteau's works to be much less lyrical and charming than did most late-nineteenth-century admirers of the works.",
"In contrast to most late-nineteenth-century ... | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author's view of Watteau's works differs most significantly from that of most late-nineteenth-century Watteau admirers in which one of the following ways? |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_19 | [
"widespread social upheaval caused by war",
"a pervasive sense of nostalgia for an idealized past",
"increased domination of public affairs by a powerful aristocracy",
"rapid adoption by the middle classes of aristocratic manners and life-styles",
"a need to reconcile the French self-image with French socia... | 0 | The author asserts that during the period of Watteau's artistic activity French society was experiencing which one of the following? |
Late-nineteenth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image of itself, and nineteenth-century writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the enterprise of Watte... | 199412_3-RC_3_20 | [
"An artist's recognition by a society is most directly determined by the degree to which his or her works are perceived as lyrical and charming.",
"An artist will have the greatest influence on a society that values art particularly highly.",
"The works of an artist who captures the true and essential nature of... | 3 | The information given in the passage suggests that which one of the following principles accurately characterizes the relationship between an artist's work and the impact it is likely to have on a society? |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_21 | [
"When making decisions in certain predictable situations, juries may commit inferential errors that obscure rather than reveal the truth.",
"The views of human cognition taken by cognitive psychologists on the one hand and by the legal profession on the other are demonstrably dissimilar.",
"When confronting pow... | 0 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_22 | [
"a move away from jury trials",
"the institution of minimum formal educational requirements for jurors",
"the development of strict guidelines for defense testimony",
"specific training for judges in the area of jury instruction",
"restrictions on lawyers' use of psychological research"
] | 3 | Of the following hypothetical reforms in trial procedure, which one would the author be most likely to support as the best way to address the problem of jury inferential error? |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_23 | [
"refute the idea that the fact-finding process is a complicated exercise",
"emphasize how carefully evidence must be presented in order to avoid jury inferential error",
"explain how commonly held beliefs affect the Jury's ability to ascertain the truth",
"provide examples of situations that may precipitate j... | 3 | In the second paragraph, the author's primary purpose is to |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_24 | [
"apprehensive about whether they are consistent in their instruction of juries",
"doubtful of their ability to draw consistently correct conclusions based on the evidence",
"critical of their failure to take into account potentially helpful research",
"pessimistic about their willingness to make significant c... | 2 | Which one of the following best describes the author's attitude toward the majority of judges today? |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_25 | [
"All guidelines about human behavior must take account of variations in the patterns of human decision-making.",
"Current models of how humans make decisions apply reliably to individuals but do not hold for decisions made by groups.",
"The current conception of jury inferential error employed by judges has bee... | 1 | Which one of the following statements, if true, would most seriously undermine the author's suggestion about the use of current psychological research in the courtroom? |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_26 | [
"They have a less sophisticated understanding of human cognition than do psychologists.",
"They often present complex or voluminous information merely in order to confuse a jury.",
"They are no better at making logical inferences from the testimony at a trial than are most judges.",
"They have worked to help ... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following generalizations about lawyers? |
Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, of conflicting evidence, and of evidence relayed through the flawed perceptual, retentive, and narrative abilities of witnesses, a jury is forced to draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the truth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have developed and used ... | 199412_3-RC_4_27 | [
"The more evidence that a jury has, the more likely it is that the jury will reach a reliable verdict.",
"Juries usually overestimate the value of visual evidence such as photographs.",
"Jurors have preconceptions about the behavior of defendants that prevent them from making an objective analysis of the eviden... | 4 | The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following generalizations about a jury's decision-making process? |
It is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the Earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south. Geological evidence shows that periodically the ... | 199502_3-RC_1_1 | [
"Heat circulation in the outer core controls the growth and diminution of the polar ice caps.",
"Impact of asteroids on the Earth's surface alters the way in which the outer core vents its heat into the mantle.",
"Motion of electrons within the metallic fluid in the outer core produces the Earth's magnetic fiel... | 2 | Which one of the following statements regarding the Earth's outer core is best supported by information presented in the passage? |
It is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the Earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south. Geological evidence shows that periodically the ... | 199502_3-RC_1_2 | [
"The extinction of the dinosaurs was the result of gradual changes in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere that occurred over millions of years.",
"The dinosaurs became extinct when their food supply was disrupted following the emergence of mammals.",
"The dinosaurs succumbed to the new, colder environment... | 4 | The author's objection to the second hypothesis discussed in the passage is most applicable to which one of the following explanations concerning the extinction of the dinosaurs'? |
It is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the Earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south. Geological evidence shows that periodically the ... | 199502_3-RC_1_3 | [
"present a way in which the venting of heat from the outer core might disturb the heat-circulation pattern within the outer core",
"provide proof for the proposal that ventilation of heat from the outer core into the mantle triggers polarity reversal",
"give an example of the way in which heat circulates betwee... | 0 | The author mentions the creation of blobs of different temperatures in the Earth's outer core (lines 34–38) primarily in order to |
It is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the Earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south. Geological evidence shows that periodically the ... | 199502_3-RC_1_4 | [
"Most, but not all, geophysicists agree that the Earth's magnetic field may exist in two distinct polarity states.",
"Changes in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field have occurred more often in the recent past than in the distant past.",
"Heat transfer would cause reversals of the polarity of the Earth's ... | 1 | Which one of the following statements regarding the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field is best supported by information in the passage? |
It is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the Earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south. Geological evidence shows that periodically the ... | 199502_3-RC_1_5 | [
"Since their introduction they have sharply divided the scientific community.",
"Both were formulated in order to explain changes in the frequency of polarity reversal.",
"Although no firm conclusions regarding them have yet been reached, both have been extensively investigated.",
"They are not the only propo... | 3 | Which one of the following can be inferred regarding the two proposals discussed in the passage? |
It is a fundamental tenet of geophysics that the Earth's magnetic field can exist in either of two polarity states: a "normal" state, in which north-seeking compass needles point to the geographic north, and a "reverse" state, in which they point to the geographic south. Geological evidence shows that periodically the ... | 199502_3-RC_1_6 | [
"changes in the way heat circulates within the outer core fluid",
"extended periods of colder temperatures on the Earth's surface",
"the creation of circulating blobs of outer core material of different temperatures",
"changes in circulation patterns in the Earth's oceans",
"clouding of the Earth's atmosphe... | 3 | The author mentions each of the following as possible contributing causes to reversals of the Earth's magnetic field EXCEPT |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_7 | [
"Implicit in the terminology of the school of criticism known as deconstruction are meanings that reveal the true nature of the deconstructionist's endeavor.",
"The appearance of the terms signifier and signified in the field of literary theory anticipated the appearance of an even more radical idea known as deco... | 0 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_8 | [
"Deconstructionists would not have been able to formulate their views adequately without the terms signifier and signified.",
"Deconstructionists had no particular purpose in mind in choosing to use neologisms.",
"Deconstructionists do not recognize that their own theory contains inherent contradictions.",
"D... | 4 | Which one of the following is a claim that the author passage makes about deconstructionists? |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_9 | [
"A new invention usually consists of components that are specifically manufactured for the new invention.",
"A new invention is usually behind the times, never making as much use of all the available modern technology as it could.",
"A new invention usually consists of components that are already available but ... | 2 | Which one of the following generalizations about inventions is most analogous to the author's point about innovation in language? |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_10 | [
"give an example",
"introduce a contrast",
"undermine an argument",
"codify a system",
"dismiss an objection"
] | 1 | The author of the passage uses the word "criticism" in lines 46–56 primarily in order to |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_11 | [
"It introduces a hypothesis that the author later expands upon.",
"It qualifies a claim made earlier by the author.",
"It develops an initial example of the author's general thesis.",
"It predicts a development.",
"It presents a contrasting view."
] | 2 | Which one of the following best describes the function of the second paragraph within the passage as a whole? |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_12 | [
"demonstrate false assumptions and inherent contradictions",
"employ skill and insight",
"be carried out by one critic rather than many",
"reveal how a text is put together like a building",
"point out the superiority of conventional text structures"
] | 1 | The passage suggests that the author most probably holds the view that an important characteristic of literary criticism is that it |
Innovations in language are never completely new. When the words used for familiar things change, or words for new things enter the language, they are usually borrowed or adapted from stock. Assuming new roles, they drag their old meanings along behind them like flickering shadows. This seems especially true of the lan... | 199502_3-RC_2_13 | [
"The author is guardedly optimistic about the ability of deconstruction to reveal the intentions and biases of a writer.",
"The author endorses the utility of deconstruction for revealing the role of older meanings of words.",
"The author is enthusiastic about the significant neologisms that deconstruction has ... | 3 | The passage suggests that which one of the following most accurately describes the author's view of deconstructionist thought? |
The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_14 | [
"Various legal disputes have recently arisen that demonstrate the need for legislation clarifying the legal position of museums in suits involving the repossession of cultural property.",
"A bill intended to prevent other governments from recovering cultural property was recently introduced into the legislature o... | 2 | Which one of the following most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage? |
The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_15 | [
"doubt that owners of works of art often harbor over whether individuals have a moral right to possess great art",
"concern that owners of works of art often have that their possession of such objects may be legally challenged at any time",
"questions that owners of works of art often have concerning the correc... | 1 | The uncertainty mentioned in line 2 of the passage refers to the |
The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_16 | [
"the passage of a law by another country forbidding the future export of any archaeological objects uncovered at sites within its territory",
"an international accord establishing strict criteria for determining whether a work of art can be considered stolen and specifying the circumstances under which it must be... | 2 | Which one of the following is an example of the kind of action that Burke feared would pose a serious threat to museums in his country? |
The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_17 | [
"commercial dealers in art",
"law enforcement officials in his own country",
"governments of other countries",
"private collectors of art",
"museums in other countries"
] | 2 | According to the passage, Burke envisaged the most formidable potential adversaries of his country's museums in reclamation litigation to be |
The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_18 | [
"less common than Burke fears it will become without passage of a national statute of limitations for reclamation of stolen cultural property",
"increasing as a result of the passage of legislation that aids legitimate owners of art in their attempts to recover stolen works",
"a serious threat to museums and cu... | 0 | The author suggests that in the country mentioned in line 1, litigation involving the reclamation of stolen works of art has been |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.