context stringclasses 269
values | id_string stringlengths 15 16 | answers listlengths 5 5 | label int64 0 4 | question stringlengths 34 417 |
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The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_19 | [
"impassioned support",
"measured advocacy",
"fearful apprehension",
"reasoned opposition",
"reluctant approval"
] | 3 | Which one of the following best describes the author's attitude toward the proposed bill? |
The legislature of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on ... | 199502_3-RC_3_20 | [
"a law requiring museums to notify foreign governments and cultural institutions of all the catalogs and scholarly journals that they publish",
"a law providing for the creation of a national warehouse for storage of works of art that are the subject of litigation",
"a law instituting a national fund for assist... | 4 | Which one of the following best exemplifies the sort of legislation considered necessary by the author of the passage? |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_21 | [
"Differences in the demographics of United States slavery and Russian serfdom can help explain the different kinds of resistance practiced by slaves and serfs in their respective counties.",
"Historians have yet to undertake an adequate comparison and contrast of Russian serfdom and United States slavery.",
"Re... | 0 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_22 | [
"interest in the demographic differences between Russia and the United States during the nineteenth century",
"failure to undertake a comparison of Russian serfdom and United States slavery",
"inability to explain why United States slavery and Russian serfdom were abolished during the same decade",
"overestim... | 1 | According to the author, de Tocqueville was similar any modern historians in his |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_23 | [
"Collective defiance by serfs during the nineteenth century was confined almost exclusively to their participation in the volnenie.",
"The rebellious activity of United States slaves was more likely to escape the historical record than was the rebellious activity of Russian serfs.",
"Organized rebellions by sla... | 2 | Which one of the following assertions, if true, would provide the most support for Kolchin's principal conclusion regarding the relationship of demographics to rebellion among Russian serfs and United States slaves? |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_24 | [
"emphasize that rebellions in both counties eventually led to the demise of the two institutions",
"cite a coincidence that de Tocqueville should have been able to foresee",
"suggest one reason why more historians should have been drawn to a comparative study of the two institutions",
"cite a coincidence that... | 2 | The fact that United States slavery and Russian serfdom were abolished during the same decade is cited by the author in the first paragraph primarily in order to |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_25 | [
"major differences in the political systems of the two counties",
"major differences in the demographics of the two counties",
"the failure of de Tocqueville to address the subject",
"differences in the size of the estates on which slaves and serfs labored",
"the comprehensiveness of Kolchin's own work"
] | 0 | The author cites which one of the following as a factor that might have discouraged historians from undertaking a comparative study of Russian serfdom and United States slavery? |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_26 | [
"They agreed to the abolition of serfdom in the 1860s largely as a result of their having been influenced by the abolition of slavery in the United States.",
"They became more directly involved in the management of their estates as a result of the rebellions that occurred in the previous century.",
"They common... | 3 | According to the passage, Kolchin's study asserts that which one of the following was true of Russian nobles during the nineteenth century? |
Until recently, few historians were interested in analyzing the similarities and differences between serfdom in Russia and slavery in the United States. Even Alexis de Tocqueville, who recognized the significant comparability of the two nations, never compared their systems of servitude, despite his interest in United ... | 199502_3-RC_4_27 | [
"They were as prepared for collective protest as were their Russian counterparts.",
"Few of them owned plantations on which fewer than a hundred slaves worked.",
"They managed their estates more efficiently than did their Russian counterparts.",
"Few of them relied on intermediaries to manage their estates.",... | 3 | The passage suggests that which one of the following was true of southern planters in the United States? |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_1 | [
"earlier theories had failed to account for the gradual extinction of many ocean species at the end of the Cretaceous period",
"geologists had, up until that time, underestimated the amount of carbon dioxide that would be released during an episode of explosive volcanism",
"a meteorite could have served as a so... | 2 | The passage suggests that during the 1980s researchers found meteorite impact a convincing explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs, in part because |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_2 | [
"a composition similar to that of meteorites",
"the absence of elements found in rocks on the Earth's crust",
"a greater stability than that of the upper regions",
"the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide",
"a uniformly lower density than that of the upper regions"
] | 0 | According to the passage, the lower regions of the Earth's mantle are characterized by |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_3 | [
"It contained less carbon dioxide than did the meteorites that were striking the Earth's surface during that period.",
"It was more dense than the molten rock located just above the Earth's core.",
"It released enough iridium hexafluoride into the atmosphere to change the Earth's climate dramatically.",
"It w... | 3 | It can be inferred from the passage that which one of the following was true of the lava that erupted in India at the end of the Cretaceous period? |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_4 | [
"describing three theories and explaining why the latest of these appears to be the best of the three",
"attacking the assumptions inherent in theories that until the 1980s had been largely accepted by geologists",
"outlining the inadequacies of three different explanations of the same phenomenon",
"providing... | 0 | In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following? |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_5 | [
"Its level of concentration in the Earth's atmosphere would have been high due to a slow but steady increase in the atmospheric iridium that began in the early Cretaceous period.",
"Its concentration in the Earth's atmosphere would have increased due to the dramatic decrease in sea level that occurred during the ... | 3 | The author implies that if the theory described in the third paragraph is true, which one of the following would have been true of iridium in the atmosphere at the end of the Cretaceous period? |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_6 | [
"It does not rely on assumptions concerning the temperature of molten rock at the lowest part of the Earth's mantle.",
"It may explain what caused the gradual fall in sea level that occurred for hundreds of thousands of years prior to the more sudden disappearance of the dinosaurs.",
"It bases its explanation o... | 1 | The passage supports which one of the following claims about the volcanic-eruption theory? |
Until the 1980s, most scientists believed that noncatastrophic geological processes caused the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred approximately 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Geologists argued that a dramatic drop in sea level coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs and could have ... | 199506_1-RC_1_7 | [
"Fragments of meteorites that have struck the Earth are examined and found to have only minuscule amounts of iridium hexafluoride trapped inside of them.",
"Most diapir eruptions in the geological history of the Earth have been similar in size to the one that occurred in India at the end of the Cretaceous period ... | 1 | Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the theory described in the last paragraph of the passage? |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_8 | [
"It is only since the early 1970s that folklore studies have begun to recognize women as important bearers of folklore.",
"A careful analysis of the repertoires of women folk performers has led to a new discovery with important implications for future folklore studies.",
"Recent studies of women folk performers... | 4 | Which one of the following best describes the main point of the passage? |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_9 | [
"support the idea that it is too soon to tell whether or not folklorists are giving greater attention to women's folklore",
"refute Weigle and Farrer's contention that folklorists prefer to collect folklore from men rather than from women",
"support the assertion that scholarship devoted to women folk performer... | 4 | The author of the passage refers to The Dynamics of Folklore primarily in order to |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_10 | [
"an anthology of tales and songs collected exclusively from women in different cultures",
"a compilation of tales and songs from both men and women covering a great variety of traditional and nontraditional topics",
"a study of the purpose and meaning of a tale or song for the men and women in a particular cult... | 2 | The focus of which one of the following books would most clearly reflect the current interest of the folklorists mentioned in the last paragraph? |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_11 | [
"increased recognition of the similar ways in which men and women use folklore",
"increased recognition of folk performers as creative individuals",
"increased emphasis on the need for repertoire analysis",
"less emphasis on the relationship between cultural influences and folklore",
"less emphasis on the i... | 1 | According to the passage, which one of the following changes has occurred in the field of folklore since the early 1970s? |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_12 | [
"The people who transmitted the folklore did not play a creative role in the development of that folklore.",
"The people who transmitted the folklore were not consciously aware of the way in which they creatively shaped that folklore.",
"The text of a song or tale did not change as the folklore was transmitted ... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that early folklorists assumed that which one of the following was true? |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_13 | [
"An anthropologist studies the implements currently used by an isolated culture, but does not investigate how the people of that culture designed and used those implements.",
"A manufacturer hires a consultant to determine how existing equipment in a plant might be modified to improve efficiency, but does not ask... | 0 | Based on the information in the passage, which one of the following is most closely analogous to the type of folklore studies produced before the early 1970s? |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_14 | [
"a holistic assessment of a piece of folklore rather than a critical analysis of its parts",
"a study that examines a piece of folklore in light of earlier interpretations provided by other folklorists",
"the parts of a piece of folklore that can shed light on the meaning of the entire piece",
"the environmen... | 3 | The author of the passage uses the term "context" (line 50) to refer to |
It has become something of a truism in folklore studies that until recently the lore was more often studied than the folk. That is, folklorists concentrated on the folklore—the songs, tales, and proverbs themselves—and ignored the people who transmitted that lore as part of their oral culture. However, since the early ... | 199506_1-RC_2_15 | [
"wholehearted approval",
"qualified admiration",
"uneasy ambivalence",
"extreme skepticism",
"trenchant criticism"
] | 1 | The author's attitude toward Roger Abraham's book can best be described as one of |
J. G. A. Pocock's numerous investigations have all revolved around the fruitful assumption that a work of political thought can only be understood in light of the linguistic constraints to which its author was subject, for these prescribed both the choice of subject matter and the author's conceptualization of this sub... | 199506_1-RC_3_16 | [
"civic humanism, in any of its manifestations, cannot entirely explain eighteenth-century political discourse",
"eighteenth-century political texts are less likely to reflect a single vocabulary than to combine several vocabularies",
"Pocock's linguistic approach, though not applicable to all eighteenth-century... | 2 | The main idea of the passage is that |
J. G. A. Pocock's numerous investigations have all revolved around the fruitful assumption that a work of political thought can only be understood in light of the linguistic constraints to which its author was subject, for these prescribed both the choice of subject matter and the author's conceptualization of this sub... | 199506_1-RC_3_17 | [
"Jefferson",
"Federalists",
"English Whigs",
"English Tories",
"rural English landowners"
] | 2 | According to the passage, Pocock most clearly associates the use of a vocabulary of economic progress with |
J. G. A. Pocock's numerous investigations have all revolved around the fruitful assumption that a work of political thought can only be understood in light of the linguistic constraints to which its author was subject, for these prescribed both the choice of subject matter and the author's conceptualization of this sub... | 199506_1-RC_3_18 | [
"\"fruitful\" (line 2) and \"cant\" (line 39)",
"\"sharp\" (line 16) and \"elitist\" (line 46)",
"\"naively\" (line 17) and \"controversial\" (line 41)",
"\"fertile\" (line 40) and \"applaud\" (line 60)",
"\"simply\" (line 44) and \"importance\" (line 55)"
] | 3 | The author's attitude toward Pocock is best revealed by which of the following pairs of words? |
J. G. A. Pocock's numerous investigations have all revolved around the fruitful assumption that a work of political thought can only be understood in light of the linguistic constraints to which its author was subject, for these prescribed both the choice of subject matter and the author's conceptualization of this sub... | 199506_1-RC_3_19 | [
"could be established using an approach similar to that used by literary historians",
"could be definitively established without reference to the text's historical background",
"could be closely read in several different ways depending on one's philosophic approach",
"was constrained by certain linguistic pre... | 1 | The passage suggests that one of the "assumptions of the 1950s" (line 17) regarding the meaning of a political text was that this meaning |
J. G. A. Pocock's numerous investigations have all revolved around the fruitful assumption that a work of political thought can only be understood in light of the linguistic constraints to which its author was subject, for these prescribed both the choice of subject matter and the author's conceptualization of this sub... | 199506_1-RC_3_20 | [
"the use of the term \"language\" to describe the expressive features of several diverse kinds of discourse",
"the overemphatic denigration of the role of the analytic philosopher in establishing the meaning of a political, or indeed any, text",
"the emphasis on the overriding importance of civic humanism in ei... | 3 | The author of the passage would most likely agree that which one of the following is a weakness found in Pocock's work? |
J. G. A. Pocock's numerous investigations have all revolved around the fruitful assumption that a work of political thought can only be understood in light of the linguistic constraints to which its author was subject, for these prescribed both the choice of subject matter and the author's conceptualization of this sub... | 199506_1-RC_3_21 | [
"A description of a thesis is offered, specific cases are considered, and an evaluation is given.",
"A thesis is brought forward, the thesis is qualified, and evidence that calls the qualification into question is stated.",
"A hypothesis is described, examples that suggest it is incorrect are summarized, and su... | 0 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage? |
In 1964 the United States federal government began attempts to eliminate racial discrimination in employment and wages: the United States Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting employers from making employment decisions on the basis of race. In 1965 President Johnson issued Executive Order 11,2... | 199506_1-RC_4_22 | [
"monitors employers to ensure minority representation",
"assesses the workforces of government contractors",
"eliminates discriminatory disparities in wages",
"focuses on determining minority representation in government",
"governs hiring practices in a wider variety of workplaces"
] | 4 | According to the passage, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act differs from Executive Order 11,246 in that Title VII |
In 1964 the United States federal government began attempts to eliminate racial discrimination in employment and wages: the United States Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting employers from making employment decisions on the basis of race. In 1965 President Johnson issued Executive Order 11,2... | 199506_1-RC_4_23 | [
"School expenditures decreased for white schools.",
"The teachers in white schools had more time to cover material during a school year than did teachers in black schools.",
"The basic curriculum of white schools was similar to the curriculum at black schools.",
"White schools did not change substantially in ... | 1 | Which one of the following statements about schooling in the United States during the mid-1940s can be inferred from the passage? |
In 1964 the United States federal government began attempts to eliminate racial discrimination in employment and wages: the United States Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting employers from making employment decisions on the basis of race. In 1965 President Johnson issued Executive Order 11,2... | 199506_1-RC_4_24 | [
"explain why an argument about black economic progress is incomplete",
"describe the impact of education on black economic progress",
"refute an argument about the factors influencing black economic progress",
"describe black economic progress before and after the 1960s",
"clarify the current view about the... | 2 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
In 1964 the United States federal government began attempts to eliminate racial discrimination in employment and wages: the United States Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting employers from making employment decisions on the basis of race. In 1965 President Johnson issued Executive Order 11,2... | 199506_1-RC_4_25 | [
"Individuals cannot be forced by legal means to behave in nondiscriminatory ways.",
"Discriminatory practices in education have been effectively altered by legal means.",
"Legislation alone has had little effect on racially discriminatory behavior.",
"Legislation is necessary, but not sufficient, to achieve c... | 2 | Which one of the following best states the position of proponents of the "continuous change" hypothesis regarding the relationship between law and racial discrimination? |
In 1964 the United States federal government began attempts to eliminate racial discrimination in employment and wages: the United States Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting employers from making employment decisions on the basis of race. In 1965 President Johnson issued Executive Order 11,2... | 199506_1-RC_4_26 | [
"strengthen the overall argument by anticipating an objection",
"introduce another factor that may have influenced black economic progress",
"concede a point to the continuity theorists",
"change the overall argument in light of the views of the continuity theorists",
"introduce a discussion about the impac... | 0 | The author concedes that "correlating federal intervention and the acceleration of black economic progress might be incorrect" (lines 58–60) primarily in order to |
In 1964 the United States federal government began attempts to eliminate racial discrimination in employment and wages: the United States Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting employers from making employment decisions on the basis of race. In 1965 President Johnson issued Executive Order 11,2... | 199506_1-RC_4_27 | [
"Homes are found for many low-income families because the government funds a project to build subsidized housing in an economically depressed area.",
"A depressed economy does not cause the closing of small businesses in a local community because the government provides special grants to aid these businesses.",
... | 3 | The "continuous change" hypothesis, as it is presented in the passage, can best be applied to which one of the following situations? |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_1 | [
"An Absence of Method: Why Byron Is Not a \"Great\" Poet",
"Byron: The Recurring Presence in Byron's Poetry",
"Personality and Poetry: The Biographical Dimension of Nineteenth-Century Poetry",
"Byron's Poetry: Its Influence on the Imagination of Early-Nineteenth-Century Europe",
"Verbal Shadings: The Fatal ... | 1 | Which one of the following titles best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_2 | [
"differentiate them from one another",
"contrast their conclusions about Byron with those of Escarpit",
"point out the writers whose studies suggest a new direction for Byron scholarship",
"provide examples of writers who have written one kind of study of Byron",
"give credit to the writers who have compose... | 3 | The author's mention of Russell and Praz serves primarily to |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_3 | [
"a study that compared Byron's poetic style with Keats' poetic style",
"a study that argued that Byron's thought ought not to be analyzed in terms of its importance in the history of ideas",
"a study that sought to identify the emotions felt by Byron at a particular time in his life",
"a study in which a lite... | 2 | Which one of the following would the author most likely consider to be a valuable study of Byron? |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_4 | [
"A generalization is made and then gradually refuted.",
"A number of theories are discussed and then the author chooses the most convincing one.",
"Several categories are mentioned and then one category is discussed in some detail.",
"A historical trend is delineated and then a prediction about the future of ... | 2 | Which one of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the passage? |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_5 | [
"contrast Byron's poetic skill with that of Shakespeare",
"dismiss craftsmanship as a standard by which to judge poets",
"offer another reason why Byron is not a \"great\" poet",
"point out a negative consequence of Byron's belief that the cosmos is incomprehensible",
"indicate the most-often-cited explanat... | 2 | The author mentions that "Byron's literary craftsmanship is irregular" (lines 27–28)most probably in order to |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_6 | [
"have elicited a wider variety of responses from both literary critics and biographers",
"are on the whole less susceptible to being read as subtle verbal creations",
"do not grow out of, or are not motivated by, actual events or circumstances in the poet's life",
"provide the attentive reader with a greater ... | 4 | According to the author, Shakespeare's poems differ from Byron's in that Shakespeare's poems |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_7 | [
"Such speculation began in earnest with Escarpit's study.",
"Such speculation continues today.",
"Such speculation is less important than consideration of Byron's poetry.",
"Such speculation has not given us a satisfactory sense of Byron's life.",
"Such speculation has been carried out despite the objection... | 1 | The author indicates which one of the following about biographers' speculation concerning Byron's life? |
Three kinds of study have been performed on Byron.There is the biographical study—the very valuable examination of Byron's psychology and the events in his life;Escarpit's 1958 work is an example of this kind of study,and biographers to this day continue to speculate about Byron's life.Equally valuable is the study of ... | 199509_4-RC_1_8 | [
"What does the author consider to be the primary enjoyment derived from reading Byron?",
"Who among literary critics has primarily studied Byron's poems?",
"Which moments in Byron's life exerted the greatest pressure on his poetry?",
"Has Byron ever been considered to be a \"great\" poet?",
"Did Byron exert... | 0 | The passage supplies specific information that provides a definitive answer to which one of the following questions? |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_9 | [
"Native Americans have been prevented from presenting their concerns persuasively",
"the Court has failed to recognize that the Indian nations' concerns are different from those of other groups or from those of the federal government",
"the Court has been reluctant to curtail the powers of the federal governmen... | 4 | According to the passage, one reason why the United States Supreme Court "has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations" (lines 1–4)is that |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_10 | [
"demonstrated respect for Native Americans and the principles and qualities they consider important",
"protected the rights of the states in conflicts with the federal government",
"demonstrated recognition of the unfair treatment Native Americans received in the past",
"reflected consideration of the hardshi... | 0 | It can be inferred that the objections raised by the critics mentioned in line 18 would be most clearly answered by a United States Supreme Court decision that |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_11 | [
"suggest that the decisions of the United States Supreme Court have been less favorable to Native Americans than most people believe",
"suggest that the United States Supreme Court should be more supportive of the goals of Native Americans",
"suggest a reason why the decisions of the United States Supreme Court... | 2 | It can be inferred that the author calls the judicial system of the United States "accommodating" (line 10) primarily in order to |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_12 | [
"wholehearted endorsement",
"restrained appreciation",
"detached objectivity",
"cautious opposition",
"suppressed exasperation"
] | 1 | The author's attitude toward the United States Supreme Court's resolution of legal issues of concern to Native Americans can best be described as one of |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_13 | [
"possible only with the consent of the Indian nations",
"favorably viewed by the United States Supreme Court",
"in the best interests of both state and federal governments",
"detrimental to the interests of Native Americans",
"discouraged by most federal judges in spite of legal precedents supporting the ex... | 3 | It can be inferred that the author believes that the extension of the states' powers and jurisdictions with respect to Native American affairs would be |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_14 | [
"contrast opposing views",
"reevaluate traditional beliefs",
"reconcile divergent opinions",
"assess the claims made by disputants",
"provide evidence to support a contention"
] | 4 | The author's primary purpose is to |
The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Court's decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation ... | 199509_4-RC_2_15 | [
"irreproachable on legal grounds",
"reasonably supportive in most situations",
"guided by enduring principles of law",
"misguided but generally harmless",
"harmful only in a few minor cases"
] | 1 | It can be inferred that the author believes the United States Supreme Court's treatment of Native Americans to have been |
When catastrophe strikes, analysts typically blame some combination of powerful mechanisms. An earthquake is traced to an immense instability along a fault line; a stock market crash is blamed on the destabilizing effect of computer trading. These explanations may well be correct. But systems as large and complicated a... | 199509_4-RC_3_16 | [
"They can evolve to a critical state.",
"They do not always yield to traditional analysis.",
"They make it impossible for observers to make any predictions about them.",
"They are subject to the effects of chain reactions.",
"They are subject to more minor events than major events."
] | 2 | The passage provides support for all of the following generalizations about large interactive systems EXCEPT: |
When catastrophe strikes, analysts typically blame some combination of powerful mechanisms. An earthquake is traced to an immense instability along a fault line; a stock market crash is blamed on the destabilizing effect of computer trading. These explanations may well be correct. But systems as large and complicated a... | 199509_4-RC_3_17 | [
"size of the grains of sand added to the sandpile",
"number of grains of sand the sandpile contains",
"rate at which sand is added to the sandpile",
"shape of the surface on which the sandpile rests",
"balance between the amount of sand added to and the amount lost from the sandpile"
] | 4 | According to the passage, the criticality of a sandpile is determined by the |
When catastrophe strikes, analysts typically blame some combination of powerful mechanisms. An earthquake is traced to an immense instability along a fault line; a stock market crash is blamed on the destabilizing effect of computer trading. These explanations may well be correct. But systems as large and complicated a... | 199509_4-RC_3_18 | [
"The grain of sand would never cause anything more than a minor disturbance.",
"The grain of sand would usually cause a minor disturbance, but would occasionally cause a small avalanche.",
"The grain of sand would usually cause either a minor disturbance or a small avalanche, but would occasionally cause a cata... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that the theory employed by the investigators mentioned in the second paragraph would lead one to predict that which one of the following would result from the addition of a grain of sand to a sandpile? |
When catastrophe strikes, analysts typically blame some combination of powerful mechanisms. An earthquake is traced to an immense instability along a fault line; a stock market crash is blamed on the destabilizing effect of computer trading. These explanations may well be correct. But systems as large and complicated a... | 199509_4-RC_3_19 | [
"A traditional procedure is described and its application to common situations is endorsed; its shortcomings in certain rare but critical circumstances are then revealed.",
"A common misconception is elaborated and its consequences are described; a detailed example of one of these consequences is then given.",
... | 4 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage? |
When catastrophe strikes, analysts typically blame some combination of powerful mechanisms. An earthquake is traced to an immense instability along a fault line; a stock market crash is blamed on the destabilizing effect of computer trading. These explanations may well be correct. But systems as large and complicated a... | 199509_4-RC_3_20 | [
"A pollster gathers a sample of voter preferences and on the basis of this information makes a prediction about the outcome of an election.",
"A historian examines the surviving documents detailing the history of a movement and from these documents reconstructs a chronology of the events that initiated the moveme... | 4 | Which one of the following is most analogous to the method of analysis employed by the investigators mentioned in the second paragraph? |
When catastrophe strikes, analysts typically blame some combination of powerful mechanisms. An earthquake is traced to an immense instability along a fault line; a stock market crash is blamed on the destabilizing effect of computer trading. These explanations may well be correct. But systems as large and complicated a... | 199509_4-RC_3_21 | [
"arguing against the abandonment of a traditional approach",
"describing the evolution of a radical theory",
"reconciling conflicting points of view",
"illustrating the superiority of a new theoretical approach",
"advocating the reconsideration of an unfashionable explanation"
] | 3 | In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with |
Historians have long accepted the notion that women of English descent who lived in the English colonies of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were better off than either the contemporary women in England or the colonists' own nineteenth-century daughters and granddaughters. The "golden age" ... | 199509_4-RC_4_22 | [
"An earlier theory about the status of middle-class women in the nineteenth century has been supported by recent scholarship.",
"Recent studies of middle-class nineteenth century women have altered an earlier theory about the status of colonial women.",
"Recent scholarship has exposed an earlier theory about th... | 2 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Historians have long accepted the notion that women of English descent who lived in the English colonies of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were better off than either the contemporary women in England or the colonists' own nineteenth-century daughters and granddaughters. The "golden age" ... | 199509_4-RC_4_23 | [
"describe how Dexter's theory was refuted by historians of nineteenth-century North America",
"describe how the theory of middle-class women's nineteenth-century decline in status was developed",
"describe an important influence on recent scholarship about the colonial period",
"demonstrate the persistent inf... | 3 | The author discusses Hoff-Wilson primarily in order to |
Historians have long accepted the notion that women of English descent who lived in the English colonies of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were better off than either the contemporary women in England or the colonists' own nineteenth-century daughters and granddaughters. The "golden age" ... | 199509_4-RC_4_24 | [
"unassailable",
"innovative",
"paradoxical",
"overly sophisticated",
"without merit"
] | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to describe the views of the scholars mentioned in line 32 as |
Historians have long accepted the notion that women of English descent who lived in the English colonies of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were better off than either the contemporary women in England or the colonists' own nineteenth-century daughters and granddaughters. The "golden age" ... | 199509_4-RC_4_25 | [
"The circumstances of colonial women's lives were defined by a broad variety of social and economic factors.",
"Women's lives in the English colonies of North America were similar to women's lives in seventeenth–and eighteenth-century England.",
"Colonial women's status was adversely affected when patterns of f... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that, in proposing the "three-part chronological division" (lines 60–61), scholars recognized which one of the following? |
Historians have long accepted the notion that women of English descent who lived in the English colonies of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were better off than either the contemporary women in England or the colonists' own nineteenth-century daughters and granddaughters. The "golden age" ... | 199509_4-RC_4_26 | [
"They undermined Dexter's argument on the status of women colonists during the colonial period.",
"They revealed the tenacity of the \"golden age\" theory in American history.",
"They provided support for historians, such as Wilson, who study the nineteenth century.",
"They established that women's status did... | 0 | According to the author, the publications about colonial women mentioned in the third paragraph had which one of the following effects? |
Historians have long accepted the notion that women of English descent who lived in the English colonies of North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were better off than either the contemporary women in England or the colonists' own nineteenth-century daughters and granddaughters. The "golden age" ... | 199509_4-RC_4_27 | [
"It makes the assumption that women's status is determined primarily by their political power in society.",
"It makes the assumption that a less complex social system necessarily confers higher status on women.",
"It is based on inadequate research on women's economic role in the colonies.",
"It places too mu... | 1 | Practitioners of the new scholarship discussed in the last paragraph would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about Dexter's argument? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_1 | [
"It was written at the same time as Their Eyes Were Watching God, but it did not receive as much critical attention.",
"It greatly influenced Black women writing after the 1940s.",
"It was widely read when it was published, but it has not received attention from literary critics until recently.",
"It was not ... | 4 | The passage suggests which one of the following about Harriet Wilson's novel? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_2 | [
"Their Eyes was widely acclaimed by reviewers upon its publication, even though it eventually went out of print.",
"The eventual obscurity of Their Eyes was not the result of complete neglect by reviewers.",
"Some early reviewers of Their Eyes interpreted the novel from a point of view that later became known a... | 1 | The passage offers support for which one of the following statements about literary reviewers and Their Eyes Were Watching God? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_3 | [
"Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God had little in common with novels written by Black authors during the 1940s.",
"Feminist critics and authors such as Alice Walker were instrumental in establishing Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God as an important part of the American literary canon.",
"Critics and re... | 2 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_4 | [
"They are an aspect of Black American literature first recognized and written about by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.",
"They were not widely incorporated into novels written by Black Americans until after the 1940s.",
"They were first used by a novelist in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God.",
"They w... | 4 | According to the passage, which one of the following is true of Black folklore traditions as used in literature written in the United States? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_5 | [
"It received fewer positive reviews at the time of its publication than did Their Eyes.",
"It is less typical of literature written by Black Americans during the 1940s than is Their Eyes.",
"It is less focused on an ordinary individual's search for self within a Black community than is Their Eyes.",
"It depic... | 2 | The passage suggests that Native Son differs from Their Eyes Were Watching God in which one of the following ways? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_6 | [
"a novel that focuses on the interrelationships among four generations of Black women",
"a historical novel that re-creates actual events that occurred as Black people suffered from oppression and racial injustice in a small town",
"a novel, based on biographical stories orally relayed to the author as a child,... | 1 | Which one of the following provides the clearest example of the kind of fiction that many Black writers of the 1940s, as their views are described in the passage, believed should be written? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_7 | [
"The long-term reputation of a work of art is less dependent on the response of literary critics than on the response of readers and authors.",
"Experimental works of fiction are usually poorly received and misunderstood by literary critics when they are first published.",
"The response of literary critics to a... | 2 | The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the relationship between art and literary criticism? |
Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, "There is no ... | 199512_4-RC_1_8 | [
"correct a misconception",
"explain a reassessment",
"reconcile two points of view",
"criticize a conventional approach",
"announce a new discovery"
] | 1 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_9 | [
"The law will never be complete because new situations will always arise which will require new laws to resolve them.",
"The most difficult legal cases are those concerning controversial issues about which trained legal minds have differing opinions.",
"The concept of legal principles does not diminish the usef... | 2 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_10 | [
"a comprehensive code of ethics that governs the behavior of professionals in the legal system",
"explicit analyses of the terms used in legal rules, indicating what meanings the terms do and do not cover",
"legal doctrines that underlie and guide the use of accepted legal rules",
"legal rules that have not y... | 2 | According to the passage, the term "legal principles" as used by Dworkin refers to |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_11 | [
"Legal rules are applied more often than legal principles when a case involves issues about which legal professionals disagree.",
"Both legal rules and legal principles are officially recognized as valid parts of the law.",
"Hart's \"model of rules\" has been superseded by a \"model of principles\" that sheds l... | 3 | Which one of the following expresses a view that the author of the passage would most probably hold concerning legal principles and legal rules? |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_12 | [
"illustrate a legal rule that necessarily has exceptions",
"show how legal principles are applied in the construction of legal rules",
"represent the core of settled meaning of a legal term",
"serve as an example of a legal term with both a core and a periphery of meaning",
"provide a counterexample to Hart... | 3 | In the passage, the author uses the example of the word "vehicle" to |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_13 | [
"exhaustive",
"worthy of respect",
"interesting but impractical",
"plausible but unwieldy",
"hopelessly outmoded"
] | 1 | It can be inferred that the author of the passage regards Hart's theory of hard cases and the theory of standard law as |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_14 | [
"It represents the idea that every crime should have a fixed penalty rather than a range of penalties within which a judge can make an arbitrary choice.",
"It refers to a legal case that can be definitively resolved in favor of one side or the other according to the law in effect at the time.",
"It describes a ... | 1 | Which one of the following is true of the term "legally determinate" (line 6) as it is used in the passage? |
Legal cases can be termed "hard" cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial,issues about which people with legal training disagree.The ongoing debate over the completeness of the law usually concerns the extent to which such hard cases are legally determinate,or decidable according to existing law. H.L.A.... | 199512_4-RC_2_15 | [
"outlining the problems that might be faced by a legislature attempting to create a complete body of law that would prevent judges from making rather than applying the law",
"justifying the idea that \"hard\" cases will always exist in the practice of law, no matter what laws are written or how they are applied",... | 4 | In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with |
One way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. But why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use, or by increasing investment in nucle... | 199512_4-RC_3_16 | [
"amount of that fuel used by a particular industry",
"amount of pollution caused by the fuel being taxed",
"size of the industries using the fuel being taxed",
"effect that the tax would have on a country's economy",
"number of users of a particular fuel at a particular time"
] | 1 | According to the passage, the size of the carbon tax levied on a given fuel would vary with the |
One way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. But why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use, or by increasing investment in nucle... | 199512_4-RC_3_17 | [
"indicate in a general way the size that a carbon tax must be for it to be effective",
"provide the most accurate information available about the most practical size for a carbon tax",
"suggest that the target recommended by the 1988 Toronto Conference is an unrealistic one",
"undermine the argument that a ca... | 0 | The author mentions the estimates of "One writer" (line 22) primarily in order to |
One way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. But why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use, or by increasing investment in nucle... | 199512_4-RC_3_18 | [
"The fuel taxed at the highest rate costs considerably less to buy than fuels taxed at lower rates.",
"The goal set by the Toronto Conference cannot be reached unless each fuel is taxed at a much higher rate.",
"The tax on coal represents a much greater cost increase than does the tax on oil or gas.",
"It is ... | 0 | Which one of the following circumstances would most seriously undermine the conclusion "Such a tax would induce industry to substitute less-polluting fuels for those carrying a higher tax" (lines 13–15)? |
One way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. But why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use, or by increasing investment in nucle... | 199512_4-RC_3_19 | [
"How high a tax should a country's government impose on carbon dioxide emissions?",
"What issues should a country's government consider before deciding whether to impose a tax on carbon dioxide emissions?",
"What assumptions underlie a country's decision to impose a tax on carbon dioxide emissions?",
"How can... | 1 | The passage is primarily intended to answer which one of the following questions? |
One way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. But why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use, or by increasing investment in nucle... | 199512_4-RC_3_20 | [
"not act unilaterally because, although that country would receive some benefits from such action, other countries would most likely be harmed by it",
"not act unilaterally because unilateral action would have no benefits for other countries",
"not act unilaterally because the cost to that country would not be ... | 2 | In response to the question, "Should countries act unilaterally to curb emissions?" (lines 44–45), the author would be most likely to contend that a country should |
One way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dioxide emissions. But why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use, or by increasing investment in nucle... | 199512_4-RC_3_21 | [
"An industry agrees to base itself in a city where there has been little industrial development only if the city will rezone the specific property the industry desires.",
"Because fares for public transportation are rising, a commuter decides to bicycle to work rather than to use public transportation in a city w... | 4 | Which one of the following is most parallel to the "free rider" effect mentioned in line 41? |
Some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long-term alteration in climate. Among the theories proposed to explain this change, one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drough... | 199512_4-RC_4_22 | [
"There is strong evidence to support the theory that an increase in atmospheric dust has contributed to the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa.",
"The suggestion that Northern Hemisphere cooling is contributing to a decline of rainfall in sub-Saharan West Africa is open to question.",
"The expan... | 1 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long-term alteration in climate. Among the theories proposed to explain this change, one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drough... | 199512_4-RC_4_23 | [
"vehement opposition",
"cautious skepticism",
"growing ambivalence",
"guarded enthusiasm",
"strong support"
] | 1 | The author's attitude toward the cooling hypothesis is best described as one of |
Some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long-term alteration in climate. Among the theories proposed to explain this change, one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drough... | 199512_4-RC_4_24 | [
"The average annual atmospheric temperature of the tropics is significantly higher than normal for an extended period of time.",
"The average annual snowfall in the Northern Hemisphere is lower than normal for an extended period of time.",
"The average annual surface temperature of Northern Hemisphere waters is... | 3 | According to the passage, proponents of the cooling hypothesis suggested that the circumpolar vortex is likely to expand when which one of the following occurs? |
Some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long-term alteration in climate. Among the theories proposed to explain this change, one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drough... | 199512_4-RC_4_25 | [
"It was higher than it was between 1945 and the early 1970s.",
"It was lower than it was during the early 1980s.",
"It was the same as it was between 1945 and the early 1970s.",
"It was the same as the annual average surface temperature of Northern Hemisphere landmasses and bodies of water between 1945 and th... | 0 | Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage about the average annual temperature of the air over Northern Hemisphere landmasses before 1945? |
Some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long-term alteration in climate. Among the theories proposed to explain this change, one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drough... | 199512_4-RC_4_26 | [
"Opposing points of view are presented, evidence supporting each point of view is discussed, and then one point of view is developed into a formal hypothesis.",
"A theory is discussed, and different points of view about the theory are discussed, supported, and then reconciled.",
"A hypothesis is proposed, contr... | 3 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage? |
Some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-Saharan West Africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long-term alteration in climate. Among the theories proposed to explain this change, one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drough... | 199512_4-RC_4_27 | [
"The amount of ice and snow coverage over the landmasses of the Northern Hemisphere has increased.",
"The average annual temperature of the atmosphere over the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere has decreased.",
"The average annual temperature of the atmosphere over the tropics in the Northern... | 4 | A proponent of the cooling hypothesis would most likely argue that the return of the monsoon rains to sub-Saharan West Africa would indicate that which one of the following has also occurred? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_1 | [
"The doctrine of marriage by Pope Alexander III represented a synthesis of traditional ecclesiastical and legal opinion and, according to at least one commentator, encouraged clandestine marriages.",
"The doctrine of marriage promulgated by Pope Alexander III was based on the mutual consent of the persons involve... | 1 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the message? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_2 | [
"Parents were more likely to bow to the dictates of the Church than were their children.",
"Parents were likely to favor the de praesenti rather than the de futuro contract.",
"Parents were more concerned with the ecclesiastical sanction of a marriage than with its legal validity.",
"Parents did not have the ... | 3 | Which one of the following can be inferred about the role of parents in medieval marriage practices? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_3 | [
"violation of laws requiring ritual solemnization of vows",
"violation of established banns procedures",
"marrying without parental consent",
"marrying without the blessing of a priest",
"replacing a de futuro contract with a de praesenti contract"
] | 1 | According to the passage, which one of the following placed couples at risk of being excommunicated under Alexandrine doctrine? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_4 | [
"legal, but unrecognized by the Church",
"legal, but unrecognized by a couple's parents",
"recognized by the Church, but legally invalid",
"recognized by the Church, but arranged for reasons of economic expediency",
"arranged by de futuro contract, but subsequently terminated"
] | 0 | Which one of the following best defines "clandestine" as that word is used in the second paragraph of the passage? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_5 | [
"question the legitimacy of a scholarly work by examining the facts on which it is based",
"trace the influence of an important legal doctrine through several historical periods",
"call for a renewed commitment to research into a neglected field",
"summarize the history of an era and endorse a new scholarly a... | 4 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_6 | [
"Most other studies have deemphasized the importance of Pope Alexander III.",
"Most other studies have seen in Alexandrine doctrine the beginning of modern secular marriage laws.",
"Most other studies have not emphasized the medieval Church's promotion of individual choice in marriage.",
"Most other studies h... | 2 | Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the differences between Charles Donahue's interpretation of medieval marriage practices and other interpretations? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_7 | [
"One was recognized by Alexandrine doctrine, while the other was considered a secular contract.",
"One required the permission of parents, while the other concerned only the couple involved.",
"One required the announcement of marriage banns, while the other could be entered into solely through a verbal contrac... | 3 | According to the passage, which one of the following distinguished the de futuro contract from the de praesenti contract? |
Historians of medieval marriage practices ascribe particular significance to Pope Alexander III's twelfth-century synthesis of existing ecclesiastical and legal opinion concerning marriage. Alexander produced a doctrine that treated marriage as a consensual union rather than as an arrangement made by parents for reason... | 199602_2-RC_1_8 | [
"It presents an interpretation of facts that diverges from the interpretation given in the first paragraph.",
"It identifies an exception to a rule explained in the first paragraph.",
"It elaborates upon information presented in the first paragraph by presenting additional information.",
"It summarizes tradit... | 2 | Which one of the following best describes the function of the second paragraph of the passage? |
Nontraditional black women filmmakers share with the broader community of radical filmmakers a problematic relation to mainstream, realist cinematic practice. Realist filmmakers manipulate the use of the camera and techniques of editing and lighting in ways that create the illusion that cinema is like life, that it may... | 199602_2-RC_2_9 | [
"Nontraditional black women filmmakers share with the broader community of radical filmmakers a problematic relation to conservative techniques of editing and lighting.",
"Some nontraditional black women filmmakers successfully use what are commonly regarded as mainstream cinematic techniques to make experimental... | 1 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? |
Nontraditional black women filmmakers share with the broader community of radical filmmakers a problematic relation to mainstream, realist cinematic practice. Realist filmmakers manipulate the use of the camera and techniques of editing and lighting in ways that create the illusion that cinema is like life, that it may... | 199602_2-RC_2_10 | [
"The notion mistakenly relies upon a narrow definition of technical experimentation espoused by mainstream filmmakers.",
"The notion fails to acknowledge the unique potential of conservative cinematic techniques for expressing radical ideas.",
"The notion pays insufficient attention to the way nontraditional bl... | 3 | It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which one of the following about the "prevailing notion" (line 40) of what constitutes an experimental film? |
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