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0.999505 | An artist who is worshipped by one generation may be forgotten just as easily by the next. The way our cultural heritage is judged changes with each new era. The legendary Anton Rubinstein has been ignored for half a century now. This is all the more fascinating because he played a central part in musical life in the 19th century. His compositions ware performed throughout Europe by people like Franz Liszt, Gustav Mahler, C. Saint Saëns, Hans von Bülow, Johannes Brahms and other renowned musicians. His popularity as a pianist was equalled only by Franz Liszt. For hours the people would queue up for tickets and sometimes the police had to be called to maintain order. Enthusiastic fans even climbed into the chandeliers not to miss anything of his performance. Why has Rubinstein fallen into oblivion in our century?
One of the explanations could be that with the present day style of playing his music could hardly be brought to life. Rubinstein's piano- playing - together with that of Franz Liszt regarded as the most impressive of the 1 9th century - concentrated radically on character and the melody line in music. A risky way of playing. Rubinstein was known for his mistakes, but the public accepted them with love. A second explanation of the fact that Rubinstein's music is hardly performed nowadays might be found in a popular 20th century dogma that only innovating, avant-garde art is worthwhile.
Rubinstein's music is not 'modern' but has close links with classical music traditions. As a pianist and a conductor he also showed interest in history. He stressed the importance of studying the period instruments in order to be able to play the music the way it used to sound. He asked the music-editors to remain more faithful to the original scores of the old masters. He disapproved of the common practice in 19th century to romanticise the old scores by means of all sorts of additions. A third explanation may be found in Rubinstein's internationalism. He regarded music as an international language. He watched the growth of German nationalism with anxiety. In Russia young colleagues objected to his music not being 'Russian'. These composers: Cui, Moessorgsky, Borodin and others had, like Wagner, in our century much success with their nationalistic aestheticism.
'To the Christians I am a Jew, to the Jews I am a Christian, to the Russians I am a German, to the Germans I am a Russian.' This is how Rubinstein describes his place in the world. His father was Russian, his mother was German. Both were converted to Christianity because of anti-Semitism. He received his education as a pianist in Russia from Villoing with whom he wandered through Europe as a child prodigy. It was in Berlin that he learned to compose.
Rubinstein left en enormous oeuvre. His music is passionate end noble. His favourite tempo indication was moderato. Unjustly one could conclude from this that his music is moderate or without character. On the contrary: his moderato is a moderato in the grand manner. He wrote for almost all combinations: many compositions for piano, symphonies, string quartets, piano trio's, songs, opera's and solo concerts for various instruments. His efforts to introduce a new form of opera, the religious opera, were in vain. He dreamed of staging Bach's passions, and he himself composed biblical opera's that look up to eight hours to perform. His personal zeal and his financial backing were of decisive importance for the start of musical life in Russia.
The most difficult thing about the interpretation of Rubinstein's music is the actual understanding of its artistic contents. He gives us hardly any clues in his compositions. This is all the more peculiar as he was always impressing on to his pupils the importance of inspiriting the notes. He compared notes to hieroglyphs that one has to decipher. Not ask yourself: What note is this? With which finger should I play it? But, what does this note mean? What is the nature of this piece? Is it dramatic, lyric, romantic, humorous, heroic, divine, mystical ... ? The performer has to choose for one specific character to be able to animate the notes.
The first movement, a moderato con moto in the grand manner, seems like a plea for reconciliation. One hears in the music a majestic strength, noble in its moderation. But in the second movement the 'reconciler’ is infuriated nevertheless. The middle section, which is quiet, shows him small and lonely, after which the same fierce indignation follows, The following andante offers consolation and repose. The last movement follows like an apocalypse: flashes end lightning end bursts of thunder smash. Melodies accuse or ascend to lyric heavens. The sonata ends in a vehement, tragic apotheosis.
In 1872 Rubinstein made a sensational tour of the United Stales. He appeared 215 times before the public in eight months. He took home not only chests of gold end resentment about such 'slavery', but also a melody: Yankee Doodle. It fits in perfectly with his internationalism that he wrote variations on this melody that played an important part in the American War of Independence and the American identity. The variations resemble a depiction of successive stages of the road to Victory, where a certain type of victory is represented by each variation. Sometimes courage is low, or the struggle is tiresome, but the piece ends in an exhilarating climax.
The festive dance evening was an important social event in the 19th century. It was an occasion where marriages were arranged or broken, and an informal meeting place for business or political contacts. While in the 18th century only aristocrats and rich merchants could afford the pomp and splendour of an evening with an orchestra, in the 19th century dance parties were for everybody. Vienna led the way. The Waltz, the Galop, the Polka and many other dances advanced throughout the whole of Europe from the Austrian capital, where crowds of people danced all night to the rhythm of this music.In Russia the railways took advantage of this popular entertainment in a remarkable way.The first Russian railway line was constructed between St. Petersburg and Pavlovsk, the site of one of the summer residences of the Czar. Naturally the connection didn't prosper, but this changed when a smart impresario in 1856 had the thought to invite Johann Strauss JR. for a series of concerts in the little country village. Thanks to Strauss immense popularity many people boarded the train in order to attend one of his concerts. The railway company was saved and the waltz took firm root in yet another country.
After appearing in many European capitals as a child prodigy, the Russian pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894) settled in Vienna for a year (1846-1847), where he got acquainted with the city's dance music. At the time he was not yet recognised as one of the greatest pianist of the century, but a little later his contemporaries considered him the equal of Liszt and Johann Strauss and Rubinstein would play each other’s works. In 1846 however, Rubinstein lived in poverty. Still, he was composing a lot of music, but upon returning to Russia the custom officers mistook his music-scores for a revolutionary manifest written down in a mysterious code. Rubinstein's compositions ware confiscated and only through the help of influential friends he escaped expulsion to Siberia. The trunk with his works was sadly never recovered.
Between 1848 end 1854 Rubinstein held the position of court pianist in St. Petersburg. Le Bal, his opus 14, dates from this period.
Anton Rubinstein left a large oeuvre consisting of operas, symphonies, piano works, songs end chamber music. His music was performed by famous artists like Liszt, Mahler, Saint-Saëns, Brahms, Von Bülow, Hofmann and the singer Fiodor Chaliapin. During his lifetime Rubinstein was extremely popular both in Europe and in the United States, but after his death he soon sank into oblivion. Three reasons for this can be mentioned.
Firstly Rubinstein was far from being an avant-garde composer, and a conservative style is often less admired by the experts than innovation.
Secondly, already during his lifetime he was rebuked for not composing in true Russian style, while in the second half of the 19th century nationalistic movements in the arts became strong. Rubinstein however, considered music an international language and disputed the nationalistic orientation manifest in the works of many Russian composers, prominent also in the operas of Richard Wagner.
Thirdly his works are difficult to perform. His own style of playing the piano - full of risks, titanic but very melodious - was completely different from what is customary today. Some of the recordings of Horovitz, who stated Rubinstein was his 'pianist grandfather', may give insight in the style of Rubinstein's playing.
Le Bal(1854) contains dance music, but the work is also en expression of the feelings induced by a 19th century dance party. The first piece - Impatience- splendidly portrays the excitement before the start of the party. One already hears fragments of the dances that will be played later. Especially the longing for the Waltz was ingeniously captured by Rubinstein. This most sensuous of all 19th century dances appears after a pompous Polonaise end six Contra dances with their characteristically contrasting dance rhythms. At times a melancholy comment (in minor keys) on the Waltz is sounded which is answered by an exuberant expression of the enjoyment in the rhythm of the three-four time. Of course this Waltz concludes in ecstasy. In the following intermezzo - granting the dancers a rest, but very taxing for the pianist! - one can imagine the excited conversation (agitato) of the guests after the dance. They are left but a small pause, because already the Polka starts, one of the most popular dances of the 19th century. The Galop is the highlight of the evening. Because of the fatiguing character of this dance, it never lasted longer than two minutes: the dancers could simply not 'galop' much longer. For this reason Rubinstein broke his Galop with a slower section in order to give the dancers a chance to recover their breath. In 'Le Réve' (The Dream), the last piece of the cycle, the dancers once again are carried off in a Galop, but then the music ends in sweet slumber.
Le Bal was dedicated to Princess Sophie van Nassau (1824-1897), the daughter of the Dutch King Willem II and his Russian born wife, Queen Anna Pavlovna. Princess Sophie married the archduke of Saxony, Karl Alexander, and lived most of her life in Germany where she showed a great cultural interest.
Anton Rubinstein had appeared for the Dutch royal family at the age of twelve in 1841. In later years he regularly returned to Holland for concerts in various cities.
In 1996 Van Paassen had the honour to inaugurate the old, renovated House of Parliament with this composition by Anton Rubinstein. His performance was attended by Prime minister Wim Kok and many other prominent politicians. |
0.999999 | Context: Infection control is an important concept in the present day practice of dentistry. Disinfection of dental impressions is part of the daily routine in a dental clinics. After disinfection, it is important that impressions remain dimensionally stable.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of chemical disinfectants and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection on the dimensional stability of the polyvinyl siloxane impressions.
Objectives: The objective of the study is (1) To evaluate the effect of chemical disinfectant (2% glutaraldehyde and 1% sodium hypochlorite) and UV disinfectant on the dimensional stability of polyvinyl siloxane impression material. (2) Comparative evaluation of the dimensional discrepancy between the cast poured from the polyvinyl impressions material, that is subjected to chemical disinfectant and UV disinfectant to that of cast poured from impressions that were nondisinfected.
Materials and Methods: A customized tray was fabricated to make impressions. Impressions were divided into four groups, 10 samples were disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde for 20 min, 10 samples were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 20 min, 10 samples were disinfected with UV light for 20 min, and 10 samples were not subjected to disinfection which served as control group. All the samples were poured after 30 min in die stone. Measurements were recorded using traveling microscope of 0.001 accuracy. Statistical analysis used in this study was the one-way ANOVA test.
Results: The result showed significant dimensional changes in samples disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde and 1% sodium hypochlorite, whereas samples disinfected with UV disinfectant unit showed no significant dimensional changes when compared with control group samples. Within the chemical groups, impressions disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite showed more discrepancy in the dimensions when compared to the 2% glutaraldehyde disinfected group.
Conclusions: UV light disinfectant can be safely used to disinfect impressions as compared to chemical disinfectants in clinical prosthodontic procedures.
Infection control in dental clinics and laboratories has become an important concern in recent years due to the increased risk of cross-contamination with diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B.
The impression is the prototype of the victorious results of restorations constructed over it, but concurrently, this impression material may conduct microorganisms and may transmit infectious diseases from patient to dentist and laboratory technicians.
The hazard can be reduced by disinfecting the impression before they are sent to the laboratory. The number of physical and chemical methods has been proposed to disinfect dental impressions. Physical action yields an increase in temperature, resulting in a distortion of impression materials, and hence chemical disinfection is believed to be the simplest and effective form of infection control.
In recent advances, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has become an efficacious way of inactivating microorganisms as they are effective in killing the microorganisms and the bacterial spores while preserving the quality of material.
Disinfection should not compromise the integrity of the impressions and is a necessary component for successful treatment.
And, hence, an in vitro study was conducted for comparative evaluation of the effect of chemical disinfectants and UV disinfection on dimensional stability of the polyvinyl siloxane impressions.
A cross-sectional study was performed in 1 year from May 2013 to May 2014 at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital after the ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee (DMIMS (D U)/IEC/2013-14/846). Forty samples were fabricated for the study.
Dental Vacuum forming machine (Dentsply Raintree Essix).
Each group with 10 samples.
Group D-Disinfected with UV light – 10 samples.
Sample Disinfection – 10 samples were not subjected to any disinfectant that served as a control group. 10 samples were disinfected by immersing in 2% glutaraldehyde for 20 min. 10 samples were disinfected by immersing in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 20 min. 10 samples were kept in the UV chamber for 20 min.
Shoe box-shaped UV disinfection unit consisting of an outer body and inner body was used for the study. The outer body is lined with a sheet comprising of galvanized tin. The dimensions of this sheet are 455 mm × 200 mm × 160 mm inner box where impressions are to be placed for disinfection are of dimensions 125 mm × 325 mm × 125 mm. It is fabricated from copper and is coated with silver. Two UV tubes with 8 watts of power, 2.5 watts of output, 254 nm wavelength, 1-foot length, and 6000 h of life were fitted on the inner box at a distance of 10 cm from the floor where impressions to be disinfected will be placed (Sankyo Denki Co Ltd, Japan) [Figure 8]. A voltmeter was attached in the inner box to record the volt of the UV lamp. For monitoring, the time clock was attached and was set between 1 and 60 min.
Cast preparation - The cast were obtained from the impressions in die stone. For Control Group (Group A) impressions were poured after 30 min and for disinfected groups (Group B, Group C, and Group D) the impressions were disinfected after 10 min in respective disinfectant for 20 min and were rinsed and dried and poured immediately. The die stone was allowed to set completely before retrieval of the cast [Figure 9].
Inclusive criteria were, the cast poured in die material from the elastomeric impressions material. All the cast that failed to reproduce the references points due to errors at the time of manipulation of impression material or at the time of pouring of the cast were excluded from the study.
Measuring linear dimensions on the cast - After the final set, the cast was retrieved. The traveling microscope of 0.001 mm accuracy [Figure 10] was used to determine the linear measurement between BC, DE, DC, BE, AD, and AE references points.
The statistical analysis of this in vitro study revealed that there was no significant difference in the arthematic means for the measures of different points in the impression between the Group A (Control Group) and Group D (disinfected with UV light). However, statistical analysis showed the difference in dimensions of an impression of Group B and Group C with that of Group A (Control Group) (P < 0.0001, S). Moreover, the Group B showed more significant P value when compared to Group C to the Control Group [Table 1] and [Table 2].
The disinfection of impressions is a fundamental procedure in the routine dental practice. However, still “handling of dental impressions” has been paid with little or no attention and is a potent source of carrying diseases. Leung and Schonfeld, observed the transfer of microorganisms from the impressions to the plaster casts, leading to contamination of the laboratories of dental prosthesis. And, hence, the impressions must be considered fomites with the potential to transmit the diseases. Because of apprehension and distress about the infection control, disinfecting the impressions has become a cardinal issue in clinical practice.
Pleasure et al. concluded in his study that sterilization distorts the impression materials as it is a thermoplastic in nature. And therefore, disinfecting the impressions with the chemical disinfectant is recommended. All impressions materials cannot be disinfected by single disinfectant due to different properties of different materials. The addition silicon is hydrophobic it does not absorb water and does not expand on immersing in disinfectant.
Merchant stated that disinfection with immersion method had more advantages than other disinfecting methods. Rios et al. stated that many dentists avoid disinfection of impressions by immersion and prefers to aerosols. However, the aerosol treatment of an impression was not found to be effective in the destruction of microorganisms as the immersion. And, hence, in this study, the impressions were immersed in disinfectant solutions. The chemical disinfectants used in this study are 2% glutaraldehyde and 1% sodium hypochlorite.
Glutaraldehyde solutions act by fixation of the cell membrane and block the release of cellular components and thus kill the microorganisms. Sodium hypochlorite action causes cell oxidation and thus acts as bactericidal. Sodium hypochlorite has a corrosive potential on the metal trays. And, hence, the heat cure acrylic tray was customized for this study.
Lepe et al. assessed the dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials after disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde and found that the accuracy of impressions was badly affected. Such studies proved that chemical disinfectants alters the dimensions of the impression and also leads to surface roughness, which is not desirable.
And hence an in vitro study was conducted for comparative assessment of effectivity of chemical and UV disinfection on the dimensional stability of polyvinyl siloxane impressions.
UV radiations of a UV disinfection unit have a powerful bactericidal effect it reacts with DNA of the cells by the initiation of thymine centenary, which leads to cell death. UV radiation has been used to disinfect water supplies, laboratory equipment such as in laminar flow hoods, rooms and halls in hospitals, dental impressions, and titanium implants laboratory handpieces.
Boylan et al. assessed the ability of Buffalo UV disinfection unit. The effects of UV light on fungi and impression materials were tested by Ishida et al. in 1991. They found that UV light killed most Candida organisms within 5 min of exposure without any change in dimensions nor the surface roughness was seen in the silicone impression material. Godbole et al. in 2014, found that the UV chamber can be safely used for the polyvinyl siloxane impression material.
This study evaluated the effect of a chemical disinfectant against the UV disinfectant on the dimensional stability of polyvinyl siloxane impression materials. Moreover, it was found that the dimensional accuracy was significantly affected by immersing in chemical disinfectants when compared to the UV disinfectant.
Thus, disinfecting an impression with UV radiation is an easy and effectual method that protects the dentist and the dental auxiliaries who handles the impression. It also protects them from the harmful effects of the chemicals that are used in chemical disinfectants. UV disinfectant can be especially beneficial for disinfecting hydrophilic materials such as polyethers, alginate, and agar. The prosthesis made from acrylic resins can also be disinfected effectively with this method.
There exist a need for further research to elucidate the three-dimensional (3D) measurement to determine the dimensional stability, with a larger sample size and more advanced equipment which proved to be the limitations of this study. There is scope for further studies to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectant along with dimensional stability using more sophisticated tools such as profilometry, 3D-scanning microscopy, or confocal laser scanning microscopy for better analysis.
There is growing concern about the issue of cross-infection in dental clinics and laboratories. Impression making is an important aspect in fabricating prostheses. Impressions carry different microorganisms as it comes in contact with saliva and blood in the oral cavity. There are many methods of disinfection for impression material, but these conventional strategies present several disadvantages. After disinfection, it is important that impressions remain accurate and stable in reproducing the oral structures.
There was a significant dimensional change in the samples between Group A (control group) with that of Group B (disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde) and Group C (disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite).
No significant dimensional change was noted in the samples between the Group B (disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde) and Group C (disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite).
There was no significant dimensional change in the samples between the Group A (control group) and Group D (disinfected with UV disinfectant unit).
There was a significant dimensional change in the samples between the Group D (disinfected with UV disinfectant unit) with that of Group B (disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde) and Group C (disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite).
The use of effective infection control procedures in the dental office and the dental laboratory will prevent cross-contamination that may extend to dentists, dental office staff, dental technicians, and patients. And, hence, the successful practice of infection control depends on the ability to understand the need for this dynamic concept with the proper implication of method and knowledge.
Marya CM, Shukla P, Dahiya V, Jnaneswar A. Current status of disinfection of dental impressions in Indian dental colleges: A cause of concern. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011;5:776-80.
Rowe AH, Forrest JO. Dental impressions. The probability of contamination and a method of disinfection. Br Dent J 1978;145:184-6.
Chidambaranathan AS, Balasubramanium M. Comprehensive review and comparison of the disinfection techniques currently available in the literature. J Prosthodont 2017:1-8.
Demajo JK, Cassar V, Farrugia C, Millan-Sango D, Sammut C, Valdramidis V, et al. Effectiveness of disinfectants on antimicrobial and physical properties of dental impression materials. Int J Prosthodont 2016;29:63-7.
Naik RG, Dodamani AS, Vishwakarma P, Khairnar MR, Jadhav HC, Deshmukh MA. Assessment of efficacy of ultraviolet chamber in disinfecting dental instruments. J Pharm Heath Sci 2016;6:1586-9.
Amin WM, Al-Ali MH, Al Tarawneh SK, Taha ST, Saleh MW, Ereifij N, et al. The effects of disinfectants on dimensional accuracy and surface quality of impression materials and gypsum casts. J Clin Med Res 2009;1:81-9.
Leung RL, Schonfeld SE. Gypsum casts as a potential source of microbial cross-contamination. J Prosthet Dent 1983;49:210-1.
Gupta S, Rani S, Garg S. Infection control knowledge and practice: A cross-sectional survey on dental laboratories in dental institutes of North India. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2017;17:348-54.
Pleasure MA, Duerr EL, Goldman M. Eliminating a health hazards in prosthodontic treatments of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Prosthet Dent 1959;9:818-24.
Aeran H, Agarwal A, Kumar V, Seth J. Study of the effect of disinfectant solutions on the physical properties of dental impressions. Indian J Dent Sci 2014;3:1-6.
Merchant VA. Infection control and prosthodontics. J Calif Dent Assoc 1989;17:49-53.
Rios MP, Morgano SM, Stein RS, Rose L. Effects of chemical disinfectant solutions on the stability and accuracy of the dental impression complex. J Prosthet Dent 1996;76:356-62.
Badrian H, Davoudi A, Molazem M, Zare MH. The effect of spraying different disinfectants on condensational silicone impressions; an in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2015;15:263-7.
Vidya BS, Shetty MS, Shenoy Kamalakanth K. Infection control in the prosthodontic laboratory. J Indian Prosthodontic Soc 2007;7:62-5.
Lepe X, Johnson GH, Berg JC. Surface characteristics of polyether and addition silicone impression materials after long-term disinfection. J Prosthet Dent 1995;74:181-6.
Aeran H, Sharma S, Kumar V, Gupta N. Use of clinical UV chamber to disinfect dental impressions: A comparative study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:ZC67-70.
Boylan RJ, Goldstein GR, Schulman A. Evaluation of an ultraviolet disinfection unit. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58:650-4.
Ishida H, Nahara Y, Tamamoto M, Hamada T. The fungicidal effect of ultraviolet light on impression materials. J Prosthet Dent 1991;65:532-5.
Godbole SR, Dahane TM, Patidar NA, Nimonkar SV. “Evaluation of the effect of ultraviolet disinfection on dimensional stability of the polyvinyl silioxane impressions.” an in vitro study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:ZC73-6. |
0.998894 | It would be nice to think that Einstein's equation became famous simply because of its fundamental importance in making us understand how different the world really is to how we perceived it a century ago. But its fame is mostly because of its association with one of the most devastating weapons produced by humans – the atomic bomb. The equation appeared in the report, prepared for the US government by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth in 1945, on the Allied efforts to make an atomic bomb during the Manhattan project. The result of that project led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Japanese citizens in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Is this saying that the equation was first connected to the bomb in 1945? The first bomb had already been built by then.
I am not sure the equation did have much to do with the atomic bomb. The energy released by uranium fission was explained by the electrostatic potential energy. That is, protons repel each from their like electric charge, and so a lot of energy must have been needed to bind them together in a nucleus. Splitting the nucleus is like releasing a compressed metal spring.
Understanding the energy of H-bomb requires considering the strong nuclear force. One of the first applications of quantum mechanic was George Gamow figuring out in 1928 that protons could tunnel thru the electrostatic repulsion to explain fusion in stars.
The relation between mass and energy was first given by Lorentz in 1899. He gave formulas for how the mass of an object increases as energy is used to accelerate it. This was considered the most striking and testable aspect of relativity theory, and it was confirmed in experiments in 1902-1904. Einstein wrote a paper in 1906 crediting Poincare with E=mc2 in a 1900 paper.
In nuclear reactions, energy is NOT converted into mass. It is imprecise to say that it is. Gluons have zero invariant mass. Nuclear reactions involve changes in binding energies.
You are referring to the difference between rest mass and relativistic mass. Some textbooks define mass one way, and some the other way. |
0.936317 | What is PEAR (PHP Extension and Application Repository)?
Short for PHP Extension and Application Repository, PEAR is a structured library of PHP code founded by Stig S. Bakken in 1999 and driven by the Internet community.
The official PEAR website is https://pear.php.net.
The GitHub page for PEAR is https://github.com/pear/. |
0.892549 | Who is Tasya Van Ree?
Tasya Van Ree is a highly accomplished American photographer and artist famed for her breath-taking monochrome pictures of well-known celebrities.
Tasya had her displayed project at the LA's Celebrity Vault.
Within a year, she has another exhibition in New York.
The title of her second exhibition project was Distorted Delicacies.
Tasya has attained much recognition for latest exhibition in 2014 titled A State of Mind & Affairs of its Games. This work was displayed at Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles.
Tasya is a lesbian. For about 4 years beginning from 2008, she was in a committed relationship with the famous and stunning actress, Amber Heard.
A few years after this relationship fell apart, she was romantically involved with a lady named Amanda Chantal Bacon.
She has also dated the model Caroline Vreeland.
Tasya has successfully kept her family out of the public eyes, therefore, neither her parents nor siblings are known.
When it comes to her beliefs, Tasya prefers to maintain her privacy making it difficult to determine what religious organisation she has had any connections with.
Aside from photography, Tasya has dabbled a bit into the movie industry as she has made a couple of short films.
She is not ink-shy as she has a tattoo of her ex-girlfriend Amber on her arm.
As an artist, she does a lot of pencil and paint drawings.
For her artwork, Tasya stated that her major inspiration comes from her dreams.
She has a big collection of photo cameras. |
0.999999 | Teaching basic obedience skills to a dog can be exciting as well as challenging. Having problems on where to begin? The first lesson in obedience is to get your dog to pay attention to the commands. You want to start by calling his name and then using a keyword like "watch" or "look" afterwards. This way, he will associate the words to a command. Once you've got his attention, the lessons can begin.
You want your dog to be able to pay attention for a short length of time. Try keeping his attention by doing attention exercises. One example would be to hold a toy or dog treat in near your mouth and then give him the keyword command. Each time he takes the time to watch, praise him. The more you do this exercise, the more time he should be able to pay attention to you.
Try getting him to watch for at least a minute. Let him know that he is doing a good job by rewarding him. Dogs learn best this way. Because dogs have such short attention spans, they get distracted pretty easily. Training sessions should only last approximately 30 minutes tops. If your dog isn't learning very quickly, you may become frustrated.
Don't take that frustration out on your dog. A few things to remember before starting your obedience lessons: 1) Never cause pain to your dog (this will cause him to shy away or become aggressive to you.) 2) If he begins to become distracted, change the tone of your voice (not raising it) 3) Consistency can not be stressed enough (animals are like children, if you're not consistent, they will become confused) Teaching your dog basic obedience commands will make for a more obedient and more pleasant dog to be around. The first command to start off with would be to sit. You must use the word sit while teaching him so that he can relate the word with the action.
Start by gently pushing his backside down and saying the word "sit." Eventually he will catch on to the concept. The second command is "down." Dogs can become pretty hyperactive when they get excited. Jumping up on their owner's lap is usually how they express their excitement. When they jump up, tell them "down.
" Do not pet them or act excited to see them while they are on you. Continue to tell them "down," and even place their legs down if you have to. Next is the command of "stay." This command is a good one to know especially if you have a rambunctious hyper dog.
You can teach him stay, for example, by putting a treat or something desirable on the ground. As he moves toward it, tell him "Stay." Another good idea would be to put your hand up while saying the word "stay." When he begins to become obedient in this area, you can move further away from him. This will cause him to become more daring and he will probably take a step forward to see how much he can get away with. When he does this, continue to put your hand out and tell him "stay.
" He has to know that even though you are moving away, you can still see what he's doing and expect him to continue to obey. After you've mastered the stay command, you will move on to the come command. Once your dog has learned to sit and stay, he will need a command to know when it's ok to get up and approach you. They may be a bit confused at first, but with a change in the tone of your voice, he will soon understand. Put a little excitement in your voice when saying the word "come".
He will pick up on it. You might also want to pat your leg when you say come. Stand is the last command to achieve. This is where your dog is allowed to get a little excited but not in a pouncing kind of way. When teaching your dog to stand, pat your hands on your chest and, once again, put a little excitement in your voice, so that he knows he's aloud, under certain circumstances. He will begin to know the difference.
Teaching your dog basic obedience, if possible, should be taught as soon as you and your dog are ready. Remember be consistent don't forget to have fun!. |
0.999977 | Take on the role of an experienced climber who decided to climb to the highest mountain, not only in the world but also in Minecraft. The Conquest of Mount Everest is an adventure filled with difficulties that will test you and your skills of perseverance skills. When climbing the mountain, various factors such as changing the day and night as well as the weather can take you by surprise so try to plan your way and arrange stops and spend the night in camping.
The map is good because it is great for a team game. Invite a few friends and go on a long adventure in Minecraft Bedrock 1.5. |
0.999998 | What does the prefix “Bi” mean?
There are a fixed number of trials, n, that are identical and independent.
The probability of success must remain the same for each trial.
Determine whether the given procedure results in a binomial distribution.
Determining whether each of 3000 heart pacemakers is acceptable or defective.
Surveying people and asking them what they think of the current president.
Spinning the roulette wheel 12 times and finding the number of times that the outcome is an odd number.
A report from the Secretary of Health and Human Services stated that 70% of single-vehicle traffic fatalities that occur at night on weekends involve an intoxicated driver. If a sample of 10 single-vehicle traffic fatalities that occur at night on a weekend is selected, find the probability that exactly seven involve a driver that is intoxicated.
How about the probability of at least 8 involving an intoxicated driver?
In a clinical test of the drug Viagra, it was found that 4% of those in a placebo group experienced headaches.
Assuming that the same 4% rate applies to those taking Viagra, find the probability that among eight Viagra users, three experience headaches.
Chapter 5 Loops -. section 1 - while loops section 2 - for loops section 3 - printf statements section 4 - loop errors section 5 - nested control statements & loop errors section 6 - input & output gui dialog boxes. go. go.
Section 5: Abbreviations -. contents part 1. grammar, usage, and style section 1. punctuation: major marks section 2. punctuation: other marks section 3. capitalization section 4. numbers section 5. abbreviations section 6.
Section 5.3 -. poisson distribution. objectives. identify a distribution as binomial, poisson, or hypergeometric . calculate probabilities using a binomial, poisson, or hypergeometric distribution. properties of a poisson distribution . |
0.944175 | Structural integrity is a key property of epithelial tissues: external epithelia serve as protective barriers against environmental hazards, and internal epithelia create defined and physiologically controlled subdomains within the organism. Epithelial structure is maintained by cell-cell interactions. These involve tight junctions, cadherin-based adherens junctions that are connected to the actin cytoskeleton, gap junctions that allow direct chemical interactions between neighboring cells, and desmosomes connected to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and cell-ECM interactions mediated by integrins and other molecules. The cell-cell and cell-ECM contacts also define tissue polarity (Yeaman et al., 1999), which allows different functions for the apical and basal surfaces. By contrast, many mesenchymal cells exist largely without direct cell-cell contacts and defined cell polarity, and have distinct cell-ECM interactions and cytoskeletal structures. Mesenchymal cells can contribute to the ECM by synthesizing and organizing new components and by remodeling the ECM through the production of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs). Mesenchymal cells are also abundant sources of signaling proteins that act on epithelial cells, including growth factors of the epidermal (EGF), heptocyte (HGF) and fibroblast (FGF) families, as well as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ).
Induction of EMT appears to be highly tissue- and cell type-specific (Thiery, 2003), because factors that induce EMT under some circumstances can have quite different effects in others (Janda et al., 2002). Some of the cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways are fairly well defined - for example, the activation and nuclear translocation of SMAD proteins following association of TGFβ with its cell surface receptors (Shi and Massague, 2003). In other cases, activation of EMT involves more pleiotropic signals, as in the case of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in response to exposure to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Radisky et al., 2005). ROS can influence a number of signaling pathways (Finkel, 2003; Hussain et al., 2003), and can also directly induce EMT (Mori et al., 2004). Inducers of EMT can directly alter cytoskeletal structure and lead to breakdown of cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions (Janda et al., 2002; Ozdamar et al., 2005), but an important component of the EMT pathway involves activation of key transcription factors (Huber et al., 2004; Nieto, 2002; Peinado et al., 2003). Many of the EMT-responsive genes activated by these transcription factors encode proteins involved in induction of EMT, and so create feedback loops that may help sustain the mesenchymal phenotype.
EMT plays a role in many stages of development, including gastrulation, in which the embryonic epithelium gives rise to the mesoderm, and in delamination of the neural crest, which produces a population of highly mobile cells that migrate to and are incorporated into many different tissues (Nieto, 2001; Shook and Keller, 2003). Having migrated to their target destinations, the cells may revert to their original epithelial phenotype through a process known as mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Investigations have revealed that tissue morphology plays a role in the induction of developmental EMT (Shook and Keller, 2003). In some cases, epithelial cells are located at the place where they undergo EMT. In others, areas of epithelium are rearranged prior to detachment from the surrounding cells and acquisition of the ability to break through the basement membrane.
Induction of EMT can compromise the mechanical and physiological integrity of the tissue, and inappropriate induction of this process can have disastrous consequences. Chronic inflammation or conditions that promote sustained tissue disruption can stimulate fibrosis, a condition in which excess EMT compromises tissue integrity and organ function (Iwano et al., 2002; Kalluri and Neilson, 2003). Moreover, the defining property of cells that undergo EMT - the ability to separate from neighboring cells and penetrate into and through surrounding tissues - is particularly dangerous when acquired by tumor cells, and EMT processes identified in developmental studies are now being found to be involved in key steps of tumor metastasis (Kang and Massague, 2004; Yang et al., 2004). EMT also acts in tumor progression by providing increased resistance to apoptotic agents (Maestro et al., 1999; Vega et al., 2004), and by producing supporting tissues that enhance the malignancy of the central tumor (Petersen et al., 2003).
Although much has been learned about individual extracellular factors and the pathways they induce that regulate EMT, very little is known about how these factors are integrated with each other in the tissue context, and even less well-understood are the mechanisms involved in MET. Integration of data obtained from developmental studies with the detailed information obtained from culture assays, a process already underway, will provide key insights into these questions.
D.C.R. is supported by the American Cancer Society.
Finkel, T. (2003). Oxidant signals and oxidative stress. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 247-254.
Huber, M. A., Azoitei, N., Baumann, B. et al. (2004). NF-kappaB is essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in a model of breast cancer progression. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 569-581.
Hussain, S. P., Hofseth, L. J. and Harris, C. C. (2003). Radical causes of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 276-285.
Iwano, M., Plieth, D., Danoff, T. M. et al. (2002). Evidence that fibroblasts derive from epithelium during tissue fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 110, 341-350.
Janda, E., Lehmann, K., Killisch, I. et al. (2002). Ras and TGF[beta] cooperatively regulate epithelial cell plasticity and metastasis: dissection of Ras signaling pathways. J. Cell Biol. 156, 299-313.
Kalluri, R. and Neilson, E. G. (2003). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 1776-1784.
Kang, Y. and Massague, J. (2004). Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: twist in development and metastasis. Cell 118, 277-279.
Maestro, R., Dei Tos, A. P., Hamamori, Y. et al. (1999). Twist is a potential oncogene that inhibits apoptosis. Genes Dev. 13, 2207-2217.
Mori, K., Shibanuma, M. and Nose, K. (2004). Invasive potential induced under long-term oxidative stress in mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 64, 7464-7472.
Nieto, M. A. (2001). The early steps of neural crest development. Mech. Dev. 105, 27-35.
Nieto, M. A. (2002). The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 155-166.
Ozdamar, B., Bose, R., Barrios-Rodiles, M. et al. (2005). Regulation of the polarity protein Par6 by TGFbeta receptors controls epithelial cell plasticity. Science 307, 1603-1609.
Peinado, H., Quintanilla, M. and Cano, A. (2003). Transforming growth factor beta-1 induces snail transcription factor in epithelial cell lines: mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transitions. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21113-21123.
Petersen, O. W., Nielsen, H. L., Gudjonsson, T. et al. (2003). Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer can provide a nonmalignant stroma. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 391-402.
Radisky, D. C., Levy, D. D., Littlepage, L. E. et al. (2005). MMP-3-induced Rac1b stimulates formation of ROS, causing EMT and genomic instability. Nature (in press).
Shi, Y. and Massague, J. (2003). Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113, 685-700.
Shook, D. and Keller, R. (2003). Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in early development. Mech. Dev. 120, 1351-1383.
Thiery, J. P. (2003). Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 740-746.
Vega, S., Morales, A. V., Ocana, O. H. et al. (2004). Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death. Genes Dev. 18, 1131-1143.
Yang, J., Mani, S. A., Donaher, J. L. et al. (2004). Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 117, 927-939.
Yeaman, C., Grindstaff, K. K., Hansen, M. D. and Nelson, W. J. (1999). Cell polarity: Versatile scaffolds keep things in place. Curr. Biol. 9, R515-R517. |
0.999998 | Manuscript Description: Handwritten in pencil by Mary Baker Eddy on unlined paper.
Archival Note: It is possible that this a draft of the Easter sermon that Mary Baker Eddy gave on April 5, 1885 (see A10090Click link to view A10090 document in new window and A10551Click link to view A10551 document in new window).
His students were plunged in despair they had left all for him and here was the inexorable fact that he was dead Behold their lack of spiritual understandingAs Written:understand when their master whom they mourned had said at the grave of Lazarus he is not dead but sleepethJohn 11:11 These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep.
1st What is this stone?
[*]Archival Note: Two next two lines are erased and have lines drawn through them.
His students were plunged in despair they had left all for him and here was the inexorable fact that he was dead Behold their lack of spiritual understandCorrected:understanding when their master whom they mourned had said at the grave of Lazarus he is not dead but sleepethJohn 11:11 These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep.
The following paragraph and question and answer are written over an erasure which is illegible. Two next two lines are erased and have lines drawn through them. |
0.999966 | The Stranger. Camus, Albert. Trans. Mathew Ward. New York: Vintage, 1988. Print. 123 Pages.
When he hears of his mother 's passing, the narrator delves into the day of her death. He states that she could have died today "or yesterday maybe, I don 't know," showing the reader that the narrator is appalled by the news and can 't believe that his mother has just passed away. By focusing his thoughts in this way, the narrator is sidestepping the factuality of her death and is trying to concentrate his attention on something else. Moreover, the narrator 's use of words in the paragraph conveys an overwhelming feeling of uncertainty and confusion. As he contemplates the date of his mother 's death, the narrator states that he "doesn 't know" when his mother passed and "maybe it was yesterday." The reader can infer from the diction of this paragraph that the narrator is unclear and unaware about the death. The tone in this paragraph is one of consternation. Impacted by the news of his mother 's death, the narrator was in a state of shock and dismay. He was so lost and dazed by the death that he showed no emotional reaction. |
0.999211 | My hello phrase: Hi out there!.I hope you are having a great time. I love to talk to people and share experiences. Talk to you soon. Have a Great Day! |
0.991862 | Whether pension reforms lead to an improvement in macroeconomic performance is a controversial question. Some countries, which have implemented reforms, claim better economic performance while in others a positive result has yet to be seen. This paper explores two aspects of this issue further: Firstly, we provide a comprehensive investigation of the impact of pension reforms on output, capital stock and consumption. Secondly, we attempt to uncover the factors which lead to cross country heterogeneity in the impact of reform. Our results suggest that pension reform led to an improvement in macroeconomic performance. However, there is also evidence to suggest that this improvement was more pronounced in countries with lower public debt, lower age dependency ratio, more developed financial markets and a higher rate of privatisations. |
0.559291 | How to handle employee stock options. | Verticalmove, Inc.
1. Employee stock options are no longer reserved for the executive suite.
From cash-poor Silicon Valley startups to old-line manufacturing and service firms competing for top talent, more and more companies are offering stock options to the rank and file as well.
2. Stock options are still popular.
According to the National Center for Employee Ownership, in 2010, of the publicly traded companies, 36% of employees own stock in their employers through one kind of plan or another.
3. Stock options can be expensive to exercise.
The lesson of the dot-com crash: Improperly exercising stock options can cause real financial headaches, particularly when it comes to paying taxes on your profits. Even if you keep the stock you purchased, you'll still have to pay taxes. But if you're careful not to overreach, options can be a lucrative benefit.
An employee stock option gives you the right to buy ("exercise") a certain number of shares of your employer's stock at a stated price (the "award," "strike," or "exercise" price) over a certain period of time (the "exercise" period).
Employee stock options come in two basic flavors: nonqualified stock options and qualified, or "incentive," stock options (ISOs). ISOs qualify for special tax treatment. For example, gains may be taxed at capital gains rates instead of higher, ordinary income rates. Incentive options go primarily to upper management, and employees usually get the nonqualified variety.
6. Nonqualified plans are special.
Unlike ISOs, nonqualified stock options can be granted at a discount to the stock's market value. They also are transferable to children and charity, provided your employer permits it.
You can pay cash, swap employer stock you already own or borrow money from a stockbroker while simultaneously selling enough shares to cover your costs.
8. It's usually smart to hold options as long as you can.
Conventional wisdom holds that you should sit on your options until they are about to expire to allow the stock to appreciate and, therefore, maximize your gain. In the aftermath of the tech stock swoon, that logic may need some revision. In any event, you should not exercise options unless you have something better to do with the realized gain.
9. There may be compelling reasons to exercise early.
Among them: You have lost faith in your employer's prospects; you are overweighted on company stock and want to diversify for safety; you want to lock in a low-cost basis for nonqualified options; you want to avoid catapulting into a higher tax bracket by waiting.
10. Tax consequences can be tricky.
Unlike the case with nonqualified options, an ISO spread at exercise is considered a preference item for purposes of calculating the dreaded alternative minimum tax (AMT), increasing taxable income for AMT purposes. |
0.934646 | A vulture capitalist is an investor who buys up distressed companies in order to turn them around so he can sell them at a profit. Vulture capitalists are often criticized because of their aggressive behavior.
A vulture capitalist is a type of venture capitalist who looks for opportunities to make money by buying poor or distressed firms. They are also known for taking control over someone else's innovations and, as a result, the money that person would have acquired from those innovations. The term is slang for someone who is an aggressive venture capitalist, and as such is believed to be predatory in their nature. Just like the bird they are named after, vulture capitalists will wait until they see the right opportunity and swoop in at the last minute, taking advantage of a situation with the lowest possible price.
Most vulture capitalists often make more money than traditional venture capitalists do.
The term "vulture capitalist" isn't the only instance in economics where animals are used as descriptors. Bull and bear are also used, where the former refers to a market affected by rising prices, while the latter is typically one when prices are falling. Similarly, a hawk is someone who likes to use interest rate hikes to keep inflation in check, while the opposite — a dove — believes lower interest rates will lead to a spike in employment.
As mentioned above, vulture capitalists will usually look for distressed opportunities or companies that are failing. They will provide funding as a last-ditch effort to these companies — many that have been unsuccessful in obtaining credit or funds from banks and/or other investors. As a general rule, most vulture capitalists will buy companies at a very low price so they do not end up losing out of pocket before they attempt to turn the firm around.
Vulture capitalists look for areas in which they can cut costs in order to make the most profit. Once they make their acquisitions, they may do things like cutting staff, reducing benefits or even both.
By contrast, a venture capitalist will typically look for companies that have growth potential and will provide capital to startup ventures. They may also support small companies that wish to expand but do not have access to equity markets. Venture capitalists will usually invest in these kinds of companies because they can earn a large return on their investments if these companies become successful and profitable.
Many times, a venture capitalist will look for a firm they are familiar with — often one that has a unique product or innovation, a strong management team and a large market.
Why Are We So Critical of Vulture Capitalists?
Vulture capitalists are often criticized for their aggressive behavior because they are seen as preying on the companies they buy in order to make a profit. They are called out because they will seek out the most distressed companies at really low prices. They will go to great lengths in order to keep their costs down so as to make the most profit. A venture capitalist may look first at cutting down staff, which can lead to unemployment and cause a ripple effect in the economy.
Although vulture capitalism has been part of American culture for a long time, the term came into the spotlight during the Republican primaries leading up to the 2012 general election.
During the primaries, Mitt Romney said he was the best candidate to lead the party to the presidency because of his time at Bain Capital, a private equity firm he helped co-found in 1984. During several debates, he stated that he helped rebuild companies that were struggling and, in turn, helped create jobs. He promised to do the same thing for the U.S. that he said he did for Bain Capital: build businesses, create jobs and boost the economy.
Unfortunately, his opponents did not see it the same way. While Romney called himself a venture capitalist who helped companies in trouble, they said he did nothing but prey on businesses and the people who worked for them. Rick Perry, Newt Gingrich and Ron Paul all took shots at Romney, who claimed Bain Capital put people out of work in order to boost its own profits. But their efforts failed and Romney became the Republican nominee. Romney eventually lost to Barack Obama, who went on to lead the country in his second term as president.
An adventure capitalist is an investor who backs higher-risk startups. |
0.950903 | What about putting my assets in a trust?
If your assets are put into a Revocable Trust, Medicaid will ignore that trust. If the trust is Irrevocable, and you have no ability to receive the principal, the assets may be protected. Please remember, however, that if you have put the assets into this trust less than five years before your nursing home admission, this will be considered the same as a gift, and cause an ineligibility. |
0.996726 | When querying on constituents, who have been soft credited for a gift, sometimes a user will want to further filter the query to only use the head of household soft credits. This can then be pulled into an export.
Create a Gift Query to filter on the head of house hold soft credits: (Criteria: Soft Credit Recipient ID not blank AND This individual is head of household equals No AND This Individual is Spouse equals Yes).Be sure to change the soft credit options in Tools > Query Options > Gift Processing.
Create a Constituent Query for gifts that have a soft credit. If you have other criteria that you want to use to limit the constituents being included, you would do that here. (Soft Credit Recipient ID not blank AND <any other criteria desired>).
Create a Constituent Export and pull in the Query from Step #2.
In the Export output, when you select the Gift information, set the Soft Credits to Donor. On the filters tab, you will use the Query created in Step #1.
Additional Output to show the donor and soft credit names and amounts would be: Constituent Information > Name; Gifts > Gift Amount; Gifts > Soft Credits > Constituent Name; Gifts > Soft Credits > Amount.
This will show you the donor's name, the gift amount, the soft credit's name and the soft credit amount. |
0.946997 | Freedom of religion in Georgia is provided for by the country's constitution, laws, and policies. In practice, the Georgian government generally respects religious freedom; however, the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys a privileged status in terms of legal and tax matters, involvement in public schools, and property disputes. There have been efforts by private citizens, local government officials, and local Georgian Orthodox Church leaders to harass and persecute members of minority religious groups and interfere with their worship activities; despite calls for tolerance and respect for pluralism by government leaders, the Georgian central government has not been successful in preventing such incidents.
Christianity has been the predominant religious influence in the territory comprising present-day Georgia since at least the fourth century A.D., when Nino of Cappadocia, the daughter of a Roman general, is said to have preached in Kartli (present-day eastern and southern Georgia; also known as Iberia) and to have been responsible for the conversion of the king and queen and their family. Christianity in Kartli was initially organized under the jurisdiction of the Church of Antioch, but in the late 5th century, a catholicos (chief bishop) was appointed for the city of Mtskheta, giving the church in the kingdom a degree of local autonomy. A united Georgian kingdom—comprising both Kartli and Colchis (present-day western Georgia)—had taken shape by 1008 under Bagrat III. In 1010, the church in the unified Kingdom of Georgia became autocephalous (self-governing), and its catholicos (Melchizedek I) was elevated to the rank of patriarch and obtained the official title of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.
From the 13th through the 18th centuries, Georgia was invaded numerous times by Mongols, Ottomans (Turks), and Safavids (Persians), and the Kingdom of Georgia became fragmented by the end of the 15th century. A notable Christian martyr of this period was Ketevan of Mukhrani, a queen who was tortured to death in 1624 after refusing demands by the Safavid ruler (Abbas I) to renounce Christianity and convert to Islam.
In 1801, the kingdoms of present-day eastern and central Georgia were occupied and annexed by the Russian Empire. The Russian authorities abolished the independent status of the Georgian church and made the region subject to the Russian Orthodox Church; the use of the Georgian language in the liturgy was suppressed, and many church buildings in Georgia were defaced and fell into disrepair. The Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) reasserted its autocephaly after the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917, but the Georgian church was subjected to renewed harassment in the 1920s and 1930s by the newly created Soviet Union, during the rule of the Georgian-born Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin.
As part of Stalin's efforts to unite the Soviet citizenry against the Nazi threat during World War II, state-sponsored persecution of religion was somewhat eased, and the GOC's independence from the Russian church was once again formally recognized in 1943. Restrictions on religious organizations returned after the end of the war, and the general corruption which plagued the leadership of the Georgian SSR in the early 1970s affected church officials in Georgia. When Ilia II became patriarch of the GOC in 1977, he moved to rejuvenate the church, directing the renovation of derelict churches, as well as construction of new churches. The GOC joined the World Council of Churches (WCC) in 1962, and Ilia II served as president of the WCC between 1979 and 1983.
The GOC's power and prestige in Georgian society increased significantly after Ilia II's installation as patriarch in 1977. In 1990, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (the "first among equals" of the Eastern Orthodox prelates) formally recognized the autocephaly of the GOC and affirmed Ilia II's title of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.
Article 9 of the current Constitution of Georgia provides for complete freedom of belief and religion. It also recognizes the "special role ... in the history of Georgia" of the Georgian Orthodox Church, but stipulates that the GOC shall be independent of the state. A special Concordat (legal agreement) between the Georgian state and the GOC was ratified in 2002, giving the GOC a special legal status and rights not given to other religious groups—including legal immunity for the Georgian Orthodox Patriarch, exemption from military service for GOC clergy, and a consultative role in education and other aspects of the government.
In 2003, an effort by the Roman Catholic Church to negotiate its own concordat with Georgia failed after the government yielded to pressure from the GOC leadership and public demonstrations said to have been organized by the GOC. In July 2011, the Georgian parliament enacted legislation allowing religious organizations to register as "legal entities of public law", a status closer to that held by the GOC; the leadership of the GOC criticized this proposed law and made an unsuccessful effort to influence the parliament not to adopt it, predicting that "the law will cause negative consequences soon, and the state will be responsible for it". Prior to this 2011 change, religious groups other than the GOC had only been allowed to register as "noncommercial legal entities of private law"—a status (similar to that of a charitable foundation or an NGO) which some churches considered unacceptable and refused to apply for. Public debate over the new law included concerns that the Armenian Apostolic Church (AAC) would use the new, improved status to renew challenges over the ownership of numerous churches claimed by both the GOC and the AAC.
Many churches other than the GOC have experienced difficulty in their attempts to regain property which was confiscated during the Soviet-era crackdown on religion—especially in cases where property disputes involved conflicting claims by the GOC and other religious groups. During 2012, Roman Catholic and Armenian Apostolic church officials suggested that Georgian government officials involved in resolving property disputes were fearful of offending Orthodox constituents if they ruled in favor of other churches and against the GOC. Cases were also reported in 2012 of Jehovah's Witnesses being denied alternatives to military service (which they had refused to perform on grounds of conscience); of Seventh-day Adventists being refused alternative dates for school examinations scheduled for Saturday; and Muslims and Jews being denied worship facilities or faith-specific dietary accommodations in prisons.
In 2012, Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili made public statements recognizing the religious contributions of Roman Catholics, Armenian Apostolics, and Azeri Muslims, saying that he was "proud that we are making a unified state where representatives of all cultures, confessions, and ethnicity feel themselves as equal children of the country". Later in the same year, newly elected prime minister Bidzina Ivanishvili met with Jewish groups, celebrating Shabbat and Hanukkah and stating that he was "committed to making Georgia a place where all Georgians, regardless of their faith, are treated equally and with respect".
The disputed region of Abkhazia is claimed by Georgia as part of its sovereign territory, but it has been entirely outside Georgia's effective control (and ruled instead by a de facto separatist government) since the early 1990s. Following the 2008 Russia–Georgia war, Abkhazia gained formal recognition as an independent state by Russia and a small number of other nations, though the United Nations (UN) and most of the international community still consider it to be part of Georgia. As a consequence of a 1992–1993 war with Georgia, most ethnic Georgians originally living in Abkhazia were either expelled or killed.
Approximately 60% of Abkhazians identify themselves as Christians—most being either Eastern Orthodox or Armenian Apostolic adherents. The GOC has lost effective control over church operations in Abkhazia, and the organizational vacuum has been filled by a new Abkhazian Orthodox Church, which is recognized by the government of Abkhazia, but not by the GOC or the Russian Orthodox Church, which still consider the church in Abkhazia to be under the jurisdiction of the GOC.
Roman Catholics, Baptists, and Lutherans have been allowed to operate in Abkhazia. Jehovah's Witnesses are officially banned, but Jehovah's Witnesses communities in some parts of Abkhazia have been able to establish working relationships with local authorities and have thereby been able to hold some meetings. The GOC has not been able to operate in Abkhazia, and GOC and Georgian government officials have complained about the elimination of Georgian architectural elements during restoration efforts by Abkhaz authorities on churches and monasteries historically claimed by the GOC.
The disputed region of Tskhinvali is also claimed by Georgia, but much of South Ossetia came under the de facto control of a separatist government following a 1991–1992 war. Georgia's 2008 war with Russia left the territory completely under separatist control, and South Ossetia has subsequently been recognized as an independent state by Russia and a small number of other nations, but not by the UN or most of the international community.
The GOC has experienced interference from the "South Ossetian government", which has banned Orthodox services in several ethnic Georgian villages. Jehovah's Witnesses in "South Ossetia" are not officially recognized and have been harassed.
The overwhelming majority of the modern Georgian population identifies with the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC)—between 83 and 86 percent of the population, according to various polls. Muslims represent 9–10% of the population, and adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church comprise about 4%. There are also much smaller numbers of followers of various other religions, including Roman Catholics, Jews, and numerous non-traditional recent arrivals to Georgia (such as Baptists, Pentecostalists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, and Latter-day Saints). Religious affiliation is strongly correlated with ethnicity, with most ethnic Georgians affiliating with the GOC. About 45% of the Georgian population attend some sort of religious services at least once a month.
Minority religious groups are viewed by some Georgians as a threat to Georgian national identity, cultural values, and the GOC. Between 1999 and 2002, followers of a defrocked former GOC priest, Basil Mkalavishvili, attacked congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses and Baptists in Tbilisi. During 2012, some congregations of Muslims and Jehovah's Witnesses reported physical confrontations and verbal threats, some involving local GOC priests and their parishioners. In 2011, eight members of Orthodox fundamentalist groups were sentenced to prison for breaking into a television station and assaulting participants on a talk show on religious freedom; however, after the October 2012 parliamentary election and the transition to a new government, these individuals were reclassified as "prisoners of conscience" and were freed as part of a general amnesty.
In September 2013, Patriarch Ilia II—delivering his Sunday sermon in the Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi—said that although "rights are good and are needed and rights should be protected", it was less often recognized that "the majority too has to be protected", and that "often the majority is more oppressed than the minority".
Ethnic Azeris, most of whom are Muslim, form the majority of the population in the southeastern Georgian region of Kvemo Kartli. Other Muslim groups include ethnic Georgians in Adjara (an autonomous region in the southwestern part of the country) and Chechens in the northeast.
In November 2012, Muslims in a western Georgian community were prevented from gathering for prayer by Orthodox priests and townspeople; the local priest said that the local residents "would not allow any minarets and mass prayers in this village", and the police did not intervene. In July 2013, Muslims in an eastern Georgian village had their services disrupted in spite of efforts at conciliation by government officials and a personal plea for tolerance by Patriarch Ilia II, head of the GOC, who denounced oppression of Muslims and said he himself had grown up in a household that included observant Muslims.
In August 2013, government authorities disassembled and removed a 24-metre (79-foot) minaret from a mosque in Chela (a village in southwestern Georgia) after objections were raised by members of the surrounding community. The minaret's confiscation was reportedly prompted by claims that the metal from which it was formed may not have been properly declared for customs purposes when it was imported from Turkey. Amidst protests against the action by Muslim residents of the village, police reportedly beat six residents and arrested eleven. Unlike in some other communities with a mixture of Muslim and Orthodox residents, there had not been any protests against the mosque or its minaret by residents of Chela. The minaret was eventually returned to the mosque and was reinstalled in late November 2013.
GPB's Best Georgians television series asked viewers to select the most important people in Georgian history. The list of candidates included not only secular figures, but also saints (including Abo of Tiflis, shown at the top of this screen shot).
A controversy arose in January 2009 over a Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) television program, Sakartvelos Didi Ateuli (Georgian: საქართველოს დიდი ათეული; "Georgia's Great Ten", or "Best Georgians") — a show which invited viewers to pick Georgia's top historical personages through polling by telephone, text messaging, and a special web site (www.bestgeorgians.ge). Officials of the Georgian Orthodox Church publicly objected to the inclusion of both religious and secular figures in the competition (the January 2009 short list of 50 candidates included 13 saints), as well as to the idea of having viewers put saints in rank order.
On 16 January 2009, the regular airing of Didi Ateuli was replaced by a debate between church representatives, their supporters, and opponents of the church's position. During the show, the chairman of the GPB board of trustees, Levan Gakheladze, announced that a divided board had voted to suspend the show pending further consideration. Comments from trustees and critics revealed deep divisions between supporters and opponents of the church's stance — some decrying church interference, others saying they could not ignore insistences from church leaders, and one board member stating that "The opinion of the Patriarch [Ilia II] is more important for me than the law."
On 22 January, GPB announced that Didi Ateuli would proceed, with both saints and secular figures retained in the competition, but that the final list of ten would not be ranked but would be announced in alphabetical order. A statement released by the GOC attempted to downplay the controversy as "artificial", suggesting that "someone wants to portray the Church as a censor" in order to dissuade church officials from speaking out on future issues.
In the autumn of 2009 there were street demonstrations and other signs of public anger after it was discovered that Tea Tutberidze, a former activist in the Kmara protest group at the time of the Rose Revolution and now a leading figure in the conservative Liberty Institute, had been distributing videos that insulted Patriarch Ilia II. Tutberidze did not claim to have made the videos—they were published by an unknown "Father Hemorrhoids" (Georgian: მამა ბუასილი, mama buasili; a rude pun on the common Georgian man's name Basili)—but she had promoted them via her Facebook page. The Ministry of Internal Affairs arrested two people over the videos but later admitted there was no crime. Tutberidze remained defiant and later accused the church of co-operation with the KGB under Soviet rule.
On 7 May 2010, a live televised talk show on Kavkasia TV, involving leaders of hardline Orthodox Christian groups and their opponents, degenerated into name-calling and eventually broke down entirely after the participants decided to quit the debate and left the studio. After an unusually long commercial break, the host of the program announced that a fistfight between the opposing sides had occurred outside the studio. Some minutes later, several members of one of the hardline Orthodox groups—including priests—entered the studio and accused the program's host of having staged a provocation. Police arrived and arrested several people. One opposition politician in the studio suggested that the hardline groups "would not have dared to do things like this without having support of the authorities"; a member of one of the Orthodox groups, on the other hand, accused the Liberty Institute (a government-aligned think tank) of "promoting anti-religious ideology". The people arrested in this incident were later released from prison following a resolution by the Georgian parliament in January 2013 which declared them and many others to be political prisoners.
On 17 May 2013, a rally marking the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia was held in downtown Tbilisi. Despite the presence of over 2,000 police officers, participants in the event were attacked by thousands of counter-demonstrators—including GOC clergy—who broke through the police lines. Priests and members of the GOC, communicating via social networks, had protested the planned event and had announced plans to prevent it from taking place.
Debate over the incident extended beyond LGBT rights and grew into a broader discussion about the role of the GOC in Georgian society. On 24 May, several hundred demonstrators gathered in a downtown Tbilisi park with banners reading "No to Theocracy" and "No to Darkness"; a parallel counter-demonstration carried a banner calling for a ban on "propaganda of sexual wrongness and indecency".
Two priests of the GOC were amongst those arrested in connection with the attack on the 17 May rally. Charges against one of these were later dropped after the Tbilisi city court ruled that there was not enough evidence to prove his guilt.
Patriarch Ilia II, who had released a statement on 16 May calling on authorities to cancel the rally, criticized the gay rights movement and said homosexuality was a sin and "should not be propagandized". However, after the events of 17 May, the patriarch sought to distance himself and the GOC from the violence, said that priests opposing the demonstration had behaved "impolitely", and appealed for calm. The chairman of the Georgian parliament, Davit Usupashvili, suggested that Ilia II's call for authorities to ban the rally had served as encouragement to the counter-demonstrators.
Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili and prime minister Bidzina Ivanishvili denounced the violence against the anti-homophobia rally. Ivanishvili said that the incident was neither Georgian nor Christian in character, that the authorities would bring to justice those "who were calling for violence and those resorting to violence", and that any member of the clergy who violated the law should be "held responsible before the law like any other citizen". Saakashvili said the 17 May violence showed that the Georgian state was facing a "threat of theocracy", but that Georgia would never have a "broad problem of religious fundamentalism" and that "not a single institution, including the Orthodox Church, is interested in violence".
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Georgia". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
↑ Ioselian, Platon I. (1866). A Short History of the Georgian Church. Translated by Rev. S. C. Malan. London: Saunders, Otley & Co. pp. 17–24. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
1 2 Grdzelidze, Tamara. "Georgia, Patriarchal Orthodox Church of". In McGuckin, John Anthony, ed. (2011). The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-4051-8539-4. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
↑ Rapp, Stephen H. Jr. "Georgian Christianity". In Parry, Ken, ed. (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Ghichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-631-23423-4. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
↑ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-78023-030-6. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
↑ Rapp (2010), p. 150.
↑ Rapp (2010), p. 151.
1 2 Rapp (2010), p. 152.
↑ Grdzelidze (2011), p. 274.
↑ "Constitution of Georgia (in English)" (PDF). Parliament of Georgia. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
↑ "Georgia: Catholics fail to break Orthodox monopoly". Forum 18. 25 September 2003. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
↑ "Brethren in Christ, Divided". Civil Georgia. 29 September 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
↑ "Georgia adopts a new law on the status of religious organizations". Human Rights House Network. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Georgia". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
↑ "Georgia: Religious minorities still second-class faiths?". Forum 18. 25 November 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
↑ "Georgia: Church-State Dispute in Tbilisi Exposes Anti-Armenian Undertones". EurasiaNet. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
↑ Krylov, Alexander (17 March 2004). ЕДИНАЯ ВЕРА АБХАЗСКИХ 'ХРИСТИАН' И 'МУСУЛЬМАН': Особенности религиозного сознания в современной Абхазии [Common Faith of Abkhaz 'Christians' and 'Moslems': Features of religious consciousness in modern Abkhazia] (in Russian). Credo.Ru. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
↑ "Abkhazia: Breakaway Church Confronts Its Own Breakaway Bid". EurasiaNet.org. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
↑ Donaldson, Robert H.; Nogee, Joseph L. (2009). The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests (4th ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-7656-2280-8. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
↑ "South Ossetia Profile". BBC News. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
↑ "Nations in Transit 2013: Georgia". Freedom House. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
1 2 "Georgian National Study, November 9–21, 2012" (PDF). International Republican Institute. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
↑ "First branch created in Republic of Georgia". LDS Church News. 10 August 2002. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
↑ "Georgia: Two leaders of religious violence finally sentenced – but what about the others?". Forum 18. 1 February 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
1 2 "Political Prisoners Released as Amnesty Goes into Force". Civil Georgia. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Georgian Church Leader: 'Often Majority is More Oppressed Than Minority'". Civil Georgia. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
↑ "Friday prayer disrupted again in Kakheti village". Democracy & Freedom Watch. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
↑ "Authorities Remove Minaret Forcibly, Sparking Muslim Community's Protest". Civil Georgia. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
↑ "Minaret back up in Georgian village Chela". Democracy & Freedom Watch. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
↑ "Georgia TV show sparks holy row". BBC News. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Public TV Show in Limbo after Church Meddling". Civil Georgia. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Public TV Changes Show Format to Allay Controversy". Civil Georgia. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "BBC Monitoring report on Tea Tutberidze and the Patriarch". Georgian International Media Centre. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-08-16. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Georgia: Free-Speech Debate Swirls in Tbilisi over Patriarch Parody". EurasiaNet. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Tea Tutberidze and allies launch new attack on Catholicos Patriarch". Georgian International Media Centre. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Radical Orthodox Christian Group Stirs Fistfight in TV Station". Civil Georgia. 8 May 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Ivanishvili Condemns Violence". Civil Georgia. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Gay rights protesters driven out of Tbilisi, many injured". Democracy & Freedom Watch. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "'No to Theocracy' Rally Amid Counter Demo". Civil Georgia. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Georgian court acquits priest accused of anti gay violence". Democracy & Freedom Watch. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Patriarch Calls for Calm After Orthodox Groups Thwart Gay Rights Rally". Civil Georgia. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Patriarch Regrets Clergy's 'Impolite' Actions in May 17 Events". Civil Georgia. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "Usupashvili Denounces Patriarch's Statement Made on the Eve of Anti-Homophobia Rally". Civil Georgia. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
↑ "PM Vows Perpetrators of May 17 Violence will be Prosecuted". 21 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013. |
0.92266 | Why "Yahweh" and not Yahuah/Yahuwah/Yehowah?
To see why His name is pronounced "Yahweh" I would point you to the following resource which I have checked out thoroughly and have found to be adequate and in agreement with what I have found on the pronunciation.
Click here to download the in depth study that demonstrates "Yahweh" to be the correct pronunciation. Note that the u and w are often interchangeable (e.g. persuade and perswade sound the same). Thus if one spelled it Yahweh or Yahueh we could get the same pronunciation, but most people who see the word "Yahueh" would tend to pronounce the H as a hard consonant. Thus, Yahweh seems to be the best spelling to convey the sounds in Hebrew.
This download is a chapter from the book entitled "The Sacred name" by R.Clover. I don't necessarily endorse the views of the author in other chapters of this book or other topics.
They say that the Heavenly Father's name can be "made simple" by believing that since there is only one letter difference between the two names, we can learn the right pronunciation of the Heavenly Father's name by looking at how Judah's name is pronounced in Hebrew.
But the truth is, we cannot determine the pronunciation of one Hebrew word by looking at how another word is pronounced with similar letters. This is because Hebrew words usually contain missing vowels. The reader has to supply the vowels based on their existing knowledge of the language. Thus, you can have numerous words where there is one consonant difference and yet they are pronounced completely different.
The verb "Hama" (#1993) is found in Jer. 6:23, 48:36, 50:42 in the qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular form, and is spelled יהמה but pronounced "Yehemeh." This is only one letter different than יהוה, yet the pronunciation is different.
The Hebrew word "Hegeh" (#1897) is found in Job 27:4, Psalm 37:30 and 7 other verses in the qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular form and is spelled יהגה, yet it is pronounced "Yehgeh." This is only one letter different than יהוה, yet the pronunciation is different.
If we removed vowels from two English words that had similar consonants, no one would argue that we can learn the vowels of one word by knowing the vowels of another. For instance "word," "ward" and "weird' would all have the same consonants (WRD) but different vowel sounds and different meanings.
In fact, there are examples in Hebrew of where two words with different meanings are spelled exactly the same way, yet they are pronounced differently. The word שאול, which is pronounced "Shaul" (King Saul's name) is spelled exactly the same as the word שאול, pronounced "Sheol." "Shaul" means "desired" but "Sheol" means "grave." The vowels and meaning are different, but the word is spelled the same. If שאול (Shaul) is spelled the same as שאול (Sheol), yet has different vowels, why would we believe that יהוה must automatically have the same vowels as יהודה ?
If the "Yahu" in "Yahu-dah" means "praise Yahweh," this would be a compound word with the "Yahu-" referring to Yahueh/Yahweh and the "-dah" coming from another word altogether. Thus, we really can't rely on the "Dah" pronunciation to arrive at the correct pronunciation of the final syllable in יהוה. It is derived from a different source.
So in conclusion, to base the pronunciation of the Heavenly Father's name on how another name or word is pronounced is not sound reasoning and should be completely disregarded when seeking to understand how יהוה is pronounced.
It's a surprise to me, but another pronunciation growing in popularity is "Yehowah." This is actually the Hebraic way of saying "Jehovah." The term "Jehovah/Yehowah" came about when the Masorite scribes placed the vowels for Adonai in between the letters of Yahweh's name. This was to show the reader that he was supposed to say "Adonai" instead of uttering the actual pronunciation of His name.
Those who support the "Yehowah" pronunciation often say that the scribes were not trying to hide the name, but were actually correct in their vowel pointing. Their evidence is that the first vowel point in "Yehowah" produces an "Eh" sound and not an "Ah" sound like the first vowel sound in "Ah-donai." But the Masorites had to omit or change the first vowel simply because the first vowel sound in Adonai (Ah) matches the first vowel in "Yahweh." What else were they to do?
Nevertheless, there is a way to be certain that the scribes were actually inserting vowels to cause the reader to say "Adonai" rather than the actual pronunciation of His name.
If you have a strong's concordance, look up word number 3069. Notice that the vowel points underneath Yahweh's name are different than #3068, and produce the pronunciation: Yehowih (Yehowee). Where did this come from?
In the Masoretic text (hebrew scriptures) "Yehowih" is found in over 300 instances. In each instance where "Yehowih" is found, the Hebrew word "Adonai" always precedes it. Thus, it says "Adonai Yehowih."
The reason for this oddity proves that the scribes were trying to get the reader to say "Adonai" when giving us "Yehowah." If the scribes had actually put "Adonai Yehowah" instead of "Adonai Yehowih" the reader would have had to say "Adonai Adonai" whenever they came across this phrase, a rather awkward situation. Therefore, they put the vowel points for "Elohim" (YeHoWiH) in Yahweh's name whenever "Adonai Yahweh" existed in the text so that the reader would say "Adonai Elohim" rather than "Adonai Adonai."
To me this easily proves that the intent of the vowel points inserted in Yahweh's name was not to supply a correct pronunciation of our Father's name, but rather to get the reader to say "Adonai" or "Elohim" instead. Thus, "Yehowah" (and it's companion "Yehowih") are not correct pronunciations of our Father's name, but are actually hybrids that combine the letters of Yahweh's name with the vowel sounds of two other words: Adonai and Elohim.
Some suggest that since there are cases where even the vowel point for "O" from Adonai is missing from the Name, there was a conspiracy to prevent readers from pronouncing the Name as "Yehowah." But Exodus 13:9, Jeremiah 36:8, Ezekiel 44:5 and Nahum 1:3 you will find both Yehowah and Yehwah in the same verse. Also, whenever the vowel points for "Elohim" are used, about 90% of them also lack the "O" sound in the middle. It appears that the Masorites were more careless with the placement of these uninspired vowel points due to the fact that most Jews had practiced the substitutions from their youth, and one or two vowel points from either "Adonai" or "Elohim" would have been sufficient reminder.
Contact me if you are interested in a point-by-point rebuttal to an article (which was written by an unbeliever) supporting the "Yehowah" pronunciation.
It is important to understand that in Hebrew, the verb form determines how the vowels sound. This is somewhat like English where the verb "Run" changes to "Ran" if past tense is intended, and "Running" if present tense is intended. But in Hebrew, certain letters are added and vowel sounds will change depending on whether it is 1st, 2nd or 3rd person, or whether it is masculine or feminine, or whether the word is intensive, causative, etc.
Exod. 3:13-14 - Then Moses said to Elohim, "Indeed, when I come to the children of Israel and say to them,`The Elohim of your fathers has sent me to you,' and they say to me,`What is His name?' what shall I say to them?"
14 And Elohim said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM." (אהיה אשׁר אהיה 'ehyeh asher ehyeh') And He said, "Thus you shall say to the children of el,`I AM (אהיה 'ehyeh') has sent me to you.'"
Yahweh said to tell the people of Israel that His name is "I AM THAT I AM" or "Ehyeh asher ehyeh." We know that "ehyeh" is the way you pronounce "Hayah" (a verb meaning, "to be") in the first person form. So why then did He tell Moshe to call Him יהוה 'Yahweh' rather than אהיה 'Ehyeh' in the next verse?
Putting it simplistically, the form "Yahweh" is the 3rd person form of the same Hebrew verb, "Hayah." Yahweh was declaring who He is in saying "I AM" ("ehyeh") in Exodus 3:14, but when we refer to Him we say "HE IS, or He causes to exist" יהוה which is the 3rd person form, causative.
Ezek. 37:6 - "I will put sinews on you and bring flesh upon you, cover you with skin and put breath in you; and you shall live. Then you shall know that I am Yahweh."
Don't they already know He is Yahweh? What is He saying here?
Well, if we understand that יהוה is the 3rd person causative form of the verb "hayah", the Hebrew reader would understand that once He puts breath in them and they live, they would know that "I am 'He who causes to exist' (Ani Yahweh)."
All throughout history this has been the ultimate debate. Who is the author of all that exists? There are 73 scriptures where Yahweh makes this statement "you/they shall know that I am Yahweh". He wants us to have the understanding that HE IS, and HE WILL CAUSE YOU TO KNOW THAT HE IS BY WHAT HE DOES. This is how He introduced Himself to Yisrael, for "He who comes to Elohim must believe that HE IS" (Hebrews 11:6).
As far as I know, other proposed pronunciations (Yahuah, Yahuwah, Yehowah, etc) have no meaning at all in the Hebrew language, whereas it seems to me that Yahweh Himself in Exodus 3:14 was trying to attach a genuine meaning to His name. In the vast majority of cases, an "-ah" ending (with ה as the final letter) is actually a feminine ending in Hebrew. The fact that the Masorites were willing to place a vowel point indicating an "ah" sound at the end of יהוה is further evidence that His name would not end in "ah."
Some suggest that since there are some other Hebrew names don't follow Hebrew verb patterns, Yahweh's name shouldn't either. But the fact that "Ehyeh" does follow the correct (1st person) grammatical verb pattern, it would logically follow that יהוה would also contain the correct verb pattern. After all, He was using first person form to clarify the etymology of His name. And of all the proposed pronunciations, the only one that makes any grammatical sense or even carries a meaning at all in the Hebrew is the form "Yahweh." |
0.982946 | Are Dogs Allowed on London Underground Tube Trains?
Whether you are new to London, or a canine is new to your family, you may be wondering whether you can bring your furry friend on the Tube—the city's underground subway system. The quick answer is "yes," but there are a few rules and restrictions.
Service dogs, as well as any dog that does not appear dangerous, is allowed on the London Underground. The dog must remain on a leash or in a crate and is not permitted on the seat. You must keep your dog well behaved; staff is not allowed to control your pet. There is a bylaw regarding animals traveling on London Transport, which basically states they can refuse entry to your animal if they have any safety concerns and that you must control your animal.
Before you get into the subway car you need to pass through the Tube station, which includes escalators, ticket gates, and platform. The first rule is that you must carry your dog on the escalators as they might hurt their paws getting on and off. (The exception is if your service dog it is trained to ride a moving escalator.) If your dog is too large to hold, you can ask a staff member to stop the escalator; however, they are more likely to do this while the station isn't busy. Of course, it's fine to use the stairs or elevator (or lift, as they say across the pond) with larger pooches.
According to the TfL Conditions of Carriage, your dog needs to be carried through the ticket gates. If you have a service dog and there is not a wide automatic gate, you need to ask a staff member to open a manual gate. While waiting on the platform, you need to keep your dog on a leash or in their container and make sure they are well behaved.
Perhaps you are taking the Tube to catch a train or transfer to a bus need to know if you can continue on with your dog. Each mode of transportation has its own rules, so it is important you understand what is permitted.
According to the National Rail Conditions of Carriage, you can take up to two domestic animals free of charge and sit in the passenger cars, but not the buffet or restaurant cars (with the exception of assistance dogs). The dog(s) must be kept on a leash or in a carrier and are not allowed on a seat.
The same goes for the public bus, but some companies may charge a fee for bringing a pet onboard (unless it is a service dog). The rules for bringing dogs on the London buses aren't as clear-cut so it is best to contact the specific bus service. And don't forget to keep your dog on a leash or in the carrier at all times, as well as keep your pet under control. |
0.946548 | The Southwest region of the United States is an area comprised of a perfect fusion of Native American, Mexican, and Spanish cultures. Even contemporary Southwestern cuisine is deeply rooted in these cultures' traditions, offering food lovers a uniquely perfect mix of bold spices and mild ingredients.
In the Southwestern United States, typical ingredients used in native dishes include chillies, corn, tomato, squash, beans, and avocados. Spanish settlers of this region adapted the various farming techniques original to the Navajos, Aztecs, and other Native American tribes and eventually, the settlers included cattle and pigs into their typical diets. There are quite a few Southwestern dishes credited to the Spanish settlers of this area. For instance, the Spanish were responsible for the classic and tasty red- wine/fresh fruit combo beverage known as Sangria that originally came from their wine grape plants. Meat-laden dishes and thick stews are staples of South-western cuisine. Some parts of the South-west included roasts, hearty soups, and crock pot meals made from the freshwater fish and wild game hunted by the natives.
South-western cuisine as a whole encompasses a wide scope consisting of many regional traditions. Some examples of subdivided Southwest food include Cal-Mex, Tex-Mex, Sonoran Style, and New Mexican Style. The popularity of Southwestern dishes began to climb after the closing of the infamous Mexican-American War. Ever since it reached the national level, it has even influenced the tastes of Americans everywhere. Out of all the different South-western cooking styles, the most popular is Tex-Mex. This type of food meshes common ingredients found in both traditional American and Mexican meals and places a heavy emphasis on melted cheese, beef, spices, tortillas, and beans to create well-known dishes like fajitas and chili con queso. Another style of cuisine is the New-Mexican. This style was developed in Mexico before the country succumbed to US acquisition. In many dishes, green chilies are utilized, giving the New-Mexican style a unique flavor.
When it comes to South western US food, it is all about heat, spice, and flavor, which is why native chefs embrace chilies in almost every dish they create. There are more than 200 varieties of chillies currently known and all have been used in Southwestern meals for several thousand years. The potency of a chili can range from mild to overwhelmingly hot, depending on the type. Despite the popular belief, a chili's color is not a determinant of its spicy factor. It is in actuality the capsicum, which is located inside of the chili and contains the its ribs and seeds. It is common practice to remove the capsicum in order to reduce a powerful chili's heat.
The cuisine of the Southwest is inspired by a variety of diverse cultures and although it encompasses such as broad scope, the many regional styles give this regional food distinctive character that is an extension of each Southwestern culture. It is its combination of colors, flavors, smells, and spices that give Southwestern food a particularly interesting and satisfying flair.
Empanada is a word, which means "wrapped in bread" in Spanish and these delicious little pastries are made by wrapping a round dough pastry in half over a filling to make a semicircle. Empanadas make tasty snacks at any time of the day and are popular throughout Latin America as well as in Spain.
Historically, Mexican food is one of the most loved cuisines amongst American eaters all over the U.S. and has spread to other countries as well. Of course, depending on the amount of heat or fats in a particular Mexican dish, it may cause a problem for some of the more delicate digestive tracts. And that brings us to the point of healthy eating and Mexican food.
Tex Mex cuisine is something that can't be missed if you're visiting Austin. If you live in this diverse and exciting city, you've probably found some great spots to enjoy this unique form of cuisine. For those not in the know, Tex Mex food takes the best of Mexican food with the best of Southern-American food for a tasty blend of flavors.
First impressions count and anyone choosing to eat out will invariably judge a restaurant as much on its appearance as its menu or prices. Bistro and café owners in particular must ensure a décor and building fabric that is both warm and inviting to casual passers by.
In the Southwestern United States, typical ingredients used in native dishes include chillies, corn, tomato, squash, beans, and avocados. Spanish settlers of this region adapted the various farming techniques original to the Navajos, Aztecs, and other Native American tribes and eventually, the settlers included cattle and pigs into their typical diets. There are quite a few Southwestern dishes credited to the Spanish settlers of this area. For instance, the Spanish were responsible for the classic and tasty red-wine/fresh fruit combo beverage known as Sangria that originally came from their wine grape plants. Meat-laden dishes and thick stews are staples of South-western cuisine. Some parts of the South-west included roasts, hearty soups, and crock pot meals made from the freshwater fish and wild game hunted by the natives.
South-western cuisine as a whole encompasses a wide scope consisting of many regional traditions. Some examples of subdivided Southwest food include Cal-Mex, Tex-Mex, Sonoran Style, and New Mexican Style. The popularity of Southwestern dishes began to climb after the closing of the infamous Mexican- American War. Ever since it reached the national level, it has even influenced the tastes of Americans everywhere. Out of all the different South-western cooking styles, the most popular is Tex-Mex. This type of food meshes common ingredients found in both traditional American and Mexican meals and places a heavy emphasis on melted cheese, beef, spices, tortillas, and beans to create well-known dishes like fajitas and chili con queso. Another style of cuisine is the New-Mexican. This style was developed in Mexico before the country succumbed to US acquisition. In many dishes, green chilies are utilized, giving the New-Mexican style a unique flavor. |
0.99966 | In the beginning the world was in total darkness and Raven, who existed from the beginning of time, was tired of groping about in the dark. One day Raven found the home of an old man who lived with his daughter. Raven learned the old man had a great treasure - the light of the universe - contained in a tiny box hidden within many boxes.
Raven thought and thought, and finally formulated a plan. When the old man's daughter came down to the river to gather water, Raven changed into a single hemlock needle and dropped into the river, just as the girl was dipping her water-basket into the river.
As the girl drank from the basket, she swallowed the needle. It slipped down into her belly where Raven transformed again, this time into a tiny human. After sleeping there for some time at last Raven emerged into the world, this time as a human baby.
The old man loved him, but also threatened horrible punishment if Raven ever touched the precious treasure box. Nonetheless, Raven begged and begged to hold the light for just a moment. In time the old man yielded, and lifted from the box a warm and glowing sphere, which he threw to his grandson.
Raven instantly transformed his black, shadowy bird-form with wings spread ready for flight. He swiftly caught the beautiful ball of light in his beak and flew through the smokehole in the roof of the house, escaping into darkness with his stolen treasure.
And that is how light came into the universe. |
0.96779 | Rummy is a simple card game that is popular all over the world, and sees two or more players attempt to lay down sets of matching or running cards. Rummy is most often played with a regulation set of 52 playing cards, and uses a scoring format that sets a positive value on each card laid down, and a negative value on the cards that remain in your hand when a game is over.
Rummy's origins are hard to pin down - such are the number of similar games that have been played throughout history. Some cite early 19th century China as the birthplace of rummy as we know it today, and there are certainly some similarities between rummy and the hugely popular game of Mahjong, which is played with tiles instead of cards.
A regulation set of 52 playing cards, with the jokers removed (it's worth noting some rummy varieties use more than one pack, and some include jokers).
A method of keeping score, which will typically be a simple pen and piece and paper combination.
Rummy is also widely available online. You can access online rummy through desktop and mobile devices, and there are many websites that offer the game free of charge. You'll also find some versions of rummy that can be downloaded to your device and played offline.
How does a game of rummy play out?
A game of rummy begins with cards being dealt in a clockwise direction to the players. The dealer, decided by who draws the highest card from a shuffled pack, always deals to his left first and deals to himself last.
The remaining cards are placed down on the table, with one card upturned to form a separate discard pile.
The player to the left of the dealer goes first and can either draw from the discard pile, or take a face down card from the main pile. After each turn, a player must discard a card - face up - to the top of the discard pile.
When players achieve matching sets of three of four number or picture cards (for example, three kings) they lay them down on the table. You can also lay down runs of three or more cards, but these must all be of the same suit.
The hand ends when the first player has used all of their cards. It's at that point the scores are calculated.
How are the scores calculated in rummy?
Aces are worth one point.
Tens, jacks, queens and kings score 10 points.
All other cards score their face value.
Cards laid down in sets count as a positive to your score. So have three aces laid down when the game ends would score you 3 x 15 = 45. Cards that remain in your hand, however, count as a negative score. So having two aces left in your mean would be -30 applied to your score.
Depending on what's been agreed before the game you might set an overall winning total score (500 is common), or a time limit or number of hands that you'll play for. The winner will always be the player with the highest total of points at the time the game ends.
How do I get started playing rummy?
Playing online rummy is a great way to learn the game. There are a lot of really good sites to choose from, with some offering free rummy and others the option to play rummy for real cash. Best practice is to visit an online rummy portal and look for advice on the best sites to play at. |
0.97246 | What might be some reasons to request copies of my child's school records?
Reviewing records lets you be sure that the records are correct and contain all necessary information.
When your family is moving to a new school district, records may need to be sent.
When you're taking your child for an independent evaluation, copies of past records may be useful.
The records may help the staff at other programs your child attends (like camp, tutors, or in-hospital schools) design their activities.
Postsecondary programs may need to see copies of your child's records.
It's a good idea to have a copy for your home files, especially if your child is finishing school.
I am writing to schedule a time to come and review all of my child's records. My son/daughter, (child's name), is in the (___) grade at (name of school), in (teacher's name) class. I will also need copies of some or all of these records.
Please let me know where and when I can come in to see the records. I need these records by (date). You can reach me during the day at (give your phone number). |
0.999828 | Cheap ski vacations in the Western U.S.
Ski vacations are not considered to be the cheapest of getaways, but that doesn’t mean you have to spend an arm and leg to enjoy snowy mountain vistas, the joy of sliding on the snow and the idyllic atmosphere that pervades almost every mountain town. Your ski vacation is non-negotiable, but that doesn’t mean your locked into spending more than you have to. The resorts below ranked high in the budget-friendly category because they offer world-class ski terrain combined with a plethora of high-value, affordable accommodations, discounted lift tickets and off-mountain experiences, like dining, nightlife and outdoor activities, that cater to penny pinchers. |
0.999907 | How did the Northern League come into being.? Alan West gives an account of what happened in his excellent "One Hundred Years of the Ribblesdale League" which was publishrd in 1992 and I am grateful for his permission to paraphrase his account of the events which led to the creation of this League.
Most of the clubs in the League came from the Ribblesdale League to start the 1952 season.
The emigration came about as a result of the Ribblesdale League having 18 Clubs which meant that the clubs could only play five clubs twice and at the AGM in 1951 it was proposed that there should be a Western Section created with Kendal and Furness joining Blackpool,Chorley,Darwen,Fleetwood Lancaster, Leyland, Morecambe and St Annes with Leyland Motors who had not been involved in the discussions also joining this Section.
The proposal was defeated on the casting vote of the President and it resulted in the eight Clubs resigning from the Ribblesdale League and Leyland Motors joined them.
These Clubs with the addition of Furness and Kendal met at a hotel in Whalley and formed the Northern Cricket League with their first AGM being on the 25th November 1951.
The first season consisted of 11 Clubs with Preston coming into the League in 1952.
And so was created a League which over the years since has become the most successful in the County in its competitive games with other Leagues and Clubs from other Leagues.
The first Chairman was Bill Blackledge of Chorley and it was through his connections with Sir Donald Bradman that the great Australian cricketer became the first President of the League.
St Annes were the first Champions and they achieved this success in the best possible way by going through the season undefeated.
Furness repeated this feat the following season when taking the Championship and Blackpool gave notice of their potenial by being the Champions in 1954 and 55.
Furness indicated their wish to leave the League at the end of the 1958 season and they signed off by winning the Championship for the second time beating Darwen in a play-off at Blackpool in which Bill Alley returned to the League as a substitute professional for Furness.
Netherfield came into the League as their replacement.
Blackpool quickly established themselves as the Club to beat and they won 9 Championships in 16 seasons.Bill Alley was their professional for several seasons and scored 19 centuries before he left to begin a successful career with Somerset.
They were not a one man team and there were several good amateurs available such as Jimmy Andrew, Gordon Edmundson, Arthur Laycock, Tommy Dickinson, Jack Armstrong, Vic Maley and Norman Langfield.
To date Blackpool have won the Championship 15 times and Lancaster are the next in line with 6 Championships including four in a row from 1976-79 including an unbeaten season in 1977.
Mike Speak and Shaun Higgins captained the team in this period but they would both be indebted to their professional , Mike Staziker, who was regularly a threat to the opposition with bat and ball and Malcolm Hall, Rodney Webb, and Visant Palwanker made their contributions as well as the two captains.
In the 1980s Blackpool again dominated with 4 Championships and they commenced the 1990s with a third successive Championship which is their last to date.
The Championship went to the north of the League six times in this decade with Kendal and Morecambe taking the title twice and in 1997 Netherfield started a run which brought them 4 titles in 5 seasons and one had to sympathise with Chorley who finished runners-up 6 times in 8 seasons.
The Clubs have generally not invested in top class professionals and one benefit of this policy has been that the amateur players have been able to play a bigger part in the games and the successes of their Clubs and the League.
It is not easy selecting the best from each Club so the following list is just a selection from memory and apologies are given to those who may feel aggrieved at being left out.
I am convinced that a major reason why we have been so successful is that our Clubs have been playing against good competition from other Leagues in the Lancashire and National Knock Out Competitions in which we have had success.
When these winners play in our League and Cup games other Clubs raise their standard in an effort to beat them and so the general standard fises across the League and the Amateurs benefit.
Blackpool have always had a regular supply of good amateurs and in addition to those mentioned above the names of Roy Booth - later to become an umpire, Martin Pickles - holder of the club amateur batting record with 917 runs in 1991, Tommy Incles, Graham Fisher, Geoff Clarkson, Alvah Haslam, Nobby Lawton and Paul Simmonite come to mind.
Chorley can put forward Joe Blackledge, who went on to Captain Lancashire for a season and is the current President of the County Club, Albert Mockett, Frank Henry, John Kearsley - 885 runs in 1980, the club amateur batting record, Bob Yardley, Geoff Shaw, John Mawdesley and Roland Horridge - an inspiring captain.
Darwen have had good service from Keith Harwood, Jack Lightbown, Ted Friend, Colin Reilly, Dave Bonner - 69 wickets in 1987 to create the amateur bowling record for the club and the Cordingley brothers.
Fleetwood can record good contributions from Harold Wilkinson, Tom Scott Jack Armstrong, John Wright, Pat King and Nobby Lawton and Robin Bracewell after their transfers from Blackpool - Bracewell currently holds the amateur batting record with the club with 1032 runs in 1987.
Kendal amateurs include Guy Willatt, a captain of Derbyshire , Phil Smith, Maurice Williams, Shaun Stuart, John Moyes, Eric Mays, Brian Evans and Terry Hunte who has been the scourge of the opposing bowlers both as an professional and amateur.
In addition to the Lancaster players mentioned above the club have had good contributions from Geoff Bates, Trevor Glover, the New Zealander Trevor Franklin who later representented his country at Test level and David Heywood.
Over the years Leyland looked to Norman Willacy, the Milnes brothers, David Wareing, Graham Brown and John Pallett whilst their neighbours Leyland Motors produced good amateurs in Denis Porter, Harold Wardleworth, Derek Dell, David Makinson who joined the County, Doug Melling and George Rounding.
Morecambe have been well served by such as Charlie Clough, Ian Hanson now the Club Chairman, Graham Fisher after his transfer from Blackpool, Ray Jagger and Phil Thornton whilst in 1968 and 69 proessional Colin Hilton carried allbefore him with 113 and 88 wickets respectively and in 1969 took all 10 wickets in an innings - the only time this feat has been achieved.
Netherfield relied on such as Cliff Airey, Colin Graham and Colin Dalzell in the early days and later on Alan Wilson, Hughie Evans, Ian Heath, Eric Mays and Graham Clarke - 19 centuries to date - Simon Dutton and John Moyes.
Preston had Ken Brothwood who stepped down from being professional to captain the side, Geoff Hill (ex Warwickshire) Don Gregson, Graham Horrex (ex Essex), Steve Berry, the Lavery brothers and Doug Green.
St Annes have had good amateurs in Ronnie Grundy, Fred Prescott, Brian Standing - 8-26 in 1970, the "best of the season", Frank Hardman, Harold Feather, George Diggle and Adrian Darlington.
Andrew Flintoff had a short spell with the club before he was snapped up by Lancashire and was soon in the England team.
Professional Bernard Reidy holds the record for the highest individual score in the League when making 184 not out in 1977 for St Annes who dismissed Darwen for 6 in 1966 with John Kettlestring taking 5-1 and Brian Standing 5-5; St Annes only won by 9 wickets with the wicket falling to a run out and the unfortunate victim not having faced a ball !
St Annes also hold the record for the highest score with 305-3 in 1991.
There have been some good quality overseas professionals in the League but in looking back over the years I think that it is only right to mention a few professionals who could be described as home-grown - Terry Ashcroft, Keith Eccleshare, Bob Entwistle, David Halliwell and David Higham. Each of them was a respected player who served their Clubs well and consistently produced the performances expected of a professional.
Keith Eccleshare came into the League from the Bolton League when he joined Chorley as their professional and he equalled the professional record of Oliver Demming with 88 wickets in 1980 in a season when he topped the bowling averages taking 5 or more wickets in an innings nine times; he also holds the amateur record with 69 wickets in 1992 and has a "best of season" in 1992 with 8-12.
David Higham began as an amateur with Preston and moved into the professional ranks with Preston, Fleetwood and Blackpool.He shares the amateur bowling record at Fleetwood with 66 wickets in 1970 when he took 5 or more wickets in an innings on five occaisions.
David has managed the League side recently in the Inter-League Competition and he showed he had lost none of his ability when he turned out for Blackpool in 2001.
James Anyon of Preston and like Stephen Croft of Blackpool a regular member of their Club's first team.
The future of the League would appear to be safe in the hands of some good young players with the help of the coaches in the Clubs and Clive Henderson co-ordinating Youth cricket in the League.
It is hoped that the League's current status of being an ECB Premier League can be maintained so that these young players have the opportunity of plating at such a high level.
The umpires play a prominent part in the League and we have been well served by a consistantly high standard of umpiring.
Over the years a number have stood in representative games - Tommy Wilson has umpired in games involving every Test playing country except Sri Lanka and has stood in the County Championship andthe various Cup Comtetitions as well as Minor County and County 2nd XI games and in Dubia and Muscat.
Tommy and Eric Wilson have officiated in the National KO Final at Lords.
Brian Morris, Alan Bolton, Melvin gaskell, Eric Wilson Ronnie Lyons Frank Ingham and Ken Shenton have all stood in County 2nd XI/Minor County games.
The League and its Clubs have a record which is probably second to none in the country in competitions outside the League.
In the National Knock Out Competition Chorley appeared in three successive finals from 1994- 96 winning the first two whilst Blackpool won in 1990 and kendal were Runners up in 1992 which meant that we had five finalists in the 1990's.
In the 1990 - 2001 rankings for the Natioal Knock Out Chorley remainin top position, Blackpool are 8th, Fleetwood 46th and Kendal joint 75th.
Clubs from this League have dominated the Lancashire KO having been the winners in 19 seasons and the Runners up on 6 occasions whilst Kendal and Netherfield have won the Cumbria Knock Out on 20 occasions between them.
The League team has won the Lancashire Inter-League Knock Out Competition in 9 seasons.
The League is currently accredited as an ECB Premier League and even though there are problems in recruiting for a Feeder League our record on the field inside and outside the League must surely be the type of quality League the ECB is looking for as a Premier League.
We may not be able to attract Clubs to join us but we regularly find good players joining the Clubs to play at a higher standard and the ability of our young cricketers augers well for the future.
The League and its Clubs cannot survive without help of those who give their time as League and Club Officials together with the Groundsmen and the work of those people over the years is very much appreciated.
Finally, a tribute to someone who has done a lot of good work on and off the field for the League.
He has been an Umpire, Umpire's Secretary, League Secretary, League Chairman, Chairman of our Junior League and is now Life Vice President of the League and a Vice President of the Lancashire County Cricket Board. |
0.998068 | Paris is the capital of France and is located in the center of the country. The best time to visit France is during the spring from April - June or during the fall from September - November because during these times there are fewer tourists, moderate temperatures and lower prices.
France usually experiences a temperate climate, but during the spring from March - May the weather is mild and there is little or no sunshine, then in the summer from June - September it may be hot and sunny in some areas especially south of France, it experience a little autumn from October - December although it is usually damp, and the winters are cold but not really harsh and it snows with heels of rain and the temperature could drop down to negative especially in the mountains.
The French culture is greatly influenced by the Celtic and Gallo-Roman cultures also the Germanic tribe called the Franks.
Catholicism is the official religion in France but there are also some small amounts of Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism.
France is known around the world for its sophisticated and revered cuisine, French food is a mixture of spicy sauces, exquisite seafood and recipe masterpiece, so it is safe to say that there is something for everyone in the French cuisine.
French is the official and most spoken language in France.
There are plenty of ways of getting around in Paris for everyone, tourists can rent a car to go by road and explore the magnificent scenery of France with the excellent infrastructures moving by road is enjoyable but it is advised to also rent a GPS to aid in directions, by train which is known to be one of the oldest means of transportation in France, it is fast, easy, and cheap, but it is advised to book a reservation online for those that do not speak French, by boat, or by flight. France is known to be one of the safest place to visit or stay due to the heavy presence of police officials, that being said you are more likely to be killed in a traffic accident at home than by a terrorist attack, Paris is known to be one of the safest cities to live in the world.
France is home to a lot of festivals and events including The Bastille Day on the 14th of may this celebration signifies the storming of the bastille and the birth of the French Democracy, The fête de la Musique on the 21st of June which celebrates with a huge lively concert with hundreds of musicians, The Festival d'Avignon during July it is a festival of arts and beauty held in the popes' palace, the Nice festival in Nice held within the month of February it is known to be one of the biggest festivals in the world, and there are many other festivals held all year round.
The Eiffel Tower - known as the symbol of Paris, the Eiffel Tower is renowned to be the world's most famous landmarks. The tower is structured with 8,000 metallic parts, and it was designed by Gustave Eiffel as a temporary exhibit for the world fair in 1889 and was criticized by many critics but is now seen as one of the nations greatest monument beloved by the people of France and has earned its named "Iron Lady".
Palace of Versailles - This was built to show off the glory of the French monarchy and was seen as a symbol of power, the "Sun king" louis XIV transformed his father's small hunting lodge into this opulent palace with an excellent Baroque interior.
Louvre Museum - The Louvre museum is ranked among the top European collections of fine arts. many famous works are found in this museum including the Mona Lisa by Leonardo Davinci, the wedding feast at cana by Veronese, and also the 1st - century - BC Venus de Milo sculpture.
Cote d'Azur - As the name translates "coast of blue", it was named after the deep blue color of the Mediterranean Sea, the town of Nice has panoramic sea views and stellar art museums, The city of Cannes is famous for its celebrity film festivals and its legendary hotels.
Mont Saint-Michel - Located on the coast of Normandy, it is one of France most amazing landmarks. The name "Pyramid of the sea" was ascribed to it as it appears to be rising out of the sea, but is actually on a rocky islet and surrounded by walls and bastions.
There are over 5,000 hotels and accommodations in France. France is known to be the world most popular tourist destination, it is the home to various innovations and creations like the creation of the stethoscope was in Paris in 1816, and is also home to the highest mountains in Europe. Also the first artificial face and heart transplant took place in France. |
0.935235 | The 1972 Stanley Cup Final NHL championship series was contested by the Boston Bruins and the New York Rangers.
It was the Rangers first appearance in the championship final series since 1950. The Bruins were making their first appearance since their victory in the 1970 Final. It was the second Boston-New York Final series, the other being the 1929 Final. The Bruins would win the best-of-seven series four games to two.
Boston was led by Bobby Orr, who scored 4 goals and 4 assists in the final, including the Cup winner, and won the Conn Smythe Trophy for the second time.
Game one in Boston saw both teams play poorly and Boston prevailed 6–5 on Ken Hodge's hat trick. Gary Doak of the Rangers was ejected from the game after a heated argument with referee Bill Friday over a penalty he received at 18:50 of the first period.
Game two had Gilles Villemure replace Ed Giacomin in goal for the Rangers. He played well, but the Bruins did too and won 2–1.
In New York, Giacomin was back in goal for game three as the Rangers won 5–2. Brad Park opened the scoring with a power play goal and scored another in the first period. Rod Gilbert also had two goals in the game.
Giacomin was having trouble with a knee he injured during the Chicago series and lost game four 3–2.
Game five in Boston had Villemure again replace Giacomin and Bobby Rousseau's goal at 12:45 of the third period was the winner in a 3–2 win for the Rangers.
Game six in New York saw Boston play flawlessly and Gerry Cheevers picked up a shutout, 3–0. Bobby Orr had a goal and an assist. Wayne Cashman scored two goals, one of which trickled in behind Gilles Villemure.
Led by hockey's best defenseman, Bobby Orr, the Boston Bruins faced the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup Finals. The Rangers fought gallantly in efforts to avenge their Cup loss to Boston in 1929. Boston proved too much and won the series four games to two. Orr scored the Cup-winning goal, again, and captured his second Conn Smythe Trophy, becoming the first player to win that award twice. Orr registered eight of his 24 playoff points in the finals.
Although the 69-70 Bruins were the first team to bring the Stanley Cup to Boston in years, the 71-72 team was the team that I remember the best. The Bruins went 54-13-11, and beat the New York Rangers in 6 games to win the cup.
Phil Esposito won the scoring title with 66 goals and 67 assists. For the 2nd year in a row he scored his 50th goal on his birthday, February 20th.
Bobby Orr won his 3rd consecutive Hart Trophy, his 5th Norris Trophy and won the Conn Smythe Trophy for the 2nd time.
Goaltender Eddie Johnston had 4 assists, setting a record for assists by a goaltender.
The year is 1972. The Boston Bruins get back on top of the National Hockey League. The Bruins battle the New York Rangers, winning in six games.
The Bruins high powered offense is led, as always, by Bobby Orr and Phil Esposito, who tie for the league lead in playoff scoring with 24 points each. Johnny Bucyk is third with 20, while Pie McKenzie and Ken Hodge tie for fourth, along with the Rangers' Bobby Rousseau, with 20 points.
Orr, who led all players with 19 assists, was named as the Conn Smythe Trophy winner, making him the first player ever to win multiple playoff MVP awards. |
0.924621 | The word ‘novel’ in itself refers to a novel, ‘a book that people read’, but it also implies the meaning of ‘an originality’. As the overall meaning of the word ‘novel’ shows, it should be 'a new story about human life.' It is true that countless Artificial Intelligences (AIs) are also bringing out their own new creations. However, can we say the stories that they have made are truly 'novel' works? To get closer to the answer, we need to look how AIs produce their own works.
All AIs make decisions by artificial neural networks, which consist of countless artificial nerves. In order for this artificial neural network to think, it must go through a training process, which is called ‘a machine learning’. In this process, they must analyze and find out the patterns of data. Based on the accumulated characteristics and analysis through several processes, AIs produce the desired results for the users. However, where does all data for training come from? It’s all from the existing data. In this regard, can we say that its work is (a) novel?
Moreover, there is no ‘thinking’ or ‘suffering’ in AI’s work. Literature is said to be the most beautiful flower a man can bloom. This name has been given to literature because it contains the agony and stories that only humans can experience in their own way. Then, can AI feel emotions? Albert Einstein, the world's famous scientist, said, “Computers are incredibly fast, accurate, and stupid.” In other words, computer-based AIs only work because of humans, so it is almost impossible to think by themselves. In this regard, it is also nonsense to say that AI, which is incapable of thinking by itself, writes its work based on experience.
Inspired by the field of literature, AIs have been actively engaged in producing works, and even passed the 1st round of the Shinichi Literature Contest in 2016. Of course, it is true that their achievements are surprising in terms of the literature, which is based on numerous experiences and moments of emotion. It shows that AI technology has developed a lot. Nevertheless, considering various aspects of the definition of literature, it would be better to regard AI's work as a result of data analysis rather than literature. |
0.997131 | Please select an option Blue Black White Please select a color.
Please select an option 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 Please select a size.
1,Style:Fashion, Sport, Casual 2,Color:White, Black, Blue 3,Size: 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 (US size) US 7=EUR 39=foot length(240mm-245mm) US 7.5=EUR 40=foot length(246mm-250mm) US 8=EUR 41=foot length(251mm-255mm) US 8.5=EUR 42=foot length(256mm-260mm) US 9=EUR 43=foot length(261mm-265mm) US 9.5=EUR 44=foot length(266mm-270mm) 4,If you foot wide or fat,please increase a size to buy! |
0.999784 | I’ve been testing Apple’s new HomePod for the last week or so, and this is the first product review I’ve written that could be accurately summarized in the length of a tweet, and an old-school 140-character tweet at that: HomePod does exactly what Apple says it does, doesn’t do anything more than what Apple says it does, and costs $349. There.
Gruber’s impressions line up with most of the other reviews. For primary objectives Apple appears to have nailed it.
Some notes: for now HomePod only supports AirPlay 1. It’s successor, AirPlay 2 is coming in a software update. This will enable multi-room audio and less latency.
Siri’s functionality is limited for now, but HomePod is billed primarily as a speaker, not an assistant. I would expect more Siri functions with future software updates. |
0.934734 | From Sicily to Tuscany, Puglia to Piedmont and everything else in between, Italy is famous for its wine and is home of some of the oldest wine regions in the world. Not only is wine popular in Italy, Italian wines are popular all around the world. What are the best wineries to visit in Italy? This list ranks Italy's top wineries and vineyards.
If you're planning a trip to Italy, make sure to visit the Italian countryside and sample some of the world's most appreciated wines from family-owned and operated vineyards to massive estates that produce some of the region's most beloved beverage. Italy produces international varieties from cabernet to merlot, but the country also specializes in its own grape varieties. Sangiovese, for example, is a fruity wine popularized from Tuscany. Other Italian varieties include pinot grigio and moscato, two white wines that are now mass-produced and sold internationally. Guided tours are a popular way to sample a variety of wines while exploring the vineyards and olive groves that make up most of the Italian countryside.
What are the must-see wineries in Italy? Rank up the most famous wineries to visit in Italy. |
0.666668 | A placebo (/pləˈsiːboʊ/ plə-SEE-boh) is a substance or treatment of no intended therapeutic value. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like saline), sham surgery, and other procedures.
In drug testing and medical research, a placebo can be made to resemble an active medication or therapy so that it functions as a control; this is to prevent the recipient(s) or others from knowing (with their consent) whether a treatment is active or inactive, as expectations about efficacy can influence results. In a clinical trial any change in the placebo arm is known as the placebo response, and the difference between this and the result of no treatment is the placebo effect.
A placebo may be given to a person in a clinical context in order to deceive the recipient into thinking that it is an active treatment. The use of placebos as treatment in clinical medicine is ethically problematic as it introduces deception and dishonesty into the doctor–patient relationship.
Historically, an influential 1955 study entitled The Powerful Placebo established the idea that placebo effects were clinically important, and were a result of the brain's role in physical health, but a 1997 review of the study found "no evidence [...] of any placebo effect in any of the studies cited". Subsequent research has found that placebos have no impact on diseases; they can only affect the person's perception of their own condition. Improvements that patients experience after being treated with a placebo can also be due to unrelated factors, such as a natural recovery from the illness.
The word "placebo", Latin for "I will please", dates back to a Latin translation of the Bible by St Jerome.
The American Society of Pain Management Nursing define a placebo as "any sham medication or procedure designed to be void of any known therapeutic value".
In a clinical trial, a placebo response is the measured response of subjects to a placebo; the placebo effect is the difference between that response, and no treatment. It is also part of the recorded response to any active medical intervention.
Any measurable placebo effect is termed either objective (e.g. lowered blood pressure) or subjective (e.g. a lowered perception of pain).
Placebos have no meaningful therapeutic worth. They have no effect on disease, and can only affect some people's subjective judgement of their symptoms. Sometimes they can make people feel better, and sometimes worse – in which case they are termed a nocebo.
Because the placebo response is simply the patient response that cannot be attributed to an investigational intervention, there are multiple possible components of a measured placebo effect. These components have varying relevance depending on study design and the types of observations. While there is some evidence that placebo interventions can alter levels of endocannabinoids or endogenous opioids, other prominent components include expectancy effects, regression to the mean, and flawed research methodologies.
A review published in JAMA Psychiatry found that, in trials of antipsychotic medications, the change in response to receiving a placebo had increased significantly between 1960 and 2013. The review's authors identified several factors that could be responsible for this change, including inflation of baseline scores and enrollment of fewer severely ill patients. Another analysis published in Pain in 2015 found that placebo responses had increased considerably in neuropathic pain clinical trials conducted in the United States from 1990 to 2013. The researchers suggested that this may be because such trials have "increased in study size and length" during this time period.
A 2010 Cochrane review suggests that placebo effects are only apparent in subjective, continuous measures, and in the treatment of pain and related conditions.
Placebos are believed to be capable of altering a person's perception of pain. "A person might reinterpret a sharp pain as uncomfortable tingling."
One way in which the magnitude of placebo analgesia can be measured is by conducting "open/hidden" studies, in which some patients receive an analgesic and are informed that they will be receiving it (open), while others are administered the same drug without their knowledge (hidden). Such studies have found that analgesics are considerably more effective when the patient knows they are receiving them.
In 2008, a controversial meta-analysis led by psychologist Irving Kirsch, analyzing data from the FDA, concluded that 82% of the response to antidepressants was accounted for by placebos. However, there are serious doubts about the used methods and the interpretation of the results, especially the use of 0.5 as cut-off point for the effect-size. A complete reanalysis and recalculation based on the same FDA data discovered that the Kirsch study suffered from "important flaws in the calculations". The authors concluded that although a large percentage of the placebo response was due to expectancy, this was not true for the active drug. Besides confirming drug effectiveness, they found that the drug effect was not related to depression severity.
Another meta-analysis found that 79% of depressed patients receiving placebo remained well (for 12 weeks after an initial 6–8 weeks of successful therapy) compared to 93% of those receiving antidepressants. In the continuation phase however, patients on placebo relapsed significantly more often than patients on antidepressants.
A phenomenon opposite to the placebo effect has also been observed. When an inactive substance or treatment is administered to a recipient who has an expectation of it having a negative impact, this intervention is known as a nocebo (Latin nocebo = "I shall harm"). A nocebo effect occurs when the recipient of an inert substance reports a negative effect or a worsening of symptoms, with the outcome resulting not from the substance itself, but from negative expectations about the treatment.
Another negative consequence is that placebos can cause side-effects associated with real treatment.
Withdrawal symptoms can also occur after placebo treatment. This was found, for example, after the discontinuation of the Women's Health Initiative study of hormone replacement therapy for menopause. Women had been on placebo for an average of 5.7 years. Moderate or severe withdrawal symptoms were reported by 4.8% of those on placebo compared to 21.3% of those on hormone replacement.
Some suggest that existing medical treatments should be used instead of placebos, to avoid having some patients not receive medicine during the trial.
Critics of the practice responded that it is unethical to prescribe treatments that do not work, and that telling a patient (as opposed to a research test subject) that a placebo is a real medication is deceptive and harms the doctor–patient relationship in the long run. Critics also argued that using placebos can delay the proper diagnosis and treatment of serious medical conditions. While some say that blanket consent, or the general consent to unspecified treatment given by patients beforehand, is ethical, others argue that patients should always obtain specific information about the name of the drug they are receiving, its side effects, and other treatment options. This view is shared by some on the grounds of patient autonomy. There are also concerns that legitimate doctors and pharmacists could open themselves up to charges of fraud or malpractice by using a placebo.
Beyond ethical issues and the integrity of the doctor–patient relationship, prescribing pure placebos is bad medicine. Their effect is unreliable and unpredictable and cannot form the sole basis of any treatment on the NHS.
Expectation plays a clear role. A placebo presented as a stimulant may trigger an effect on heart rhythm and blood pressure, but when administered as a depressant, the opposite effect.
In psychology, the two main hypotheses of placebo effect are expectancy theory and classical conditioning.
In 1985, Irving Kirsch hypothesized that placebo effects are produced by the self-fulfilling effects of response expectancies, in which the belief that one will feel different leads a person to actually feel different. According to this theory, the belief that one has received an active treatment can produce the subjective changes thought to be produced by the real treatment. Placebos can act similarly through classical conditioning, wherein a placebo and an actual stimulus are used simultaneously until the placebo is associated with the effect from the actual stimulus. Both conditioning and expectations play a role in placebo effect, and make different kinds of contribution. Conditioning has a longer-lasting effect, and can affect earlier stages of information processing. Those that think that a treatment will work display a stronger placebo effect than those that do not, as evidenced by a study of acupuncture.
Additionally, motivation may contribute to the placebo effect. The active goals of an individual changes their somatic experience by altering the detection and interpretation of expectation-congruent symptoms, and by changing the behavioral strategies a person pursues. Motivation may link to the meaning through which people experience illness and treatment. Such meaning is derived from the culture in which they live and which informs them about the nature of illness and how it responds to treatment.
Functional imaging upon placebo analgesia suggests links to the activation, and increased functional correlation between this activation, in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal, orbitofrontal and insular cortices, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, the brainstem periaqueductal gray matter, and the spinal cord.
It has been known that placebo analgesia depends upon the release in the brain of endogenous opioids since 1978. Such analgesic placebos activation changes processing lower down in the brain by enhancing the descending inhibition through the periaqueductal gray on spinal nociceptive reflexes, while the expectations of anti-analgesic nocebos acts in the opposite way to block this.
In conditioning, a neutral stimulus saccharin is paired in a drink with an agent that produces an unconditioned response. For example, that agent might be cyclophosphamide, which causes immunosuppression. After learning this pairing, the taste of saccharin by itself is able to cause immunosuppression, as a new conditioned response via neural top-down control. Such conditioning has been found to affect a diverse variety of not just basic physiological processes in the immune system but ones such as serum iron levels, oxidative DNA damage levels, and insulin secretion. Recent reviews have argued that the placebo effect is due to top-down control by the brain for immunity and pain. Pacheco-López and colleagues have raised the possibility of "neocortical-sympathetic-immune axis providing neuroanatomical substrates that might explain the link between placebo/conditioned and placebo/expectation responses.":441 There has also been research aiming to understand underlying neurobiological mechanisms of action in pain relief, immunosuppression, Parkinson's disease and depression.
Reporting bias from experimenters, including misjudgment and irrelevant response variables.
The word placebo was used in a medicinal context in the late 18th century to describe a "commonplace method or medicine" and in 1811 it was defined as "any medicine adapted more to please than to benefit the patient". Although this definition contained a derogatory implication it did not necessarily imply that the remedy had no effect.
Placebos have featured in medical use until well into the twentieth century. In 1955 Henry K. Beecher published an influential paper entitled The Powerful Placebo which proposed idea that placebo effects were clinically important. Subsequent re-analysis of his materials, however, found in them no evidence of any "placebo effect".
The placebo effect makes it more difficult to evaluate new treatments. Clinical trials control for this effect by including a group of subjects that receives a sham treatment. The subjects in such trials are blinded as to whether they receive the treatment or a placebo. If a person is given a placebo under one name, and they respond, they will respond in the same way on a later occasion to that placebo under that name but not if under another.
Clinical trials are often double-blinded so that the researchers also do not know which test subjects are receiving the active or placebo treatment. The placebo effect in such clinical trials is weaker than in normal therapy since the subjects are not sure whether the treatment they are receiving is active.
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0.999771 | The government's problem with creating a physical version of digital currency? It's the same thing as making actual currency.
Michael Caldwell had a pretty cool idea: He wanted to make a physical Bitcoin so people could actually hold their virtual wealth in the palms of their hands. Seems like a simple thing to make, right? Unfortunately, the U.S. government doesn't think that's so: The Treasury Department has stepped in and forced Caldwell to stop making his shiny e-money, at least for the time being.
It's that last part that caught the Treasury department's attention. By creating pieces of physical currency with an designated monetary value, Casascius is technically considered a "money transmitter business," a type of company that is regulated by the federal government and 47 out of 50 states. So, while Caldwell's coins aren't illegal, he will need to receive a federal license to continue making them. He might also need to apply for individual licenses at the state level. It would be a very long, expensive process.
Regardless of what Caldwell decides what to do, Casascius is closing its doors for now. |
0.985384 | phrase the question myself, she asks what that means. I am still not sure.
such a beautifully written and sad book…wouldn’t recommend for someone who anticipates a blue Christmas already. Have always loved Joan Didion, agree that her writing in all of her work does suggest the feeling of eavesdropping.
You’re right, it’s not an uplifting book. Still, it does reflect Didion’s indomitable spirit. |
0.951775 | Kreider defined phrenology as a pseudoscience that "professes to be a system of philosophy of the human mind, founded on the physiology of the brain."1 As described in "Phrenology Considered" (Vol. 6, No. 9), phrenologists believed that many different organs made up the human brain. During Kreider's lifetime, no one knew the number of such organs because each phrenologist professed knowledge of new and different organs. Kreider refuted phrenology by examining the scientific validity of its premise. He also provided humorous contradictions which arose from the phrenologist's claims.
Kreider knew that simple answers for the problems of mankind did not exist and that performing simple exercises would not provide answers for man's desires.
Clearly Kreider opposed phrenology from the standpoint that it had not been proven. It was full of contradictions, and simply did not work.
Kreider did give phrenology some credit. However, this credit was not the result of the direct phrenological inquiry. Phrenologists did not make new discoveries, but they forced physicians and scientists to examine brain in terms of regions associated with functions of the body. Kreider compared this contribution to the alchemist's search for the philosopher's stone. The philosopher's stone was a magical elixir searched for by alchemists who believed it would cause the transmutation of metals (such as turning lead into gold). The ingestion of this elixir would also cure all ills and provide immortality. Alchemists searched the world for this substance, but never found it. Although discredited, alchemists did make some scientific discoveries as a result of their investigations. The most famous discovery was that by Paracelsus (1493-1541). Prior to his discovery, it was believed that disease was caused by imbalances in the body. Paracelsus discovered that disease was caused by elements outside the body. He also determined that the spread of disease could be stopped by the use of certain chemicals. Other scientists examined these theories and found them to be accurate and direction of medicine shifted. While this discovery did not provide credibility to the alchemists, it was a step forward for medicine.
Kreider clearly believed that Gall stood on the shoulders of greater men to make his so-called discoveries. Incidents like the Gage accident were understood from the standpoint that certain areas of the brain controlled given functions. However, this did not provide credibility to the separate organ claims made by phrenologists.
Kreider criticized the phrenologists for their inability to prove the brain was made up of separate, distinct organs. To Kreider, the phrenologists more than admitted that their "science" was a matter of faith.
These physiologists could not support their position with scientific evidence. For them to suggest otherwise was irresponsible in Kreider's eyes.
When Kreider did question why physiological evidence could not be found, he was precise, within the limits of his knowledge. First, he separated the arguments for phrenology into three questions. These questions divided phrenology into scientific discussions of organology and crainiology, and a philosophical discussion of what defines the nature of the mind.
Kreider demonstrated an understanding of anatomy and physiology of the animal kingdom which prevented phrenology from being true. The dictums of phrenology had proved to be their own undoing.
These facts have never been disproved, and are directly antagonistic to Phrenology."15 Phrenologists had presented a theory with a major flaw and basic anatomy had proven them wrong. Kreider was aware of this flaw and used it as a basis for his argument by challenging phrenologists to identify this material that constituted the major portion of the brain's tissue.
Phrenology's alleged contribution was that it discovered which parts of the mind control certain functions. Kreider, however, stated that this discovery was false. Science had already discovered that certain parts of the brain controlled given functions. Diseases affect the brain in different ways. As the body starts to age, the power of the mind weakens. This was common knowledge and Kreider believed that phrenology could not expand upon it.
are wholly inconsistent with self-evident and universally admitted principles of mental and moral science."16 Science had proven that the organs of the mind did not exist. The anatomist could not locate them. The phrenologist could not point them out, but had to conjure them up using magical powers. The idea that unseen organs of the mind, although not found, controlled man's destiny was utterly false. Phrenology flew in the face of reason and contradicted the testimony of the great philosophers of human consciousness.
Michael Z. Kreider, Kreider Manuscript of Phrenology and Mesmerism, Randall Alley, ed., Folder 28-B, Michael Z. Kreider Papers, Pearson Med., Springfield, IL, p.1.
Clifford S. Schold, Jr., M.D. "The Brain of Phineas Gage," Neuro Pearls, Vol. 8, May 1, 1995, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern.
Michael Z. Kreider, Kreider Manuscript of Phrenology and Mesmerism, Randall Alley, ed., Folder 28-B, Michael Z. Kreider Papers, Pearson Med., Springfield, IL, p. 5.
Michael Z. Kreider, Kreider Manuscript of Phrenology and Mesmerism, Randall Alley, ed., Folder 28-B, Michael Z. Kreider Papers, Pearson Med., Springfield, IL, pp. 7-8.
O. S. Fowler, Fowler's Practical Phrenology (New York: Fowler & Wells, 1846), p. 15. |
0.999794 | Tips for Mobile Game Development Mobile phones in early days were usually used only for communication purposes. There have been significant changes that are made to mobile phones nowadays owing to mobile revolution and technological advancements making these devices very fun to use. With the help of smartphones, one can easily organize their calendars, set their reminders, make calls, text their friends, play games among other activities. The gaming industry has taken various steps in attracting gamers towards using mobile phones by utilizing these phones to provide them with games. There are plenty of users attracted to getting mobile phones as gaming devices as game developers are creating innovative gaming apps. In addition to hand-held devices, almost any kind of smartphone has gaming apps developed on them. The mobile game development industry has significantly grown and its becoming a strong driver of technology. Young people nowadays are gaining interest in gaming apps real quick making their demand to be on the rise. During game development, there is a process that is followed in order to create a fun game that will be loved by many people. The first thing one does is to come up with a game idea which is creative and innovative at the same time. The idea should include details of players, the experience one wants the players to get and the type of problem solving the game offers. Development of the game concept is the next thing that one does. One is supposed to make a document that is brief and contains an overview of the game and is a representation of a game’s four building blocks. A game needs to have mechanics as they are very essential. This simply refers to the rule set of the game which simply contains a description of how a player is to achieve the goal of the game. The mechanics describe the steps a player is supposed to take in order to win the game, the starting position as well as the board.
The setting of the game is also a relevant building block of a game which summarizes aesthetics as well as the story of the game. The story contains a description of the game world as well as events that take place before and during the game. Aesthetics describe how the game appears and sounds. The technology used as well as interaction provided between the design and users are the remaining building blocks of a game.
Eventually, one is required to come up with a prototype of the game. The prototype includes the most important mechanics of your game and should resemble parts of the game. An architecture is then designed, the game is developed and finally tested to ensure that it functions properly. |
0.827487 | Army Group South of field-marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to which the Romanian forces were subordinated, was split in two by the Pripyat Marshes. Its main effort at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa had to be concentrated in the northern sector, while the forces in Romania had to wait for the offensive to penetrate deeper into the Ukraine in order to start the attack. This decision was taken by the OKH in the spring of 1941, because gen. Franz Halder considered the Prut River to be a serious barrier for a motorized assault and because the offensive potential of the Romanian troops wasn't considered appropriate by the German planners. That is why the vast majority of the German mechanized forces of Army Group South was concentrated in Poland, while on the Romanian front there were only the Romanian motorized units. As it was to be seen, the Prut River was not such a formidable barrier in the conditions of a surprise attack. The Romanian soldiers occupied several intact bridges from the early hours of the war. Probably a powerful offensive from the first day on the front in Moldavia would have caused serious problems to the Soviet Southwestern Front, which put up a powerful resistance to von Rundstedt's troops.
The forces that will take part in the operations in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were: the Romanian 3rd Army (the Mountain and Cavalry Corps) in the north, commanded by lt. gen. Petre Dumitrescu, in the center the German 11th Army of gen. Eugen von Schöbert (the German 11th, 30th and 54th Corps), and in the south, the Romanian 4th Army (the 5th, 3rd and 11th Corps) of lt. gen. Nicolae Ciuperca. In the Danube Delta was deployed the Romanian 2nd Corps, commanded by maj. gen. Nicolae Macici. All these formed the Antonescu Army Group. On 22 June 1941 the total number of Romanian soldiers in the first line was 325,685, distributed in 12 infantry divisions, one armored division, one reserve infantry division, one frontier-guard division, 3 cavalry brigades, 3 mountain brigades and 2 fortification brigades. The Wehrmacht had 5 infantry divisions on the Prut River.
The offensive power of the ARR (Aeronautica Regala Romana=Romanian Royal Aeronautics) was concentrated in the Combat Air Grouping (Gruparea Aeriana de Lupta), which had a total of 253 aircraft, out of which only 205 were available for action on 22 June. Their mission was to gain air supremacy over Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and then support the offensive of the Romanian 4th Army. It was made up of 4 bomber groups (the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th) and 2 independent bomber squadrons (the 82nd and 18th), 3 fighter groups (the 5th, 7th and 8th), 4 observation squadrons (the 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th) and one long range recon squadron (the 1st).
The 3rd and 4th Army had their own observation, light bomber and liaison squadrons: the 3rd had 5 squadrons assigned to it and the 4th had 4 squadrons. One observation squadron (the 15th) was attached to the 1st Armored Division.
Behind the front line, the territory of Romania was divided between the 2nd Air Region: 2 fighter groups (the 3rd and 4th) and one liaison squadron (the 112th) and the 3rd Air Region: the 6th Fighter Group and one liaison squadron (the 113th). In Dobruja were stationed 2 seaplane squadrons (the 101st and 102nd), one observation squadron (the 16th) and one fighter squadron (the 53rd). ARR fielded 672 airplanes at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, while the Luftwaffe forces in Romania totaled 420 aircraft.
The Danube and the Black Sea coast were defended by the Danube Division (15 military and 30 auxiliary ships) and by the Sea Division of the Navy (14 military and 9 auxiliary ships, 20 seaplanes). The Marine Regiment (3 battalions) was stationed in the Danube Delta.
On the other side of the front in Northern Bukovina was the Soviet 12th Army, commanded by lt. gen. P. G. Ponedelin, which was subordinated to the Southwestern Front. In Bessarabia was the Soviet 9th Army of gen. T. Cherevichenko, which was reinforced later with the 18th Army from the Moscow Military District. The mobile forces were concentrated in the 2nd (11th and 16th Tank Divisions, 15th Motorized Division and 6th Motorcycle Regiment) and 18th Mechanized Corps (44th and 47th Tank Divisions, 218th Motorized Division and 26th Motorcycle Regiment). On 25 June, these two armies formed the Southern Front under the command of gen. I. V. Tiulenev. It had 16 divisions deployed in depth in two lines: 5 rifle, 2 mountain rifle and one cavalry division on the border and one rifle and one cavalry division and the two mechanized corps between the Prut and Dnister Rivers. The reserve was made up of 3 rifle divisions and one AT brigade. There were also the troops of 5 fortified regions (80th, 81st, 82nd, 84th and 86th). In total they amounted to 364,700 soldiers. The Soviet Black Sea Fleet (ChF) was much more numerous than the Romanian one and the VVS had 1,750 airplanes in the area.
Sunday, 22 June 1941. At 0300 hours, the first German and Romanian reconnaissance aircraft passed the Prut River and at 0315 hours the bombers were taking off from airfields in Moldavia, heading for Soviet airbases in Bessarabia, while the artillery had commenced pounding Red Army positions. The first line troops executed several incursions in the enemy lines.
In the north, the 3rd Army was reduced only to the Mountain Corps (the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mountain Brigades, 8th Cavalry Brigade and 7th Infantry Division), because the Cavalry Corps had been subordinated directly to the German 11th Army. In fact the 3rd Army command did not have any operative attributes until 2 July 1941, when the ground offensive started also in the Romanian sector. Early in the morning, the 7th Infantry Division occupied the Bahrinesti village and the recon raids of the 1st and 4th Mountain Brigades were repulsed. The 2nd Calarasi Regiment General David Praporgescu from the 8th Cavalry Brigade temporarily captured the Fantana Alba village. It was lost following a Soviet counterattack. In the Cavalry Corps sector, the 3rd Squadron/6th Rosiori Regiment from the 5th Cavalry Brigade took the pillboxes on the Bobeica Hill, north of Dorohoi. During the attack, 2nd lt. Paul Liviu Popescu was killed, who later received the Mihai Viteazul Order 3rd class posthumously, being probably the first Romanian officer to earn this high distinction during WWII. The 6th Infantry Division made a bridgehead at Mitoc, but had to abandon it during the evening following a counterattack.
On the front of the 4th Army, the Guard Division created two bridgeheads over the Prut River with the 6th Guard Infantry Regiment Mihai Viteazul in the Falciu and Bogdanesti areas. From the 3rd Battalion/11th Infantry Regiment from the 21st Infantry Division, two rifle companies and two machine-gun platoons, under the command of maj. Ciprian Ursuleac, occupied the bridge over the Prut at Oancea. Another bridge was captured intact at Giurgiulesti, but was later abandoned.
During the first day of the war, the Romanian bombers claimed 100 aircraf tdestroyed on the ground, but aerial photographs only confirmed 37 of them. To these another 5 claims by machine-gunners onboard can be added. In total, nine bombers were lost that day. The fighters had 10 confirmed kills, without any irreparable loss of their own. Also four recon aircraft were lost and several others were damaged. It was one of the hardest days for ARR during the campaign in the USSR.
The Soviet land and naval artillery replied and bombarded the Romanian shore. On the Danube, one monitor and one armored patrol boat tried to attack Tulcea, but were repulsed by the NMS Basarabia and NMS Mihail Kogalniceanu monitors, which destroyed the patrol boat.
The Soviet long range bomber force started to carry out raids over Romanian territory, but because they lacked escorts, they suffered terrible losses. On 23 June 1st lt. Horia Agarici from the 53rd Fighter Squadron entered a formation of five Soviet bombers with his Hawker Hurricane Mk. I and shot down three SBs near Constanta.
The same day, the second of the war for the Romanian Army, the 7th Infantry Division and the 8th Cavalry Brigade resumed their local attacks and captured the Cerepcauti and Fantana Alba villages.
In the sector of the German 11th Army, to which the Romanian 8th Infantry Division was subordinated, the 7th Vanatori Regiment tried to make another incursion during the night, but without success. The 8th Vanatori Regiment, from the same division, repulsed the Soviet infantry that attempted to cross the river lighted with searchlights. The 14th Infantry Division participated with one battalion, together with the German 198th Infantry Division, at the establishing of a bridgehead at Sculeni, north of Iasi.
During the night, at 0130-0200 hours, the men of the 6th Guard Infantry Regiment in the positions east of the Prut were attacked by the Soviet 5th cavalry Division, but held out. The 9th Company made a bayonet charge and pushed back the enemy and captured 4 LMGs and 13 rifles. At about 1900 hours another assault took place, but was also repulsed. The regiment lost that day 24 killed, 24 wounded and 8 missing. The 1/2nd Guard Vanatori Regiment made an incursion on the Ranzesti-Gheltosul direction (south of Tiganca) with a group under the command of 1st lt. Constantin Petrescu. He managed infiltrate through the lines and occupy a hill north of Gheltosul, which he held until evening, when the detachment returned to the Romanian lines.
To the south, on the Danube, the Tulcea Tactical Group (the NMS Basarabia and NMS Mihail Kogalniceanu monitors and 4 patrol boats) had another clash with the Soviet fleet, damaging two monitors, two armored patrol boats and a tug. Downriver from Reni, the Romanian monitors bombarded Soviet artillery positions and damaged another monitor and sunk one armored patrol boat and one barge.
On 24 June the incursions and artillery duels continued on the entire front of Army Group General Antonescu. The Soviet infantry attacked with armor and air support the bridgeheads at Badarai and Sculeni, where troops from the 8th Infantry Division and of the German 198th Infantry Division were located. At Bogdanesti, the 3rd Battalion/6th Guard Infantry Regiment was heavily bombarded by both artillery and aircraft and faced several infantry assaults, but managed to keep its positions. It had 5 killed and 4 wounded. To the south, the other unit of the 5th Corps, the 21 Infantry Division , used the bridge at Oancea to make several incursions, which went as far as Cahul (1st lt. V. Lizac Detachment from the 1st Battalion/24th Infantry Regiment). The bridge was however destroyed by Soviet artillery behind them. The same fate had the bridge at Falciu.
On the Chilia arm of the Danube, Soviet troops occupied Pardina, but were repulsed by the Tulcea Tactical Group and the artillery of the 10th Infantry Division.
The most important naval engagement in the Black Sea in 1941 took place on 26 June. A Soviet naval group led by the Voroshilov cruiser, accompanied by six destroyers and several other ships tried to execute an attack on the Constanta port facilities. The group had been spotted 60 miles east of the coast at 0030 by the NMS Delfinul submarine, which was on patrol in the area. Thus the defence had some time to prepare. A much stronger task force, with the Pariskaya Komuna battleship was waiting 120-150 miles off the coast, prepared to exploit an eventual success of the initial force.
The Voroshilov group sent two flotilla leaders (the Moskva and the Kharkov) in a scouting raid on the Constanta harbor. At 0358 hours, the two ships opened fire with their 130 mm guns from 15 miles. In a relatively short time (ten minutes) they fired 350 rounds on the Palas railway station and on the port, managing to set on fire a munitions train and some oil tanks.
The destroyers NMS Regina Maria and NMS Marasti, which were near the Tuzla Cape maneuvered to a parallel direction and opened fire at 0412 from 14 miles with their 120 mm artillery pieces. Because of the high profile of the coast around Tuzla, the Romanian destroyers were difficult to spot, in opposition with the Soviet ships, which were clearly silhouetted against the dawn. At 0420 the Kharkov was hit. The German coastal batteries joined the duel. The 280 mm Tirpitz battery fired at 0422, but after five salvoes the two ships sailed out of its range. The Moskva had also been damaged by the Romanian destroyers. Its main mast shot off by a small caliber round, most likely a 120 mm shell. In total they had fired only 12 salvoes.
As they were retreating, the damaged Moskva entered a minefield, hit one, broke in two and sank very quickly. Only 69 of its 400 men crew survived.
Two Romanian motor torpedo boats, the NMS Viforul and the NMS Vijelia, attempted to attack the Kharkov, but they were driven off by the rest of the Voroshilov’s group. In the meantime, one of its escorts set off a mine, which damaged the cruiser.
Also, a formation of Soviet bombers from 40 BAP/ChF attacked the port facilities, but it did not manage to cause too much damage. The NMS Murgescu claimed two shot down and the NMS Marasti claimed one. They lost in total nine SBs.
In the Danube Delta, at 0300 hours, a powerful artillery preparation began in the positions of the Romanian marines in the Chilia Veche and Periprava sectors. Soviet units loaded on 8 armored patrol boats landed north of Chilia Veche, where the 15th Marine Battalion was located, while two armored patrol boats and two troops transports infiltrated on the Tataru arm and disembarked the troops behind the Chilia Veche positions. A part of the Romanian soldiers retreated to the Casla grind, but the majority were captured. The 15th Battalion lost 358 men (11 officers, 13 NCOs and 334 soldiers). The lack of AT guns that could have knocked out the armored patrol boats and the poor quality of the officers and men in the unit, led by lt. col. Ioan Albescu, led to this disaster. At Periprava, however, the 17th Marine Battalion had several 47 mm Schneider model 1936 AT guns. Four Soviet armored patrol boats were knocked out and the attack was repulsed.
The following day the fighting continued in the bridgeheads over the Prut. The 2nd Battalion/6th Vanatori Regiment repulsed an assault at Sculeni, while at Bogdanesti the Guard Division made several incursions in the enemy positions loosing 83 men (9 killed, 11 wounded and 63 missing). Such local clashes, followed by artillery duels and air bombardments were characteristic for the 22-30 June 1941 period on the front of Army Group Antonescu. The Romanian casualties rose up to 1,475 (442 killed, 659 wounded and 374 missing).
Buna ziua!... la toata lumea de pe acest Forum.
Moscova s-a scufundat in mai putin de un minut, fiind rupta in doua. Au existat supravietuitori, care au fost dusi la Constanta pentru a fi interogati. |
0.96095 | When could you benefit from an individual therapy?
How will I work with you during the therapy?
My work follows the gestalt method. I assume that the interaction between therapist and client will reveals certain patterns that the client will be familiar with from other relationships. I will provide you with feedback on how you come across, as well as suggestions for new things to try. The therapeutic relationship thus allows for an exploration of new patterns and ways of behaving. These new experiences can be tested in daily life and then reflected and revised during therapy.
In addition to the conversation I also address physical forms of expression throughout the therapy. I pay attention to the voice, movement and posture, as well as physical and psychosomatic symptoms.
I work with a variety of techniques aimed to enable new experiences. Roll plays, creative mediums and experiments can all be part of this process. |
0.999753 | I decided to remix this project by covering the clothespins with newspaper and adding a compartment to store items in. This project is easy, utilizes household items, and is completely customizable.
Using a pair of scissors and the large cardboard box, cut out a strip of cardboard. To do this, first, draw a line to indicate where you would like to cut. Then using your scissors carefully cut along the penciled line. Since I used a shoebox, I cut off the lid to obtain the strip of cardboard. The size of the cardboard will vary based on the size of the mirror you use.
Repeat the previous step to obtain another strip of cardboard that is equivalent to the first one you cut.
Place your mirror in the center of the cardboard strip so that there is an equal amount of cardboard on either side of the mirror. Using a pencil draw a line on each side with excess cardboard (as shown in image). Cut along these lines so you end up with 2 smaller pieces of cardboard.
Using a hot glue gun, attach the two smaller strips of cardboard to the main strip, so that all four sides around the mirror have an equal amount of cardboard (use the image as a reference).
Align the mirror in the center of the cardboard frame, and use a pencil to outline the mirror. Next, apply a generous amount of glue to the back of the mirror and attach it to the cardboard, using the outline as a guide. Press firmly and let the glue fully dry before moving on to the next step.
Now that the basic frame of the mirror is complete, we will now work on decorating the clothespins. To do this you will need, a pair of scissors, clothespins, a newspaper, a paintbrush, and Mod Podge. First, cut strips of the newspaper the size of the clothespins, approximately 3in x 0.5in. We can trim the paper later, so don't worry if they are not all the same size. Using your paintbrush, apply a thin layer of Mod Podge to the top of the clothespin. Stick a strip of newspaper onto the layer you just created, then apply another layer of Mod Podge on top to seal in the design. Repeat this step until you have enough clothespins to fully surround the mirror. For me, it took about 40 clothespins, but this number may vary based on the size of the mirror you are using. Make sure to allow the Mod Podge to fully dry before moving on to the next step.
Once all your clothespins have dried you can cut off any excess newspaper that is hanging off the sides. Now it is time to start assembling the mirror. First, you should lay out all the clothespins around the mirror to make sure you have enough and to provide a guide for when you start gluing. This step is very important in making sure the clothespins are aligned neatly.
Once you have layed out the design, use a hot glue gun to glue the clothespins to the frame. Make sure to glue the clothespins so that that clasp side is facing outward.
Obtain the cardboard strip you cut earlier in this project. Use your paintbrush and black acrylic paint to paint the strip of cardboard a solid black color. Using a hot glue gun, attach this piece of cardboard to the back of the mirror. This cardboard piece will serve as a stand and a joining point for the holder.
TIP: If you want the stand to be stronger you can double layer the cardboard or use thicker cardboard instead.
Obtain your smaller cardboard box and use a pair of scissors to cut off the top. This will result in a box with an open top. Use the images above as a reference.
Once you have prepared the cardboard box, we will start to cover it. Use a pencil to trace 3 sides of the box onto the black cardstock paper. Cut these pieces out using a pair of scissors. Once all three pieces have been cut out, glue them onto the box with a hot glue gun.
This next part is optional but I decided to add writing to my holder. Using a pencil I wrote out the word "beautiful" in cursive letters. I then used a thin paintbrush and white acrylic paint to outline the letters.
Once the paint had fully dried I attached the holder to cardboard strip using a hot glue gun. I glued the holder approximately two finger widths away from the bottom of the mirror. When the glue was cooled, I cut off the excess cardboard at the bottom of the holder (as shown in the image above).
Step 15: Step 15: You Are Finished !!!
Now its time for you to use your mirror and vanity holder.
If you liked this project vote and leave a comment down below. |
0.999457 | Discuss what the various responses to omens, nightmares and other supernatural events show to the highest degree the struggle between stack and freewill in Julius Caesar?
unitary of the major concerns presented by Shakespeare in Julius Caesar is the struggle between fate and free will. This struggle is evident through with(predicate)out the flirt through Shakespeare’s continual presentation of the supernatural. The supernatural is present in many different forms in the text, for example through omens, nightmares and sacrifices. Shakespeare believed that spiritedness was a combination of fate and freewill, he presents this idea to the earshot through different events that occur throughout the play, events such as the ‘Feast at the Lupercal,’ the Soothsayer’s prophecy, the animal sacrifice, Calpurnia’s dream and the presence of animals and Caesar’s ghost. These events build dramatic stress throughout the play, illustrating the struggle of fate versus freewill.
The Roman’s believed in superstition and that people lived the life that was chosen for them by the Gods. For example, unrivaled of the earliest encounters with supernatural elements in Julius Caesar is the ‘Feast at Lupercal. |
0.955014 | Vito Rizzuto, l’ultimo dei padrini della Sesta Famiglia, è a Toronto dopo aver scontato, negli USA, una condanna per il suo coinvolgimento nell’omicidio di tre mafiosi newyorkesi. Il boss ha scelto l’Ontario per il suo rientro in Canada; una scelta che apre il campo a diverse ipotesi tuttavia, tutte connesse agli equilibri con le ‘ndrine locali a tutt’oggi determinanti per gli equilibri mafiosi della regione. Avremo un periodo di -pax mafiosa- tra le due opposte fazioni, oppure assisteremo alla recrudescenza di una guerra di mafia che ha già insanguinato il Canada.
Il giorno della sua scarcerazione negli States è arrivato puntuale al termine della pena scontata per il coinvolgimento nell'omicidio di tre -bravi ragazzi- negli anni '80 a New York.
Gli investigatori attendevano questo giorno per leggerne gli effetti sugli equilibri mafiosi in Canada. E' senz'altro ancora presto, ma il fatto stesso che il boss abbia scelto di tornare proprio in Ontario indica una precisa volontà di essere presente ancora nel mondo criminale canadese. In che termini? questa è la domanda; e i morti... saranno vendicati...vedremo.
(ANSA) - CITTA' DEL MESSICO, 30 AGO - Tra sgozzati, smembrati e crivellati di colpi sono ormai 33 i morti ammazzati nelle ultime 48 ore nello Stato di Nuevo Leon, al confine con il Texas, nell'ambito della crescente e sempre piu' feroce 'guerra' tra il Cartello del Golfo ed i Los Zetas, per il controllo del narcotraffico nella capitale Monterrey.
Where have the Russian gangsters gone? There is a striking disconnect between the regular warnings from the police, Interior Ministry and Security Information Service (BIS) that Russians represent a serious challenge to the Czech Republic and the actual evidence on the ground: arrests made, criminals convicted, goods seized. Instead, it is usually Czech gangsters or criminals from even further afield who are brought to justice, such as the Vietnamese gangs that are increasingly being held responsible for trafficking marijuana and methamphetamines.
In part, those warnings have become a ritual recitation of past fears, and there always seems to be some terrible threat just around the corner. Two shootings in 2008, for example, led a BIS spokesperson to raise the specter of a gang war between Russian-speaking groups in Prague, which never materialized. Likewise, it seems every report of Russians in Karlovy Vary contains some dark allusion to mafia money.
Only sometimes there really is a wolf around that corner. While Russian gangsters are much less in evidence in the Czech Republic these days, there are real reasons to fear they will be back. As an official from the Internal Affairs Ministry in Moscow told The Prague Post, "Last time, our gangsters thought they could just bully their way in. This time, they will be much smarter."
In the 1990s, Russians made serious inroads into the Czech underworld, but even then there was a degree of politically convenient exaggeration: An Interior Ministry report in 1992 claimed 80 percent of all organized crime was committed by foreigners.
All the main networks such as the Moscow-based Solntsevo, St. Petersburg Tambovskaya and Chechen and Caucasian groups were strongly positioned in the country. For a while, Prague was even home to Semyon Mogilevich, the notorious Ukrainian-born Russian criminal who is a fixture on the FBI's "most wanted" list. However, the Russians' very visibility was also their weakness. They attracted far too much police attention and the enmity of local gangs.
Over the course of the 1990s, many Russians were forced out of the country, and a number of operations closed down. Yet that did not mean they abandoned the Czech Republic. Instead, the Russians had to adopt a lower profile. They withdrew from many street-level activities such as protection racketeering and selling drugs, though Ukrainian gangs still tended to victimize the Ukrainian community, especially in Moravia. Instead, they concentrated on working at the level of illegal wholesalers, criminal coordinators and underworld investors in businesses of every kind. Several sources in Moscow suggest even a link with billionaire František Mrázek, who was gunned down in Prague 2006.
They maintained contacts, a position within the Czech underworld and a criminal infrastructure. According to the Russian police, those foundations may be about to be built on afresh, mainly because of drugs, and Afghan heroin in particular.
Afghanistan produces more than 90 percent of the world's opium and heroin. Historically, those drugs flowed into Europe through the Middle East and Turkey. Increasingly, though, they are taking the "Northern Route" through Russia, which now accounts for almost a third. Some head east into China, some stays in Russia, but most carries on into the lucrative European market. This is proving a bonanza for Russian organized crime, especially given the depressed state of the rest of the economy. Gangs able to tax or control the drug routes are thriving.
As existing routes through Poland become saturated, the criminals currently managing the trade are looking for alternatives to get their heroin into Europe. The Czech Republic is well placed to be a drug hub (already Interpol reckons that 70 percent of all narcotics smuggled into the country is for re-export) and the Russians have the cash and connections to make it happen. A Russian investigator from their Federal Antinarcotics Service, the FSKN, told The Prague Post he expects the level of heroin trafficking into the country to increase by 25 percent a year.
He also raised an alarming second possibility, that it could become the arena for competition. As he put it, "if you can't control the pipeline, you wait by its mouth." In other words, gangs losing out in Russia might try to move into the Czech Republic to muscle into the market. By the standards of most European countries, heroin is disproportionately popular in the Czech Republic, creating a lucrative opportunity.
The third potential implication is that it experiences an influx of dirty Russian money. The traffickers are making unprecedented amounts and are doing so at a time when Russia's future is uncertain. For all his tough rhetoric, Vladimir Putin has never made the fight against organized crime a priority. Russia's godfathers fear the urban protest movement now rising in Russia might force Putin to crack down on corruption and dirty money. Thus there has been an upsurge in the amount of shady money leaving Russia (total capital flight this year is likely to be anything from $50 billion to $100 billion).
This coincides with renewed international efforts to control illegal capital flight and money laundering. Just when the criminals want to move funds out of Russia, their traditional routes through Cyprus, Israel and Italy are under pressure, so they are looking for alternatives. The Czech Republic has a highly developed and stable banking system, but on the other hand is perceived as somewhere that corruption and artifice can evade financial controls. The Russian FSKN has identified a number of cases in which it believes drug money may have been moved through networks of front companies into the country.
Meanwhile, the authorities may be looking the wrong way. Agencies like BIS seem most concerned about the threat of Russian intelligence agencies using gangsters as agents, or the Kremlin using front companies to gain influence. These are real threats, but arguably less immediate and serious than "ordinary" organized crime.
This politicized perspective also makes it harder to cooperate with Moscow. Unprofessionalism, corruption and political interference within Russian law enforcement are massive obstacles to any partnerships. However, at the same time, there are honest, intelligent and effective Russian investigators who genuinely want to collaborate.
The challenge is finding some route through the obstacles. A new law on Czech-Russian police cooperation is a great start. Next year, the Interior Ministry should also be completing deliberations about hiring suitably vetted foreign nationals, something Robert Šlachta, head of the ÚOOZ organized crime detection unit, has supported. Certainly some Russian and other Eurasian officers would also make it easier to infiltrate and understand these gangs.
Ultimately, the unavoidable logic of the market means the Russians are coming. Afghan heroin is reshaping the Russian underworld, creating winners who want to establish trafficking routes through the Czech Republic, losers who are being pushed west into Central Europe and profits that need to be invested. The question is how Prague prepares itself to deter or deal with its future guests.
- Mark Galeotti is professor of global affairs at New York University's SCPS Center for Global Affairs.
Some years back I wrote a piece called ‘Private security and public insecurity: outsourced vigilantism in modern Russia’ for David Pratten and Atreyee Sen’s collection Global Vigilantes(Hurst, 2007). In it, I argued that Russia was heir to a long legacy of vigilantism, but one which took a variety of forms, samosud lynch law of the tsarist village being subsumed into Comrades’ Courts and informing on annoying neighbors in Soviet times. In post-Soviet Russia, I suggested that the rise of the private security industry as well as a continuing willingness to regard organized crime as an acceptable alternative to the structures of law and the state also reflected this tradition. I suggested that this emerged from three main drivers: (1) a fragmenting social dynamic requiring groups and individuals to seek their own protection; (2) deep-seated mistrust of the authorities’ will or ability to provide protection; and (3) a cultural bias towards self-help and summary justice that may reflect moral values but not necessarily the letter of the law.
The Orthodox vigilante plans have proven controversial. Fr. Vsevolod Chaplin, head of the Synodal Department for Church-Society Relations, whom Time called “the Orthodox point man with the Kremlin“, has endorsed the proposals, calling them “a step in the right direction.” (I wonder, with some alarm, quite what he feels would be the destination: a Russian Inquisition?) The Moscow police have dampened speculation from the Church that joint vigilante-police patrols would be mounted (which would have given them official legitimacy and arrest powers).
Their beards and black skull-and-dagger “Orthodoxy or Death” t-shirts imply something between Iran’s morality police and the Hell’s Angels. Nonetheless, they raise an interesting point. Governor Tkachev, who wanted to hire a thousand Cossacks, is not exactly a man without means or options. The Russian Orthodox Church is hardly a marginalized institution. In other words, at present it is individuals and institutions of power who are looking for extra-judicial and extra-state agents to provide security and assert their authority. Conversely, it is people who might be considered on either the liberal or anti-Kremlin wings (for the two overlap but are not the same), from Ombudsman Vladimir Lukin to Memorial’s Lyudmila Alexeeva, who have been most critical about such efforts to bypass the formal agency of the state — the very state to which they are often opposed.
This could be explained simply as another expression of what Richard Sakwa calls the “dual state” whereby a formal, law-based one is complemented and often trumped by an informal, patrimonial one. But then why now?
I’d suggest that this reflects the growing crisis of what Brian Whitmore and I have taken to calling the “deep state,” the inner decision-making elite and the machinery of power they have constructed to allow them to run the country. So long as the key power blocs within the Russian state and the constellations of individuals and groups who control them felt happy and secure, they were comfortable with the status quo. However, it is a mark of the essentially feral self-interest which motivates these political entrepreneurs, that as soon as they become uneasy, they look to creating their own sources of economic, political and even coercive power. And, unlike the radicals, let alone ordinary Russians, they have the means to do so.
(1) a fragmenting social dynamic requiring groups and individuals to seek their own protection: that certainly seems a growing concern amongst these elite interests as protest emerges and, perhaps more importantly, the state seems uncertain how to proceed.
(2) deep-seated mistrust of the authorities’ will or ability to provide protection: again, yes: while they were happy to sit back and let the authorities look after them, that never translated into a faith that this would continue for ever (witness all that illegal capital flight — salting away funds Just In Case).
(3) a cultural bias towards self-help and summary justice that may reflect moral values but not necessarily the letter of the law: absolutely. Time and again, the elite’s willingness to go beyond the law in its own self interest has been made abundantly clear, from waving away the consequences of auto accidents all the way to complicity in the plunder of the economy.
Nella città di Chihuahua, nell'omonimo stato messicano è comparso, appeso ad un cavalcavia autotradale un Narcomanta che denuncia forti divisioni interne ai LOS ZETAS. Il cartello di Sinaloa ed il suo capo El Chapo Guzman Loeria brindano.
Incenerivano le persone morte o ancora vive in un rudimentale forno a legna dopo averle torturate e fatte a pezzi. E' successo nel sud del Messico e la polizia ha scoperto sei fosse clandestine, dove le vittime erano poi sepolte, dalle foto sui cellulari di due narcotrafficanti arrestati di recente. I macabri pozzi sono stati trovati sotto un edificio a Tuxpan, nello Stato di Michoacan.
MORELIA (ANSA) - Due fotografi messicani sono stati torturati e poi uccisi nello stato di Michoacan: lo hanno reso noto le autorita' locali, precisando che con ogni probabilita' i responsabili degli omicidi sono i sicari di una gang di narcotrafficanti della zona. Le vittime sono Jose' Antonio Aguilar Mota, 26 anni, e Arturo Barajas Lopez, 46 anni, entrambi della cittadina di La Estancia: il primo lavorara soprattutto nel settore del turismo, mentre il secondo copriva la cronaca nera.
Complessivamente 31 i narcotrafficanti arrestati. L'imbarcazione è stata localizzata di notte grazie a speciali tecnologie di un aereo della Guardia di Finanza, che aveva pattugliato l'Oceano i giorni precedenti. L'organizzazione di narcos, con base a Madrid ed in contatto con un gruppo di bulgari, poteva contare sulla complicità di un agente di polizia spagnolo corrotto. Ricevuto il via libera dalla Colombia, i bulgari hanno spostato la loro nave, ormeggiata lungo le coste africane, nella zona caraibica per imbarcare la droga, mentre i colombiani hanno inviato i propri emissari in Spagna per coordinare le operazioni. Giunte a circa 50 miglia dalle coste del Portogallo, le forze speciali spagnole hanno abbordato la nave e l'hanno condotta nel porto di Cadice, ove la droga e il mezzo navale sono state sequestrati ed i 21 membri di equipaggio arrestati. Contemporaneamente sono scattate le manette per gli altri 10 narcos che al momento si trovavano tutti in Spagna. L'operazione è stata coordinata dal M.A.O.C. (Maritime Analysis and Operations Centre - Narcotics) di Lisbona e dalla D.C.S.A. (Direzione Centrale Servizi Antidroga) di Roma.
(AGI) - Veracruz (Messico), 13 ago. - I cadaveri di sette persone facenti parte della stessa famiglia, tra cui tre bambini di 3, 7 e 9 anni di eta' rispettivamente, sono stati rinvenuti dalla polizia in una tenuta agricola di Manlio Fabio Altamirano, cittadina situata alle porte di Veracruz, capitale dell'omonimo Stato nel Messico centro-orientale. Del delitto sono sospettati i sicari al soldo delle bande di narcotrafficanti che imperversano nella zona. A rendere possibile la macabra scoperta sono stati i vicini delle vittime, che ne avevano segnalato la scomparsa dopo essersi insospettiti per il terribile lezzo che proveniva dalla fattoria. Dallo stato di decomposizione dei corpi, tutti con la gola tagliata, gli inquirenti hanno dedotto che i sette congiunti fossero stati uccisi almeno 72 ore prima.
La strage e' la seconda del genere in meno di una settimana dopo quella analoga, sempre ai danni di un identico nucleo familiare, perpetrata l'8 agosto scorso da sospetti 'narcos' ad Acapulco, nello Stato meridionale di Guerrero, sul Pacifico. Da quando il presidente messicano Felipe Calderon prese il potere nel dicembre 2006, intraprendendo una lotta senza quartiere contro la criminalita' organizzata, nel Paese nord-americano sui sono contati oltre 55.000 tra omicidi e vere e proprie esecuzioni sommarie, risultato anche della feroce lotta tra bande per il controllo dei canali del traffico di stupefacenti diretto verso gli Stati Uniti. (AGI) . |
0.9511 | Process pressures and process temperatures are important measurements that are routinely used to monitor and control the process. Pressure and temperature measurement instruments are usually installed in convenient locations that process engineer or piping designer often selects.
Notwithstanding the above, a number of pressure and temperature measurements are used to compensate the raw flow measurement for the actual operating pressure and temperature. These measurements are especially prevalent when measuring the flow of gases in which the pressure and temperature vary during operation. In such installations, the pressure and temperature measurement taps should be located to obtain measurements from which an accurate, compensated flow measurement can be obtained. In a differential pressure flowmeter installation, where should the pressure and temperature taps be located?
Pressure measurements for flow compensation are usually located upstream of the flowmeter, although some flowmeters have internal taps for this purpose. A few flowmeters have equations for using a downstream pressure tap. In general, pressure measurements are located upstream of the flowmeter.
Temperature measurement devices are typically located in thermowells that project into the pipe and can distort the velocity profile in the pipe. Because flowmeter performance is often degraded by velocity profile distortion that enters the flowmeter, temperature measurement devices are usually located downstream of the flowmeter. In addition, the temperature measurement devices are generally located sufficiently far downstream of the flowmeter so that they do not affect the measurement.
In a new installation, the instrumentation engineer can typically take control of the situation and appropriately locate the taps. However, all is not necessarily lost if the taps and/or instruments are already installed. The reason is that some flowmeters have equations for using downstream pressure compensation and the difference between the upstream and downstream gas temperatures may be small enough to be ignored. Keep in mind, however, that if an upstream thermowell creates a disturbance affecting the velocity profile that enters the flowmeter, the thermowell may have to be relocated. |
0.999998 | How to avoid a margin call?
Effective money management considerably decreases probability to receive Margin call.
Diversified portfolio as well as use of margin at the low end of borrowing limit is recommended. You might also consider that one of the best ways to avoid margin calls is not to use leverage at all.
Finally, it is also highly recommended to monitor account daily and thus be ready if market situation changes quickly. |
0.999962 | How do you say this in English (US)? kya tum kuch soch rahe ho?? |
0.949409 | Wondering how to find a yoga retreat that you’ll love? Ask these six questions to help you determine the best yoga retreat out there for you!
Yoga teachers have the ability to make a huge impact on their students. These are the things that make great yoga teachers GREAT.
Teaching yoga brings joy, gratitude, and wellness, it can also burn you out. Finding the inspiration and energy to lead a class can be a real challenge. |
0.947115 | 답변: 시공 후 필름으로부터 어떠한 화학적 방출로 인해 천식환자에게 전혀 문제가 되지 않습니다. 저희는 이러한 주장을 다음 근거로 합니다 1) 이에 반하는 완전한 데이터의 부재 2) 필름 및 SR 코팅의 화학적 안정성에 기반 3) 우리 주변에서 널리 사용되는 폴리에스테르 및 아크릴 제품들.
지난 20년에서 30년이상동안 전세계에서 시공된 사례 중, 창문 위의 필름과 천식의 상태를 악화시키는 상관관계에 대한 어떠한 리포트도 없었습니다. 하지만 X-100은 약간의 인산을 포함하고 있기 때문에 직접적으로 들이마셨을 경우(천식을 가지고 있지 않은 사람도) 가벼운 자극을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 저희는 적용솔루션이 에어로졸라이징(안개모양으로 분사시키는)을 최소화 하기 위해서 병 또는 탱크 머리 부분의 스프레이 꼭지부분을 통해 입자가 좀 더 성기게(물줄기 같은) 세팅하거나 가정 또는 사무실에 천식환자가 있을 경우 필름-온을 사용할 것을 추천해 드립니다. 필름-온은 내추럴 pH를 가지고 있기 때문에 시공 중에 문제를 일으킬 확률이 더욱 적습니다. 만일 누군가 베이비 샴푸에 알레르기 또는 천식반응을 보일 경우 이에 주된 요인은 사용된 첨가제입니다. 필름-온은 기본적으로 베이비샴푸에 다음의 첨가제를 제한 것 입니다: 라놀린, 글리세린, 실리콘, 염색제 등. 저희가 알고 있는 한 필름-온이 천식환자의 상태를 자극시키는 것과 관련된 근거 있는 주장이 현재까지 없었습니다.
마지막으로 음식물(캔디, 비스켓 등)을 포장할 때나 박스, 병 등을 쌀 때 쓰이는 폴리에스테르 필름 또는 아크릴 하드 코팅은 일반적으로 포장산업에서 아주 널리 사용되고 있습니다. 세계적으로 창호필름보다 더욱 폴리에스테르를 기본으로 하는 제품들이 있습니다. 그러므로 적어도 미국, 영국 등 선진국의 천식 환자들은 매일 그들의 생활 속에서 폴리에스테르와 접촉하는 일이 많을 것입니다. 이와 유사하게 플라스틱 창호, 세숫대야 그리고 렌즈와 같은 곳에 비슷하게 적용되는 아크릴 재료를 우리 주위에서 찾을 수 있습니다. 그러므로 필름 속의 폴리에스테르와 긁힘 방지 코팅 속의 아크릴은 안전합니다. 여기서 안전이라는 단어는 위험이 전혀 없는 것이 아니라 매우 낮음을 뜻합니다.
Some of my customers suffer from asthma and always ask whether there are chemicals either in the application solution or the film itself that will affect their condition. What shall I tell them?
Answer: After installation, there should be no problem at all with any "chemical emission" from the film which will affect asthma patients. We base this claim on 1) the utter absence of data to the contrary, 2) on the basis of the chemical stability of the film and SR coating themselves, and 3) the prevalence of polyester & acrylic products in our environment.
Literally millions of installations around the world have taken place over a span of more than twenty to thirty years with no reports indicating any connection between the existence of film on windows and the worsening of an asthmatic condition in anyone. We do know, however, the X-100 can be a mild irritant if directly inhaled (whether one is asthmatic or not), since it contains a very mild solution of phosphoric acid. We recommend more of a coarse "stream-like" setting on the spray head of the bottle or tank to minimize aerosolizing of the application solution, or the use of Film-On when working in homes/offices of asthmatic persons. (One might suggest to asthmatics that they temporarily leave the area during the installation, if X-100 is the preferred application solution.) Film-On, for asthma patients, should prove far less likely to be an irritant during installation since it has a neutral ph. If someone claims to be allergic, or has an asthmatic response, to baby shampoo, the most probable culprits would be the additives used. Film-On is essentially baby shampoo stripped of all these additives: lanolin, glycerin, silicone, perfume, dyes, etc. No substantiated claims, to our knowledge, have ever been made regarding Film-On as an irritant to asthmatic patients.
Finally, regarding polyester film and acrylic hardcoatings generally, polyester is used very widely in the packaging industry, such as in film form to wrap foodstuffs (candies, biscuits, etc.) or molded form (bottles, boxes, etc.). There are far more polyester-based products around in the world than window film. Asthmatics will therefore come into contact with polyester virtually every day of their lives, at least in developed countries such as the USA, UK, etc. Similarly, acrylic materials are all around us, such as in plastic glazing, shower basins and spectacle lenses, and similar comments apply. Polyester in the film and acrylic in the SR coating are therefore safe. "Safe" does not mean "no risk;" in this case it means "very low risk."
The toxic fume emission requirements for London Underground are given in LUL Engineering Standard E 1042 A6, Attachment 2, Section 3, which details the chemical composition with respect toxic fumes emissions. This Section also states that materials used within London Underground shall not contain chemical elements that could produce significant quantities of toxic combustion fumes, especially organically bound halogens, nitrogen, sulphur of phosphorus. Trace level are permitted; ‘trace level’ means that the weight for weight for weight percentage of the chemical group, divided by the atomic weight for that group, shall not exceed 0.015%.
LUL 엔지니어링 기준 E 1042 A6, 첨부 2, 섹션 3 에서 주어진 런던 지하철의 독성 연기방출 요건은 독성 연기 방출에 대한 화학 물질의 구성을 설명하고 있습니다. 또한 이 섹션에서는 런던 지하철 내에서 사용되는 물질은 상당한 양의 독성 연소를 일으킬 수 있는 화학 물질이 포함되면 안 된다는 것을 기술하고 있고, 특히 유기적으로 결합된 할로겐, 질소, 황 또는 인 등이 해당됩니다. “추적 수준”은 화학물질 군의 무게 백분율의 중량을 원소의 무게로 나눈 것이며 0.015%를 넘지 않아야 됩니다.
위의 양적 분석은 다음의 수치를 산출합니다. |
0.994953 | I think travel is interesting.
But I have no idea .
Who can give me some suggestions?
Athena! You are true I totally agreed with you that Taiwan is beautiful island which is situated in the coast of Minland China. It is usually known as the lush green forests and the steep mountains etc. During my visit I enjoyed the Taiwanese cuisines. Here the traditional Chinese festivals are organized there in which include a Chinese New Year, Ching Ming Festival, Mid Autumn festivals etc..
Roland! As you mentioned in your above description that you have move around the world and had great experience at the New York, Las Vegas, London, and japan. New I am going to visit Japan to see its unique culture and the surrounding. I am curious to know and to explore the new one If you will share your experience and provides me some information about the top tourist's points of interests then your description make my visit so memorable. |
0.999999 | From a seller's perspective, real estate may seem like an effortless process - prepare the home for sale, find a buyer, agree on a price and move. Buying and selling real estate, however, is a complex and demanding process that requires much more: accurate paperwork, qualifying buyers, marketing properties, negotiating, conveying details to real estate lawyers, dealing with land titles, tax and lien searches; and potential issues with property encroachment are all tasks Realtors are trained and required to be knowledgeable in.
Realtors must abide by a strict code of business and ethics conduct. They are required to act with honesty, integrity, fiduciary obligation to their client as well as to comply with all bylaws set by the Boards and Associations that they are governed by. A good Realtor also knows how to qualify potential buyers and use their network of professional associates to help complete the transaction, including home inspectors, real estate lawyers, mortgage brokers and accountants. All of these components help complete a successful real estate transaction within a demanding time frame.
Be sure to discuss "disclosure" with your Realtor. Realtors are legally obligated to disclose known information about your property to other Realtors and potential buyers. They are to disclose material latent defects which are defined as defects that render a property dangerous or potentially dangerous to the occupants, defects that render a property unfit for habituation, defects that render a property unfit for the purpose for which the buyer is purchasing it, as well as disclose defects that would involve great expense to remedy, and/or notices received by the seller from local authorities that prejudicially affect the property and the lack of appropriate municipal building permits for the property (i.e. basement development permit, detached garage permit, renovated addition to the property, etc). Failure to disclose known information of this nature can result in legal ramifications.
Understanding Agency is as follows: it is a specific relationship between two or more people. One person must authorize the other person to act on his or her behalf and the other person must consent to do so. In other words, the agency agreement is authorizing a Realtor to work for you in buying or selling a property and the Realtor agrees to this working relationship.
The listing contract sets the terms of the working relationship - do you give permission to post a "For Sale" sign on your property, the expiration date of the listing contract, the collection, use and disclosure of personal information; Brokerage renumeration and assignment of renumeration.
The Data form is used to gather information about the property - number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, total square footage of the property as well as the square footage of individual room, condo fees (if applicable), year the home was built, annual taxes, zoning, etc.
Though the Property Disclosure Statement is not mandatory, it is encouraged to be completed as it's used as a selling tool to potential buyers. This form provides a history about the property and its current condition in regards to water supply, waste disposal, insulation, history of flooding or drainage problems, un-repaired damages caused by wind or moisture and other questions about the current condition of the property.
Once the home has been listed, your Realtor will work with you to organize and schedule viewings with buying agents that best suit your schedule. Families with young children typically ask that no viewings are scheduled after 7pm. As well, your Realtor will follow up with Buying Agents asking for feedback about your property to discuss with you. This allows your Realtor and you to work together to sell your home for the most amount of money as quickly as possible.
In due time, your Realtor will hopefully present you with an Offer to Purchase. Review the offer and discuss your options such as a counter offer, negotiating the possession date or perhaps declining the offer all together. Once the Offer to Purchase has been signed by both the buyer and seller, it becomes a legal binding contract.
Terms and conditions are typically attached to an Offer to Purchase and the buyer will ask for a certain amount of time to satisfy their conditions of the purchase. Buyers may ask for the following: final mortgage approval, an appraisal (as per the mortgage broker or lender's instructions), an engineer's report, a furnace or chimney inspection, a gas line inspection, a home inspection, a Property Condition Disclosure Statement, a roof inspection or a well quality and quantity test. Once their terms and conditions have been satisfied, these can be removed in order to complete the real estate transaction. Your Realtor will help you every step of the way to assure you are comfortable with the process.
If your home doesn't sell right away, work with your Realtor to adjust your approach. Use the feedback from previous viewings as a tool. If the common feedback is regarding the condition of the home, create a realistic plan with your Realtor. It may be as simple as de-cluttering the home or having the carpets professionally cleaned. Perhaps the feedback is regarding the asking price and lowering it could generate further interest in your home from potential buyers. The choice is yours and your Realtor is there to help you!
If you have any questions about selling a home or would like to discuss selling your home in Saskatoon or the surrounding area with a Realtor, feel free to contact us any time. |
0.997267 | My teenage daughter wants to be a total vegan, but I'm not sure that's safe. Is it?
It can be safe--and even healthy--if she chooses the right foods, advises Judith Stern, ScD, professor of nutrition at the University of California, Davis. "She can't just eat bagels, bananas, and soft drinks," Dr. Stern points out. Three reminders: 1. Concentrate on calcium from calcium-fortified orange juice or soy milk. 2. Encourage her to eat whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. 3. Provide her with a multivitamin. |
0.999696 | You are reading in How does the economy work?
How did Phillips' model help teach economics?
By controlling taps and valves and observing the flows of liquid, trainee economists learned how to model the economy using mathematical equations. The problem was that the models did not always match reality.
Bill Phillips was born in New Zealand in 1914.
At the age of 15 he took an apprenticeship as an electrical engineer.
Six years later, in 1935, he moved to Australia where, among other casual jobs, he hunted crocodiles and worked as a goldmine electrician. After a year in the outback he moved to the UK, aged 22, and qualified as an engineer.
After the Second World War ended, Phillips studied sociology at the London School of Economics (LSE).
However, he was quickly drawn into 1940s experiments that used mathematical models to explain how the economy worked.
There has been an increasing use in economic theory of mathematical models … However, those students of economics who, like the present writer, are not expert mathematicians, often find some difficulty in handling these models effectively.
Phillips encountered a problem: how could non-mathematicians learn these new mathematical approaches?
To solve it he drew on his engineering background, building a two-metre tall machine that simulated the equations using pipes, valves, tanks and pumps. Phillips completed it in 1949.
Bill Phillips used water to represent money as it flowed around the economic system. Valves could be opened or closed to represent variable effects, such as the rate of interest on savings or investment.
Graphical curves, describing things such as the way interest rates varied over time, could be cut into plastic sheets and physically ‘read’ by the machine as it operated.
What made the machine particularly realistic was the time it took to settle down after making a change. As the water ebbed and flowed, gradually reaching a stable position, so too did the economy. Phillips' machine was so well received by senior LSE academics that he was offered a job as a lecturer before he had even finished his degree.
The importance of teaching economics in society had been apparent for many decades before Phillips completed his machines.
In 1885, Henry Cunynghame, an economist who influenced John Maynard Keynes, made an ‘equation-solving machine’ as part of his work ‘to educate the rising generation’ and ‘support justice’, as he put it.
Today, there is a multitude of resources to help us become more informed about how the economy works.
So how was Phillips' model influential?
All in all, Phillips made 14 of his hydraulic economics machines.
The 1949 prototype found its way to Leeds University. Improved versions went to universities across the UK as well as overseas institutions and corporations in Australia, New Zealand, South America and the USA, where the device was dubbed the ‘Moniac’.
Two more were used at the LSE to train a generation of economists in the mathematical approach to economics.
The educational role of the machines was immediately spotted by commentators at the time.
The American business magazine Fortune noted in 1952 that ‘interest in popular economic education’ and ‘the need for demonstrating fiscal problems before congressional committees’ meant that Moniacs would be in demand for teaching economics in ‘thirty fascinating minutes’.
Countless people use mathematical models to describe economic or financial activity, but they do not always know when to stop following them. As the Nobel-Prize-winning economist Peter Diamond has said, ‘taking a model literally is not taking a model seriously’.
Economics is simply the combined actions of real people making difficult decisions about money, decisions that are often based on emotions as well as rational analysis.
Lotus 123 spreadsheet software, 1982-1990. Software such as this spreadsheet package released in the early 1980s is used to create increasingly complex financial and economic models.
The simple mathematics modelled by Henry Cunynghame on his equation machine, and by Bill Phillips in his hydraulic computer, have been overtaken by mathematics that incorporates ideas of probability: the likelihood (rather than the certainty) that people will behave in a certain way.
This starts to make allowances for irrational decisions and the psychology of human behaviour.
It is hard to see how any mathematical model will ever truly capture that human behaviour under all conditions so it is vital we understand the limitations of the models.
The more we arm ourselves with knowledge about the way the economy works, the more we can hold those who use the models to account. |
0.94122 | 67 17 50 0 Gimme gimme!
16 6 10 0 stray cat strolling along.
15 6 9 0 This just made me HAPPY! |
0.999878 | You are working in a U.F.O Noodle shop. Service your customers by pouring hot water from the kettle over the noodles. Use the left and right arrows so that you can move in these directions and for pouring the water, you can use the key with the up arrow. When the water in the kettle is over, you can take another kettle from the stove, using the down arrow. |
0.944147 | Why was the charging rate system changed?
The Berlin model started as a time-based system. Many users complained that it was overly complex and insufficiently transparent. The change to session-based billing, i.e. a flat rate per charge, made the system much simpler.
It was also changed to ensure compliance with metering legislation so the expansion and operation of the charging infrastructure can continue. |
0.979116 | Which pages have the most diversified and representative content, structure and semantics types?
Are there any important transactional or multi-step processes?
How many users can access an interface element at one time without crashing it?
What templates are in use on the site?
True or false: Testing all of the pages of a web site may not be easy or practical, but it has to be done to ensure an adequately compliant site.
True or false: Analyzing specific page content like images, forms, tables, and widgets should be included in the scope of the evaluation.
When beginning the actual testing process, what should testers do first?
True or false: About a third of accessibility problems can be found through automated testing.
True or false: If error messages used in form validation are conveyed through a screen reader, then they do not need to be visible.
An effective bug report should be written for which of the following recipients?
Prioritized according to factors such as impact, severity, frequency, etc.
True or false: Automated testing should only be conducted during the testing phase of the development lifecycle.
Which type of testing allows developers to evaluate small chunks of code for accessibility issues without any dependencies?
True or false: The more developers incorporate automated accessibility testing into the build/creation phase, the more confident they will be in addressing accessibility issues.
Which phone is currently the most popular among blind users?
True or false: Screen readers can output to either audio or Braille.
True or false: Testing with screen readers is recommended, but is not required, if automated accessibility tests are performed prior to launching web content.
Blind screen reader users are most likely to navigate web content using what?
How do screen readers treat columns of text created by two floating <div> elements side by side?
Screen readers read the first line of column 1, followed by the first line of column 2, followed by the second line of column 1, followed by the second line of column 2, and so on.
Do screen readers notify users about the visual placement of items on the page (e.g. explaining columns of text, or floating items with wrapping text)?
True or false: In their default settings, most screen readers announce every comma and every period.
True or False: When reading the number 300, if you hear VoiceOver say "Three zero zero" instead of "Three hundred", it means you need to fix the way you wrote the number.
What do developers need to keep in mind about the virtual buffer of screen readers?
Which of the following do screen readers read?
True or false: All browsers use the same accessibility API.
Which of the following elements allow screen readers to quickly "glance" at the structure of the topics and text content in a web page?
The only way a screen reader can read non-focusable content (e.g. paragraphs, headings, div elements, etc.) is to start at the beginning of the page and let the screen reader read everything on the page from beginning to end.
Which of the following allows screen reader users to navigate to areas like the main content, footer, or menu sections of a web page?
True or false: Screen reader users sometimes explore forms by navigating through all the form fields before filling any of them out, to give them a better sense of what the form is like.
Which screen reader mode in NVDA allows users to type "H" to go to the next heading?
True or false: Non-focusable text (e.g. regular paragraphs, <div> elements, headings, etc.) are not available to NVDA users in focus mode.
What happens in JAWS when you type the letter "G" when the focus is on a text input, and when JAWS is in forms mode?.
Which browser is recommended for use with JAWS?
When using JAWS, how do you navigate to the next item?
When using JAWS, how do you navigate to the next heading?
When using JAWS, how do you navigate to the next landmark region?
When using JAWS, how do you pull up the elements list?
Which browser is recommended for use with NVDA?
When using NVDA, how do you navigate to the next item?
When using NVDA, how do you navigate to the next heading?
When using NVDA, how do you navigate to the next landmark region?
When using NVDA, how do you pull up the list of links, headings, and landmarks?
Which browser is recommended for use with VoiceOver on iOS?
When using VoiceOver in iOS, how do you navigate to the next item?
Say "Siri, go to next item"
When using VoiceOver in iOS, how do you activate a link or a button?
When using VoiceOver in iOS, how do you pull up the rotor?
When using VoiceOver in iOS, how can you navigate to the next heading?
Say "Siri, go to next heading"
When using VoiceOver in iOS, how do you navigate by landmarks?
Say "Siri, go to next landmark"
Which browser is recommended for use with TalkBack?
When using TalkBack, how do you navigate to the next item?
Say "OK Google, go to next item"
When using TalkBack, how do you activate a link or a button?
When using TalkBack, how do you pull up the Global Context Menu?
Say "OK Google, show Global Context Menu"
When using TalkBack, how do you pull up the Local Context Menu?
When using TalkBack, how can you activate Firefox Browser Navigation?
Say "OK Google, activate Firefox Browser Navigation"
Which browser is recommended for use with VoiceOver on OSX?
When using VoiceOver in OSX, how do you navigate to the next item?
When using VoiceOver in OSX, which two methods can be used to navigate by headings?
When using VoiceOver in OSX, how do you navigate by landmarks?
When using VoiceOver in OSX, how do you pull up the rotor?
Which browser is recommended for use with Narrator?
When using Narrator, how do you navigate to the next item?
When using Narrator, how do you activate scan mode?
When using Narrator, how do you navigate to the next heading (when in scan mode)?
When using Narrator, how do you navigate to the next landmark region (when in scan mode)?
When using Narrator, how do you go to the next cell in a table row?
Which browser is recommended for use with Window-Eyes?
When using Window-Eyes, how do you navigate to the next item?
When using Window-Eyes, how do you navigate to the next heading?
When using Window-Eyes, how do you navigate to the next landmark region?
When using Window-Eyes, how do you pull up the elements list? |
0.978172 | No evidence has ever been adduced to indicate where or how cricket began.
It must have been a gradual evolution among children who also played such similar games as stoolball, bat-and-trap, stob-ball, cat-and-dog and what was loosely termed club-ball, which was perhaps a generic term for all of them.
The likeliest hypothesis is that it took shape as the sport of shepherd boys on the downland of south-east England.
There the sheep-cropped grass was short enough to allow the earliest bowling to be simply trundled all along the ground.
If the entrance gate to the hurdle sheepfold was the bowler's target, that would account for the term 'wicket' for it consisted of two forked uprights with a crossbar called a 'bail' laid across them;, and the whole was called a wicket.
If the ball was hit away with the shepherd's crook, that would explain the curved shape of the earliest known bats.
A cricket ball of 1793.
The ball could have been knotted or matted sheep's wool.
The red colour of the ball could be accounted for by the wool being matted together with the reddle or ochre used to mark the sheep.
As evidence of a game identifiable as cricket and known by that name, there are several possible, but not certain, pictorial or textual, references to it.
By far the earliest occurs in an illuminated manuscript of Bede's Life of St Cuthbert, executed at Durham, and authoritatively dated 1120 - 30, and now in the Bodleian.
The picture is of a young man wielding what looks like a hockey stick - not unlike an early cricket bat - with an orthodox left-hander's two-handed grip, right shoulder pointing down the line of the pitch; while another player is making, by twelfth-century standards, a convincing enough caught - and - bowled.
The fact that the illustration is crowded with the figures of other young men tumbling and playing at other games is simply in the tradition of medieval illumination. This is a completely isolated source; and the game may not be cricket; if it is not, however, it looks remarkably like it.
Wherever the name 'cricket' came from - and from the various theories 'cricce', Anglo-Saxon for a stick, is the generally accepted origin. It can be assumed that it was played before it was called cricket.
Partly for that reason most cricket historians have thought it likely that an entry in the Wardrobe accounts of Edward I for 1300 refers to cricket. Translated from the Latin it runs To Master John de Leek, chaplain to Prince Edward, the King's son, for monies paid out himself or by the hands of others, for the said Prince playing at creag and other sports at Westminster on the 10th March, 100 shillings. And by the hand of his Chamberlain, Hugo, at Newenton in the month of March 20s. In all £6.
No one has yet produced an alternative meaning for creag. The word has not been discovered in any other context.
Cricket is first referred to by that name as being played in about 1550.
In 1598, John Derrick, a county coroner for Surrey, was a witness in a court case about the ownership of a piece of former wasteland which had been enclosed and used as a timber yard.
Derrick, who was then 59, deposed in testimony still preserved in the court records that "being a scholar of the Free School of Guildford he and diverse of his fellowes did runne and play there at creckett and other plates".
That testimony would refer to about 1550; and it probably is significant that cricket is the only one of the "plates" referred to by name.
At about the same time, when the Reformation forced the Jesuit school, Stonyhurst, to leave England for St Omer, Rouen, they took their 'Stonyhurst Cricket' with them; and, when they returned at the time of the French Revolution, they brought it back virtually unchanged.
In the same year as John Derrick gave his evidence, Giovanni Florio, a tutor in the household of the Earl of Southampton, published an Italian - English dictionary in which he gave the meaning of "sgrittare" as "to make a noise like a cricket, to play cricket - a - wicket and be merry".
Cotgrave's French dictionary (l6ll) gives one of the meanings of "crosse" as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket".
When Oliver Cromwell went to London in l6l7 at the age of eighteen he is said to have "gained himself the name of royster" by playing 'football, cricket, cudgelling and wrestling".
At a hearing in the King's Bench in 1640, there was testimony that "there was . . . about 30 years since a Cricketting between the Weald and Upland".
So the game entered the seventeenth century shaped and named but still largely a children's game. |
0.997086 | Special Containment Procedures: SCP-733-01 is stored in a secure locker at Site-██. Experimentation with SCP-733-01 may only be performed with prior permission from at least two (2) Level 4 personnel, and any testing performed must be done with direct supervision from at least one (1) Level 3 personnel. As of ██/█/██, all testing with SCP-733-01 has been suspended due to Incident 733-03.
SCP-733-02 is currently stored in a secure, humidity-controlled document locker at Site-██. Direct access to SCP-733-02 may only be performed with prior permission from at least two (2) Level 3 personnel, but access to transcripts and scans of SCP-733-02's contents is available via standard network access to anyone with at least Level 2 clearance.
When discovered, SCP-733-01 was pressed between the pages of SCP-733-02, a hand-crafted, leather-bound book containing approximately 80 pages. The pages of SCP-733-02 contain 33 black and white photographs, as well as 137 fragments of handwritten text. The authors of the text in SCP-733-02 have been analyzed as belonging to two unidentified individuals, a male (Subject A) and female (Subject B) of approximately 20-25 years of age who appear to be romantically involved with each other. Analysis of the photographs contained in SCP-733-02 have yielded no evidence of tampering, altering, or modification of any of the images.
SCP-733 was discovered in an antique store in the city of [REDACTED] by Foundation researcher Dr. █████ ████████. Upon noting the anomalous details documented within, Dr. █████████ brought the objects into Foundation custody, where it has since been contained.
On ██/█/██, a security breach was reported at Site-██. Upon investigation, security footage showed Agent ██████ opening SCP-733-01's containment locker and [REDACTED]. Further investigation showed that an unidentified senior Foundation researcher was missing from Site-██, determined by checking the Site-██ roster for unfilled positions.
When questioned, Agent ██████ refused to answer questions, merely stating, "He got what he deserved." Agent ██████ is currently detained at Site-█, pending further investigation. |
0.813579 | I am talking about child abuse. Help stop it. Make it so no child is abused ever again.
There are many homeless and they need a place to stay.
Help the ones most in need!
people who recycle help the environment to become cleaner.
Us humans are destroying this Earth and we have to act on these actions. |
0.938214 | Michael Grubb, Yuxuan Li; Performance-contingent reward training modulates reaction time variability, even in the absence of previously rewarded stimuli. Journal of Vision 2017;17(10):1296. doi: 10.1167/17.10.1296.
Stimuli previously associated with reward have been shown to slow responses when presented as irrelevant distractors in subsequent, unrewarded tasks (value driven attentional capture, or VDAC). During reward training, participants search for a target (color-defined circle) and discriminate the orientation of a line contained inside. Only correct responses made before a deadline are rewarded. To maximize earnings, participants must consider multiple reward contingencies: responding too quickly increases error rates; missing the response deadline reduces reward probability to zero, whereas responding at chance still yields reward half the time. Does facing these reward contingencies during training alter the way in which participants balance speed and accuracy when reward is removed and the response deadline lengthened (i.e., the VDAC test phase)? Using the VDAC procedure (Anderson et al. 2011, PNAS, Experiment 3, 800ms/1200ms response deadlines in training/test), we randomly assigned 46 participants to receive either performance-contingent reward during training or correct/incorrect feedback only during training and a flat reward. We focus here on distractor-absent test trials to eliminate any value driven attentional confounds. Using maximum likelihood estimation, individual reaction time (RT) distributions were fit with a three parameter, exponentially modified Gaussian function: mu and sigma describe the mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian portion; tau describes the exponential portion, which gives the distribution its characteristic positive skew. Despite the absence of previously rewarded stimuli, participants who received performance-contingent reward during training showed significantly wider RT distributions during test (greater sigma values), relative to the control group. Sigma parameter estimates were also positively correlated with error rates, reflecting a behavioral cost to this increased variability. These data provide preliminary evidence that performance-contingent reward training increases reaction time variability when reward is no longer at stake, even in the absence of previously rewarded stimuli. |
0.939554 | Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an economist and social scientist of the Austrian School, noted for his defense of free-market capitalism against a rising tide of socialist thought in the mid-20th century. He also made important contributions to the fields of jurisprudence and cognitive science. He shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with ideological rival Gunnar Myrdal.
Hayek was born in Vienna to a family of prominent intellectuals. At the University of Vienna, where he received doctorates in 1921 and 1923, he studied law, psychology, and economics. Initially sympathetic to socialism, Hayek's economic thinking was transformed during his student years in Vienna by his exposure to the work of Ludwig von Mises.
Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University from 1923 to 1924. He then served as director of the Austrian Institute of Economic Research before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics in 1931. Unwilling to return to Austria after its annexation to Nazi Germany, Hayek became a British citizen in 1938.
In the early 1940s, Hayek enjoyed a considerable reputation as a leading economic theorist. But after the end of World War II, Hayek's laissez-faire doctrines were eclipsed by the growing prestige of J. M. Keynes and others who argued for active government intervention in economic affairs. Unable to find employment in any of the major university departments of economics, Hayek became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. He remained there from 1950 to 1962. From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg. Later he was a visiting professor at the University of Salzburg. Hayek died in 1992 in Freiburg, Germany.
Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of socialism in the 20th century. In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and subsequent works, Hayek claimed that socialism had a strong probability of leading towards totalitarianism, because, in his view, central planning could not be restricted to the economic sector and would eventually affect social life as well. Hayek also contended that in centrally-planned economies an individual or a group of individuals must determine the allocation of resources, but that planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably (see economic calculation problem).
In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek claimed that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronize local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. Hayek coined the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation."
Hayek viewed the price mechanism, not as a conscious invention (that which is intentionally designed by man), but as spontaneous order, or what is referred to as "that which is human action but not of human design". Thus, Hayek put the price mechanism on the same level as, for example, language. Such thinking led him to speculate on how the human brain could accommodate this evolved behavior. In The Sensory Order (1952), he proposed, independently of Donald Hebb, the connectionist hypothesis that forms the basis of the technology of neural networks and of much of modern neurophysiology.
Hayek wrote an essay entitled Why I Am Not a Conservative (http://www.geocities.com/ecocorner/intelarea/fah1.html), (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty) in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program. His criticism was aimed largely at the European-style conservatism, which has often opposed capitalism as a threat to social stability and traditional values. Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in the older sense that he gave to the term. In the U.S., Hayek is usually described as a "libertarian", but the denomination that he preferred was "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke).
While known more as an economist than a philosopher, in the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, derived largely from his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the role played by his spontaneous order in social institutions. His arguments in favor of a society organized around a market order (in which the apparatus of state is employed solely to secure the peace necessary for a market of free individuals to function) were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. In his philosophy of science, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism—abuses of the methods of science in the attempt to justify inherently unknowable propositions, particularly in the fields of social science, economics and economic history (see The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies in the Abuse of Reason, 1952). In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), he develops his social theory of spontaneous order into a bold philosophy of mind which has recently become the focus of a renewed level of interest within the fields of cognitive science and evolutionary psychology.
By 1947, Hayek was the chief organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as "socialism" in various areas. For many years their efforts remained on the intellectual fringes, but they have received increasing attention over the past 30 years.
In his speech at the 1974 Nobel Prize banquet, Hayek, whose work emphasized the fallibility of individual knowledge about economic and social arrangements, expressed his misgivings about promoting the perception of economics as a strict science on par with physics, chemistry, or medicine (the academic disciplines recognized by the original Nobel Prizes).
While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Hayek had a long standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in each other's work and cited each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology." (See Weimer and Palermo, 1982). Popper was also a participant at the 1947 inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society, organized by Hayek.
Even after his death, Hayek maintained a significant intellectual presence in the universities where he had taught: the London School of Economics, the University of Chicago, and the University of Freiburg. A student-run group, the LSE Hayek Society, was established in his honor. The Cato Institute, one of Washington, D.C.'s leading think tanks, named its lower level auditorium after Hayek, who had been a Distinguished Senior Fellow at Cato during his later years.
Hacohen, M. Karl Popper: The Formative Years, 1902 � 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
This page was last modified 14:05, 21 Jun 2005.
This page has been accessed 22528 times. |
0.978622 | The most prevalent types of phones today are smart phones running the iOS operating system from Apple or the Android operating system from Google. You can only run iOS on Apple iPhones when it comes to phones, but Android runs on a wide range of different kinds of phones. Other cellphone systems without smart phone capability are also available, though they've become less popular in recent years.
Today, cellphones are largely divided into smart phones and feature phones. Smart phones are generally distinguished by touch-screen interfaces, speedy internet access, a wide array of installable applications and a tall and wide but thin body. They've arguably come to displace desktop and laptop computers as today's dominant computing tools.
Some signature modern software applications, such as social networking apps from Facebook and Snap, dating apps such as Tinder and Bumble, ride-hailing apps like Uber and Lyft and music apps like Spotify and Apple Music, are available exclusively, or at least widely used, on smart phones.
Most present-day feature phones are flip phones, which feature a phone and dialing pad that can be be opened with the flip of a hand, while some are so-called "candy bar" phones, which feature a screen and keypad with no cover. They generally use physical buttons rather than touch screens.
Smart phones have become more prevalent in recent years, thanks in part to their wide range of useful features, including navigation apps, access to email and high-speed web browsing and popular social applications. Still, while feature phones are occasionally derived as "dumb phones," they do retain a loyal following for the long battery lives, simple interfaces, low prices and durability.
Most cellphone carriers can support both smart phones and feature phones. Plans for feature phones are often less expensive.
Apple's iPhone operating system is among the most popular cellphone operating systems in the world. First released in 2007, it introduced or helped popularize many of the features now considered standard on smart phones, including a touch-screen interface with few or no physical buttons, a web browser comparable to those found on traditional computers and an app market where users can buy and download third-party software.
Apps sold in the market, known as the App Store, must comply with Apple's standards and receive approval from the company before they can be offered to the public.
The iPhone operating system, dubbed iOS, doesn't run on a long list of mobile devices. Instead, it can be installed only on iPhones and other Apple devices, including the iPad line of tablet and iPod Touch, which is similar to an iPhone but lacks calling capabilities. All three devices are in some ways descendants of the original iPod, Apple's popular music player that became the dominant pre-smart phone device for portable music and introduced the world to the podcast, a form of downloadable radio program.
Apple has been known for its willingness to take risks with the platform, including controversially removing features like a physical headphone jack and using power cables not compatible with other makers' cellphones; introducing high-resolution screens and cameras that kept the phones expensive; and rolling out the costly iPhone X and other high-end devices. So far, the devices have largely proved a hit with consumers, with Apple among the most valuable companies in the world and the best-selling cellphone makers.
When it comes to mobile operating systems, the main rival to iOS today is Google's Android operating system, usually considered to be the most popular operating system in the world. Unlike iOS, the operating system can be run on a variety of devices from a number of different manufacturers, with some of the more popular Android phones being those made by Samsung, LG and HTC. Google does produce some phones of its own, such as those under the Pixel line.
Android phones are available at a variety of different price points and sizes, with somewhat more variety than is available for Apple devices. The two operating systems work fairly similarly, letting users use a touch screen to activate and interact with apps installed over the internet from app markets. The Google Play Store is the equivalent of Apple's App Store for Android, and many apps are available with similar or identical features in each store.
Some Android devices can also be operated with a stylus, such as Samsung's popular Note series of phones. A few, like the Android phones currently made by BlackBerry, also ship with a physical keyboard.
Android apps are also sometimes compatible with some Chromebook devices, which are laptops that run a separate operating system from Google.
Starting in the early 2000s, BlackBerry phones began to pave the way for many of the features consumers now expect from today's iPhone and Android smart phones. The devices offered not only calling but also access to various productivity apps and, perhaps most important to many business users who adopted them, email. They were developed by a Canadian company called Research in Motion that later changed its name to simply BlackBerry.
BlackBerry phones also supported an instant messaging service called BlackBerry Messenger, or BBM, a forerunner to today's instant messaging tools like Apple's iMessage, Facebook's WhatsApp and Google Hangouts. BBM allowed BlackBerry users to communicate, even internationally or across cellphone networks, often without adding anything to their phone bills. It became popular both with business users of the devices and those just looking to use them to connect with friends.
The devices were also beloved by many users for their tiny physical keyboards, which made two-handed typing of emails and documents possible. Some also offered a trackball usable like a mouse or trackpad on a traditional computer. Devices using only touch screens, released by BlackBerry after Apple and Android devices began to become more popular, mostly weren't as popular with BlackBerry users.
Ultimately, the BlackBerry line began to fall behind touch screen-based smart phones when it came to features and app availability. Today, BlackBerry has become less popular, but the Canadian-based company still offers a range of phones running Android.
Microsoft's Windows operating system has been dominant on desktop and laptop computers for decades, but the company struggled to find its footing when it came to the world of mobile phones.
The company produced a variety of operating systems under various names that were mostly variations on Windows Mobile and Windows Phone, and later versions of the operating system received praise from critics and users for a tile-based interface that was arguably more different from Android and iOS than the two dominant smart phones systems are from each other.
But, compared to Android, the Windows operating systems were never available on such an extensive line of phones, and the company often struggled to recruit the creators of popular third-party apps to build versions for its systems, leaving would-be users feeling they'd have to abandon favorite software to switch to Windows phones.
In 2017, Microsoft announced that it would cease releasing new devices running Windows 10 Mobile, its most recent version of the operating system. |
0.999959 | I learned this recipe from a Chilean friend.
1 cup red wine 1 cup sugar 2 egg whites Instructions • Boil the wine and sugar in small pot for 40 minutes until it thickens. • When the time is up, pour the mixture into a water bath for a few minutes to cool. • In a bowl, whip the 2 egg whites for about 4 to 5 minutes until small peaks form. • Pour the wine mixture slowly into eggs, whipping as you go. • Serve with sliced apples, bananas or walnuts. Water bath — place a stainless steel bowl into another container which contains cold water and ice. This stops the cooking process immediately. |
0.999919 | Ladies! Just answer these 5 really simple questions to get clarity on your exact skin type!
3 or more A’s: Your skin is a combination-type and is extremely sensitive, also prone to breakouts. It requires a careful blend of pore-cleansing, along with the healing ingredients of aloe vera to deliver gentle blemish-clearing benefits without leaving the skin feeling tight, dry or irritated.
3 or more B’s: Your skin is dry, aging, tired-looking and in need of sun-repairing remedies. It also needs firming Peptides to allow a tightening deep within the skin. Energizing ingredients like rosemary and ginseng extract work to increase oxygenation and encourage a healthy glow.
3 or more C’s: Your skin is pretty normal, but dehydrated and showing the signs of aging. It requires a cellular turnover and potent antioxidants to brighten the complexion and prevent environmental damage. Extracts of stable vitamin C, peppermint and rosemary can bring a healthy and beautiful glow with a newly refined smoothness. |
0.982288 | Why learn how to use technology? What can it actually do for you? You don’t need to be an expert to benefit from technology. Here are a few suggestions on how to begin.
Many seniors are already benefitting from the use of video chats like Skype, Zoom, or FaceTime to keep in touch with long-distance friends and relatives. All that is needed is an internet connection on your computer, smartphone, or tablet. Best of all, you can actually see the person on the other line and will no longer pay for long-distance phone calls.
Social media, like Facebook, is also becoming popular amongst seniors since they can keep in touch or reconnect with family members and old friends, while viewing pictures that people have posted and also post some of their own.
Owning a smartphone can be crucial in the face of an emergency if unable to find a payphone or nearby store. It can also be important for your loved ones if they need to contact you urgently.
Why a smartphone? These devices are becoming more and more senior-friendly with touch screens, options to make your buttons and keyboard larger, and voice features that can type messages or dial contact numbers for you without touching the keyboard.
If you are finding it challenging to keep track of your medications, then a health tracker application on your smartphone or tablet can send you reminders when it is time to take certain pills and even when it’s time to refill your prescriptions.
Some applications can also record information such as medical history, physician contact information, and your health conditions.
If you are concerned about you or a loved one getting lost once in a while, then a GPS tracker may be of great use. These devices are designed to alert you, your loved ones, or a caretaker that the user has wandered out of their comfort zone. Some can be attached to the wrist or clothing, while others are available as smartphone applications.
If you are not worried about occasional memory loss incidents, using GPS while driving is still very useful. When driving to places that are unfamiliar, they can keep your attention focused on driving instead of looking at a map, following written directions, and even straining your eyes to see the upcoming exit. You don’t even need to spend additional money on one if you already own a smartphone because there’s an app for that!
Many of the above technologies require Internet use, so if you are not comfortable with this yet, then you can look for a how-to class at your local senior center or ask a family member or friend for help. Once you dip your toes, you will quickly get the hang of it and learn that the Internet and technology is for everyone. |
0.988803 | How do I connect the friggin power button?
So I'm attempting to a build a new PC. It has lots of little cables from the case: the power switch, reset switch, and some LEDs.
My motherboard (MSI H87-G43) has a 9 pin JFP1 connector which these are supposed to go into.
The problem I'm having is the cables don't want to actually stay on the connector. I can get a few of them onto the pins but they don't latch into place and they just get pulled out when I try to connect the rest of them. Is there some trick to this?
My manual references some optional thing called an "M-connector" that I can plug the pins into before attaching to the motherboard but it's not included and I can't find anywhere to buy one.
Still curious if anyone knows about the m connectors though. This seems unnecessarily difficult.
As a tip for the future, hold on to the cabling behind the connector, and wiggle it as you push, once you have the right pins, or get it on a little bit, and push it the rest of the way with some small implement (screwdriver tip, needlenose pliers tip, fingernail, etc.).
The "M" (MSI) connector, and "Q" (Asus) connector are included with high-end boards. Intel has a standard location for all the pins, but since not absolutely everyone ever has used that same layout, most cases has separate connectors. You'll commonly find that barebones and big vendor PCs will have the same pin-out, but use a single connector. That special connector is to mimic that, by plugging those cables into that/them, then to the board, so you can plug in and remove the whole front panel connector, instead of several of them. If not reviewing hardware, I don't get why it would be useful, TBH.
Thanks for the advice, I'll definitely try and follow that next time. These connectors have been the most fiddly part of the whole build. |
0.953908 | Why I am interested in linux kernel?
I am interested in it because i want to know how an operating system works. I am going to be using 2.6 kernel (stable) to study. I will be studying the code as well as the theory part of how this operating system works. What makes linux so fast and secure. Just doing it because i am curious. This being open source i can come to know how to contribute to the largest open source project because there is always a scope for improvement. You should really go through the pre-requisites in order to start off with learning the code of the linux kernel.
Basically you should have knowledge of C programming, Operating system concepts, data structures, working experience with linux terminal console & should have been using git.
You should start reading “Linux Kernel Development by Robert Love”. It is considered one of the best books for understanding linux kernel code. There is one more book “Linux in a nutshell by Greg Kroab-Hartman”. It is another good book to get you started with.
What are the important resources?
The home of the linux kernel is http://www.kernel.org. There you can find the latest kernel source code as well. |
0.939862 | You're loggging into your Windows computer, a series of message boxes appear and disappear before there's a chance to read them. Which of the following would be the BEST way to gather more information on these messages?
View the startup records in Event Viewer Correct!
Event Viewer centralizes all system messages to a single view. This makes it easy to find events or messages based on severity, time of day, or one of many other criteria. |
0.989295 | You're given the opportunity to be reincarnated as a bird for your next life. Which of the following bird(s) from television or movies would your next life as a bird best parallel?
Choose your ornithological destiny here!
I too want a long career 'acting' in Hollywood like Jimmy, The Crow.
Living in San Francisco like The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill (2003) Always lovely weather there!
Angry Birds! Warring with evil pigs! Enough said! |
0.96508 | Which day is cheapest to fly to Timor-Leste?
Wednesday is currently, on average, the cheapest day to fly to Timor-Leste. Flying on Tuesday will result in higher flight prices.
Flights in the Morning are typically the cheapest time of the day to fly to Timor-Leste. Flights at Noon are usually the most expensive. |
0.976238 | Can I run a 50Hz motor on 60Hz power supply?
You see the number of revolutions that an electrical motor turns is dependent upon the cycles per second (Hertz) that the alternating current (AC) is changing. A motor that is designed to run on 60 Hz and is plugged into a 50 Hz power supply system will turn 17% slower, the internal current will go up 17%, the amount of power (watts) will go down 17%, and the appliance mechanical cooling will be 17% less. The end result will be that the motor will be using a higher current then what the motor was designed for, and this in turn will burn up the insulation of the electrical wiring which can result in burnout which could cause a fire because of the excessive heat.
An induction motor designed for 60 Hertz which is running from 50 Hertz power supply will draw more power and run hotter and slower. But this is unlikely to burn up the insulation and cause an outright fire unless the motor was designed poorly and running very hot on the proper frequency to begin with. Still, the consideration of smoke and fire is disturbing. The extra heat can be compensated for by using a fan or larger fan on the motor shaft to cool the motor.
Since output is proportional to torque and RPM the difference in output will be 1/6th less if a 60Hz equipment is changed to 50Hz. This occurs a lot with trailer mounted recap equipments. If the appliance has reduction gears (smaller frame gas turbines and aeroderivatives) then the gearing can be changed to keep the output from changing. Thus, larger frame gas turbines (i.e. no gearboxes) can't be swapped between countries with different frequencies, but equipment with reduction gears can be.
I've seen an entire plant relocated from 60Hz to 50Hz power system and some areas of the plant had significant problems due to the slower motor/pump speeds. Some equipment needed 50Hz to 60Hz converters to operate properly.
Aside from motors, in principle there is very little to choose between 50 Hz and 60 Hz. 50 Hz is slightly better for long distance power transmission because the power loss in the overhead lines is less. But a 50 Hz transformer needs about 17% more iron in it so it is are bigger and heavier.
When you use frequency converters for appliances, you'd better be careful in selection of the frequency converter.
a 460v 3ph 60hz motors, runs 380v 3ph 50hz power supply, what will be the result? it may over heat?
60Hz motor will run 20% slower on 50Hz power supply, this also results in 20% less power. Basically, running the electric machine slower usually means it will be demanding less power. That's good, as the motor also decrease 20% of its power, and the cooling fan is slow down too. The motor will still work, but it will be noticeably slower. The critical factor is the V/Hz ratio, keep the V/Hz ratio same, and connect 20% less loads, it may not result in overheat.
a 380v 3ph 50hz motors, runs 480v 3ph 60hz power supply, what will be the result?
380v 3ph 50hz motor runs on 480v 3ph 60hz power supply will trigger the motor overvoltage protection.
220v ,50hz circular saw to 220 v,60hz power supply. What will behappened?
Hi, the title says "Can I run a 50Hz motor on 60Hz power supply?" but all that is discussed is a 60Hz motor on 50Hz power supply? I have a 50hz rated machine tool from Germany that is running on our 60hz US plant power. Is this an issue?
a clipper bought in Australia with (230v and 50Hz) when I used in Philippines with (220v and 60Hz) power system - motor run but is became slower can not even cut hair.
What things I need to do - so that I can still use it to its maximize power?
Can i run a 60Hz motor on 50 Hz power supply ?
I have operated my 230V 50Hz Hammer Drill for many years on American power.
BUT . . . I usually run it from 120V 60Hz supply. And that is good for most jobs.
But the torque is down. I only ran it from the 240V 60Hz occasionally when I did need the extra power.
Drilling one, 1" hole through 10" of steel reinforced concrete took me about 7 hours. :-( . . . . . Most of that time was to allow the Motor, yes, the Motor, not the outside case, to cool down between drilling sessions. The drill is still in working order.
I should have mentioned, do not run a 230V compressor motor from 120V. It will probably stall or fail to start, so could burn out the motor.
I believe that we are in agreement that this 50Hz motor will fail prematurely when running on 60Hz due to the extra load that it will see as it tries to spin the motor faster.
However, the mathematical model that requires that you must increase voltage as you increase frequency was used by the earlier VFDs and was based on the motor being purely inductive (which it is not) and was only used when the motor was operated at a frequency below its rating. These primitive VFDs were marketed as producing constant torque (constant current) below rated frequency and constant power (actually constant voltage) above rated frequency. If this model were applied in this case, the 50Hz motor would be running above rated frequency, so it would be supplied the same voltage at 60Hz as it was designed for at 50Hz.
Given that the voltage on the 60Hz system is probably 240V and the motor is rated at 220V it would probably operate acceptably if it were driving a load where the torque requirement decreased with speed. Unfortunately, like compressors running on closed systems have a roughly cubic relationship between speed and torque requirements, so this motor can be expected to fail prematurely.
What will be the affect of frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz on motor stator and rotor resistance as for one of my motor, I changed frequency from 50 to 60 Hz by VFD and after that my motor stator and rotor resistance increased by 2 ohms so anyone else face this before? And is it normal?
The motor designed for 50 Hz is being supplied with 60 Hz through a VFD is really not very clear. The increase in frequency shall reduce the development of Torque @ 1/f cube during starting and @1/f square during running. Therefore with load coupled the system may not even accelerate for heavy reduction in Torque. So the timing of increasing the frequency is very important. With normal voltage if the frequency is increased during running the speed will go up by 20% with reduction in Torque. If the motor is not designed for 20% over speed it is matter of time for the winding damage. A VFD is normally used for soft or controlled starting as well as Controlled operation of the driven system.
I bought microwave oven didn't aware that it's only 50hz and I send it to my country of which electricity is using 60hz what would be the remedy?
You can buy a GoHz frequency converter, it can convert 50Hz to 60Hz, and 60Hz to 50Hz, along with step-down & step-up voltage feature.
My battery drill Charger is 220v and using 50hz, can I charge it in 60hz outlet?
I have a German serger machine that requires 220-240v ~ 50-60Hz 100W. Can you please recommend a converter that would work?
I want to run a motor with No torque loss @ 60 Hz using a VFD and a input power of 50 Hz, 380V. Is it possible and will it work?
If we want connect drilling rigs with city power station 50 HZ and our rigs 60HZ ,what we want to can run this rigs?
Can I run 220V 50Hz (Lab Magnetic Stirrer with heating plate) on 220V 60Hz Power Supply? and what will be the result if I run it on 60Hz?
Can i run a 50Hz motor on 60Hz power supply ?
Hi Good Day. can i ask question ? i bought the same machine like in your topic . Xray machine for human health. This unit is 100mA mobile x-ray unit 180- 240 V and 50 Hz, in other words i cannot use this machine here in philippines?
I have a Be&sco Betamax oven that runs on 60Hz and now i have relocated this oven to a country that has 50hz power.
I have read that there will be a loss of 17% speed and power while a decrease in fas speed which may result in over heating.
Please advise if i need to use some converter to push the power from 50Hz to 60Hz.?
On the other hand, i have an rotating over that you can check by name given above and it also comes with a Wedge press unit (Be&sco).
Kindly give me some thoughts, if possible.
I have a 230V/50Hz motor. It has a connections for Line, Neutral and Ground. To run it on US 220V/60, how do I wire it? Line to one hot and neutral to the second hot with no neutral and ground to ground?
The question is: Can I run a 50Hz motor on 60Hz power supply? Your answer is talking about 60hz motor run on 50hz power. ???????
Hey numb-nutz, the question was to run a 50hz motor on 60hz service, not the other way around as you commented.
Please read the question next time.
what should I do to run these appliances.
You are an idiot. The question was... Can a 50 cycle motor run on 60 cycles. Your answer was the other way around. IF YOU CAN'T READ DON'T GIVE ERRONEOUS INFORMATION !
can i use a 220V, 3ph, 50Hz on 220V, 3ph,60Hz supply?
can i use a 220V, 3ph, 50Hz UV light on 220V, 3ph,60Hz supply? |
0.999917 | The power to shape what we repeatedly do is key to becoming a better investor.
I am generally skeptical of the value of behavioral economics, as the primary insight (that humans are irrational and rationalize their mistakes/failures) doesn't differentiate between economic systems that function productively for most participants (i.e. low rates of corruption and manipulation by elites, high levels of liberty and transparency) and those which fail most participants. Since all participants in both systems are prone to irrationality, how do beneficial systems arise?
Behavioral economics is silent on systems, and that severely limits its utility in my view. I also find little practical value in the insight that we overvalue ourselves when we succeed and discount our failures (we didn't have enough resources, etc.): yes, markets reflect the herd instinct that creates bubbles and manias, but other than avoiding the herd, how does this make me a more profitable investor?
The one insight of behavioral economics that is practical is the awareness that our will- power/self-discipline is a limited resource which we must invest wisely. In this sense it is a form of scarce capital--let's call it willpower capital. I liken it to a pool fed by a spring: when we exert our will or self-discipline, we drain the supply of willpower. Given time, the pool will replenish itself. But once we've drained our available self-discipline, tasks that require self-discipline become much more taxing.
1. It requires a daily application of self-discipline to form a new habit or replace a destructive habit with a more positive one.
2. If we "spend" our available willpower on an array of projects rather than on developing one new habit, we are unlikely to be able to persevere long enough to cement that new habit to the point where it is part of our routine.
3. The earlier in the day we apply our self-discipline to forming a new habit, the more success we will have simply because our reserves of willpower are most abundant early in the day.
4. Setting goals is easy. What's difficult is developing a process to reach the goal, and making that process into a habit that becomes part of our routine.
5. Once a process becomes habit, we don't need to invest as much willpower capital in maintaining it.
As Aristotle is said to have observed, "We are what we repeatedly do" (or "We are what we do every day"). This explains the importance of habits, which are habits precisely because we do them every day or week, repeating the process again and again.
The power to shape what we repeatedly do is key to becoming a better investor, improving our productivity, becoming a more compassionate person--whatever we set as goals.
It's not surprising that many of the most productive people (artists, writers, scientists, etc.) often rise early and put in a solid morning of work without distraction. Given the nature of willpower and habit, that schedule makes good sense.
This entry was drawn from Musings Report 9. The Musings Reports are sent weekly to subscribers and major contributors.
Thank you, Guy T. ($100), for your outrageously generous contribution to this site -- I am greatly honored by your steadfast support and readership. Thank you, David P. ($50), for your superlatively generous contribution to this site -- I am greatly honored by your longstanding support and readership. |
0.999983 | Every day I speak with dealers who have been selling cars for more than 25 years. That means they started 10 years before Facebook or Twitter appeared on the scene, and nearly 20 years before Instagram.
To go back even farther, in 1990 the first web page was published over the internet, something mysteriously called the World Wide Web (cue the Twilight Zone music).
By 1996, the internet had more than 10 million users. Today, it’s estimated in excess of four billion.
I go down memory lane as a reminder that selling cars today is unlike what it was just a quarter of a century ago.
Granted, most dealerships are all-in with digital marketing. They maintain web sites, post inventory on multiple third-party sites, follow industry recommendations for search-engine optimization and so on.
Certainly, these are all smart things to do. But those actions are technological and mostly tactical in scope.
The basics of the business haven’t changed: You still greet, qualify customers and conduct walk-arounds the same. But the way to differentiate yourself needs to evolve. You still block and tackle the way you’ve always been taught, but now you run the play a little differently.
One way to run your play differently starts with culture. Ask yourself this simple question: Does your store’s culture satisfy the needs of today’s workers and customers or is it stuck in the past?
It’s probably unrealistic for a car dealership to model its culture after technology companies, such as Google or Facebook. Part of what passes for culture in those enterprises might be better described as perks, from foot massages to free lunches to open work spaces. And that’s not what’s important in a dealership or to car buyers.
Simply put, your culture is your dealership’s personality. Do what it takes – hold offsite meetings, brainstorm, bring in a consultant – to agree on a common definition of your culture before trying to implement it.
Once you’ve identified your culture, don’t stop there. Promote it daily in every way, and not just with colorful posters. Consider forming a committee to champion your culture or assign someone the role of supervising its execution.
Create a mantra that captures your culture. I still think about the mantra from the popular TV show “Friday Night Lights”: “Clear Eyes, Full Hearts, Can’t Lose.” Make sure your culture is present in your store and not only appears on your website, but across your lot, from car stickers to hanging banners.
Don’t overlook training. Yes, you should train for culture. And not just once. Otherwise, whatever you expect will not be happening. Train on your culture as often as needed to ensure it weaves itself into the fabric of your staff’s daily activity.
READ ALSO Take Your Hr Career To The Next Level With Your Own Awesome Hr Blog!
If superior service is part of your culture, find a way to reward your service team for excellent contributions. If helping others is a core value, then acknowledge employees who volunteer after-hours or who assist co-workers or customers. If innovation is important, reward those who suggest practical ways to make your business more efficient. The reverse is equally true. Train those who may not be living up to the promise of your culture. After all, actions speak louder than words.
This is the “walk the talk” part. It must start at the top and ripple throughout, every day, even when nobody is looking. Teamwork. Transparency. Innovation. No matter how you define your culture, it needs to be evident to employees and customers. Managers are role models, cultural ambassadors.
Dealership culture is often assumed, overlooked or misunderstood. Some might feel it is too difficult to change their store’s culture. Or that their culture is baked into the dealership. Or that it simply doesn’t matter.
After years in the automotive industry, I can say with confidence your culture matters, from the employees you hire to the behaviors you reward to the customers you attract. And it’s not just my opinion. Studies show employees are more productive when their values are aligned with a company’s.
Go for it. I know your culture will be awesome.
Does Your Startup Culture Encourage Business Growth? |
0.995241 | I have been interested in filmmaking from a very young age and the first films I made with my friends are so terrible, they should probably never see the light of day.
However this makes me realise the long way I've come from a video tape camera to working with much more professional and advanced equipment as well as incredibly talented crew members.
I enjoy making films for the sake of entertaining people although I am also interested in political documentaries as they are a way of informing people of events that take place in areas they would never visit.
My experience includes being on set with Ricky Gervais, Helena Bonham Carter, and Stephen Rae, and I have worked on short films, commercials/promotional videos, and feature films.
At the end of the day however I mostly enjoy being on a film set and creating something amazing. |
0.938314 | When it comes to personal growth, meditation is one of the most effective techniques that you can use. Meditation allows you to alleviate your stress and find inner peace with the life that you are living, and everyone has the ability to meditate and center themselves. Meditation is important because there are many things in life that you cannot control, but when you meditate, it allows you to grow as a person in a way where you learn to accept the things that you are unable to change.
The practice of meditation goes back thousands of years and it's original intent was to help people to understand the mystical and sacred aspects of life on a much deeper level. While the techniques are similar today, the purpose has shifted to helping people in the modern mainstream culture to find inner peace so that their stressors are not in control of their lives. Meditation is a form of mind-body medicine allows you to achieve deep states of relaxation, awareness, and focus. Basically, when you are meditating, you are focusing your attention so that you are able to allow all of the jumbled and negative thoughts in your mind to settle down and fall away. This directly works to alleviate stress and negative thinking, and with regular meditation, you are able to achieve a higher level of emotional and physical well-being.
It is important to note that meditation will not cure any of these conditions and you should continue with the treatment that you are currently using. Meditation is meant as an add-on treatment that may improve the positive effects of your current treatment regimen, and it can also make living with a physical illness less stressful and a little easier to bear.
a) Guided meditation: This allows you to create and use mental images to relax.
b) Mindfulness meditation: This type involves increasing your attention and awareness while teaching yourself to live in the present moment.
c) Tai chi: This is a type of martial arts that requires meditation as you go through the different physical postures so that you are strengthening your body and mind simultaneously.
d) Mantra meditation: This involves using a mantra to calm and center yourself.
e) Qi gong: This is a type of meditation that combines relaxation, breathing exercises, meditation and physical movement to maintain and restore balance.
f) Transcendental meditation: This form of meditation is very simple and easy, even for beginners. It allows you to find a deep state of rest and it requires no concentration.
g) Yoga: This is a form of exercise that utilizes fluid movements and breathing exercises to calm your mind and center you. |
0.960762 | Joint Standard DDA Safe Deposit Box or SAV Acct?
I cannot find the answer to this question anywhere - Joint standard DDA, safe deposit box or SAV account; when the bank has knowledge that one of the account holders has died, are we in violation if we do not change the title/ownership on the account? Widow would like to leave her husband on the account (he is primary)?
When dealing strictly with spousal accounts, is there any difference between Joint as tenants by the entirety or joint with survivorship?
Joint tenancy - deposit account: What are the requirements for a valid joint tenancy? Can a baby be a joint tenant with his parents?
I need to know what law pertains to placing a US citizen first as an account holder for 1099 purposes when they have a jointly held account with a non-resident alien who does not have a tax identification number? Can someone point me in the direction of any law that states this? |
0.998091 | Not to be confused with entomology, the study of insects.
Etymology is the study of word and phrase origins. Properly done, it is a critical component to understanding the evolution of, and relationships between, languages. Bad etymology, on the other hand, is often used by political agitators as a propaganda tool, often with the intent of smearing the subject denoted by the word or phrase in question or illicitly claiming credit for something the false etymologist has no right to.
Etymology comprises a significant component in several major dictionaries, including, in English, the Oxford English Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary. (If lexicographers devote lots of space to it, that makes it Really Important.) Etymology also provides the subject matter for countless books of language trivia and wordplay. Word etymologies can serve in historical linguistics to (very broadly) track migrations of the speakers of language groups based on changes in word meanings, as well as to (very roughly) date branches in a language's family tree. A smattering of etymological lore can help in language learning and provide psychological insights into different metaphor-systems and modes of thought.
Misuse of etymology is often called the "etymological fallacy" -- confusing the current meaning for its origins.
Word origins can take on a more sinister aspect, however, when people create incorrect etymologies for certain terms (a notorious example in US culture being the incorrect claim about the phrase "rule of thumb"); such false etymologies generally serve a political or religious purpose and are generally rejected by mainstream scholarship, but due to their propagandistic and often populist nature (sometimes augmented with a conspiracy theory or two) often find a tenacious foothold in some sections of popular culture.
Etymologies are also often affected by prejudices and superstition, a very common form of this being "taboo deformation", where the use of a word outside certain contexts is considered either offensive or disrespectful, and the actual word is replaced with either an intentional mispronunciation or a euphemism. Taboo deformation often exists within a primarily religious context, such as the conversion of the ancient Hebrew deity name YHWH (probably pronounced as Yahweh or something fairly close) to Jehovah, or the hypothesized distortion of the Proto-Indo-European words for "wolf" (wlkwos) and "bear" (rktos) into mispronunciations such as the Latin lupus or euphemisms such as the Russian medved ("honey-eater").
While etymology is now a branch of linguistics, in the past the practice often involved coming up with ingenious and flattering explanations of people's names rather than revealing the actual true origin, and hence pre-modern etymologies shouldn't be taken as accurate. Such a practice is found in classical authors like Pindar and Plutarch, and medieval writers, such as Jacobus de Varagine's Golden Legend, which offers fantastical origins for the names of saints that relate them to their virtues. Even in cases where a name such as "Sylvester" obviously comes from the Latin for forest and means one who lived in or came from a forest, Jacobus suggests it comes from sile/sol=light, and terra=the earth, indicating a light to the world.
On the lighter side, there are countless "false etymologies" current in the popular imagination, often for words whose derivation is not certain. The origin of words such as okay and the epithet bloody are two examples: OK or okay has a zillion etymologies of which the zany misspelling "Oll Korrect" may be most probable (but it could be Finnish, Wolof, Chocktaw, Greek, Occitan, or French), while bloody is often said to be derived from oaths such as "Christ's blood" without any evidence of these expressions ever being widely used as oaths or of something moving from interjection to intensifier.
average began as "a duty, tax, or impost charged upon goods", then "any charge or expense over and above the freight incurred", "the expense or loss to owners, arising from damage at sea", "the distribution of the aggregate inequalities" (this is still a term of art in nautical law, where "general average" is a way of sharing the losses among all of the merchants with goods on a damaged ship), and finally, "the arithmetical mean so obtained".
explode began as "express displeasure at a performer by clapping or hissing, to force the performer off stage".
foreign, forest, forfeit (as well as the French hors and faubourg) all come from the Latin "foris", meaning "out of doors".
leave began in English as "remain" (as can be seen in its German cognate, bleiben). It originates from a root meaning "sticky".
madrigal, matrix, matter, material all have their origins in the Latin word "mater" ("mother').
robe began as "something stolen" (as can be seen in its relative, "rob").
↑ See the Wikipedia article on Golden Legend.
↑ See the Wikipedia article on List of proposed etymologies of OK.
↑ "bloody, adj., n., and adv.". OED Online. December 2018. Oxford University Press. (accessed March 05, 2019).
↑ "OK, adj., int.1, n.2, and adv.". OED Online. December 2018. Oxford University Press. (accessed March 05, 2019).
This page was last modified on 5 March 2019, at 11:40. |
0.995649 | How can a transmitter’s current output signal be converted to a voltage-input signal, as required by an electronic controller?
Answer B is a true statement for a current loop, but is not the way that a current signal is converted to a voltage signal that is required by the controller. This answer indicates the driving force for direction of current flow.
Answers C and D would electrically modify the behavior of the circuit, but would not convert current signals to voltage signals. A diode across the controller could be used to prevent current flow in the reverse direction, or could be used with an LED in an optical isolation circuit. A capacitor in a current loop could be used to suppress surges at the transmitter terminals.
The correct answer is A, “A resistor is placed across the input terminals of the controller.” A 250Ω resistor in a 4-20mA DC current loop will produce a 1-5VDC signal, as indicated in Ohm’s law: E = I · R, where E is voltage, in volts; I is current, in amps; and R is resistance, in ohms. At 4mA (0.004A), E = 250Ω x 0.004A = 1V. At 20mA (0.020A), E = 250Ω x 0.020A = 5V. |
0.976028 | What is the legal status of mining of Bitcoin or Cryptocurrency in India? As per a post on a Bitcoin Forum, it suggests that its totally legal in India to mine Bitcoin. Is it Correct?
Bitcoins are an area of immense interest and curiosity. I feel it falls in a typically 'gray area'.
A brief research online also will reveal many manners in which this regulation can be circumvented (the legal outlook of the government on such transactions is still to be seen). The situation is thus quite ambiguous.
Definitely something lot of risk-takers and others shall be watching over carefully.
P.S.- The intent of this post, as always, is to only provide an opinion. We do not subscribe, ascribe or promote (directly or indirectly) any advice or suggestions. |
0.969415 | Wikipedia in English Countries from which come most of the ors of the English Wikipedia The English Wikipedia is the English version of Wikipedia. Created on 15 January 2001, having surpassed the three million items on 17 August 2009, was the first ion of Wikipedia, and since then has been the largest. In 2003, approximately one third of all Wikipedia articles belonged to the English ion. This percentage has been gradually declining since mid-2005. His many articles is the sum of the quantities of goods from the German Wikipedia, Wikipedia in French, the Polish Wikipedia and Wikipedia in Japanese. In the English Wikipedia there is a debate over which national variety of English should be used, as the major candidates American English and British English or International English.The ors have made many suggestions, extending the option of using a variety of standard English to develop the project from the English Wikipedia. However, the de facto standard is to prefer an appropriate variety of English for items of regional (eg for Canadian English Canadian issues) but otherwise allow any variety of English, while the variety of English is constant throughout the text of an article. Currently has 3,156,959 articles.
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0.976225 | This paper presents a model, using concepts from artificial neural networks, that explains how small rural communities make decisions that affect access to potable freshwater. Field observations indicate that social relationships as well as individual goals and perceptions of decision makers have a strong influence on decisions that are made by community councils. Our work identifies three types of agents, which we designate as alpha, beta, and gamma agents. We address how gamma agents affect decisions made by community councils in passing resolutions that benefit a village's collective access to clean freshwater. The model, which we call the Agent Types Model (ATM), demonstrates the effects of social interactions, corporate influence, and agent-specific factors that determine choices for agents. Data from two different villages in rural Alaska and several parameter sensitivity tests are applied to the model. Results demonstrate that minimizing the social significance and agent-specific factors affecting gamma agents' negative compliance increases the likelihood that communities adopt measures promoting potable freshwater access. The significance of this work demonstrates which types of communities are potentially more socially vulnerable or resilient to social-ecological change affecting water supplies.
Communities in the Arctic of Alaska are increasingly faced with decisions that affect the supply and quality of critical resources such as water. Evaluating how effective social structures and institutions are in villages that make such decisions can determine which communities may best adapt under conditions of social (e.g., land use practices, population dynamics) and ecological (e.g., climate, permafrost, etc.) change. From available data, communities demonstrate significant variation in how their social network structures ultimately affect community-level decisions. In some villages, decisions that promote a community's resilience to social-ecological change can be made with relatively little difficultly, while in other villages such decisions are better described as wildcards, and in others still decisions leading to resilience are rare altogether.
Artificial neural network and social network models have been developed by researchers in order to assess group dynamics and decision analysis (Garson 1998; Macy and Willer 2002; Newman and Park 2003). This methodology proves useful in determining how structured social networks can affect agent choices, ultimately influencing the evolution of the social system (Stocker et al. 2001; Shuguang and Chen 2008).
How do gamma agents affect decisions made by community councils in passing resolutions that benefit a village's collective access to clean freshwater?
Gamma agents, including alpha and beta agents, are individuals we identify as having important roles in community council decisions. The model we present could be a valuable analysis aid in assessing the effectiveness of local councils in addressing community freshwater needs.
In this paper, we present background information expounding village social structures and decision-making. A model using concepts from artificial neural networks that is applied within an agent-based modeling (Bonabeau 2002) approach is then presented. Two different village data sets are used for modeling, with details provided explaining specific model parameters. Model scenarios and outputs are discussed and, where relevant, compared to observed fieldwork observations. We present results from our parameter sensitivity tests to address relevant questions on model functionality and system-level change. A general discussion and future efforts to improve our work are then presented.
Village communities in many parts of rural Alaska are small and scattered, but are increasingly faced with a rapidly changing environment that is affecting freshwater supplies (Hinzman et al. 2005; Riordan et al. 2006). In addition to such change, increased land use activities, such as mining, have begun to affect water quantity and quality (Alessa et al. 2008). Under these circumstances, evaluating how communities respond to such change has become important in order to assess community resilience. One key indicator of effective response to change is the ability for communities to implement policies, such as building municipal water systems or installing filtration devices to improve water quality, that increase a community's resilience to freshwater change. Community responses are usually decided within village councils that determine whether or not to implement proposed resolutions.
In the communities studied, three types of decision makers have been identified in fieldwork. These individuals act within community councils and represent the primary agents in our applied modeling approach. Our agent typology is similar to that used by Eguíluz et al. (2005), in which three agent types are defined similarly to our own. In addition, we recognize that Perez's (2009) work defines agents as selfish and principled (i.e., agents who care about norms), qualities that all three of our agent types integrate. Pérez's work borrows from Camerer (2003) and Fehr and Schmidt (2006) in defining how agents cooperate and motivations behind agent cooperation. In our case, rather than specifically focusing on cooperation, we are attempting to better understand how combinations of different types of agents, including the strengths of their social influence and relationships, can result in group decisions or consensuses being made. This form of analysis seeks to understand the underlying critical social mass of agent types and their attributes that are necessary to enable collective action to take place, similar to what is demonstrated by Marwell and Oliver (1993). The types of agents used here can be referenced as alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) agents, a designation that has been developed elsewhere (Alessa and Kliskey 2010).
Alpha agents are considered the initiators in the community; these individuals not only initiate ideas, but also sustain efforts in order to promote freshwater resilience. These agents develop ideas based on perceived needs, work with other α-agents, and attempt to convince others that their ideas can benefit the community. In a changing Arctic, we see these individuals as critical resources for communities since they are better able to perceive change that is occurring and organize an adequate response to that change. Beta agents differ in that they are not usually the individuals who instigate community response promoting resilience, but generally have goals that are community focused. Gamma agents, like α-agents, often have high initiative. However, they differ in one fundamental characteristic: these agents primarily have self-serving goals rather than goals aimed at corporate benefit. Gamma agents can be swayed to go along with community resolutions, but generally need to perceive self-benefit in the decision made. Gamma agents can disrupt initiatives promoted by α-agents if initiatives are counter to their individual goals. In reality, agents display some qualities from each of the other agent types; the categories we present, therefore, are a continuum of values that describe agent goals and behaviors. Values governing agent goals and behaviors each concentrate near three specific discrete points in a continuum.
these decisions requiring sustained management and further resolutions if built infrastructure (e.g., building and maintaining a municipal water system) is involved. In certain cases, councils may be effective in reaching a consensus to implement a resolution promoting freshwater access; however, council members may prove to be unable to sustain commitment to that choice. An example of inadequately sustained decisions is a lack of supervision or provision of funds that enable the long-term maintenance of freshwater infrastructure.
The simulation we built is written in Java and has been applied within Repast Simphony (Repast 2009). The simulation itself can be downloaded, with instructions provided in the model folder.
To address issues on decision-making affecting access to potable freshwater resources, researchers have implemented modeling approaches that use agent-based methodologies incorporating group behavior and learning (Pahl-Wostl 2002). In our agent-based approach, we use concepts from attractor artificial neural networks developed by Hopfield (1982), with functionality most similar to a model developed by Kitts (2006). We feel this approach is appropriate because it accounts for relationships and influence between individuals, individual factors that affect decision-making, and feedback effects that influence future agent interactions and decisions. In our approach, agents are treated as nodes in a network, with each agent tracking satisfaction with a choice made. Nodes are connected by links made up of two values, including weights that describe the strengths of relationships and binary values showing approval/disapproval of other agents in network links.
In our applied model, which we call the Agent Types Model (ATM), weights in links evolve based on a learning rule that evaluates previous states of the network structure using Hebbian learning (Hebb 1949). A community object is created and implements ATM, with each person agent (i.e., α-, β-, and γ-agents) in the community evaluating social relationships with all other agents. Social weights and approval within the network links are continually adjusted, with agents determining their choice to agree or disagree with the community-level proposition in each simulated round. Having some similar aspects to Pujol et al. (2005) and Stocker et al. (2002), agents make decisions, to disapprove/approve of other agents and accept/reject a choice, through bounded rationalized choices that are based on local knowledge and understanding of other agents, including those agents' overall social influence. Conceptually, agents make decisions based on their experience with localized interactions with other agents as well as individual perceptions and goals relative to a given choice, similar to individual behavior within networks as described by Holland (1998).
Figure 1 shows an example network of three agents. In this network, agents have parameter states that define if they are compliant or not with a given choice option, weights between agents ranging from -1 to 1, and links showing if agents approve or disapprove of their social connections. In essence, ATM attempts to balance variables relative to each other in order to reach a more stable network state. Appendix A provides a detailed explanation of ATM's steps.
Figure 1. Image indicating an example network of three agents. Links between the agents (circular objects) show disapproval/approval (-1 or 1) and weight values (-1 to 1) that define social relationships. Red edges indicated disapproval by an agent (-1), black edges indicate approval (1), and line thickness depicts relative weight values (i.e., thin is a weak weight, thick is a strong weight). Agents who reject (-1) a choice are indicated as red; black agents are those who accept (1) a choice.
Data characterizing two villages in rural Alaska are used in modeling scenarios. We present the scenario data in Tables 1-2. Parameterization is based on quantitative valuations using qualitative field observations. Since we could not obtain quantitative values from subjects, data are derived from fieldwork observations of individual behaviors during a one-month period. The observations include interactions between individuals, importance of individuals in social interactions, social cost for accepting decisions, how individuals learn (i.e., collective- vs. individual-based learning), and goals of individuals (i.e., collective vs. individual goals). Qualitative observations were assigned numeric values and are reflected in the discussion provided below.
WeightA = Link weight distribution of agents to α-agents, with values provided used in a beta distribution as the alpha and beta inputs (e.g., 6/4, α=6, β=4). Weight distributions reflect social influence of α-agents.
WeightB = Link weight distribution of agents to β-agents, with values provided used in a beta distribution as the alpha and beta inputs. Weight distributions reflect social influence of β-agents.
WeightC = Link weight distribution of agents to γ-agents, with values provided used in a beta distribution as the alpha and beta inputs. Weight distributions reflect social influence of γ-agents.
DecisionCost = The cost variable for an agent to make a decision, with values ranging from 0 to 1 (0 is low cost, 1 is high cost).
Similar to other simulation parameterization, we obtain initial weight values for network links from beta distributions using the alpha and beta inputs outlined above (Fleischmann 2005). Rather than the standard 0 to 1 beta distribution, our distribution scales the outputs to reflect values from -1 to 1. As is similar to other efforts applying qualitative data to agent-based modeling, we attempt to make weight distributions varied enough to reflect representation that are similar to our qualitative observations of individuals. We also test the sensitivity of weight values in order to observe how much change is needed before significantly different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, results occur (Yang and Gilbert 2008). Values presented, therefore, reflect ranges that have been tested for their relative qualitative representation (e.g., low weight value interpreted as "negative" social influence by agents) and influence on changing model results. In fact, this is true for all relevant parameters presented, even those inputs not used in any random distribution. Parameter sweeping and sensitivity testing, unit testing, code walkthroughs, debugging, and visual and statistical analysis of outputs were used for verification of modeling procedures (North and Macal 2007).
In general, α-agents can be described as having positive connections with each other, but social consideration received from β-agents is weaker, while social connections are generally negative with γ-agents. Beta agents, on the other hand, are usually positively connected to α-agents in that their social inputs are valued, while weights are more evenly distributed among the other agent types. Gamma agents often have positive relationships with each other, but their connections are generally negative with α-agents and either positive or negative with β-agents. In most cases, α-agents have high importance values, but in some cases the importance of α-agents is relatively weak or γ-agents can be relatively influential. For decision costs, γ-agents often perceive water projects as more costly, as they may require some personal financial or other sacrifices, while other agents often do not see such projects as a major cost.
These two tables (Tables 1-2) represent scenarios in which villages have been somewhat able and unable to pass resolutions respectively affecting access to potable freshwater. We did not model cases in which villages were almost always successful in addressing potable freshwater needs because our examples in those cases produced results that were exceedingly obvious. In those cases, few γ-agents were apparent.
Two other variables are applied and not indicated in the tables. These are affective dependence (D; measures if an agent values collective good vs. individual approval) and normative dependence (δ; agent decisions made based on individual learning or social learning). Similar to the weight inputs, these two variables are determined by a beta distribution (e.g., 8/2, α=8, β=2) that randomly parameterizes the values, although these variables are not scaled. For all scenarios, unless otherwise stated, α-, β-, and γ-agents have affective and normative dependence variables defined by the inputs in Table 3. In effect, these variables help to distinguish differences between agent types.
In addition to these data, the approval parameters (-1 or 1 for disapprove and approve respectively) in social links are initialized deterministically for link weight values that are less than -0.1 and greater than 0.1. Weight values between -0.1 and 0.1, since they are relatively near neutral (i.e., 0) and may result in either negative or positive approval, produce approval states that are determined via the probability function defined in Appendix A (13). The initial noncompliance or compliance (i.e., c=-1 or 1 respectively) decision for β-agents is set randomly based on a 50% probability. Alpha agents are always set to accept a decision, while γ-agents accept a decision based on the probability that a random value from a uniform distribution (0 to 1) is greater than a γ-agent's individual cost value (e).
In addition to two scenarios depicting observed villages, we present parameter sensitivity studies that highlight model functionality and the effect parameter changes in γ-agents have on overall system-level compliance. We focus on the compliance output as this directly relates to the central question asked in the introduction. Other variable outputs were evaluated in the course of model verification; these can be evaluated in ATM. Each scenario was executed 1000 times, enough runs to account for stochastic variation and demonstrate model trends, with results reflecting the output aggregations for all runs in a scenario. In general, compliance varies more greatly early in simulations, but later the results are narrower as ATM begins to reach a more balanced state. Each tick, therefore, has a compliance result that is based on averaging compliance for all of the simulation runs. Appendix B presents summary statistics for different scenarios, indicating the mean and standard deviation for compliance response by the modeled group. In addition to these statistics, compliance distributions in scenarios were compared to each other using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test to indicate levels of statistical significance. All statistical tests were conducted within R (R Project 2009).
In this scenario we applied data from Table 1, which represent data from a small village that has more γ-agents than α-agents. The exact number of agents involved in the decision process is higher; agents in each category were downscaled to reflect ¾ the size of the actual number of decision makers. Since we are primarily interested in the ratio of agent types involved in decision processes, and our data are not yet detailed enough to allow clear differentiation of all the agents involved in the decision process, ATM is equally functional with only ¾ of the total agents involved. In other words, we tested this scenario with 100% representation of agents, but it produced virtually the same results as this ¾ size case. In addition, sociometric visualization proved to be easier to comprehend with fewer agents. Supplementary to the summary statistics provided in Appendix B, average agent weights at specific time steps can be plotted in two-dimensional graphs using the PCA function described earlier. The results highlight the number of agents who agree to the choice as well as the sociometric location of agents to each other over the modeled time steps (Figures 2-6).
At the beginning of the scenario (i.e., Figure 2), agents are split into three groups comprising of α- (agents 12-14), β- (agents 0-3 and 8-11), and γ-agents (agents 4-7). Early in the simulation, most agents are generally compliant with the choice option (Figure 3). After these initial ticks, β-agents begin to show an average compliance choice ranging between -0.01 and 0.01, indicating either a slightly negative or positive compliance average (Figure 4). In the case shown, compliance was slightly positive for all β-agents, indicating overall weak compliance. At Tick 400, agents become generally more noncompliant (Figure 5). In fact, agents 0-3 and 8-11 become slightly more socially affiliated with the γ-agents (agents 4-7). By the end of the scenario, agents are once again bordering mild compliance or noncompliance, although in most cases the agents are usually slightly negative in their compliance (Figure 6). The sociometric visualization indicates that the β-agents are more closely linked to the γ-agents. Average compliance results for the entire simulation indicate that compliance generally fluctuated near zero for most of the simulation (Figure 7).
Qualitative field observations can be compared to modeling results to indicate if the simulation results could be expected. Data collection teams working in this village have observed that propositions affecting water quantity/quality have, in fact, been passed. In one example, a water filtration facility was voted on, with the resolution passing. However, in this case, there have been a number of delays in the construction and instillation of the facility, with the council being generally ineffective in enforcing its decision. In fact, the γ-agents involved were successful in stalling enforcement of the measure, as these agents controlled the construction team that would have been needed to install the water system. What this suggests is that the village council is weak, similar to the weak positive or negative compliance values obtained from ATM. Certainly, this is not a strong validation of ATM, but it provides an initial indication if the model is potentially applicable for this village's decision scenarios.
Table 2 was applied in this scenario, with the number of agents downscaled to ½ of the actual number of individuals for the same reasons as Scenario 1. As seen in the previous scenario, α- (agents 12-14), β- (agents 0-3 and 7-11), and γ-agents (agents 4-6) are initially separated in sociometric space (Figure 8). In the first few ticks, agents seem to be positive or slightly positive or negative in their compliance responses (Figure 9). Soon, however, agents have a strong tendency for noncompliance and generally remain at this state for the duration of the simulation (Figure 10-11). Comparing the results to the last scenario (Figure 11 vs. Figure 6), β-agents are more clearly associated with γ-agents. In addition, Appendix B indicates that the p-value obtained by comparing the two compliance distributions for Scenarios 1 and 2 shows significant differences. The overall results indicate relatively strong negative compliance by the community council (Figure 12).
As for comparing simulation results with field observations, again some qualitative assessment can be made. This village was observed to be unable to pass any resolutions that may benefit water delivery or quality for residents. In fact, recent observations indicate that the decision council was generally unorganized and incapable in uniting the decision brokers to come up with a necessary consensus for addressing community water needs.
In order to better observe how ATM performs, certify that the model functions according to our stated goals, and understand how changes in a specific variable could affect the social system, we performed a series of sensitivity tests to applied parameters in γ-agents (North and Macal 2007; Midgley et al. 2007). Here, we attempt to investigate at which level of importance do γ-agents need to be reduced to in order to have significantly less negative influence on β-agent compliance. In this case, we change the importance input for γ-agents to values that range between 0.4 and 0.7, with all other variables using values from Scenario 2. As summarized by the results in Appendix B, the sub-scenarios (a-d) show that there are statistically significant differences between this scenario (Scenario 3a) and Scenario 2 and within the different parameter settings for this scenario (Scenario 3b-3d). Based on qualitative observation, the results suggest that the reduction of the importance parameter to 0.4 or less lead to compliance being generally positive (i.e., compliance averaging above 0.1), while values at 0.5 or greater make the community slightly positive or negative in compliance. Visually, however, output results between 0.4 and 0.6 are not very different (Figure 13).
In addition to testing sensitivity to the importance parameter, we tested changes to the decision cost parameter. The question we had in this scenario was to what extent can changes in decision cost cause γ-agents to comply with a proposition? We used the same parameters as Scenario 2, with the exception of the decision cost parameter changed for the γ-agents (Appendix B). In general, ATM proved to be more sensitive to changes in this parameter, as changes of 1/10th caused qualitatively different results to compliance. As an example, decision cost values at 0.4 for γ-agents result in the overall compliance being significantly positive, while at 0.5 the results were not significantly positive (Scenarios 4a and 4b; Figure 14). Even at the 0.4 level, however, γ-agents were still somewhat negative in their compliance. Decision cost values at 0.2 (Scenario 4d), on the other hand, did make γ-agents more positive in compliance, as apparent in Tick 600 (Figure 15). In fact, for the 0.2 decision cost value, the sociometric visualization at Tick 600 shows that all agents, including γ-agents, were clustered far closer together than in other scenarios, showing greater social cohesion for the group as a whole. This relative cohesion remained generally consistent until the end of the simulation. Comparisons of distributions between this scenario (Scenario 4a) and Scenario 2 and within this scenario (Scenario 4b-4d) showed statistically significant distribution changes.
In this scenario, we test normative dependence by a sensitivity analysis on γ-agents. The question this scenario attempts to address is how much does normative dependence have to change for γ-agents before significant system-level changes can be observed? Similar to the previous cases, we use the initial inputs from Scenario 2 (Appendix B). In general, very minor qualitative changes (i.e., compliance choices becoming strongly positive) occur between this scenario and Scenario 2 until we tested normative dependence at α/β ratios, used for the beta distribution discussed for this parameter, greater than 6/4 (i.e., Scenario 5b-d). In fact, looking at sociometric visualizations of Tick 400 for the 6/4 and 7/3 ratios, very different results between these ratios are apparent (Figures 16-17). The 6/4 ratio results in most of the agents having negative compliance, while the 7/3 ratio produces a strong positive compliance. In addition, in the 6/4 ratio case (Scenario 5a), the compliance result between Scenario 2 and this scenario is not significantly different (i.e., p-value < 0.01), while at the 7/3 level β- and γ-agents are clustered closely to each other and there is overall positive compliance. Looking at the overall compliance averages for normative dependence ratios at 6/4, 7/3, and 8/2, the dramatic differences in results are self-evident (Figure 18).
For our final scenario, we attempted to determine the effect of variations in affective dependence on the overall system. As before, we use the inputs from Scenario 2, but we only change the affective dependence values for γ-agents. From the results, overall compliance is more negative than Scenario 2's parameter states. With affective dependence ratios ranging between 7/3 to 4/6 (i.e., Scenarios 6a-d) in γ-agents, β-agents are significantly less compliant. What is interesting to note is as values decrease less than 4/6, then mean compliance improves, albeit at a very moderate rate (Scenarios 6d-g; Figure 19). Qualitatively, compliance is strongly negative in values ranging between 1/9 and 7/3. The results could be explained by the fact that the decision cost remained at a relatively high level for γ-agents, while γ-agents' shares in the collective benefit were relatively low. This leads to the question, can changes in decision cost and affective dependence in γ-agents create a stronger positive compliance than only changing the decision cost value?
In order to show how decision cost suppresses positive compliance, we set the decision cost parameter for γ-agents to 0.4, a value that was earlier used in Scenario 4b. In addition, we use the 1/9 ratio for affective dependence in γ-agents that was modeled in Scenario 6g. In this case, looking at the mean compliance in this scenario vs. Scenario 4b's mean compliance, the overall compliance in this scenario is greater. The distributions of these scenarios are significantly different (i.e., p-value < 0.01). What this shows is that lowering affective dependence values in γ-agents only improves average compliance if decision costs for γ-agents are also lowered.
From these results, we demonstrate two different social network structures (Scenarios 1-2) that have influenced decisions on potable water access. Our model, though still relatively simple, has similarity to observed field observations presented in these scenarios. In addition, we provided several sensitivity tests (Scenario 3-6) of important parameters in γ-agents, testing importance, decision cost, and normative and affective dependence, in order to present how changes in these parameters affect community decisions. The results indicate which thresholds in γ-agent's parameters cause system-level changes that are significantly different than other scenarios. In some cases, although statistical significance was apparent, the compliance result was not qualitatively different than the scenario being compared to (e.g., 6b-g). In other cases, such as in Scenario 5b, a small change to a parameter did cause statistically and qualitatively significant results.
can be answered to some extent. In Scenario 1, which incorporates Table 1's social network, model output indicates that decision makers may have difficulty forming a consensus, with compliance and noncompliance being almost evenly split. In this village, problems associated with enforcing decisions have been observed, suggesting village council decisions have been weakly enforced or follow-up decisions were not made to sustain initial decisions. In Scenario 2, which applies Table 2's social network, both qualitative observations and model output suggest that the council is generally unable to pass resolutions that a majority of decision makers can accept.
In addition to Scenarios 1 and 2, the parameter sensitivity tests help to indicate that ATM did function according to our intention and how changes to γ-agents' parameters affect overall compliance. Based on the results from all scenarios, we have demonstrated that γ-agents can negatively or positively affect overall community compliance based on their levels of importance to the community, personal decision cost, how they learn from other agents, and self-oriented goals. Depending on changes to these variables, γ-agents can direct or deflect β-agents' decisions, thereby influencing the overall community decision on a given issue. Because β-agents makeup the majority of community decision makers, α- and γ-agents compete for these agents, with social influence and agent-specific factors (e.g., decision cost and group- vs. self-oriented goals) affecting β-agents' choices. Minimizing the social significance and agent-specific factors affecting γ-agents' refusal to comply increases the likelihood that α-agents can attract β-agents into complying with a choice.
For now, the most significant shortcoming of our work is a lack of detailed quantitative validation. However, a benefit to ATM is that it provides questions that we can attempt to address through fieldwork. This can address several possible shortcomings in our work, thereby enhancing validation of ATM. First, collection of similar data to those presented at other villages can assist in showing if ATM is applicable to other cases or what other factors are affecting group decisions. Second, variables such as decision cost, importance, affective dependence, and normative dependence are currently static for agents. This leads us to ask whether or not dynamic processes can be observed evolving these factors in agent decisions, and if algorithms addressing how these variables evolve can be incorporated. Third, we need to obtain more detailed information from specific agents to enhance our understanding not only of how α-, β-, and γ-agents are different from each other but also within each type. For instance, one may expect decision cost values to be different between β-agents. Fourth, we need to collect more precise data on water resource decisions, such as data on specific votes by individuals or how measures implementing previous decisions were stopped, so that quantitative validation can be done on model outcomes. Although we do not intend to forecast precise decision results (i.e., vote results) from our model, we will need to obtain specific decision results in order to conduct quantitative validation. Our future proposed work will not significantly complicate ATM; however, we intend to provide a better understanding of current variables.
As for factors that might be difficult to determine regardless of our efforts, we do not know what the social structures were in villages during the more distant past. The initial social networks presented have emerged from structures influenced by both exogenous and endogenous factors, many of which are unknown. There could be factors from previous decisions that influence current council decisions in communities; these factors could be difficult for outsiders to these villages to understand and observe.
Despite these shortcomings, we feel that models addressing group decision-making are vital for northern latitudes as communities in these regions are undergoing rapid change (Robards and Alessa 2004). Knowing how communities will respond, adapt, and the likelihood of their success in adaptation to such change will increasingly become more important to both aid and management agencies. As researchers, our intent is to assist in this process by creating tools that can enhance decision-making and policy by stakeholders. Some initial progress has been made through ATM by showing that some generally accurate forecasts of village responses can be made. Our objective is that future effort will supplement and enhance our preliminary work.
ATM can be run for as many ticks as desired. For current scenarios, the number of ticks is set to 600 as it is enough to enable clear network patterns to develop and accounts for deliberations during the period in which decisions are made. In the first step of ATM, a principal component analysis (PCA) is applied on agent weight values to determine how close agents are to each other in sociometric space (Bonacich 1972; Scott 2000; Kitts 2006). In other words, weight values distinguish the influence of agents on each other. The x and y coordinates are the first two eigenvectors of an agent's location in relation to other agents, based on social weight, applied in a similar manner as Faust et al. (2002) and Kitts (2006). The coordinates provide a visual representation to indicate, based on social weights, if cliques of agents can be discerned. In the last tick of a simulation, the PCA is called again after the last model function in order to provide final output of an agent's sociometric location. A schematic representation of ATM is provided (Figure 20). We present AT M based on the order in which main functions are called, with subfunctions presented after each higher-order function.
Figure 20. Schematic representation of ATM. Each numbered step corresponds to the numbered function discussed in the text. The main functions are connected by arrows, while subfunctions (shown in brown) are associated with the main functions via colored (black=Propensity to Comply; orange=Weight Adjustment) connectors.
where all previous compliance (c) to a choice, with -1 and 1 representing noncompliance and compliance respectively, by each agent (i) are summed and divided by the total number of agents (N). The value provides agents with an idea of how strongly a choice is supported by the decision group and how much benefit agents can expect to receive from the choice. With the benefit share kept as a global variable for the given round, each agent then adjusts his or her propensity to comply (PC), that is whether or not the agent will accept the proposed choice. For all α-agents, their propensity to comply is always 1, as these agents initiate the idea to accept a given choice and never change their minds.
where δ is the normative dependence, CB is compliance bias, and IC is influence compliance for i. Normative dependence ranges between 0 to 1; values closer to 0 represent those who consider individual experience in learning, while values closer to 1 represent individuals who consider corporate experience in learning (Kitts 2006). This function effectively allows agents to consider individual and group influences in evaluating a choice.
as i's compliance bias is changed (δ) at each tick according to the agent's choice satisfaction (CS), with values limited to being between -1 to 1 (-1 is dissatisfied; 1 is satisfied), and a linear impact function (θ), which allows the compliance bias from the previous tick to influence the current bias. Values greater than 0 indicate greater bias for i to accept a choice. If there is no previous compliance bias, then the previous value is set to 0.
with affective dependence (D), ranging between 0 and 1, compliance (c), individual benefit share (S), and individual cost (e) to agree on a choice for i as factors in determining choice satisfaction. Affective dependence (D) can be defined as a static variable that captures whether an agent cares more about collective benefit (i.e., values closer to 0) or personal approval (i.e., values closer to 1; Kitts 2006). The individual cost to agree (e) is another agent static value that measures how much cost, or perceived cost, is it for an agent to comply with the decision that is being evaluated. In this function, compliance satisfaction values less than -1 or greater than 1 are artificially made to be -1 or 1 respectively because these extremes represent the most an agent can be dissatisfied or satisfied. In summary, agents consider their collective and individual benefits relative to the decision cost in determining how satisfied they are with accepting a given choice.
in which the input value (v) is evolved according to the rule defined. For compliance bias, this allows the previous round's output (i.e., the input value for the function) to influence the current round's consideration, allowing agent experience to affect decisions in a similar conceptual manner to other reinforced learning methods (Macy and Flache 2002). In future efforts, the 0.1 value in the conditional statement could be made more variable to allow for a modification of this rule.
where the function evaluates the social weight (w) of i with other agents (j) as well as those agents' importance (I) and choices (c) in influencing i. Variable I ranges between 0 and 1 (0 is no importance; 1 is the most importance), reflecting the influence that an agent has on the overall community. In other words, even if i does not get along with j, i still considers j's overall importance to the community (i.e., global influence on the community). As an example, an agent who holds a critical office or work responsibility in a community (e.g., water system manager) might not be well respected, thus initially having relatively low social weight values with other agents, but that agent may have significant importance due to his or her social position in the community. Our concept of influence departs from Kitts' model in that agents have global influence rather than only local social influence (i.e., social weight). We see an agent's importance as a critical variable in pushing agent choices in communities studied. For this function, the average taken of all the agents excludes i. For future iterations of this model, and as better data emerge, an agent-specific weight value could be used to modify the significance of the importance variable for different agents evaluating influence compliance. After an agent applies the functions discussed (1-6), social weight of i with j is updated.
where the change of weight (δW) of i with j evolve using the previous tick's weight (wij). Here, we again depart from Kitts' model in that our agents consider propensity to choose measured relative to j's choice, approval of j based on affective dependence, previous social weight with j, and propensity to approve measured relative to the approval of other agents (k) to j considered as the four factors that evolve the social weight between i and j. In addition to previously defined inputs, one of the subfunctions called is the propensity to approve (PA) of another agent in the social network.
where AB is approval bias and IA is influence approval of the i and j link. Structured similarly to the propensity to comply function, this function determines the likelihood i will approve of j.
which determines the change (δ) from the previous interval's approval bias of i and j, with AS representing approval satisfaction. Values greater than 0 indicate a greater bias to approval of j, while values less than 0 represent a bias to disapprove. The previous step's approval bias, similar to the compliance bias function (3), is used as input for the linear impact function defined earlier (5). This allows previous experience to affect current perceptions.
with the effective dependence (D) of i, in a similar manner to (4), again used. Agents find values above 0 to be satisfying, whiles values less than 0 are not satisfying. As with choice satisfaction, agents consider group benefit and individual approval in determining their satisfaction. Similar to compliance satisfaction, approval satisfaction values less than -1 and greater than 1 are made to be -1 and 1 respectively because these values represent the extremes of how much an agent is dissatisfied or satisfied in approving of another agent.
with the function valuing j's approval of i as well as i's weight with j.
with all the variables applied defined previously. Similar to influence compliance, importance (I) and social weight (w) allow i to consider local and global factors of k in addition to k's approval of j.
where a random value (r) from a uniform distribution (U) between -1 to 1 is evaluated against the PAij value (x). This allows strong negative or positive results to be negative or positive respectively. Other values, however, are more ambiguous and are, therefore, evaluated stochastically.
After all agents have finished updating their new weight values and determined whether they approve or reject another agent (j), agents update their compliance decision using the result of PCi. All α-agents retain a response of 1 (i.e. comply), while other agent types with values less or greater than -0.2 or 0.2 respectively result in a deterministic answer in a similar manner to PAij. Results between -0.2 and 0.2 are determined stochastically using the rule in (13).
Data listed below show scenario metrics including scenarios compared to each other, the variables tested, the W and p-value quantities using Wilcoxen signed-rank tests, standard deviation (s.d.), and mean. Wilcoxen signed-rank tests were used to check statistical significance between the compliance distributions compared in scenarios. The p-values listed display results to the nearest 1/100th value. Each scenario was executed 1000 times. Standard deviation and mean reflect results from aggregate simulation runs in scenarios. Data presented as ratios (e.g., 7/3) represent the alpha (i.e., 7) and beta (i.e., 3) inputs used for a beta distribution.
All authors (Altaweel, Alessa, and Kliskey) contributed equally to this paper. We are grateful to the National Science Foundation (OPP Arctic System Science #0327296 and #0328686 and Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research #0701898) for funding this research. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation.
ALESSA, Lilian N. and Andrew D. Kliskey (2010) The role of agent types in detecting and responding to environmental change. Resilience and Adaptive Management Group Publications 2010(1). http://ram.uaa.alaska.edu/Publications/AgentTypes.pdf.
CAMERER, Colin F. (2003) Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
FEHR, Ernst and Klaus M. Schmidt (2006) The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism: Experimental Evidence and New Theories. In: S.C. Kolm and J.M. Ythier (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity, Vol. 1., pp. 616-690, New York: Elsevier.
FLEISCHMANN, Anslem (2005) A Model for a Simple Luhmann Economy. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 8(2)4 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/8/2/4.html.
GARSON, David G. (1998) Neural Networks: An Introductory Guide for Social Scientists. London: Sage Publications.
HEBB, Donald O. (1949) The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Approach. New York: Wiley.
HOLLAND, John H. (1998) Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MARWELL, Gerald and Pamela Oliver (1993) The Critical Mass in Collective Action: Studies in Rationality and Social Change. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
NORTH, Michael J. and Charles M. Macal (2007) Managing Business Complexity: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation. New York: Oxford University Press.
PUJOL, Joseph M., Andreas Flache, Jordi Delgado, and Ramon Sangüesa (2005) How Can Social Networks Ever Become Complex? Modelling the Emergence of Complex Networks from Local Social Exchanges. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 8(4)12 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/8/4/12.html.
R Project (2009) The R Project for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org/.
REPAST (2009) Repast: Recursive Porous Agent Simulation Toolkit. http://repast.sourceforge.net/.
SCOTT, John (2000) Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. 2nd ed. Colchester, UK : Sage Publications.
STOCKER, Rob, David Cornforth, and T.R.J. Bossomaier (2002) Network Structures and Agreement in Social Network Simulations. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 5(4)3 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/4/3.html.
STOCKER, Rob, David G. Green, and David Newith (2001) Consensus and Cohesion in Simulated Social Networks. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 4(4)5 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/4/5.html.
SHUGUANG, Suo and Yu Chen (2008) The Dynamics of Public Opinion in Complex Networks. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 11(4)2 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/2.html. |
0.999742 | What films has Debbie Rochon been in?
What happens when someone asks me, "What films has Debbie Rochon been in?"
"Richard Bey Show, The" (1995) playing "Film Guest"
"Phil Donahue Show, The" (1970) playing "In video with Rae Dawn Chong"
"Joe Franklin Show, The" (1950) playing "Guest" |
0.950602 | Charles Marion Russell (March 19, 1864 – October 24, 1926), also known as C. M. Russell, Charlie Russell, and "Kid" Russell, was an artist of the Old American West. Russell created more than 2,000 paintings of cowboys, Indians, and landscapes set in the Western United States and in Alberta, Canada, in addition to bronze sculptures. Known as 'the cowboy artist', Russell was also a storyteller and author. The C. M. Russell Museum Complex located in Great Falls, Montana, houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks, personal objects, and artifacts. Other major collections are held at the Montana Historical Society in Helena, Montana, the Buffalo Bill Center of the West in Cody, Wyoming, the Amon Carter Museum of American Art in Fort Worth, Texas, and the Sid Richardson Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.
Russell's mural titled Lewis and Clark Meeting the Flathead Indians hangs in the state capitol building in Helena, Montana. Russell's 1918 painting Piegans sold for $5.6 million at a 2005 auction.
Art was always a part of Russell's life. Growing up in Missouri, he drew sketches and made clay figures of animals. Russell had an intense interest in the wild west and would spend hours reading about it. Russell would watch explorers and fur traders who frequently came through Missouri. Russell learned to ride horses at Hazel Dell Farm near Jerseyville, Illinois, on a famous Civil War horse named Great Britain. Russell's instructor was Col. William H. Fulkerson, who had married into the Russell family. At the age of sixteen, Russell left school and went to Montana to work on a sheep ranch.
Russell came to Montana in 1880 at the age of 16. After an unsuccessful stint working on a sheep ranch, he found work with a hunter and trapper turned rancher named Jake Hoover, who owned a ranch in the Judith Basin, and from whom Russell learned much about the ways of the west. The two men remained lifelong friends. After a brief visit to his family in 1882, he returned to Montana, where he remained for the rest of his life. He worked as a cowboy for a number of outfits, and documented the harsh winter of 1886–1887 in a number of watercolors. Russell was working on the O-H Ranch in the Judith Basin of Central Montana at the time, when the ranch foreman received a letter from the owner, asking how the cattle herd had weathered the winter. Instead of a letter, the ranch foreman sent a postcard-sized watercolor Russell had painted of gaunt steer being watched by wolves under a gray winter sky. The ranch owner showed the postcard to friends and business acquaintances and eventually displayed it in a shop window in Helena, Montana. After this, work began to come steadily to the artist. Russell's caption on the sketch, Waiting for a Chinook, became the title of the drawing, and Russell later created a more detailed version which is one of his best-known works.
Beginning in 1888, Russell spent a period living with the Blood Indians, a branch of the Blackfeet nation. It is believed that much of his intimate knowledge of Native American culture came from this period. Upon returning to white culture in 1889, he found the Judith Basin filling up with settlers, so he worked in more open places for a couple of years before settling in the area of Great Falls, Montana, in 1892, in an attempt to make a living as a full-time artist. |
0.955251 | English Classicist Painter, 1841-1893 Albert Joseph Moore (4 September 1841 ?C 25 September 1893) was an English painter, known for his depictions of langorous female figures set against the luxury and decadence of the classical world. SilverHe was born in York in 1841, the youngest of the fourteen children of the artist William Moore of York who in the first half of the 19th century enjoyed a considerable reputation in the North of England as a painter of portraits and landscape. In his childhood Albert Moore showed an extraordinary love of art, and as he was encouraged in his tastes by his father and brothers, two of whom afterwards became famous as artists ?? John Collingham Moore and Henry Moore, and he was able to begin the active exercise of his profession at an unusually early age. His first exhibited works were two drawings which he sent to the Royal Academy in 1857. A year later he became a student in the Royal Academy schools; but after working in them for a few months only he decided that he would be more profitably occupied in independent practice. During the period that extended from 1858 to 1870, though he produced and exhibited many pictures and drawings, he gave up much of his time to decorative work of various kinds, and painted, in 1863, a series of wall decorations at Coombe Abbey, the seat of the Earl of Craven; in 1865 and 1866 some elaborate compositions: The Last Supper and The Feeding of the Five Thousand on the chancel walls of the church of St. Alban's, Rochdale; and in 1868 A Greek Play, an important panel in tempera for the proscenium of the Queen's Theatre in Long Acre. His first large canvas, Elijah's Sacrifice, was completed during a stay of some five months in Rome at the beginning of 1863, and appeared at the Academy in 1865. A still larger picture, The Shunamite relating the Glories of King Solomon to her Maidens, was exhibited in 1866, and with it two smaller works, Apricots and Pomegranates. In these Albert Moore asserted plainly the particular technical conviction that for the rest of his life governed the whole of his practice, and with them he first took his place definitely among the most original of British painters. |
0.953596 | Multiple Emmy and Golden Globe Award winner Martin Sheen is one of Americas most celebrated, colorful, and accomplished actors. Moving flawlessly between artistic mediums, Sheens acting range is breathtaking.
Multiple Emmy and Golden Globe Award winner Martin Sheen is one of Americas most celebrated, colorful, and accomplished actors. Moving flawlessly between artistic mediums, Sheens acting range is breathtaking. Martin Sheen was born Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estevez in Dayton, Ohio, to Mary-Ann (Phelan), an Irish immigrant (from Borrisokane, County Tipperary), and Francisco Estevez, a Spanish-born factory worker and machinery inspector (from Parderrubias, Galicia). On the big screen, Sheen has appeared in more than 65 feature films including a star turn as Army Captain Benjamin L. Willard in Francis Ford Coppolas landmark film Apocalypse Now (1979), which brought Sheen worldwide recognition. The film also starred Marlon Brando, Dennis Hopper and Robert Duvall. Other notable credits include Wall Street (1987) (with son Charlie Sheen and Michael Douglas), Academy Award-winning film Gandhi (1982) (with Sir Ben Kingsley), Catch Me If You Can (2002) (with Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks), The American President (1995) (with Michael Douglas and Annette Bening) and a Golden Globe nominated breakthrough performance as Timmy Cleary in The Subject Was Roses (1968), a role he originated on Broadway and for which he received a Tony Award nomination as Best Featured Actor. In 2006, the actor played ill-fated cop Oliver Queenan in Martin Scorseses Academy Award-winning film The Departed (2006) opposite Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg and Alec Baldwin. The same year, Sheen joined another all-star ensemble cast for the highly acclaimed feature Bobby (2006) written and directed by his son Emilio Estevez. Bobby was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a SAG Award; and starred Anthony Hopkins, Harry Belafonte, Laurence Fishburne, Sharon Stone, William H. Macy, Elijah Wood, Demi Moore and Heather Graham. For television audiences, Sheen is best recognized for his six-time Emmy nominated performance as President Josiah Bartlet in The West Wing (1999). |
0.999867 | In order to have good quality air in the home this winter, the most important thing you can do is inspect the filters. The filters should be checked on a regular basis. When recommended, they should also be replaced. If at any time you notice the filter has become clogged and dirty, make sure to replace it as soon as you can. Depending on the household, some filters become dirty quicker than others do. Having the furnace filters inspected and replaced on a regular basis can help keep your home safe and healthy. The filters should remain fresh and clean as long as possible. The filters are designed to collect and trap the indoor air pollutants and contaminants. This is important because it collects these pollutants before it can escape into the air and be distributed throughout your home.
To help provide good quality air in your home, make sure to have the heating system maintained on a regular basis. We can inspect the furnace, ductwork, and thermostat. This way you can help to ensure the system is working as effective as possible. The ductwork should also be inspected to make sure it is clean. If there is too much dirt and dust buildup, the ductwork will need to be cleaned out. The thermostat should also be inspected to make sure it is able to effectively send information to the heater itself. That way the heating system can produce and maintain the temperature that you have the thermostat set at.
The filters of the heating system should be inspected on a regular basis. When it is recommended, the filters should be changed. At anytime if you notice that a majority of the filter is clogged with dust and dirt, make sure to replace it. This can help to ensure the cleanest possible air for your home. The filters can collect any pet dander, mold spores, or other harmful pollutants. This can help for you to breathe easier. It can also help reduce the chance of allergy or asthma symptoms.
Air filters can have a large effect not only the indoor air quality, but also the way the furnace operates. As the filter begins to collect various bits of dust, pet dander, and pollen, it will become clogged. Over time, the clogged filter can build up with more dust, which will then make it difficult for air to pass through it. Having a clogged filter can cause the blower to work hard, which will then cause the energy bill to increase each month. A dirty filter can also cause the blower motor to overheat with time, and eventually burn out. This can cause you unneeded stress, time, and money to have it fixed. The best option is to replace the filter to help prevent further damage and wear to other parts of the heating system. We can also inspect the heating system and filter to ensure it will work effectively this winter. |
0.895012 | Not to be confused with Arthur Fielder.
Arthur Fiedler (December 17, 1894 – July 10, 1979) was a long-time conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra, a symphony orchestra that specializes in popular and light classical music. With a combination of musicianship and showmanship, he made the Boston Pops one of the best-known orchestras in the United States. Fiedler was sometimes criticized for over-popularizing music, particularly when adapting popular songs or edited portions of the classical repertoire, but he kept performances informal and sometimes self-mocking to attract a bigger audience.
Fiedler was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Johanna (Bernfeld) and Emanuel Fiedler. His parents were Austrian Jewish immigrants. His father was a violinist who played in the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and his mother was a pianist. He grew up in Boston, and attended Boston Latin School until his father retired in the early 1900s, and they moved to Vienna, Austria, in 1910. The family soon moved again, to Berlin, where from 1911 to 1915 young Fiedler studied violin at the Royal Academy of Music (Hochschule für Musik Berlin) under Willy Hess. Fiedler returned to Boston at the beginning of World War I. In 1915 he joined the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Karl Muck as a violinist. He also worked as a pianist, organist, and percussionist.
Fiedler was appointed the eighteenth conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra in 1930. While the position of conductor of the Boston Pops both prior to and after Fiedler tended to be a phase of a conductor's career, Fiedler made it his life's work, having the position for a half-century.
With Fiedler's direction, the Boston Pops reportedly made more recordings than any other orchestra in the world, most of them for RCA Victor, with total sales exceeding $50 million. His recordings began in July 1935 at Boston's Symphony Hall with RCA Victor, including a world premiere recording of Jacob Gade's "Jalousie", which eventually sold more than a million copies, and the first complete recording of Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin (with Jesús María Sanromá as soloist; around that time they also made the first recording of Edward MacDowell's Second Concerto). In 1946, he conducted the Boston Pops in one of the first American recordings devoted to excerpts from a film score, Dmitri Tiomkin's music for the David O. Selznick Technicolor epic Duel in the Sun. RCA Victor released an album of ten-inch 78-rpm discs complete with photographs from the film.
Fiedler's June 20, 1947, recording of Gaîté Parisienne by Jacques Offenbach was eventually released by RCA as their first long-playing classical album (RCA Victor LM-1001), in 1950. He recorded the same music in 1954 in stereo and began making regular stereo recordings in 1956. A number of Fiedler's recordings were released as 45-rpm "extended play" discs, beginning in 1949, such as Tchaikovsky's Marche Slave and Ketèlbey's In a Persian Market (RCA Victor ERA-2). Besides recording light classics, Fiedler also recorded music from Broadway shows and Hollywood film scores, as well as arrangements of popular music, especially the Beatles. He and the Boston Pops occasionally recorded classical works that were favorites, but not considered as "light" as most of the pieces that he conducted. He made but a single recording with the Boston Symphony Orchestra: Dvorak's New World Symphony. There were also recordings of chamber music by his Sinfonietta. Fiedler and the Boston Pops recorded exclusively for RCA Victor until 1970, when they switched to Deutsche Grammophon for classical releases with co-owned Polydor Records for his arrangements of pop music compositions and then London Records. His last album, devoted to disco, was titled Saturday Night Fiedler.
Fiedler was also associated with the San Francisco Pops Orchestra for 26 summers (beginning during 1949), and conducted many other orchestras throughout the world. He was a featured conductor on several of NBC's The Standard Hour programs in 1950 and 1951, conducting the San Francisco Symphony in the War Memorial Opera House; the performances were preserved on transcription discs and later released on audio cassette.
In very rare visiting performances, Fiedler accepted the invitation to conduct Don Caneva's John Hersey High School Bands after reviewing their latest recordings. Caneva said, “I was tremendously pleased and delighted when he said he would accept our invitation, after hearing a recent recording of the band." Fiedler ended up conducting twice for Caneva's bands in 1971 and 1972. In the final 1972 performance the band opened the Symphonic Winds portion of the concert with the "Festive Overture" by Dmitri Schostakovich, followed with the "American Salute" by Morton Gould. For the conclusion of this portion, Fiedler chose "The Finale From The New World Symphony" by Anton Dvorak. He also conducted Leroy Anderson's "Serenata" with the high school band.
Fiedler dressed for the part of a fireman for a show skit. Red Skelton is dressed as Clem Kadiddlehopper.
Fiedler had many different hobbies. He was fascinated by the work of firefighters and would travel in his own vehicle to large fires in and around Boston at any time of the day or night to watch the firefighters at work. He was even made an "Honorary Captain" in the Boston Fire Department. A number of other fire departments gave him honorary fire helmets and/or badges. The official biography of Fiedler reports that the conductor once helped in the rescue efforts at the tragic Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston in 1942. An avid sailor, he volunteered during the early days of World War II for the Temporary Reserve of the U.S. Coast Guard and was later a member of the Coast Guard Auxiliary.
Fiedler conducted at the nationally televised opening ceremonies of Walt Disney World in 1971. He also appeared on numerous telecasts on Evening at Pops, carried on PBS stations nationwide.
In 1972, Fiedler was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.
Fiedler is best remembered by contemporary audiences for his conducting of the Boston Pops at the outdoor Hatch Memorial Shell on the July 4, 1976 celebration of the US Bicentennial. The rendition of the 1812 Overture led by a jacketless and demonstrative Fiedler, capped by a huge fireworks finale over the Charles River was the climax of all day long network television coverage. The video of the aged but obviously delighted Fiedler puffing out his cheeks to the beat of the music and mugging for his musicians was one of the most talked about images of the country's celebration.
In honor of Fiedler's influence on American music, on October 23, 1976 he was awarded the prestigious University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit. Beginning in 1964, this award "established to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year that has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression."
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Fiedler and Wernher von Braun in his office during the Fiedlers' visit to the Marshall Space Flight Center on March 23, 1962.
In 1942, Fiedler married Ellen Bottomley, and they had three children: Johanna, Deborah, and Peter.
In 1994, Doubleday published a book written by his daughter, Johanna, titled Arthur Fiedler: Papa, the Pops and Me.
Fiedler died on July 10, 1979 after having been in failing health for some time. During the previous winter, he suffered a stroke that temporarily left him unable to speak, but he quickly recovered and in May conducted a concert to celebrate his 50th anniversary as conductor of the Pops. A few days later, he had a mild heart attack after another performance. He collapsed while studying music scores in his Brookline, Massachusetts home and suffered cardiac arrest. After his death, Boston honored him with a stylized sculpture, an oversized bust of Fiedler, near the Charles River Esplanade, and named a footbridge over Storrow Drive after him. This area is home of the free concert series that continues through the present day. Composer John Williams succeeded Fiedler as the orchestra's nineteenth director. His widow, Ellen Bottomley Fiedler, died October 25, 1984, in Framingham, Massachusetts. She was 70.
^ a b c d e Hughes, Allen (July 11, 1979). "Arthur Fiedler, 84, Conductor of Boston Pops 50 Years, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
^ Jeremy Nicholas. "Booklet notes to Hyperion CDA67165". Hyperion-records.co.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^ Edgers, Geoff (May 2, 2007). "Saturday Night Fiedler". The Boston Globe.
^ "The Daily Herald from Chicago, Illinois · Page 29". Newspapers.com. 1970-12-14. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Berklee College of Music. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
^ "Boston Pops 1812 July 4, 1976 Bicentennial". YouTube. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^ "The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit Recipients". Dolphin.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
^ "Non-fiction review: Arthur Fiedler: Papa, the Pops and Me". Publishers Weekly. August 29, 1994. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
"Remarks Upon Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom". The American Presidency Project.
Dickson, Harry Ellis (1981). Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-30524-1.
Fiedler, Johanna (1994). Arthur Fiedler: Papa, the Pops and Me. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-42391-8.
Moore, Robin (1980). Fiedler, the Colorful Mr. Pops: The Man and His Music. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-76008-8.
Wilson, Carol Green (1968). Arthur Fiedler: Music for the Millions. New York: Evans.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Fiedler. |
0.999918 | Text: November 27. – The new play at the HAYMARKET wants the scope and proportions of a regular English comedy, being in outline and structure of a French cast; but in character it is English, in sentiment thoroughly so, and its language and expression, whether of seriousness or humour, have the tone at once easy and earnest which truth gives to scholarship and wit.
The acting, too, is unusually good. There is a poor poet who doubles the scanty callings of painter and player, and whom Goldsmith could not have better described, or Leslie painted, than Mr. Webster acts him. The delicacy and strength of this performance took us by surprise. The humour and pathos closely neighbouring each other, smiles playing about the tears, and the mirth always trembling into sadness, belonged to most real art. And it was full of minute touches which showed the discrimination of the actor. For instance – that absurd air of helplessness, which the habit of incessant failure gives to a man. The poor starving author cannot hold even a couple of his own rejected tragedies in his hands without dropping one of them, nor pick up the straggler till its companion has tumbled after it.
The title of the comedy is ‘Masks and Faces, or Before and Behind the Curtain.’ Its heroine is Garrick’s favourite, Peg Woffington; whose attractive sprightliness, spirited independence, good understanding, and thoroughly good nature, distinguished her so favourably among the dames of the English theatre in the old days of the Sir Harry Wildairs and Lady Betty Modishes, and while yet the Iphigenias wore cherry-coloured silk over their large hoop petticoats. The drift of the little comedy is to show the good heart of the actress shining out through the disadvantage of her position and her calling, and rebuking the better fortune of those who have to struggle with no such temptations. There appears to be just now a great run upon such subjects with our French neighbours. Shut out by the censorship from most topics that trench upon the real world, French playwrights have betaken themselves in despair to the world of unreality, and now find their most popular subjects behind the scenes. They have just invented a model English actor at the Français, who by all sorts of nobility and propriety of conduct breaks down the most inveterate prejudices of caste; and at the Variétés they have reproduced a scamp of an actor of the infamous days of the Regency, who turns out to be after all the most interesting and fine-hearted rogue conceivable. In short, the Parisian spirit of the day, in these matters, is pretty much expressed in what one of our own wits used to be fond of contrasting in the fortunes of the two Duchesses of Bolton. The poor high-born lady, educated in solitude with choice of all good books, with a saintlike governess, and fairly crammed with virtue – what did it all come to? her husband despised her and the public laughed at her. Whereas the frank and fearless Polly, bred in an alehouse and produced on the stage, obtained not only wealth and title, but found the way to be esteemed, so that her husband respected and loved her, as the public had done before him.
The authors of ‘Masks and Faces’ (for there are two, Mr. Tom Taylor and Mr. Charles Reade) do not quite fall into this vein, however. They rather follow the example of the enthusiastic bishop, who, on hearing an actress of doubtful reputation sing divinely at an Oratorio, suddenly and loudly cried out, “Woman, thy sins be forgiven thee!” They do not suppress the sins of Mrs. Woffington, in the act of exhibiting what virtues as well as sorrows neighboured them; and, while they represent her with a touching sense of her own degradation, they have yet the courage to show her accepted for her virtues by the innocent and pure, and not disqualified by her vices to put conventional morality to shame. In a word, it is a very manly and right-minded little comedy; with matter of just reflection in it, as well as much mirth and amusement.
That is a charming scene where Peg visits the poor poet in his garret, while his ailing wife and starving children are sadly interrupting the flow of its comic muse. Nothing here was lost in Mr. Webster’s hands — the angry fretfulness followed by instant remorse, the efforts of self-restraint which are but efforts in vain, the energy that fitfully breaks out and then pitifully breaks down, and the final loss of hope, even of faith in a better providence which is to set right all that misery and wrong – the picture was complete, and set forth with its immemorial Grub-street appendages of no shirt and ragged but ample ruffles. An excellent touch, too, it was in this scene, when the poor, patient, sickly wife, nicely looked and played by Mrs. Leigh Murray, after rebuking her husband for his little outbreak of distrust in Providence, cannot help showing her own little jealousies and fellow-actress’s distrust of Mrs. Woffington. But Peg plays the part of Providence in the miserable garret, and in doing it Mrs. Stirling threw off all her too conscious airs and was really hearty and delightful. She gave the pathetic passages with genuine feeling, the mirthful with cordial enjoyment; and several heightening touches in both marked the personal sympathy and emotion with which the character appeared to have affected her.
The critics introduced are poor enough, and this part of the piece is here and there too long. Mr. Bland, moreover, who played Quin, exaggerated a mistake for which the writers had given him too much excuse, and made a mere loud, coarse, vulgar epicure of him. Quin was a gentleman and a man of wit. We remember him always as the patron as well as friend of the poet Thomson, and as the author of some of the very best things on record. Generally, however, the acting was very good. There was a little sketch of old Colley Cibber, by Mr. Lambert, particularly worth mention as observant and faithful.
Comments: Henry Morley (1822-1894) was a British academic and writer. He was Professor of English at University College London from 1865-1889. His Journal is a record of his attendance at most new production in the leading London theatres over a fifteen-year period. The journal he kept served as the basis for his dramatic reviews in The Examiner, which he edited 1859-1864. Tom Taylor and Charles Reade‘s 1852 Masks and Faces, which tells of the Irish actress Peg Woffington (1720-1760), was a great popular success and led Reade to produce his novel Peg Woffington the following year. Those appearing in the Haymarket Theatre production included Benjamin Nottingham Webster (as Triplet), Elizabeth Leigh Murray (Mrs Triplet), Mary Anne ‘Fanny’ Stirling (Peg), James Bland (Quin) and Mr Lambert (Cibber).
Theatregoing is an ongoing survey reproducing eyewitness testimony of seeing theatrical productions, from the sixteenth century to the present day.
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0.999531 | I am looking for a ghost writer.. I am going to write a book about my life. I have been told by so many people through the years I should write a book.
Hello, I have a very good level in English and worked as a writer for more than a year. I'm confident that I'll be qualified to work with you.
I am a writer and blogger. I would love to work with you regarding your book and your life. |
0.999976 | In other words: can you use my recipes or photos on your website or blog?
You can use my photos on your site, but please do not republish any of my recipes and my photos together. If you want to use my photos, please include a link back to the page where my photo and recipe originated from.
You can republish the ingredient list from any of my recipes to your site, but please link back to the original page for the instructions.
And if in doubt, you can always contact me. |
0.974652 | Consider beginning to honor the resistance, consider getting to know the critic. The critic holds very valuable information. The critic holds our deepest fears; resistance shows us we are on the right track. If we shift our perspective, the critic can be seen as trying to spare us the pain of change, the shame of fear. Our critic discourages us from doing things which are perceived as dangerous. |
0.999998 | Privacy fence companies in Oak Hill do more than keeping prying eyes from your backyard, though this is the reason most people install them. If you are considering installing one, consider these benefits.
What are the Best Types Of Fences to use?
Privacy fences do more than keep prying eyes from your backyard, though this is the reason most people install them. If you are considering installing one, consider these benefits.
1. Noise reduction. Privacy fences create a solid, or nearly solid, wall around your yard which will help deflect sound. If you live on a busy or noisy street, a privacy fence will provide some measure of quieting the din. If you already live in a relatively quiet area, you may find that solid fences will knock down the volume to almost nothing. You can't cut out all noise, but choose a fence that has few gaps, such as a stockade style, and go for the tallest you can to get the most effective noise reduction.
2. Security. Any fence will provide a measure of security, but consider how thieves operate. They first scope out a location, looking for easy access and targeting a home that likely contains high-value items. If your property is surrounded by a privacy fence, they won't have much luck in determining if your property contains anything worth stealing. And if they still decide to breach your property, a privacy fence is more difficult to climb over than a chain link fence.
If you are considering installing a fence around your property, consider a privacy fence. There are many great companies out there that offer a wide array of options, including wooden, vinyl, bamboo and others in a vast array of prices. Even if you have an existing fence, you might be able to add privacy panels to it and gain all the benefits discussed above. |
0.940525 | This paper is a practical guide to the weapons available to a respondent at a return date after an ex parte injunction has been granted against him in the Commercial Court. It has a particular emphasis on how material non-disclosure can be effectively used as the basis for having an injunction set aside. MATERIAL NON-DISCLOSURE APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES The applicant must identify any defences, which, although not yet taken, would have been available to be taken by the Respondent had he been present at the application, provided that: (1) the defence is one which can reasonably be expected to be raised in due course by the Respondent (The Electric Furnace Co.
v Selas Corporation of America R.F.C) (2) the defence is not one which can be dismissed as without substance or importance (e.g. an argument based on a misconceived interpretation of a statutory provision (The Electric Furnace Co. v Selas Corporation of America R.
Another way of putting this is in the case of Lloyd's Bowmaker Ltd v Britannia Arrow 1 W.L.R. 1337 at 1341 and 1343, where Glidewell LJ. says that the authorities cited support the proposition that the applicant "must disclose any defence he has reason to anticipate may be advanced".
The effect of non-disclosure can be a discharge of the order. The applicable principles have been stated in the context of Mareva relief by Ralph Gibson L.J. in Brink's Mat Ltd v Elcombe 1 W.L.R.
1350 at 1356: (i) The duty of the applicant is to make "a full and fair disclosure of all the material facts"; (ii) The material facts are those which it is material for the judge to know in dealing with the application as made: materiality is to be decided by the court and not by the assessment of the applicant or his legal advisers; (iii) The applicant must make proper inquiries before making the application. The duty of disclosure therefore applies not only to material facts known to the applicant but also to any additional facts which he would have known if he had made such enquiries. (iv) The extent of the inquiries which will be held to be proper, and therefore necessary, must depend on all the circumstances of the case including (a) the nature of the case which the applicant is making when he makes the application; and (b) the order for which application is made and the probable effect of the order on the Respondent; (v) If material non-disclosure is established the court will be 'astute to ensure that a plaintiff who obtains [an ex parte injunction] without full disclosure .
is deprived of any advantage he may have derived by the breach of duty'; (vi) Whether the fact not disclosed is of sufficient materiality to justify or require immediate discharge of the order without examination of the merits depends on the importance of the fact to the issues which were to be decided by the judge on the application. (vii) The answer to the question whether the non-disclosure was innocent, in the sense that the fact was not known to the applicant or that its relevance was not perceived, is an important consideration but not decisive by reason of the duty on the applicant to make all proper inquiries and to give careful consideration to the case being presented; (viii) Finally, it 'is not for every omission that the injunction will be automatically discharged. A locus penitentiae may sometimes be afforded', per Lord Denning M.R. in Bank Mellat v Nikpour F.S.
R. 87, 90. The court has a discretion, notwithstanding proof of material non-disclosure which justifies or requires the immediate discharge of the ex parte order, nevertheless to continue the order, or to make a new order on terms. If the non-disclosure is such that the court, on reviewing the matter inter partes, is of the opinion that the ex parte relief was inappropriate and should not have been granted, then plainly the court will' discharge the order (Ali and Fahd Shobokshi Group v Moneim 1 W.L.
R. 710). But the "acid test" for whether or not the order will be discharged is not whether or not the original judge who granted the order ex parte would have been likely to have arrived at a different decision if the material matters had been before him (Behbehani v Salem 1 W.L.R.
723 at 729). A respondent needs to be extremely careful to consider what possible defences could have been identified by an applicant. Careful questioning of your client to identify even the smallest evidential references which explain the behaviour which gave rise to the ex parte application may found a good material non disclosure point. Instead of raising possible defences that a respondent might have at ex parte injunctions in a neutral way, parties all too often try to pre-empt any arguments (whether they have been raised or not).
This is fraught with danger. In Gee on Commercial Injunctions (5th Edition) the point is made that (para 9.008): "When settling the affidavit, however, care must be taken not to seek to draw too strong an adverse inference from the fact that thin defences have been raised; it is one thing to say that the applicant believes that he has a strong case because the defences raised are thin, and that summary judgment may be given, but it is quite another to suggest that the Respondent has not raised them bona fide and that they have been raised at the last minute as a means of putting off the day of payment. Allegations of the latter kind should be made only if there is a proper basis.".
Ian Mann - http://www.employment-barrister-uk.com http://www.13kbw.co.uk 13 King's Bench Walk Ian Mann was called to the Bar in 2000. He practices in all civil and employment disputes. |
0.860951 | Kutkhiny Baty an amazing place in terms of geology and extraordinary in its beauty, located in Ust-Bolsheretsky district, Kamchatka Krai, Russia, near the place where the river headed originates from Kuril Lake and the lake are formed by large volcanic explosions, First 41,500 radiocarbon years ago and the second around 6440 BC. The huge amount of material ejected during the second explosion, comparable to some of the largest eruptions in recorded history, produced by thick pyroclastic flow deposits around the countryside, and some ash fell more than 1000 km away on the Asian mainland. Thus formed porous rock - pumice. Over time, this place was covered with earth and raised new forests. But things are changing. And the small creek began to grind the rock, and the wind completed the initiative and opened it for public gaze the white cliffs. The beautiful valley Kutkhiny Baty, appears in the middle of the green mountains like an white oasis in this view from the air, it is a natural depression formed by unique rock pumice, also known as pumice.
Name Kutkhiny Baty or Kuthiny baht went legend about the main character of Kamchatka - Kutkh. Usually Kutkh appeared before the people in the guise of a crow. According to ltelmen's or the native tribes also have a legend explaining how the valley was formed – they believed that the valley is a storage place for a god’s canoes. Kutkhu - the Lord and the Creator of Kamchatka - used to live on the Kurile Lake for some time, and used to go fishing on the lake and to the ocean in these canoes. Before leaving Kamchatka, Kutkhu put up his boats "Baty", and since then this place has been considered sacred among the locals. There are many stories on this topic, while local artisans can be purchased Kutkh figurines of wood, as well as bone.
The valley is made from whitish pumice stone. Pumice is a very light volcanic rock. Pumice is created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano. The unusual foamy configuration of pumice happens. This is how famous "Kutkhiny Baty", "obelisks" made of pumice and resembling gigantic canoes left to dry, look like from a helicopter. Each "boat" is approximately 16 stories tall. Kurile Lake is a national wildlife preserve and a national monument. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the listings of composition of the volcanoes of Kamchatka. |
0.999549 | There are two questions that immediately come to mind when you hear Boston Cream Pie. One is "Why is it called a pie?", and the other is "Why the name 'Boston'?". To answer the first question of why "pie" instead of "cake", it is probably because colonists baked their cakes in pie tins as they did not own cake pans. As far as calling it Boston Cream Pie, the story began when a New York newspaper in 1855 published a recipe for a 'Pudding Pie Cake'. This recipe was similar to the Boston Cream Pie recipe of today except that it had a powdered sugar topping. From there we go to Boston where a man named Harvey D. Parker opened a restaurant called the Parker House Restaurant. On the menu was a 'Parker House Chocolate Pie', the recipe to which was similar to the New York newspaper recipe except a chocolate glaze had replaced the powdered sugar topping. We are not sure how it was renamed to 'Boston Cream Pie', but Bo Friberg in his book 'The Professional Pastry Chef' thinks "the name stems from the original title (in the New York paper) combined with the reference to Boston."
For those unfamiliar with this dessert, a Boston Cream Pie has two layers of white sponge or butter cake that are sandwiched together with pastry cream. A chocolate glaze is then poured over the top of the cake and allowed to drip down the sides. For this recipe I have used a sponge cake but you could use your favorite butter cake recipe if you like. The filling, a classic pastry cream (creme patisserie), is a rich, thick, vanilla flavored custard made from a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, flour and cornstarch (a thickener) cooked on the stove. Its mild taste and creamy texture goes so well with the flavors and textures of both the sponge cake and chocolate glaze. Now, you can make the pastry cream a day or two ahead of time and simply store it in the refrigerator. However, you will need to whisk the cream before using to get rid of any lumps that may have formed. Although there are different types of chocolate glaze that can be used on a Boston Cream Pie, this recipe combines semi-sweet chocolate with cream (really a ganache) and has a deliciously mild chocolate flavor and shiny texture. Once the cake is assembled, let the glaze set for about an hour. This cake is at its best the day it is made. But leftovers can be covered and stored in the refrigerator for a day or two.
Pastry Cream: In a medium-sized heatproof bowl, mix the sugar and egg yolks. In another bowl, sift or whisk the flour and cornstarch together and then add to the egg mixture, mixing until you get a smooth paste.
Meanwhile in a small saucepan, bring the milk just to a boil over medium heat. Pour the milk slowly into the egg mixture, whisking constantly to prevent curdling. (Strain if necessary.) Then place the egg mixture into a medium saucepan and cook over medium heat until boiling, whisking constantly. When it boils, continue to whisk constantly for another minute or so until it becomes thick. Remove from heat and whisk in the vanilla extract. Pour into a clean bowl and immediately cover the surface with plastic wrap to prevent a crust from forming. Let the cream cool in the refrigerator for a few hours.
Sponge Cake: Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (177 degrees C) and place rack in center of oven. Butter and line the bottoms of two-8 inch (23 cm) round cake pans with parchment paper.
While the eggs are still cold separate three of the eggs, placing the yolks in one bowl and the whites in another bowl. To the yolks, add the two remaining eggs. Cover the bowls with plastic wrap and allow the eggs to come to room temperature (about 30 minutes).
Meanwhile, in a bowl whisk together the flours, baking powder, and salt. Place the milk and butter in a small saucepan, over low heat, and warm until the butter melts. Remove from heat, cover, and keep warm.
In your electric mixer, fitted with the paddle attachment, (or with a hand mixer) beat the whole eggs and yolks and 1/2 cup (100 grams) of sugar on high speed until they are thick and fluffy (3-5 minutes) (when you slowly raise the beaters the batter will fall back into the bowl in a slow ribbon). Beat in the vanilla extract.
In a clean bowl, with the whisk attachment, (or with a hand mixer) beat the egg whites at low speed until foamy. Increase the speed to medium-high and gradually add the remaining sugar, beating until soft, moist peaks form. Gently fold a little of the whites into the batter to lighten it, and then add the rest of the whites folding just until incorporated. Sift half of the flour mixture over the top of the batter and gently fold through with a rubber spatula or whisk. Sift the remaining flour over the batter and fold in.
Make a well in the center of the batter and pour the melted butter/milk mixture into the bowl. Gently but thoroughly fold the butter mixture into the batter. Divide the batter evenly between the two pans and bake for about 18 - 20 minutes or until light brown and springy to the touch. (A toothpick inserted in the middle will come out clean.) Remove from oven and place on a wire rack to cool. Immediately run a spatula around the inside of the pans and then invert the cakes onto a wire rack. Remove parchment paper and re-invert. Cool completely.
Chocolate Glaze: Place the chopped chocolate in a small heatproof bowl. Bring the cream and butter just to a boil in a saucepan over medium heat. Immediately pour the boiling cream over the chocolate and gently stir until chocolate has melted. Set aside until it has thickened to pouring consistency.
Assemble: Place one cake layer on your serving plate, bottom side facing up. Spoon the pastry cream onto the cake, spreading to make an even layer. Place the second cake layer (top side up) onto the filling. Pour the glaze onto the center of the cake and, using an offset spatula, spread the glaze to the edges of the cake, allowing the glaze to drip down the sides. Let the cake sit until the glaze sets, about one hour. This cake is best eaten the same day it is made. Cover and refrigerate any leftovers.
Editors of Cook's Illustrated. Baking Illustrated. America's Test Kitchen. Brookline, 2004.
Hay, Donna. Modern Classics Book 2. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2003.
Mariani, John F. The Dictionary of American Food & Drink, New Haven and New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1983. |
0.985466 | What is a Biblical Naturopathic Doctor?
Naturopathic Biblical doctors are trained specialists in a separate and distinct healing art that operates according to Biblical principles. They use non-invasive natural and spiritual modalities such as food-stuffs, herbs, and prayer. They are not orthodox medical doctors (M.D.s). Biblical Naturopathic doctors (B.N.D.s) have participated in a specialized course of study in conventional naturopathic subjects such as anatomy, physiology, counseling, dietary evaluations, nutrition, herbology, acupressure, homeopathy, iridology, sclerology, detoxification, and oxygen therapy.
In addition, they have training in prayer, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, inner healing, and the removal of demonic influences. Biblical Naturopathic doctors cooperate with all branches of medical science, referring individuals to a physician or other practitioner as appropriate. In practice, Biblical Naturopaths utilize Godly, natural, and God revealed science-based evaluative procedures to develop an individualized protocol for individuals seeking improvement and restoration of health and wholeness.
Biblical Naturopaths do not diagnose or label people with the names of medical diseases, nor are they involved in the practice of medical procedures. Neither do they use pharmaceutical drugs, nor do they perform surgery. In essence, they are drugless practitioners trained in Biblical principles for the purpose of ministering to the whole person; spirit, soul, and body. |
0.999486 | If you like the deep sea or swimming, you might like to know that you too can enroll in scuba instructor training. Learning how to scuba dive can be an excellent step towards a career, as the Navy and other water related activities are a great place to turn to when you are good at scuba diving.
After you have mastered scuba instructor training, you probably want to get the best diving gear. You can buy scuba equipment either in marina stores or online. You can find cheap wetsuits, scuba packages and snorkel gear, anything you need to make your scuba diving more enjoyable and easy for you.
You can even get underwater cameras if you want to. Some people learn how to scuba dive just so they can take pictures of the water underneath. There are often a lot of really cool pictures underwater, and amateur and professional photographers sometimes specialize in taking underwater photographs, as some people pay a lot of money for the opportunity to have photographs of things most people cannot usually see.
Becoming a scuba diver is not the hardest task in the world. You too can learn how to be a scuba diver if you want to, as scuba instruction occurs all over the place and most people are eligible to enroll in scuba training courses. It is important to pay attention, as scuba diving can be dangerous, but it can also be a very rewarding and enjoyable activity for many people. Research more like this.
When I lived in Florida, I learned how to snorkle and scuba dive and I found it to be one of the most rewarding experiences of my life. It was so awesome to be able to do those kind of water sports. |
0.999998 | The Detroit Lions playing on Thanksgiving day has become a tradition. What was the first Thanksgiving day game for the Lions?
The Detroit Lions first played on Thanksgiving day 1934 losing to the Chicago Bears 19 to 16. They played every year through 1938. They resumed their Thanksgiving day games in 1945 and have played on Thanksgiving every year since. |
0.99996 | Once, a dog was passing through the backyard of a house. He found a piece of bone. He picked it up and ran to a lonely corner. He sat there and began to chew the bone. He felt tired. So, he dropped the bone and slept there itself.
After-a-while he woke up. He felt thirsty. He did not want to leave the bone. So he picked up the bone in his mouth and ran upto a nearby river.
In the river, he saw his own reflection. The greedy dog thought that there was another dog with a bone. He wanted that too. He began to bark.
The bone in his mouth fell down into the river. The dog lost his bone.
Moral of this story is : Greed leads to Grief. |
0.993838 | An attractive example of John Wallis's 1802 map of London and Westminster. The map covers from Hyde Park eastward along the Thames River to White Horse Street and Stepney, and from Pentonville in the north to St. Georges Fields in the south. This finely engraved map offers impressive detail throughout identifying all streets and numerous important buildings, docks, parks, and bridges throughout. At this point in history only three bridges cross the Thames River: Westminster Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, and London Bridge. The area destroyed and subsequently rebuilt following the 1666 Great Fire of London is highlighted in red. An inset in the lower left quadrant details Hackney-Coach Fairs as established by the London Commissioners in 1786. Wallis first published this map in 1795 as the 'New and Correct Plan of London and Westminster.' In 1797 he revised and updated it with the present name 'Wallis's Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster.' Under this title the map was issued in seven known editions, the present example being the 1802 5th edition. This edition includes only few updates over earlier editions, most notably a proposed development ghosted in to the west of Baker Street. The map, designed with daily usage in mind, has been dissected and mounted on linen in 20 sections for easy pocket storage, folding, and unfolding.
John Wallis (1745 - 1818) was a London map seller, publisher, and maker of puzzles and board games active in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Wallis studied mapmaking under the stationer William Johnson, with home he was apprenticed from about 1769. Upon his release from apprenticeship he partnered with one "Stonehouse" to found the short lived imprint "Wallis and Stonehouse". The firm lasted but two years before Wallis declared bankruptcy in 1778. Wallis subsequently started another independent firm specializing in children's books, games, and puzzles. In advertising ephemera issued c. 1812, Wallis claims, falsely, to have invented the puzzle map (this honor in fact goes to either John Bowles (1759) or John Spilsbury (1767). In 1813 he partnered with his son, Edward Wallis, to found Wallis and Son, which proved, primarily under Edward's management, exceptionally successful. Wallis's cartographic corpus is significant, including many important Revolutionary War ears maps of the Americas, as well as various pocket and dissected maps of London, Westminster, and environs. Upon his death, Wallis passed his business on to his son, Edward Wallis and John Wallis, who operated separate but successful firms. The Edward Wallis firm is considered the direct successor to John Wallis, and the John Wallis II firm a new and completely separate establishment.
Good. Some discoloration and moderate overall toning. Dissected and mounted on linen in 20 panels. Original linen backing worn but stable with minor loss at fold intersections - see image.
Howgego, James L., Printed Maps of London circa 1553-1850, #214.5. |
0.99988 | The interpersonal ethical positions include the nature of man approach, the nature of communication approach, communication as a social contract, communication as a relationship, communication as dialogue, and the ethic of care. Each of these has a basis in how to treat others, how to handle specific situations, and how they interact with the other positions. I will be discussing their application in a couple of cases, as well as how my of interpersonal ethos ties in with my professional ethics.
First and foremost, Aristotle’s view of human nature “emphasizes the capacity for reason as a uniquely human attribute.” This type of ethics stems from a rational and conscious person and what they do freely. This view argues that whatever affirms that nature is ethical and whatever subverts it is unethical. The issue with this view is that emotion is somewhat excluded from ethical consideration, and thus does not properly reflect human nature. The human nature approach is extremely useful in figuring out what persuasive tactics are ethical and what aren’t. The human nature view influences how I treat others because it keeps me from viewing situations with my emotions at the forefront, it helps me view situations where I view people rationally and realize they do indeed consciously make decisions. I believe this application is situational, because it is not always proper to view others as rational beings, sometimes people make mistakes due to emotional sway, mental illness, etc.
Another theory, the nature of communication approach focuses on the idea that facilitating the sharing of meaning is ethical and whatever subverts shared meaning would be unethical. This type of communication puts forth the theory that unethical communication hampers shared meaning and mutual understanding. This works to correct situations such as “lying, group think, coercion and persuasion,” but also tends to be overly simplistic. The nature of communication view influences how I treat others because it reminds me that communication with others is about mutual understanding between communicators. It reminds me to be truthful and straightforward in my communication with others. I believe this application is universal because it is always important to have shared communication with others, and that unethical communication leads to skewed meaning and understanding.
The social contract approach follows the premise that individuals come together because they are motivated by their own self-interest and agree to standards of conduct to form a social contract. This approach states that communication situations are implied social contracts with mutually presumed standards. This encompasses relationship ethics, managerial ethics, and the ethics of teamwork. Social contractarianism is a very useful structure for developing a professional ethos, especially for public relations practitioners. The social contract view influences how I treat others because it reminds me that people will sometimes follow their own self-interests before the interests of others, so it is best to find a middle ground to communicate on. I believe this application is situational because not all communication is based on people who are completely self-interested.
The theory of communication as a relationship sets a standard that communication is the most important element in a relationship. It states that ethical communication is the most important element in maintaining relationships. The nature of the relationship itself determines the “ethical parameters of the communication.” In this view, ethical communication is one of honest and open exchange of information. This is important to professional roles and fulfillment of the responsibilities of professional relationships and is useful in communication professions. The communication as a relationship view influences how I treat others because it informs me about the concept of relationships as a huge part of communication as a whole while remaining ethical. It allows me to openly communicate with others as I deem fit. I believe this application is universal because communication builds relationships – both personal and professional – and reminds us all to choose openness in our communication.
Communication as dialogue sets communication as the true concern for the welfare and fulfillment of others. It also emphasizes choice making in response to the demands of specific situations. It requires sensitivity to “role responsibilities of such relationships as teacher-pupil, doctor-patient,” etc. This highlights specific communication responsibilities which may be unclear in other situations because it requires everyone to be equally enabled to fully participate. The communication as dialogue view influences how I treat others because it sets forth the idea of concern for the welfare of other instead of just the idea of self-fulfillment, while also setting precedents for various types of communication relationships with full engagement. I believe this application is once again situational, because people are sometimes more concerned with themselves than others, though it does provide situational clarity.
The ethics of caring stems from feminist ethics but separates itself from feminism in a few ways. Generally, the ethics of care rejects oppression, questions rationality over emotion, of detachment over engagement, of the public sphere over the private sphere, and of individuals over relationships. The ethic of care goes against the dispassionate approaches and has relevance to all types of communication ethics, especially interpersonal ethics. The ethics of caring view influences how I treat others because it truly excels in denying oppression, and covers communication as a bilateral process as opposed to a unilateral process, and is especially relevant for interpersonal relationships. I believe this application is universal because we should always strive to create caring communication both personally and professionally.
As I am including more than one position, I will discuss how the human nature view, social contract view, and dialogue view interact. The human nature view reminds us to uphold the importance of human reason to ethics, and the social contract and dialogue view can be merged to remind us that there is always self-interest as well as concern for others mingled into communication ethics.
From my own experience, I remember that after my father passed I became so close to my therapist as a child that I often considered her part of my family, and communicated with her as such. She had lost a parent as well and we were both able to openly communicate about our experiences. I believe that I used the communication as a relationship view because I was comfortable enough with my therapist to communicate honestly with her. The outcome of using this ethic was a professional relationship of mutual respect and concern. Another experience for me was trying to befriend someone who lived in a higher socioeconomic status than I did. She was kind but didn’t want to be friends because it would look odd to her other affluent friends. After hanging out a few times, she came to realize that it didn’t matter what others thought, or what the norm was, and we have been best friends ever since. I believe in this case I used the ethics of caring view in cementing my friendship because we were both able to look past societal norms. Luckily, the outcome of this is a lifelong friendship with a very genuine person.
The implications of my interpersonal ethos for your professional ethics is that I am much more likely to follow a code which is universal, inclusive of others, and concerned with the emotions and connections involved in communicating with others. Both of my ethos relate to my personal goals because I wish to be able to passionately present my viewpoints and information in communication, but I must also remember not to rely solely on emotion in my professional career – there is a time for emotion but there is also time for pure logic.
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UKEssays. November 2018. Interpersonal Ethical Positions. [online]. Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/journalism/interpersonal-ethical-positions-3224.php?vref=1 [Accessed 19 April 2019].
UKEssays. Interpersonal Ethical Positions [Internet]. November 2018. [Accessed 19 April 2019]; Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/journalism/interpersonal-ethical-positions-3224.php?vref=1. |
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