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0.827969 | Elisabeth of Görlitz (November 1390 – 2 August 1451) was a Duchess regnant of Luxemburg from 1411 to 1443.
Elisabeth was the only daughter and heiress of John of Görlitz, the third son of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He was Duke of Lusatia and Görlitz, and also Elector of Brandenburg for a brief period. Her mother, Richardis Catherine of Sweden, was the daughter of King Albert of Sweden.
The Duchy of Luxemburg was mortgaged to Elisabeth by her uncle the King Sigismund of Hungary, who later also became King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. He was unable to repay the loan, and subsequently left Elisabeth in control of the duchy.
Her first marriage took place in Brussels on 16 July 1409, to Antoine, Duke of Brabant. He defended her against three uprisings of the Luxemburg nobility, until his death in 1415.
John of Bavaria was her second husband. He died in 1425, and they did not have any children. After his death, she became heavily indebted.
In 1441, she made a treaty with Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, allowing him to immediately assume the administrative duties of Luxemburg and inherit the duchy upon her death. He agreed to this, but chose to launch a night attack on the territory two years later, taking immediate control. Elisabeth was subsequently expelled from Luxemburg by Philip's forces.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth of Görlitz.
Albert the Magnanimous KG was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1437 until his death and member of the House of Habsburg. He was also King of Bohemia, elected King of Germany as Albert II, Duke of Luxembourg and, as Albert V, Archduke of Austria from 1404.
Barbara of Cilli was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. She was actively involved in politics and economy of her times, independently administering large feudal fiefdoms and taxes, and was instrumental in creating the famous royal Order of the Dragon. She served as the regent of Hungarian kingdom in the absence of her husband four times: in 1412, 1414, 1416, and 1418.
Adolph I of Cleves was the second Count of Cleves and the fourth Count of Mark.
The Duchy of Münsterberg or Duchy of Ziębice was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice). Existing from 1321/1322 to 1742, it was located in what came to be referred to as Lower Silesia. Its territory is similar to modern Ząbkowice Śląskie County in Poland. |
0.998981 | Above you've said: " I've personally watched the entire creation of a dream from start to finish, so I've seen this first-hand."
Can you explain how did it happen? This creation you saw was on dream of yourself, was a dream from another person? If it was from another person, how did you know the other person was dreaming? |
0.999998 | Orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree.
It is made by squeezing the fresh orange. Some commercial orange juice with a long shelf life are made by drying and later re-hydrating the juice, or by concentrating the juice and later adding water to the concentrate. Others are made by pasteurizing the juice and removing oxygen from it, necessitating the later addition of a flavor pack, generally made from orange products. It is known for its health benefits, particularly its high concentration of vitamin C. It comes in several different varieties, including blood orange. In American English, the slang term O.J. may also be used to refer to orange juice.
Due to the importance of oranges to the economy of the state of Florida, "the juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis and hybrids thereof" was adopted as the official beverage of Florida in 1967.
Orange juice usually refers to the fruit juice obtained from squeezing orange.
Orange Juice was a Scottish post-punk band founded in the Glasgow suburb of Bearsden as the Nu-Sonics in 1976. Edwyn Collins formed the Nu-Sonics (named after a cheap brand of guitar) with his school-mate Alan Duncan and was subsequently joined by James Kirk and Steven Daly, who left a band called The Machetes. The band became Orange Juice in 1979. They are best known for the hit "Rip It Up", which reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1983, the band's only UK Top 40 hit.
The band released their first singles during 1980 and 81 on the independent Postcard Records label founded by Alan Horne, along with fellow Scottish bands Josef K and Aztec Camera. Shortly afterwards this line-up signed to Polydor Records and recorded their first album, You Can't Hide Your Love Forever. However, internal tensions led to Kirk and Daly leaving in early 1982 (they would go on to form a short-lived band called Memphis), and for the next two album releases the core line-up was: Collins and McClymont with Malcolm Ross on guitar, vocals and keyboards, and Zeke Manyika on drums. By early 1984, Ross and McClymont had left the band leaving a core line-up of Collins and Manyika who recorded Orange Juice's final album, The Orange Juice, with Clare Kenny and Johnny Britten, produced by Dennis Bovell.
then you could be leaving with me.
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Admitting that you're wrong don't make it right.
You should develop your own black-and-white film. Here’s how. |
0.957289 | I have to run some powershell scripts from Linux hosts. What is the best recommended way to achieve this? I noticed on a powershell video, Jeffrey Snover from Microsoft executing powershell scripts from linux which kind of blowed me and now I need to know how to do this? Some people says hosting some web page in IIS and then execute, but I wonder if there is a recommended way?
P.S. I am almost new to powershell, my bash and python script skills are way better. But I really liked the powershell features and impressed and the primary reason I am very interested in powershell to manage vmware infrastructure via powercli.
I did look at installing ssh server on windows, but most of the good ones requires buying a commercial ssh server for windows. But like to know if there is any other solution other than hosting something in iis or ssh server for windows.
PowerShell itself doesn't natively use SSH. It uses something called Remoting, which uses the WS-Management protocol. If you have a Linux WS-Management client, then you can use it a lot like SSH to connect to a remote PowerShell instance running on Windows, and ask that copy of PowerShell to run commands. I'm not aware of any Linux WS-Management clients, but the protocol specification is published and it's something that, in theory, someone could write.
In the meantime, PowerShell Web Access (PWA) is probably the way to go. As Richard notes, it's available on Win2012 and later and does require IIS. You only need it on one "gateway" computer: You connect (via Web browser) to the PWA server, and it connects to whatever PowerShell-enabled machine you want to manage. It acts as a middleman to create an HTML PowerShell interface between you and the machine you're managing.
Thanks all. Makes sense. Appreciate the quick response.
Just a quick note. PowerShell Web Access is cool in theory and practical in a pinch.
That being said, I would not recommend using it as a shell even to my enemies. It is quite limited and clunky. If you want to use PowerShell, use a Windows system.
You mentioned running scripts. PSWA means you connect and run things manually . A Scheduled Task, or some other means of running your PowerShell script would be a better bet if you don't plan to run it manually.
Yes, could be nice if Microsoft shipped windows with SSH server (similar to what it has done with NFS support) and that could make things a lot more easier. Unfortunately I have to manage a mixed environment where i Have linux, freebsd and Windows. So SSH server could help. Yeah after looking a lot it does look like it requires some monkeying to call powershell scripts from linux servers.
Such a good tool but less interoperable with other systems. SSH built in support in windows could be so nice and could actually make windows more popular on the server side.
Again, no complain with powershell as I do think powershell was developed very good and actually better than bash where I do manipulate a lot of strings etc to get things working.
My last option is to buy a 3rd party ssh server.
After some head scratching and research, I ended up overcoming this challenge through free open source product saltstack which I use for my other production multiple server management and orchestration purposes. With saltstack, you can configure a Windows system as a salt-minion (like a client or managed server) and then executing remote commands and perform various operations from Linux server. I also made a youtube video demonstrating executing a powershell script on a Windows 2012 R2 preview from a centos VM. Once I figured out it took me 15 minutes to try it our and prove out the theory.
The topic ‘Executing Powershell Scripts from Linux Servers’ is closed to new replies. |
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Привязанность сына к матери зарождается еще в самом начале жизни, но когда она переходит постоянно мыслимые границы, начинается жаркое порево, через которого сносит крышу. Посетив данную категорию, вы сможете насладиться возбуждающими видео, в которых русская мамаша и сынок предаются страшный в разных позициях, кончая через наслаждения. Вам нравятся более опытные дамочки и их русские большие сиськи? Кто-то скажет, который их время прошло, только это не так. Вразрез, секс с такими кралями приносит парням апогей удовольствия, а для девственников является отличным источником опыта. Смотрите качественные видео со зрелыми развратницами онлайн у нас. Это порнуха безвозмездно! Поверьте, зрелые русские женщины отроду не выйдут из моды. Когда молоденькие сексуальные тела начинают возбуждать мужчину, у последнего не остается шанса для спасение.
Когда вся мужская часть семьи уходит на работу alias учебу, заводные и грудастые мамочки не позволяют себе отдыха. Они звонят любовникам, и те приезжают со своими длинными агрегатами, для прокатить горячие тела для богатырях и обкончать мамкины сладенькие ротики. Священник ебет дочь, в то сезон как сын ебет мать. Для некоторых людей эта ситуация кажется абсурдной, однако это не мешает инцесту заимствоваться ведущие позиции в рейтингах популярного порно видео.
Только самые откровенные и естественные эмоции! Парни и девушки любят секс и снимают свое порево для камеру. Получается простой великолепно и нереально возбуждающе. Буде вы привыкли взирать порнуху только в высоком качестве, здесь вы найдете подобно раз такие ролики. Уделите себе мало внимания и приятно отдохните за просмотром самого откровенного порно в мире.
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0.997279 | Onet Fun Children is a classic Onet game How to play? - Connect 2 onets with the same kind which can be connected within 3 lines. 4 Modes: - Classic mode: 10 live + 0 Shuffle + 0 Hint - Zen mode: 10 live + 10 Shuffle + 10 Hint + extend time - Hard mode: 1 live + 1 Shuffle + 1 Hint + less time - Survival mode: 1 live + 0 Shuffle + 0 Hint (Avaiable soon) Features: - Send and Receive gifts. - Multiplay - Play with your friends. - Classic game play. - Nice graphic. - Hide support items in play. - Leaderboard and Achievement. Have fun! |
0.999863 | Branched out Amino acids, or BCAA, are a product with 3 amino acids, which improve the endurance, the sandbank and the muscular growth. It is a product to be used by all the followers of body-building. In body-building, one of the most used food complement is the BCAA. This name of branched out amino acids comes to them of their molecular structure, similar to a chain(channel). It is an association of three amino acids (which are the constituents of proteins), the leucine, the valine and the isoleucine, which play several very interesting roles for the follower of body-building: - Improvement of the strength - Supply of energy for the session, to improve your performances - Loss of fat at the level of the stomach (within the framework of a sandbank) - improvement of the anabolism ( the muscular growth) - improvement of the efficiency of the whey protein - reduction of the phenomenon of catabolism, which "destroys" muscles during the session - improvement of the recovery(recycling) You see him(it), the advantages of these amino acids are many! Naturally, you should not compare them with miracle products, or with products drugs, nevertheless, their effects are well and truly reality. The BCAA is thus an excellent complement in the nutrition, which should be a part of the list of the supplements to be used by all the followers of body-building. Even the beginners can take advantage of it. Unlike other food complements which have only not much interest for the beginners in body-building, these amino acids can be used by all in the same way as the whey protein. Whey proteins + BCAA establishes(constitutes) the basic supplementation of every follower of serious body-building. They are an effective product, and without any danger for the health.
BCAA There are 3 products. |
0.998191 | 1.Question. Match the following statements in a way that challenges stereotypes.
(a) Two surgeons were sitting down to lunch when one of them made a call on the mobile phone ---- to speak with her daughter who had just returned from school.
(b) The boy who won the drawing competition went to the dais------- on a wheelchair to collect his prizes.
(c) One of the fastest athletes in the world------suffers from chronic asthma.
(d) She was not that well_off but had a dream to----- become an astronaut which she did.
2.Question. How can the stereotype people think that girls are a burden on their parents affect life of a daughter? Imagine this situation and list at least five different effects that this stereotype can have on the way daughters get treated in the home?
1. She feels guilty that she is a burden on the family.
2. The daughters are not sent to school.
3. They are not given nutritional food by the parents Milk, butter, fruits, are kept for the boys.
4. They are deprived of the love, care and attention.
5. When daughters fall sick they do not get proper medical care and attention.
3.Question. What does the Constitution say with regard to equality? Why do you think it is important for all people to equal?
1. Everyone has equal rights and opportunities.
2. Untouchability is seen as a crime and legally abolished by law.
3. People are free to choose the kind of work they wish to do.
4. Government jobs are open to all people .
The equality of all Person is seen as a key that unites us all as Indians. The constitution also placed responsibility on the government to take specific steps to realise that this right equality to poor and other deprived communities. |
0.939573 | A tangent vector at a point of a differentiable manifold is any vector tangent to a differentiable curve in the manifold at this point; alternatively, a member of the tangent plane to the manifold at the point.
Given a tangent vector field X, JX is also tangent to S.
For a unit tangent vector v [member of] UM, we denote by [[gamma].
With an atlas defined on M, given a point P in M and a coordinate chart about P, a tangent vector to M at P can be defined as generalization of the usual notion of tangent vector in Euclidean space using the directional derivative of a function or curve along the direction of tangent vector .
6 depicts the tangent vector at the event point earth.
Let us denote t([sigma]) = [alpha]' ([sigma]), and we call 1([sigma]) a unit tangent vector of [alpha].
1/2) Side of a square [A=area] [integral] (a,b)(((x'(t)) Arc length from time "a" to time ^2+(y'(t))^2)^(1/2))dt "b" of a parametric curve in vector format: x=x(t),y=y(t) [integral] (a,b)((1+ Arc length from point (a,f(a)) to (f'(x))^2)^(1/2))dx point (b,f(b)) of a function in the format: y=f(x) [integral] vdt Position [v=velocity] k*ln(W) Entropy [k=Boltzmann constant; W=number of microstates] T (PV)/(nR) Temperature (in Kelvins) [P=pressure; V=volume; n=amount; R=ideal gas constant] [PI]/(MR)=(dgh)/(MR) Temperature (in Kelvins) [j=osmotic pressure; M=concentration (molarity) of solution; R=ideal gas constant; d=density; g=gravitational constant; h=height] d/r Time [d=distance; r=rate] (r'(t))/[parallel] Unit tangent vector [r(t)=position r'(t)[parallel] vector in terms of time] U 238.
The tangent vector field of [alpha] is denoted by [V.
where t(x) and t'(x) are the original tangent vector and the smoothed tangent vector at pixel x, respectively.
perpendicular to]], which represents the orthogonal complement of the tangent vector field of the curve.
We denote t(v) = f'(v)and we call t(v) a unit tangent vector of f at v.
A vector field is a construction that associates with each point on the manifold a tangent vector in its tangent space. |
0.999348 | MuJoCo (Multi-Joint dynamics with Contact) is a proprietary physics engine for detailed, efficient rigid body simulations with contacts. MuJoCo can be used to create environments with continuous control tasks such as walking or running. Thus, many policy gradient methods (TRPO, PPO) have been tested on various MuJoCo environments.
OpenAI Gym has 10 MuJoCo environments available, ranging from simple tasks such as inverted pendulums (CartPole) to humanoids.
This is a MuJoCo version of CartPole. The agent’s goal is to balance a pole on a cart.
This is a harder version of InvertedPendulum, where the pole has another pole on top of it. The agent’s goal is to balance a pole on a pole on a cart.
Make a 2D robot reach to a randomly located target.
Make a two-dimensional one-legged robot hop forward as fast as possible.
Make a 2D robot swim.
Make a two-dimensional bipedal robot walk forward as fast as possible.
Make a four-legged creature walk forward as fast as possible.
Make a 2D cheetah robot run.
Make a three-dimensional bipedal robot walk forward as fast as possible, without falling over.
Make a three-dimensional bipedal robot standup as fast as possible.
There are many papers that have experimented with the MuJoCo continuous control environment, but most papers decided not include exact scores and instead used performance curves. Thus, all results were taken from Deep Reinforcement Learning that Matters, a paper on reproducing state-of-the-art policy gradient methods.
If you know other papers that report results on the MuJoCo environment, please email me!
To install the MuJoCo environment, you need the OpenAI Gym toolkit. Read this page to learn how to install OpenAI Gym.
You also need to purchase MuJoCo license. MuJoCo offers a 30-day trial license for everyone, and a free license for students using MuJoCo for personal projects only. Visit their license page for more information.
Download the MuJoCo version 1.50 binaries for Linux, OSX, or Windows.
Unzip the downloaded mjpro150 directory into ~/.mujoco/mjpro150, and place your license key (the mjkey.txt file from your email) at ~/.mujoco/mjkey.txt.
You can try rendering the Humanoid-v2 environment to make sure the MuJoCo environment was correctly installed. |
0.971341 | The X-factor is a television music competition franchise created by Simon Cowell.
The X-factor originated in the United Kingdom in 2004, where it was created to replace the show 'Pop idol' that aired from 2011 to 2003. Today, the show is held in various countries, such as the USA, Denmark or New Zealand. It airs each year on the British ITC network from August/September to December.
It features aspiring singers drawn from public auditions. The title of the show refers to the "special something" that cannot be defined, that a person has in order to make him or her star material. The contestants gain notoriety by their high public appearance that the show generates, especially at the later stages of it. The show is widely followed and people give their opinions on the contestants on social media and news platforms.
The original panel of judges consisted of Louis Walsh, Sharon Osbourne and Cowell but changes throughout the seasons of the show. Season 11 (2014) featured Cowell, Sheryl Cole and Mel B as judges.
The people who succeed at their auditions go through to "bootcamp" and then to "judges' houses", where judges narrow mentor them for the live shows. Weekly live shows are performed by the contestants.
It was first broadcast in the United Kingdom in 2004. Simon Fuller, the creator of Pop Idol, filed a lawsuit against the producers Fremantlemedia, its creator Simon Cowell as well as his companies Simco and Syco, claiming that X-Factor copied the format of Pop Idol. The outcome of the hearing was important as it could have had an important impact on the copyright of the shows aired abroad. However, the hearing was adjourned very quickly, and an out of court settlement was reached in November 2005.
The show's foreign versions have also been criticized: in Denmark for instance, it was claimed that it was an unfair show because participants had to cover their own travelling costs and were forbidden to participate in any other musical event for three months- regardless of the fact that they passed the first round or not.
An international version of the X-factor was broadcast in Indonesia on August 24 2013. It featured winners and runner ups from different X-factors around the world (Indonesia, USA, Australia and the United Kingdom). However, the show was simply a music showcase, and no winner was announced.
....and she clearly was not happy in the slightest! But hey, who would be?
Formal prohibition be ugly, old, sick, fat, believer or just timeless.
Simon Cowell Once Missed Out On The Spice Girls But Has He Got A Second Chance?
Simon is said to be trying to woo the group into letting him take charge of their reunion tour.
X Factor judge Louis Walsh due to be axed just days after host Dermot O’Leary quit.
Olly Murs and Caroline Flack expected to be named as his replacement, as hosts of ITV's X Factor.
My review of Friday, Saturday and Sundays X Factor, boot camp episodes. |
0.998928 | Hollywood actress and filmmaker Angelina Jolie is getting ready to make her first foray into the world of superhero movies.
Hollywood actress and filmmaker Angelina Jolie is getting ready to make her first foray into the world of superhero movies. The Oscar-winning actress is in talks to star in Marvel Studios' The Eternals, a superhero team adventure feature being directed by Chloe Zhao.
Jolie has chosen the Marvel project based on the Jack Kirby-created title about super-powered and near-immortal beings known as Eternals and a more monstrous offshoot known as the Deviants that were created by the cosmic beings called Celestials.
According to reports, one aspect of the story involves the love story between Ikaris, a man fueled by cosmic energy, and Sersi, who relishes moving amongst humans. It is unclear who Jolie will play. Marvel had no comment.
While this will be Jolie's first superhero movie, it is not her first comic book movie— she starred in the 2007 adaptation of Mark Millar's Wanted.
Jolie is currently working with Marvel's parent company Disney on the upcoming Maleficent: Mistress of Evil, which was recently moved up to a release date this fall from spring 2020, and on the animation/live-action hybrid The One and Only Ivan, which she is also producing. The actress' upcoming projects also include Come Away, a fantasy drama from Brenda Chapman. |
0.963159 | Dance to a summer-themed tune as a part of your lesson.
Kids learn best with a combination of exploration and structure, and you can fit both methods into summer-themed lesson plans. During the summer, kids go on vacation, pools open for swimming, flowers bloom and the sun shines most of the day and makes the air warm, so there are numerous topics you can bring into your lesson plan. Don’t be afraid to involve art, music, science experiments and free play time into your day.
Make a list or create a calendar of the number of daycare sessions you have for the summer. Brainstorm topic ideas for each session.
Create a template for your lesson plans. Consider adding art, music, dance and science activities into each lesson. Start a lesson with a greeting or hello song, followed by reading the day’s weather. Do a couple songs followed by an art activity before snack time. After the snack, allow for free play. End the day with a science project, dance or story time before you say goodbye. You can structure your lesson plan however you like, but try to keep each lesson with the same basic elements at the same time, which gives kids the familiarity of routine.
Make a list of activities based on their type. For example, write a list of a few activities that count as art projects and another list of songs that work for your music portion of your lesson.
Print out templates for each session you need. Write one topic at the top of each template that will serve as that day’s theme.
Plug activities from your list into your templates, making sure each game corresponds with the theme. For example, if your theme is the sun, you can sing “Mr. Sun” for the music portion and have the kids paint a sun on a paper plate for art. You can also put black stones in the freezer for 30 minutes or more, take them out and put them in the sun, and come back 30 minutes later and let the kids observe how the stones got hot in the sun, an activity that serves as a science project.
Don’t be afraid to repeat some popular songs or games; young kids love repetition. If possible, use one day to take a field trip to the beach or park, so children can observe and learn about the environment. Warm summer days make these kind of trips easy because you don’t have to worry about bad weather.
Don’t be afraid to repeat some popular songs or games; young kids love repetition.
If possible, use one day to take a field trip to the beach or park, so children can observe and learn about the environment. Warm summer days make these kind of trips easy because you don’t have to worry about bad weather.
PBS: Have a Standout Summer!
Batema, Cara. "How to Write a Summer Daycare Lesson Plan." Synonym, https://classroom.synonym.com/write-summer-daycare-lesson-plan-32792.html. 26 September 2017. |
0.999987 | How does one use Chrome desktop notifications? I'd like that use that in my own code.
Update: Here's a blog post explaining webkit notifications with an example.
Below is a working example of desktop notifications for Chrome, Firefox, Opera and Safari. Note that for security reasons, starting with Chrome 62, permission for the Notification API may no longer be requested from a cross-origin iframe, so you'll need to save this example in an HTML file on your site/application, and make sure to use HTTPS.
We're using the W3C Notifications API, documented at MDN. Do not confuse this with the Chrome extensions notifications API, which is different. Chrome extension notifications obviously only work in Chrome extensions, don't require any special permission from the user, support rich text notifications, but disappear automatically and the user may not notice they have been triggered). W3C notifications work in many browsers (see support on caniuse), require user permission, stack on top of the previous notification and don't automatically disappear in Chrome (they do in Firefox).
Notification support has been in continuous flux, with various APIs being deprecated over the last three years. If you're curious, check the previous edits of this answer to see what used to work in Chrome, and to learn the story of rich HTML notifications.
Now the latest standard is at https://notifications.spec.whatwg.org/.
There's also a different call (though with the same parameters) to create notifications from service workers, which for some reason, don't have access to the Notification() constructor.
See also notify.js for a helper library.
Check the design and API specification (it's still a draft) or check the source from (page no longer available) for a simple example: It's mainly a call to window.webkitNotifications.createNotification.
If you want a more robust example (you're trying to create your own Google Chrome's extension, and would like to know how to deal with permissions, local storage and such), check out Gmail Notifier Extension: download the crx file instead of installing it, unzip it and read its source code.
It appears that window.webkitNotifications has already been deprecated and removed. However, there's a new API, and it appears to work in the latest version of Firefox as well.
I like: http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/notifications/quick/#toc-examples but it uses old variables, so the demo doesn't work anymore. webkitNotifications is now Notification.
Notify.js is a wrapper around the new webkit notifications. It works pretty well.
I made this simple Notification wrapper. It works on Chrome, Safari and Firefox.
Probably on Opera, IE and Edge as well but I haven't tested it yet.
Just get the notify.js file from here https://github.com/gravmatt/js-notify and put it into your page.
You have to set the title but the json object as the second argument is optional.
How can a web application send push notifications to iOS devices?
What ways are out there to display a desktop notification from a web app?
How to create a notification chrome extension?
How to not show duplicate Google Chrome notifications?
Desktop notification APIs for browsers other than Chrome? |
0.996774 | Views: 619 views. Averaging 0 per day.
In the most recent 30 day period, there've been 4 views. |
0.923909 | Can alimony or child support be discharged in bankruptcy?
Support obligations cannot be discharged in bankruptcy.
Attorney Tom Olsen: Jim, I had a client last week. She had gotten divorce many years ago. In that divorce, the husband got all the properties, but he's also obligated to make all the mortgage payments. Probably it happens more often than you might think. Shortly after divorce, he files bankruptcy, doesn't make these mortgage payments, and now all the lenders are looking at her. That's really a shame but probably more common than you might think.
Attorney Jim Monroe: Yes. Depending upon the chapter you filed, whether or not his obligation to his wife is discharged or not, depends upon the marital settlement agreement. Under Chapter 7, he may still be obligated to his wife to pay on that mortgage. But in Chapter 13, if he filed a Chapter 13 under a lot of circumstances, that obligation, both to the mortgage company and to his wife, is going to be discharged.
Attorney Tom Olsen: I think that she said, "Look, Tom. If it really comes down to, if I had to, I can sue him if I need to." But he doesn't have anything. That's the problem. He was also, I think, at least, attempted to wipe out child support and alimony through that bankruptcy.
Attorney Jim Monroe: No, you can't do that. There's a section of the code 523(a)(5), which makes the support obligation non-dischargeable. A debt is one thing, a support obligation is another. Those are never dischargeable in the bankruptcy. |
0.978993 | Harold Edward Holt, CH (/hoʊlt/; 5 August 1908 – 17 December 1967), was an Australian politician and the 17th Prime Minister of Australia from 1966 to 1967. He was born in Stanmore, New South Wales and won a scholarship to study law at the University of Melbourne. Holt went into business as a solicitor, during which time he joined the United Australia Party (UAP). In 1935, aged just 27, he was elected for Fawkner. Holt spent 32 years in Parliament, including many years as a senior Cabinet Minister, but was Prime Minister for only 22 months before he disappeared in December 1967 while swimming at Cheviot Beach near Portsea, Victoria, and was presumed drowned.
As Minister for Immigration (1949–1956), Holt was responsible for the relaxation of the White Australia policy. As Treasurer (1958–1966) under Robert Menzies, he initiated major fiscal reforms including the establishment of the Reserve Bank of Australia, and launched and guided the process to convert Australia to decimal currency. As Prime Minister, he oversaw landmark changes including the decision not to devalue the Australian dollar in line with the British pound, and the 1967 constitutional referendum in which an overwhelming majority of Australians voted in favour of giving the Commonwealth power to legislate specifically for indigenous Australians. He controversially expanded Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, with the slogan "All the way with LBJ".
Born in Stanmore, New South Wales on 5 August 1908, Holt was the elder son of Thomas and Olive (née Williams). He and his brother Cliff (Clifford Thomas Holt, born 1910), spent their early life in Sydney, attending three different schools. In 1918, Thomas Holt divorced Olive and went to work with the Hugh D. McIntosh, manager of the Tivoli theatre circuit. He became the Tivoli-J C Williamson representative in London and New York. Meanwhile, he enrolled his sons as boarders at Wesley College in Melbourne.
In 1924, when Holt was sixteen, his mother died and he did not attend her funeral. A formative event was his singing performance at his school's annual Speech Night in December 1926. None of his family were present, and he never forgot the loneliness he felt that night.
Harold and Zara Holt in 1950.
Holt won a scholarship to Queen's College at the University of Melbourne and began his law degree in 1927. He excelled in many areas of university life – he won College 'Blues' for cricket and Australian rules football, as well as the College Oratory and Essay Prize. A member of the Melbourne Inter-University Debating team and the United Australia Organization 'A' Grade debating team, he was president of both the Sports and Social Club and the Law Students' Society.
Holt graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1930. He was admitted to the Victorian Bar in November 1932 and served his articles with the Melbourne firm of Fink, Best & Miller, but the Great Depression meant that he was unable to find work as a barrister. His father, based in London at the time, wanted him to further his studies in England, but the worsening economy also made this impossible. Instead, in 1933, Holt went into sole practice as a solicitor. He later entered into a partnership, which became the firm of Holt, Graham & Newman, which Holt remained with until 1963.
While at university, Holt had met Zara Kate Dickins. In 1934 they were contemplating marriage, but, after a quarrel, they split up. Zara travelled overseas, meeting Captain James Fell, a British Army officer stationed in India, whom she married in March 1935. Her first son Nicholas was born in 1937, followed by twin boys Sam and Andrew, born in 1939. Author Tom Frame has suggested that Holt was the father of the twins. Zara and Fell subsequently divorced, and she married Holt in 1946. Although they remained married until Holt's death in 1967, Zara later commented that Holt had had a number of extramarital affairs.
Meanwhile, Thomas Holt married Lola Thring, the daughter of his business partner F. W. Thring, in 1936. He died in 1945.
While developing his legal practice, Holt was drawn to politics and joined the Prahran branch of the United Australia Party (UAP) in 1933. At the 1934 federal election, Holt unsuccessfully contested the safe Labor seat of Yarra for the UAP, running against former Prime Minister James Scullin. In March 1935, he unsuccessfully contested the safe Victorian state Labor seat of Clifton Hill. Holt stood again for the federal House of Representatives on 17 August 1935, at a by-election for the marginally conservative seat of Fawkner, this time successfully. At age 27, he was one of Australia's youngest-ever MPs.
Holt opposed socialism, but favoured a more equitable distribution of resources. From his maiden speech onwards, he emphasised the importance of physical fitness.
In 1939, Holt's mentor Robert Menzies became Prime Minister after the sudden death of the incumbent Joseph Lyons and the short-term caretaker ministry of Sir Earle Page. Holt's energy, dedication and ability earned him rapid promotion and in April 1939, he was appointed Minister without Portfolio assisting the Minister for Supply and Development. In October 1939, he became Minister in charge of Scientific and Industrial Research, and during November–December 1939, he was Acting Minister for Air and Civil Aviation.
In May 1940, without resigning his seat, Holt joined the Second Australian Imperial Force as a gunner, but a few months later three Cabinet ministers and several of Australia's top military staff were killed in an air crash in Canberra. Menzies recalled Holt from the army, appointing him Minister without Portfolio assisting the Minister for Trade and Customs, and his recall earned him the ironic nickname "Gunner Holt."
In October 1940, Holt was elevated to Cabinet, becoming Minister for Labour and National Service, and one of his most significant achievements in this portfolio was the introduction of child endowment in 1941.
In August 1941, a front-bench revolt forced Menzies to resign as Prime Minister. He was replaced by the Country Party leader Arthur Fadden. Holt was among those who withdrew their support, although he never revealed his reasons for doing so. In October 1941, the UAP was ousted by a no-confidence vote; the ALP leader John Curtin was invited to form a new government. By 1944, the UAP had effectively disintegrated and in 1945, Menzies formally established a new political party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and forged an enduring coalition with the Country Party. Holt was one of the first members to join the Liberal Party's Prahran branch.
Holt as Minister for Labour at a Raymond Terrace Masonite factory in 1954.
After eight years in opposition, the Coalition won the federal election of December 1949 and Menzies began his record-setting second term as Prime Minister. At this election, Holt saw his majority in Fawkner nearly disappear in the redistribution. He transferred to Higgins, one of several new seats created in the 1949 redistribution. The seat was created as a safe Liberal seat; it had been carved out of the wealthier portions of Fawkner. Holt won it easily. He was appointed to the prestigious portfolios of Minister for Labour and National Service (1949–1958; he had previously served in this portfolio 1940–41) and Minister for Immigration (1949–1956), by which time he was being touted in the press as a "certain successor to Menzies and a potential Prime Minister". In Immigration, Holt continued and expanded the massive immigration program initiated by his ALP predecessor, Arthur Calwell. However, he displayed a more flexible and caring attitude than Calwell, who was a strong advocate of the White Australia policy. He also had ministerial responsibility for the Melbourne Olympics in 1956.
Holt excelled in the Labour portfolio and has been described as one of the best Labour ministers since Federation. Although the conditions were ripe for industrial unrest—Communist influence in the union movement was then at its peak, and the right-wing faction in Cabinet was openly agitating for a showdown with the unions—the combination of strong economic growth and Holt's enlightened approach to industrial relations saw the number of working hours lost to strikes fall dramatically, from over two million in 1949 to just 439,000 in 1958.
The economy Holt inherited was growing strongly, aided by the opening of new iron ore mines. However, in 1959, inflation was running at 4.5% and Treasury was alarmed. Holt was reluctant to act, but in November 1960 introduced a deflationary package of tax changes. He also reluctantly agreed to an interest rate rise by the Reserve Bank. These measures became known as the "credit squeeze" or the "Holt jolt". The economy went into recession, but unemployment was still relatively low.
The credit squeeze brought the Coalition dangerously close to losing the 1961 election, with the Coalition being returned with a precarious one-seat majority. There were calls for Holt to be sacked, but he retained Menzies' support. He later described 1960–61 as "my most difficult year in public life". Most of the deflationary measures were reversed in 1962.
In later budgets, Holt retreated to his Queensland holiday home while it was being prepared. After presenting the budget, he took an overseas trip. In contrast to his colleagues, he travelled widely in South-East Asia, which he believed was key to Australia's future prosperity.
Holt continued as federal Treasurer until January 1966, when Menzies finally retired. With Menzies' support, Holt was elected leader of the Liberal Party, thus becoming Prime Minister after having been an MP for almost 31 years.
Malcolm Fraser (LP), Minister for the Army.
Holt's term in office covered almost exactly the tumultuous calendar years of 1966–67. His short tenure meant that he had limited personal and political impact as Prime Minister, and he is remembered mainly for the dramatic circumstances of his disappearance and presumed death. His untoward demise has tended to obscure the major events and political trends of his term in office, especially his role in maintaining and expanding Australia's military commitment to the Vietnam War.
The Holts meeting with British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Mrs Wilson in 1967.
The transfer of power from Menzies was smooth and unproblematic, and at the federal election later that year, the electorate overwhelmingly endorsed Holt, giving the Holt-McEwen Coalition government a 41-seat majority, the largest in Australian history up to that time. They also won 57% of the two-party preferred vote, which is still the greatest winning margin at a federal election in Australian political history.
Stylistically, Holt was more informal and contemporary than Menzies, and his wife accompanied him into the political spotlight.
Political historian James Jupp says that, in domestic policy, Holt identified with the reformist wing of Victorian Liberalism. One of his most notable achievements was to initiate the process of breaking down the preferential White Australia policy by ending the distinction between Asian and European migrants and by permitting skilled Asians to settle with their families. He also established the Australian Council for the Arts (later the Australia Council), which began the tradition of federal government support for Australian arts and artists, an initiative that was considerably expanded by Holt's successor John Gorton.
In the area of constitutional reform, undoubtedly the most significant event of Holt's time as Prime Minister was the 1967 referendum in which an overwhelming majority of Australians voted in favour of giving the Commonwealth power to legislate specifically for indigenous Australians and to include them in the Commonwealth census.
In 1967 the Holt government made the historic decision not to depreciate the Australian dollar in line with Britain's depreciation of the pound sterling, a break with previous policy, which was strongly opposed by Country Party leader John McEwen.
Prime Minister Harold Holt with US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at The Pentagon in July 1966.
Prime Minister Harold Holt with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson in October 1966.
During Holt's term in office, the Vietnam War was the dominant foreign policy issue. The Holt government significantly increased Australia's military involvement in the war and Holt vehemently defended U.S. policy in the region. He also forged a close relationship with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, whom he had first met in Melbourne in 1942.
Whilst Holt stated that his friendship with Johnson was reflected in the strong relationship between Australia and the US, former Australian diplomat and foreign-affairs expert Alan Renouf was more cynical in his assessment of the situation. In the chapter on Vietnam in The Frightened Country, his 1979 book on Australian foreign policy, Renouf bluntly suggested that Holt was in effect "seduced" by Johnson, and notes that the Johnson administration criticized the Holt government for not doing enough and repeatedly pressured Australia to increase its troop commitment in Vietnam.
On taking office, Holt declared that Australia had no intention of increasing its commitment to the war, but just one month later, in December 1966, he announced that Australia would treble its troop commitment to 4,500, including 1,500 National Service conscripts, creating a single independent Australian task force based at Nui Dat.
Five months later, in May, Holt was obliged to announce the death of the first National Service conscript in Vietnam, Private Errol Wayne Noack, aged 21. Just before his disappearance, Holt approved a further increase in troop numbers, committing a third battalion to the war—a decision that was subsequently revoked by his successor, John Gorton.
"You have in us not merely an understanding friend but one staunch in the belief of the need for our presence in Vietnam.
"We are not there because of our friendship, we are there because, like you, we believe it is right to be there and, like you, we shall stay there as long as it seems necessary to achieve the purposes of the South Vietnamese Government and the purposes that we join in formulating and progressing together.
"And so, sir, in the lonelier and perhaps even more disheartening moments which come to any national leader, I hope there will be a corner of your mind and heart which takes cheer from the fact that you have an admiring friend, a staunch friend that will be all the way with LBJ."
Following his Washington visit Holt went on to London and in a speech there given on 7 July he was sharply critical of the UK, France and other U.S. allies that had refused to commit troops to the Vietnam War.
On 20 October 1966, President Johnson arrived in Australia at Holt's invitation for a three-day state visit, the first to Australia by a serving U.S. President. The tour marked the first major anti-war demonstrations staged in Australia. In Sydney, protesters lay down in front of the car carrying Johnson and the Premier of New South Wales, Robert Askin (prompting Askin's notorious order to "Run over the bastards"). In Melbourne, a crowd estimated at 750,000 turned out to welcome Johnson, although a vocal anti-war contingent demonstrated against the visit by throwing paint bombs at Johnson's car and chanting "LBJ, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?".
In December, Australia signed a controversial agreement with the United States that would allow the U.S. to establish a secret strategic communications facility at Pine Gap in the Northern Territory. On 20 December 1966, Holt announced that Australia's military force in Vietnam was to be increased again to 6,300 troops plus an additional twelve tanks, two minesweepers and eight bombers.
Holt fought his first and only general election as Prime Minister on 26 November 1966, focusing his campaign on the issue of Vietnam and the supposed Communist threat in Asia. Labor leader Arthur Calwell bitterly opposed Australia's part in the war and promised that Australian troops would be brought home if Labor won office, and opposition to overseas service by Australian conscripts had long been part of ALP policy.
Australia's involvement in Vietnam still enjoyed majority popular support and Calwell's anti-war campaign did not garner much positive reaction from voters. The Coalition scored a stunning victory over the ALP, winning many former ALP seats and sweeping back into power with the largest parliamentary majority since Federation. The Liberal Party increased its numbers from 52 to 61, and the Country Party from 20 to 21, with Labor dropping from 51 to 41 seats, and one Independent. Among the new members elected was future federal Treasurer Phillip Lynch.
In June, Holt travelled to London via Canada, where on 6 June he opened the Australian Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal; on the return journey, the Holts stayed with the Johnsons at the presidential summer resort, Camp David, in Maryland.
In October the government became embroiled in another embarrassing controversy over the alleged misuse of VIP aircraft, which came to a head when John Gorton (Government Leader in the Senate) tabled documents that showed that Holt had unintentionally misled Parliament in his earlier answers on the matter. Support for his leadership was eroded even further by his refusal to sack the Minister for Air, Peter Howson, in order to defuse the scandal, fuelling criticism from within the party that Holt was "weak" and lacked Menzies' ruthlessness. Much of the blame for the episode within the Public Service was visited upon Sir John Bunting, Secretary of the Prime Minister's Department, although other figures such as the Deputy Secretary Peter Lawler were able to protect themselves. One of John Gorton's first acts upon becoming Prime Minister in January 1968 was to sideline Bunting by creating a separate Department of the Cabinet Office with Bunting as its head, and replaced him with Lenox Hewitt.
In November 1967, the government suffered a serious setback in the Senate election, winning just 42.8 per cent of the vote against Labor's 45 per cent. The coalition also lost the seats of Corio and Dawson to Labor in by-elections. Alan Reid says that, within the party, the reversal was blamed on Holt's mishandling of the VIP planes scandal. Disquiet was growing about his leadership style and possible health problems.
On the morning of Sunday 17 December 1967, Holt, his neighbour and rumoured lover Marjorie Gillespie, her daughter Vyner, Vyner's boyfriend Martin Simpson, and Gillespie family friend Alan Stewart drove down from Melbourne to see the lone British yachtsman Alec Rose sail through Port Phillip Heads. Around noon, the party drove to one of Holt's favourite swimming and snorkelling spots, Cheviot Beach on Point Nepean near Portsea, on the eastern arm of Port Phillip Bay. Holt decided to go swimming, although the surf was high and fierce.
Holt began swimming, but he soon disappeared from view. Fearing the worst, the others raised the alert. A large contingent of police, Royal Australian Navy divers, Royal Australian Air Force helicopters, Army personnel from nearby Point Nepean and local volunteers converged on the beach. This quickly escalated into one of the largest search operations in Australian history, but no trace of Holt could be found.
Two days later, on 19 December 1967, the government made an official announcement that Holt was thought to be dead. The Governor-General Lord Casey sent for the Country Party leader and Coalition Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen, and he was sworn in as caretaker Prime Minister until such time as the Liberals elected a new leader.
Holt was a strong swimmer and an experienced skindiver, with what his biographer Tom Frame describes as "incredible powers of endurance underwater". However, his health was far from perfect at the time of his death—he had collapsed in Parliament earlier in the year, apparently suffering from a vitamin deficiency, and this had raised fears among some senior Liberals that he might have a heart condition.
In September 1967, Holt had suffered a recurrence of an old shoulder injury, which reportedly caused him agonising pain, and for this he was prescribed strong painkillers. He ignored recent advice from his doctor Marcus de Laune Faunce not to play tennis or swim until the shoulder healed and reportedly obtained a prescription for morphine from another doctor. Tom Frame also records that Holt had already got into trouble twice while skindiving earlier in 1967—on the first occasion, while snorkelling at Portsea in May, he got into severe difficulties because of a leaking snorkel and had to be pulled from the water by friends, gasping for breath, blue in the face, and vomiting seawater.
A memorial service held at St Paul's Anglican Cathedral in Melbourne on 22 December was attended by a number of international dignitaries including President Johnson, Charles, Prince of Wales, and British Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Among the many Asian leaders were Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, President of South Vietnam and Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea. It was also one of the first events to be transmitted from Australia to other countries via satellite.
Media speculation focused on the possibility that Holt took his own life. Journalist Ray Martin made a documentary, Who Killed Harold Holt?, screened in November 2007, which suggested that Holt might have committed suicide. The Bulletin magazine featured a story supporting the suicide theory. In support of the view, The Bulletin quoted fellow cabinet minister Doug Anthony who spoke about Holt's depression shortly before his death. The suggestion of suicide was emphatically rejected by Holt's son Sam, by his biographer Tom Frame, and by former prime minister and Holt's Cabinet colleague at the time, Malcolm Fraser.
On 23 October 2008, ABC Television broadcast the one-hour docu-drama The Prime Minister is Missing, starring Normie Rowe as Holt. This program covered much of the same ground as Martin's documentary, but rejected Martin's suggestion that Holt had committed suicide, stating that he was a vocal 'life affirmer'. The documentary also noted that Holt was suffering from a shoulder injury and had been advised not to swim.
In 1983, an alternative theory was advanced by writer Anthony Grey who suggested Holt had been a spy for the People's Republic of China and a Chinese submarine had picked him up. This theory was widely ridiculed.
No official federal government inquiry was conducted, on the grounds that it would have been a waste of time and money. Neither was an inquest held at the time because Victorian law did not provide any mechanism for reporting presumed or suspected deaths to the Victorian Coroner. However, the Commonwealth and Victoria Police compiled a 108-page report into the disappearance, including statements from all eyewitnesses and details of the search operation.
The law in Victoria was changed in 1985, and in 2003 the Victoria Police Missing Persons Unit formally reopened 161 pre-1985 cases in which drowning was suspected but no body was found. Holt's son Nicholas Holt said that after 37 years there were few surviving witnesses and no new evidence would be presented. On 2 September 2005, the Coroner's finding was that Holt had drowned in accidental circumstances on 17 December 1967.
Holt's disappearance triggered a crisis in the Coalition government. Liberal deputy leader and Treasurer William McMahon planned a party room meeting on 20 December to elect a new leader, intending to stand for the position himself. However, this was pre-empted by the Country Party leader and Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen who publicly declared on the morning of 18 December that he would not serve in a McMahon government. (He and McMahon had had a long-running dispute about trade policies.) On 19 December, after discussions with McEwen and various Liberal MPs, the Governor-General Richard Casey commissioned McEwen as caretaker Prime Minister on the understanding that his commission would continue only so long as it took for the Liberals to elect a new leader. The Liberal leadership ballot was rescheduled for 9 January 1968. As it turned out, McMahon did not stand, and Senator John Gorton was elected, replacing McEwen as Prime Minister on 10 January 1968.
In terms of party politics, one of the most significant features of Holt's brief tenure as PM is that his unexpected death triggered the beginning of an unprecedented period of turmoil within the Liberal Party and a rapid decline in the Coalition's electoral fortunes. For twenty-two years, from its founding in 1944 to his retirement in 1966, the Liberal Party had had only one leader, Robert Menzies. After Menzies' retirement, the party had three leaders in six years: Holt, Gorton and William McMahon. In December 1969, the ALP under Gough Whitlam came within four seats of ending the Coalition's hold on power before winning a convincing victory in 1972.
Harold Holt is most famously commemorated by the Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre in the Melbourne suburb of Glen Iris. The complex was under construction at the time of Holt's disappearance, and since he was the local member, it was named in his memory. The irony of commemorating a man who is presumed to have drowned with a swimming pool has been a wry source of amusement to many Australians.
↑ "Holt", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, 2001.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 26–27. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
1 2 Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-74114-672-0 – via Amazon.com "Look Inside".
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Hancock, I. R. (1996). "Holt, Harold Edward (1908–1967)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. p. 29. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 28–31. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 20,335. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 30–31. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 32–36. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 35, 38. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. pp. 36, 39. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. p. 62.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. p. 63.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. pp. 63–64.
1 2 Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. pp. 66–67.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. pp. 64–65.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. pp. 65–66.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. p. 66.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. p. 68.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. pp. 64, 69.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. pp. 63, 70.
↑ Hawkins, John. "Harold Holt: urbane treasurer". Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012. The Treasury. p. 70.
↑ "National Archives of Australia – Australia's Prime Ministers – Harold Holt – In Office". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
↑ "National Museum of Australia – Pop goes Australia". Nma.gov.au. 6 June 1967. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
↑ "In office – Harold Holt – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
1 2 King, Gilbert (4 January 2012). "The Prime Minister who Disappeared". Smithsonian magazine. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
↑ Chalmers, Rob (2011). Inside the Canberra Press Gallery: Life in the Wedding Cake of Old Parliament House. Australia: Australian National University. p. 139. ISBN 1921862378. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
↑ "Harold Holt: GNT History, ABC, 22 September 2003". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
↑ Norington, Brad (14 November 2007). "Holt 'may have killed himself'". The Australian. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
↑ "Frame, Fraser reject Holt suicide claim". Sydney Morning Herald. 13 November 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007. Dunn, Mark (15 November 2007). "Harold Holt son rejects suicide theory". Herald Sun. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
↑ "Coroner rules Holt conspiracy theories 'fanciful'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 September 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
↑ "Harold Holt Swim Centre". Stonnington.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
↑ "It's an Honour". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 8 June 1968. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Frame, Tom (2005). The Life and Death of Harold Holt. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. ISBN 1-74114-672-0.
Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2003). Party Games: Australian Politician and the Media from War to Dismissal. Text Publishing, Melbourne. ISBN 1-877008-64-8.
Inglis, Kenneth S. (1983). This Is The ABC. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84258-5.
Renouf, Alan (1979). The Frightened Country. Macmillan Australia, Melbourne. ISBN 0-333-25248-9. |
0.776875 | 'The most remarkable phenomenon of the English poetic scene during the last ten years or so has been the advent, or perhaps I should say the irruption, of Gavin Ewart' wrote Philip Larkin. Larkin was one among many poets and critics who admired Gavin Ewart's work; Stephen Spender, Anthony Thwaite and Peter Porter were also fans.
Influenced by T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, but especially by W. H. Auden, Ewart was a prolific poet and his verse reflected a bawdy wit and an irrepressible sense of humour. He was largely known for his irreverence to sexual convention and is the second most prolific contributor to Making Love to Marilyn Monroe: The Faber Book of Blue Verse.
The poems in the Selected Poems were chosen by Ewart before his death in 1995 and were published for the first time in 1996. They are a selection of the best work from a writer of poetry for both adults and children who had a long and productive career.
'The most remarkable phenomenon of the English poetic scene during the last ten years or so has been the advent, or perhaps I should say the irruption, of Gavin Ewart' wrote Philip Larkin. Larkin was one among many poets and critics who admired Gavin Ewart's work; Stephen Spender, Anthony Thwaite and Peter Porter were also fans. Influenced by T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, but especially by W. H. Auden, Ewart was a prolific poet and his verse reflected a bawdy wit and an irrepressible sense of humour. He was largely known for his irreverence to sexual convention and is the second most prolific contributor to Making Love to Marilyn Monroe: The Faber Book of Blue Verse. The poems in the Selected Poems were chosen by Ewart before his death in 1995 and were published for the first time in 1996. They are a selection of the best work from a writer of poetry for both adults and children who had a long and productive career.
Gavin Ewart was born in London in 1916. He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge and was literary editor of Granta from 1936-7. His Poems and Songs were published in 1939. Londoners appeared in 1964 and was followed by, among others, Pleasures of the Flesh (1966), The Deceptive Grin of the Gravel Porters (1968), The Gavin Ewart Show (1971) for which he won a Cholmondeley Award for Poetry, An Imaginary Love Affair (1974) and 85 Poems (1993). The Collected Poems was first published in 1980 with a new edition covering the years 1980-1990 being published in 1991. |
0.981197 | A virtual classroom is basically the medium that makes e-learning possible. This system is designed after traditional online educational models, but with additional virtual access to all learning materials, tests, research data, assessments, and external sources, including R&D departments and corporate databases. Virtual classrooms are one of the most important tools for corporate training programs, and are often used as part of a organization’s employee engagement policies.
Most virtual classrooms also use Web 2.0 software to facilitate person to person interaction, as well as content management systems, to manage the various data which passes to and from their systems. With the help of this e-learning platform, training personnel are given access to microphones, chat rights with their fellow trainees as well as access to various learning materials available within the training system.
This flexibility ultimately translates into a more versatile training system for corporate personnel, most of whom are often short on time and resources to properly attend training programs. In other words, virtual/online classrooms offer trainees different options on how they are to be trained, which in turn allows for more personnel to undergo training on their own terms. This ultimately translates to higher rates of employee engagements among corporate organizations and helps to increase personnel participation among educational and training initiatives.
Virtual learning environments are often subject to debate, most of which involve their viability as a training medium in comparison to other modes of online education, such as live chatting or video conferences between trainees and their instructors. The argument against the use of virtual learning platforms as mediums for online corporate training is that they cost too much money, and in most cases, offer features which are not always needed by trainees or instructors.
This argument is countered by the claim that virtual/online classrooms offer better resource integration and support for trainees and personnel, especially among very large organizations. Furthermore, online classrooms also represent the evolving nature of integrated e-learning platforms, which means that such platforms are necessary for organizations which are highly invested in employee engagement and personnel training.
In addition to these arguments, there are also other justifications on the use of virtual/online classrooms as tools for corporate and employee training. Here are several examples of them.
How Can a Virtual Classroom Help Improve the Efficiency of Employee Training?
Most virtual/online classrooms are optimized for power point presentations, video lessons and instructor-trainee chatting, all of which are ideal for helping trainees adapt to corporate culture. These features offer a hands-on platform wherein trainees will not only be trained to achieve new levels of competency, but are also given practical experiences in conducting their tasks.
In addition to allowing trainees to interact with their instructors and fellow personnel online, virtual/online classrooms can also be used to facilitate collaborative projects, address complaints about training policies and act as a platform for interactive discussions. The tools available in most virtual learning platforms also allow all participants to send messages, answer questions on their screen or address their instructor or presenter about their lessons. Thanks to these features, an online classroom can thus be used as an effective communication tool between trainees, instructors and managers.
A virtual/online classroom can even be used to optimize employee engagement by leveraging the internet, social media as well as various online training tools to help improve each trainee’s learning experience. In other words, virtual/online classrooms are the most suitable training platforms for organizations that wish to integrate additional online tools in their employee engagement programs.
Finally, it’s worth mentioning that most virtual learning software also include phone, email as well as tech support services, so as to ensure full access to tools and resources within the training program. So in addition, to their direct benefits and advantages, online classrooms are conducive for active participation.
Ultimately, virtual learning environments are just e-learning tools. How different organizations use such tools will be determined by their goals and policies with regards employee training and development. Some organizations, for example, use online classrooms primarily to help busy trainees undergo additional training, while others prefer to use them to make the employee training process more efficient. It is this flexibility which allows virtual/online classrooms to increase the accessibility of online training to a large group of people.
Thanks to the advancement of technology, corporate training initiatives have given a substantial boost to online education by expanding the use of virtual learning classrooms for training their personnel. This demand from corporations as well as other similar organizations is what allows online classrooms as well as other similar platforms to play a much greater role in the corporate sphere. Likewise, the increasing use of social media and other similar internet tools help to facilitate a more efficient learning environment for companies that require a more engaged workforce. In this sense, the average virtual classroom training program has a unique niche with regards to corporate e-learning, and should therefore be employed in training corporate personnel. |
0.946232 | This branch of the Cecil family descends from Sir Robert Cecil, the son of the prominent statesman the 1st Baron Burghley, from his second marriage, to Mildred Cooke.
Cecil (created Salisbury in 1605) was the younger son of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley by his second wife, Mildred Cooke, eldest daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke of Gidea, Essex.
Burghley was built for Sir William Cecil, later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I of England, between 1558 and 1587, and modelled on the privy lodgings of Richmond Palace.
William, the only son, was put to school first at The King's School, Grantham, and then Stamford School, which he later saved and endowed.
Founded as a chantry school, it fell foul of the Protestant reformers and was only saved from destruction under the Chantries Act of Edward VI by the personal intervention of Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley) who worked in the service of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and who secured a specific Act of Parliament in 1548 ensuring its survival.
Three years later, on 21 December 1546 he married Mildred Cooke, who was ranked by Ascham with Lady Jane Grey as one of the two most learned ladies in the kingdom, (aside from another of Ascham's pupils, Elizabeth Tudor, who was later Elizabeth I) and whose sister, Anne, was the wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and later the mother of Sir Francis Bacon.
She was the wife of Elizabeth I's most trusted adviser, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, and the mother of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, adviser to James I.
He also acquired the affections of Cheke's sister, Mary, and was in 1541 removed by his father to Gray's Inn, without having taken a degree, as was common at the time for those not intending to enter the Church.
Thanks to the efforts of prominent members such as William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard, Gray's Inn became the largest of the four by number, with over 200 barristers recorded as members.
The only child of this marriage, Thomas, the future Earl of Exeter, was born in May 1542, and in February 1543 Cecil's first wife died.
Thomas Cecil was the elder son of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, by his first wife, Mary Cheke (d. February 1543), daughter of Peter Cheke of Cambridge, Esquire Bedell of the University from 1509 until his death in 1529 (and sister of Sir John Cheke).
He was elected Member of Parliament for Stamford five times, between 1504 and 1523.
In May 1535, at the age of fourteen, he went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he was brought into contact with the foremost scholars of the time, Roger Ascham and John Cheke, and acquired an unusual knowledge of Greek.
Blythe married Alice, one of Cheke's sisters, before 1536, and in 1541 William Cecil (afterwards Lord Burleigh), Cheke's distinguished student, married Mary Cheke, another.
His mother's sister was married to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, making Burghley Bacon's uncle.
He had one son, William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520–1598), and three daughters.
Pedigrees, elaborated by Cecil himself with the help of William Camden the antiquary, associated him with the Welsh Cecils or Seisyllts of Allt-Yr-Ynys, Walterstone, on the border of Herefordshire and Monmouthshire.
In 1597, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley suggested that Camden write a history of Queen Elizabeth's reign.
Near Stamford (but actually in the historic Soke of Peterborough) is Burghley House, an Elizabethan mansion, vast and ornate, built by the First Minister of Elizabeth I, Sir William Cecil, later Lord Burghley.
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, (13 September 15204 August 1598) was an English statesman, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign, twice Secretary of State (1550–1553 and 1558–1572) and Lord High Treasurer from 1572. It was rumoured in December 1554 that Cecil would succeed Sir William Petre as Secretary of State, an office which, with his chancellorship of the Garter, he had lost on Mary's accession to the throne.
Exemplifying the power of the Lord High Treasurer is William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, who served in the post from 1572 to 1598.
However, on the accession of her younger sister, Elizabeth in 1558 he was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, largely owing to the influence of his brother-in-law William Cecil.
These included Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, and Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland.
After the death of his father in 1562, he became a ward of Queen Elizabeth and was sent to live in the household of her principal advisor, Sir William Cecil.
William Cecil (1520–1598) became the first Lord Burghley after serving Queen Elizabeth I for forty years, during which time he was the main architect of Britain's policies, with a reputation for renaissance statecraft, diplomat, politician and administrator. He was born at a house in the centre of Bourne that is now the Burghley Arms. There is a plaque outside.
It was rumoured in December 1554 that Cecil would succeed Sir William Petre as Secretary of State, an office which, with his chancellorship of the Garter, he had lost on Mary's accession to the throne.
Petre's career is strikingly similar to those of other statesmen of his time, such as William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, John Mason, and Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, who, 'sprung from the willow rather than the oak', and served with equal fidelity Kings Henry, Edward and Queens Mary, and Elizabeth, surviving all contemporary political and religious storms.
Leimon and Parker argue that Burghley was the principal protector of Edward Stafford, the English ambassador to Paris and a paid spy who helped the Spanish at the time of the Spanish Armada.
Further it was his duty to report to London intelligence he possessed on the formation of the Spanish Armada, but did not do so. The English counterspy Francis Walsingham was deeply suspicious but was unable to prove anything, and could not act as long as Stafford was protected by Lord Burghley.
His vacant post was offered to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, who declined it and proposed Burghley, stating that the latter was the more suitable candidate because of his greater "learning and knowledge".
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was one of Elizabeth's leading statesmen, involved in domestic as well as foreign politics alongside William Cecil and Francis Walsingham.
According to Akrigg, Howard then "entered into some further agreement, of which no documentation can now be found, which transferred to Lord Burghley personally the custody and marriage of the young Earl, but left Howard holding his lands", and late in 1581 or early in 1582 Southampton, then eight years of age, came to live at Cecil House in the Strand.
Cecil ingratiated himself with John Dudley, then Earl of Warwick, and after less than three months he was out of the Tower.
William Cecil was still in the Duke of Somerset's service when he gradually shifted his loyalty to John Dudley, who made him Secretary of State and thought him "a most faithful servant and by that term most witty [wise] councillor ... as was scarce like in this realm". |
0.794002 | By King Ryder was introduced to the notice of Sir Robert Walpole, who immediately discerned his merits. Ryder entered parliament as member for St. Germans in March 1733, and in the following November was appointed solicitor-general. He was elected for Tiverton on 27 April 1734, and gained an interest in the borough, which his family maintained till the first Reform Bill. In the spring of 1737 he became attorney-general, and was knighted in May 1740.
In 1738 he was designed as successor to Sir Joseph Jekyll [q. v.], master of the rolls, but the appointment, though actually announced, did not take place, owing mainly to Ryder's disinclination to accept it. As first law officer he was a frequent speaker in the House of Commons, but usually confined himself to legal questions. He never engaged in political intrigues. Ryder's first important parliamentary duty was to take charge of the bill of pains and penalties against the city of Edinburgh which followed the murder of Captain John Porteous [q. v.] (Parl. Hist. x. 274–5). In 1741 he spoke in support of the bill which was to give justices of the peace the right of authorising impressment (ib. xii. 26). Horace Walpole mentions a speech made by Ryder in January 1742 as ‘glorious’ (Walpole to Mann, 22 Jan. 1742). In 1744 the attorney-general had to move the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in view of the threatened Jacobite rebellion; and his ‘greatest effort’ in parliament, in Lord Campbell's opinion, was his speech in favour of the unpopular bill attainting the sons of the Pretender should they land in England, and making it high treason to correspond with them. At ‘enormous length but with very considerable ability’ he proceeded to justify the provision in the same bill by which the property of rebels' children was declared forfeit (Parl. Hist. xiii. 859–66). In 1747 he unsuccessfully opposed, on the principles of free trade, a bill prohibiting insurances on French ships during the war (ib. xiv. 128). In 1751 he had to defend the restrictions to be imposed on the Princess of Wales as regent (ib. p. 1023). His last speech in parliament was an able advocacy of Lord Hardwicke's marriage bill (ib. xv. 1 &c.). Walpole told a correspondent that Ryder ‘did amply gossip over’ the bill, and that during one of the debates he came into conflict with the speaker (Arthur Onslow), who gave him ‘a flat lie’ (Walpole to Hon. H. S. Conway, 24 May 1753).
(Lond. Mag. 1753). On 2 May 1754 Ryder was made lord chief justice of the king's bench. He also became a privy councillor. It was not then the practice to create the lord chief justice a peer immediately on his appointment, and Ryder remained a commoner. Two years later Newcastle proposed his elevation, and on 24 May 1756 the king signed a patent creating Ryder Baron Ryder of Harrowby, and the chief justice was to have kissed hands on the following day. On 25 May, however, he died suddenly. A memorial was presented to George II in favour of inserting the name of his son in the patent, but in the midst of the existing political crisis the matter was overlooked.
Lord Waldegrave sums up Ryder's character as that of ‘an honest man and a good lawyer, but not considerable in any other capacity.’ Horace Walpole was of much the same opinion, declaring that he ‘talked himself out of all consideration in parliament by laying too great stress on every part of his diffusive knowledge.’ In private life Ryder was amiable but somewhat uxorious. He corresponded daily with his wife, a cultivated woman, who managed all his money matters as well as his household affairs. |
0.999739 | Text: Toru WadaGoetheanum is available for everyone, for free – it has lecture halls, a library, a book store, a gallery – hence it holds various events and conferences throughout the year. Here, you will be able to feel Anthroposophy, the spiritual world of which Steiner advocated.
This vast estate also has a cafe and a restaurant which offers organic and biodynamic dishes – which Steiner established – and there is also a guesthouse. Not only the Goetheanum interior, but also outside it is surrounded by residential houses that were also designed by Steiner himself, characterised by the similar shapes – supple and clay-like. Just walking down Dornach Villa will make your heart leap with excitement.
Students or retired people who live in the neighbourhood – who are not involved in Anthroposophy – are often found in Goetheanum, studying in the library or just taking a walk. It proves that Goetheanum and the local community is coexisting in peace. Although it is a bit far from Basel city, it is well worth the visit to see the roots of Anthroposophy. |
0.999984 | This one maybe need some explanation.This is actually a movie of "The Number 23" but seems more thrill then "Beautiful Mind" the real story of John F. Nash who won the Nobel prize. He is some sort of psycho or more exactly schizophrenia disease...The true story of real John F. Nash who still alive....have to watch the story LOL...really amazing!!!
I just came from the movies after watching the movie “Number 23”. Honestly, the interesting part about the movie was the number 23, not the story of the movie. I mean I would rather watching a documentary about the number 23, not a psychological thriller about it.
• In the movie Jeepers Creepers the creature gets to feed every 23 years for 23 days.
• There were 23 members in the music group The Beatles. They each had 23 letters in their names. They released 23 albums together, each containing 23 songs. They all died at the age of 23. Also, they would eat 23 meals a day.
• The date that the Titanic sank, 4/15/1912, 4+1+5+1+9+1+2=23.
• The date the Twin Towers were hit, 9/11/2001, 9+11+2+1=23.
• The tilt of Earth’s axis is roughly 23 degrees.
• A human baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent.
• The 23rd letter of the English alphabet is W. On a QWERTY keyboard, W lies directly below the two and three.
• December 23, 2012 is the day the classic Mayans said the world would end.
• Five (2+3) is an immensely significant number in all ancient and some modern rites and rituals.
• The average head of human hair can support 23 tons of weight. |
0.999951 | Human input in response to a request by the system while it is 'on hold'. Interventions can be expected or unexpected, for example, providing a higher level password for authorisation, or responding to an error message indicating a fault, e.g. 'Printer Error: cannot print to LPT3, user intervention required'.
A log of unexpected interventions should be maintained and reviewed at intervals to check if a pattern is developing with a particular program, user, or piece of equipment, which may require some repair, fix, or other corrective action. |
0.963351 | Revolution of tool-making and weapons.
Formal states, cities, writing, and monuments.
Have to be located near an adequate water supply.
Must rely on agriculture for food.
Non-civilized societies have to travel to keep an adequate food supply.
Non-civilized societies have to be small because of the amount of land required to hunt for food.
The only clothing available was hides from the animals they’d hunted and killed.
Civilized societies can be stationary with their use of agriculture.
Civilized societies can be large because of their domestication of animals and intentional planting of crops.
Agricultural peoples could afford to build houses, and their domesticated animals provide not only food, but also wool for more varied clothing.
Judaism was the world’s first clearly developed monotheistic religion.
It led to the widespread belief in one god, which eventually led to other monotheistic religions.
It helped establish culture, which is necessary to develop a civilized society.
Compare the main features of Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. What did the two civilizations have in common as early civilizations? What were their main differences in values and organizations?
Mesopotamia and Egypt were similar as early civilizations in the way that the need for irrigation induced a need for complex political structures.
Mesopotamia was developed without a model of how to become civilized, while Egypt was developed based on Mesopotamia and other early civilizations.
While Mesopotamia didn’t have strict government rule, it was necessary in Egypt because of the complexity of the irrigation system. Mesopotamia was more of a business class society.
Mesopotamians (Sumerians) worshipped gods, while Egyptians usually worshipped and honoured Pharaohs. |
0.999994 | Amazon China issued a new report and surveyed 14,000 people to look into their reading habits. It found that almost half read at least ten books a year and a whopping 80% read more than thirty minutes per day.
Chinese readers are fairly agnostic when it comes to reading digital and print. The report found that 55% read Kindle books or buy print books online. A paltry 19% only read ebooks on their e-readers, smartphones and tablets. Overall, Kindle book sales increased by 68% in 2017.
What type of genres are people consuming the most? Literature and novels are the most popular, followed by financial management and social sciences. Within the last category, history is the most popular social science topic.
Reading habits vary depending on gender, age and education. Between the two sexes, women tend to read more mystery novels and self-inspirational books, while men prefer to read more historical biographies, humanities and social science and sci-fi. |
0.977493 | BRAZIL'S POLITICAL EVOLUTION from monarchy to de-mocracy has not been smooth. Following independence in 1822, Brazil, unlike its South American neighbors, adopted constitutional monarchy as its form of government. The new nation retained a slave-based, plantation economy, and political participation remained very limited. After the coronation of Dom Pedro II (emperor, 1840-89) in 1840, a two-party system based on the British model--with conservative and liberal parties and frequent cabinet turnovers--evolved. Within this centralized unitary system, the emperor appointed the governors, using his prerogatives under the moderating power (poder moderador--see Glossary) granted by the 1824 constitution, and legislative elections were indirect. Brazil enjoyed considerable political stability until the 1880s, when the system proved incapable of accommodating military demands and pressure to emancipate slaves.
Brazil patterned the constitution of what is now called the Old Republic (1889-1930) on the United States constitution. However, colonelism (coronelismo --see Glossary), a political system based on economic power by large landowners in rural areas, persisted. Under the new constitution of February 24, 1891, the president, National Congress (Congresso Nacional; hereafter, Congress), state governors and legislatures, and local officials were chosen through direct elections.
Following World War I, when Brazil began to undergo rural-urban and agricultural-industrial transformations, its political system again was unable to cope with the demands of the urban middle classes and especially the working classes. The 1929 stock market crash further exacerbated the volatile situation, and elites from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais staged a preemptive revolution and deposed the old regime. As a result of the revolts of 1930, Getúlio Dorneles Vargas became president (1930-1945, 1951- 54).
Violent clashes over conflicting ideologies of the left and the right erupted in the streets of Brazil's major cities in the 1930s. Vargas tried to strike a balance between the demands of labor and capital following Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's Carta di Lavoro (see Glossary) model established in the 1920s. The 1934 constitution incorporated this model and thus began the politics of corporatism (see Glossary) in Brazil. In close cooperation with the military, Vargas pushed for import-substitution industrialization (see Glossary) and a reduction of military forces under the command of state governments, in favor of the Brazilian Armed Forces (Forças Armadas Brasileiras). President Vargas closed Congress in 1937 and ruled as a dictator until 1945.
The 1945-64 period is known for its multiparty democratic politics, and four presidents were elected freely in 1945, 1950, 1955, and 1960. In the early 1960s, an explosive combination of slower economic growth, rising inflation, populism, and nationalism produced political instability and popular discontent. The major political parties lost their hegemony, and labor unions accumulated great political influence over the government of João Goulart (president, 1961-64).
The military seized power in April 1964 and began twenty-one years of rule. Under its model of "relative democracy," Congress remained open, but with greatly reduced powers. Regular elections were held for Congress, state assemblies, and local offices. However, presidential, gubernatorial, and some mayoral elections became indirect. Political parties were allowed to operate, but with two forced realignments. These were the replacement of the old multiparty system with a two-party system in 1965 and a system of moderate pluralism, with six (and later five) parties in 1980. The military regime employed massive repression from 1969 through 1974.
After the "economic miracle" period (1967-74), Brazil entered a "stagflation" phase concurrent with political liberalization. During the military period, Brazilian society had become 70 percent urban; the economy had become industrialized, and more manufactured goods than primary goods were exported; and about 55 percent of the population had registered to vote. Foreign policy oscillated between alignment with the United States and pragmatic independence. A transition to a civilian president took place in 1985. From 1985 to 1997, Brazil experienced four distinct political models: a return to the pre-1964 tradition of political bargaining, clientelism (see Glossary), and economic nationalism under José Sarney (president, 1985-90); neosocial liberalism with economic modernization under Fernando Collor de Mello (president, 1990-92); an erratic personal style of social nationalism under Itamar Franco (president, 1992-94); and a consensus-style social-democratic and neoliberal coalition under Fernando Henrique Cardoso (president, 1995- ).
Under heavy accusations of corruption, President Collor was impeached in 1992. His vice president, Franco, used a pragmatic policy of "muddling through," but in mid-1994 achieved great popularity with the Real Plan (for value of the real (R$)--see Glossary), a stabilization program authored by then Minister of Finance Cardoso. In the 1994 election, Cardoso and the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira--PSDB) expounded a social-democratic model of modernization, while Luis Inácio "Lula" da Silva of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores--PT) supported a reworked model of corporatist or syndicalist socialism. The Real Plan was instrumental in the election of Cardoso as president.
Cardoso was inaugurated as president on January 1, 1995. The transition to the new government was nearly perfect. Cardoso had won an outright victory in the first-round election. He had potentially strong support blocs in the Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) and Federal Senate (Senado Federal; hereafter, Senate). He had strong support from a majority of the newly elected governors, including those from the important states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, which elected governors from the president's own PSDB. Moreover, the December 1994 inflation rate was less than 1 percent; unemployment was low; and popular expectations were extremely high.
Perhaps the most important task of the Cardoso government in 1995 was to promote the reform of key sections of the 1988 constitution in order to reduce the role of the state in the economy, reform the federal bureaucracy, reorganize the social security system, rework federalist relationships, overhaul the complicated tax system, and effect electoral and party reforms to strengthen the representation of political parties. The new Cardoso government initiated constitutional reform (which requires a three-fifths majority of each house), but soon met with stiff congressional resistance. Because of the 1996 municipal elections and other political impediments, the other reforms--administrative, social security, and fiscal--were stalled in Congress, awaiting passage in 1997.
For more information about the government, see Facts about Brazil. |
0.999452 | A re-design concept for a company who is making a product for front-line employees at retail stores and food industry.
The main concept of the app is to enble the front line workers who work on shift base to easily swap their shifts and communicate each others without leaving the platform. Instead of going back and forth between a calendar app and messenger apps, users can check their own schedules on the platform, send and swap them in the platform. Users can easily see the brief weekly availability on user profile and the platform automatically highlights the schedule in the chat. |
0.999979 | In a follow-up article, I'll show you how to then use Jenkins within the Google Container Engine on the Google Cloud Platform.
To start using Google Container Engine, you first need to create a Google Cloud Platform account. You can set up a free trial account.
To use the Google Cloud Platform APIs you will need to set up a billing account. You can do this by selecting "Billing" from the navigation within the Google Cloud Platform Console, as shown in Figure 1.
You should verify that the status of your account, new or old, is Active, as shown in Figure 2.
Click Create an Empty Projectin the Getting Started page, as shown in Figure 3.
Click Select a project in the Getting Started page, as shown in Figure 4.
The Select dialog gets displayed (see Figure 5).
Click the Create Project button (+), as shown in Figure 6.
Using either of the options (Create an empty project or Select a project) should launch the New Project wizard. Specify a Project name (Jenkins-GKE) and click Create, as shown in Figure 7.
A new project gets created and the project info gets displayed in the Dashboard, as shown in Figure 8. Click Go to project settings, as shown in Figure 8, to display the project settings.
The project settings get displayed, as shown in Figure 9.
Once a project has been created, the Select a project dialog lists the project (see Figure 10). Select the project and click Open to display the project info shown in Figure 10.
To display the project permissions, click IAM & Admin, as shown in Figure 11.
The Permissions for the project get displayed, as shown in Figure 12. The default settings should suffice for most projects.
To use Google Container Engine, two APIs need to be enabled: Google Compute Engine and Google Container Engine. By default, these APIs are not enabled. To enable the APIs, select API Manager>Dashboard, as shown in Figure 13.
The APIs listed in the Dashboard may be enabled with Enable API, as shown in Figure 14. The APIs we need to enable, Google Compute Engine and Google Container Engine, are not listed by default when a new project is created.
Navigate to the URL https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/ for APIs, which shall redirect to the Project URL for the APIs https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/library?project=jenkins-gke or similar. From the Google Cloud APIs, select the Compute Engine API link (see Figure 15).
Click ENABLE, as shown in Figure 16.
The "ENABLING" message should get displayed, as shown in Figure 17.
When the API has been enabled, the DISABLE link should get displayed, as shown in Figure 18.
Navigate back to the Library of APIs page and select the Container Engine API link, as shown in Figure 19.
Click ENABLE (see Figure 20).
The "ENABLING" message should get displayed, as shown in Figure 21.
Once the API has been enabled, the DISABLE link should get displayed. The Google Container Engine API should get listed as enabled as indicated by the "Disable" link shown in Figure 22. The Google Compute Engine API also should get listed as enabled, as indicated by the "Disable" link.
First, we need to activate the Google Cloud Shell. Click the Activate Google Cloud Shell button in the Google Cloud Platform Dashboard, as shown in Figure 23.
The Google Cloud Shell gets started, as shown in Figure 24.
The compute zone gets set (see Figure 25).
Next, clone the sample application code for the Continuous Deployment on Kubernetes application from the Git.
The code gets cloned, as shown in Figure 26.
Change directory (cd) to the application root directory.
The sample application root directory becomes the current directory, as shown in Figure 27.
In this article, we got started with creating a Google Cloud Platform project and enabling the requisite APIs: Compute engine and Container Engine APIs. Subsequently, we downloaded a sample application which contains the Kubernetes manifests for Jenkins. In the next article of the tutorial, we shall create a Kubernetes cluster and subsequently deploy a Jenkins deployment and create a Jenkins service. |
0.995532 | We found a list online of weird things that can make people dislike you. Here are five we thought were pretty interesting . . .
1. Opening up too much to someone you just met. You shouldn't reveal anything too personal until you've known each other for a little while. You might think you're just being open and honest, but it can actually come across as insecure.
2. Asking too many questions. Most people like talking about themselves, so you SHOULD asked questions. But it's a fine line, and you have to let them ask questions too, so they don't feel like you're just grilling them.
3. Always saying yes when someone asks for a favor. A recent study found it can make it seem like you have ulterior motives. So it's okay to say no sometimes, especially if there's a legitimate reason you can't do something.
4. Playing hard to get. Sometimes it can work, but so can being honest when you like someone. A recent study found people were more prone to like someone if they thought the person liked THEM first.
5. Posting too many selfies. Especially for people you just met. A recent study found that photos taken from four-to-five feet away make you seem more trustworthy and competent than photos taken from 18 inches away. |
0.999964 | United Families International has joined with other groups to collect signatures that are going to be presented to these UN bureaucrats, very soon, urging them to not to recommend language which has the potential to create an international right to abortion.
You can help! Go to this link and add your voice to over 85,000 other citizens around the world who are standing up for the unborn. The goal is to gather 100,000 names on the petition and we’re getting close. Help us push it over the mark by clicking here and adding your name.
Part of the draft language recommends the legalization of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS). As there are a number of pro-life groups submitting statements to the HRC speaking to the crucial and inalienable rights of the unborn, UFI made the decision to address the fallacies and dangers associated with euthanasia and PAS. We share that statement with you, below.
Lastly, in a statement submitted by the country of Denmark to the above mentioned HRC drafting committee, Denmark objects to the usage of the term “pregnant woman” stating it “exclude[s] transgender people who have given birth” (i.e., women who feel they are men who give birth). It seems surreal that Denmark would be so concerned about the feelings of those who label themselves as transgender, but would openly advocate for ending the life of an unborn child through abortion. You can find Denmark’s statement by clicking here and scrolling down toward the bottom of the page.
United Families International fully supports pregnant women and their unborn children! We dedicate significant amounts of effort to doing so. We hope you’ll join us and you can start right now by signing the petition supporting unborn children’s right to life.
The proposal to include language that facilitates euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide does not align with a “right to life,” causes “unnatural or premature death,” and does little to promote dignity for vulnerable individuals. In fact, there’s no “dignity” in intentionally ending a life – at any stage. The above two paragraphs, with their proposed language, are contradictory.
Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) are not about removing artificial life support, or “pulling the plug” as it is colloquially stated. That is already an option. Everyone has the right to die naturally. Virtually all medical professionals and courts of law respect these difficult family decisions, and recognize that the removal of artificial life support is not assisted suicide or euthanasia.
Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life, usually by a medical professional, ostensibly to relieve pain and suffering. PAS is when a doctor prescribes a lethal drug that a patient takes for the sole purpose of causing their own death.
Simply put, euthanasia and assisted suicide laws give physicians the right to kill.
We at United Families International do not believe that the way to end suffering is by ending the sufferer. Life is always worth living. Even in misery there can be found precious moments of meaning and value. People who are suffering with illness or pain need our presence, our patience, and our perseverance. We should support them with mental health services and when needed, render assistance with effective palliative care. We need to help them find reasons to live, not reasons to die. This is how healthy societies help the vulnerable.
United Families International strongly urges the committee to remove language from General Comment 36 on Article 6 of the ICCPR that in any way advances or advocates for euthanasia, PAS or intentionally ending a human life – at any point from conception until natural death.
[iii] Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act – 2014, Oregon Public Health Division.
[iv] Ezekiel Emanuel, “Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide: Focus on the Data,” Medical Journal of Australia 206, 8(2017): 339-340.
[vi] “Death Drugs Cause Uproar in Oregon,” ABC News.
[vii]“Assisted- Suicide Law Prompts Insurance Company to Deny Coverage to a Terminally Ill California Woman,” Washington Times.
[viii] “A Doctor-Assisted Disaster for Medicine,” Wall Street Journal.
[ix] “Death by Request in Switzerland: Post traumatic stress disorder and complicated grief after witnessing assisted suicide,” February, 2011.
[xi] Kenneth R. Stevens, Jr., “Doctors Are Negatively Affected by Assisting in Suicide,” 2009.
[xii]“David Albert Jones, et al., “How does legalization of physician- assisted suicide affect rates of suicide?” Southern Medical Journal 108, 10(2015). |
0.757987 | The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was one of the most significant events in New Mexico history. But 1680 was not the first time New Mexico's Pueblos had attempted to rebel against the Spanish government. Beginning with the Acoma Revolt of 1599, Spanish intolerance of Pueblo religious practices and a persistent abuse of Pueblo labor had prompted several revolts against the Spanish in the seventeenth century. These uprisings, however, were discovered and ruthlessly crushed before they could grow into broader action.
Systematic destruction of Pueblo kivas and the suppression of dances and other ceremonial practices so important to the belief system through which the Pueblos maintain their relationship between man and nature reached a critical point in the 1670s. For nearly a decade, New Mexico had experienced a devastating drought. Threatened by famine and crippled by raids from the region's Apache tribes, the Pueblos placed the blame for their plight on the Spanish disruption of their religious practices.
In 1675, 47 Pueblo caciques, or priests, were convicted of practicing sorcery and plotting to rebel against the Spanish. Four of these religious leaders were hanged. The others were whipped, reprimanded, and released. Among the caciques who felt the sting of the lash was the enigmatic Popay (also known as Popé), from San Juan Pueblo. Popay is generally believed to be the principal figure in the 1680 revolt, and he is said to have spent the years following his release traveling among the Pueblos organizing the uprising.
Antonio de Otermin was governor of New Mexico in 1680. After the capital was established in Santa Fe in 1610, a string of Spanish settlements were established along the Rio Grande between Socorro in the south and the Taos Valley in the north. Yet, nearly a century after the colony was established, there were less than 3000 Spanish inhabitants in New Mexico.
From a base of operations at Taos, Popay and his confederates laid out an extraordinary plan to expel the Spanish from New Mexico. At a prearranged signal, each Pueblo was to raze its mission church, then kill the resident priest and neighboring Spanish settlers. Once the outlying Spanish settlements were destroyed, the Pueblo forces would converge on an isolated capital.
The plan demanded the unprecedented cooperation and participation of all of New Mexico's Pueblos. It would be an extraordinary accomplishment considering the cultural and linguistic differences among the various Pueblos. Ironically, the very people they sought to overthrow may have provided the Pueblos with the instrument that helped them overcome this problem—by 1680 nearly all the Pueblos spoke Spanish.
August 11, 1680, was set as the date for the uprising. Runners were dispatched to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords which signified the number of days remaining until the appointed day. Each morning the Pueblo leadership untied one knot from the cord; when the last knot was untied, it was the signal for them to rise in unison. On August 9, however, two runners were captured at Tesuque, north of Santa Fe. Their plan now compromised, Pueblo leaders decided to start the revolt a day earlier than originally planned. Runners were sent out with new instructions that the revolt would commence the morning of August 10.
That morning, from the northern Tiwa Pueblo of Taos to the Tewa villages north of Santa Fe, the attacks began. It quickly became apparent, however, that the capture of the runners at Tesuque had disrupted the carefully crafted plan for a coordinated uprising. Some outlying Pueblos received word of the change in plans too late, and, subsequently, many Spanish settlers were able to escape the initial onslaught.
Throughout the province, groups of survivors gathered for protection and prayed for help. In Santa Fe, Governor Otermin marshaled the city's resources for a defense of the capital. By August 13, Otermin became fully aware of the seriousness of the survivors’ situation and began sending out heavily armed relief parties that escorted them to the relative safety of Santa Fe. Soon, nearly a thousand refugees gathered at the capital. In the meantime, over a thousand additional survivors from the Rio Abajo, under the command of Lt. Governor Alonso Garcia, managed to gather and fortify themselves at Isleta, seventy miles south of Santa Fe. Neither group, however, was aware of the other.
By August 15, thousands of Pueblo warriors converged on Santa Fe and laid siege to the fortified city. Unable to dislodge the Spanish from the Palace grounds, the Pueblos cut off their water supply, a ditch that ran through the sprawling compound. After two days without water, the Spanish decided to take the offensive and launched a desperate surprise attack which drove the Pueblos from the city.
Santa Fe, however, remained cut off from the outside world. Faced with dwindling food supplies and unaware anyone else had survived, Governor Otermin decided it was time to abandon New Mexico. On August 21, the Spanish cautiously withdrew from the capital. As they made their way south, columns of smoke could be seen rising from the ruins of destroyed churches and settlements. Twenty-one Franciscans and more than 400 colonists lay dead.
In the meantime, Lt. Governor Garcia and the group at Isleta also had decided to abandon New Mexico. When news from Santa Fe finally reached Garcia, he halted his retreat and waited for Otermin and the refugees from Santa Fe to reach him. Together, they then slowly retreated to El Paso del Norte, the southernmost settlement in the province.
The Spanish remained at El Paso until 1692. For a while it appeared that the revolt had indeed succeeded. Popay and the other Pueblo leaders began a systematic eradication of all signs of Christianity and Spanish material culture. Everyone was to bathe in a ritual which washed away any trace of baptism, and Christian marriages were invalidated until reconfirmed by native tradition.
But it was easier to order the eradication of all vestiges of the Spanish presence than to accomplish it. Many items of material culture which had been introduced by the Spanish—iron tools, sheep, cattle, and fruit trees, for example—had become an integral part of Pueblo life. A few individuals, deeply influenced by the teachings of the Franciscans, rescued and hid the sacred objects of their adopted religion to await the eventual return of the Spanish friars. |
0.931101 | Having left behind his working class life in his late thirties to become a performer, actor Danny Aiello became one of Hollywood's busiest and most prominent character actors without really leaving his beloved native New York City. After establishing himself on various stages around his hometown, Aiello made his film debut as a baseball player in "Bang the Drum Slowly" (1973), before uttering one of the more famous lines as a would-be assassin in "The Godfather Part II" (1974). He went on to essay several stage roles that earned him critical plaudits before winning a Daytime Emmy for his role as a widowed father in the "ABC Afterschool Special: A Family of Strangers" (ABC, 1980). Aiello soon grabbed the attention of filmmaker Woody Allen, who cast him for a role in "The Purple Rose of Cairo" (1984), which he followed with a turn in Sergio Leone's epic crime saga, "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984). He soon came to the forefront with two of his career best performances: playing the lovelorn Johnny in "Moonstruck" (1987) and the sympathetic but insensitive pizzeria owner Sal in Spike Lee's "Do the Right Thing" (1989). Following a turn as an angelic chiropractor in "Jacob's Ladder" (1990), there was no doubt that Aiello remained a talented and versatile character performer capable of tackling a wide array of challenging roles.
Aiello was born on June 20, 1933 in New York City to working class parents; his father, Daniel, was a teamster and his mother, Frances, was an immigrant from Naples, Italy. When he was two years old, his father left the family, which forced his mother to work as a seamstress to put food on the table. Even Aiello himself was put to work at seven years old, working as a shoeshine boy and newspaper hawker at Grand Central Station. Later, he quit school in the eighth grade to work in a grocery store and bowling alley, while running with a pack of hoods and engaging in petty theft. At 16, he used a fake ID to join the Army and served in Germany for three years. After being honorably discharged, Aiello married a neighborhood girl, Sandy Cohen, in 1955 and embarked on what started out as a normal working class life. He landed a job at the Greyhound Bus Terminal in Manhattan, where he loaded buses and worked his way up to becoming a public address announcer. Later, Aiello was active in the Local 1202 of the Amalgamated Transit Union and eventually became their youngest ever president.
Times were good until June 1967, when the drivers threatened to strike. While Aiello backed his membership, the union brass backed management, leading him to lose both his position within the union and his job. Broke and struggling to put food on the table for his four children, Aiello did everything possible to support his family: loading trucks, working at local clubs and even resorting to petty theft. But life began to change for the better when he began working as a bouncer for a comedy club called the Improvisation. Because of his obvious charm and easy manner, Aiello was given the opportunity to serve as the master of ceremonies, which led to comics like Robert Klein or Rodney Dangerfield using him as a straight man in their acts. Soon the working class father of four became enamored with the idea of entering show business, even though he was well into his thirties. After turning down an understudy role for a national tour of "The Great White Hope," Aiello and local playwright Louis LaRusso began staging plays in a church basement, eventually taking one play called "Knockout" to Broadway.
Though "Knockout" was panned by critics, Aiello's performance was praised, leading to his feature film debut at nearly 40 years old as a baseball teammate of Robert De Niro and Michael Moriarty in the film "Bang the Drum Slowly" (1973). He soon followed with a very small role in "The Godfather Part II" (1974), playing hit man Anthony Rosato, who famously utters the line, "Michael Corleone says hello," in his failed attempt to whack Frank Pentangelli (Michael V. Gazzo). Making his Broadway debut, Aiello earned a Theatre World Award for his performance in "Lamppost Reunion" (1975) before winning an OBIE Award for his role in Albert Innaurato's "Gemini" (1976). He later recreated the part on Broadway. After collaborating with LaRusso once again for "Wheelbarrow Chasers" (1976), Aiello began appearing on the small screen with a supporting role in the made-for-television movie, "The Last Tenant" (ABC, 1978). For the "ABC Afterschool Special: A Family of Strangers" (ABC, 1980), Aiello won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement (Children's Program) for his performance as a widower with two daughters who tries to forge a bond with his new stepdaughter.
Returning to Broadway, Aiello had a leading role in Woody Allen's "The Floating Light Bulb" (1981), playing the philandering gambler of a husband to a scheming matriarch (Bea Arthur) who secretly plans on leaving their marriage. He followed with a darker turn as a sadistic cop who pushes a kid off a tenement roof in "Fort Apache, the Bronx" (1981), resulting in a decent patrolman (Paul Newman) bucking the system in a search for justice while trying to maintain his dignity. A few years later, he renewed his collaboration with Woody Allen - this time on film - to play a brutish husband in Woody Allen's "The Purple Rose of Cairo" (1984). Also that year, he had a small role as a corrupt police chief in Sergio Leone's sweeping crime epic, "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984), starring Robert De Niro, James Woods and Elizabeth McGovern. Following a performance in John Guare's "The House of Blue Leaves" (1986), Aiello won the L.A. Drama Critic's Circle Award for his performance as Phil in the Los Angeles debut of David Rabe's "Hurlyburly" (1987), opposite Sean Penn.
Thanks to his impressive array of stage work, Aiello managed to secure richer parts onscreen. Perhaps his most acclaimed supporting roles came with his next two films. First, he played the lovelorn jilted mama's boy Johnny Cammareri, who loses his fiancée (Cher) to his bother, Ronny (Nicolas Cage), in "Moonstruck" (1987). Aiello next portrayed the sympathetic but insensitive pizzeria owner Sal, who operates his restaurant inside a black neighborhood, in Spike Lee's "Do the Right Thing" (1989). The latter garnered him critical acclaim, a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination and a higher profile career. He played the angelic chiropractor, Louis, who helps counsel a Vietnam veteran (Tim Robbins) suffering from bizarre hallucinations in "Jacob's Ladder" (1990). Though the romantic dramedy "Once Around" (1991) boasted an impressive ensemble, including Richard Dreyfuss, Holly Hunter, Gena Rowlands and Griffin Dunne, it was the untrained Aiello who walked off with the best notices. That same busy year, he also played the loyal sidekick to Bruce Willis in the ill-fated caper comedy "Hudson Hawk" (1991) and the unlucky father of the lottery-winning Anthony LaPaglia in "29th Street" (1991).
Aiello next had the title role of "Ruby" (1992), a failed speculative biopic of the man who shot Lee Harvey Oswald, before taking another wrong turn as a crook who kidnaps a wealthy young boy (Alex Zuckerman) in "Me and the Kid" (1993). From there, Aiello continued making questionable choices following a career which had been on quite a roll up to the early 1990s. After a rather forgettable supporting performance in the comedic drama, "The Cemetery Club" (1993), he starred as a film director in desperate need of a hit in Paul Mazursky's failed Hollywood satire, "The Pickle" (1993). He made an appearance in Robert Altman's ensemble "Pret-a-Porter/Ready to Wear" (1994), before turning in a fine performance as a mob boss who employs a hit man (Jean Reno) befriended by a 12-year-old girl (Natalie Portman) in "The Professional" (1994). Aiello had the leading role in the Oscar-winning short film, "Lieberman in Love" (1995), then played a Brooklyn political boss with his own agenda in the textured political drama, "City Hall" (1996), starring Al Pacino and John Cusack. While playing a romantic role in Kevin Dowling's "Mojave Moon" (1996), Aiello portrayed a kindhearted heavy in John Herzfeld's Tarantino-esque crime comedy, "2 Days in the Valley" (1996).
While Aiello had been largely shying away from television, he was made an offer he could not refuse when he was presented with the role of Mafia patriarch Don Clericuzio in the miniseries "Mario Puzo's 'The Last Don'" (CBS, 1997), which earned him some of his best critical acclaim of the decade. The network also managed to lure him back to series work as the star and executive producer of "Dellaventura" (CBS, 1997-98), a procedural drama about a former New York City cop-turned-private investigator. Knowing Aiello's reticence to work in Los Angeles, the network took the rare step of moving the entire production to him. Despite the Herculean effort to build a show around Aiello, the series failed to last more than a season. In "Wilbur Falls" (1998), Aiello played a small town sheriff whose daughter gets wrapped up in murder, which he then followed with the role of an aging Mob assassin in "Hitman's Journal" (1998). He flew under the radar after that, taking on a supporting role opposite Paul Rodriguez in the Latin comedy "Mambo Café" (1999) and playing a successful restaurateur whose son owes the Mob a bundle of cash in the indie-made "Dinner Rush" (2000).
More indie features soon followed for Aiello, who appeared in obscure movies like "Prince of Central Park" (2000), "Mail Order Bride" (2003) and" Brooklyn Lobster" (2005). He next had a small part in "Lucky Number Slevin" (2006), a clever - perhaps too clever - crime thriller about mistaken identity that had obvious influence from Quentin Tarantino, even down to a cast that included Bruce Willis and Lucy Liu. But after that role, Aiello fell off the Hollywood map completely, not appearing in any films or television roles. He did surface as a crooner of sorts, putting out an album called Live from Atlantic City (2008), on which he warbled such old standards as "All of Me," "It's a Sin to Tell a Lie" and "Pennies from Heaven." Meanwhile, Aiello suffered a family tragedy when his son, Danny Aiello III, a longtime stunt performer and occasional actor, died from pancreatic cancer in his Hillside, NJ, home at 53 years old.
Cast as the patriarch of a close-knit family in Lasse Hallström's "Once Around"
Played the title role of Lee Harvey Oswald's assassin in "Ruby"
Starred in the CBS miniseries, "Mario Puzo's 'The Last Don'"
Played a sadistic cop in "Fort Apache, the Bronx"
Starred in director Kevin Jordan's family-inspired drama, "Brooklyn Lobster"
Executive produced and starred in CBS drama series, "Dellaventura"
Played a gambling victim in the thriller, "Lucky Number Slevin"
Played Cher's fiance in Norman Jewison's "Moonstruck"
Made stage debut in the Chicago production of "That Championship Season"
Cast as a worthy foil to Hong Kong action superstar Jackie Chan in "The Protector"
Featured in the comedy film, "Mail Order Bride"
Made series debut as a regular in ABC's "Lady Blue"
Reprise his role as a Shoemaker in the Off-Broadway drama, "The Shoemaker"
Had a bit part as small-time hood Tony Rosato in "The Godfather Part II"
Co-starred with Jan Michael Vincent in "Defiance"
Again starred opposite Robert DeNiro in Sergio Leone's "Once Upon a Time in America"
Played Mia Farrow's husband in Woody Allen's "The Purple Rose of Cairo"
First film with director Woody Allen, "Broadway Danny Rose"
Once again directed by Woody Allen in "Radio Days"
Appeared in drag for the Robert Altman fashion-industry film, "Prêt-à-Porter"
Played a cafe owner who assigns jobs to a hitman, played by Jean Reno in "The Professional"
Featured in the Paul Sorvino directed Broadway play, "Wheelbarrow Closers"
Cast in an Off-Broadway revival of "The House of Blue Leaves"
Played a hit man in the ensemble feature, "2 Days in the Valley"
Some sources list Mr. Aiello's birth year as 1936.
Aiello launched the Web site Revolution Earth in fall 2000.
"I want to play a character that people can attach themselves to, that side where you could eat 'em up and say, 'God I'd love him to be my father, the image I'd love to follow the rest of my life.'" --Danny Aiello in The New York Times Magazine, January 21, 1990.
"When it got to the point where I couldn't get anything at all to pay the rent, I got a little hysterical and robbed produce stores and warehouses. I took the safes home, then out into the yard with a sledgehammer to open them. I had four kids and I was unable to support them. What was I going to do? I should have been put away for what I did." --From The New York Times Magazine, January 21, 1990.
"I want to bring something, I hope, that the American people would love. And I think they will love honesty, and I think that's what I'm going to bring to my character." --Danny Aiello about his role in "Dellaventura" to New York Post, July 7, 1997.
Sandy Aiello. Married on January 8, 1955.
Frances Pietrocova Aiello. Native of Naples, Italy; married at age 15; died in 1988.
Daniel Louis Aiello. Teamster. Mostly absent from children's upbrining; reconciled with Aiello in 1993; died in April 1999 at age 96.
Rick Aiello. Actor, former amateur heavyweight boxer, former nightclub bouncer. Born on September 21, 1955.
Danny Aiello III. Actor, stunt coordinator, producer. Born in 1957.
Jaime Aiello. Corporate headhunter. Born c. 1966.
Stacey Aiello. Fashion industry sales manager. Born c. 1969. |
0.963566 | THE STORY: The farming family in concern believed that somebody was harassing them on their property.
They complained that someone was coming onto the property and disturbing farm machinery, walking on the verandah at night and purposely urinating in the dog bowl.
One nite the man of the household observed a large shadow of a ? person reflected onto the wall of the house from an insect florescent zapper. The family contacted the Police about the harassment.
It was thought at the time that the harassment was coming from a neighbouring property with delinquent children. The Police advised that they could do nothing unless they had some evidence to work with.
So the farmer decided to take matters into his own hands. One nite he organised some friends to come around with their guns to give this ? person a hell of a fright.
This farmers house was built on a hill overlooking a paddock viewing onto a tall grass plain land. The grass area was about 5 to 6 feet high.
Early into the evening as the full moon was rising they all noticed a large a large ? person/creature in the grass area, head and shoulders above it.
The distance was around 100 meters ,but with the full moon light the object was plainly in view.(At this stage they all still believed that it was a human) They had 8 guns between them, a few shot guns but mainly high powered rifles.
They aimed in the air above the object and let off an impressive show of fire power that would scare any creature.
The person/creature took off back through the bushes, that was the last they saw of it that night. However the following night the creature was observed again in the grassland area.
Apparently the harassment continued intermittently for the next few months than ceased for good. One of this farmers friends who took part in the gun fire stated that often he would help the farmer with his fencing and suddenly would feel that he was being watched by something or someone.
At the time it was mentioned that the harassment could be due to Yowie activity as Yowie sightings have been recorded in the area, however this suggestion was generally laughed at.
In discussing this encounter many years later ,with the help of insight to how the yowie operates, this encounter was very likely to have Yowie involvement. No sane human being would come back onto the property after being shot at with so many guns. |
0.999616 | Do you share New England Roots with John E. Putnam from Pre-Revolutionary times? Do you know the history and migration patterns that your ancestors experienced during these times? Even though you may not share any roots from this geographical area, there are many factors that started in New England that still impact us all.
As the second oldest area in the “New World” to undergo European settlement, many present-day Americans can trace their ancestry back to the Pilgrims or the Puritan Great Migration. For some, it is very easy to trace your ancestry back to these original settlers due to the extensive records that their largely Puritan forebears maintained for us. Others find tracing their ancestry more difficult for varied reasons. John will share the importance to understand New England’s history, its settlement patterns, and its town structure to improve your chances to tackle New England brick walls.
unless you know the area’s history, not to mention the formative activities that our ancestors undertook which provide rich stories for your family histories.
1. What are your top 5 New England surnames and in what towns & states did they live?
2. What is your single biggest New England research brick wall? Please provide brief details.
3. What information about New England would most benefit your research?
John is a native of Western Massachusetts. John’s interest in genealogy started at a very young age when his two grandmothers would tell stories about the family. He also attended both Putnam and Clark family reunions. As a twelfth generation New Englander, there were many stories to be told. His Putnam ancestors lived in Salem/Danvers, MA where they were very involved in the Salem Witchcraft incident. A great uncle was a major general in the Revolution so he got an early indoctrination in the exploits of these historical Putnams. His Clark ancestors descend from two Mayflower Pilgrims although this history was determined later in his life. The Clark stories revolved around the hardships of farming in Western Massachusetts during the nineteenth century. Both his parents were active in their local historical society and frequently added to John’s interest in Western Masssachusetts’ local history.
John is a regional speaker and the past President of the Pikes Peak Genealogical Society. He also serves as their delegate to the Colorado Council of Genealogical Societies. In December 2011, he wrote a paper telling about his Teaching Grannies for a local genealogy course taken at Pikes Peak Community College. In June 2012, he presented a paper at the Pikes Peak Regional Historical Symposium on Historical Floods in the Pikes Peak Region.
After the meeting everyone is invited to stop by Village Inn at 1402 E. Harmony Rd for an informal discussion about genealogy related topics over coffee, tea, and dessert. |
0.999944 | I get this question a lot: Should I do cardio first or weights?
There is a lot of information out there regarding how to achieve the best results from your workout.
The bottom line is to do what works best for you. If you find that you are too tired after lifting weights to do cardio or too tempted to skip cardio once you have done your weight lifting, then maybe it is best if you do your cardio first.
That being said, there is a bit of science behind the idea that you can reap more benefits by lifting weights before cardio. Basically, it is the idea that you may not have adequate stamina or strength to lift weights after doing cardio. Also, if your muscles are engaged, it is believed that you will burn more calories during and after your workout by performing your cardio after lifting.
But again, It is really more about preference. the most important thing is that you exercise. Do what works for you. |
0.919984 | Last of the great age pirates, Bartholomew Roberts was one of the most successful, and probably the best of them. He had a brief career (less than four years), yet he captured a mind staggering total of more than 400 ships. Born John Roberts he became Bartholomew Roberts in June of 1719 when the ship he was third mate on was captured off Ghana by Howell Davis, another great pirate of the era. Roberts had been engaged in purchasing slaves for the Royal Africa Company. Upon his capture, he was forced to join Davis' crew. About a month latter Davis was ambushed and killed by the governor of Principe Island. In his short time on the pirate ship Roberts proved his competency and superiority, so the crew elected him Howel's successor.
Roberts stated, "It is better to be a commander than a common man, since I have dipped my hands in muddy water and must be a pirate."
Henceforth he became known as "Black Bart" and sailed the seas looting wherever he went. Roberts sailed for Brazil during which time he captured a Dutch ship and burned an English slave ship. In September he encountered a convoy of 42 Portuguese traders escorted by two 70 gun warships. Roberts attacked and captured a larger, more powerful ship which had 30,000 in gold coins. While Roberts was in a captured sloop, Walter Kennedy, whom had been left in command, stole both the prize and the ship the "Rover". Roberts renamed the 10 gun sloop he had taken the "Fortune". He plundered 4 small ships and evaded a British ship sent in pursuit. In June 1720, Roberts wreaked havok along the Newfoundland coast capturing 26 sloops and 150 fishing boats, as well as destroying sheds and machinery along the shore. Roberts seized an 18 gun galley and traded her for a 28 gun French ship, renaming her the "Royal Fortune". Roberts sailed south and plundered at least a dozen English merchantmen. Roberts is reputed to have tortured and killed French prisoners. In September 1720, Roberts reached the West Indies where he attacked the harbor at Saint Kitts. He seized one ship and burned two others. Roberts sailed out of the harbor only to return the next day, whereby he was driven away by cannon fire. Roberts repaired his ships at Saint Bartholomew, then in October he returned to Saint Kitts to attack. Roberts plundered 15 French and English ships there.
By April 1721, Roberts had become more tyrannical over his crew. On the way to Africa the "Good Fortune" was stolen by Thomas Anstis who had been given command of her. In June, Roberts arrived at Africa where he captured 4 ships keeping one and renaming her the "Ranger". Roberts then sailed to Liberia where he captured the Royal Africa Company's ship the "Onslow". The ship had cargo worth 9,000 and it replaced his ship the "Royal Fortune". His next stop was the Ivory Coast where he took at least 6 prizes. January 11th, 1722, Roberts reached Whydah and captured 11 slave ships which were ransomed for 8 pounds of gold dust each. When one of the captains refused to pay, his ship was burned along with it's cargo of 80 slaves. By now he had added another ship, a 32 gun French warship renamed the "Great Ranger". Roberts had become a serious threat to the British trading companies and as such pirate hunters were pursuing him.
On February 5th, a British man-of-war, the "Swallow" captained by Challoner Ogle caught up with Roberts near Cape Lopez in Gabon. Some say Roberts mistook the "Swallow" as a Portuguese trader and closed to fight her. Others say Ogle found the "Royal Fortune" at anchor with most of Roberts' crew drunk or hung over after celebrating the taking of a prize the previous night. And Roberts took the "Royal Fortune" toward the "Swallow" hoping to escape with the help of the wind. In either case once in range Ogle sent a bombardment of cannon fire to the pirates and immediately Roberts' men responded in kind. When the smoke cleared, the crew saw that Bartholomew Roberts was slumped over a cannon and had been killed in the first and only barrage. The crew showing loyalty towards Roberts, threw his body overboard rather than letting it fall into the hands of the British. With a devastated moral, the pirates attempted to flee, but they were over taken easily. Because their mizzen topmast had been damaged, they sailed ineffectively. Roberts' crew soon surrendered. The crew were taken prisoner and tried at Cape Coast in Ghana. Of these 74 were acquitted, 70 black pirates were returned to slavery, 54 pirates were hanged, and 37 received lesser sentences. Shortly after this piracy almost completely died. The names of men like Roberts reached immortality even if their lives were short, and although piracy would flare up every now and then it never again reached the intensity of this Golden Age of Piracy. |
0.982509 | Packaging materials, said that the environment and development is a major concern in today's society in general, the human after a long struggle, especially the supply of winding film from the industrial revolution in the transformation of nature and economic development has made great achievements. At the same time, due to improper disposal in the process of industrialization, especially unreasonable development and utilization of natural resources, causing global environmental pollution and ecological damage, posing a real threat to the survival and development of mankind.To protect the ecological environment, to achieve Sustainable development, has become the world's urgent and arduous task.
Polluted rivers caused by the raging sandstorms, Dongguan Chan Raomo supply contaminated Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, because the consumption of contaminated food damage, calculate the pollution of the Earth's day account.
At least 800 people die prematurely daily, with 70% (1.5 billion) of the city's inhabitants inhaling polluted air, and 15,000 people die every day from drinking contaminated water, most of which is supplied by children in Dongguan Refrigerators, air - conditioners, and so on, are responsible for more than 1,500 metric tons of chlorofluorocarbons discharged into the atmosphere each day, making them the culprit of the ozone layer. Every day into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide is 56 million tons, "greenhouse effect" with this. Every day, 55,000 hectares of forest are destroyed and 161_ square kilometers of land is being desertified.There are 140,000 new cars on the road every day, more than 400 nuclear power plants in each country produce 26 tons of nuclear waste, and 1.2 million barrels of oil fall into the sea.
The object of environmental science research is the environment.
Environment is the outer world of human being, that is, the material condition of mankind's existence and development, including the natural environment and the social environment.
At present the human for the natural environment pollution problems have some understanding and began to pay attention to them, but many people on their side of some pollution is not agree, not knowing that these pollution has a direct impact on people's lives. |
0.945325 | You construct a generalized linear model by deciding on response and explanatory variables for your data and choosing an appropriate link function and response probability distribution. Some examples of generalized linear models follow. Explanatory variables can be any combination of continuous variables, classification variables, and interactions. |
0.879369 | There are two ways to schedule your appointment. Select the one that best suits your needs. Option 1 is for you if you still have a copy of your emailed receipt. Option 2 is for you if you no longer have a copy of your receipt.
Click on the word Schedule in your email.
Adding Images; canceling; or rescheduling your appointment.
If you no longer have access to your receipt, there is a direct link on my website where you can schedule using your email address. I suggest bookmarking this page for future reference.
2. A page will open online in a browser window for you. Your Code is already inserted in the box that says Code or Email. (If for any reason it is not enter YOUR email address that was used when you originally paid.) Hit Apply.
If for any reason your email address is not found, you have entered the wrong email address.
Enter the correct email address and try again.
3. Scroll to the bottom, set your time zone if it is not already set, and click Set time zone.
4. A small calendar will appear.
the number will appear with a little green box around it.
5. Available times will pop up. Select your preferred time. Hit Continue.
6. Enter your details and images on the next page.
you will be able to upload them up until 3 days prior to your appointment.
7. Click Complete Appointment at the bottom.
You will receive an appointment email from Putnam Fine Art Studio with your appointment confirmation.
By clicking on view appointment details, you will be able to add images, cancel, or reschedule your appointment.
8. Once you click on view appointment details in the appointment email, a new browser window will open with your details and you will see several options. When you are ready to upload your images, click Edit Forms.
(This is also where you can cancel or reschedule appointments).
NOTE: You may reschedule or cancel your appointment up to 24 hours prior to your appointment time.
9. Scroll down and click Choose File under Painting Title 1.
10. Select Files to Upload and find images on your computer.
(Or, drag, drop, or copy and paste files in the gray area.) Click Upload.
Repeat for Painting Title 2.
11. Enter specific things you would like to talk about under hurdles you are facing.
NOTE: You may make changes to your form anytime within 3 days of your appointment.
I suggest bookmarking this page for future reference.
3. Enter YOUR email address that was used when you originally paid in the box that says Code or Email. Hit Apply.
Please enter the correct emailed address and try again.
4. Under Online Learning, click inside the Mentor Program Appointment box.
and steps 8-12 in Adding Images; Canceling; or Rescheduling Your Appointment above. |
0.935412 | Why choosing the laser marking machine for laser marking and engraving of metal?
Laser marking machine can process most metal or non-metal materials with its non-mechanical blade, which does not produce mechanical extrusion or mechanical stress on the material, nor contributes to any blade wear, any toxin or any environmental pollution. Also due to the fine spot, the consumption of processed materials is very small. Moreover, the simple operation can achieve the goal of customizing individual pattern and flexible processing.
aser marking is widely used in the hardware industry, with a great range of metal products such as iron, copper, stainless steel, gold, alloy, aluminium, silver and all other metal oxides.
The laser marking machine can mark various words, serial numbers, product numbers, bar codes, two-dimensional codes, production dates, etc. on the hardware products, among which the time, date, serial number or product number can be automatically shifted. Texts and graphics printed by laser marking technology are not only very clear and elaborate, but also cannot be erased or modified, which is very helpful for tracking the products' quality and channels, also it effectively prevents the sale of expired products, anti-counterfeiting and inventory transshipment.
The hardware engraved by the laser marking machine presents elaborate patterns, with a minimum line width of 0.02 mm, durable, beautiful and clear finished products. Being able to meet the needs of printing large amounts of texts and patterns on very small hardware products, the laser marking machine can print 2D bar codes with much higher definition more precisely. Compared with embossing or ink-jet marking technology, the powerful functional advantage allows laser marking machines to have a wider market at home and abroad. |
0.95814 | "Anti-Mormon Party (Utah)" redirects here. For the 20th-century party in Utah often called the "Anti-Mormon Party", see American Party (Utah).
The Liberal Party believed the economic future of Utah Territory lay in mining, and Utah miners, typically non-Mormon, often became key Liberal Party voters.
The Liberal Party was a political party established in the latter half of the 1800s in Utah Territory before the national Democrats and Republicans established themselves in Utah in the early 1890s.
The Liberal Party formed in 1870 to oppose The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS Church; popularly known as the " Mormons"), which dominated local politics via the People's Party. The Liberal Party thus represented opposition to government controlled by organized religious groups.
Though vastly outnumbered, the Liberal Party offered an opposing voice and won several local elections. Anti-Mormonism remained a central theme of the party until it disbanded in 1893 and became absorbed by the national parties.
The impetus for the setting up of the Liberal Party came from William S. Godbe, a successful businessman and Latter-day Saint who founded a journal called Utah Magazine in 1868. Godbe and several business associates challenged the economic policies of LDS Church President Brigham Young in the monthly periodical, especially Young's opposition to mining. When increasingly harsh condemnations aimed at LDS leadership appeared, the LDS Church excommunicated key " Godbeites" on October 25, 1869.
Corresponding during the winter, key Godbeites and non-Mormons made an uneasy alliance based on their shared opposition to LDS control over temporal matters in the territory.
The Deseret Evening News, owned by the LDS Church, served as the de facto People's Party organ and regularly denounced the Liberal Party in its pages.
The Liberal Party formed after a meeting on February 9, 1870 to select independent candidates for the Salt Lake City municipal election. The organizers billed the occasion as a meeting of the "people." A crowd of Latter-day Saints, encouraged by local bishops and a Deseret Evening News editorial, attended in numbers and nearly hijacked the meeting. After the LDS crowd had selected its own slate of candidates, frustrated Godbeite Eli B. Kelsey asked the Mormons to leave, which they did. The remaining non-Mormons selected an independent municipal ticket, forming the Liberal Party. Liberal leaders intended that their party's name suggest reform and evoke Britain's Liberal Party.
In response, Latter-day Saints formed the People's Party, a title that was selected to suggest popularity; it alluded to the Liberal Party's disrupted meeting of "the people". Latter-day Saints had previously won virtually all elections unchallenged.
Early Liberal Party speakers carefully avoided condemning LDS theology or polygamy, because several Godbeites themselves practised polygamy. Eli B. Kelsey and Henry W. Lawrence, both Godbeites, gained election as the first officers of the new party. Non-Mormons, including R. N. Baskin, George R. Maxwell, and Judge Dennis Toohy of Corinne, played an active role in the party but stayed in the background initially, hoping that ex-Mormon Godbeites would prove more effective leaders and candidates.
Godbeites believed they should reform Utah and the LDS Church to adopt more politically- progressive policies, but the non-Mormon element of the party took a more adversarial line. Non-Mormon partisans, especially miners and railroad workers, would increasingly dominate party leadership. Through the 1870s, the Liberal Party grew less appeasing of Godbeites and more openly anti-Mormon and anti-polygamy. Waning Godbeite influence was shown even by 1871, when Liberals Dennis Toohy and George R. Maxwell infuriated Godbeites at a party meeting by calling polygamists "dupes" and criminals of perverse sensuality.
Like many political parties of the time, the Liberal Party ran a newspaper although unofficially. Godbe's Utah Magazine became the Mormon Weekly Tribune and in 1873, three anti-Mormon newcomers from Kansas bought it and it became The Salt Lake Tribune. Until the Liberal Party disbanded in 1893, the Tribune would operate as the Liberal Party's de facto political organ. Similarly, the Deseret Evening News, owned by the LDS Church, often functioned as a People's Party organ.
When the party first formed in 1870, party officials tried to win offices in the town of Corrine and reasoned that they could more readily overwhelm the small local population. They failed but continued to scout other promising areas.
In Tooele County, perhaps the only non-Mormon majority in the territory existed. Its residents, mostly transitory miners, congregated in Utah after US Army General Patrick Edward Connor encouraged his men to prospect for minerals, which they discovered west of Salt Lake City in 1864.
The Liberal Party, campaigning voraciously in mining towns, won a disputed election in August 1874. The People's Party incumbents, citing fraud, refused to yield their positions even as US Marshals authorized by the 3rd District federal court attempted to intervene and install the Liberal candidates. Brigham Young advised his followers to abide by the federal court, which they finally did.
Liberals carried all offices in the county, which they called the Tooele Republic. Running unopposed in 1876, Liberals held the county until the Utah territorial legislature passed bills in 1878 that required voter registration and instituting women's suffrage. The Liberal Party, typically supported by male miners casually interested in politics, opposed both measures. In 1878 the Liberal electoral majority in Tooele County disappeared, and the People's Party regained control in 1879, after more than six months of Liberal procedural delays.
By 1880, the Liberal Party had become severely atrophied, but it was openly supported by the newly ppointed strongly anti-Mormon territorial governor, Eli H. Murray. Thus, the 1880 statewide election for the US House of Representatives unexpectedly proved the closest that the Liberal Party got to sending a representative to Washington, DC.
The Liberal candidate, Allen G. Campbell, with 1357 votes, lost resoundingly to Mormon General Authority George Q. Cannon who had 18,567 votes. In fact, the election marked the all-time low percentage-wise showing for any Liberal House candidate. However, before Governor Murray certified the election, a protest on behalf of Campbell was filed. The protest listed a dozen claims, chiefly that Cannon, born in Liverpool, England; was not a naturalized alien, and was a polygamist, which was incompatible with the law and a delegate's oath of office. Murray agreed, and issued certification to Campbell in spite of the latter's poor showing.
George Q. Cannon, then in Washington, DC, argued that only Congress could decide on a member's qualifications. He furthermore received a certificate from sympathetic territorial election officials that stated he had received the most votes. The document convinced the House of Representatives clerk to enter Cannon's name on the roll and so Cannon began drawing delegate's salary.
Both Murray and Campbell traveled to Washington to dispute the seat. Each side battled over the position for over a year even despite the assassination and eventual death of President James Garfield. On February 25, 1882, the House of Representatives finally rejected both candidates. The House refused Cannon his seat not for his dubious citizenship but for his practice of polygamy. The entire ordeal actually brought unfavorable national attention to the "Mormon Situation" on polygamy.
National outrage against polygamy benefited the Liberal Party in Utah. On March 23, 1882, the anti-polygamy Edmunds Act became law. The even stronger Edmunds-Tucker Act, was enacted on March 3, 1887. Among other things, the acts required candidates and prospective voters to submit to an anti-polygamy oath. Enforcement of these bills furthermore put significant numbers of Latter-day Saint polygamists into federal prisons, including one built in Sugar House specifically for that purpose. The measures, which often brought punishment on anyone unwilling to take the oath, intimidated and decimated the Latter-day Saint voter pool.
The Salt Lake Tribune triumphantly declares Liberal Party victory in Salt Lake City.
The Liberal Party swept the city government of Ogden, Utah in 1889 but did not succeed in carrying the Weber County government. In 1890, the Liberal Party took Salt Lake City, and George M. Scott became the first non-Mormon mayor of Salt Lake, by a margin of 808 votes. Two years later, long-time Liberal stalwart R. N. Baskin became mayor on a "fusion ticket" between moderate Liberals and elements of the old People's Party.
Propelled by success in Salt Lake City and Ogden, the Liberal Party won a third of the Utah territorial legislature in the August 1891 election. That election proved particularly notable, as the People's Party had disbanded just prior to the election and urged all members to join national parties. Thus, non-Mormon Liberals ran (and several won) against mostly-Mormon Democrats and Republicans.
However, the Liberal Party had reached its twilight. In September 1890, the LDS Church issued the so-called 1890 Manifesto, which promised to end the practice of polygamy. The national support that the Liberals previously enjoyed for opposing polygamy in Utah thus disappeared. In 1893, all polygamists were given executive pardon, and statehood for Utah seemed imminent. Polygamy, often the focus of Liberal scorn, made the party irrelevant when Mormons abandoned the practice.
Following the lead of the People's Party 18 months earlier, most members of the Liberal Party joined national parties in early 1893 in anticipation of Utah statehood.
On January 4, 1896, Utah became the 45th state in the Union. Former Liberals continued to be involved in politics, and most of the Mormon majority continued to view them unfavorably.
The Deseret Evening News and other LDS papers characterized Liberal Party governments as wasteful. The party outspent revenue in Tooele, Ogden, and Salt Lake City, accumulating relatively large public debts. However, the Liberal Party characterized its expenditures as essential for civic improvements. In Salt Lake City, the Liberals constructed the city's first sewer, called the " gravity sewer," which the Deseret News characterized as graft. The Salt Lake Liberals also constructed an ornate and expensive joint Salt Lake City and County Building. Former Liberals such as Baskin defended the reputation and legacy of the Liberal Party well into the 20th century.
Erickson, Velt G. (1948). The Liberal Party of Utah. University of Utah Master's Thesis.
Malmquist, O. N. (1971). The first 100 years: a history of The Salt Lake Tribune, 1871–1971. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society.
Walker, Ronald W. (1998). Wayward Saints: The Godbeites and Brigham Young. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. |
0.94481 | Does cooking spices in olive oil to infuse flavor reduce the risk of bacteria?
I was reading your article regarding flavored oils and I was wondering instead of just letting it steep, would putting the ingredients in the oil and then cooking it to infuse the flavor make it safer from getting bacteria in the oil?
Bacteria will not grow in the oil but in the fresh herbs. We are not canning experts but are fairly certain that heat processing would make for a long shelf life. Of course the product would still need to be refrigerated after opening. Unfortunately, cooking olive oil for 45 minutes in a high pressure steamer like they do with canned foods would ruin the flavor of the oil. Companies who use this type of processing use cheaper flavorless canola or soybean oil or, if olive oil must used for marketing purposes, they use a flavorless and cheap refined olive oil. |
0.971635 | (topic: 2- & 3-D Geometry) - Pursued by Hacker, Digit lands on cybersite Eureeka, where his mission is to find Professor Archimedes - the maker of the encryptor chip, a unique computer chip that can fix Motherboard. But Archimedes is nowhere to be found - only a pile of two-dimensional rods where his chip factory should be. The kids arrive to help, and discover that by linking the two-dimensional rods together into certain geometrical patterns they actually create a surprising three-dimensional shape that leads directly to unraveling the mystery of Archimedes' strange disappearance. The Big Idea: When you follow simple rules to make flat geometrical shapes (two- dimensional), and join them together, you can discover new shapes that, instead of staying flat, rise up to make three-dimensional objects.
In the company of the ghostly pirate Ivanka, the elusive Doctor Marbles is back, and this time he's discovered a powerful cybermineral he can use to help Motherboard. Located deep inside a volcano on the cybersite Corsario, this "Magmalux" is strong enough to override the virus Hacker inflicted on the beloved Cyberspace ruler. Unfortunately, Hacker is on to Marbles and traps him on Skull Island so he can retrieve the Magmalux for his own evil purpose. Enter the CyberSquad: Digit tracks Hacker while the kids solve another problem: how to rescue Marbles! Hacker has destroyed the bridge to Skull Island, and the water surrounding it is infested with electric eels. Can they build a new bridge-with just an old sign to work with-and get to the volcano in time to stop Hacker?
Creech invites her good friends the CyberSquad to Tikiville to show off the amazing new bike path that has everyone driving their fantastic new bikes and trikes rather than cars. Everyone is having fun - even Hacker is joyriding on his bike (and if that isn't suspicious, Jackie doesn't know what is). Inez, who cares deeply for animals, soon realizes the bike path has divided the habitats of many of Tikiville's cute, cuddly creatures. Creature families have been split up, and the busy bike path is preventing animals from reaching their food and water sources. Inez feels the bike path should be shut down, but Creech doesn't want to take away the benefits the path has created for her community. The disagreement drives a wedge between the two good friends. Will they find a compromise? Will a map of the area help Inez and her friends reunite the cute critters to their families and homes? And what is that sneaky Hacker up to?!
Hacker pollutes cyberspace with dangerous cyberstatic by tampering with four satellites designed to keep everything free from cyber- static cling. But is his plan only to trash cyberspace - or does he have something even more devious up his cloak? The kids learn the answer as they use balance scales and equations to restore the satellites and save Motherboard. The Big Idea: You can use an equation - a statement that two different expressions are equal to each other - to find unknown values that make the equation true. Math Topic: Balancing Equations NCTM Links: Algebra, Representation, Connections.
The CyberSquad must find a way to bring Motherboard back to power and oust Hacker. Their friend Slider's invention "the Syncolator" is the answer - but some of the expensive parts are missing and they have limited funds. This is the biggest challenge the kids have ever faced, and if they fail now, Motherboard will be lost forever! |
0.995733 | Doe my balance go up and down with price of gold ?
so if for example i deposited £1000 and this roughly bought 1oz of gold, and price of gold went up to £2000 an oz would my deposit double ?
or say if it dropped to £100 an oz would my deposit drop to £100 .
When you make a deposit it buys you a specific weight of gold at the time of deposit. That weight of gold does not change over time. Its value in pounds or in any other fiat currency will flucuate as you assumed.
What everyone should understand that the value of all fiat currency is a race to zero. On the other hand the weight of your gold remains constant.
@wertyu yes, you described it correctly it terms of the currency price of the gold you own fluctuating with the price of gold.
Then yes - your balance calculated in Pound Sterling will vary with the price of gold.
your balance in grams of gold will remain constant.
@wertyu Yes. Your weight of gold would become worth more in pounds when the price of gold moves up.
If you go to this link https://www.goldmoney.com/personal/gold-savings and scroll down it will display "The Proof is in the Math" calculator where you can select any currency type and see the historical performance of gold over that currency.
For example, 15 years ago if you had bought £1000 of gold, that weight of gold would now be worth £5262.45.
that ok , yeah i understand the race to zero with fiat currency .
I was just worried if id be locked at the value of my deposit as apposed to the value of the gold . |
0.999233 | Why Golgari Gates is one of the best archetypes of Guilds of Ravnica and why you don't understand it well?.
It's been a few weeks since the release of Guilds of Ravnica and since then my vision of the format has evolved quite a bit over time. In the beginning, Golgari was one of the guilds that I liked least because I was a little bit biased by the first days when you could only play sealed in Magic Online. Undergrowth is clearly the worst of all guild mechanics because there isn't a good way to fill the graveyard and creatures in b/g colors are rather weak.
In the first couple of drafts that I played with Golgari I ended up with decks with a high density of creatures and a good curve to take advantage of undergrowth and making big Rhizome Lurcher to seal the games, some of these decks were moderately good because Golgari was almost always open and it was not uncommon to end up with one or two bombs like Izoni, Thousand-Eyed, but still worse than a good Dimir or Izzet.
One day I played against a well-known magic online player, He played a Golgari-based deck but very different from what I saw before, He chose to draw and he was playing plenty of 0/3 walls, burglar rats, severed strands, guild-gates and good cards of various colors and I thought he was into something that maybe the rest of us missed.
Each draft deck should work as a constructed deck, I do not believe in cards that are good or bad in general, but in cards that together make a good deck and it is important to understand very well your role and how the game will be developed.
Versus the majority of decks, your plan will consist in attacking their resources, destroy their most dangerous threats and end the game in 3-4 turns with one of your lurcher or some other win condition.
It is important to have win conditions that end the game quickly once you have control of the board versus decks like Dimir or control strategies that could recover from initial wear and put you in trouble.
Against decks like Boros is not so important if you are at a reasonable life total because their average card when the game reaches the late game has less value, their cards tend to become less valuable as the game goes longer and your cards to increase in value, most of your containment cards end up being cantrips.
A good distribution for a deck of this type would be something like the following.
Always trying to play a Portcullis vine more than Barrier of bones since the possibility of sacrificing it is better on average than Surveil, unless we play disinformation campaign, hired poisoner is also a good converted mana cost 1 card.
All dead weight you can pick.
It is one of the best common of the set in my opinion, and it works very well when making your opponent to play first.
They are key to wearing out your opponent and is fodder for severe strands.
It is a cheap unconditional removal that fills your graveyard, and the possibility of winning life is very relevant in this kind of deck.
It could be from lurcher to any other splasheable bomb, preferably with flying. One of my favorites is Glaive of the Guildpact because it gives your rats and stray a lot of value.
It is important to be able to deal with threats, Prize of fame is one of the best, and among commons, Deadly visit is also very important.
As long as you don't have a good card to pick for the strategy ill rather take a gate, covering your back is always good in this sense and makes it possible for us to play the best cards of other colors and get the best potential out of cards like the glaive or guild summit. In decks with any of these cards, you could play between 5 and 9 gates because you have much redundancy of converted mana cost 1, 2 and 3 and you have no problems to play the land tapped when necessary in turn 2 3 4 and 5. Prioritize the gates half-off color like the Dimir or the Selesnya as they are colored mana sources that we get for free, it is much more expensive to play a basic island or plain than swamps and forests.
This is one of the best cards in the strategy since it assures us that we will almost certainly be the kings of the late game and will make it possible to play 17/18 lands without the fear of flooding.
Good cards of all colors!
In this kind of deck you can play almost any bomb that you open or pass which is a great incentive for this kind of deck, you will have no problem to play a Trostani discordant or an Experimental frenzy.
All the cards that do not fulfill one of the basic functions of the deck, creatures that are not good blockers or generate an advantage, because this is not a deck that will ever want to get into a race so avoid all creatures such as Bartizan rat, Wary okapi or Spinal centipede. Pitiless gorgon is very deceptive because it looks like it could be good in the deck but is too expensive for the impact it has and in the end, we will have to end up trading for a mediocre creature, I advise you to avoid it if possible. Nor will we want mediocre combat tricks or finisher.
Cohesion is very important and that all the cards have their role inside the deck if you manage to do so the result will be a very solid and good deck. Take into account draw first if you have enough Dead weight and rats even versus Boros decks!
Greetings, and good luck at the tables! |
0.999999 | What is a pontifical university?
A pontifical university is a university established by the Pope or Holy See.
The University is directly under the authority of the Pope. It is also chartered by the Pope.
A pontifical university grants degrees on the European model (bachelor's, licentiate, doctorate) in theology, canon law, philosophy, and (in the case of Santa Croce) Church communications.
The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross was chartered by John Paul II in 1984 as a pontifical athenaeum. It was elevated to a pontifical university by a grant from Pope John Paul II in 1998. |
0.97037 | It's out of the park! It's a home run for the Minnesota Twins! The Minnesota Twins are a professional baseball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Minnesota Twins are a member of the Central Division of Major League Baseball's (MLB) American League. From 1982 to 2010, the Minnesota Twins have played in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome located in downtown Minneapolis. For the 2010 Season, the Minnesota Twins opened Target Field an outdoor stadium built specifically for Minnesota Twins Baseball The manager of the Minnesota Twins is Ron Gardenhire; general manager is Bill Smith; and the owner is Carol Pohland. The Minnesota Twins got their name from the Twin Cities area in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Twins are sometimes called "the Twinkies" by fans and media, a two-syllable play on Twins inspired by the snack cake of the same name. The retired jerseys of Minnesota Twins players are: Harmon Killebrew (#3); Tony Oliva (#6); Kent Hrbek (#14); Rod Carew (#29); Kirby Puckett (#34) and Jackie Robinson (#42).
One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1901. Then the Washington Senators, the team moved to Minneapolis in 1961, then based in Metropolitan Stadium. For a time from 1911 to 1933, the Washington Senators were one of the more successful franchises in major-league baseball. The team's roster included the names of the Hall of Famers: Goose Goslin, Sam Rice, Joe Cronin, Bucky Harris, Heinie Manush and one of the greatest pitchers of all time, Walter Johnson. The Senators were known more for their many years of mediocrity and futility, including six last-place finishes in 1940s and 1950s.
The "Minnesota" designation, instead of "Minneapolis," comes from the fact that the team is intended to represent the Twins Cities of Minneapolis/St. Paul. This fact is reinforced by the stylized TC logo originally worn on their caps, and by their mascot, TC Bear. The name "Twins" derives from the popular name of the region of the Twin Cities. It was unheard of at the time to name a professional team after the state, though the Arizona Diamondbacks, California Angels (now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim), Colorado Rockies, Florida Marlins, and Texas Rangers would follow close behind the Minnesota Twins. The original Twin Cities TC logo was kept. The cap was abandoned in 1987 when the Twins adopted their current baseball uniforms. The TC logo returned to one version of the home uniforms in 2002, as did the team's original cartoon logo: two large twins represent the Minneapolis Millers and St. Paul Saints - two minor-league teams that preceded the Twins in the area - shaking hands over the Mississippi River, which flows through both the Minneapolis and St. Paul.
The Twins were greeted in Minnesota in 1961 when they arrived. The Twins won 92 games in 92 games in 1962, the most by the franchise since 1933. Minnesota Twins won the American League Pennant in 1965, driven by the exciting play of superstar sluggers Harmon Killebrew and Tony Oliva and the flashy play of league MVP Zoilo Versalles. They were defeated in the 1965 World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games; each home team had won until Game 7, when Sandy Koufax shut out the Twins 2-0 in Minnesota. Minnesota Twins scored a total of two runs in their four losses, and were shut out three times, twice by Koufax. Although disappointed with the near miss, the championship drive cemented the team's relationship with the people of Minnesota. Twenty-two years later the Twins returned to the World Series and they defeated the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games in the 1987 series.
The Minnesota Twins surprisingly did quite poorly in 1990, finishing last in the American League West Division with a record of 74-88. 1991 brought breakout years from the newcomers of Shane Mack, Scott Leius, Chili Davis, and rookie of the year Chuck Knoblauch, along with excellent performances from stars Hrbek and Puckett. The pitching became a million times better with Scott Erickson, Rick Aguilera, and St. Paul native Jack Morris having all-star years. Minnesota Twins won four games to three to win the nail biting 1991 World Series against the Atlanta Braves. Game 6 is considered broadly to be one of the greatest World Series games ever played. The score was tied 3 - 3 in the bottom of the 11th inning, Kirby Puckett stepped up to the plate and drove the game winning home run into the left field seats to force a decisive Game 7. All three of the Twins' World Series appearances were decided in seven games, with the latter series ending in a dramatic 10-inning, 1-0 shutout by series MVP Jack Morris.
In 1992, the Twins saw another superb Oakland Athletics team that the they could not overcome, despite a 90-72 season and solid pitching from John Smiley. After 1992, the Twins again fell into an extended slump, posting a losing record each year for the next eight years: 71-91 in 1993; 50-63 in 1994; 56-88 in 1995; 78-84 in 1996; 68-94 in 1997; 70-92 in 1998; 63-97 in 1999 and 69-93 in 2000.
Things started turning around and from 2001 - 2006, the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota, going 85-77 in 2001; 94-97 in 2002; 90-72 in 2003; 92-70 in 2004; 83-79 in 2005 and 96-66 in 2006. In 2006, Minnesota Twins came from 12 games back in the division at the All-Star break to tie the Detroit Tigers for the lead in the 159th game of the season. In 2007, the Twins went 79-83 and the 2001 Central Division champion Cleveland Indians, won it again in 2007. It ended a six-year inning season run starting in 2001.
Over the past 10 years, the Twins have argued the lack of a modern baseball-dedicated ballpark has stood in the way of producing a top-notch, competitive team. In October of 2005, the Minnesota Twins went back to state court asking for a ruling that they have no long-term lease with the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission, the own of the Metrodome where the Twins currently play. In February 2006, the court did rule favorable on the Twins motion. Thus, the Twins were not obligated to play in the Metrodome after the 2006 season. This removed one of the roadblocks that prevented contraction prior to the 2002 season and cleared the way for the Twins to either be relocated or disbanded prior to the 2007 season if a new deal was not reached. On May 21, 2006, the Twins' new stadium received the approval of the Minnesota House of Representatives, with a vote of 71-61, and then received approval from the Senate, with a nail biting vote of 34-32, after 4:00 a.m. on the second-to-the-last day of the 2006 legislative session. The bill moved on to Governor Tim Pawlenty, who signed it during a special pre-game ceremony at the HHH Metrodome on May 26, 2006 on what will be the first home plate installed in the new stadium.
Over the years, Minnesota Twins games have become more and more popular making it hard to get Twins tickets to games. So if you are really wanting to go to a game, get your Minnesota Twins tickets today and enjoy the next Twins game! |
0.9921 | Definition - What does Flaming mean?
Flaming is a hostile online interaction that involves insulting messages, or flames, between users. Flaming may occur in the context of Internet forums, chat rooms, Usenet groups, social networks and game lobbies, where there is a mix of people with differing ideologies from different cultures.
Flaming is also known as bashing.
Flaming is fueled by the Web's inherent lack of personal interaction and anonymity, which encourages hostility, and occurs during discussions about sensitive topics, such as religion, politics, philosophy, sexual orientation or anything that relates to subgroups and/or (seemingly) trivial differences.
There are many different theories about why flaming occurs, including deindividuation (mob mentality) and a general unawareness of the feelings of other people. Online conversations involve unique user motives and assumptions. Without social context, users are often unaware of the intentions of their counterparts. |
0.999998 | You can pack a lunch, grab a Frisbee, and play in the water. You can hit a beach, lake, or river locally. IF she likes you you can put the suntan lotion on. But it’s a great way to relax stay active, and get some beautiful views all in one. This is a great way to get to know your date.
There are thousands of species of flowers and plants to “see, smell and touch”. Your local botanical garden is the place to be where you are surrounded by beauty and vibrancy to alert your senses. It is a “beautiful” and “relaxing” multi-acre horticultural “oasis” in every season, from springtime’s dazzling array of blooms to summer’s concert series to “winter’s fairyland” lighting displays; if boosting your “botany knowledge” isn’t enough, there’s also “a great cafe with friendly service”, classes, lectures and “exhibits that change all the time.” Perfect date night scene.
You can ride rides, win prizes, people watch and have some really good food all at the same spot, if you can’t have fun here then the relationship may be doomed anyway. It’s definitely a good place to measure each other’s fun scale.
Going to the aquarium might seem like a different idea for a first date, but that’s the cool part of it! If weather is an issue like rain or snow, you can hit the aquarium and walk around at your own pace. If you find the conversation going slow you can check out one of the exotic marine life and go from there! Most large city aquariums host special events throughout the day (many of them free). Chances are you’ll be the first person to take your date on a romantic visit to the aquarium, so it’s bound to be memorable!
Dancing is a great first date because it helps you learn a lot about the person you are out with. You get a sense of the nonverbal chemistry you may or may not have, you learn about their music habits and you get to truly connect. Don’t go on the myth that dancing = bedroom skills though you will be dissapointed.
Whether it be a trip to the gym, Frisbee golf, regular golf or a run. These activities get your heart rate going and give you insight into the health state of the other party. You get to talk and work up an appetite in a healthy way.
You, your date, nature, good food and conversation. No distractions. what more do you need? Just make sure you are prepared. Nothing worse than having a nice bottle of wine you can’t open, or cheese and bread that you can’t cut or spread due to lack of the proper tools. So take the boy scouts advice and be prepared.
You might not be able to talk much during, similar to a movie but you have lots to talk about before and after. hopefully it’s a good show or a really bad one. Either way you have plenty to yak it up about.
Why not embarrass yourselves together? Nothing bonds more than trauma.
Wine, is the sophisticated drink, unless its out a box. You get to do some tasting, catch a buzz and yak it up over what you guys are tasting. Its a great first date choice.
Creativity at it’s finest, you get to create something together, and see how well you can work together, How perfect is this where you get to eat and see how well you guys can perform in another room of your potential future abode?
Now here is where you can get to know how smart or how full of useless knowledge they are. Trivia nights are a great way to learn what he/she is into. Check it out most local bars do them during the week, to drum up traffic. Winning usually gets you prizes like a free tab so not only is it fun it COULD end up being a free date! |
0.999589 | The top Republican on the House Oversight and Reform Committee said Sunday that congressional investigations into President Trump Donald John TrumpRussia's election interference is a problem for the GOP Pence to pitch trade deal during trip to Michigan: report Iran oil minister: US made 'bad mistake' in ending sanctions waivers MORE should end after the initial findings of special counsel Robert Mueller Robert (Bob) Swan MuellerSasse: US should applaud choice of Mueller to lead Russia probe MORE's probe were made public.
“Now, after 22 months and over $25 million in taxpayer funds, we know what many of us suspected all along. There was no collusion, coordination, or cooperation with Russia," Rep. Jim Jordan James (Jim) Daniel JordanDems digging into Trump finances post-Mueller Overnight Health Care: DOJ charges doctors over illegal opioid prescriptions | Cummings accuses GOP of obstructing drug pricing probe | Sanders courts Republican voters with 'Medicare for All' | Dems probe funding of anti-abortion group Cummings accuses Oversight Republicans of obstructing drug price probe MORE (R-Ohio) said in a statement.
Attorney General William Barr sent a letter to Congress on Sunday detailing the top-level conclusions of Mueller's investigation.
The letter said the investigation did not uncover evidence that the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government to interfere in the 2016 election.
Since gaining a majority in the House with the 2018 midterm elections, congressional Democrats have opened sweeping investigations into Trump.
The Oversight committee in particular has launched several, including one into Trump's communications with Russian President Vladimir Putin.
The House Judiciary Committee has requested documents from 81 figures, including Donald Trump Jr. Donald (Don) John TrumpTrump Jr. slams 2020 Dems as 'more concerned' about rights of murderers than legal gun owners It is wrong to say 'no collusion' Nadler: I don't understand why Mueller didn't charge Donald Trump Jr., others in Trump Tower meeting MORE and White House senior adviser Jared Kushner Jared Corey KushnerTrump claims Mueller didn't speak to those 'closest' to him It is wrong to say 'no collusion' The Hill's Morning Report - Is impeachment back on the table? MORE, who is also Trump’s son-in-law. |
0.999927 | Heat to ignite and burn, from lightning or human sources.
The cause of a wildfire depends on the source of the heat that ignited a fuel source.
The vast majority of naturally-caused wildfires are ignited by lightning. When lightning strikes, it can create enough heat to ignite a tree or other fuel source. Lightning strikes cause approximately 60% of wildfires in the Province in an average year. While lightning-caused wildfires cannot be prevented, the severity of wildfires may be reduced through land management activities such as fuels management, prescribed burning and landscape fire management planning.
Theoretically, there are other causes that could fall into the natural wildfire category, including rock fall, meteorite or volcano, but the likelihood of non-lightning caused natural wildfires is extremely rare in British Columbia.
There are numerous ways human activity can start wildfires, either accidentally or intentionally. On average 40% of wildfires in British Columbia are person-caused by activities such as open burning, the use of engines or vehicles, dropping burning substances such as cigarettes, or any number of other human-related activities that can create a spark or a heat source sufficient to ignite a wildfire. The most important factor of person-caused fires is that they are preventable.
All wildfires in British Columbia are investigated for fire origin and cause. The origin and cause of lightning-caused wildfires with an obvious strike tree can be relatively straightforward to determine, while other wildfire causes can involve extensive and complex investigation. Until the cause of a wildfire has been investigated and confirmed, the BC Wildfire Service will report its cause as ‘under investigation’. |
0.98914 | The Complainant is Mentor ADI Recruitment Ltd, trading as Mentor Group, of Stockton, United Kingdom, represented by The Endeavour Partnership, LLP of Stockton, United Kingdom.
The Respondent is Teaching Driving Ltd of Pontefract, United Kingdom.
The disputed domain name <letsdrive.com> (the "Domain Name") is registered with Moniker Online Services, LLC (the "Registrar").
The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the "Center") by email on August 20, 2003, and in hard copy on August 25, 2003. The Center transmitted its request for registrar verification to the Registrar by email of August 20, 2003. The Registrar responded by email of August 21, 2003, confirming that it was the registrar of the Domain Name, that the Respondent was the current registrant, that the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Policy") applied to the registration, that the Domain Name would remain locked during this proceeding, and that the Respondent had submitted in the registration agreement to the jurisdiction of the courts at the location of the Registrar�s principal office. The Registrar also provided the contact details of the Respondent.
In response to the question whether it had received the Complaint, the Registrar stated "No were are not in receipt of the supplement". The Panel interprets this as meaning that the Registrar had received the body of the Complaint but not the Appendices, as would be normal since the body of the Complaint would be sent by email and the Appendices would arrive later with the hard copy. The Complaint itself confirms that it had been sent to the Registrar by post. If there has been any irregularity in this regard, the Panel waives it under its general powers.
In response to the question asking what was the language of the registration agreement, the Registrar simply provided the url of the relevant page of its website. Such responses do not assist the efficient operation of the Policy, but the Panel has confirmed that the page displays a registration agreement in English and has no reason to doubt that the registration agreement in respect of the Domain Name was in English.
In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a), the Center formally notified the Respondent of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on August 25, 2003. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5(a), the due date for Response was September 14, 2003. The Response was filed with the Center on September 12, 2003.
The Center appointed Jonathan Turner as the sole panelist in this matter on September 19, 2003. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7.
The Complaint identifies the Complainant as "The Mentor Group" and claims that it is a limited company incorporated in England and Wales. However, the registered trademark relied upon in the Complaint is in the name of "Mentor ADI Recruitment Limited". The Annex to the Complaint includes a brochure in which "Mentor Group" is used as a trading name and a footing in small type refers to "Mentor ADI Recruitment".
The Response states that "The Mentor Group" is only a trading/marketing title which has been used by various loosely associated companies and individuals and is not a legal entity. This appears to be confirmed by an email in the Annex to the Response. The Response contends that the Complaint should have been filed in the name of "Mentor ADI Recruitment Ltd" and states that the Respondent does not object to the matter proceeding as if this company and other companies considering themselves to be part of the Mentor Group are the Complainant, provided that the Center ensures that they are all bound by the decision.
The Panel considers that the Respondent is right to criticize the Complainant for inaccuracy in the identification of the Complainant. However, the Panel considers that the Complaint was intended to be and should be interpreted as made in the name of Mentor ADI Recruitment Ltd trading as Mentor Group. The Panel has no reason to doubt that this company exists and that, so interpreted, the Complaint was properly made in the name of an existing company.
Having reviewed the file, the Panel considers that the Complaint complied with the applicable formal requirements, was duly notified to the Respondent and has been submitted to a properly constituted Panel in accordance with the Policy, the Rules and the Supplemental Rules.
The Complainant and/or associated persons provide training courses for driving instructors and grant franchises to driving instructors so trained. The Complainant registered a logo containing the words "lets drive" as a trademark in respect of driving instruction in the UK Trademarks Registry with effect from February 16, 2002.
The Respondent also franchises driving instructors under the name "Learner Driving Centres". The Domain Name was registered by a third party on March 12, 2000, and acquired by the Respondent on March 14, 2003. Since then, the Respondent has pointed the Domain Name to its website which promotes its franchised operations and also contains a page about ORDIT, a government sponsored register of approved driving instructor training services. This page states that Mentor Group is not approved by ORDIT.
The Complainant contends that it has registered rights in the trademark "LETS DRIVE", that it has incurred expenditure amounting to over �5 million promoting this brand, and that the Domain Name is identical to it.
The Complainant goes on to say that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the Domain Name since it has never been known under this name and is now using it to lead directly to its competing website.
Finally, the Complainant contends that the Domain Name was registered and is being used by the Respondent in bad faith in order to prevent the Complainant from reflecting its name in a corresponding Domain Name, and/or to disrupt the Complainant�s business by displaying defamatory material regarding the Complainant�s relationship with ORDIT (which the Complainant says is excellent), and/or to attract potential customers to its competing offering by creating a likelihood of confusion.
The Complainant requests transfer of the Domain Name.
The Respondent accepts that Mentor ADI Recruitment Ltd has some rights in the registered trademark but denies that this company is using the mark itself and disputes the Complainant�s contention that �5 million has been spent promoting this brand. The Respondent further denies that the Domain Name is confusingly similar with the graphical device which is the registered trademark.
The Respondent states that it acquired the Domain Name because it is a useful, relatively short Domain Name which the Respondent may use for possible future ventures, and that it is currently pointed at its main website pending the development of a more specific use. The Respondent contends that as a large driving school, it has a legitimate interest in this Domain Name, which may be useful in developing its business.
The Respondent acknowledges that it was aware that the Mentor Group had been promoting a driving school called Let�s Drive since its inception in 2001. The Respondent contends that it was reasonable to assume that the Complainant did not want the Domain Name since the Complainant had done nothing to acquire it since 2001. The Respondent suspects that the Complainant is only interested in the Domain Name because it is being used to inform people that the Complainant is not approved by ORDIT. Finally, the Respondent denies that there has been any confusion, pointing out that its website has received only 65 hits via the Domain Name since it acquired the name on March 14, 2003.
The Respondent requests that the Complaint be rejected.
In accordance with the Policy, paragraph 4(a), to establish a valid complaint, the Complainant must prove (A) that the domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights; (B) that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and (C) that the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith. These requirements are considered in turn below.
It is clear on the evidence and accepted by the Respondent that the Complainant is the proprietor of registered trademark No.2293068 which consists of a logo incorporating the words "lets drive". Although the Respondent alleges that the mark is not being used by the Complainant, it appears that it was used in the brochure annexed to the Complaint and is being used by at least some franchisees. The evidence does not establish that the mark is invalid and in accordance with the Rules, paragraph 15(a), it is appropriate to apply the presumption of UK trademark law that a registered trademark is valid unless shown otherwise.
The Panel does not agree with the Complainant that the Domain Name is identical to this registered trademark. As the Respondent rightly points out, the registered trademark is a logo, not a word mark. However, contrary to the Respondent�s submission, the Panel is satisfied that the Domain Name is confusingly similar to this trademark. The words "lets drive" are a prominent feature of the logo and an Internet user familiar with the logo would reasonably suppose that the Domain Name is connected with the logo and its owner.
The Respondent�s potential future ventures using the Domain Name do not constitute a present legitimate interest in the Domain Name within the meaning of the Policy. Indeed, the Policy, paragraph 4(c)(i), specifies that a legitimate interest is demonstrated by, inter alia, use or demonstrable preparations to use the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services before notice of a dispute. Although this is only an example in a non-exhaustive list, it clearly indicates that a Respondent should not be able to claim a legitimate interest by identifying a future legitimate use if it has not yet commenced at least demonstrable preparations for this use prior to notice of the dispute. If it were otherwise, the protection afforded by the Policy against misuse of the domain name system would readily be evaded.
Nor does the Respondent�s present use of the Domain Name by pointing it to the Respondent�s own website qualify as a bona fide offering giving rise to any right or legitimate interest; it is not bona fide to use a domain name confusingly similar to another person�s mark to divert Internet users to a competing website.
The Domain Name was originally registered by a third party prior to the Complainant�s adoption of the "lets drive" logo. However, it was acquired by the Respondent subsequent to, and with knowledge of, the adoption of the logo by the Complainant or associated entities.
Although the Policy requires both registration and use in bad faith, it is clear that for the purpose of the Policy "registration" may include registration on acquisition by a new holder. This is evident from the Policy, paragraph 4(b)(i) which refers to circumstances indicating that the Respondent has registered or acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling it to the Complainant. Although this example of bad faith is not directly in point in this case, it confirms that acquisition in bad faith is to be treated on a par with original registration in bad faith.
The Panel is not persuaded that the Domain Name was acquired by the Respondent to prevent the Complainant from reflecting its mark in a corresponding domain name, and in any case there is no evidence of a pattern of such conduct on the part of the Respondent. Accordingly, the Panel cannot accept the Complainant�s contention that the case is an example of bad faith of the kind specified in the Policy, paragraph 4(b)(ii).
However, the Panel is satisfied that, in the circumstances of this case, the pointing of the Domain Name to the Respondent�s competing website is evidence that it was acquired and has been used to disrupt the Complainant�s business and to attract Internet users to the Respondent�s website by creating a likelihood of confusion. Even if, as appears from the Respondent�s evidence, the Respondent has not been very successful in attracting users to its site through the Domain Name, the Panel finds on the balance of probabilities that the Domain Name was acquired and has been used for this purpose.
Although the Domain Name has a descriptive connotation, it is not a simple description of the subject-matter and it would be unlikely to be keyed in except by a person seeking information about the Complainant or its associated entities. Therefore, even if only a fairly small number of Internet users have accessed the Respondent�s website via the Domain Name, the Panel considers that it is likely that all or most of them were seeking information about the Complainant or its associated entities, and that at least some of them were confused into believing that the website was connected with the Complainant. Such confusion would not be likely to be dispelled by the material on the Respondent�s website, unless the user read to the end of the page about ORDIT. Indeed the confusion would be reinforced by the fact that the Respondent�s initials, "LDC", which are used prominently on the website, can be taken to be an abbreviation of "letsdrive.com".
The Respondent is fully entitled to publish critical statements regarding the Complainant�s accreditation as a driving school, as long as they are true. The Respondent is not entitled to acquire a domain name which is likely to be taken to be that of the Complainant and, by means of such confusion, to use it to divert Internet users seeking the Complainant to the Respondent�s own commercial website.
The Panel finds that the third requirement of the Policy is satisfied.
For all the foregoing reasons, in accordance with Paragraphs 4(i) of the Policy and 15 of the Rules, the Panel orders that the Domain Name, <letsdrive.com> be transferred to the Complainant. |
0.976833 | The person below does exercise?
the person below, lives in the country of birth?
The person below does yoga/meditation?
the person below,I have piercings?
The person below has more than 3 paintings in their house?
The person below You have a chinchilla?
The person below is in a relationship?
The person below likes fast food (burgers)?
The person below works during the night?
the person below has been attacked by a dog? |
0.999999 | Make restaurant style pizza with a pizza oven.
Homemade pizza is in a category all its own. Sure, you could settle for your favorite restaurant or even a frozen pizza, but why would you when you can make your own delicious dinner from scratch? Pizza ovens are good for more than just pizza, too. These units are also great for baking casseroles, homemade breads and a variety of desserts. |
0.994299 | How can camels help the Grevy’s zebra?
Tracking zebras is hard work, but necessary. With less than 3,000 zebras left in the world, their population remains endangered and in jeopardy. To find these animals Grevy’s Zebras Trust (GZT) warriors often move through remote lava plains.
In years past, zebras have gone unprotected, at risk from poachers and their movements unmonitored. In 2015 the warriors, members of traditional Samburu tribe of Kenya, finally received an unexpected boon from GZT—the gift of two camels. The camels worked with the warriors, carrying their gear over long distances to help track the Grevy’s zebra through that oftentimes unforgiving terrain. Camels can go a long way without water, and can carry a large amount of supplies, including human cargo. The presence of the warriors is enough to scare away potential poachers, but they also do valuable community work, meeting with locals and discussing potential issues to solve them before they become real problems.
Samburu warriors have been overlooked by conservationists in the past, but no one knows the area better. They are the next generation of tribal leaders, and truly the future of their people, so getting them involved and caring for conservation is critical. They’ve also been enormously successful—with the help of the two camels, the warriors recorded more than 600 observations of wildlife along the route during just six weeks, and further outings are already on the horizon. These observations will help conservationists establish more accurate ranges for the different species recorded, especially when detecting the presence of animals in areas where there have been few studies.
The protection offered to the zebras is invaluable, and we look forward to seeing their photographs from the field soon! |
0.999916 | While Padre Pio's writings were being recently scrutinised in preparation for his canonisation on June 16, 2002, there came forth some accusations of plagiarism against the would be Saint. In May 2003, the Roman Jesuit magazine "La Civilta Cattolica" defended Padre Pio.
Was Padre Pio a plagiarist? An influential Jesuit magazine in Rome has defended the Italian saint and mystic Padre Pio da Pietrelcina against charges of plagiarism. The Capuchin stigmatic was declared a saint in June last year.
The mid-May (2003) article in "La Civilta Cattolica", subtitled 'Plagiarism or identification?' looked at 10 letters Padre Pio wrote to his spiritual directors in 1911-13. The letters contain sections copied exactly or only slightly changed from published letters and texts written by St Gemma Galgani (1879-1903), a mystic and stigmatic who was miraculously cured of her spinal tuberculosis. The letters were written by St Gemma between 1899 and 1902.
As with Padre Pio, the process leading to St Gemma's canonisation was interrupted by doubts over the more unusual phenomena associated with her spiritual life.
The 'unexpected phenomenon of a saint who explains the state of his own soul to his spiritual directors by copying sections of letters' written by another saint deserves investigation, the magazine said. It admitted that he never attributed the sections he quoted from her letters.
'Having overcome the initial understandable reaction of surprise and perplexity, the phenomenon of copying a few letters enters within the realistic boundaries of the humanity of saints,' it concluded.
Saint Gemma Galgani and St. (Padre) Pio were contemporaries, both living in Italy. Saint Gemma (born 1878) was only 9 years older than Saint Pio (born 1887). The similarities in their spiritual and mystical lives is extraordinary. Gemma was seven years old when she began her mystical experiences with the first inner locutions that later culminates in 1899 with visions of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, her guardian angel. She is also given extraodinary physical graces and sufferings including the sweating of blood, the crown of thorns and the stigmata. Her mission was to suffer in union with Jesus for the conversion of sinners.
Beginning around the age five, Francesco Forgione (St. Pio) feels a strong desire to become a Franciscan religious and begins experiencing mystical visions and graces not long after entering the Franciscan order at the age of 15, and like Gemma, he was also called to suffer in union with Jesus for the conversion of sinners and he was likewise given visions of Jesus, the Blessed Virgin Mary and his guardian angel. And also like Gemma, he was tempted and had to fight with the demons on numerous occasions, and he also lived with the painful experience of the stigmata, firstly invisible, for about eight years, and then visible and permanent for the rest of his life. Both St. Gemma and St Pio descibed a burning fire in their chest, from inside their heart, which they described as the fire of the love of God, that literally felt as if it would consume them and at times they felt as if they were about to incinerate into flames.
A further confirmation of this is in a letter from Padre Pio to his spiritual director, Padre Benedict, dated May 2, 1912. He writes: "...Moreover I am asking you for charity: I would like to read the booklet "Letters and Ecstasies of the Servant of God, Gemma Galgani", as well as the other one of the same servant of God, "The Holy hour". I am sure that you will agree and meet my desire. Bless me. Padre Pio."
Soon afterwards Padre Pio suggested to his spiritual daughters: "I am reading the 'Letters and the Ecstasies of Gemma Galgani', and in it she says that she was 'suffering before Jesus Crucified, in the sacrament of Jesus love' " (Epist. II, 31.1; 40 , 6), These words of St Gemma obviously inspired in Padre Pio a greater love and devotion to Jesus in the Holy Eucharist.
It is also known that Saint Pio recommended to several of his spiritual sons a devotion to Saint Gemma whom he called the "great saint", and that when he talked about her he was at times moved to tears, and he invited his devout friends and visitors to get to know this beloved soul. At times Padre Pio would send pilgrims coming from Tuscany and surrounding areas to Lucca. He would say "Why are you coming to me for graces? Go to Lucca which is nearer to you, because you have there St Gemma who is a great saint."
And so, in St. Pio and in St. Gemma we have another wonderful example of the Communion of Saints.
~Saint Gemma Galgani and Saint Pio, pray for us!
Part 2 of this article continues with details of the spiritual friendship between St Pio and St. Gemma, and especially highlights St Pio's devotion to Gemma -Click here.
Also, those interested in making a prayer novena to Saint Padre Pio seeking his holy intercession can click here for the Novena to St Padre Pio.
I wish you well with your blog. I have read Gemma's story a number of times and am always amazed at the angelic life she led. Blessed be God in his angels and in his saints!
May she intercede for us.
padre pio is a most remarkable saint to say the least.
not many people know this, but he refused to celebrate the Mass in the NO.( new Mass) he preferred the Tridentine Mass. and who can blame him? it is the Mass of Ages.
...with all the love in my heart and with all due respect, Padre Pio didn't refuse to celebrate the "new Mass"
Out of obediance, he did face the Congregation and celebrated it the way he was instructed.
Don't get me wrong, I love the Latin Mass, but, Vatican II is valid.
Thank you for the information about Pio's devotion to Gemma.
I am loyal to Benedict and my local Bishop. I appreciate the Tridentine Mass; yet I believe those teachings and documents of Vatican II are inspired by the Holy Spirit. The Novo Ordo Mass is powerful and can be said in Latin: if you desire.
I was led to St Gemma by an unknown person who suggested her to me.
My parish is Saint Padre Pio Parish in Vineland, NJ I am being scruntinized by the local church (Diocese and Bishop) for calling to Holy Orders - ordination: to the permanent diaconate. The ordination is set for May 9.
My novenas have been directed at first to Pio, but it seems that he's diecting me to St Gemma.
My call to orders by the Bishop will be a gift by the intercessions of Gemma and Pio.
"I am loyal to Benedict and my local Bishop. I appreciate the Tridentine Mass; yet I believe the teachings and documents of Vatican II are inspired by the Holy Spirit. The Novo Ordo Mass is powerful and can be said in Latin: if you desire."
This is perfectly stated. I too have respect for the Latin (Tridentine) Mass, however I also appreciate the Novus Ordo. Both are valid and also both are special in their own ways.
Thank you for your comments and may God bless you and yours!
"Owing to the era in which he lived the Mass which Padre Pio offered was according to the Missal as it existed before the Second Vatican Council (the so-called Tridentine Mass, named after the Council of Trent). When the new Rites began to appear in the mid 1960s (finalized in 1969 after his death) Padre Pio continued to celebrate the old."
St Pio and St Gemma, pray for us!
And there are MANY others on the internet. Just do a search on Google and you will find lots. There are also many availible on EBAY. |
0.999808 | A restaurant was forced to apologise to two young lesbians after a waitress refused to give them a Valentine’s Day rose claiming they were not a 'real couple'.
Liz Ross, 25, and Hayley Simpson, 21, were enjoying a romantic meal at Damon’s in Lincoln but were not handed a flower like other couples.
When Liz asked a waitress for one while her girlfriend was in the toilet she was told: 'Lesbians aren’t real couples'.
The pair complained about the 'disgusting' way they had been treated and vowed never to return to the American-style diner.
They have now received a grovelling written apology from Damon’s restaurant.
Liz said: 'I noticed as I was paying the bill all the girls were getting roses. Hayley went to the toilet and I asked if I could get one.
'The waitress said we couldn’t have one because they were for couples. I said we were a lesbian couple, but she told us ‘lesbians aren’t real couples’.
'I was fuming. We had a right to enjoy a meal and enjoy ourselves on the most romantic night of the year. Lesbians are real couples.
'Maybe they didn’t realise how offensive they were being but in this day and age they should. It was disgusting and it ruined our Valentine’s night. I will never go there again.
Hayley said: 'I had joked to Liz that if they give us one who would they give it to.
'It isn’t the rose, I have a dozen of them at home, it is the principle.
'This is the 21st Century and we don’t deserve to be treated like that.Liz, from Newark, Lincs., booked the table for a valentines meal with her girlfriend of four months Hayley, also from Newark.
The couple, who both work at Morrisons in Newark, sent Damon’s three emails, a letter and complained by telephone before they got a response.
In a letter sent the couple on Tuesday operations manager Keith Gee said the business took a 'strong stance' on homophobia.
It said: 'This is the first time we have ever had a sexuality complaint within our last 24 years in business from either guests or staff.
Liz Ross added: 'I was so angry that I emailed a complaint on my way home. I just wanted them to take it seriously.
Gay rights groups attacked the discrimination as 'upsetting and ignorant' and suggested it was actually 'illegal'.
A spokeswoman for The Lesbian & Gay Foundation said: 'Lesbian, gay and bisexual couples have the right to celebrate Valentine’s Day and their relationships like all other couples.
'To be told that they are not a 'real couple' is inaccurate, upsetting and ignorant.
'This young couple were spending their money at the restaurant like everyone else and deserved to be treated the same way - infact by law, if businesses are providing a public service they have to ensure everybody gets equal service.
'This restaurant failed to do that. This incident is symbolic of the wider issue of inequality facing lesbian, gay and bisexual people in society.
'The restaurant have apologised, but we hope that this incident encourages them to review their policies and training.
James Lawrence, from gay rights chairty Stonewall, yesterday said: 'Discriminating against gay customers isn’t just poor business practice it’s also been illegal since 2007 when Stonewall secured regulations to prevent discrimination against gay people in the delivery of public and commercial services. |
0.99968 | Ideas for a fully re-usable launch vehicle?
After seeing SpaceX make history by launching the world's first re-used rocket and landing it back on the droneship, I thought: What if you could re-use, not only the first stage, but the second stage, the fairing, and - well - everything else? Is this even possible? Would it be worth it?
I have come up with a few designs for a possible spacecraft, but I also want to know what every one else thinks of this idea. Do you think this would be possible? And do you think it would be worth it? If you have any design ideas, feel free to draw them up (either by hand or using computer software) and share them with everyone else.
Remember to not only design, but also engineer. A nice spacecraft isn't going to do you much good if all it does is stylishly fail to achieve orbit.
You need to be able to field 9,500 m/s, better 10,000 m/s worth of dV with significant (5-6 tons) payload attached... after deducting all the fuel you need to reserve for making recovery possible (if your scheme calls for reserving fuel, anyway). And after adding all the extra dry mass for systems that enable recovery. For this, keep in mind certain physical limitations, such as tank dry mass ratios. In launch-grade tanks, you might get near 30 for most liquid fuels, but only near 10 for hydrogen; for long-term storage tanks, hydrogen drops down to below 4 (and getting even worse as tank size gets smaller).
Most reusable vehicle ideas run into some of these physical limitations. The tank dry masses make SSTO designs uncompetitive, the poor storability and high handling cost of hydrogen nullifies its Isp advantages, and fuel reserves or added dry mass for recovery reduces payload capacity dramatically.
SpaceX is going after full reusability, too. And they are struggling with the requirements, too. They recover only the first stage right now because it's an order of magnitude easier to pull off... and it still took them 15 years from forming the company to reflying a recovered first stage. If we're lucky, we might see an experimental second stage return attempt with the Falcon Heavy demo flight this fall, but considering how much other important stuff SpaceX has on its plate, I wouldn't hold my breath.
Oh, tremendous. See, I've been meaning to make precisely this same thread for a while now. I've got a pretty neat design I've been kicking around, so I'll run all the numbers and do a lineart render later today...still excited to see what everyone else comes up with, though!
I'd say go with something like SpaceX has but scaled up. 9 Raptor engines on a single core would be a bit more liftoff thrust than the Falcon Heavy but with higher efficiency. Second stage would be an ITS mini powered by a single Raptor Vacuum.
First stage lands like a normal Falcon 9 second stage (might need a bigger boat).
Second stage has the heat shield on its nose and reenters that way to protect the delicate engine nozzle. A set of superdraco engines also pointing forward allows it to land on its nose.
Could probably put like 30 tons into orbit fully reusable.
The OP specified total reuse, which means the payload fairing either needs to be incorporated into the second stage or independently recoverable. One consideration is that for a man-rated RLV, you have a lot of additional constraints. If you want commonality between your manned and unmanned launches, you'll need to factor at least some of your man-rating designs into your unmanned design.
Note that SuperDracos are not necessary; if you have Raptor engines, you can use the pressurized intertanks to run a few of the hot-gas oxy+methane thrusters intended for the ITS Spaceship RCS/OMS system. They come in at around 86 kN SL thrust and 93 kN vacuum thrust; we can ballpark their TWR at around 190:1 for a dry mass of 45 kg each. Specific impulse is probably a little lower than Raptor.
So if I understand correctly, you're trying to say that this might actually cost more than the traditional use-up-and-ditch rockets, right?
That's quite understandable. After all, the Space Shuttle ran into problems with maintainance costs and was actually more expensive than normal rockets.
Well that's great to hear! I'd love to see a sketch or blueprint too!
Oh, it'll cost a lot more for sure! And it will generate less revenue when it flies, too. The challenge is saving so much through reusing the initially more expensive, less powerful vehicle that you end up paying less over many consecutive flights.
The Shuttle failed this challenge. The Falcon 9 is currently attempting it, results are not yet in. Let's keep our fingers crossed.
SpaceX is currently working on the fairing reuse part. Though not sure if it would work with my idea as chutes don't scale well and a fairing for a 9 raptor vehicle would be much larger than the falcon 9 fairing.
This can't be stated enough. Don't forget, there have been 31 new falcon9 boosters used/destroyed and one "flight proven" booster launched. Expect it to take quite a while to pay for all the "extra tech" poured into earlier falcon launches. I'd assume that spacex would add a large "R&D benefits for Raptor" bonus to falcon9's side of the ledger to get things to balance. Of course, the falcon9 has some pretty cheap launch costs (especially to customers), so it isn't like they could be spending all that *much* on recovery (not like NASA did).
From the sound of it, block 5 is the "reusable falcon 9" and the 30+ earlier ones were essentially prototypes*. No idea if they can recover all the costs to get to block 5. Remember, even 1.0 could likely launch more [unrecoverable] mass than block 5 can with recovery.
* my definition of prototype is anything that requires an engineer's (or scientist's) job to get the thing working and out the door. At least one [small volume] circuit board I was involved in was shipping in this state for *years*.
While I have no argument with the rest of your analysis, I'm pretty sure this is incorrect. Falcon 9 v1.0 could only launch 4.5 tonnes to GTO, expendable. Falcon 9 FT sent SES-10 to GTO, with recovery, and that bird was over five tonnes.
If SpaceX's plans for the Mars come to fruition, SpaceX would eventually want to transition Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy payloads to a Raptor-based architecture, to enable access to space for payloads smaller than the full ITS/BFR/BFS capacity. On the flip side, if the Mars colonization plans never quite pan out, SpaceX will still need a use for their methalox engines. So either way, we need a Raptor-derived fully-reusable TSTO with payloads roughly equivalent to the Falcon family. It will need to be man-rated, too, since there will surely be a need for sending passengers to orbit in numbers lower than the 100+ capacity of the ITS/BFR/BFS system.
One problem with this is that a single-engine upper stage has a TWR too high to use for propulsive landing, even if it wasn't overexpanded at sea level. Thus, it needs auxiliary landing thrusters. Another problem is re-entry; an unmanned stage can come back using a heat shield on its nose, but that's not much fun for passengers, and I have a strong preference for a "true" TSTO where the crew cabin is integrated. You need biconic re-entry a la ITS. But if you're already using auxiliary thrusters and biconic re-entry, you don't necessarily have to align the aux thrusters with the main engine vector. That's where things get...interesting.
Looks a bit like the ITS, doesn't it? Same basic principle (composite monocoque tanks, etc), except the diameter is only four meters, making it roughly the same size as the Falcon 9 but slightly wider.
The first stage has a dry mass of 17 tonnes and a propellant capacity of 421 tonnes; it delivers the upper stage at a notional staging velocity between 1.5 and 2.5 km/s and executes a boostback RTLS landing. Minimum initial TWR for the boostback burn is 2.7:1 with both Raptors at minimum throttle; maximum landing TWR on thrusters alone is 3:1 but it can easily hover. I've factored in the masses of the thrusters and everything else.
The upper stage is where it gets really interesting. Rather than using Raptor engines, which would be way oversized, it uses a pair of the Raptor Development engines (1,000 kN SL thrust) with vacuum nozzle extensions. I'm estimating their mass at 638 kg each. Total stage vacuum thrust is 2,292 kN. Dry mass is 6.6 tonnes and propellant capacity is 141 tonnes.
Because the vacuum engines cannot be used at sea level, I gave the upper stage eight SL-expanded methalox thrusters in addition to its vacuum-optimized RCS thrusters, with a combined SL thrust of 688 kN. But I didn't want to cluster them around the devRaptors in the tail, both for space considerations and because of damage to the engine bells.
See the wing extensions shown in the above line drawing? The landing thrusters are placed underneath the wing extensions, pointing down. For re-entry, the upper stage enters biconically, on its belly. It then glides/falls to the landing site before hydraulically-actuated panels open up underneath the wing extensions, both exposing the landing thrusters and providing rear "legs" for the vehicle to land on, so it lands vertically but in a horizontal attitude, eliminating the risk of tip-over. The landing would look like something out of Star Wars, because it drops, winglets open, and it lands on the wingtips with rocket propulsion.
Based on my simulations using this calculator, the launch system could deliver up to 6.8 tonnes to GTO with full reuse or up to 24 tonnes to LEO with full reuse. For LEO launches, the upper stage can also recover up to 30 tonnes of downmass. This is obviously plenty of margin to have a crewed version, which would use the same tank and body as the rest of the orbiter but have a crew cabin in place of the cargo bay. Payload capacity is high enough that the crew cabin could carry at least a dozen crew members plus unpressurized cargo and still have independent LES and re-entry capability (lifeboat).
Know what else is great? Due to the vertically-oriented thrusters, the upper stage could both land on and take off from the Moon or from the surface of Mars without needing a launch pad. On Mars, it would need to be refueled on the Martian surface; the lower gravity means that the thrusters have enough thrust to lift it off the ground so the main engines could be fired up. For lunar missions, simply being refueled once in LEO would give it ample dV to fly to the moon, land, SSTO, and return to LEO.
Right now it would cannibalize Falcon 9 terribly, but it might be something they'd look at in the future. I'm really a sucker for horizontal, Star Wars style VTVL, so someone else might not have come up with something like this.
Don't actually agree with landing it on its side as it would need a much larger heat shield, and so more weight. With the ITS it is probably needed due to the way mass scales faster than surface area, but for somthing smaller a nose or tail first approach and landing would be more efficient.
Actually, the biconic entry is far, far more mass-efficient. A larger surface area will encounter drag at a greater altitude and will be able to use hypersonic lift, dramatically reducing g forces and peak heating.
IIRC, the Shuttle's external tank was so lightweight and yet so large that when it hit the atmosphere, it didn't immediately burn up. It would tumble, efficiently dissipating heat due to its high drag coefficient and low mass, until aerodynamic forces broke it up, and then the pieces would burn up.
The larger the surface area you can expose, the better. Going in nose-first would produce far more heating and a much nastier deceleration.
EDIT: I kept the thrusters behind the landing panels to protect them from re-entry -- I can't imagine that plasma is healthy for engines -- but you never know. There might be a way to have them exposed but not directly in the plasma stream, which would allow them to be used for RCS control as well.
EDIT 2: Note that with the first stage, the landing thrusters can be used to give an extra kick to TWR off the pad. They won't have as good of specific impulse as the main engines, but for very large payloads it might be a good tradeoff.
EDIT 3: You can also use a larger cluster of dev Raptors on the first stage in place of the two full-size SL Raptors and maybe be able to land on the center one, but they won't have as good of a TWR or isp. I like the idea of using a smaller version of the same engine on the upper stage.
It should be noted that the dry mass of the first stage is actually significantly lower than the dry mass of the Falcon 9 first stage, due to the use of a slightly greater diameter to hold more propellant for less mass, and the use of composites. It would be very easy to move and transport and still within road-transport size.
I'm loving these ideas, guys: keep it up!I think I'll start drawing up my own designs and uploading them soon!
Landing on the tail (e.g., ITS Spaceship/Tanker) isn't possible because the smaller vehicle only has the high-thrust vacuum-expanded engines in the tail. You could put thrusters in the tail, but there isn't a lot of space back there, and you run the risk of damage to the engine bells, either from plume impingement or from debris being kicked up. The tail-first landing also requires very large fold-out landing legs to clear the engine bells.
Landing on the nose might work a little better, but it isn't suitable for manned launches for several reasons. First, emergency abort during landing isn't possible if you're coming down cabin/capsule-first. Next, there is an increased tip-over risk. Finally, there's no seating arrangement which can support rear g-forces during launch and forward g-forces during landing.
Coming down like a modern-scifi spaceship is by far the safest and most stable landing mode.
I like the idea, but stability. It's the one thing that also irks me about ITS, how the heck do they control the attitude during reentry. The CG/CP positions must be very tightly controlled for such a thing (forget forcing things propulsively if you are trying to brake aerodynamically), and you have, at the very least, a cargo bay that might or might not be full. You need something ballast-y on the nose to balance the engines, but you need that to stay put and maintain its weight. Oh, and you need to account for varying fuel levels, or a tank at the CoM. And last but not least, it would be nice if the thing more or less stays rigid during reentry, which means it is capable of maintaining shape when empty and decelerating laterally at some 3Gs or more. Or with a full payload bay and doing the same, which would be more impressive, if you want downmass.
I mean, if you can work it out without too many structural efficiency sacrifices, yeah, great concept. But I would like a full structural/thermal/aerodynamic load analysis before assigning a mass fraction to that stage, unless I use a "fudge factor" of about 2. So you'll excuse me if I take your numbers with a grain of salt the size of some metaphorical houses.
Oh, and the thing about single-staging to the Moon and back from LEO... you are aware that is 6km/s each way, right? At least nine for the roundtrip, and that's with a high-velocity reentry directly from the Moon, several times harder than any LEO reentry. How much dV do you want to pack in this stage, again?
Actually, as has been said already, high surface area is nice, because it lowers peak heating. A big ballistic coefficient is always nice on reentry. And if you can use "only" ceramics and high-temperature metallic alloys, you might have a reusable non-ablative heatshield like the shuttle. Which will be much safer because it sits on top of its first stage, not at the side and facing it.
Rune. That being said, I believe reusable TSTO is doable, even in an economical way, at least for launches to LEO.
See it adds some benefits as you say, nose don't work manned.
And I admit its an cool way to land, you would also use the large drag to get an lower landing speed saving fuel.
You would obviously fire up the landing engine earlier but idle them until closer to ground.
Elon said that the ITS Spaceship and Tanker will both use split body flaps to control roll and pitch during re-entry. It will have plenty of yaw authority from its auxiliary thrusters. One nice thing about using a biconic re-entry is that you do get substantial body lift, which is AOA-dependent. So there's an element of pitch self-correction in the overall design: if your COM is farther back than it should be and it kicks your nose up, your lift increases, which raises your altitude and decreases your drag, allowing you to pitch back forward. Split flaps are best at giving roll authority, perhaps aided by auxiliary thrusters, so hypersonic attitude control shouldn't be too difficult to manage.
With my design, it might even be possible to actuate the four underside panels differentially to provide the same sort of attitude control. If not, split flaps on the tail would do the job well enough. The overall aerodynamic design would most likely be tuned to passive re-entry with a crewed-version mass distribution, since that's the one version you are most concerned about re-entering safely. The cargo version would rely more heavily on the split flaps or actuated panels.
My mass-fraction numbers may be slightly optimistic, but I don't think so. At least, they're no more optimistic than Elon's structural mass numbers for the ITS system. I filled up about three Excel spreadsheets making sure all the math came out right. For structural mass, I took middle-of-the-road estimates for dry mass on the Raptor engines, adjusted based on TWR for the Vacuum Raptors, deducted total engine mass from the quoted ITS system dry masses, and used that as the structural/tankage mass. I took appropriate square-cube reductions and I added in my engines and my auxiliary thrusters on top of the calculated dry mass for the smaller vehicle.
Just shy of 12 km/s. No, really. With the structure alone as the payload and a full tank in LEO, it would have a whopping 11.678 km/s of dV. Of course, actually having positive payload is important. With LEO refueling it could deliver 19.2 tonnes to the lunar surface one-way or a more modest 7.6 tonnes round-trip. That 381 seconds of ISP, along with the really good tankage ratio of composites, can do a lot.
I mentioned this before, but the placement of the auxiliary thrusters within the wings means that the ship can land on unprepared surfaces with relative safety, since the thruster wash doesn't impinge on the ground nearly as harshly as with more conventional landing systems.
I try not to succumb to Rule of Cool too often, but I couldn't resist this. Mostly because it does genuinely offer some real advantages. And, good grief, who doesn't want to see a sleek spaceship rise straight off the lunar pad on thrusters, rotate gently to orient properly, and then fire up its big engines in the back to blast into orbit? It's exactly how the Millennium Falcon takes off.
I set the total auxiliary engine thrust high enough to allow the same vertical takeoff on Mars, which (coincidentally) is precisely what you need for a nice tight landing on Earth.
One thing I'm unsure of is the pressurization issues for the auxiliary thrusters. They are autogenously pressurized off the main Raptors, so I'm not sure how much dV they can push before they start to lose tank pressure.
There's a splendid blending of graceful awe and stunning complexity with a liquid-flyback-booster stack. Though I think the payload-to-dry-mass ratio is...not great.
How would you choose engines/body/fuel types/etc.? |
0.899547 | Widely considered to produce Italy's best white wines, this wine region in northeastern Italy, abutting Austria and Slovenia, is divided into four zones: Collio, Colli Orientali del Friuli, Isonzo, and Carso. Collio is largely white wine country, employing such varieties as friulano (known as tocai friulano before the 2006 vintage), ribolla gialla, and malvasia istriana, as well such more familiar grapes at chardonnay, pinot grigio, pinot bianco (pinot blanc), and sauvignon blanc (called simply sauvignon here). The wines are typically high in acid, with intense concentrations of varietal fruit. The same varieties are grown in Colli Orientali del Friuli, as is another local grape, verduzzo, and a fragile cultivar called picolit, used for a well-regarded dessert wine. The region also yields a considerable quantity of lean but fruity red wine, with merlot being particularly successful, though there is also cabernet sauvignon, cabernet franc, and a host of regional varieties unknown elsewhere — among them pignolo, schioppettino, tazzelenghe, and refosco dal peduncolo rosso. Isonzo and Carso are less important in the international wine market. Isonzo produces a pleasant sparkling pinot bianco, a range of table wines both dry and semi-sweet from a wide range of regional and imported grapes, and a late-harvest white wine often made from gewürztraminer, though other varieties are also used. Carso, on the Istrian Peninsula, is best-known for red wines made from the indigenous terrano grape and for whites based on malvasia istriana. |
0.997675 | Laz returns to stand with the group, and sends off two powerful bolts of psychic energy at the guards. The shots hit hard, and Gray starts to bleed very seriously.
Curator 143-Theta takes careful aim and tries to finish off the wounded guard, then sprinkles an infusion on Gharnash.
Hits AC 24 for 15 damage, and and on a hit, Laz, Gharnash and Alfred gain +1 to hit and +3 to damage until the end of Curator 143-Theta's next turn.
Minor action - Healing Infusion - Curative Admixture on Gharnash to heal him a surge's worth of HP.
Curator connects with his magic weapon, putting the Gray guard out of his misery before he can even finish coming up the stairs. The shot also helps out his comrades. He then gives Gharnash a measure of healing.
The remaining guards, slowed by Alfred's spell, move up one stair each and fire their crossbows. Orange hits Curator for 10, bloodying him. Brown shoots an arrow that seems to aimed well for Laz, but the changling's Dragonflame Mantle springs to life, protecting him.
Gharnash tries to hit one of the creepers on the balcony to knock it off.
Minor: Dragon Breath vs Blue1d20+8+1+1=15, 1d6+1+3=8 Hits REF 15 for 8 fire damage.
OOC: Gharnash has +2 AC until the end of the encounter from Sudden Scales for being bloodied.
Gharnash moves to get off a better shot, and successfully hits Purple with a blast of dragonfrost. He looks up to see the creature about to tumble, but catching itself at the last minute. In anger, he breathes fire at Blue, but misses.
Red shoots at Curator and hits, doing 9 damage. Yellow decides to target Alfred, but can't get past his defenses. Blue stands up and seems to fade slightly from view before appearing next to Gharnash. Though gravely injured, he smiles as he pulls out his dagger. His attempt to stab the dragonborn, however, is laughably poor.
Purple, without a clear shot, stands pat.
Alfred propels a phantom bolt at the nearby dark creeper, causing it mental anguish as as desperately jumps back. The wizard then steps back near the relative safety of the doorway to make himself less of a target for the archers above.
Gharnash licks his teeth at the idea of the two guards advancing.
OOC: Brown and orange are slowed, right? If so, we have a turn before they get here. Gharnash can take care of them if everyone else can try to knock the other guys down.
OOC: They're not slowed anymore and GS zone disappears at the end of Alfred's just taken turn.
OOC: The maybe Laz wants to move back behind Curator? Let Gharnash take the brunt of charges. Between Dragonflame Mantle and his +2 to AC, he should be ok.
Alfred's aim is true, and his shot hits blue hard for 9 damage, sending him stumbling backward. The wizard then steps back into the relative safety of the doorway.
The guards are no longer slowed, but have two more spaces of stairs to climb before getting to the "top" (the 10xx and 11xx columns are stairs, the 09xx column is the top platform).
Laz tries to hurt the guards further, while growing horns and stepping back between the towers.
OOC: CB on Orange, hitting Will 18 for 14 psychic damage, +1 to AC, hit Brown Will 29 for 12 psychic damage and change Minotaur. Walk to 0008.
Laz explodes with a solid show of force, and both guards feel the effect of his chaos bursts, with Orange starting to bleed from the psychic effects. Laz then gallops back and joins Alfred.
Curator 143-Theta steps back, steels himself, and tries to finish off the wounded dark creeper. His aim isn't its best, however.
Move action - Move to 0107.
Minor action - Warforged Resolve, healing 4 HP and gaining 4 temp HP.
Hits AC 15 for 9 damage, and and on a hit, Laz and Alfred gain +1 to hit and +3 to damage until the end of Curator 143-Theta's next turn.
Curator takes both offensive and defensive action against the injured creeper, but only the latter seems to have any effect.
The guards advance, and finally clear the last steps of the staircase. They again take aim with their crossbows, Brown targeting Gharnash and Orange targeting Laz. The dragonborn, with his scaly defenses in place, avoids the bolt, but Laz is hit by a glancing shot for 3 damage.
Gharnash approaches the guards, letting out a mighty burst of flame.
Standard: Flame Spiral vs orange, brown 1d20+8+1=22, 1d20+8+1=16, 1d10+10=14 Hits REF 22 on orange and REF 16 on brown for 14 fire damage. Hit or miss, any enemy that enters a square adjacent to Gharnash, or starts its turn there, takes 1d6 fire damage.
With no fear, Gharnash walks up to the guards and unleashes a torrent of flame, doing 14 damage to both.
The creeper archers watch this transpire, then make their own attacks. Red and Purple take aim at Gharnash. One attack bounces off his scales, but the other finds its target for 12 damage, drawing a fair amount of blood.
Yellow shoots at Curator, easily hitting the warforged for 10 damage.
Blue seems to sneak through the sunny afternoon, and ends up between Curator, Laz and Alfred, his stealth giving him an advantage over all three. Curator swings at him as he walks by, but his dagger hits only air. The creeper smiles darkly and stabs at Laz, but is apparently too confident and misses as well.
"Oh my! That's just too close! We need to redouble our efforts!" exclaims Alfred as he quickly moves away from the dark creeper, hoping not to get stabbed in the back. Now sanding equidistantly from the three enemies down here, he flips to a hot page in his tome and mutters something. With a subtle gesture, all three enemies are wreathed in flames. Then there are a few seconds of pause, just like those moments of stubbing one's toe before the pain registers.
Standard: 1d20+8+1=20, 1d20+8+1=26, 1d20+8+1=28, 1d8+5-2=9 Fire Shroud, enlarged to burst 4, enemies only, +1 24h, -2 dam enlarged, targets FORT, vs brown guard, orange guard, and blue creeper. Each target hit also has 5 OGD fire, save ends.
OOC: I hope all three are hit. If anyone hasn't used their action point yet, please do so. I recall Mike telling us we all have plenty.
You each have 2APs. I'm not putting them in every post, but they're available at the first post of each battle (this one here).
Alfred takes matters into his own hands, and sets out to attack everyone on the patio. Before he can, Blue slashes him with a dagger for 7 damage. Compared to his own attack, however, it's worth the pain: he sets his enemies alight, further injuring Brown and killing both Orange and Blue.
Laz blindy flings a pulsating, multicolored light that explodes in his hands, pushing Curator and Alfred away from. As his form shifts into an elf his eyes clear.
OOC: My intent was to miss, hopefully roll odd, save vs. blindness then AP attack again, but that didn't work out quite right. Energy Strobe on Brown, hitting Reflex 5 (flub!) for 14 Lightning damage. Push Curator to 0207 and Alfred to 0607. Bonus save is a 3 (failed). Change into an Elf. Save at end of turn is 16 (success).
Laz's attempt at attacking his enemies fails, but he does succeed at pushing his comrades away and finding his vision.
Curator 143-Theta focuses on repairing on his own systems, given that he can't see his foes. His optics do return to normal, fortunately.
Standard action - Second Wind, healing 11 HP at the cost of a surge, and granting +2 to defenses until the end of his next turn.
End of turn - Save against blindness.
Oh, and readying Shocking Feedback.
Curator repairs himself and reboots his optic systems.
That last remaining guard raises his sword to attack Gharnash, but before he can strike, the fire from Alfred's attack takes his life.
No map access here, but brown is dead. Will update the map later.
OOC: Has Gharnash used his second wind yet? I'm playing him while Jonathan's on a cruse. |
0.999358 | Until November 1996, the only registered version of Duke Nukem 3D was v1.3d. We created a new version that had a new fourth episode, and we changed the version to v1.4 - We also gave that a new name - "The Atomic Edition". In order to upgrade customers who had the registered v1.3d CD, we created a patch that could be purchased - that patch was called "The Plutonium PAK"
Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition requires a Radeon Xpress 1200 Series graphics card with a Pentium III or Athlon MP processor to reach the recommended specs, achieving high graphics setting on 1080p. To summarise, Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition needs around a 16 year old PC to play at recommended settings.
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0.945286 | RAF Dumfries was a World War II airfield located at Heathhall airfield in Dumfries and Galloway.
The airfield is home to the Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, and many of the surviving buildings and hangars have been occupied by businesses within Heathhall Industrial Estate. As a result, many of the original buildings have survived with only one hangar reported to have been destroyed by fire.
Aviation activity at Heathhall airfield id reported to date back to about 1914, with light aircraft operating from the field and taking advantage of the level and open ground the location offered.
Although the airfield has no history of involvement in World War I, the imminent onset of World War II lead to Heathhall being selected for use as early as 1938, and the airfield was selected to become the base for a maintenance unit (MU). June 17, 1940, saw 18 MU being activated on the field of RAF Dumfries, requiring the the removal of anti-landing obstructions which had previously been placed to deny the ground to enemy landings. The station was created as an Aircraft Storage Unit (ASU), used to store aircraft between the time they were produced, and could be completed prior to delivery to their respective squadrons. Increasing production rates meant that the existing method of flying the aircraft direct from the factory could no longer be used, and safe storage was required, preferably in relatively unknown and quiet areas. ASUs were complemented by Satellite Landing Grounds (SLG), secret storage airfields with no identifying features (not even windsocks were permitted) intended to keep aircraft stocks safely hidden from enemy discovery or attack.
Dumfries was chosen to host No 10 Bombing and Gunnery School from Warmwell, Dorset, where it was a relatively easy target for German bombers, and moved north reduce the risk of attack. From July 1940 the school trained bombers and gun aimers before they passed on to operational training units (OTU).
The increasing level of activity soon turned the original grass runways into mud, and the school had to be temporarily resited to the satellite landing ground (SLG) at Winterseugh near Annan, about 15 miles south of Dumfries, while concrete runways were installed at Dumfries.
Increasing aircraft production and growing activity at the airfield eventually used up the space available, and aircraft had to be dispersed to surrounding SLGs, including those at Low Eldrig near Stranraer, 80 miles west of Dumfries, Lennoxlove, near Haddington East Lothian, Wath Head in Cumbria, and briefly, Hornby Hall, Cumbria. Transport activity increased, and so many ferry flights required completion that No 11 Sub-Ferry Flight had to be based at Dumfries for nearly four months from April 1940.
In September 1940, the school was re-designated 10 Air Observer School (10AOS), increasing its scope to include the training of navigators.
Servicing was taken over by Scottish Aviation Ltd, based in Prestwick, a civilian contractor which carried out numerous tasks for the RAF, such as the conversion of American aircraft (Catalina) to British armament.
In April 1942, 10AOS was again re-designated, and became 10 (Observer) Advanced Flying Unit.
Quoted from September 1942, the following figures show how active the airfield was: Flying hours: 2,016 by day; 629 by night; ammunition used: 82,700 rounds; bombs dropped: 4,595; fuel used: 83,853 gallons. Such activity was not without its dangers, and there were numerous accidents involving the trainees, and a number of these resulted in fatalities.
Although further north than the unit it hosted from Dorset, Dumfries was not immune, and was attacked by a German aircraft which shot the airfield beacon. The pilot was later killed when his aircraft crashed, and he was buried with full military honours in Troqueer Cemetery, Dumfries.
In August 1945, 10 (O)AFU became 10 Air Navigation School. The following month, the school was disbanded.
1945 saw the airfield being used for aircraft storage, with one of the runways being closed to create space, and aircraft returned there to be scrapped, probably the same aircraft that had earlier been despatched from the same airfield. Aerial photographs taken in 1946 are reported to show some 300 aircraft stored on the ground, with another 300 at satellite stations in the surrounding area.
From 1947 to 1957, RAF Dumfries served as a training station for those on national service to the RAF. It also served for general basic gunner training for the RAF Regiment. The airfield was home to No 1 Elementary Gliding School from 1950 until it moved to RAF Turnhouse on November 24, 1955, becoming No 661 Volunteer Gliding School (VGS). No 1 Elementary Gliding School is described as having originally formed at Strathaven in 1942, and moving to Dungavel in April 1944, and later to Dumfries. This school now resides at RAF Kirknewton.
In 1957, the airfield was placed on care and maintenance, and 18MU closed.
The site was sold to a private company in 1960, and subsequently developed into an industrial estate in. Many of the hangars are still used for storage and a number of the war time building have survived and are in use by an assortment of businesses.
The control tower is now well known as the focus of the Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum. |
0.999534 | Listens to: Amy Winehouse, Bibi Bourelly, Kendrick Lamar, Mumford & Sons, Jimi Hendrix, Gary Clark Jr.
Hobbies outside of music: I enjoy drinking too much coffee, attempting to make recipes I find online, going to parks, and lounging in my hammock.
Musician I want to hang out with: SZA. Based on her interviews, she seems very relatable. I think we could have some good conversations about music and life in general. |
0.949003 | Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Sa'id bin Harith bin Asim al-Lakhmi al-Qurtubi, better known as Ibn Maḍāʾ (Arabic: ابن مضاء; 1116–1196) was an Arab Muslim polymath from Córdoba in Islamic Spain. Ibn Mada was notable for having challenged the traditional formation of Arabic grammar and of the common understanding of linguistic governance among Arab grammarians, performing an overhaul first suggested by Al-Jahiz two-hundred years prior. He is considered the first linguist in history to address the subject of dependency in the grammatical sense in which it is understood today, and was instrumental during the Almohad reforms as chief judge of the Almohad Caliphate.
Ibn Mada's exact date of birth is a matter of dispute, having been listed as both 1116 and 1119 according to the Gregorian calendar. His family was famous within their local community. Ibn Mada was not known to have traveled outside of Cordoba prior to his academic study. He grew up in a family of noble origin, and as a youth he seemed to concern himself only with pursuing his education. In addition to religion, he was also well-versed in geometry and medicine.
He moved from Cordoba to Seville where he studied Arabic grammar and syntax from the works of Sibawayh. Later, he left the Iberian Peninsula for Ceuta in North Africa in order to study historiography and prophetic tradition with Muslim academic Qadi Ayyad. Ibn Mada was most affected by his linguistic study, excelling so far as to develop his own independent opinions in regard to disputes among grammarians.
Ibn Mada initially served as a judge in Fes in present-day Morocco and later at Béjaïa in present-day Algeria. It was during his initial judgeship that he was a teacher of fellow Andalusian theologian and litterateur, Ibn Dihya al-Kalby. Later on, Almohad Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf chose him to serve as the chief judge for the caliphate. He served in Fes, Marrakesh and Seville, outliving Abu Yaqub to serve under the caliph's son Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur and remaining as the empire's chief judge for the remainder of his life. During the Almohad reforms, he assisted the Almohad authorities in banning any and all religious books written by non-Zahirites during the reign of Abu Yaqub Yusuf, and oversaw the outright burning of such books under Yusuf's son Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur. Ibn Maḍāʾs adherence to Zahirism has been described by Dutch arabist Kees Versteegh as "fanatical." He died in Seville the Islamic calendar month of Jumada al-awwal during the Hijri year of 592, corresponding to 1196 in the Gregorian calendar, just as he was approaching eighty years of age.
Ibn Mada rose to fame as one of the first to launch attack on Arabic grammar theory and called for its reformation. Although he was concerned with attacking all major schools of Arabic grammar, he was focused on the grammar of the linguists of Basra, as it was the most popular school around him. His attack on eastern Arabic grammar was violent yet reasoned and eloquent, defending his view that grammar as it was understood in that region was complicated, casuistic, obscure and artificial; Ibn Mada instead called for building simple and clear grammar based on true facts of the language. Among his ideas which were considered revolutionary both during his life and with renewed interest in his work during the 1950s was the abolition of governance and linguistic analogy. Ibn Mada felt that scholarly work on the Arabic language was intentionally convoluted and inaccessible to both non-native speakers and laymen Arabs, and that an overall simplification of language and grammar would enhance overall comprehension of Arabic. Ibn Mada held great respect for the language as the native speakers understood it, and while he emphasized a simplification of grammar he did not advocate a complete overhaul of the entire language.
His Zahirite views in Muslim jurisprudence influenced his views in linguistics. He explicitly denied the ability of human beings to willfully choose what they say and how they say it, since speech – like all other things – is predetermined by God. Because Arabic grammarians during Ibn Mada's time often linked the spoken language to grammatical causes, they earned both his linguistic and theological ire. In his view, the Zahirite denial of legal causality in regard to Islamic law carried over into a denial of linguistic causality in regard to Arabic grammar.
Ibn Mada's reaction toward Arabic grammar and grammarians wasn't without provocation. Both earlier Zahirite jurists such as Ibn Hazm and al-Ballūṭī and some Shafi'ites sparred with Hanafite jurists who sought to justify practices such as Istihsan, anathema to the more orthodox schools, on the basis of grammatical and linguistic arguments. Thus suspicion and antagonism toward grammarians in the east, where the Hanafite rite predominated, had already been started before Ibn Mada began his whole-scale vehemence.
Ibn Mada's mastery of the Arabic language and its subfields was so great that, at the time, he was said to have been isolated from the general body of scholarship in terms of sheer knowledge. His refutation was written toward the end of his life and demonstrated his clarity of thought and independent judgment, causing his student Ibn Dihya al-Kalby to brand him as the leader of all grammarians. His critical views of Arabic grammar as it was taught in the eastern Muslim world found an audience with other linguistic and religious scholars of the western half, Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati being one example. Gharnati also criticized so-called "eastern grammarians" and, after his treatise on the non-existence of grammatic causality, cited Ibn Mada as his inspiration. Although Ibn Dihya, Abu Hayyan and Ibn Mada shared their Zahirite and Andalusian backgrounds, not all of Ibn Mada's intellectual descendants shared these traits.
Thus, while Ibn Mada opened the discussion regarding the competence of grammarians, suspicion surrounding them and the religious implications of their work continued even after his death. In the mid-20th century, the rediscovery of Ibn Mada's Refutation by Egyptian linguist Shawqi Daif caused minor shockwaves. Convinced that Ibn Mada's abolition of linguistic analogy and governance were the solutions to the failure of Arabic language education, Daif used this foundation for his later advocacy of modernizing language arts education in the Middle East. So strong was Ibn Mada's refutation of grammarians that University of Oxford Laudian Professor of Arabic Geert Jan van Gelder referred to Ibn Mada as the Sextus Empiricus of the Arab world.
^ a b c "Ibn Mada' (Ahmad ibn Abdul Rahman-) Ibn Mada'(Ahmad ibn Abdul Rahman-)".
^ a b "Ibn Maḍāʾ al-Qurṭubī as a Ẓāhirī linguist" by Kees Versteegh, taken from: Camilla Adang, Maribel Fierro, and Sabine Schmidtke. Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker. 1. 103. Brill Publishers, 2012. 934. Print.
^ Baalbaki, Ramzi (2017). The Early Islamic Grammatical Tradition. Routledge. ISBN 9781351891257.
^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 747 Eds. Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat and Joseph Schacht. Assist. J. Burton-Page, C. Dumont and V.L. Menage. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1971. Photomechanical print.
^ Al-Suyuti, Bughyah al-wu`a fi tabaqat al-lughawiyyin wa al-nuhat, pg. 138. Cairo, 1907.
^ Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 747.
^ a b Katip Çelebi, Kashf az-zunun, vol. 3, pg. 355. Ed. Gustav Leberecht Flügel. London: 1835-1858.
^ Shawqi Daif, pg. 6.
^ a b c "The Emergency of Modern Standard Arabic," by Kees Versteegh. Taken from The Arabic Language by permission of the Edinburgh University Press. 1997.
^ Kees Versteegh, Arabic Linguistic Tradition, pg. 151.
^ a b Michael G. Carter, Andalusian Grammarians, pg. 34.
^ Michael G. Carter, Andalusian Grammarians, pg. 39.
^ "Names of Zahiri Scholars".
^ Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 856. |
0.965865 | Financial advisors and full-service brokerage firms are required by sales practice rules and regulations promulgated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) to provide suitable investment advice to their clients. Among other things, this may include a duty to recommend risk management strategies sufficient to protect investors from catastrophic losses in their portfolio and a duty to disclose the risks associated with an over-concentration in particular bank holding company stock, or in the banking sector. Investors who had a substantial portion of their assets invested in bank stocks could have protected their investments through strategies including diversification and hedging. Brokerage firms are obligated to give, and investors are entitled to rely upon brokerage firms for, competent, suitable investment advice in accordance with FINRA Rules and Regulations. Recommendations of unsuitable investments and/or failure to recommend adequate risk management strategies are both causes of action that form the basis for securities arbitration claims filed by investors with FINRA.
Q: What duties and obligations do stockbrokers have to recommend diversification and implement risk management strategies for concentrated positions on behalf of their clients?
Investors control portfolio risk through diversification which reduces diversifiable risk. This diversifiable risk is also known as business risk which is the risk specific to a particular business industry, such as a bank's exposure to sub-prime loan losses, residential loan losses and commercial loan losses. When a portfolio is considered non-diversified or over-concentrated there is an increased exposure to a specific security or sector of the economy. It is this concentrated exposure to the banking and financial services sector which has led to, for many investors, catastrophic losses.
Many concentrated stock positions are held by investors as the result of situations such as Rule 144 corporate stock grants, employee stock option, potential tax liabilities, or any number of considerations. There is a specific risk management strategy that is suitable for each investor holding a concentrated stock position. If the financial advisor fails to recommend the suitable risk management strategy for an investor's particular circumstance, there is a potential claim for negligence and a failure to supervise the activities in the account. |
0.999999 | What is NVIDIA ray tracing and DLSS?
Best answer: Ray tracing and Deep Learning Super Sampling (DLSS) are new technologies NVIDIA added to its latest GPUs to improve the visual fidelity of supported games. The RTX 2060 is a great GPU that takes advantage of these new features.
Ray tracing is a rendering technique that creates a 3D image by calculating how virtual light rays hit various surfaces. This technique is seen as a replacement for the traditional method of lighting objects in games to make everything appear more realistic, but it does require a significant amount of power.
Deep Learning Super Sampling (or DLSS) sounds like some form of fancy technology from the future and that's because it is. It's what NVIDIA is using to make ray tracing have less of a negative impact on performance. Super sampling is already present in some games that support it, effectively allowing the GPU and PC to render the game at a higher resolution than what the monitor can handle.
DLSS would be good for visuals because of how the resulting image would be downsized to fit the resolution of the display, keeping all that additional detail when used with temporal anti-aliasing (TAA). For instance, you have a GTX 2080 Ti and a 1440p display. This GPU is overkill for such a resolution, which would allow you to render a game at 4K and have it downsized to 1440p, enjoying more crisp images.
Where NVIDIA's DLSS takes TAA and makes it even better is by negating the serious system performance hit, utilizing machine learning (and dedicated hardware on RTX GPUs) to address aliased frames in-game with some degree of intelligence. While you're not technically gaming at 4K in the previous example I just provided, your PC would have to render the game at the high quality. DLSS should fix this in the long run by being smart.
By running DLSS on the same game multiple times, the algorithm determining what needs to be addressed in-game becomes more effective and efficient, providing a slight performance improvement. However, DLSS may work better in some games and not so in others. It depends on various factors, including the game, engine, PC specs and more. The issue with DLSS (and ray tracing) is the lack of support in games.
Should you be excited for ray tracing and DLSS?
On paper, ray tracing, DLSS, and other improvements NVIDIA is attempting to add to its GPUs are great for PC gaming ... just not right now. The technologies are still in the early days of development, not too many games support the new features, and most people probably won't make the most out of the new tech.
If you're looking for a new GPU, the RTX line of graphics cards is a great option for any gaming build. If you already own a GTX 10-series card, you could probably hold off for now, unless your card is a bottleneck or you desperately desire to try out ray tracing and DLSS.
NVIDIA's latest generation of RTX 20 series cards is excellent for gaming, providing even more performance at a similar price point to the aging GTX 10 series. The only downside, for the time being, is games have yet to catch up by supporting ray tracing and DLSS. |
0.998959 | A Montgomery, Alabama, police officer fingerprints Parks after her arrest.
(CNN) -- Rosa Parks did not intend to get arrested as she made her way home from work on December 1, 1955. Little did the 42-year-old seamstress know that an act of hers soon would make her a pivotal symbol of the civil rights movement and help end segregation laws in the South.
That evening after work, Parks took a seat in the front of the black section of a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. The bus filled up, and the bus driver demanded that she move so a white male passenger could have her seat.
But Parks refused to give up her seat, and police arrested her. Four days later, Parks was convicted of disorderly conduct.
That same day, a group of African Americans founded the Montgomery Improvement Association and named the young pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church -- the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. -- as its leader, and a bus boycott was begun.
For the next 381 days, African-Americans -- who, according to Time magazine, had made up two-thirds of Montgomery bus riders -- boycotted public transportation to protest Parks' arrest and, in turn, segregation laws.
The mass movement marked one of the largest and most successful challenges of segregation and catapulted King to the forefront of the civil rights movement.
The boycott ended on November 13, 1956, after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a lower court ruling that Montgomery's segregrated bus service was unconstitutional.
Parks, facing regular threats and having lost her job, moved from Alabama to Michigan in 1957. She joined the staff of U.S. Rep. John Conyers, D-Michigan, in 1965, championing civil liberties. Parks later earned the Presidential Medal of Freedom and Congressional Gold Medal.
Now 90, Parks was the subject of the documentary "Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks," which received a 2002 Oscar nomination for best documentary short. |
0.999998 | The Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.
Instead the 13 American colonies formed a union that would become a new nation — the United States of America.
The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2nd to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.
It's important to note that from April 19, 1775 until July 2, 1776, the war was being fought so the colonists could regain their rights as Englishmen that had been taken away by the British government from 1763-1775.
It was in effect a "rebellion" to reestablish themselves as Englishmen, British subjects.
On July, 2nd, 1776, it became a "revolution" for independence to separate themselves from England - to become their own nation, an American nation.
On the 4th of July, our Founding Fathers finally agreed on the wording of the document to create a new nation called the United States of America.
What was the Declaration all about?
The Declaration, the document itself, was written in a way as to justify the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III, and by asserting certain natural and legal rights, including a right of revolution.
Having served its original purpose in announcing independence, references to the text of the Declaration were few for the next four score years.
Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric, for example as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863, and his policies.
This has been called "one of the best-known sentences in the English language", containing "the most potent and consequential words in American history."
The passage represents "a moral standard" to which the United States should strive.
This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln, who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy, and argued that the Declaration is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted.
It has inspired work for the rights of marginalized people throughout the world. It has provided inspiration to numerous national declarations of independence throughout the world.
As always, this most American of holidays will be marked by parades, fireworks and backyard barbecues across the country. We celebrate the 4th of July for good reason!
Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9, with the British forces not far away.
Washington and Congress hoped the Declaration would inspire the soldiers, and encourage others to join the army.
After hearing the Declaration, crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority.
An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls.
In July 1776, the estimated number of people living in the newly independent nation was 2.5 million.
There are 7,354,043 businesses with paid employees in the U.S., according to the 2011 County Business Patterns.
There were 56 signers to the Declaration of Independence.
John Hancock, President of the Second Continental Congress, was the first signer.
He was a merchant by trade, and his signature was the first in an entirely blank space which made it the largest and most famous signature - hence the term John Hancock, which is still used today as a synonym for signature.
Of course John Hancock said it was large so King George wouldn't need his glasses to read it.
William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, did in fact free his slave believing he could not fight for liberty and own a slave at the same time.
In the postwar decades, because of the Declaration, so many other slaveholders also freed their slaves that from 1790 to 1810, the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population.
Most Northern states abolished slavery at the same time of the American revolution.
Benjamin Franklin, who started one of the first anti-slavery movements in America represented Pennsylvania at the Convention. At age 70, Franklin was the oldest of the signers.
Franklin County, Pa., had an estimated population of 151,275 as of July 1, 2012.
Edward Rutledge of South Carolina, at age 26 was the youngest.
Two future presidents signed, John Adams (second President) and Thomas Jefferson (third President).
Both died on the 50th anniversary of signing the Declaration (July 4, 1826). There are 12 counties nationwide named Adams and 26 named Jefferson.
Robert Livingston, who represented New York, was on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence but was recalled by his state before he could sign it.
Livingston County, N.Y., was home to an estimated 64,810 people as of July 1, 2012.
Representing Georgia in 1776 were Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton.
Gwinnett County, Ga. (842,046), Hall County, Ga. (185,416) and Walton County, Ga. (84,575) were named for these signers.
Charles Carroll, who represented Maryland, was the last surviving member of the signers of the Declaration. He died in 1832 at the age of 95.
Carroll County, Md., named for him, had an estimated population of 167,217 as of July 1, 2012.
Roger Sherman, who worked as a land surveyor and lawyer, represented Connecticut.
Today, there are an estimated 30,445 surveyors, cartographers and photogrammetrists employed full time, year-round, and 840,813 lawyers employed full time, year-round nationwide, according to the 2011 American Community Survey.
Nelson County, Va. (14,827) and Wythe County, Va. (29,251) were named for two of the six signers who represented the state of Virginia - Thomas Nelson Jr. and George Wythe.
So let's talk about fireworks!
$218.2 million is the value of fireworks imported from China in 2012, representing the bulk of all U.S. fireworks imported ($227.3 million).
U.S. exports of fireworks, by comparison, came to just $11.7 million in 2012, with Israel purchasing more than any other country ($2.5 million).
$231.8 million is the value of U.S. manufacturers' shipments of fireworks and pyrotechnics (including flares, ignitors, etc.) in 2007.
And how about American Flags?
In 2012, the dollar value of U.S. imports of American flags was $3.8 million.
Sadly, the vast majority of this amount ($3.6 million) was for U.S. flags made in China.
The dollar value of U.S. flags exported in 2012 was $614,115. And believe it or not, Mexico was the leading customer by purchasing $188,824 worth.
Fifty-nine places contain the word "liberty" in the name.
Pennsylvania, with 11, has more of these places than any other state.
Of the 59 places nationwide containing "liberty" in the name, four are counties: Liberty County, Georgia, (65,471), Liberty County, Florida, (8,276), Liberty County, Montana, (2,392) and Liberty County, Texas (76,571).
One place has the word "patriot" in its name. Patriot, Indiana, has an estimated population of 209. It sounds like a place that I can really relate to since here in Glencoe, California, we have a population of 189.
The most common patriotic-sounding word used within place names is "union" with 136. Pennsylvania, with 33, has more of these places than any other state.
Other words most commonly used in place names are Washington (127), Franklin (118), Jackson (96) and Lincoln (95).
$109.8 billion is the dollar value of trade last year between the United States and the United Kingdom, making the British, our adversary in 1776, our 6th leading trading partner today.
Yes, its good to let bygones be bygones!
As of March 1, 2013, there are 65.9 million hogs and pigs being farmed in our nation.
Chances are that the pork hot dogs and sausages consumed on the Fourth of July originated in Iowa.
The Hawkeye State was home to 20.3 million hogs and pigs. North Carolina with 8.9 million and Minnesota with 7.8 million were also homes to large numbers of pigs.
Total estimated production of cattle and calves in Texas in 2012 was 6.3 billion pounds.
Chances are good that the beef hot dogs, steaks and burgers on your backyard grill came from the Lone Star State, which accounted for nearly one-sixth of the nation's total production.
And if the beef did not come from Texas, it very well may have come from Nebraska with an estimated 5.1 billion pounds or Kansas with its estimated 3.8 billion pounds of beef.
6 is the number of states in which the value of broiler chicken production was estimated at $1 billion or greater between December 2011 and November 2012.
There is a good chance that one of these states was Georgia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi or Texas, and is subsequently the source of your barbecued chicken.
And how about the 345 million acres that were needed to plant of potatoes in Idaho in 2012, the most in the nation.
Washington state followed with 165 million acres.
The total 2012 potato crop is forecast to exceed 467 million hundredweight (cwt). That is the the highest level since 2000, when 523 million cwt was produced.
That my friends is a lot of potato salad for those Fourth of July barbecues.
So yes, after you've filled yourself with barbecue and a nice cold drink, give a nod of thanks to the American Rancher and Farmers that worked so hard to bring us the food we eat.
They really do feed America and the world. That's not just a slogan, it is the truth.
A celebration is defined as "the action of marking one's pleasure at an important event or occasion by engaging in enjoyable, typically social activity."
The 4th of July is our day to observe an event, our independence, with ceremonies of respect, festivity, and rejoicing.
After And please don't forget to give a thankful thought to all of those who have fought so hard to form and sustain our great country.
It is a day when we acknowledge and reaffirm our commitment to our freedom and liberty.
Yes, since freedom is not free, our rights come with responsibilities.
• Obeying the law — One of America's founding principles is the rule of law.
Both American citizens, the individuals, and our governments are regulated by laws and not by arbitrary actions. No person or group is above rule of the law.
• Taking responsibility for oneself and one’s family — Getting a job, taking care of one’s family and working hard in keeping with one’s abilities are important American values.
Work contributes to personal sense of self-worth, their dignity and self-respect, and to America’s prosperity.
• Serving on a jury — When called to do so, you are legally required to serve.
Serving on a jury is a privilege that makes the justice system work as it depends on impartial juries made up of citizens.
• Voting in elections — The right to vote comes with a responsibility to vote in federal, state and local elections.
• Helping others in the community — Millions of volunteers freely donate their time to help others without pay, and helping people in need, assisting at your child’s school, volunteering at a food bank or other charity, or encouraging newcomers to integrate.
Volunteering is an excellent way to gain useful skills and develop friends and contacts.
• Protecting and enjoying our heritage — Every citizen has a role to play in defending America.
We shouldn't let those who want to tear down our traditions and heritage adversely effect how we see the core goodness of America.
At the present time, there is no compulsory military service in the United States.
However, serving in the Marine Corps, the Navy, the Army, the Air Force, or in the Coast Guard is a noble way to contribute to America.
Besides an excellent career choice, those who serve learn discipline and responsibility, and gain valuable experience and skills.
By serving, you follow in the footsteps of Americans before you who made sacrifices in the service of our country.
Independence Day is the day that our Founders approved the Declaration of Independence.
Back on July 4th in 1776, those there that day knew one overwhelming fact: the job ahead to build a nation based on individual freedom and liberty would not be easy.
For them, they risked everything including their lives and the lives of their families.
We should celebrate their efforts and deeds, and yes their bravery.
But we should also recommit ourselves to getting involved in keeping our rights and individual freedom and liberty safe and secure and ours.
Years ago, while in the Marine Corps, I remember reading a quote that went, "For those who fight for it, freedom has a flavor the protected will never know."
The quote was found on the back of dead Marine's flack-jacket in Vietnam. |
0.982575 | Thesis: The NBA is Elias Harris a size too big.
Bauermann: Elias I wish to jump to the NBA, but if he fails, it would not be too bad. Quite honestly, I'm skeptical. He must work very hard on themselves and acquire a skill set that allows him to prevail in spite of its size in the NBA. His athleticism is outstanding compared to German, but we're talking about the NBA. In the U.S. there are probably thousands who have the same size and athletic as Elias. I do not know whether it's the right way to try it, despite its small size, not only as a small forward, but also as a power forward. He must know that the niche is extremely small. And he should know what it means to play against real NBA power forwards. One night against Nowitzki, the next night against Blake Griffin - for there not to come under the wheels, it must move itself in Charles-Barkley-dimensions.
Philip Dornhegge: If he is coming out before the start of the season with a ranking of the best college player at No. 20, which certainly has its reasons. The Americans trust him to the NBA, so you should certainly have hope. What irritates me somewhat to Harris: On the one hand, he compares himself with Shawn Marion, on the other hand, it has obvious shortcomings. He reminds me of Ademola Okulaja, who was also one of four in the body of a triple: moderate ball handling, expandable throw distance, but strong in basket nearby. Okulaja was once just before the jump to the NBA, but it failed at exactly this issue. And when you read a scouting report, I stumbled across a note that Harris has to thank the good rebound values only his athleticism. But he shows great deficiencies in basic skills such as Ausboxen, his speed in the defense is not convincing. These things fall on any Scout, which can easily cost several places in the draft, maybe even the NBA career.
Bauermann: Basically I think it's good that a young player develops a vision shared with the coach and modeled his game on the basis of a known player. Ludwigsburg Johannes Lischka missed a game of the Dallas Mavericks, Robin Benzing ticking similar because they closely monitor Nowitzki plays. Therefore, it is true that Elijah takes a role model. I just do not know if Marion fits: Marion supposedly measures 2.01 meters such as Harris, but he is much bigger and plays it on a different level, especially defensively. It is true that Elias in the great national problems in defense behavior revealed. It has nothing to do with Elijah's attitude, but needs only a defensive mentality with him to develop, because he has never learned the basics. For example, how the ball carrier or ausboxt opponent keeps to himself and simply does not ausdribbeln. The same experience has also made the Gonzaga coaching staff, with whom I had contact.
Haruka Gruber: Despite all the problems: I do not see it as pessimistic. It will be crucial to whether Harris is really aware of how small the niche and that is it from the pool of undersized combo-forwards is very, very few create. Still, I keep my fingers crossed that he makes it. Luc Richard Mbah a Moute Milwaukee has demonstrated how do you get it in spite of similar size and similar weak and shaky ball-handling to throw a starter in the NBA. With the right fire it works maybe grab themselves one of the 10 to 15 jobs for Under-Sized Big-Men. At least he had the last interview, much cleaner and more mature than a year earlier. That gives me hope.
Florian Regelmann: This is the crucial point. It's not just about talent, but also to the right head on his shoulders. This aspect comes to me when judging a player very often much too short. I have the impression that Elias has found himself and goes with the right attitude in the crucial year of college. And at Gonzaga, he has good conditions, because he probably gets a bigger role and can produce correspondingly better stats than last year. The draft agreement is possible. At least in the second round, it should be pulled by a team that already own, hoping to land a steal with him.
Bauermann: The last year was in fact a cleansing effect for Elias. I can only emphasize that he has learned as a person. I do not anyway, whether it is doing so well these guys when they convince themselves early on saying that the NBA is the only way that they met as basketball players. For Elias it would be a success if he becomes a basketball player who gets a European top team in a good role. For the NBA have in my view Robin Benzing, Tibor Pleiss and the much better chances.
Yea, what the heck are they referring to with "Ausboxen?" A quick internet search brings up pics of dogs!?
Other than that, this interview seems to mirror many posts on the mbb regarding E's chances in the league hinging on improving his handles and D due to his being undersized for a PF.
It's those missing attributes, my impression of E being a patient young man, and the bright future this team has for next year that make me think "Elijah" will have ZAGS on his chest for the 2012-13 season.
Another great find ZN. Thanx!
I do not know German but I would hazard a guess he is talking about boxing out for a rebound.
Vaahhhdy Innnnteddddeeessssding! (the only "German" I can remember and you've got to have a Laugh In your memory to know what I mean).
Shawn Marion without the defense is what I pulled out of this.
very candid and enlightened. quite different from the draft gurus on this side, for whom everyone is a lock.
The bush just passed gas.
At this stage, not a bad comparison, although Elias is a lot smoother on offense.. Amazing that Marion has put up the offensive numbers he has in his career though. So awkward!
Like I've said before, if Elias can put the ball in the hoop, they'll be a place for him in the NBA. You don't have to have an obvious set in stone position to make it. |
0.999434 | What are Vascular Ring Anomalies?
Vascular ring anomalies in cats can be difficult for the typical pet owner to diagnose, but not to detect. This condition can lead to compression of the esophagus, a condition commonly referred to as megaesophagus, which causes your cat to regurgitate food. Regurgitation is not the same as vomiting. In cats with vascular ring anomalies, food never makes it to the stomach and is stopped at a narrowing, or obstructed area in the esophagus. Vascular ring anomalies are dangerous as they not only prevent your cat from receiving the correct nutrition, they can also result in secondary conditions brought about by regurgitation.
The primary symptom of vascular ring anomalies in cats is the regurgitation of food shortly after eating. The owner can differentiate between vomit from the stomach and regurgitation by the lack of bile in the end product. Additionally, regurgitation will occur quickly after eating and on a more regular than sporadic basis. There are a few additional ancillary conditions that may occur as a result of the regurgitation.
Pneumonia: Aspiration pneumonia can often result from regurgitation. This occurs when a piece of food becomes trapped in the lungs during the violent process of regurgitation or when food is sucked into the lungs during breath intake after regurgitation.
Malnutrition: Malnutrition can occur when your cat is regularly regurgitating their food instead of properly digesting the nutrients.
Weight loss: Weight loss is also a side effect of regurgitation due to inability to process nutrients.
Vascular ring anomalies in cats are typically inherited defects that occur during development while still in utero. This congenital condition, also referred to as persistent right aortic arch, is caused by improper growth in the arteries that abut the esophagus. As a result of the deformation, the esophagus is compressed near the area of the defect, often narrowing to such an extent that solid food cannot pass through in large quantities.
In addition to causing megaesophagus, in some cases this congenital defect may lead to congestive heart failure if left untreated.
As with many conditions, the first step your veterinarian will take is a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian may also draw blood for a full blood analysis to rule out any underlying infection as the cause of the regurgitation. Your veterinarian will also look for signs of malnutrition such as dulling of coat, lethargy or discoloration of gums.
X-rays are the diagnostic method of choice for the detection of vascular ring anomalies; the oesophagus cranial to the heart is dilated with the oesophagus portion dorsal to the heart is constricted, this is more evident during contrast media (barium) studies.
In cases where x-rays are unclear, or if the underlying cause of regurgitation is not immediately suspected to be a vascular ring anomaly, your vet may want to conduct an endoscopy. In an endoscopy procedure, your cat will be sedated and a tube with a small camera will be placed down the oesophagus. This will allow your vet to locate any obstruction or narrowing and pinpoint the exact location of the blockage.
Your Veterinarian may choose to perform an ultrasound to check for other congenital heart disorders like septal or valve defects.
Due to a suspected correlation between vascular ring anomalies and axial skeletal malformations, CT scans are recommended for ruling out this condition.
Surgery is the recommended course of treatment for vascular ring anomalies in cats. While these type of surgeries have become more routine over time, there is still the possibility for infection or negative outcomes. Your pet will also need to be anesthetized in order to undergo surgery. Without surgical correction, your cat may face congenital heart issues that may lead to a shortened lifespan.
While surgery will resolve the underlying vascular ring anomaly, it may or may not cure the narrowing or blockage of the esophagus. In cases where the megaesophagus condition is permanent, modification of your cat’s eating habits and dietary choices may still allow effective management of the condition.
In cats with megaesophagus brought on by vascular ring anomalies, raised food dishes can be especially helpful. Feeding while your cat is sitting or is forced to extend their neck, will allow the esophagus to open as widely as possible during meals. Additionally, a wet food diet, or dry food that has been pureed, may also be fed since the lack of solid consistency will allow easier access past the obstruction and into the stomach.
Lastly, if your cat has potential for nutritional deficiencies, they may need to take an oral vitamin supplement. With surgery and proper feeding regiments, your cat has a good prognosis for long term recovery and management from vascular ring anomalies. |
0.91539 | After graduating from school, you are fortunate to receive an offer as an assistant manager of a marketing department in a company located in New York City, working for a fast-growing company that provides marketing support for companies. Your department specializes in marketing strategies for the Internet and currently consists of 10 people -you, your direct supervisor (the manager of the department), and 8 marketing associates. Your job is to help the manager lead the unit to develop long-term strategies for your unit, to maintain excellent customer service with your clients, and to strive to build future business opportunities. The marketing associates in your department work a very flexible schedule and are often offsite, working with the clients at their location to help develop marketing campaigns to improve their business presence, and performance, via the Internet.
After being on the job a short while, you realize that you really need to create another position to help make sure all the necessary work gets completed on time. Essentially, while you and your manager are focusing on the long-term interests of the department and the associates are working very hard to help the clients, many of the administrative aspects of the work are falling by the wayside. For example, no one is currently tracking accounts payable from clients or handling accounts payable to your service providers. As a result, you are spending time on these tasks that are beyond your job expectations. In addition, you are spending an increasing amount of time making travel arrangements such as booking hotels and arranging transportation for your staff. After you talk with the manager of your unit, she agrees that something needs to change to allow you to devote your time to more of the strategic issues in the unit, and she permits you to create a new position to help out in your department. Your challenge now is to determine what this position will be.
What job would you create? Why?
What are the employee competencies this position needs to be successful? Why?
What are your ideas for how you might design performance management, compensation and incentives for this new position? Why?
Are there any particular challenges you would expect to encounter that would make successfully filling this position difficult? How would you overcome these challenges?
Based on the literature review and given case the new position that bridge between Assistant manager and ordinates is Operation Manager. The main administrative tasks are currently handled by Assistant manager who is just under the department manager, so the assistant manager cannot focus on his tasks. When department manager to be agree to create new job assistant manager is free to think about hiring new employee who can better enhance company operation. So the new created job is considered as Operation Manager because the department manager is doing his job well being assisted by assistant manager. But assistant manager is hanged on responding marketing associates and cannot see enough time on handling account payables. Assistant manager is spending time on travelling manager viz. ticket booking, hotel booking and other facilities so why not create a job that can cover these operations. Then assistant manager is free to work for enhance of core business function. The Operation manager is a post that can administer properly with marketing associates and do required clerical works.
Operation manger plays roles discussed in above section, Assistant manager is responsible for monitoring the performance and reporting the same for department manager. There are certain factors that delineates performance measurement and compensate the both. The compensation and facilities provided depends on market availability of skilled manpower matching the job specifications, performance of newly recruited employee as per the job specification and organizational ability to facilitate him. So for the post like Operation Manager we compensate he a basic level of Salary and depending upon the effectiveness of his performance incentives are provided. Assistant manager is able to benchmark his competences by reviewing the payable dues, effectiveness of accounting kept, standard matching of filing system and moreover crashing of meetings for mangers. If his performance is satisfying and company is able to raise his salary then assistant manager can recommend the department head for his continuity as well as revisions. As stated in the case given the marketing associates are dealing with assistant manager directly now the level of customer satisfaction and marketing effective ness is directly related with operation manger so we can provide incentives.
Define performance appraisal and incentive clearly in the early stage of recruitment.
When the company is in need of new employee who can bridge the gap created in between Assistant Manager and the marketing associates, new post of Operation Manager will help Assistant Manager so that assistant manager can concern on core business tasks rather than covering the clerical tasks. We in this case study named the new job title, discussed about job description and job specifications along with the compensation and incentives for the new post. Furthermore we discussed possible challenges on choosing new employee from market.
Lepak, D., & Gowan, M. (2010). Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Note: The Horizontal line means mandatory line break. |
0.999999 | Context: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of mortality and ill health.
Objective: To assess whether 64-slice CT angiography might replace some coronary angiography (CA) for diagnosis and assessment of CAD.
Data sources: Electronic databases, conference proceedings and reference lists of included studies.
Study selection: Eligible studies compared 64-slice CT with a reference standard of CA in adults with suspected/known CAD, reporting sensitivity and specificity or true and false positives and negatives.
Data extraction: Two reviewers independently extracted data from included studies.
Results: Forty studies were included; 28 provided sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analyses, all using a cut off point of ⩾50% stenosis to define significant CAD. In patient-based detection (n = 1286) 64-slice CT pooled sensitivity was 99% (95% credible interval (CrI) 97% to 99%), specificity 89% (95% CrI 83% to 94%), median positive predictive value (PPV) across studies 93% (range 64–100%) and negative predictive value (NPV) 100% (range 86–100%). In segment-based detection (n = 14 199) 64-slice CT pooled sensitivity was 90% (95% CrI 85% to 94%), specificity 97% (95% CrI 95% to 98%), median PPV across studies 76% (range 44–93%) and NPV 99% (range 95–100%).
Conclusions: 64-Slice CT is highly sensitive for patient-based detection of CAD and has high NPV. An ability to rule out significant CAD means that it may have a role in the assessment of chest pain, particularly when the diagnosis remains uncertain despite clinical evaluation and simple non-invasive testing.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of mortality and ill health, resulting in an estimated 7.6 million deaths globally in 2005.1 In the United Kingdom it causes around 101 000 deaths each year2 and is the most common cause of death. Currently, invasive coronary angiography (CA) is regarded as the “gold standard” for the assessment of coronary anatomy. However, conventional CA has limitations. It is an invasive procedure with a small (0.1–0.2%) risk of major complications3 and affords information only on the site and degree of luminal narrowing—providing no data on the extent of atherosclerotic change within the vessel wall. Images are obtained in only two dimensions—though the use of multiple projections enables a more comprehensive assessment of any individual lesion. Finally, there are constraints on the amount of CA that can be undertaken, in terms of the infrastructure and cardiologist time. An accurate non-invasive test for diagnosing CAD that could potentially avoid the need for some CA is, therefore, highly desirable.
Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) has been developing rapidly in recent years. Four-slice machines appeared in 1998, 16-slice in 2001 and 64-slice in 2004. This has resulted in greatly increased temporal and spatial resolution4—facilitating the rapid identification and assessment of atherosclerosis within the moving coronary arteries5 6 and generating considerable interest in the concept that MSCT might potentially reduce the need for invasive CA. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the accuracy of 64-slice CT angiography compared with conventional CA in the diagnosis and assessment of CAD.
Highly sensitive search strategies were developed using both appropriate subject headings and text word terms. Full details of the search strategies used are available from the authors. We searched the following electronic databases: Medline (2002– November week 3, 2006), Embase (2002 to December 2006), Biosis (2002 to December 2006), Science Citation Index (2002 to December 2006), Medline In-Process (14th December 2005), Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, issue 4, 2006), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library, issue 4, 2006), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (December 2006), HTA Database (December 2006) and Health Management Information Consortium (2002 to May 2006). In addition, recent conference proceedings and reference lists of all included studies were scanned to identify additional potentially relevant studies. Searches were from 2002 onwards and restricted to English language reports.
We included randomised controlled trials, non-randomised comparative studies or case series involving adults with suspected or known CAD. The index test was 64-slice CT angiography compared with conventional CA as the reference standard. Studies had to report sensitivity and specificity or true and false positives and negatives.
One reviewer screened the titles (and abstracts if available) of all reports identified by the search strategy. Full copies of potentially relevant reports were obtained and two reviewers independently assessed them for inclusion. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or arbitration by a third reviewer.
Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of full-text studies using QUADAS,7 which was modified to make it more applicable to studies for diagnosing and assessing CAD. Three questions in the original QUADAS tool that related to the quality of reporting rather than methodological quality were excluded (questions 2, 8 and 9). Three questions were added: (a) whether an established cut-off point was used (question 12); (b) whether data on observer variation were reported and within an acceptable range (question 13) and (c) whether data were presented for appropriate subgroups of patients (question 14). Disagreements were resolved by consensus or arbitration by a third reviewer.
Where three or more studies reported data, summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were derived for the following levels of analysis: patient, segment, artery (left main, proximal left anterior descending (LAD), any LAD, left circumflex (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA)), stent and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The meta-analysis method used was the hierarchical SROC model,8 fitted using WinBUGS 1.4.9 A symmetric SROC model was used to address the lack of numerical convergence of the full SROC model. Pooled estimates for sensitivity and specificity were reported as medians and 95% credible intervals (CrIs), the Bayesian equivalent of confidence intervals (CIs).
Figure 1 shows the flow of studies through the review. Out of a total of 1211 titles/abstracts screened, 275 were selected as potentially relevant and full papers obtained where possible. Forty studies (21 full text,13–33 19 abstracts34–52), published in 67 reports, met the inclusion criteria. All were non-randomised studies comparing 64-slice CT with a reference standard of invasive CA.
Figure 1 Flow of studies through the review process.
The characteristics of the included studies are available as supplementary table 1. The 40 studies involved more than 2400 people. In 25 studies reporting gender 67% (n = 1184) of participants were men. Across 27 studies reporting mean age this ranged from 54 to 69 years (median 61 years). Most studies reported elective assessment for CAD, with study groups including those with suspected CAD, known CAD, or both. In addition, the following specific groups were studied: patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention or CABG and those with a suspected acute coronary syndrome.
All studies used 64-slice CT angiography. Most studies (n = 28) used Siemens Sensation 64 machines; other types of equipment used included GE Healthcare Light-Speed VCT (n = 2), Philips Brilliance 64 (n = 2) and Toshiba Multi-Slice Aquilion 64 (n = 1).
Figure 2 summarises the quality assessment for the 21 full-text studies. In all studies conventional CA was the reference standard, results were abstracted only if patients received both 64-slice CT angiography and the reference standard (partial verification bias avoided), patients received the same reference standard (differential verification bias avoided) and the index test did not form part of the reference standard (incorporation bias avoided). In 85% of studies those interpreting 64-slice CT data were blinded to the results of the reference standard test (test review bias avoided) and in 71% of studies vice versa (diagnostic review bias avoided). In 48% of studies the participants belonged to specific groups (spectrum bias)—for example, those with previous revascularisation.
Figure 2 Results of the quality assessment of the 21 full-text studies. The question on “partial verification bias avoided” was checked “Yes” for two studies[16, 17] in which only some patients received both index and reference standard tests. For these two studies only the results for the patients who received both tests were included in the review. CAD, coronary artery disease.
Twenty-eight studies provided sufficient data (true positives, false positives, false negatives, true negatives) to allow their inclusion in the meta-analyses, although the number of studies included for each level of analysis varied (table 1). Figure 3 shows the pooled estimates for the sensitivity and specificity of 64-slice CT angiography for detecting significant CAD for each level of analysis (also available in supplementary table 2). Across studies the median positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) along with their ranges for each level of analysis are shown in fig 4 (also available in supplementary table 2). All studies used a cut-off point of >50% or ⩾50% stenosis to define significant CAD.
Figure 3 Pooled estimates (95% credible interval) for different levels of analysis. Left main artery: owing to numerical difficulties with the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic symmetric model, sensitivity and specificity were pooled using the weighted average method and confidence intervals rather than credible intervals were reported. CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LAD, left anterior descending; LCX, left circumflex; RCA, right coronary artery.
Figure 4 Median (A) positive and (B) negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) across studies (range). CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LAD, left anterior descending; LCX, left circumflex; RCA, right coronary artery.
In 18 studies (n = 1286) 64-slice CT was extremely sensitive in patient-based detection of CAD, with a pooled sensitivity of 99% (95% CrI 97% to 99%). Specificity was lower at 89% (95% CrI 83% to 94%). The median NPV across studies was very high at 100% (range 86–100%), while PPV was 93% (range 64–100%). The wide range of PPVs is probably due to the studies being heterogeneous in terms of their populations and the prevalence of significant CAD (median across studies 58%, range 23–96%). The median false positive rate across studies was 10% (range 0–50%), representing an overestimation of the presence of non-significant stenosis as significant, as opposed to finding CAD where none existed. There was very low statistical heterogeneity for sensitivity (I2 = 0.1%) and moderate statistical heterogeneity for specificity (I2 = 31.7%).
In 17 studies reporting coronary artery segment-based detection (n = 14 199), compared with patient-based detection, pooled sensitivity was lower (90%, 95% CrI 85% to 94%), specificity higher (97%, 95% CrI 95% to 98%), median PPV lower (76%, range 44–93%) and NPV similar (99%, range 95–100%).
Five of 18 studies in the pooled estimates for patient-based detection of CAD, and three of 17 for segment-based detection, were abstracts. A sensitivity analysis undertaken to examine the effect of removing abstracts from the pooled estimates found that this did not affect the results. For patient-based detection sensitivity remained unchanged at 99% (95% CrI 97% to 99%), while specificity increased slightly to 91% (95% CrI 84% to 95%). For segment-based detection sensitivity also remained unchanged at 90% (95% CrI 84% to 94%), while specificity decreased slightly to 96% (95% CrI 94% to 98%).
At artery level pooled sensitivity and specificity were both highest for the left main artery (95% (95% CI 84% to 99%); 100% (95% CI 99% to 100%), respectively). Pooled sensitivity was lowest for the LCX at 85% (95% CrI 69% to 94%). Pooled specificity estimates for all of the arteries were very high at ⩾96%. Across studies the median PPV and NPV were also both highest for the left main artery (100%, range 90–100%; 100% (all five studies) respectively). The median NPVs for all of the arteries were very high at ⩾98% (ranges: LAD 95–100%; LCX 93–100%; RCA 94–100%). The median PPV was lowest for the LCX (81%, range 56–100%).
In six studies reporting patency of stents (n = 317), with a cut-off point >50% or ⩾50% in-stent restenosis defining a positive test result, sensitivity was 89% (95% CrI 68% to 97%) and specificity 94% (95% CrI 83% to 98%), while across studies the median PPV was 77% (range 33–100%) and NPV was 96% (range 71–100%). Stents caused some problems for 64-slice CT. Leber and colleague reported that of nine stents without any restenosis on conventional CA four were false positives on 64-slice CT due to artefacts caused by the dense stent material.18 Importantly, the utility of CT angiography appears to be greatly influenced by the diameter and strut thickness of the stent.29 In three studies 21% (59/276) of stents were classed as unevaluable and excluded from analysis,28 29 36 while the remaining three studies did not report this information.
Four studies reported patency of bypass grafts (n = 543). Both sensitivity and specificity were very high (99%, 95% CrI 95% to 100%; 96%, 95% CrI 86% to 99%, respectively), while across studies the median PPV was 93% (range 90–95%) and NPV was very high at 99% (range 98–100%).
Only three studies assessed the diagnostic performance of 64-slice CT in patients admitted to hospital with suspected acute coronary syndromes (n = 232).16 35 46 Across these studies the median (range) values were 100% (97–100%) for sensitivity, 100% (79–100%) for specificity, 100% (87–100%) for PPV and 100% (94–100%) for NPV.
Scans could not be adequately evaluated in 2% (11/718) of patients (n = 13 studies), 8% (997/12 476) of all arterial segments, 21% (59/276) of stented segments (n = 3 studies) and 0% (0/231) of bypass grafts (n = 2 studies). Three per cent (11/404) of scans of the left main artery, 5% (74/1641) of the RCA and 6% of both the LAD (104/1789) and the LCX (93/1444) could not be evaluated. Studies reported that poor image quality was caused by factors including irregular heart rhythm, sinus tachycardia >90/min, calcification, vessel motion or small vessel calibre in distal segments.
It is unclear to what extent the exclusion or otherwise of small diameter vessels affected 64-slice CT performance as only seven studies provided this information, with five excluding segments <1.5 mm in diameter from analysis19 23 25 30 31 and two analysing all vessels regardless of size.20 27 Across the five studies excluding segments <1.5 mm the median sensitivity was 87% (range 85–94%) and specificity 96% (range 76–97%) compared with median sensitivity of 90% (range 86–94%) and specificity of 96.5% (range 95–98%) for the two studies analysing all segments.
This study suggests that 64-slice CT angiography is highly sensitive for patient-based detection of significant CAD (⩾50% stenosis), with a very high NPV. This high NPV was also apparent in analyses based on individual coronary arteries and segments. At artery level the best results for 64-slice CT were in those arteries such as the left main and LAD arteries where significant CAD carries the poorest prognosis. Based on a few small studies, broadly similar results were demonstrated in patients who had undergone prior coronary artery stenting, CABG and those with a suspected acute coronary syndrome.
Although CT is regarded as non-invasive, it delivers a higher radiation dose than conventional CA and concerns have been raised about indiscriminate or repetitive use and, in particular, the risks in younger people or women of childbearing age.56 Hausleiter and colleagues57 reported an effective mean (SD) radiation dose of 11.0 (4.1) mSv for 64-slice CT. By comparison estimates of mean effective doses for conventional CA include <5 mSv by a British Cardiovascular Society Working Group,58 and 4–8 mSv by the Technology Evaluation Center.59 In this review six studies15–18 22 28 reported a 64-slice CT radiation dose for the patient population as a whole and six20 21 26 27 30 31 reported it separately for men and women. The radiation dose for men ranged from 7.5 mSv30 to 15.2 mSv20 21 and for women from 10.2 mSv31 to 21.4 mSv.20 21 Two30 31 of these studies, using ECG-controlled dose modulation to reduce the tube current during systole, reported the lowest radiation doses: 7.5 mSv30 and 8.6 mSv31 for men and 10.2 mSv30 and 12.2 mSv31 for women. One study19 used an alternative technique, automatic exposure control,60 to reduce radiation dose exposure but did not report the actual dosage values that the patients received. With the development of more modern technologies and methods, it may be possible to reduce the radiation dose further. Einstein and colleagues61 have estimated that a single 64-slice CT scan would result in an increase in lung cancer and breast cancer risk, especially if used in younger patients (for example, an estimated lifetime attributable cancer risk of up to 1 in 114 after a combined heart and aortic scan in a 20-year-old woman, compared with 1 in 715 for a 60-year-old woman after a heart scan using ECG-controlled dose modulation).
The current review included both full-text studies and conference abstracts in an attempt to obtain the latest available data. All studies used the same reference standard of conventional CA and only data for those who received both index test and reference standard were included in the meta-analyses. A limitation was that non-English language studies were excluded. No adjustment was made for studies which used multiple samples from each participant for some levels of analysis.
Given the high sensitivity and NPV, the main role of MSCT may be to rule out significant CAD, and thereby reduce the need for invasive CA. There are several clinical situations where this may be particularly useful. In patients with a very low probability of CAD it is unlikely that MSCT would be recommended, particularly given the radiation doses involved. Likewise, when the probability of CAD is high conventional angiography is likely to remain the preferred investigation in most patients. However, very many patients fall into an intermediate category where the diagnosis of CAD remains uncertain after clinical assessment and simple non-invasive testing. Currently, this may necessitate either myocardial perfusion scanning or invasive CA. It seems likely that MSCT may have an increasing role in this setting.
Although further work is required to determine the prognostic utility of MSCT and to clarify its precise clinical role, the currently available data suggest that it will play an increasing role in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected CAD. The technology continues to evolve and data are awaited on the marginal costs and benefits of the next generation of MSCT, the 256 and higher-slice CT machines.
NW designed the study. CF developed the search strategies, obtained papers and formatted the references. GM screened the search results. GM and XJ undertook data extraction and quality assessment. JAC and GM analysed and interpreted data. GM drafted the manuscript. GH, SW and NW provided expert advice. All authors commented on drafts and approved the final manuscript. GM is guarantor.
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. Non invasive assessment of coronary artery disease by multislice computed tomography in patients with acute chest pain. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006:abstr P1717.
. Diagnostic accuracy of coronary in-stent restenosis using 64-slice computed tomography: comparison with invasive coronary angiography. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006:abstr P888.
. Accuracy and usefulness of 64-slice spiral computed tomography for assessing the prevalence, quantification and morphology of coronary athersclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: preliminary results in comparison with catheter angiography [abstract]. Int J Cardiovasc Imag 2006;21:704.
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. Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice CT imaging for the identification of coronary artery stenoses [abstract]. Int J Cardiovasc Imag 2006;21:680.
. 64-slice CT imaging in post-coronary artery bypass patients [abstract]. Int J Cardiovasc Imag 2006;21:706.
. Diagnostic performance of 64-slice CT in symptomatic patients with previous coronary bypass surgery evaluation of grafts and coronary arteries. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006:abstr P1716.
. Non-invasive evaluation of coronary artery stent patency and in-stent restenosis with 64-slice CT coronary angiography: comparison with conventional angiography. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006: abstr P 880.
. Comparison of predictive value between 16-slice and 64-slice multidetector computed tomography to detect significant obstructive coronary artery disease [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:130A.
. Comparison of 4, 16, and 64 row multi-slice computed tomography to evaluate in stent restonosis and MLD. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006: abstr P905.
. Noninvasive coronary angiography performed with 4-slice, 12-slice, 16-slice and 64-slice CT: comparison of diagnostic accuracy [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:130A.
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. Usefulness of 64-slice multi detector computed tomography to improve diagnostic yield in patients with chest pain and negative or equivocal exercise treadmill tests [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:114A.
. 64-Slice multidetector cardiac CT findings in patients with low grade reversible perfusion defects on single-photon emission computed tomography. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006:abstr P2493.
. 64-Slice CT angiography reliably detects and excludes significant coronary artery stenosis on a per-patient but not a per-vessel or per-segment basis. European Congress on Radiology, Vienna, March 2006:abstr B-709.
. Non-invasive coronary angiography using 64-detector row computed tomography. European Congress on Radiology, Vienna, March 2006:abstr B-708.
. Multidetector-row computed tomography diagnostic accuracy in the real world of cardiology: a comparison with invasive coronary angiography. World Congress of Cardiology, Barcelona, September 2006:abstr P2494.
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Funding: This paper was developed from a Health Technology Assessment of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease, which was funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme (project number 06/15/01). The Health Services Research Unit is core funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates. |
0.999985 | On your download site (https://www.sandboxie.com/AllVersions) only MD5 and SHA1 checksum are available.
Both are broken so please provide SHA2-512 and SHA3 instead of weak MD5 and SHA1.
And to verify the files are realy from you, provide GPG.asc signature for binarys with GPG ID & fingerprint so we can check that.
What is broken, exactly? Could you please provide more info so that I can take a look and make the necessary updates?
Regarding your second request, I am not sure we are going to change the SHA1/MD5 for the time being, however, I will reach out to the devs and see what they think about it.
You found a lot of links with broken MD5 and SHA1.
Unless you can provide examples of what is broken on our end, I will not be able to review it.
The md5 and SHA1 posted for our Sandboxie download are not broken and they are correct at the moment.
The whole way to generate the MD5 & SHA1 checksum is broken and can be spoofed.
SHA1: https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/ ... roken.html, https://www.quora.com/In-cryptography-w ... ms?share=1 and a lot more.
Or as TL;DR: On February 23, 2017 CWI Amsterdam and Google announced they had performed a collision attack against SHA-1, publishing two dissimilar PDF files which produce the same SHA-1 hash as proof of concept.
The security of the MD5 has been severely compromised, with its weaknesses having been exploited in the field, most infamously by the Flame malware in 2012. The CMU Software Engineering Institute considers MD5 essentially "cryptographically broken and unsuitable for further use". Despite this known vulnerability, MD5 remains in use.
A 2013 attack by Xie Tao, Fanbao Liu, and Dengguo Feng breaks MD5 collision resistance in 218 time. This attack runs in less than a second on a regular computer.
MD5 is prone to length extension attacks.
It looks like you are talking about a general issue with SHAs / MD5, but you are not reporting anything broken with the ones currently posted. I thought you had examples to provide about incorrect info provided on our end, sorry about any confusion.
I have already replied to the other portion on my first response.
I will update this thread if new information becomes available. |
0.994023 | Dieters sometimes need a little help battling those South Beach sugar cravings. While many people begin the South Beach Diet with enthusiasm, they often find themselves struggling with those overwhelming sugar cravings that come and go throughout the day. If you are one of those people, don't despair. This article will show you how to make the most of the diet and conquer those cravings as well.
One of the best things about the South Beach Diet is that it encourages snacking. That's right, you can munch, munch, munch, as long as you are munching on good snack food. What's good snack food? Foods like nuts, raw vegetables, and low-fat cheese make great snack choices.
One of the biggest roadblocks in dieting involves overcoming those powerful cravings…cravings which typically involve foods that aren't healthy or even satisfying. The science behind the South Beach Diet is simple. Because it is a carbohydrate-restricting diet, it focuses on foods that are low on the glycemic index and low in saturated fats. Foods like nuts, eggs, low-fat cheese, vegetables, and lean meats are the basics of this diet. The diet also emphasizes good carbs, including fruits and whole grains.
Carbohydrate cravings actually escalate from a high carbohydrate diet. Cravings result from high levels of insulin in the body, which have developed from foods high in fats and sugars. Probably the most difficult phase in the South Beach Diet is Phase One. During this phase, which lasts for two weeks, the purpose is to erase the dieter's cravings for high glycemic index foods, such as bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, and sugar.
Other foods which are restricted during this first phase include alcohol, cereal, fruits, and even vegetables like carrots and corn. Protein-rich foods are stressed, however, and these may include eggs, cheese, lean meat, fish, nuts, and other vegetables, such as broccoli. Coffee and tea are also allowed, but they must be free of additives such as sugar and sugar substitutes. A balanced diet includes three regular-sized meals each day, with mid-morning and mid-afternoon snacks included, as well as a dessert. The purpose of this phase is to change the body's chemistry and reduce or eradicate the body's powerful sugar cravings. At the same time, rapid weight loss usually occurs.
For those just embarking on the diet, South Beach sugar cravings may be the number one obstacle that stands between you and success. You can battle those sugar cravings, though, and once your body's chemistry changes, the cravings will become less severe. Eventually, you shouldn't have to struggle to stay away from the sugar-laden snacks that are hidden in your pantry. Until then, however, there are some steps you can take to succeed in your efforts to lose weight.
Change your buying habits: Have you ever noticed how snack foods are scattered throughout the grocery store? This wasn't done without some serious merchandising strategy. If they don't tempt you on one aisle, they may get you on the next one. Be ever vigilant by sticking to your grocery list. Browse those aisles as if you are wearing blinders. Purchase only what you've listed on your list, and steer clear of snack foods high in carbs and sugar.
Buy healthy snacks: When those South Beach sugar cravings hit (and they will), be sure you have plenty of healthy snacks on hand. Be sure the snack falls into the approved category of the appropriate phase you are in. Keep plenty of raw veggies, nuts, low-fat cheeses, and other good-for-you snacks available.
Don't give up: It's easy to throw in the towel when you've fallen off the wagon. Don't! Just start over again…and again…and again, until you finally establish a pattern in your daily eating habits and gradually lower those high sugar cravings. Don't give up even if you've had a bad day…or two…or three!
Find a buddy: It's easier to diet when you have someone else to encourage you. Find someone to buddy up with as you diet. You can encourage each other and provide much needed support. Look for forums online as well.
Finally, celebrate your success! Buy yourself that new sweater you've been eyeballing, spring for a massage, or purchase that new bestseller. You deserve it! |
0.932458 | The fourth largest island in the Mediterranean, Crete is 300 km long, with uniquely contrasting landscapes, snow covered mountains with dark, fathomless gorges, flat fertile plains, miles of golden tamarisk-fringed beaches with crystal clear water, a plethora of historical and archeological sites.
The warm, genuine friendliness of the local people continues to amaze and delight every visitor, which is why so many people choose Crete as their holiday destination year after year.
All this beauty set in lush vineyards and olive groves, thousand of species of wild flowers, whitewashed villages dotted along the beaches and mountains, make up the setting for a perfect holiday.
Being one of the most southerly parts of Europe, Crete enjoys over 300 days of sunshine each year. In the summer months, the heat is alleviated on the north coast by the breezes of "Meltemi". The start of the break up of the long, dry months usually begins at the end of October. Janyary and February form the real winter, yet often have lovely bright, sunny, warm days. |
0.999714 | Find the best Personal Trainers and Fitness Centers in Fairless Hills. Fitness centers specialize in services for the body and are usually membership based. They offer a variety of machines for weight training, cardio, and general fitness. Many fitness centers also offer personal training and classes, such as yoga, pilates, Find Personal Trainers in another area. |
0.976996 | The team are stranded on a sand bank, they have just 30 minutes before the tide comes in. In order to survive they have to build structure that holds the entire team off the ground.
The key is to plan before they handle the equipment, and then to articulate their thoughts to other team members because they will not have paper.
If the team build a tripod, lay the 3 longer poles next to and on top of each other they can then tie a knot at the top. Once the 3 logs are lifted into position and the legs opened, the knot will naturally become a lot tighter. They can then lash the shorter poles into position. Before they climb onto the structure, please thoroughly check it for stability. |
0.99939 | Do I have any obligations towards my sponsors through the scholarship?
Do I have any obligations towards my sponsors through the scholarship?
No, you do not have any obligations. The rules of courtesy, however, suggest that you thank your sponsors. It is also expected that recipients of a scholarship personally accept their award certificate at the annual awards ceremony, where possible. The recipients have a duty to demonstrate their gratitude, and thereby encourage motivation on the part of donors to continue their support. |
0.924428 | Anime is a little known nerd interest of mine. However, I don’t have time to indulge in it as much as I’d like to. Fortunately, these things can be fixed! Over the past few months, I picked out 7 films/shows and took care of some much-needed business. Here are some quick reviews with watch or pass recommendations.
Attack on Titan is set in a medieval setting with one technological advancement: Vertical Maneuvering Equipment that allows humans to move around quickly by latching onto structures, and reeling themselves in. Large humanoid titans - that feed on humans - emerged 100 years ago, and humanity has retreated into a city surrounded by three very tall walls. Humanity’s struggle against the titans is depressing and gruesome; even when humans take a small victory, it is tainted with hopelessness. That said, it’s definitely worth watching if you can stomach lots of slaughter and bone-crushing. There’s another season coming, but I can’t wait so I’m going to read the manga. Verdict: Watch.
Guilty Crown is a Code Geass clone through and through: a boy meets a strange girl, gets a special power, joins an anti-government group, becomes a hero, then turns evil, and ends up redeeming himself at the end. But there were way too many loose ends at the end of the series. In the end, Code Geass just did everything better, so watch that instead of this. Verdict: Pass.
Durarara!! - It seems like it’s a slice-of-life show about a small-town kid moving to a big city. But then it adds a few twists when that city has a headless motorcyclist, demonic possessions, an anonymous Internet-based gang, and humans with supernatural strength. Durarara took a few episodes to pick up steam, but I really enjoyed the show. The plot features a pleasant mix of real-world and fantastical elements that never seemed forced. And while there is your usual protagonist, the show did a great job of exploring and developing the eclectic mix of characters. Verdict: Watch.
5 Centimeters per Second - An animated feature film that hit me right in the feels. Split into three acts, the film follows a boy named Takaki who grows close to a childhood friend - Akari - who eventually relocates to a different town. The film explores how people grow apart slowly over time, like cherry blossom petals that fall slowly away from each other at 5 centimeters per second. The story itself is troperiffic, but it’s the presentation of this film that really shines. This film is chock-filled with beautiful, awe-inspiring scenes backed by an incredible musical score. Clocking in at barely over an hour, it’s definitely worth checking out. Verdict: Watch.
Xam’d: Lost Memories - A story about two warring countries, and a guy who gets some magical powers – who for some reason then proceeds to work on an airship delivering mail. Oh, and occasionally fighting baddies. Seriously, this anime confused me. From the get-go a lot of the characters and their motives were too difficult to grasp, so any development on said things produced little value. The mysterious powers bestowed upon the protagonist are also never fleshed out to my satisfaction. After completing the series I read up on it and the consensus was that Xam’d was good, but not for everyone. I guess I’m one of those that it isn’t for. Verdict: Pass.
Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann - What starts out as two teenagers escaping their underground village to see the surface world ends up becoming a fight of universal proportions. This show felt like Dragon Ball Z with mechs. Although much shorter in length (27 episodes), whenever there was an insurmountable challenge, you could count on lots of yelling, new power-ups, and fusions. The show is also filled with strong, unique personalities that make even the slower segments enjoyable to watch. A lot of my friends recommended I watch this and I finally got around to it; you should too! Verdict: Watch.
Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 - The story of two young siblings, Mirai and Yuki, who meet a single mother, Mari, after a magnitude 8.0 earthquake hits Tokyo. The three trudge through the now-destroyed city trying to make their way home safely. Simultaneously a dramatic, sad, heart-warming story that you should watch with a box of tissues near. Verdict: Watch. |
0.687261 | What Is the Most Reliable Measure of Public Opinion?
Polling is said to be the most reliable measure of public opinion due to its precise measurement methods. Polling first started in 1932.
Polls are most commonly used to measure public opinion related to politics, but they can also be used for other matters, such as current events. In order for a poll to be effective, it must include questions that are worded objectively and do not lead the respondent to an answer. The sample of respondents must be random, which can drive up costs. Telephone polls remain the most effective way to poll a large sample size at random because of the ability to randomly dial numbers. |
0.955691 | What will be the possible technology behind the Mark of the Beast?
Bill Salus: Concerning another interesting technology, 2,000 years ago the Apostle John wrote in Revelation 13 about a cashless society that would come forth in the last days. He said that there will be a point during that time when the False Prophet and the Antichrist will put together a cashless system because he reveals in Revelation 13:16-18, "He also forced everyone, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on his right hand or on his forehead, so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark, which is the name of the beast or the number of his name. This calls for wisdom. If anyone has insight, let him calculate the number of the beast, for it is man's number. His number is 666."
Now, of course, mostly everybody has heard about 666, although they don't understand what it is related to. From these verses we know 666 has something to do with this prophecy concerning a cashless society.
Almost 2,000 years ago, John trafficked in monetary currencies of denarius, right? But, here he is talking about money that you know you can't transfer such as a denarius. You can't put a denarius inside of your hand or in your forehead. John is talking about something entirely different. He's talking about a mode of currency and monetary exchange that is apparently cashless. Mark Hitchcock wrote a book about this recently called Cashless.
Do you think John was possible trying to describe a technology that could facilitate a cashless society, and would that technology potentially be biometric which we currently have at this point in time?
Nathan Jones: You can certainly control a person by their money. There is no doubt, no doubt, that we are moving towards a cashless society. I barely use cash myself. I use credit cards for everything and then pay them back each month via electronic transfer.
Right now there is a big push to have something that you can swipe that can't be stolen. Maybe it will be implanted in you. There are even reports where certain stores have been testing this cardless system out to just see how it works. So, we are moving into that direction, and I agree it is a smart move. After all, I don't want thieves stealing my credit cards and my identity. I don't want crooks stealing my wallet. If there is something built into me that I can wave or is biometric that scans my fingerprints or something like that, that that would be a great thing. It would all have to be managed by a large database with lots of connectivity and networking, so there is definitely a huge technological component there.
I won't be the first to say that the Mark of the Beast will be an RFID chip or that we are all going to be running around with chips even before the Rapture. There are a lot of people panicking out there who believe that if the serial number on their computer chip or if a barcode on their Cracker Jacks has a 666 somewhere they'll declare, "Oh, no, I can't buy this product." I once wrote an article about this hysteria called Stop Panicking Over the Mark of the Beast.
There is just no way during the Church Age that we have to worry about taking the Mark. It is something that the Antichrist institutes at the mid-point of the Tribulation, and since the Tribulation is clearly not going on right now, we don't have to worry about taking it.
John was pretty specific in his description of what he saw concerning the Mark. For one, we are talking about a First Century man who actually could see the Mark ON the forehead and the right hand. John was not talking about it being IN the forehead or the hand. He could see it as plain as the nose on your face. So, unless it causes a big bump which would be pretty obvious, it's not implanted. These little RFID chips that have come out are encased in sliver thin glass to protect the component inside. So, I don't think they will be visible as they aren't even visible now. We put them in animals and we don't see them on the animal, right?
I believe the Mark will be a tattoo or something etched onto our skin. Maybe it could incorporate magnetic inking so it could be scanned.
Customers during the Tribulation will walk into a store, and unless the clerk sees the Mark, they know not to sell them something or they'd probably be killed themselves by the Antichrist for helping those who haven't declared their loyalty to him. While I believe there is probably technology behind the Mark, I lean more on the side that it won't be a RDIF chip.
Bill Salus: Those types of technologies if this is what John was trying to describe are in themselves not necessarily a bad thing.
Nathan Jones: Not at all.
Bill Salus: Like, for example, when you put a chip inside of your poodle's neck and if Fifi gets lost, you can use their GPS to find them. Or, let's say little Johnny gets kidnapped, you could find him if he had some tracking mechanism. You know that even your cell phones tend to have a ping that they generate so you can find someone. Our smart phones actually have these RFID-like locator chips where you can locate them through GPS. So, the technology in itself is not a bad thing.
The usage of tracking chips to monitor all of humanity like as you said with a large database is when technology can be used for evil. The Antichrist bids to be omnipresent, which he can't be because only God is, and he can't search the hearts and minds or men and women. But, to appear omnipresent, he will be able to track people's every footstep if they have a technology inserted that he can monitor through GPS or things like that. But, like you said, the Church won't be here for that. We will be raptured prior to this, so it is not a threat to us.
The Mark is more then just a technology, it is a form of worship?
Nathan Jones: Yes, it is a loyalty mark.
Bill Salus: The Mark will be a loyalty thing, as well as it also facilitates people's ability to buy and sell.
In the final segment of this interview with Bill Salus concerning Bible prophecy and technology, we'll look at the eventual decline of technology in the last days.
The mark does not necessarily mean a cashless society nor does it have to be a tracking device nor be able to be scanned.
It can simply be a visible mark that requires no technology at all.
Billy said... "The mark does not necessarily mean a cashless society..."
That 'assumption' is true on it's face, but the facts of history clearly show that it will be cashless!
This has been carefully mapped out and orchestrated for a long, long time!
"Indeed, The foundations for the EU and ultimately the Euro single currency were laid by the secretive Bilderberg Group in the mid-1950’s. Bilderberg’s own leaked documents prove that the agenda to create a European common market and a single currency was formulated by Bilderberg in 1955."
I know you read this before 'cause you asked the question and posted before and after it.
And this can no longer be called "conspiracy theory" as it is all now "open agenda" that Soros, Rockefeller, and many others have written and spoken of where they are taking us!
Actually the implant technology fulfils the scripture which says you cannot buy or sell without the mark.
If we have a cashless or cardless society and individuals carry their own bar code within their bodies (which will include the balance of their bank accounts) trading can happen simply by having your forehead or hand swiped. If you do not have that mark it will be impossible for you to buy or sell because it is only through the implant, within you, that transactions can be recorded.
Be careful. The scriptures tell us to shun every appearance of evil. Do not take any mark or implant upon your hand or forehead. Better to be safe than eternally sorry. It is true that the eventual mark will include giving allegiance or solemn oath to the antichrist. A time will come when the ac will enforce everybody to take the mark or be killed. What we are seeing now is the availability of the technology he may use, which means the time is close upon us. Best not to have the implant (at all) because we know where it is leading and belongs to that evil system therefore it would be wrong to attach ourselves, now, to it.
"He who becomes a friend of the world becomes God's enemy" (Book of James).
666 - VeriChip, Somark And Microsoft Unmasked! ... An expos on the FDA's approval of VeriChip, the Microsoft connection and Somark's RFID invisible ink.
I hope you are speaking forward to those who will be "Left Behind", 'cause we're not planning on being here for that stuff.
I firmly believe that we will be raptured before the allegiance to the ac takes place and the dishing out of his mark. However, because technology points in that direction, we can see that things like verichip etc are leading up to its useage during the G Tribulation. Therefore, I believe we should not be party to assisting in its future use by using the prototypes now. In fact by using it, it could indicate that we are actually not born-again because we are showing that the attractions of the World system are far more endearing to us than our Lord and Saviour.
The earlier point I am making is that there WILL be technology during the Tribulation and the electronic implant will be necessary to enable a cardless and cashless society (after the rapture).
My name "reject the mark" is aimed at those who are left behind.
I did not realize that tats could have RFID properties. Scary!
I do not think that the mark will be invisible. I think the beast will want all to see the loyalty of the lost souls.
And the future could be cashless or may not. Not taking a stand on that one.
The reason I believe that the mark will be electronic is because the ac will want to use the "Big Brother" technolgy to keep tabs on every single person. How can he have the power and authority to rule the world without the Big Brother technology? By using the electronicn implants he will have all the information he needs, to control everybody. Surely, a simple tattoo (ac seal) will not enable him to have that control?
RTM, I would tend to agree with that line of reasoning.
These implants also will have GPS capabilities, that way if you are out of range of a reader, they can still verify your location. I also believe they will be linked to our biological system, at the point of death or dismemberment of the right hand or head, the chip or micro processor will cease functioning.
At my work, I have noticed that everything is going paperless, invoices, pay stubs, trucking logs, everyone is required to have direct deposit for payroll. |
0.999993 | If I use a CPAP treatment for sleep apnea every night at home, what can I do to continue treatment when the electricity fails, I have to travel, or when I want to get away from civilization for a vacation?
I have been following up these questions for several years, and every year there are more options and the solutions seem to become easier. The CPAP devices (and PAP devices--any device using Positive Airway Pressure) are lighter and smaller. Some have the ability to use almost any power source, even on an airplane; and now there are compact, lightweight batteries for camping, hunting, and sailing. With newly available equipment, you can get 1-2 night's sleep on a single charge with a battery+CPAP combination weighing under 10 pounds.
If you are concerned about being able to use your PAP during a power outage at home, you can save some money and use your regular CPAP and a deep-cycle battery. See: How to Sleep (Almost) Anywhere with CPAP: Back-up power and battery systems for travel.
Since we published that information, there are some recent technological developments that will make sleeping while camping, hunting, sailing, or traveling more of a pleasure, and less of a chore. With newly available equipment, you can get 1-2 night's sleep on a single charge with a battery and CPAP combination weighing under 10 pounds.
CPAP units are now very compact and light, and some have a universal power supply--able to use the two major world standards: 110V 60 Hz, or 220 V 50 Hz.--simplifying international travel. Also, some devices can accept direct battery connections, or can use a battery with a suitable inverter, which converts the electicity from the battery to a type that the PAP device can use. Bilevel and autopressure devices can also be run on battery power. Batteries are now available in very small, lightweight lithium-ion units, as well as in deep-cycle lead-acid units using Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) technology. Deep-cycle batteries use robust construction and can be discharged to 80 percent of capacity; marine batteries can yield about 60 percent. The AGM technology is robust and the most suitable type of lead-acid battery for home use because these batteries are spillproof.
For travel that requires me to carry the gear, I want a small, lightweight device to minimize my total luggage and to make it easier to keep the CPAP in my carry-on bag. For this article, I have assumed that a CPAP unit of 3 pounds or less is suitable for camping and travel. For longer trips by air or train I want to be able to use the unit when I nap or sleep--I need either a very light, compact battery or to be able to use the outlet power on the train or plane. If you want to use your CPAP in flight, clear this with the medical unit of the airline well before you travel. Not all CPAP units are capable of using the special electrical frequency on aircraft--check with your CPAP manufacturer and the airline. The battery unit should be tested safe for air travel by a government agency--see below regarding screening by the Transportation Security Agency (TSA). Also, effective 1 Jan 2008 the TSA has new restrictions on lithium batteries.
For camping, I would look for the smallest, lightest CPAP device that supports direct battery input (12V) without use of an inverter--an inverter changes direct current (DC) from a battery to alternating current (AC) that is like household electricity). Consider also the weight of charger, and your access to mains/household electricity to recharge the battery.
For travel in a vehicle (RV, car, boat) or for home use with battery backup, heavier units may be perfectly suitable. You can use your regular CPAP if you add a battery backup capability. If you are buying a new PAP unit, or can afford a second unit for travel or backup, then you would look for a CPAP unit that supports direct battery input (12V without use of an inverter); or a CPAP unit with a complete battery backup setup; or you would fashion a suitable battery backup system. The AGM (glass mat) is a lead-acid battery technology that is the most suitable and economical for home or for use in a vehicle (car, RV, boat). However, some of the new integrated CPAP+battery units might be a good option, and a preconfigured battery system would be a lot easier (but more costly) to set up than assembling a system from scratch.
For convenience, consider a complete battery pack including a charger, provision for charging from mains (mains=regular electricity service), an inverter if required, and a DC power cord that matches your chosen CPAP unit. You can find these based on lead-acid as well as lithium ion. Weight and price are the big differences: lead acid weighs more, lithium-ion costs more. If you decide to use lead acid, consider getting two smaller batteries rather than a single one to meet your needs: I found a large battery very difficult to move around the house.
Consider the cost of a travel-only or backup-only CPAP, the cost of the battery, capacity of the battery, and how long it takes to charge.
It is a good idea to review your plan with your primary care doctor or the sleep specialist who oversees your apnea diagnosis and treatment. If you usually use a humidifier, should you continue to do so while traveling? Is the CPAP unit you are considering comparable in treatment effect to the one you normally use?
Be sure to have a strategy for recharging. If you have a vehicle, can you use it to recharge without risk of ruining your vehicle's electrical system? Can you take the battery to a source of mains current or a service station? Can you take the time for a slow, trickle charge, which will give you more power than a fast recharge?
At home, before leaving on a trip, connect your travel system and use it until it stops. Clock the use time so you will have an estimate of how long a fully charged system will operate at that ambient temperature. A battery wlll provide less power when cold. Why not just rely on spec sheets from the manufacturer? Well, there are several variables that go into computing available usage time; even if you can figure out how to compute usage for your setup, you might not have an accurate answer. For example, there are no industry standards for battery capacity; your usage patterns on CPAP may create a different current usage than the CPAP manufacturer has published; your battery may be old or cold; you may have the wrong size of fuse; and so on. Also, since the CPAP you have chosen for travel may differ in its treatment efficacy, it's best to see if you sleep well using it. If there is a problem, better to find out at home!
Most CPAP devices will need an inverter to change the battery direct current (DC) voltage to alternating current (AC). Some CPAP devices accept a direct-to-battery connection through a device-specific cable, although they may have an internal inverter circuit. Because inverters waste some energy as heat, a CPAP unit that actually ran on DC would be more efficient.
Check with the manufacturer about using a humidifier when running on battery power. Most inverters produce an imperfect simulation of alternating current and can burn out the humidifier. Do NOT attempt to run a heated humidifier from an inverter or battery backup system unless the manufacturer of your unit specifically permits this. Also check with the manufacturer about suitable inverter options, proper cables, and other issues for that brand of CPAP.
Lithium Ion is a very dense form of storage; it is small and lightweight for the power it delivers. Although it is also expensive and slow to recharge, it seems like the best choice where weight is a premium: travel and camping.
Lithium Ion. 9x6x1 inches, 3.5 pounds. 12VDC. 18.5 Ah $500, good for 14 hours; or 12.5Ah, $400, good for 10 hours. Examples with CPAP at 10cm/H2O pressure setting. Recharge time 5-6 hours.
Lithium Ion. 5x6x3 inches, 2.5 pounds, charger 1 pound. 12V 6.6 Ah. 8 hours to charge. About $270.
W A R N I N G: A shorted battery will generate intense heat and may cause fire. Some lithium batteries have caught fire. Such an event, although rare, can pose a serious hazard especially on board an aircraft.
Effective 1 Jan 2008, the Transportation Security Agency (TSA) has placed restrictions on the total amount of lithium batteries that can be taken on an aircraft and/or in checked baggage. Unless there is a waiver for medical uses, batteries such as those listed here as adequate for a CPAP unit would seem to fall under this ban. See new regulations under TSA below.
Warning added 2 Jan 2008.
Portable Battery Pack. 14 pounds. $300+ 7-25 hours use; varies depending on PAP pressure and PAP manufacturer. Complete unit with a sealed, non-spillable 14.4 ampere-hour lead-acid battery (technology not specified) with all connectors and carry case. reverse polarity and short circuit protection on charger. Recharges in 10 hours. Manufactured by Respironics and repackaged for various other manufacturers' devices.
BreatheX™ by Viasys. The lithium-ion battery is built into the CPAP unit. 14 x12 x4 inches. Total weight is under 6 pounds. Unit adequate to run 12 hours at 10 cm H2O. (Figure 1-2 nights without recharging). Note: max treatment pressure is 12 cm H2O. Recharge time: 1-4 hours. Universal power supply for charging. Charges from car or other 12V source, requires 100 watt DC-to-AC Direct Plug-In Power Inverter. CPAP costs $400-450.
Evo Everest 2 CPAP by AEIOMed with Battery Pack.
ResMed S8 Compact & Escape 5x7x6 inches. 3 pounds $600 for Compact. ResMed converter for 12 or 24VDC additional. Use of the Respironics Universal Portable Battery Pack requires a shielded DC cord or DC power adapter--check with Respironics.
Respironics M Series RemStar Plus 8x5x3 inches 2.2 pounds Electrical: 100–240 VAC, 50/60 Hz. Direct connect cord to DC power. $469 Use of the Respironics Universal Portable Battery Pack requires a shielded DC cord or DC power adapter--check with Respironics. This battery pack provides a predicted 20 hours of operation at a treatment pressure of 12 cm H2O for M Series devices.
PMI Probasics. (Garden City Medical, Inc./Invacare). ZZZ-PAP 6x5x4 inches, 1.7 pounds. Universal mains power supply; no DC input: additional inverter required for battery operation. $240. With humidifier, about $360.
Where weight and bulk are not the primary consideration, any CPAP unit for home use can be hooked up to a battery. Also, the most electricity for the money will be from the heavy, bulky deep cycle lead-acid batteries. The best technology is the deep-cycle absorbed glass mat (AGM) type: spill-proof, sturdy, economical.
The PAP devices listed here are examples of currently available models. There are several manufacturers, and any PAP device, new or old, can probably be fitted with a battery power supply. You can use your present device and simply add a battery system.
DeVilbiss 9000 Nasal CPAP;8x11x4 inches; 3.6 pounds; universal power supply: 100-240 VAC 50/60 Hz, 120 VAC 400Hz; battery operation requires a 200 watt power inverter.
Fisher & Paykel SleepStyle 200 series; 11x7x6 inches; 4.4 pounds. Additional 200W inverter required.
SleepStyle 600 series; 11x7x7 inches; 4.6 pounds. Additional 200W inverter required.
How to Sleep (Almost) Anywhere with CPAP: Back-up power and battery systems for travel.
Deep Cycle Battery FAQ An excellent technical overview of the technologies, except for lithium ion.
Terry Collins's Independant/Remote Power Information Page Terry reports in some detail on how he created his power sources for short and longer-term camping and for a reliable source in the event of a power outage. Helpful reading. Note the prices are probably in Australian dollars.
Where can you find help and support? The technical department of each CPAP manufacturer will be able to provide information about their own devices. Other people who have experience in running electrical devices in the absence of power from the electrical utility grid include people who travel in recreational vehicles (RV), sailors, and people who by ideology or necessity live "off the grid," with little or no electrical power from a utility,or where the power supply is not reliable.
Includes general information on types of lead-acid batteries as well as specific recommendations for ResMed products, including flow generators and humidifiers.
Dealers in RVs and people who provide services to RV owners. Good information in handbooks written for RV Owners, see the chapter on batteries.
There *must* be a fuse to protect the battery from a short circuit that could lead to a battery explosion or meltdown. The fuse should be in the (+) line as close to the battery terminal as possible.
These are the people who screen passengers and their luggage before flight.
I suggest you research the TSA requirements for yourself before you travel. Personally, I would insist on keeping my CPAP unit with me, but would accept sending a battery in the luggage, assuming it is permitted on the flight. Also, I would not take a battery with me on a flight unless my destination involved camping out, and even then I would consider shipping the battery separately.
SeatGuru which provides detailed information on airplane seating. You will need to find out what type of aircraft will be used on your flight(s). Many planes provide power suitable to a laptop which may not be adequate for your CPAP; some power is AC, some DC. You will need to research the details and get any necessary inverters, converters, or plug adapters. To repeat, some aircraft electrical sources are not 50 or 60 HZ and not all CPAP devices can handle that.
W A R N I N G: A shorted battery will generate intense heat and may cause fire. Some lithium batteries have caught fire. Such an event, although rare, can pose a serious hazard especially on board an aircraft. See new regulations below.
Effective 1 Jan 2008, the Transportation Security Agency (TSA) has placed restrictions on the total amount of lithium batteries that can be taken on an aircraft and/or in checked baggage. Unless there is a waiver for medical uses, batteries such as those listed here as adequate for a CPAP unit would seem to fall under this ban.
The TSA site is not easy to interpret, however they state: "Quantity limits apply to both your spare and installed batteries. The limits are expressed in grams of “equivalent lithium content.” 8 grams of equivalent lithium content is approximately 100 watt-hours. 25 grams is approximately 300 watt-hours." You will need an electrician to interpret this or get the specs from the battery manufacturer. Cell phones or laptop computers typically are less than the 8 grams of equivalent lithium content. The larger battery, up to 25 grams equivalent lithium content, must be installed in a device and the TSA recommends it be taken as carry-on luggage; the device should be protected against being turned on and against possible short circuits.
Note: The info on the two links is not consistent; I have written a query to the TSA. Absent a confirmation by the TSA or detailed info from the manufacturer of your lithium battery, you would be wise to assume you cannot take lithium batteries to power a CPAP on board.
New regulations took effect on January 1, 2008, regarding airline passengers traveling with lithium batteries. This safety issue is regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Federal Aviation Administration. TSA has and will continue to work closely with the FAA on aviation safety and security issues.
The DOT regulation specifically prohibits carrying spare lithium batteries in checked baggage. However, passengers may still place a portable electronic device in checked baggage with the batteries installed. DOT also permits batteries installed in portable electronic devices in carry-on baggage.
Additionally, DOT permits passengers to take spares of most types of lithium batteries in their carry-on baggage provided they take measures to cover the battery terminals. A short circuit can occur if a battery's terminal touches metal. To prevent this, passengers must keep spare batteries in their original packaging, a battery case, or separate pouch or pocket. Passengers also have the option of placing tape over the battery terminal of unpackaged batteries to insulate the battery terminal.
Helpful comments by Tom Graham, Service Engineer, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Inc.
This is a preliminary survey, not a complete listing. I have not done any hands-on evaluation and rely on information provided by the manufacturer or Internet retailers. Values of measurements of the various items are rounded. Links provided are for the convenience of readers, and no compensation has been received for their listing. Consider the information here as a jumping-off point for your own research.
This document provides information only. The reader is solely responsible for any use made of this information.
Our publications (online, email, print, or any other communications or phone contacts) do not provide medical advice or a professional service. No one including the publisher, editors, editorial advisors, or the authors of any material in this site is engaged in providing any medical or professional advice or services through the publication, distribution or sale of articles, books, materials, tests or quizzes, on this site or in communications by phone, email, or any other means. Persons with suspected or diagnosed sleep apnea syndrome or any sleep disorder or other condition should consult with a physician and other qualified professionals for advice concerning their own treatment.
Copyright 2007 Jerry Halberstadt & New Technology Publishing, Inc. |
0.934278 | Gerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.
Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.
Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.
Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.
He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.
This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000. Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.
He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club.
However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.
Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.
After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.
He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.
^ "Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Gerry Hitchens (47)". Goal.com. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Gerry Hitchens". Birmingham Mail. 28 January 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Player who went from miner to international « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. 30 May 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Mat Kendrick (7 November 2009). "Aston Villa legends remember Gerry Hitchens five goal salvo against Charlton in a record 11–1 win". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Aston Villa legend Gerry Hitchens' life story published". Birmingham Mail. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "The England class of '62 – a World (Cup) away from Capello's millionaire set | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Darren Devine. "Lifestyle – Books – First biography of Cardiff City hero Gerry Hitchens". WalesOnline. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Terry Phillips. "FootballNation – Football News – From mining to Milan – Hitchens did City proud". WalesOnline. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
Cris Freddi, The England Football Fact Book, Guinness, 1991. ISBN 0-85112-991-9.
This page was last edited on 3 March 2019, at 10:43 (UTC). |
0.94708 | The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family is a set of transcription factors with key roles in the induction of the inflammatory response and may be the link between inflammation and cancer development. This pathway has been shown to influence ovarian epithelial tissue repair. Inhibitors of κB (IκB) prevent NF-κB activation by sequestering NF-κB proteins in the cytoplasm until IκB proteins are phosphorylated and degraded.
We used a case-control study to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NFKBIA and NFKBIB (the genes encoding IκBα and IκBβ, respectively) and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. We queried 19 tagSNPs and putative-functional SNPs among 930 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 1,037 controls from two studies.
The minor allele for one synonymous SNP in NFKBIA, rs1957106, was associated with decreased risk (p = 0.03).
Considering the number of single-SNP tests performed and null gene-level results, we conclude that NFKBIA and NFKBIB are not likely to harbor ovarian cancer risk alleles. Due to its biological significance in ovarian cancer, additional genes encoding NF-κB subunits, activating and inhibiting molecules, and signaling molecules warrant interrogation.
Despite estimates of more than 21,000 newly diagnosed cases of ovarian cancer and 15,000 related deaths each year in the United States , the etiology of ovarian cancer remains poorly understood. Known risk factors include increased risk with family history and use of fertility drugs, and decreased risk with oral contraceptive use, parity, and long duration of breast feeding . Rare, high-penetrant mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for approximately 40% of familial risk, leaving most inherited risk unexplained [3, 4]. The search for additional loci includes thoughtful selection of candidate genes in key biological pathways, an approach which has been successful in identifying new risk alleles for a variety of cancers .
Inflammation has been implicated in ovarian carcinogenesis because of its role in ovulation and post-ovulatory repair. During ovulation the ovarian epithelial surface is damaged, requiring a repair process involving the recruitment of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokines, release of nitrous oxide, DNA repair, and tissue restructuring [6–9]. Over time, this continuous repair of the ovarian epithelial tissue increases the likelihood of errors during replication, potentially leading to carcinogenesis. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) refers to a family of "fast-acting" transcription factors that play a critical role in the inflammatory and innate immune responses . Stimulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to the activation of NF-κB complexes which regulate the expression of key genes controlling apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation [10–13]. Aberrant NF-κB functioning can lead to inhibition of apoptosis, constitutive cell replication, and increased angiogenesis, all of which are present in cancer cells . In ovarian cancer, several reports demonstrate the complex relationship between the immune system and established disease, suggesting a role for NF-κB. Immune effectors are thought to assist tumor growth; immunosuppressive regulatory T cells are associated with reduced survival, and the balance of the T cell subsets (regulated by NF-κB) has been shown to be critical to disease outcome . In addition, ovarian tumors acquire aberrant NF-κB functions allowing them to circumvent apoptotic pathways, specifically tumor necrosis factor alpha- (TNFα)-induced apoptosis, and afford protection against environmental insults such as anti-tumor immune effectors or chemotherapy [16–19].
Inhibitors of κB (IκB), IκBα, IκBβ, and IκBε, modulate NF-κB transcription by sequestering complexes of the NF-κB subunits (NF-κB1 [p50/p105], NF-κB2 [p52/p100], RelA [p65], RelB, and c-Rel) in the cytoplasm [10, 20]. In response to stimulation by TNFα, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and toll-like receptor (TLR) and T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, IκB proteins are phosphorylated by IκB kinase (IKK) complexes and degraded by the 26S proteasome, allowing for the release and nuclear localization of NF-κB proteins [11, 12, 21, 22]. Improper functioning of IκB proteins can lead to inhibition or constitutive activation of NF-κB . Because of NF-κB's central role in numerous cancer-related processes and involvement in risk of others cancers [23–26], we hypothesized that inherited variation in the genes encoding the key inhibitors IκBα and IκBβ (NFKBIA and NFKBIB, respectively) is associated with ovarian cancer risk. To examine this hypothesis, we assessed informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two case-control study populations.
Participants were recruited at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN and at Duke University in Durham, NC. Study protocols were approved by the Mayo Clinic and Duke University Institutional Review Boards, and all study participants provided informed consent. At Mayo Clinic, cases were women over age 20 years with histologically-confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer living in the Upper Midwest and enrolled within one year of diagnosis. Controls without ovarian cancer and without double oophorectomy were recruited from women seen for general medical examinations and frequency-matched to cases on age and region of residence. At Duke University, cases were women between age 20 and 74 years with histologically-confirmed primary epithelial ovarian cancer identified using the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry's rapid case ascertainment system within a 48-county region. Controls without ovarian cancer and who had at least one intact ovary were identified from the same region as the cases using list-assisted random digit dialing and frequency-matched to cases on race and age. Women with borderline and invasive disease were included; cases were 60% serous, 10% mucinous, 14% endometriod, 6% clear cell, and 9% multiple or other histologies. Additional participant details are provided elsewhere .
Information on known and suspected risk factors were collected through in-person interviews at both sites using similar questionnaires. Mayo Clinic participants had an extra vial of blood drawn during their scheduled medical visit, and DNA was extracted from 10 to 15 mL fresh peripheral blood using the Gentra AutoPure LS Purgene salting out methodology (Gentra, Minneapolis, MN). Duke University participants had venipuncture performed at the conclusion of their interview. DNA samples were transferred to Mayo Clinic and, because of the relatively low quantities of DNA, they were whole-genome amplified (WGA) with the REPLI-G protocol (Qiagen Inc, Valencia CA) which we have shown to yield highly reproducible results with these samples . Genomic and WGA DNA concentrations were adjusted to 50 ηg/μl before genotyping and verified using PicoGreen dsDNA Quantitation kit (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene OR). Samples were bar-coded to ensure accurate and reliable sample processing and storage.
The selection of informative tagSNPs from among a larger pool of available SNPs allows for maximal genomic coverage and reduced genotyping redundancy . We identified tagSNPs within five kb of NFKBIA (chromosome 14q13.2, RefSeq NM_020529.1) and NFKBIB (chromosome 19q13.2, RefSeq NM_002503.3) using the algorithm of ldSelect to bin pairwise-correlated SNPs at r2 ≥ 0.80 with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.05 among publicly-available European-American data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Program for Genomic Applications SeattleSNPs gene-resequencing effort . Within bins of SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD), tagSNPs with the maximum predicted likelihood of genotype success (Illumina-provided SNP_Score, San Diego, CA) were selected. Within each gene, we binned 26 SNPs resulting in 13 tagSNPs in NFKBIA and eight tagSNPs in NFKBIB; four singleton SNPs in NFKBIA and two singleton SNPs in NFKBIB failed conversion in development of the custom genotype panel and were excluded. The inclusion of additional SNPs with particular suspected functional relevance further increases coverage in a hypothesis-based manner at minimal increased cost; thus, we included all putative-functional SNPs (within 1 kb upstream, 5' UTR, 3' UTR, or non-synonymous) with MAF ≥ 0.05 identified in Ensembl version 34 and Illumina-provided SNP_Score > 0.6, resulting in one additional 3' UTR and three additional 5' upstream SNPs in NFKBIA. A total of 13 NFKBIA SNPs and six NFKBIB SNPs were genotyped (see Additional file 1).
Genotyping of 1,086 genomic and 1,282 WGA DNA samples (total = 2,368 including duplicates and laboratory controls) on 2,051 unique study participants was performed at Mayo Clinic using the Illumina GoldenGate™ BeadArray assay and BeadStudio software for automated genotype clustering and calling separately for genomic and WGA samples according to a standard protocol . A total of 1,536 SNPs in a variety of pathways were attempted (including NFKBIA and NFKBIB), and 57 SNPs failed (poor clustering or call rate < 95%). Of 2,051 participants genotyped, 10 were ineligible and excluded, and 74 samples failed (call rate < 90%). Additional quality control (QC) information on the overall panel is provided elsewhere . In NFKBIA and NFKBIB, 18 of the 19 SNPs were successfully genotyped in both study populations (call rates > 98.9%); NFKBIA rs3138050 was excluded for Duke University samples due to poor clustering. For genotype QC metrics see Additional file 1.
Distributions of demographic and clinical variables were compared across case status using chi-square tests and t-tests as appropriate. Individual SNP associations for ovarian cancer risk were assessed using logistic regression, in which odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Primary tests for associations assumed an ordinal (log-additive) effect with simple tests for trend, as well as separate comparisons of heterozygous and minor allele homozygous women to major allele homozygous women (referent) using a 2 degree-of-freedom (d.f.) test. In addition, we used a gene-centric principal components analysis to create orthogonal linear combinations of minor allele counts. The component linear combinations that accounted for at least 90% of the variability in the gene were included in a multivariable logistic regression model and simultaneously tested for gene-specific global significance using a likelihood ratio test. Haplotype frequencies were also estimated within each gene and a global haplotype score test of association between haplotypes and ovarian cancer risk was conducted at the gene level using a score test . Individual haplotype tests compared each haplotype to all other haplotypes combined. NFKBIA rs3138050 was excluded from gene-level analyses due to failed genotyping in Duke University participants. All analyses were adjusted for age, race, region of residence, body mass index, hormone therapy use, oral contraceptive use, parity, and age at first birth. We used SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, Version 8, 1999), Haplo.stats http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/biostat/schaid.cfm, and S-Plus (Insightful Corp, Seattle, WA, Version 7.05, 2005) software systems.
Demographic, reproductive, and lifestyle characteristics of 1,967 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and controls are described in Table 1; generally, the expected distributions in risk factors were observed. As expected given our use of tagSNPs with the inclusion of additional functional SNPs (see Additional file 1), LD (defined as r2 > 0.8) was observed between only a few pairs of NFKBIA SNPs and among no pairs of NFKBIB SNPs (Figure 1). Risk of ovarian cancer associated with each SNP is provided in Table 2. Only one SNP in NFKBIA (synonymous coding SNP rs1957106) showed evidence of association (p = 0.03; adjusted OR, 95% CI: heterozygous 0.77, 0.63–0.94, minor allele homozygous 0.92, 0.65–1.30). Although both ORs are consistent with decreased risk, this over-dominant pattern is unusual and may be due to chance. A second SNP in NFKBIA (5' upstream SNP rs3138050) was associated with increased risk assuming a recessive model (minor allele homozygotes v. other genotype groups combined; adjusted OR, 95% CI, 2.24, 1.09–4.61, p = 0.03). This SNP did not adequately genotype in Duke University samples, thus the sample size was limited to Mayo Clinic participants only. No individual SNPs in NFKBIB were associated with ovarian cancer risk at p < 0.05. Considering the number of statistical tests, all SNPs lose statistical significance.
Data are counts (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. Counts do not total to 1,967 subjects due to missing data for some variables. P-values are from within-sites tests of case-control differences; continuous variables (t-test) and categorical variables (Chi square test). Family history, in first or second degree relative; bold indicates p < 0.05.
Adjusted for race, age, area of residence, body mass index, hormone therapy use, oral contraceptive use, parity, and age at first birth; NFKBIA rs3138050 exclude Duke University participants; MAF, minor allele frequency among controls; bold = < 0.05; bp to next represents distance in base pairs between SNPs.
Linkage Disequilibrium among Study Participants. (1a). NFKBIA; (1b). NFKBIB. Haploview 4.1 (Barrett et al., 2005) based on Caucasian controls (N = 941, except N = 462 for NFKBIA rs3138050); r2 = 0 = white and r2 = 1 = black; numbers represent r2 * 100, genome build 36.3.
To assess whether overall variation within each gene was associated with ovarian cancer risk, we performed multiple logistic regression for participants with complete genotype data (N = 1,901 for NFKBIA, N = 1,930 for NFKBIB). Gene-level logistic regression revealed null results (NFKBIA, d.f. = 12, p = 0.23; NFKBIB, d.f. = 6, p = 0.97) as did the potentially more-powerful logistic regression analysis using principal components (NFKBIA, d.f. = 6, p = 0.79; NFKBIB, d.f. = 4, p = 0.89).
Haplotype analysis can reveal hidden associations with alleles at ungenotyped variants. Within NFKBIA, five haplotypes were estimated to have frequencies > 0.05; no associations were observed with any of these. Three rare haplotypes were associated with increased risk (see Additional file 2); however, overall variation among all haplotypes combined was not associated with risk (p = 0.32). Four NFKBIB haplotypes had estimated frequencies > 0.05; no common or rare haplotypes were associated with risk, and overall haplotype associations were null (p = 0.50). In summary, single-SNP, multi-SNP, and haplotype analyses do not indicate that NFKBIA or NFKBIB harbor risk alleles for ovarian cancer.
To our knowledge, this is the first examination of inherited variation in the NF-κB signaling pathway in relation to epithelial ovarian cancer risk. The two genes studied, NFKBIA and NFKBIB, encode IκBs with critical roles in regulating NF-κB transcription by directly binding to NF-κB subunits in the cytoplasm. We assessed a comprehensive set of SNPs in these two genes in a large combined case-control study, and found no evidence of association. Strengths of this study include large sample size, choice of candidate genes, use of multiple study populations, LD-based SNP selection, robust genotyping, control of potential confounding variables, and application of a variety of genetic analysis tools. Limitations of this study include the focus on only two genes in a large pathway, the lack of an independent replication outside of the Mayo Clinic and Duke University datasets, and the lack of functional analyses. This study was designed to detect modest genetic associations with ovarian cancer risk; results suggest that common risk alleles of modest effect size may not reside in NFKBIA or NFKBIB.
Although no association was found here, inherited variation in NFKBIA and NFKBIB have been associated with increased risk of other cancers including melanoma , colorectal cancer , multiple myeloma , and Hodgkin lymphoma . Considering the vast evidence on the importance of NF-κB in carcinogenesis, additional examination of NF-κB including study of inherited variation in the NF-κB pathway and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer is warranted.
Study of inherited variation within the NF-κB pathway has the potential to identify risk alleles accounting for the residual increased familial risk of ovarian cancer . The present analysis is an early epidemiologic assessment which indicates that NFKBIA and NFKBIB are not likely to harbor risk alleles under our statistical assumptions; the key limitation of our study is its focus on only two genes. Other genes to examine are numerous and a more thorough examination of polymorphisms within this pathway is needed to better understand the complexities of ovarian carcinogenesis.
Grant support: R01 CA88868, R01 CA122443, Fraternal Order of Eagles, Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance.
KLW compiled background material and wrote paper. RAV performed statistical analysis. CMP coordinated gene selection. BLF oversaw statistical analysis. SA performed data management. KLK assisted with results interpretation. JMS provided samples and epidemiologic guidance. JMC performed genotyping. LEK assisted with development of analytical plan. VSP assisted with development of analytical plan. DNR performed SNP selection. ML oversaw control recruitment at Mayo. LCH oversaw case recruitment at Mayo. TAS designed the study, coordinated initial collaboration and obtained funding. ELG developed hypothesis, designed analysis, obtained funding and wrote paper. The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors. |
0.932332 | Are chess and bridge sports? The International Olympic Committee thinks that they are, and regularly considers them for inclusion in the summer games, along with other marginal contenders such as waterskiing, tug of war and squash. Neither chess nor bridge has as yet managed to win a place, but their governing bodies are indefatigable in pursuit of that goal.
In my view, however, chess and bridge shouldn’t even be eligible, let alone included. They are games, not sports. The requirements are different. While many activities are both games and sports – tennis and golf, for instance – there are also sports that aren’t games – skiing and surfing, say – and games that aren’t sports – snakes and ladders, or chess and bridge, for that matter.
The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once claimed that games were undefinable, defying anybody to produce a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the concept. It is a pity that he did not live to read the Canadian philosopher Bernard Suits’s book The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia (1978), which responds to Wittgenstein’s challenge with this neat definition: ‘the voluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles’.
Suits’ idea is that all games specify some agreed target state – such as reaching the final square in snakes and ladders, or getting your golf ball in the hole – and then place arbitrary restrictions on the means allowed – you must go down the snakes but not up; you must propel the ball with your clubs and not carry it down the fairway.
As an account of games, this seems spot-on. Suits is on less solid ground, however, when he argues that all sports are games. While sports that do have arbitrary rules, such as golf and tennis, fit his definition of a game, Suits has trouble with freeform activities such as skiing or surfing. He tries to crowbar them into his definition by focusing on the rules that structure competitive versions of these sports. Still, what about recreational skiing and surfing? In most people’s eyes, these are still sports all right, even without any rules to make them games.
Suits’s emphasis on rules also leads him astray when it comes to the value of sport. As he sees it, the point of sports, along with all other games, is to meet the challenge of the ‘unnecessary obstacles’ placed in the way of the agreed target state. This is unconvincing. I’d say that, if something isn’t worth doing, it isn’t worth doing even when it’s made difficult. There must be more to sports than overcoming unnecessary obstacles.
The real point of sports is the exercise of physical abilities. Pride in physical performance is a deep-seated feature of human nature. Humans hone their physical talents and take delight in using them. I would say that a sport is any activity that facilitates the display of physical skills.
Even when a sport is a game, like tennis, the value of the activity lies in the physical expertise, not the structure of the game. Top-spin crosscourt backhands are good because they are admirably skillful, not because you have to overcome tennis’s arbitrary rules in order to win a point.
In line with this, it is noteworthy how many sports have grown out of everyday physical activities. Adepts start to develop their talents for rowing – or archery, fencing, bronco riding, catfish noodling, sheep-dog directing, trailer-truck reversing – and soon enough these become organised sports. It is only natural that someone who takes pride in their ability to row fast should want to see if they can row faster than others.
This is why chess and bridge are not sports. You could argue that physical energy is expended in moving the pieces or playing the cards – perhaps even more energy than in static sports such as target shooting. However, that’s not what the competitors are trying to be good at. After all, it would make perfectly good sense for an armless chess or bridge player to instruct someone else how to play on their behalf. But you aren’t competing in a shooting event if you arrange for someone else to aim the gun and pull the trigger for you. Sports are essentially physical, in a way that chess and bridge are not.
Of course, this does not mean that games that aren’t sports have no value of their own. Still, as with sports, this value always involves something more than simply surmounting unnecessary obstacles. For many games, the point is to engender excitement through randomness, as with children’s dice games such as snakes and ladders, or gambling games such as roulette. And then there are the many games that facilitate the exercise of praiseworthy mental abilities.
Chess and bridge are preeminent in the mental demands they make on their practitioners. Anybody familiar with chess will be aware of the otherworldly brilliance often displayed by the grandmasters. And I myself can testify, as someone who played county-level bridge when young, that top bridge competitors regularly perform prodigious mental feats of inference and ingenuity.
So I cede to no one in my admiration for chess and bridge. They are splendid activities, calling for the highest levels of mental sophistication. But they are not sports. |
0.955283 | Traveling is an experience, a time to enjoy and relax without worrying about getting sick. When we travel our bodies are exposed to unfamiliar air, different foods, and a variety of weather conditions that may impact our immune systems. While we cannot avoid the unfamiliar conditions, there are numerous ways to minimize the risk of exposure to microbes or bacteria entering your system and to make you sick. Here are 5 ways to prevent getting sick while enjoying your travel time.
First and foremost, it is important to wash your hands. While it might seem obvious, wash your hands after the bathroom, before you eat, when you touch objects in the airport (railings, escalators, etc.), or anytime before you touch your face. Hand washing is the best way to prevent and control infections. If you will have difficulty finding an available bathroom to wash your hands, pack a pocket hand sanitizer to help keep you healthy.
Bottled or filtered water is convenient, makes it easy to track water intake, and refreshing. Drinking water hydrates the body, flushes toxins, increases energy, and boosts the immune system; keeping you healthy while you travel. Remember to ask where your water is sourced and if it is purified if you are visiting a foreign country. Untreated or improperly treated water can carry a variety of illnesses and diseases.
Eat healthy food to boost your immune system and your overall well being while traveling. However, it is important to be cognizant of the food you eat, especially in foreign countries. Avoid street food and other types of food that may be unregulated and exposed to external factors. Avoid items that are washed in unfiltered water such as fruits, vegetables, salads, etc. Unsafe water may carry illness or disease.
While traveling, experience the local cuisine, however, be careful and regulate your intake of local spices in the food. Excessive intake may lead to digestion problems including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Choose bland foods if you find your body is sensitive to spices.
While it is important to stay active during travel, it is equally important to avoid overexposure to the sun. Wear sunblock, appropriate eyewear and a hat to protect yourself from the sun. Excessive exposure to the sun and heat can lead to serious complications such as sunburn, blisters, skin cancer, and heat stroke.
While these are some of the best and most efficient ways to prevent illness while traveling, exposure to illness-causing germs is unavoidable. Keep your body healthy by eating right and getting enough rest and enjoy your travels! |
0.998455 | When a man or boy was registered as a Roman citizen in AD 100, how many names were recorded?
Unlike many ancient societies, where a person had a single given name and the rest of the name referred to a place of residence or a profession, the Romans developed a complex naming system that made it much easier to distinguish one person from another. In a literate society where even shopping lists, receipts, and bills of sale were routinely used, a more specific way of naming a person than Paul the tent maker, Aristarchus of Thessalonica, or Otto of the Vangiones tribe was required.
The common form of names changed from the early republic to the late empire, starting fairly simple during the Republic, becoming complex at the height of the Empire, and returning to a simpler form as Christian influence grew.
During the early Republic, a free Roman man used two names: a given name and a clan name. During the time of Sulla (80’s BC) the three-part name (tria nomina) became common. During the late Republic and the Empire until AD 212, the three-part name was a sign of Roman citizenship. It became a criminal offense in AD 24 to adopt the tria nomina if a man was not a citizen; it was treated as a type of forgery.
There were a limited number of praenomens in common use. Fewer than 25 were in routine use, and 12 of them accounted for the vast majority. Consequently, the first name was often abbreviated to one or two letters without any confusion about the true name.
The most common by far was Gaius. That explains the generic use of the name in the vow made by a Roman woman at the end of the marriage rite: Ubi tu Gaius, ego Gaia. (Where you are Gaius, I am Gaia). Lucius was a close second, followed by Marcus. These three accounted for almost 60% of the praenomens in use. George Davis Chase’s definitive study of Roman names published in 1897 identified 64 praenomina in the literary sources of his day.
The full term for the gens (clan) name was the nomen gentilicium. This was a surname that was common to many families. Some nomen always belonged to patrician families and some always to plebian families. For some gens, there were both patrician and plebian lines that were distinguished by their cognomen. For example, Ogulnius was generally a plebian gens, but it did produce a consul. Marcus Ogulnius Justus, whose stele is pictured above, was plebian, but Quintus Ogulnius Gallus was consul in 269 BC.
The cognomen started as an extra personal name and developed into the hereditary family name that distinguished different family lines within the clan, which might include thousands of people. The full cognomen might include more than one name.
A man’s cognomen often traced back to a personal characteristic of an ancestor. Examples include Rufus (red-haired), Barbatus (bearded), and Lepidus (pleasant, charming). The references weren’t always complimentary, like Brutus (heavy, dull) and Balbus (stammering). Some were ambiguous, like Lentulus (somewhat tough, resistant, slow, inactive, apathetic).
Sometimes an additional name (the agnomen) was added after the cognomen. It was given to a man for some particular service to Rome. A famous example is Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, who received the agnomen Africanus for defeating the Carthaginian general, Hannibal, at the battle of Zama in Africa in 202 BC. Most frequently, he is called Scipio Africanus.
If a man or boy was adopted into another family, generally to provide a male heir, his nomen and cognomen changed to that of his new family while his old nomen was tacked on the end with the ―ius ending changed to ―ianus. For example when Gaius Octavius Thurinus was adopted by his great uncle, Julius Caesar, he became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus.
With so many combinations to choose from, the form of his name that a man used depended on the level of formality demanded by a specific situation.
nomen + praenomen + (name of father or former master) + tribe + cognomen.
Since the father or former master would have a three-part name, that makes seven names in the official records.
The tribe referred to the 35 voting divisions of the population of Italy during the late Republic and early Empire. Each tribe was centered in a particular region. When Roman citizens came to Rome to elect the next year’s consuls, they came forward to vote when their tribe was called. New citizens were often assigned to the tribe of the current emperor.
This full name was used in imperial inscriptions, except the praenomen was listed before the nomen. It’s no wonder abbreviations for at least part of the name were in common use.
With so many choices, what do you call someone? That changed depending on the degree of intimacy enjoyed between parties. Only a citizen was allowed the tria nomina, such as Lucius Claudius Drusus. He would be generally known by his nomen plus cognomen (Claudius Drusus). At home, his family addressed him by his praenomen (Lucius). His friends called him by his nomen (Claudius) or cognomen (Drusus). His closest friends might sometimes use his praenomen (Lucius). In formal situations, he was addressed as Lucius Claudius or Lucius Claudius Drusus.
When Caracalla extended citizenship to virtually all free men in the Empire in AD 212, the significance of the tria nomina ended, and its use faded away. It became common for men who came from non-citizen families to combine a Roman name with a foreign name, such as Flavius Stilicho. Stilicho was half Vandal and served as regent for the emperor Honorius around AD 400.
The conventions for women’s names changed as their relative degree of freedom changed moving from the early Republic into the Empire. A rigid set of rules determined the names for the girls born during the Republic. That was replaced during the Empire by a naming system that still reflected the woman’s birth family but allowed greater latitude in the specific name.
Women were given only one name, and it was derived from the gens nomen. The daughter of Sextus Julius Caesar, consul in 157 BC, would be Julia. If there were two girls, the elder was Julia Maior and the younger Julia Menor. If there were more than two, they were numbered, like Julia Tertia.
Citizen women during the early Empire typically had two names that were the feminine form of their father’s nomen and cognomen. If there were two or more daughters, the standard pattern was varied for the later daughters. For example, the daughter of Publius Claudius Drusus would be Claudia Drusilla. The name of her niece that was born to one of her brothers would also be Claudia Drusilla. To avoid confusion, nicknames may have been used among the family. If Claudia Drusilla married Flavius Sabinus, she could add the genitive form of her husband’s name, but that wasn’t required.
The name of a slave was whatever the owner wanted and changeable at any time for any reason. There were, however, some common patterns that changed over time. In general, a slave had only a single name, and keeping the same name from birth to death was subject to the whims of the masters.
Before the military expansion of Rome’s sphere of control brought huge numbers of slaves into Italy, the name of a slave was derived from his owner’s by adding a suffix. A slave belonging to Marcus was “Marcus’s boy.” (That usage of “boy” remained a disrespectful tradition in the American South after the Civil War officially ended slavery in 1865.) Derived from the Latin for “boy,” puer, the suffix ―por was added. So the male slave of Marcus became Marcipor. At the beginning of the second century BC, few households in Rome had more than one slave. By the 2nd century AD, even households of relatively humble means had eight to twelve, and the variety of slave names had expanded to accommodate their larger numbers.
Greater variety in slave names developed as the number of slaves rose. A new slave from a freshly conquered region could never expect to keep his own name. He could be renamed by the new master and usually was to convey the loss of his former personhood. Greek names were especially popular, as were Latin names derived from animals, plants, or some physical or mental characteristic. A master might also choose to rename a slave he already owned whenever he felt like it.
For example, a boy named Diegis might be enslaved when Trajan’s forces conquered Dacia in AD 106. When he was first purchased, he might be renamed Dacius (Latin for “something from Dacia”―emphasis on “thing,” for that’s what slaves were considered). Disclosure of the country of origin was mandatory under Roman law for slave sales at that time, and slaves were often given names that were adjectives for their home country. After owning Dacius for a while, his owner might decide to rename him Leander (Greek and Latin for “like a lion”) because he had done something particularly brave that impressed the owner. If the current owner sold him, the new owner might let him keep his present name or rename him.
Slave names changed frequently, but there were some life events that could change a name for a free person. For men, those included performing a notable act to get an agnomen and being adopted. A woman’s name during the early empire didn’t often change, even when she married. Divorce was very common among the upper classes, but the woman’s name could remain a constant even while she changed husbands.
The image of the funeral stele of Marcus Ogulnius Justus is from the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD. |
0.963039 | Alexander Ilich Rodimtsev (1905–1977, Russian: Александр Ильич Родимцев) was a colonel-general in the Soviet Red Army during World War II and twice won the Hero of the Soviet Union award (in 1937 and 1945).
Rodimtsev joined the Red Army in the 1920s. He fought in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Republicans against Francisco Franco in 1936-1937, where he earned his first decoration as a Hero of the Soviet Union. During the course of the Second World War, he is best remembered for his role in the Battle of Stalingrad, where he brilliantly commanded the 13th Guards Rifle Division which earned him his second order of Hero of the Soviet Union. The division was charged to hold the Germans between Mamayev Kurgan and Tsaritsa Gorge, which his outnumbered and outgunned force successfully did. Rodimtsev was vastly popular with his troops and was well known for his bravery.
In 1943, after the Battle of Stalingrad, Rodimtsev commanded the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps, which included the 13th Guards Rifle Division, the 66th Guards Rifle Division, and the 6th Guards Airborne Division. The 32nd Guards Rifle Corps was an element of the 5th Guards Army, which was a part of the Steppe Front (commanded by Marshal Ivan Konev), and engaged SS Panzer divisions at the Battle of Kursk.
After the war Rodimtsev served as the Deputy Commander of the Eastern Siberian Military District, then served as a military attaché in Albania, before serving again as a deputy commander for a Military District, this time for the Northern Military District.
The 5th Guards Army was a Soviet Guards formation which fought in many critical actions during World War II under the command of General Aleksey Semenovich Zhadov. The 5th Guards Army was formed in spring 1943 from the 66th Army in recognition of that armys actions during the Battle of Stalingrad, during the Berlin Offensive elements of the army linked up with American troops at Torgau on the Elbe. Postwar, the army was disbanded as part of the Central Group of Forces, on 5 May 1943, the 66th Army was renamed the 5th Guards Army in accordance with a Stavka directive dated 16 April 1943. It included the 32nd and 33rd Guards Rifle Corps, the 5th Guards Army fought under command of the Steppe, and 2nd and 1st Ukrainian Fronts from 1943 until the end of the war. In 1943, the fought in the Battle of Kursk at Prokhorovka. The Steppe Front formed the reserve for the battle. On 6 July, the army moving up from its reserve positions. On 8 July the army was reassigned to the Voronezh Front, on the night of 10 July the armys 33rd Guards Rifle Corps arrived at Prokhorovka.
On the night of 11 July the armys 32nd Guards Rifle Corps took up positions on the Psel River at Oboyan, Veselyy. On 12 July the armys troops in conjunction with the 5th Guards Tank Army fought in the counterattack of the Voronezh Front, soldiers of the 9th Guards Airborne Division were carried on the hulls of the tanks during the charge down the slopes in front of Prokhorovka. In early August, the fought in the Battle of Belgorod. For the offensive, the army was deployed among other armies on a running from Gertsovka to the northern Donets east of Gostishchevo. On the night of 3 August, the army moved up to its start line, within three hours of the launch of the offensive on the morning of 3 August, the army had broken through the main German positions. From 12 August 1943, the fought in the Belgorod-Kharkhov Offensive Operation. On 7 September the army became part of the Steppe Front, during the Battle of the Dnieper, the army helped capture Poltava on 23 September and Kremenchug on 29 September.
The Second Spanish Republic was the republican regime that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939. Following the Provisional Government between April and December 1931, the 1931 Constitution established the Republic, the Spanish Republic can be divided in three eras, the First Biennium, the Dark Biennium, and the Popular Front government. The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed when King Alfonso XIII left the following municipal elections where anti-monarchist candidates won the majority of votes. Its government went into exile on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered to the rebel nacionales, the government in exile of the Second Spanish Republic had an embassy in Mexico City until 1976. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government formally dissolved the following year, on 28 January 1930 the military dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera was overthrown. This led various republican factions from a variety of backgrounds to join forces. The Pact of San Sebastián was the key to the transition from monarchy to republic, Republicans of all tendencies were committed to the Pact of San Sebastian in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republic.
The restoration of the royal Bourbons was rejected by large sectors of the populace who vehemently opposed the King, the pact, signed by representatives of the main Republican forces, allowed a joint anti-monarchy political campaign. The 12 April 1931 municipal elections led to a victory for republicans. Two days later, the Second Republic was proclaimed, and King Alfonso XIII went into exile, the kings departure led to a provisional government of the young republic under Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. Catholic churches and establishments in cities like Madrid and Sevilla were set ablaze on 11 May, in June 1931 a Constituent Cortes was elected to draft a new constitution, which came into force in December. The new constitution established freedom of speech and freedom of association, extended suffrage to women in 1933, allowed divorce and it effectively disestablished the Roman Catholic Church, but the disestablishment was somewhat reversed by the Cortes that same year. Its controversial articles 26 and 27 imposed stringent controls on Church property, scholars have described the constitution as hostile to religion, with one scholar characterising it as one of the most hostile of the 20th century.
Colonel general is a four-star rank in the army, equivalent to that of a full general in the US Army. North Korea and Russia are two countries that have used the rank extensively throughout their histories, the rank is closely associated with Germany, where Generaloberst has formerly been a rank above full General and below Generalfeldmarschall. Colonel general was the second-highest rank in the Austro-Hungarian Army, introduced following the German model in 1915, the rank was not used after World War I in the Austrian Army of the Republic. The Peoples Liberation Army had a rank of Da Jiang from 1955 to 1965, Da Jiang corresponded to the Soviet rank of colonel general. The rank system of the Peoples Liberation Army was abolished in 1965, the 1988 system introduced a rank of Yi Ji Shang Jiang. No one had held such rank and it was abolished in 1994, the rank of colonel general was created in the Czechoslovak army in 1950, it was dropped after the 1993 dissolution of the state. The Egyptian Army uses a rank that translates as colonel general and it is equal to the rank of 4-star or full general.
Colonel general is, junior to the rank of marshal and is an honorary distinction usually held only by defense ministers. In the French Army, under the Ancien régime, the officer in command of all the regiments of a particular branch of service was known as the colonel general. This was not a rank, but an office of the Crown, the Bundeswehr does not use the rank. Rank insignia Generaloberst In Hungary, the rank of general was introduced to the Imperial and Royal Army in 1915. The rank replaced the ranks of gyalogsági tábornok, lovassági tábornok, the equivalent rank for Colonel general in Iraq is called Ferik Awwal, in Arabic فريق اول, which is considered the highest rank in Iraqi Army now a days. The North Korean rank of sangjang translates as colonel general, sangjang is senior to that of jungjang and junior to that of daejang. This rank is held by the commanding officer of units along the Korean DMZ. It is the rank held by the KPA Pyongyang Defense Commands commanding general, the rank of colonel general did not exist in Imperial Russia and was first established in the Red Army on 7 May 1940, as a replacement for previously existing командарм второго ранга.
The 22nd Mechanised Brigade was a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces from 2000 to 2003. However most of its historical traditions stem from the 66th Guards Rifle Division, originally a formation of the Red Army, Major General Akim Yakshin became Divisions new commander after Pavel Lagutin was promoted to Executive officer of the 21st Army. On February 7,1943 most of the Divisions units were renamed, on March 17,1943 the 66th was assigned to 6th Guards Rifle Corps, 1st Guards Army, Southwestern Front, from May 5,1943 the 66th was assigned to 5th Guards Army Steppe Military District. From May 9,1943 the 66th was with 32nd Guards Rifle Corps 5th Guards Army, during Battle of Kursk and Lower Dnepr strategic offensive operation the 66th was with 33rd Guards Rifle Corps 5th Guards Army, she was again assigned to 32nd Guards Corps. On September 23,1943 the 66th was awarded with the honorable name Poltava by Supreme Commander, by the end of October the 66th was with 53rd Army, 2nd Ukrainian Front.
On November 28,1943 Major General Sergey Frolov became new Divisions commander, on November 30,1943 the 66th was with 20th Guards Rifle Corps 4th Guards Army. On January 3,1944 66th was assigned to 48th Rifle Corps 53rd Army, while taking part in Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive Operation, 66th was with 75th Rifle Corps, she was assigned to 26th Guards Rifle Corps. On March 1,1943 66th was with 69th Army reserve of Stavka near Shpola Cherkasy Oblast, on April 11,1944 Division was relocated by rail to Zaporizhia with 1st Ukrainian Front. During Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive 66th was with 95th Rifle Corps 18th Army 1st Ukrainian Front, during the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive Operation the division was assigned to 18th Guards Rifle Corps 18th Army 4th Ukrainian Front. From September 16,1944, Division took part in Carpathian-Uzhgorod Offensive Operation, on November 14,1944 66th with 18th Guards Rifle Corps was assigned to 2nd Ukrainian Front where she took part in Battle of Budapest. On January 23,1943 66th was with 104th Rifle Corps 4th Guards Army 3rd Ukrainian Front, on April 5,1945 the Division was awarded Order of the Red Banner by Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
From April 15,1945 66th was with 21st Guards Rifle Corps 4th Guards Army, Division finished combat operations in Austria on May 8,1945 After Victory Day 66th with 27th Army from June 3 to August 23,1945 was relocating to Ukraine into Carpathian Military District. First base was in Haisyn Vinnytsia Oblast, from October 1946 Division was assigned to 38th Army in Chernivtsi. Division took part in Hungarian Revolution of 1956, on June 15,1957 66th Guards Rifle Division became 66th Guards Motor Rifle Division. On September 15,1960, 66th became 66th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division, in 1987, 66th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division became 110th Guards Separate Training Center for junior specialists of motor rifle troops of the Carpathian Military District. The Training Center became under Ukrainian control after Ukraine declared independence from the Soviet Union, on January 19,1992 the Training Center along with all other units stationed in Ukraine, pledged their allegiance to Ukrainian people. |
0.939362 | Rockery plants should be hardy enough to grow on rocky soil.
Rockery gardens are niche gardens in a foundation of stones and boulders. Plants grow in the spaces between the rocks, often cascading over the stones. The rocks may be a natural element in the landscape, especially in mountainous areas. Or, they may be placed there by the home gardener. Often, an artfully arranged pile of rocks adds vertical interest to a garden. Rockery plants are usually chosen for their colorful appearance and trailing growth habit. Most importantly, they are also chosen for their hardiness, as the soil in a rockery garden is usually quite poor.
The best shrubs for rockery gardens are those that hardy, are on the smaller side, grow slowly, and have interesting textures or colorful foliage. Barberry plants (Berberis spp.) meet those requirements and then some. These shrubs features colorful foliage, ranging from bronze to deep burgundy. They have the added benefit of being quite thorny, which prevents deer and rabbits from nibbling on the showy leaves. It will grow in full sun or partial shade, and needs no protection from cold temperatures or strong winds. Barberry plants are also cold-hardy. They grow best in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 9 and 16 to 22.
Another excellent choice for rockery gardens are junipers (Juniperus spp.). Although some are quite large, others are small and low-growing. The fine, needle-like foliage makes a nice contrast to the more rounded shape of broadleaf plants. Try J. squamata, or the Blue Star juniper, which features distinctive, steel-blue foliage. Junipers are are especially resistant to diseases and insect infestations. Growing zones vary according to species, but most are quite cold-hardy. The Blue Star juniper grows best in Sunset's Climate Zones 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 4 and 6 to 9.
Ground covers are low-growing plants that spread. The best ground covers are those that grow thick and hardy, but that also don't grow too quickly. Woolly yarrow (Achillea tomentosa) is a tough little plant that forms a thick mat of soft-looking, grayish-green leaves. Deer and rabbits usually leave it alone. Best of all, it is easy to grow, making this plant a good choice for beginning home gardeners. Woolly yarrow thrives in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 9 and 16 to 26.
Another good choice is Bugleweed, or Ajuga reptans. This very hardy plant can survive at altitudes of 10,000 feet, so rockery gardeners who live at high altitudes would do well to choose this plant. Bugleweed roots wherever the runners touch the ground, so it thrives even in shallow soil. Depending on the species, the leaves may be green, purple, red or bronze. Bugleweed grows best in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 9, 16 to 24 and in Zone 26.
Sandwort (Arenaria montana) is a sun-loving perennial featuring snowy white flowers that bloom from the end of spring through the summer. This hardy plant has an attractive trailing habit and thrives even in very cold temperatures. It grows best in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 9 and 16 to 26.
Wormwood (Artemesia spp.) is a foliage plant desirable for its delicate, feathery leaves that shimmer in the sun. A distinctive silver color, the leaves are showier than the flowers and are a good contrast to more colorful flowers. This hardy plant bounces back after contact and because the foliage releases a pleasant odor when crushed, it is often planted where people will brush up against it. It grows best in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 9 and 16 to 26.
Saxifrage (Saxifraga spp.) is most desirable for its ability to grow on even poor soil. This perennial grows in part shade and features leaves arranged in dense, tough little rosettes. The small flowers vary in color depending on the species. Saxifrage grows best in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, and 1 to 7. Some species are not as cold hardy as others, so check the tag or ask your local gardening expert before purchasing your plant.
Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) is one of the few rockery plants that can grow in full shade. This plant establishes itself firmly -- the trailing stems root where they touch the ground -- and is often used for erosion control. In addition, it is desirable for its blue flowers. Common periwinkle grows best in Sunset's Climate Zones A1, 1A, 1B, A2, 1 to 9 and 16 to 26.
Sanders, April. "Hardy Rockery Plants." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/hardy-rockery-plants-25264.html. Accessed 23 April 2019. |
0.999919 | I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called The big ‘V’ of big data and is located at http://analytics-magazine.org/the-big-v-of-big-data/.
While storage and computational capacity is essential and a given, it is important to note that improved statistical and computational methods are creating opportunities like never before when dealing with big data. Today, large amounts of data are available that individuals, businesses and governments can manage and leverage for information that can lead to insights. However, it is essential to analyze information in a cost-effective manner. High volume, variety and velocity of data cannot translate into value unless management makes a concerted effort.
Information infrastructure: (ingest and store efficiently): This element is about creating infrastructure that can capture, store, replicate and scale information at speed.
Information management: An information ecosystem to manage, secure, govern and leverage information seamlessly across an organization’s information assets.
Insights: Correlate and use this data in conjunction with existing business data (usually structured data) and analyze using descriptive and prescriptive analytics to aid decision-making.
The last few years have seen a lot of focus and attention on infrastructure and information management. Exciting new technologies, frameworks and methodologies have evolved to address the needs of these elements. For example, infrastructure technologies have greatly improved, as have the innovations that benefit data centers. They range from fast and efficient servers to data center solutions that can capture, store, replicate and scale information at high speeds.
Figure 1: Three key elements to unlocking the value of data.
Information management has seen the most rapid evolution and change. Managing information through distributed technologies (file systems such as Hadoop) has changed information storage to provide low latency, high speed, highly available systems. Innovations in areas such as traditional enterprise data warehousing environments through in-database, in-memory capabilities and compression techniques have resulted in organizations being able to get insights from data quicker.
As organizations come to terms with managing big data and harnessing them through systems and converge their usage with traditional data sources, the business analytics to guide decision-making is itself evolving. This article will focus on how analytics has been influenced by big data and what practices will emerge in years to come through observations within Hewlett Packard.
For business analytics to be successful in meeting an organization’s needs for decision support, it fundamentally needs to be able to consider all data sets relevant to solving a particular business question.
Traditional business intelligence (BI) and enterprise data warehouse (EDW) environments focus on the usual data generated from business operations. This is data generated through point of sale transactions, customer data, financial, business planning data, inventory management systems, etc.
Businesses today, however, also have access to two other key forms of data. The first of these can be loosely categorized as “human information”; this form of data comes from having increased knowledge of customers through e-mail, social media and other marketing channels, but also from an organization’s institutional data in the form of documents and customer support call records, as well as video, audio and image sources. This data tends to be unstructured in format.
Figure 2: Bringing data together.
The second new type of data comes from machine data. This is data generated from an increasingly interconnected world of devices and systems. Examples range from data generated by sensors, smart meters, RFID tags, security and intelligence systems, IT logs (application and Web servers), etc. This data tends to be largely semi-structured or unstructured.
Business systems in BI and EDW environments are not architected to handle the volume and variety of “human information” nor the volume and velocity of machine generated data.
Today, organizations need to bring all their data together for advanced analytics. For example, at HP, structured data from a customer’s purchase history, demographics and warranty data can be combined with unstructured data coming from customer support records and social media for a more focused customer engagement strategy.
As information and data assets of an organization come together and combine with external data, analytical techniques and analysis will have a larger role to play. In general, the characteristics of big data that most influence the analytics process are related to the variety and volume of data. However, velocity, which is handled through business intelligence practices, is considered distinct from core analytics practices for the purposes of this article. The analytics process is usually represented as a set of activities – preparing data, developing analytical models based on analytical techniques to solve for the business question, validating the model and deploying it. These are essentials of analytics and represent the elements of big data that organizations today need to pay attention to. Following is a closer, more technical look at each of these activities.
Sampling. Sampling has been the backbone of analytical processes with the premise of using information of a sample to infer on a larger population. Historically, sampling has been a core part of analytical processes due to limitations on collecting data on populations and then analyzing it in aggregate. Sample accuracy, of course, depends on several factors and is predicated on the minimization of various biases in the sampling methodology.
While there are arguments both for and against sampling in big data environments, from a data scientist’s perspective, a few aspects of the data used in an analytics process need to be well understood.
First, one can’t always use large storage and computing power to analyze a population unless the marginal business returns are higher due to the addition of more data sets. Second, some specialized application areas do need population rather than sample. For example, in case of analysis of cyber security threats out of a large data set, our interest lies in finding the outliers and anomalies in the data. Where millions of rows of data may not give any value, a particular row (one individual) may be very useful and could save huge losses for the business. Another example is when one has to identify the five top social media influencers in cloud computing; here we might consider population as an important element.
And last, irrespective of whether we choose to use a sample or a population, it is still vitally important for a data scientist to understand and question the data source and collection methods so that a selection bias in data may be averted.
As such, the need and relevance of sampling in big data applications is contextual and depends on the question being solved and the source of the data.
Regression. One of the most common analytical techniques used by analysts today are related to regression. Regression is commonly understood as a statistical process for estimating relationship between variables. The techniques help predict the value of a dependent variable, given values of independent variables and are widely used for prediction and forecasting.
Most common methods of regression such as “ordinary least squares” and “maximum likelihood estimation” require that the number of variables be less than the number of observations. In a big data environment, where increasing newer data sets are being incorporated, the number of independent variables available often greatly exceeds the number of observations. A case in point is the study of genes, where the different types of genes are the independent variables and the number of patients in a study is the observations. Another good example is texture classification of images where the variables are the pixels and observations are the number of images available for observation.
In addition to this, the analyst also has to address some very important issues. For example, do the new variables really help improve the accuracy of the prediction? In general, not all variables contribute to an improved accuracy of the model. Typically, only a few of the large number of potentially influential factors account for most of the variation.
To handle this complexity of variable selection brought about by increasing number of data sets available for analysis through big data techniques, a few methods have gained attention and adoption, such as subset selection for regression, penalized regression, Biglm, Revolution R and Distributed-R Vertica, and the split-and-conquer approach. For a more technical discussion of each of these methods, click here.
Clustering. Segmentation, using clustering techniques, is a common method used to reveal natural structure of data. Cluster analysis involves dividing the data into useful as well as meaningful groups where objects in one group (called a cluster) are more similar to each other than to those in other groups.
In general, a clustering technique should have the following characteristics to be suitable for use in a big data environment: It should be able to capture clusters of various shapes and sizes, effective treatment for outliers and be able to efficiently execute the algorithms for large data sets.
Most partitional and hierarchical methods that rely on centroid-based approaches to clustering do not work very well in large data sets where the underlying data supports clusters of different sizes and geometry.
Techniques such as DBSCAN (Density Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise) can help find clusters with arbitrary shapes. It works by determining the density associated with a point by counting number of points in a region of a specified radius around a point. Points with a density above a threshold are classified as core points, while noise points are defined as non-core points that don’t have core points within the specified radius. Noise points are discarded and clusters are formed around core points. This very idea of density-based identification of a cluster helps in creating clusters of various shapes.
CURE (Clustering with Representatives) also does well at capturing clusters of various shapes and sizes, since only the representative points of a cluster are used to compute its distance from other clusters. The clustering algorithm starts with each input point as a separate cluster, and at each successive step merges the closest pair of clusters. The representative points help in capturing the different physical shape and size of the clusters.
A clustering technique called BIRCH (Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering Using Hierarchies) is effective in managing outliers. It works by first performing a “pre-clustering phase” in which dense regions of points are represented by compact summaries, and then a centroid-based hierarchical clustering algorithm is used to cluster the set of summaries (which is much smaller than the original data sets).
Big data has influenced the entire spectrum of analytics – from data ingestion, storage, preparation, modeling and deployment. Organizations are exhibiting rigor in trying to harness big data through innovations in information infrastructure and information management. New core analytics techniques and practices are also changing to accommodate for the challenges of volume and variety of data associated with big data. A new era of volume, velocity and variety is leading the way for value creation in organizations like never before.
Dr. Pramod Singh is director of Digital and Big Data Analytics at Hewlett-Packard and a member of INFORMS. Ritin Mathur is senior manager of Big Data Analytics at HP. Arindam Mondal and Shinjini Bhattacharya are data scientists at HP. All four are based in Bangalore, India.
Levent Ertoz, Michael Steinbach and Vipin Kumar, “DBSCAN: Finding Clusters of Different Sizes, Shapes and Densities in Noisy, High Dimensional Data,” paper, Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota.
Sudipto Guha, Rajeev Rastogi and Kyuseok Shim, “CURE: An Efficient Algorithm for Large Databases,” Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD Conference, 1998.
Tian Zhang, Raghu Ramakrishnan and Miron Livny, BIRCH presentation, 2009. |
0.986925 | Sustainable Agriculture is the practice of farming produce that will contribute to the well being of the land and wider environment, whilst producing a substantial yield. Ideally, sustainable forms of farming will address food and nutrient shortages throughout the world whilst employing methods that produce low carbon emissions, in line with environmental policy in the UK.
Currently, farmers practice sustainable agriculture as far as possible, in that all farmers wish to maximize the potential of their land, and perpetuate crop growth where possible. However, this does not always fall within the remit of a sustainable environmental policy, as intensive farming methods that consume large amounts of fossil fuel, pesticides and chemicals are still prevalent.
There are three main traditional approaches to sustainable farming: 'monoculture' - the perpetual growth of the same crop on one piece of land; poly culture - the growth of several mutually supportive crops in one location at the same time; crop rotation - the rotation of several different crops across several fields, or the growth of several different crops in one field over successive years.
Monoculture can be relatively low maintenance and cost effective as it involves the same farming techniques year on year. However, successive crops can be subject to quality deterioration as a given crop needs certain nutrients from the ground and over a period of years one crop will drain the soil of all the nutrients it needs.
Polyculture is the least popular of the three methods, yet is the most environmentally sustainable. Crops are planted with a view to their mutual benefit. For example, a nearby crop that attracts a natural predator of aphids helps one crop that is infested with aphids. The need for pesticides is therefore eradicated. Polyculture is relatively high maintenance and low profit.
Crop rotation can improve soil fertility as different crops drain the soil of different resources. It can also help to avoid the development of diseases that are specific to only one crop.
All of these methods of farming are viable ways of sustaining produce, yet only one of them - polyculture, the least economically rewarding - is specifically addressed to the wider issue of environmental sustainability. Sustainable agriculture must be cost effective and profit driven, as well as environmentally friendly if it is to succeed. This will depend on the employment of new technologies that reduce the use of harmful chemicals and dependence on fossil fuels in conjunction with the best approach to choosing crops annually.
To ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices.
Notably, there is no mention of farming for the benefit of the environment. This highlights the difficulty of implementing a 'sustainable' agricultural policy: With 50% of Europe's land being farmed, ecologically sound farming procedures could stand to have a detrimental effect on the economy of agriculture-dependent nations and are not a priority for farmers from many EU countries.
However it is precisely because 50% of Europe's land is farmed, that environmentally sound agricultural policies need to be developed. Climate change (linked to the emission of carbon dioxide) will have a radical effect on farming habits, whilst farming practice can be changed to slow dramatic climate shifts, through energy conversation.
The EU has introduced 'agri-environmental' reforms to the CAP in recent years to encourage farmers to use sustainable methods. Under these schemes, the high cost of changing from conventional to sustainable farming is subsidised by the EU, under the proviso that the farmer will use sustainable farming methods for at least 5 years. No specific financial support will be given to farmers returning from sustainable methods to conventional ones.
Over time already existing EU subsidies will be partly allocated on the basis of a farmers 'sustainability' record, with all farmers complying with a 'base level', and only those exceeding basic environmental criteria qualifying for extra money (a total 3-5% of the overall EU farm subsidy).
These are positive steps yet, despite these measures, the CAP is overwhelmingly operated for the benefit of profit over environmental well-being. With countries still allowed to regulate their own farming industries (with regard to sustainability) there may be slow progress amongst countries that are agriculture dependent. |
0.962025 | honeywell z wave ip camera You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both WiFi and PoE at same time. While you hook up the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of them, either Wi-fi or PoE.
Before you decide to buy an IP camera or a whole IP camera system, you should analysis the set up environment and research which functions you want to accomplish.
Wi-fi or PoE, which is the foremost? As a senior technician that has four years in video monitoring industry, my response to this question is PoE is the recommended choice.
WiFi is some sort of wireless technology which allows network devices transmit data through cordless transmission (2.4GHz UHF band, 5GHz SHF strap).
4k ip camera You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both WiFi and PoE at same time. When you connect the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of these, either Wireless or PoE.
Prior to deciding to buy an IP camera or a whole IP camera system, you should analysis the assembly environment and investigate which functions you want to attain.
Wi-fi or PoE, which is the foremost? As a senior technician who has four years in training video surveillance industry, my answer to this question is PoE is the recommended choice.
WiFi is some sort of wireless technology that allows network devices transfer data through cellular indication (2.4GHz UHF strap, 5GHz SHF group).
ip camera installation You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both Wireless and PoE at same time. While you connect the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of these, either WiFi or PoE.
Before you decide to buy an IP camera or a complete IP camera system, you should analysis the installation environment and research which functions you want to attain.
Wi-fi or PoE, which is the best? As a older technician who may have four years in video monitoring industry, my answer to this question is PoE is the suggested choice.
WiFi is a kind of wireless technology that allows network devices transfer data through cordless transmission (2.4GHz UHF band, 5GHz SHF strap).
y-cam bullet outdoor ip camera You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both Wi-fi and PoE at same time. When you hook up the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of them, either WiFi or PoE.
Wi-fi or PoE, which is the foremost? As a older technician that has four years in video monitoring industry, my answer to this question is PoE is the suggested choice.
WiFi is some sort of wireless technology which allows network devices transfer data through cordless sign (2.4GHz UHF group, 5GHz SHF music group).
external wifi ip camera You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both Wi-fi and PoE at same time. While you hook up the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of them, either WiFi or PoE.
WiFi or PoE, which is the better? As a senior technician who may have four years in training video surveillance industry, my response to this question is PoE is the recommended choice.
WiFi is some sort of wireless technology that allows network devices transmit data through cordless indication (2.4GHz UHF music group, 5GHz SHF strap).
wifi wireless ip security camera You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both Wi-fi and PoE at same time. Once you hook up the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of them, either WiFi or PoE.
Prior to deciding to buy an IP camera or a complete IP camera system, you should analysis the installation environment and investigate which functions you want to accomplish.
Wireless or PoE, which is the best? As a senior technician who may have four years in video recording monitoring industry, my answer to this question is PoE is the advised choice.
WiFi is a kind of wireless technology that allows network devices transmit data through wireless sign (2.4GHz UHF band, 5GHz SHF music group).
wireless ip video camera You should read article below before you buy IP Camera.
Yes, you can't use both WiFi and PoE at same time. Whenever you hook up the IP camera to your router, you have to choose one of these, either WiFi or PoE.
Prior to deciding to buy an IP camera or a complete IP camera system, you should analysis the assembly environment and research which functions you want to accomplish.
Wireless or PoE, which is best? As a older technician who may have four years in video recording surveillance industry, my response to this question is PoE is the suggested choice.
WiFi is a kind of wireless technology that allows network devices transfer data through wireless transmission (2.4GHz UHF music group, 5GHz SHF music group). |
0.940508 | What is 2/3 + 8/10?
So, we multiply 2 by 10, and get 20, then we multiply 3 by 10 and get 30.
Now for the second term. You multiply 8 by 3, and get 24, then multiply 3 by 10 and get 30. |
0.999999 | Context: Gymnasts are seen practicing and competing even though they are reporting high levels of low back pain that can hinder their career if not resolved. Therefore, it may be beneficial for gymnasts to train key muscles in the lumbopelvic region to decrease those symptoms and prevent future injury. This study assesses the effects of lumbopelvic stabilization training in young, non-elite, community-based gymnasts. Objective: Measure the effectiveness of core stability training on lumbar muscle endurance, lumbo-pelvic stabilization, abdominal strength and balance in adolescent female gymnasts and examine the effect of these interventions on the occurrence of low back pain. Design: Clinical prospective with 13 female gymnasts from a local gymnastics club. Methods: Participants were randomly allocated to either a lumbo-pelvic intervention group or yoga group in which they performed specific exercises for a total of 6 weeks. Four pre- and post-measurements tests were conducted on the participants before and after the 6-week intervention. Main Outcome Results: Biering-Sorensen Test, Lumbo-pelvic Control Test, Side Bridge Test, and Star Excursion Balance Test; low back pain log books. Results: Relationship between pre- and post-scores for the Biering-Sorensen Test revealed statistically greater results for the lumbopelvic group compared to the yoga group (p = .033. An ANCOVA showed statistically significant group differences (p = .043). Relationship between pre- and post-scores for the Lumbopelvic Control Test was statistical significance (p = .040) but the difference scores from pre- to post were not. Relationship between the right and left Side Bridge was statistical significance (p = .015; p = .001), respectively, and scores from pre to post were statistically greater for the yoga group (p = .039). ANCOVA results showed statistically significant group differences (p = .036). Results from a MANOVA revealed a statistically significant finding for group difference at post-test on the left side (p = .052). Out of the six fully completed log books, the yoga group showed less occurrence of low back pain compared to the lumbopelvic group. Conclusion: Those in the lumbo-pelvic group showed greater improvements from pre- to post-test scores in comparison to the yoga group for the development of muscle lumbar endurance and may be a better option for this aspect than yoga. Results from the left Side Bridge Test showed the yoga group influenced the development of lateral core stabilizer endurance more so than the lumbo-pelvic exercises. Overall, there were improvements in both groups for the Side Bridge Test, indicating both positively influence lateral stability. Results for the Lumbopelvic Control test suggests that the yoga and lumbo-pelvic interventions are equally effective for front-on stability. Log books revealed that some of the participants remained pain-free while some had both an increase and/or decrease throughout. The importance of core stability is viewed as being pivotal for efficient biomechanical function to maximize force generation and minimize joint loads in all types of activities associated with gymnastics. This study sets the basis for further research on the incidence of low back pain in young gymnasts and the effects of lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercises as a preventative matter.
Pomije, Miranda Katherine, "Effects of lumbopelvic stabilization program in young, non-elite, community-based gymnasts" (2017). Theses and Dissertations @ UNI. 365. |
0.997919 | Roger Federer advanced to the fourth round of the 2019 Miami Open after he defeated Filip Krajinovic 7-5, 6-3 on Monday, recording a much-improved performance compared to his second-round outing.
He'll be joined in Round 4 by Kevin Anderson, who got the better of Joao Sousa and beat the Portuguese 6-4, 7-6 (6) to set up a meeting with Jordan Thompson in the next phase of the tournament.
Thompson surprised 24th-seeded Grigor Dimitrov earlier in the day and downed the Bulgarian in straight sets 7-5, 7-5 to advance to the fourth round.
Ashleigh Barty was among the first women to clinch a quarter-final berth in Miami after she upset seventh seed Kiki Bertens. No. 3 seed Petra Kvitova and No. 21 seed Anett Kontaveit will move on to the last eight after they got the better of Caroline Garcia and Bianca Andreescu (retired), respectively.
Eighth seed Stefanos Tsitsipas will be on court against Leonardo Mayer later on Monday, while American Frances Tiafoe must beat David Ferrer if he's to join Thompson in the next phase of the tournament.
There was little stopping Federer from sealing his return to the Miami Open's last 16 on Monday, overcoming a slight wobble at the beginning of his match against Krajinovic to progress from the third round.
Th Swiss suffered the first break of the match early on but immediately hit back with one of his own and timed the more essential strokes in what turned into an efficient display.
The three-time champion wasn't present to defend his 2017 title last year, but Federer's improvement between rounds is a worrying development for his potential opponents.
Thompson, 24, reached the quarter-finals of the New York Open in February and was knocked out of that contest by John Isner, who happens to be on the other side of the bracket in Miami this week.
Dimitrov pulled out of the BNP Paribas Open earlier in March because of a persisting shoulder injury, and the rust was evident for him in what was a scrappy two sets of tennis by his standards.
Thompson wasn't pristine in his play, either, but the Australian suffered one break fewer than his opponent in each set and clinically won the last three games to turn a 4-5 deficit into a straight-sets win.
.@jordanthommmo2 advances to his first 4R in an #ATPMasters1000 tournament by defeating Dimitrov 75 75 @MiamiOpen. Thompson improves to 11-7 on the season after going 1-11 last year. Next: @KAndersonATP or @joaosousa30.
Thompson's fourth-round opponent, Anderson, won back-to-back games for the first time since the opening week of the 2019 season when he beat Sousa.
The Portuguese hopeful won their only previous meeting in Nice almost three years ago, but South African Anderson leaned heavily on his superior serving to see out the victory, per FlashScore.com.
Injury saw Andreescu pull out of her clash against Estonian Kontaveit during the second set, ending the Canadian's Miami title challenge in glum fashion.
Novak Djokovic will be back in action on Tuesday as he prepares to face Roberto Bautista Agut in their fourth-round faceoff. |
0.978308 | How to View Private Facebook Profiles without Being A Friend: Facebook is a social networking internet site that permits you to reconnect with old friends as well as stay connected with current friends. It permits you to interact by sending out messages, publishing condition updates, sending cards and revealing your likes and also dislikes. Facebook likewise includes a search tool that you can make use of to look for and view profiles of individuals you may wish to become friends with. If an individual's Facebook account's settings are not set to "Private," you can check out the account without being friends.
Action 1: Go to Facebook.com and visit to your account using your e-mail address and also password.
Step 2: Kind the complete name of the person whose profile you wish to see in the Search bar at the top of the web page. You might see many people with the same name, so select the "See more results for ..." choice to display the search results page for the name you got in.
Action 3: Select the person whose profile you want to view. If you are still incapable to locate the individual, click the "People" button in the left pane. Filter the results by picking the individual's place, college or workplace. When you lastly find the individual whose account you wish to watch, click the connect to that individual to watch the profile. |
0.981528 | The 23rd July 2012 was an historical day for the EPS as well as for the town of Chamonix in the Haute Savoie of France. Seven astronauts from the Endeavour Space Shuttle mission STS-134 arrived in Chamonix to be part of the 100 years celebration of the confirmation by Nobel prize-winner Viktor Hess of the extra-terrestrial origin of cosmic rays. Chamonix subsequently played a significant role at the Laboratoire des Cosmiques, among the glaciers high above the town of Chamonix. The EPS Historic Sites committee had prepared a plaque to mark the event, with a citation which reads as follows.
In 1943, during the war, here at 3613 m above sea level, the French CNRS-National Centre for Scientific Research established a high altitude laboratory under the aegis of Louis Leprince-Ringuet to study the cosmic rays and their applications in nuclear physics. In 1946, the laboratory was inaugurated in the presence of Irène Joliot-Curie and continued to be operated until 1955. High voltage lines suspended above the glaciers supplied the necessary electric power. "This is how up there – in the words of Leprince-Ringuet – in really sporty conditions, with an electric cable, a local electricity power source, some electron counters, a small Wilson apparatus, we managed to study particles from cosmic radiation."
What linked the astronauts to Chamonix? The answer lies in the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) payload which the shuttle mission flew up to the International Space Station on 16 May 2011, on its last flight. The AMS is the latest in a long line of spectrometers to study cosmic rays, taking progressive advantage of the reduced attenuation in the upper atmosphere, from short balloon flights, through high altitude installations and finally to the multi-decade programme of the orbital AMS. The spectrometer in the Refuge des Cosmiques was one of the first terrestrial high-altitude installations. A Wilson chamber was combined with a magnet requiring a 55kW DC supply. The research post had been constructed in the most severe conditions, often requiring back-breaking transport of tons of material over the glacier. Many decades later, the AMS-02 itself had been partly constructed at CERN, thereby creating the synergy of this event between AMS, CERN and Chamonix as well as the EPS.
The day began early on an exceptionally glorious morning, gathering the astronauts, some of their family (the singular is appropriate since it was obvious that this was one big extended family) at the foot of the Téléphérique des Aiguilles du Midi to equip the astronauts for the rigours of these altitudes. The group took up the EPS commemorative plaque, shown in the photo with the citation. It was accompanied up to the summit by Jo Lister, representing the Executive Committee. Three of the astronauts braved the exposure of the Arrête des Cosmiques and descended to the Refuge des Cosmiques which is a very short distance from the abandoned hut housing the original cosmic spectrometer. The remainder of the party took a spectacular ride across the glaciers to Heilbronn and back.
There had been an impressive media coverage preceding the event and a public lecture took place in Chamonix in the afternoon, to celebrate the visit by the astronauts and the inauguration of the EPS plaque. A packed auditorium heard an inspiring scientific presentation by Prof. Maurice Bourquin of the University of Geneva, explaining the history and importance of cosmic ray research. A film of life on the International Space Station followed, underlining that it is impossible to become bored with the amazing images of and taken from the ISS. A long question and answer session, in which the astronauts had agreed to field all sorts of questions from the audience, exposed both the interest and the scientific culture of the local attendees.
The EPS warmly recognises the Commune of Chamonix, the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix and the Compagnie du Mont-Blanc, Chamonix for their contributions to the success of this exceptional day, and above all recognises the overall organisation of the event under CERN hospitality. |
0.913747 | Following a three-week run of dominance over all competitions, Arsenal hope a growing injury list won't derail their current Premier League surge.
Fresh off a League Cup exit and uncertain what exactly their lineup will look like, the top-flight co-leaders seek a fifth consecutive league victory Saturday against Swansea City at Liberty Stadium.
Things could not have gone better for Arsenal (7-1-2) during a four-game stretch starting Oct. 4 when it rolled to a 3-0 win over Manchester United. They followed with another 3-0 victory at Watford, an impressive 2-0 Champions League triumph over Bayern Munich that revived their knockout round hopes and last Saturday's 2-1 win at Everton.
However, the fun ended Tuesday when the Gunners were upset 3-0 by Sheffield Wednesday in League Cup play. Theo Walcott (calf) and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (hamstring) were both injured in that contest, adding to a M.A.S.H. unit that includes Danny Welbeck (knee), Jack Wilshere (ankle), Tomas Rosicky (knee), Mikel Arteta (ankle) and Aaron Ramsey (hamstring).
Walcott and Oxlade-Chamberlain will both miss this contest, Wednesday's crucial rematch at Bayern and next weekend's North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur.
'"We hope they are light injuries, but they are out until after the international break,'' said Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger, whose side trails Manchester City on goal differential and has scored eight goals in their last two top-division road contests.
Wenger will have Olivier Giroud to lean on after he scored in his last second straight league match last weekend. The French star served as a substitute the previous six league games before returning to the lineup against the Toffees.
Giroud has one goal in five matches against Swansea City (3-4-3), which took both meetings from the Gunners in 2014-15. Though Arsenal have gone winless in three straight against the Swans, Swansea coach Garry Monk knows his side must be in top form once again.
"We've had some good games against them in recent years and had two good results against them last season," Monk told the Club's official website.
"We know that when we are at our best we can give anyone a game in this league and we'll need to be at that level on Saturday. If we do that we are in with a chance of getting the result we want."
Bafetimbi Gomis scored two of the Swans three goals against Arsenal last season but has none in six straight Premier League matches after recording one in each of the first four. Gylfi Sigurdsson and Andre Ayew each scored last Saturday as the Swans ended an 0-2-3 stretch with a 2-1 win at lowly Aston Villa.
"There are no easy games in the Premier League," Monk added. "Of course you want to play at your best, but when you don't it's still important to pick up points. Each team will have a period where they will suffer and its about how you deal with that.
"Our effort and commitment is always there and its about continuing to do the right things and working hard on the training ground." |
0.895424 | Why are most construction projects significantly exceeding their budgets?
In the UK, it seems the norm for construction projects to go beyond budget, what are the reasons and can it be prevented?
It is a well-known problem within the construction industry, in the UK and worldwide, that projects often end up costing far more than the original estimate, however advances in technology such as Building Information Technology, is saving billions of pounds. Most projects do always exceed the budget, however, there are still common reasons for projects to shoot up in dramatically cost, some of which are unavoidable, and some which is down to a lack of action taken by project managers and other members of the construction workforce. In the three years to 2015, less than one in three projects (31%) came within 10% of their original plan.
One key example of why construction projects are often experiencing unexpected costs, is a lack of solid foundation with a well-written job specification and budget. If construction project managers fail to create a proper costed plan, there is a risk of mistakes, disputes and confusion, especially considering the ever-changing circumstances over the lifetime of the project. Inconsistencies in reporting can mean that neither subcontractors, contractors now owners are aware of any problems, and a reaction may be delayed leading to overall delay and further cost overruns. Disputes are a common factor in the construction industry, and often stem from poor contract administration.
With the current skills shortage a major problem for the UK, labour costs are continuing to grow year by year. Firms say that supervisors and bricklayers are among the hardest to recruit, with carpenters, joiners and ceiling fixers not far behind. There is extra concern now following the EU referendum. An estimated 12% of the UK construction industry comes from abroad. If construction businesses want a strong and complete workforce, they must ensure sound chain management practise, keeping their skilled subcontractors happy.
Along with this, uncertainty of the great British weather can also cause delays and costs, as construction workers still turn up for work, and still need paying even if the working day is postponed. Too much rain, a particularly windy day or a snap of cold can halt construction for days and leave projects significantly behind schedule. In the case of tools being loaned by companies, there can be extra days for unused equipment.
One colossal example of a construction project that went far beyond the expected budget was the Scottish Parliament Building. In 1997, the government’s devolution white paper gave assurances that a new parliament building could cost as little as £10M, but the actual cost of the building ended up reaching £414M, one of the greatest cost overruns in the global construction industry.
There were unusual circumstances during construction, with the death of both the architect and the project’s chief political champion. Two project managers also resigned. Another reason for the spiralling costs was the promise of a “modest” building, however an architect was selected who was famous for his highly complex and experimental design. The initial brief and specifications proved inadequate and underestimated greatly in terms of size, accommodation and facilities. A change in the client body, plus major disputes over the historic reservation of a property on the site, delayed the project for months. In falling behind, increased pressure was applied, which led to further increases in cost to quicken the pace.
There are now new methods and technologies which assist in ensuring that projects do not overrun. An example is Building Information Technology, with technology which assists the decision making process, while building proceeds through various stags such as concept, design and construction. BIM simulates the actual physical construction process. By doing this, it identifies problems which may have usually been found later down the line. The simulation can list out possible issues, which then can be dealt with appropriately, saving projects time and money.
Are we getting the best out of off-site manufacturing?
Are exoskeletons the tool of the future for construction workers? |
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