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0.999208 | What are dextrose and maltodextrin?
So many new terms, so little time!
Dextrose is a simple carbohydrate. Simple carbs are essentially sugars, and thus must be used at strategic times. Dextrose breaks down and absorbs very quickly into the bloodstream, spiking insulin and glucose levels faster than complex carbohydrates. This spike is crucial directly before or after an intense workout, as it kickstarts muscle growth and recovery by delivering amino acids to muscle cells.
Maltodextrin is a complex carbohydrate that is easily digestible and quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. Found naturally in foods such as peas, beans, grains, and vegetables, complex carbohydrates are considered to be 'good' carbs. Maltodextrin works together with protein to repair muscle tissue and restore muscle glycogen, especially after high stress activity like cardio or heavy lifting.
Both Gainful's organic tapioca maltodextrin and organic tapioca dextrose are derived from the non-GMO starchy cassava root, unlike the industrial corn-based maltodextrin found in other supplements. |
0.970547 | Period cottages are quite pricey in England and snapped up pretty quickly when they come on the market. Bungalows, built after the war are easier to find but are often located near busy roads or clumped together in rows of almost identical houses. One of the advantages of bungalows, however, is that since they have no period features, it is easier to get building permits to make improvements or to enlarge the house if it is situated correctly on its land. The brief from my client was to find a bungalow with potential in a great location with a good-sized, fenced garden as the English so love their gardens. I visited more than thirty properties before my client and I settled on this three-bedroom house surrounded by fields and foot paths near a beautiful period cottage and within walking distance of a river. “Shangri La”, which I quickly petitioned to rename “Field House” was well-built and had room to add to if desired. It also had a mature hedge surrounding the property and a nice feel to it. The back of the house facing the garden had an inexpensive glassed-in porch, which acted as the covered entry. Walking in to the front door of the house one immediately came upon a wall and had to turn left to the kitchen or right to a hallway that lead to the study. What should have been a sitting room had been made into the master bedroom and a utility room did not exist. The two bedrooms under the eaves shared a low-level toilet and a sink. My first task was to draw up the renovations with two options. In the first option, I remodeled and redistributed the existing space making an open plan kitchen, and creating a utility room. The effect was to open the front entry so that one could see straight through to the garden in the back upon coming in the front door. I created a full bath upstairs with sky-lights and a master suite so it would open to the new terrace and garden. The second option involved a building extension to the front of the house with a dining room and a powder room as well as attaching a bathroom to the study so it could be used as an extra bedroom. While those plans were in the permitting stages, I turned my attention to the embellishment of the garden. Large field-grown trees were planted to create a tree-lined driveway and flowerbeds were added with both evergreen and herbaceous plants. Mature climbing vines were then planted on the exterior of the house, the glassed-in porch was removed and a terrace was created on the back of the house leading to a gazebo. More large trees and schrubs were strategically placed throughout the garden. Large stone pavers were installed all around to resemble flag-stones. Within four months the house was transformed from a simple “bungalow” to a charming home with a “ country cottage” feel. |
0.997321 | Please enter an email address. The email address you have entered is invalid. Please enter a valid email address. |
0.956089 | Does the FAA think the UFO sighting is real? Underline evidence that supports your inference.
What evidence can you find that shows the employees were not making up their story? Box these details. Put a star next to the strongest piece of evidence.
Which of the following best explains why the witnesses are upset?
A. The UFO left "an eerie hole in the overcast skies" after flying through the clouds over O'Hare.
B. No air traffic controllers saw the UFO and there is no record of anything out of the ordinary on radar.
C. The airline denied having knowledge of the UFO and the FAA will not investigate the incident further.
D. The FAA admits that its air traffic control tower got a call about a mysterious elliptical-shaped craft.
Based on the article, which statement most strongly supports the FAA's position on the UFO sighting?
A. A preliminary radar check found nothing out of the ordinary at the time of the alleged UFO appearance.
B. Although at least twelve airline employees saw the object, no air traffic controllers did.
C. Many people saw an elliptical-shaped craft hover over Concourse C and leave a hole in the clouds.
D. When lights shine up into the clouds during certain weather conditions, optical illusions can occur. |
0.999571 | someone being a hateful person?
Based on experience and many encounters with these individuals, it seems that haters are not necessarily hateful and hateful people don't always act out in the same manner as a hater does.
Let's start with some basic definitions and then discuss similarities and differences between the two.
Haters are individuals who tend to have Hate for others. Hate for them is reflected in intense hostility and aversion towards another person usually derived from fear, anger, envy or sense of injury. Within a hater's psyche he or she feels envy or have feelings of unhappiness, discontentment or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, reputation or good fortune. Haters tear down others to feel better about themselves and to make the others feel worse about themselves. Haters see others as their enemies and aren't satisfied until as many people as possible share their thoughts.
Hateful people tend to have less envy or Hate and more Hatred which is prejudiced hostility or animosity than haters. For hateful people their hatred is derived from prejudice or a preconceived and often illogical opinion that is not based on sound reasoning and actual experience. Hateful people tend to make up the ists - racists, sexists, agists and so on. Hateful people tend to have animosity or a feeling of strong dislike, ill will or enemity that tends to knowingly or subconciouslly display itself in their actions and speech. Hateful people tend to be extremly antagonistic. Hateful people innately show hostility and act out by not being friendly, hospitable, warm or generous to those they hate. They can be outright evil and extremely mean.
They both have extreme dislike or disgust for their subject.
They both see their subject as an enemy.
They both see their subject as a potential threat.
They both see their subject as a cause of their lack of happiness and success.
They both are mean spirited.
They both can be bold and extremely disrespectful.
They both can be illogical in their thoughts and actions.
Haters tend to know or have at least met their subjects. Hateful people can exhibit hate towards their subjects without knowing or having ever met them. Hateful people hate people based on the people being a member of a group that they hate.
Haters feel power by traveling in packs whereas hateful people can easily work alone. Haters aren't happy unless they can turn others against you.
Haters need an audience and hateful people don't. Haters need external validation.
Haters tend to have conscious reasoning no matter how illogical to justify their hate. Hateful people tend to derive their hate unknowingly. Many hateful people are hateful based on how they were raised. They can't really trace back why they feel how they feel.
Haters have fear, resentment and envy that drives their actions whereas hateful people can be hateful because it's who they are. Hateful people don't need recent events as justification to be hateful.
Haters embody a "misery love company" mindset. If a hater isn't happy they can only be around others who aren't happy. Hateful people are not necessarily miserable they're often very successful and happy but don't believe others can be based on prejudices.
Haters have more of a de facto mindset and hateful people have more of a de jure mindset.
Haters more often than not act out of weakness, fear, intimidation whereas hateful people are just hateful and act out of a false sense of entitled and assumed strength.
Regardless of which you encounter, stay in peace. If necessary, report them to local authorities or when at work report them to management and HR. If they are management and HR then as soon as feasibly possibly get out of there. Forgive them, pray for them and stay in peace. |
0.914586 | Charles Henry Grant (1831-1901), engineer, businessman and politician, was born on 9 November 1831 at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England, son of William Grant, linen draper, and his wife Mary Ann. After education in applied sciences at King's College, London, in 1847-50, Grant worked until 1866 in the London engineering office of Robert Stevenson. In the late 1860s he worked on railway construction in the United States of America.
On 19 April 1872 Grant was appointed engineer to the Tasmanian Main Line Railway Co. and arrived from London in July to superintend construction of the line between Hobart and Launceston. After completion of the railway in 1876 he served as general manager until the line's purchase by the government in 1890. In March 1892 he floated the Hobart Electric Tramway Co. in London. He was himself a director and had charge of the construction of the tramways in 1892-93, having been consulting engineer to the project as early as 1888. As a director of the Zeehan Tramway Co. he was also responsible for construction of the tramway there in 1893. The Victorian government appointed him a member of a board to investigate the Victorian Railways in 1895.
Grant's business activities also included directorships of Cascade Brewery, Perpetual Trustees, Executors and Agency, Hobart Gas, Hobart Coffee Palace and Parattah Hotel companies, and of several mining bodies. He was said to draw some £12 a week in director's fees, and was described as 'pre-eminently a money making machine and successful speculator'.
In 1892-1901 Grant was a member of the Legislative Council and served until 1894 as minister without portfolio under Henry Dobson. As a Tasmanian delegate to the 1897 Federal Convention he confined himself mainly to railway matters. Most active in local government, he was chairman of the Road Trust (1886-92), Town Board (1889-1901) and Board of Health (1888-1901) at Glebe, where his home, Addlestone, still stands. He was also a member of the Metropolitan Drainage Board (1893-1901), the Queen's Domain Committee (1891-1901) and the Board of Immigration (1883-85), and was a trustee of the Tasmanian Museum, Art Gallery and Botanical Gardens. He was president of the Hobart Chamber of Commerce in 1896 and of the Hobart Horticultural Society. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of Tasmania in 1874.
Grant died from diabetes in Hobart on 30 September 1901 after attending the Sydney celebrations for the inauguration of the Commonwealth. He was buried in Cornelian Bay cemetery, survived by his wife Mary Ann Jane, née Nicholls, two daughters and two sons. His estate was valued for probate at about £48,000. During his time with the Main Line Co. Grant was noted as a 'good boss', being 'always mindful of the comfort and prosperity of the railway man'. The Hobart Mercury described him as possessing 'a power of mind not to be trifled with. His bonhomie was invariable, but his kindly disposition was not weakness'. In 1914 the hamlet of South Bridgewater, north of Hobart, was renamed Granton in his honour.
Charles William (1878-1943), Grant's elder son, was born on 24 April 1878 in Hobart. Educated at The Hutchins School, he worked on mainland sheep stations before becoming a Hobart merchant in 1901 and eventually chairman of directors of several companies. On 10 June 1903 at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, he married Charlotte Bell. Member for Denison in the House of Assembly in 1922-25 and 1928-32, he was honorary minister in the McPhee government. He was a Nationalist and United Australia Party senator in 1925 and 1932-41. He died on 14 December 1943 in Hobart, survived by one son and three daughters. His estate was sworn for probate at £112,603.
Examiner (Launceston), 18 Jan 1896, supplement.
Scott Bennett, 'Grant, Charles William (1878–1943)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/grant-charles-william-7044/text11045, published first in hardcopy 1983, accessed online 23 April 2019. |
0.961885 | I know that Friday has many virtues. Could you tell me some acts of worship that I can do on this day?.
Yes, Friday is a good day; there are many ahaadeeth which speak of its virtues. See Question no. 9211.
Friday prayer is one of the most important obligations in Islam, and one of the greatest gatherings of the Muslims. Gathering on Friday is more important and more obligatory than any other gathering apart from ‘Arafah. Whoever neglects it, Allaah will place a seal on his heart.
On this day there is a time when a person’s Lord will answer his du’aa’ – by Allaah’s leave.
It was narrated from Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) mentioned Friday and said: “On this day there is a time when no Muslim stands and prays, asking Allaah for something, but Allaah will grant him it” – and he gestured with his hands to indicate how short that time is.
Narrated by Abu Dawood, 1047; classed as saheeh by Ibn al-Qayyim in his comments on Sunan Abi Dawood, 4/273; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood, 925.
Friday is singled out because it is the best of days and the chosen day. So there is an advantage to sending blessings upon him on that day that is not present on any other day.
Along with these virtues and acts of worship, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade singling out Friday for fasting, or singling out the night of Friday for doing acts of worship that are not narrated in sharee’ah.
This hadeeth indicates that it is haraam to single out the night of Friday for worship or reading Qur’aan that is not one’s regular custom, apart from that which is indicated in the texts, such as reading Soorat al-Kahf.
This hadeeth clearly states that it is forbidden to single out the night of Friday for prayer or the day of Friday for fasting. It is agreed (among the scholars) that this is makrooh.
And there are other acts of worship to be done on this day. So it is preferable not to fast then, as this will help a person to perform these duties in an energetic manner and enjoy them without feeling bored or tired. This is like the pilgrim on the day of ‘Arafah in ‘Arafah, because the Sunnah is for him not to fast on that day for the same reason… This is the reason for not allowing singling out Friday for fasting. And it was said that the reason is so that people will not go to extremes in venerating it as happened in the case of Saturday. But this view is weak, because on that day we offer Jumu’ah prayer and do other acts of worship which are a kind of veneration. And it was said that the reason for its prohibition is so that people would not think that this was obligatory. This is also a weak view because it is encouraged to fast on Mondays and there was no fear that anyone would think it was obligatory. No attention should be paid to this far-fetched view. The same argument is applicable in the case of fasting the day of ‘Arafah and the day of ‘Ashoora’, etc. The correct view is that which we have stated above. |
0.999988 | security alarms Archives - What's the best security alarm for my home or office?
I know many people may be asking themselves this question.What is the best home-security system for me? To ensure a complete peace of mind, it is recommended to use the best home security systems. These devices not only protect our valuables, but are also advantageous in warning us about danger. However, to ensure their effectiveness, the chosen devices must be reliable and stable and simple to use.
However, most homeowners are not aware of the features and functions of such systems. Commonly, it is perceived that these must sound loud buzzing alarms in case a burglar enters their houses. However, these are more than just loud alarms and must be beneficial in deterring thieves from entering your homes.
The most suitable technique to prevent burglars from entering inside is a placard. The manufacturing company should provide for a method that results in an action in case the alarm starts ringing. However, most companies overlook this important functionality in their security devices.
Another important consideration for effective devices is the capability of being able to sense motion. Commonly, burglaries occur during the night when it is not possible to see the thieves before they have already entered the house. However, if the device is able to detect movement, you may get a little time that will act as sufficient warning in case of a potential burglary.
Therefore, you must choose a manufacturing company that includes motion sensors in their devices. Moreover, these must also be inclusive of alarm triggering systems in case the glass of your house is broken. Commonly, this will deter the burglar however, if this does not then the device must trip to alert the security service provider. This enables the company to call the police authorities within a very small amount of time.
Another important consideration when you are trying to find a reliable system is to ensure it is simple and easy to use. If the device is complex, you may not be able to use the same and the entire purpose will become redundant. Moreover, the company must provide educational information that enables users to use the systems without any difficulties.
Users must also consider the support service provided by the manufacturing company. Additionally, buying products manufactured by companies that have an online presence is recommended. Moreover, choosing manufacturers that have discussion boards and forums will be beneficial in overcoming any problem you may face with your home security devices.
When trying to find a reliable and efficient device, it is important to browse the Internet to find the various available options. Reading through the various reviews and ratings provided by past users will assist you in finding an excellent system. Therefore, it is recommended to spend some time and efforts researching all the available options.
Finding the best home security systems is not a simple task and you may find it confusing and a daunting task. Moreover, many homeowners would have learnt from their mistakes and it is important to learn from their mistakes. Hence, finding a reliable and efficient device requires paying little attention to details with a critical view and most importantly, you should not be discouraged during your search.
Copyright text 2017 by What's the best security alarm for my home or office?. |
0.960558 | The Nationalists are running an offensive misogynistic campaign against female unionists such as J K Rowling, one of Labour's big beasts said today.
John Reid, the former Defence Secretary, accused the Yes side of employing the 'language of abuse' at women who speak up for the maintenance of the 300-year Union.
And he criticised Alex Salmond's supporters of organising mass rallies and 'street mobs' to intimidate No campaigners.
It comes a day after Lord Reid accused the Yes campaign of being anti-English for dubbing MPs who travelled to Scotland last week as Team Westminster.
Harry Potter author J K Rowling was subjected to obscene online abuse from so-called 'cybernats' earlier this year after donating £1million to the No campaign.
She was labelled a 'specky b******', a 'Union cow bag' and a 'disgrace' by fervent nationalists. Businesswoman Michelle Mone has also been attacked for warning of the dangers of Scottish independence.
Lord Reid also criticised Nationalists for their rallies accusing the BBC of bias after its political editor Nick Robinson posed tough questions to Mr Salmond.
The former Labour Cabinet minister said: 'The language that I worry about is the language of abuse towards not only men, but women in particular - J K Rowling, Michelle Mone, the opponents of separatism.
'The online abuse, the fact they are now demanding that reporters doing their jobs are sacked, the mass rallies, the street mobs - that's what worries me.
'Thankfully I don't think that is anything that is anywhere near the heart of the vast majority of Scottish people.
Lord Reid was speaking at a rally in Glasgow to highlight how independence would put thousands of shipbuilding jobs on the Clyde at risk.
He described Mr Salmond as a 'used car salesman' who would not be straight with workers on the Clyde that their jobs could be at risk if the Union is broken.
'The interesting thing is that among the people who come to see the workers here in the west of Scotland there has been one notable absence - the First Minister of Scotland,' he said.
'He will not come and look the workers in the eye despite repeated requests. 'I've got a simple message. What would you say to a used car salesman who would not look you in the eye when selling you a car? You would no thanks - thanks, but no thanks.
Lord Reid said jobs would be under threat because the UK would no longer commission warships from a foreign country - and because an independent Scotland would not need them.
Yesterday, Lord Reid attacked the Yes campaign for describing dozens of English and Welsh MPs who travelled up to Scotland last week to support 'No' as 'Team Westminster'. |
0.967054 | Interferometry is the process of making measurements by allowing sound, light, or other kinds of waves to interfere with each other. Interferometry is used for a large variety of purposes, such as studying the velocity of sound in a fluid, locating the position and properties of objects in space, determining the size and properties of objects without actually touching or otherwise disturbing them, and visualizing processes such as crystal growth, combustion (burning), diffusion (spreading), and shock wave motion.
The interferometer was invented by German American physicist Albert A. Michelson (1852–1931) around 1881. The major features of Michelson's instrument are shown in Figure 1. Light from the source enters the interferometer along one arm and strikes a half-mirrored glass called a beam splitter. The light is split into two equal parts at the beam splitter. The first half reflects off the beam splitter and travels to mirror #1. The second half passes through the beam splitter to mirror #2.
The first beam of light reflects off mirror #1, passes back through the beam splitter, and continues to the detector. Meanwhile, the second beam reflects off mirror #2, returns to the beam splitter, and is also reflected to the detector.
What happens at the detector depends on the paths taken by the two beams. If they have both traveled exactly the same length, they will interfere with each other constructively. But if the distance taken by the two beams is different, an interference pattern will be formed. The kind of pattern produced, then, depends on the difference between the paths taken by the two beams of light.
Beam splitter: A sheet of glass or plastic specially coated to reflect part of a beam of light and transmit the remainder.
Interference: The interaction of two or more waves.
In the hundred years since Michelson invented the interferometer, scientists have devised a number of variations on the original instrument. Most of these variations were designed to make special kinds of measurements. One example is the interferometer invented in 1891 by L. Mach and L. Zehnder. A top view of this instrument is shown in Figure 2.
Light leaves the source and is divided into two beams by beam splitter #1. One beam travels toward mirror #1 and is reflected toward beam splitter #2. The other beam travels toward mirror #2, where it is also reflected toward beam splitter #2. The two beams are then combined at beam splitter #2 and transmitted to the detector, where an interference pattern is produced. The Mach-Zehnder two-beam interferometer is used for observing gas flows and shock waves and for optical testing. It has also been used to obtain interference fringes of electrons that exhibit wave-like behavior.
why we use the one more mirror in front of mirror #2 ?
the object between the splitter and the mirror is some kind of object that will change the light somehow, so that an interference pattern appears at the end. if there was just the mirror, the beams would be identical and give no pattern.
the glass between the beam splitter and mirror 2 is called a compensator plate, as the beam that goes through the beam splitter to mirror 2 has a different optical path length and the beam splitter is used to compensate for this and make the optical path the same as the optical path for the light beam going to mirror 1, as for interference to occur the 2 light beams must be coherent to create an interference pattern. |
0.991718 | Learn how to wheelie a motorcycle safely & legally on this wheelie simulator at a motorcycle wheelie school in Sydney.
This year, as I have done in past years, I attended the 2012 Hard 'n' Fast Bankstown Custom Motorcycle Show again on Good Friday. The crowd was huge, and, as in years gone by, there were new demonstrations, displays, and trade stalls to keep everyone entertained.
One of the new attractions this year was a wheelie machine. This is essentially a wheelie simulator, a real sports motorcycle mounted to a hydraulic system on the back of a trailer which allows the "rider" to learn how to wheelie a motorcycle - safely and legally.
I would have loved to have seen a Harley mounted up on the wheelstand machine, but I guess a bike is a bike.
The wheelie bike is owned and run by Wheelie Zone, which is located in Sydney, Australia. On their website they state that they are a "school for controlled / balanced wheelies", and that they have specially designed, real life simulators which you can use under instruction from their experienced staff.
They can teach you to perform fully controlled and balanced wheelies without any risk of "rider" injury, or damage to your own pride and joy (your bike). The lack of injury risk would bode well if you actually have a job you are expected to turn up for.
All of Wheelie Zone's machines are fully transportable and can be hired along with a qualified operator. They even have public liability cover to operate at almost any venue, which may include motor racing events, promo days, carnivals, custom bike shows or private events.
There was always someone on the bike all through the day, so it seemed to be a very popular attraction.
As far as their motorcycle wheelie school goes, all training is carried out by their experienced and highly qualified staff. I assume the amount of training you require depends on you - how much experience you have and how quick you learn.
You have to remember that these are not cheap, plastic arcade type rides - they are REAL motorcycles, so good training is essential not only for your safety, but also so the expensive machines are not damaged.
They teach riders how to do a wheelie in stages, thus each individual has to pass a test of sorts before moving onto the next step of their wheelie tuition. Take it from someone who knows: wheelies require thought and experience - there is a lot going on to get the front end of a heavy bike up in the air - and keep it there. Multitasking is essential. |
0.931774 | I recently heard a food addict describe her drunk driving experiences under the influence of food substances. She always hated to drive her car for any long distance trips. After getting into recovery, she experienced new insights about her driving. She came to realize that she hated to drive because she had been falling asleep and passing out under the influence of binge food substances. She would fight to stay awake in order to keep her car on the road. In abstinence from binge foods, she was clear-headed and focused on her driving. She no longer hated driving; only drunk driving. |
0.916953 | transformed the roman empire by greatly expanding its geographic reach and establish its imperial system.
His 22-and-a-half-year reign would be the longest after Augustus's until Antoninus Pius, who surpassed his reign by a few months in 161.
He was the first Roman Emperor born outside of Italy.
suffered a severe case of arthritis, crippling both his hands and feet he was even unable to wear shoes.
He was a Roman officer, naturalized, as indicated by his name. He claimed to be the great-grandson of Julius Caesar on the grounds that his great-grandmother had been Caesar's lover during the Gallic war.
He founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years.
first Roman emperor to come to the throne after his own biological father.
Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.
On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy involving members of the Praetorian Guard and several of his freedmen.
he accompanied Marcus Aurelius during the Marcomannic Wars in 172 and on a tour of the Eastern provinces in 176.
He ascended the throne after buying it from the Praetorian Guard, who had assassinated his predecessor Pertinax.
Late in his reign he travelled to Britain, strengthening Hadrian's Wall and reoccupying the Antonine Wall.
Caracalla and Geta were proclaimed joint emperors and returned to Rome.
he became the first emperor who did not hail from the senatorial class and was the first emperor from Mauretania.
He forced leading members of Rome's government to participate in religious rites celebrating this deity, over which he personally presided.
As emperor, Alexander's peace time reign was prosperous. However, Rome was militarily confronted with the rising Sassanid Empire and growing incursions from the tribes of Germania.
his rule is often considered to mark the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. |
0.928248 | Microalgae are promising feedstock for production of lipids, sugars, bioactive compounds and in particular biofuels, yet development of sensitive and reliable phylotyping strategies for microalgae has been hindered by the paucity of phylogenetically closely-related finished genomes.
Using the oleaginous eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis as a model, we assessed current intragenus phylotyping strategies by producing the complete plastid (pt) and mitochondrial (mt) genomes of seven strains from six Nannochloropsis species. Genes on the pt and mt genomes have been highly conserved in content, size and order, strongly negatively selected and evolving at a rate 33% and 66% of nuclear genomes respectively. Pt genome diversification was driven by asymmetric evolution of two inverted repeats (IRa and IRb): psbV and clpC in IRb are highly conserved whereas their counterparts in IRa exhibit three lineage-associated types of structural polymorphism via duplication or disruption of whole or partial genes. In the mt genomes, however, a single evolution hotspot varies in copy-number of a 3.5 Kb-long, cox1-harboring repeat. The organelle markers (e.g., cox1, cox2, psbA, rbcL and rrn16_mt) and nuclear markers (e.g., ITS2 and 18S) that are widely used for phylogenetic analysis obtained a divergent phylogeny for the seven strains, largely due to low SNP density. A new strategy for intragenus phylotyping of microalgae was thus proposed that includes (i) twelve sequence markers that are of higher sensitivity than ITS2 for interspecies phylogenetic analysis, (ii) multi-locus sequence typing based on rps11_mt-nad4, rps3_mt and cox2-rrn16_mt for intraspecies phylogenetic reconstruction and (iii) several SSR loci for identification of strains within a given species.
This first comprehensive dataset of organelle genomes for a microalgal genus enabled exhaustive assessment and searches of all candidate phylogenetic markers on the organelle genomes. A new strategy for intragenus phylotyping of microalgae was proposed which might be generally applicable to other microalgal genera and should serve as a valuable tool in the expanding algal biotechnology industry.
Microalgae include many evolutionarily diverse lineages of unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that range in size from a few to several hundred micrometers. They contribute significantly to the primary production and the biogeochemical cycle of our biosphere . They have also found increasing applications for production of lipids, sugars, bioactive compounds and in particular, biofuels .
Cellular functions of present-day microalgae are underpinned by plastid (pt), mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear (nc) genomes. Pt and mt play important roles in the evolution of microalgae and higher plants. The origin of pt has been traced to an endosymbiosis event between eukaryotic cell and cyanobacteria, which occurred around 1.2 Ga ago . The engulfed photosynthetic unicellular cyanobacteria adapted to the environment inside the host cells and eventually became the present day eukaryotic pt . The pt genome, in multiple copies, is inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion. Therefore, the genetic information from pt genome can provide an independent view of the phylogeny of its host organisms. Mt, according to the serial endosymbiosis theory, is the direct descendant of a bacterial endosymbiont (likely an alpha-proteobacterium) that became established in the early evolution of a nucleus-containing (but amitochondriate) host cell . Analysis of microalgal organelle genomes has revealed their endosymbiotic origins , frequent gene transfers from organelles to nucleus and the phylogeny among genera . However, evolutionary dynamics of organelle genomes that drive microalgal speciation (i.e., within the genus) remains poorly understood.
Due to their asexual reproduction, slow evolution, few recombination, and relatively simple gene structure and dominance of single-copy genes, organelle genes have often been employed as phylogenetic markers , which are essential tools in algal research and biotechnology. Several molecular markers are frequently used for phylotyping algae, including the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S rRNA), mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1), and plastid ribulose-l-5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL). However, limitations of the strategy are apparent: (i) different markers frequently gave different phylogenetic scenario (i.e., sub-specificity); (ii) most markers could not distinguish strains within a given species (i.e., sub-sensitivity); (iii) currently available markers could not be applied to microalgae of all kinds (i.e., sub-applicability) [10, 11]. For instance, cox1 is useful mainly for identification of red and brown algae [12–15], whereas tufA (encoding plastid elongation factor Tu gene) and rbcL serve as the primary DNA barcodes for green algae and diatoms respectively [11, 16, 17]. However the genomic basis of such practices remains largely unknown. Exhaustive search and comparative assessment of phylogenetic markers have not been possible, largely due to the paucity of complete organelle genomes from phylogenetically closely related strains and species.
Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) is a genus of unicellular photosynthetic microalgae, ranging in size from 2 to 5 μm and widely distributed in marine, fresh and brackish waters [18–21]. It is an emerging model for photosynthetic production of oil (triacylglycerol; TAG) because of its ability to grow rapidly, synthesize large amounts of TAG and polyunsaturated fatty acids and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions [22–24]. Traditional approaches for identifying species in Nannochloropsis include morphology observation, pigment and fatty acid composition and 18S rRNA sequence analysis . However previous analysis based on 18S (a nuclear gene) and rbcL (a pt gene) resulted in conflicting phylogenies among microalgae lineages that include Nannochloropsis. Moreover, the intragenus relationship of Nannochloropsis spp. (especially among N. oculata, N. limnetica, N. granulata and N. oceanica) was inconsistent among 18S-based phylogenetic trees [20, 21]. In this study, using Nannochloropsis genus as a model, we assessed current intragenus phylotyping strategies by producing the complete pt and mt genomes of seven strains from six Nannochloropsis species. This first comprehensive dataset of organelle genomes for a microalgal genus was employed to dissect the evolutionary dynamics of organelle genomes at the genus, species and strain levels. Furthermore, the dataset enabled exhaustive exploration of novel phylogenetic markers suitable for inter-species and intra-species identification of microalgae. A new strategy for intragenus phylotyping of microalgae was therefore proposed.
To capture a comprehensive picture of microalgal organelle evolution at the strain-, species- and genus-levels, two N. oceanica strains (IMET1 and CCMP531) and one strain from each of other five known species in Nannochloropsis Genus: N. salina (CCMP537), N. gaditana (CCMP527), N. oculata (CCMP525), N. limnetica (CCMP505) and N. granulata (CCMP529) were chosen for sequencing (Methods). The pt and mt genomes of IMET1 were first assembled from whole-genome shotgun reads and then manually finished (Methods). Draft sequences of the other organelle genomes were extracted from whole-genome contigs by BLAST using IMET1 as a reference. Long-range PCR was used to test the orientation of large repeats and bridge the remaining gaps. The four junctions between the inverted repeats and single-copy segments were confirmed by sequencing PCR products. The seven sets of organelle genomes were manually inspected and completely finished (Table 1).
The circular pt genomes ranged in length from 114,867 to 117,806 bp, with an average GC content of 33.3%. Each pt genome was divided into four structural domains (Figure 1A): a large single copy (LSC), a small single copy (SSC), and inverted repeats (IR) which are present in pinpoint duplicate separated by the two single-copy regions. Such a quadripartite structure was previously found in many other algal pt genomes including the primary endosymbiotic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and secondary endosymbiotic diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana[26, 27].
Plastid and mitochondrial genomes of seven Nannochloropsis strains. (A) Genome map of the complete pt sequence of N. oceanica IMET1. (B) Genome map of the complete mt sequence of N. oceanica IMET1. Genes shown outside the outer circle are transcribed clockwise and those inside are transcribed counter clockwise. Genes belonging to different functional groups are color-coded. Alignment of the Nannochloropsis plastid (C) and mitochondrial (D) genomes were also shown respectively. Genomic regions are color-coded as protein-coding (blue), rRNA/tRNA-coding (cyan) and conserved noncoding sequences (red). * CCMP527 and CCMP537 do not contain the region. **Two copies of cox1 are present in CCMP527 and CCMP537. ***In CCMP529, trnD-GUC was translocated to the interval between cox2 and rrn16.
Each pt genome encodes 152 unique genes including 26 tRNA, three rRNA and 123 proteins. In addition, eight genes (clpC-I, psbV, petJ, rrn16, trnI(gat), trnA(tgc), rrn23 and rrn5) were duplicated in the IR of CCMP505, CCMP525, CCMP531, CCMP529 and IMET1, while only five genes (rrn16, trnI(gat), trnA(tgc), rrn23 and rrn5) were duplicated in the IR of CCMP527 and CCMP537. The overall genome structure and gene content of Nannochloropsis pt are similar to those of T. pseudonana, P. tricornutum and Ectocarpus siliculosus[8, 26].
The circular mt genomes were 38,057 ~ 42,206 bp in length (Figure 1B), with an average GC content of 31%. The coding potential (for proteins and RNAs) was 80.9%-87.5%. Each consists of 63 genes and 5,422-9,600 bp non-coding sequences. The coding regions of the seven mt genomes were similar in size to those of T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum, yet the coding potential of Nannochloropsis mt genomes was higher, suggesting a relatively compact genome structure. Although most regions of the seven mt genomes were conserved, a pair of 3.5Kb-long, cox1-harboring repeats were found only in CCMP527 and CCMP537. Two segments of genes (rps8-rpl6-rps2-rps4, rpl2-rps19-rps3-rpl16) were conserved in previously reported stramenopiles including diatoms and brown algae. However in Nannochloropsis, the bacterial S10 operon block (rpl2-rps19-rps3-rpl16) was interrupted by rpl22 which inserted between rps19 and rps3.
Neither group I nor group II type introns were present in any of the Nannochloropsis organelle genes. Although the pt and mt genomes of CCMP529 and CCMP525 possessed increased numbers of small dispersed repetitive sequences compared to other Nannochloropsis pt and mt genomes, overall there were fewer repeats in the Nannochloropsis pt and mt genomes compared to those of diatoms. Moreover, the seven sets of pt and mt genomes were highly conserved in gene content and gene size (Figure 1A and B). In addition, the aligned regions (representing 96.89% and 97.16% of pt and mt genome lengths, respectively) showed high similarities (Figure 1C and D), with protein-coding regions generally more conserved than noncoding regions. Therefore, compactness in pt and mt genome organization is a shared feature among the seven Nannochloropsis strains.
Organelle genomes were thought to have undergone size- and functional reduction [29, 30], and frequent genetic exchange via endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) and homologous recombination [31, 32]. The present-day microalgal pt genomes mainly encode the components of photosystems, carbon assimilation, photosynthetic electron transport and gene translation machinery , while the mt genomes encode genes mostly involved in respiratory electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis and ribosome biosynthesis [5, 34]. In Nannochloropsis, brown algae and diatoms, nearly all the photosystem I and photosystem II genes encoded by the pt genomes were retained in a high degree of consistency (Figure 2). However, a photosystem I gene (psaM) was lost in Nannochloropsis pt genome. A photosystem II gene (psbM) was also absent in the pt genomes of Nannochloropsis as in other red algae, but was present in the green algae lineage [35–39]. In addition, all of the cytochrome components found in other stramenopiles and the red lineage of algae (with the exception of petL) have been retained in Nannochloropsis pt genomes [40–46].
Comparison of functional complements of organelle genomes. Among Nannochloropsis, brown algae and diatoms, shared and lineage-specific genes from plastid and mitochondrial genomes are compared via Venn diagrams. (A) Shared and lineage-specific genes of different plastid genomes. (B) Shared and lineage-specific genes of different mitochondrial genomes.
All of the ATP synthase genes (i.e.,atpA, atpB, atpD, atpE, atpF, atpG, atpH and atpI) were found in pt genomes of stramenopiles [8, 26, 47, 48], except the seven Nannochloropsis strains in which atpD was missing. The chlorophyll biosynthesis genes chlB, chlL and chlN were believed to be transferred to nucleus via EGT in Thalassiosira, Odontella and Heterosigma[26, 48], however four chlorophyll biosynthesis genes (chlB, chlI, chlL and chlN) are still present in the pt genomes of Nannochloropsis, Ectocarpus, Fucus, Vaucheria and Aureoumbra (Additional file 1: Table S1 and Figure 2) [8, 47]. RbcR (ycf30), which was usually encoded by pt genomes and autonomously governs transcription of Rubisco operon in red algae , is present in either pt or nuclear genomes of all known stramenopiles except Nannochloropsis. The organization of pt ribosomal-protein genes in Nannochloropsis was also similar to that of Thalassiosira, Odontella, Heterosigma, Ectocarpus and Fucus, although rpl9 and rpl24 were lost in the Nannochloropsis pt genomes. In addition, Synechococcus phage S-SM2 gene segment was found in the Nannochloropsis pt genomes, which is likely a signature of their cyanobacterial origin.
To identify the functional distinction of Nannochloropsis mt genomes, the gene repertoires of 25 algal mt genomes were compared (Additional file 1: Table S2). The protein profiles of Nannochloropsis mt genomes are largely similar to those of T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum. However, atp1 was retained only in Nannochloropsis mt genome (as are the cases in non-photosynthetic oomycetes such as Phytophthora spp. (another subgroup of stramenopiles) and Saprolegnia ferax) [50, 51]. In P. tricornutum and T. pseudonana, atp1 were thought to be transferred to the nuclear genome via endosymbiotic gene transfer . Therefore Nannochloropsis exhibit an ancient feature, as is in the case of Phytophthora. On the other hand, the rrn5 gene which encodes the 5S rRNA component was lost in Nannochloropsis and Thalassiosira mt genomes (but present in other stramenopiles such as Heterosigma, Ectocarpus and Fucus), suggesting structural diversity in mitochondrial translation systems of stramenopiles.
One prominent feature shaping organelle evolution is the targeting of certain nuclear-encoded proteins to organelles, which functionally complement the reduced gene content of pt/mt genomes . Analysis of subcellular localization (with PredAlgo; ) of 9,756 putative proteins in IMET1 suggested that 973 and 1,620 proteins were targeted to mt and pt, respectively. They mainly include tRNA synthetases, ribosomal proteins, DNA polymerases, eukaryotic translation factors, transcription factors, TATA-box binding proteins and ATP synthases. These proteins might participate in the transcription and translation of organelle-encoding genes. In addition, 26 pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins (PPRs) were annotated, with six (g707, g1422, g2743, g3644, g3813 and g10257) targeting to mt and five (g2850, g3634, g3565, g8976 and g9207) to pt. In higher plants PPRs were likely involved in RNA editing, a process of post-transcriptional modification of RNA primary sequences through nucleotide deletion, insertion, or modification [54, 55]. Thus in Nannochloropsis these proteins might participate in organelle RNA editing, which is an activity that has not been reported in microalgae.
Phylogenetic trees based on pt genomes were constructed by Maximum-Likelihood (ML), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods using a dataset of 39 conserved proteins (7,406 amino-acid positions) encoded by the pt genomes of four taxa of red algae and 13 green-algal taxa (the green cladeViridiplantae as outgroup; Additional file 1: Figure S1A). Firstly, red- and green-algal pt genomes respectively formed a distinct cluster. Secondly, within the red algae lineage, stramenopile species formed a monophyletic cluster. Thirdly, Nannochloropsis as a representative of Eustigmatophyte was closely related to the diatom Thalassiosira. Similar analysis of the mt genomes using a dataset of seven protein-coding genes (2,101 amino-acid positions) present in the lineages of green and red algae revealed that the stramenopile lineages were clustered despite weak support among Nannochloropsis, Thalassiosira and Heterosigma (Additional file 1: Figure S1B). Thus both pt and mt genomes suggested that Nannochloropsis are phylogenetically close to diatoms and brown algae.
In the coding regions of the seven pt genomes, 11,749 SNPs were identified (6,856 transitions, 4,871 transversions and 22 indels), representing a density of 152 SNPs/Kb (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Each of these 22 indels was a triplet of bases, which may not disrupt the open reading frames, reflecting a mechanism by which the cells fine-tune structure and function of encoded proteins. Among the SNPs, 8,845 were synonymous and 2,904 nonsynonymous, with a nonsynonymous/synonymous rate of 0.326.
In the coding region of the seven mt genomes, 4,990 SNPs (2,985 transitions, 1,997 transversions and 8 indels) were identified. The SNP density was 200 SNPs/Kb (Additional file 1: Figure S2), which is about 1.3 times higher than that of their pt counterparts. Similar to pt, indels in mt coding regions did not disrupt the open reading frames. Several parameters describing SNPs were similar between pt and mt, including SNP density (0.152 in pt and 0.200 in mt) and transition/transversion (1.408 in pt and 1.495 in mt).
To test the selection pressure of organelle protein-coding genes, ratio of nonsynonymous (Ka) versus synonymous substitution (Ks) was analyzed, which suggested a strong negative selection might have occurred in Nannochloropsis organelles. Ka/Ks of most pt genes were below 0.09 (except psbK, psbN, psbW, atpF and ycf49; Additional file 1: Figure S3A). Among the 38 mt-encoded genes, Ka/Ks were mostly no more than 0.1 (except orf228, orf51, rps10, rpl5, atp8, rps14 and orf321, Additional file 1: Figure S3B). Notably, the mt orf228 (0.225) and pt psbK (0.098) were of the highest Ka/Ks ratios among all organelle genes. In Nannochloropsis, mean evolutionary rates of pt genes (at 0.031) and mt genes (at 0.064) were significantly lower than those of nuclear genes (at 0.093) (Additional file 1: Figure S3C; ), suggesting pt genomes have been evolving at a rate 50% and 33% of that of mt and nuclear genomes respectively.
Despite the slow evolution of the Nannochloropsis organelle genomes, a single hotspot of structural polymorphism was found in the pt genomes. A large inverted repeat (IR), as a canonical structure of pt genome, was present in the vast majority of higher plants and algae studied so far . In many stramenopile algae such as H. akashiwo, Thalassiosira oceanica and Skeletonema costatum, the IRs are large in size (22 kb, 18 kb and 20 kb, respectively) and include 17 ~ 20 genes (including rRNA genes such as rrn5, rrn16 and rrn23, ribosomal protein genes such as rpl32, rpl21 and rpl34, and photosynthetic genes such as psbA, psbY and psbC; [48, 58]). However, a pair of short IRs (IRa and IRb) each of 5,122 ~ 7,380 bp in size was found in each of the Nannochloropsis pt genomes (Figure 3), suggesting dramatic IR-size contraction. This may be due to the fewer number of genes harbored in the IRs: the ribosomal operon (rrn5, rrn16 and rrn23) was present while ribosomal protein and photosystem genes were absent in each of the Nannochloropsis strains; moreover, psbV, petJ and clpC-I (which were absent in the IRs of diatoms and brown algae [8, 26]) were present in only a subset of the strains (Figure 3A).
Hotspots of structural polymorphism that drive the diversification of organelle genomes. The phylogenetic tree on the left was based on whole-genome alignment of the seven complete mt genomes. (A) Structural and sequence polymorphism of inverted repeat in the pt genomes. (B) Structural and sequence polymorphism of the hotspot in the mt genomes. Within each sub-figure, genomic features were drawn proportionally to their actual length. Grey solid lines, inserted for alignment purposes, were not actual sequences.
Interestingly, among the different Nannochloropsis species, evolutionary patterns of the two IRs (IRa and IRb; Figure 3A) were distinct: IRb were highly conserved, while IRa were extraordinarily hypervariable. There were three types of IRa in Nannochloropsis (Figure 3A): (i) Type I, found in CCMP527 and CCMP537, did not contain a region of petJ-psbV-clpC-I. (ii) Type II, found in CCMP529, CCMP525 and CCMP505, possessed a petJ-psbV-clpC-I that was an exact duplicate of that in IRb. (iii) Type III, present in CCMP531 and IMET1, encompassed a fragmented petJ-psbV-clpC-I, which differed from that in IRb due to a disruption of open reading frame (Additional file 1: Figure S4). The particular type of IRa that a given strain carries appeared to correlate with its specific lineage in Nannochloropsis genus, suggesting ancient IRa-diversifying events that likely have driven the speciation from the common ancestor of present-day Nannochloropsis strains.
Alignment of Type II and Type III IRa (in the five strains) revealed that the structural polymorphism leading to different IRa types was mainly due to hyper variation of sequences in two of the genes: clpC-I_1 and psbV_1. Length of the two genes varied greatly as different start and stop codons were adopted among the strains (Additional file 1: Figure S4). Compared to Type II (CCMP529, CCMP525 and CCMP505), two bases were missing in Type III (IMET1 and CCMP531), resulting in a truncated psbV_1. Moreover, clpC-I_1 ORFs were altered due to several intragenic insertions and deletions.
In the pt genome of higher plants, the border between SSC, LSC and IR exhibited a large degree of variation, in that many genes located in the junction are often lost and thus IR is reduced [59, 60]. IR is important in higher plants because (1) it might stabilize ptDNA organizations , (2) it could mediate intra-molecular homologous recombination and (3) it may increase the relative copy number of rRNA genes . The identification of a variable region located in the junction between IR and SSC in Nannochloropsis suggested an evolutionarily conserved link in hypervariable loci between higher plants and microalgae, however their differences are profound (Figure 3A): (i) Despite the presence of two IR copies in all higher plants and microalgae studied so far, the structural polymorphism is symmetric in higher plants (i.e., both IRs can be polymorphic; ) yet is strictly asymmetric in Nannochloropsis: only IRa were found as polymorphic while IRb were strictly conserved across all the seven strains tested. (ii) Unlike higher plants where the outer-most gene of IR underwent contraction [62, 63], the internal gene of IR underwent contraction in Nannochloropsis. (iii) In higher plants the mechanism driving IR expansion/contraction was believed to be gene conversion and double-strand DNA breaks based on the observation of recombination points and tRNA duplication in IR [57, 64]; however these observations were absent in any of the Nannochloropsis IR, suggesting a different and previously unappreciated mechanism for IR diversification in microalgae.
A single hotspot of sequence variation was also discovered in mt genomes of the seven Nannochloropsis strains (Figure 1D). A pair of large repeats (~3,500 bp long), arranged as direct repeats, was found in N. gaditana CCMP527 and N. salina CCMP537. However only one such copy was present in each of the other strains (Figure 3B). Each of these regions was amplified by long-range PCR and fully sequenced to confirm the copy number variation.
Interestingly, in N. gaditana CCMP527 and N. salina CCMP537 mt genomes, each copy in the pair of large repeats harbors one intron-free cox1 (encoding cytochrome c oxidase I). Such a duplication producing two 99%-identical copies of cox1 was not found in either diatoms or brown algae. In diatom mt genomes (Synedraacus, T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum), a single copy of cox1 (not found within repeats) contained ORFs-harboring introns [28, 65], while in brown algae (Dictyota dichotoma, Fucus vesiculosus and Desmarestia viridis) a single intron-less cox1 was present . Therefore the observed direct repeats that harbor cox1 was likely due to a duplication event in Nannochloropsis before the branching point of N. gaditana and N. salina (Figure 3B; the presence of two large repeats was also noted in N. gaditana CCMP526 mt genome ). Whether the event conveyed any biological consequence to the lineage is unknown.
Molecular markers (DNA barcoding) are a powerful taxonomy tool as compared to morphology-based classification . The seven pairs of complete pt and mt genomes in Nannochloropsis enable the first exhaustive search and full assessment of organelle genes for introgenus phylotyping in microalgae. A pt (and mt) genome based reference phylogenetic tree was first constructed based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of all protein-coding genes on the pt (and mt) genomes of the seven Nannochloropsis strains. Then each orthologous set of the intragenic and intergenic sequences from mt and pt genomes was extracted (a total of 230 individual regions) for construction of individual sequence based phylogenetic trees (Methods). Those orthologous sequence-sets consistent with the reference trees were analyzed further for their sensitivity and specificity in phylotyping. The Euclidean distance between two trees (each represented by one p-distance matrix) was used to quantify the similarity of the encoded phylogeny (Methods).
A total of 54 candidate phylogenetic markers were identified whose nucleotide-sequence-based phylogenetic trees were consistent with the reference trees (Figure 4A). Forty-nine potential markers provided on average 1.5 times higher resolution (with SNP-density above 27%) than the seven commonly used phylogenetic markers (ITS2, cox1, cob, cox2, rbcL, rrn16_mt and 18S) in the interspecies taxonomy (Figure 4A; Table 2). Of these 49 candidates, twelve exhibited higher sensitivity than ITS2, which is the most commonly used microalgal phylogenetic marker at present and in effect provided the highest resolution among presently used phylogenetic markers in microalgae (Figure 4A; Table 2). Among these 12 markers, eight belonged to coding regions and another four to noncoding regions. Those encoded by mt included rps14, rps4, rpl6, rpl5, orf53, rpl14 and rps14-atp9 while those encoded by pt were ycf34, clpA, ycf34-psbD, trnQ(uug)-groEL and trnL(uag)-trnW(cca). Among them, rps14_mt shows the highest resolution with interspecies difference of 37.71% and the Euclidean distance of 0.403 (Table 2), representing a sensitivity of 36.3% higher than ITS2 (interspecies difference of 27.67%).
New inter-species phylogenetic markers for Nannochloropsis. (A) Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity among candidate regions/markers for inter-species phylogenetic reconstruction. The regions/markers derived from genic and intergenic sequences of pt and mt of the seven strains were listed on the X axe. The % nucleotide difference of each region/markers was calculated as the index for sensitivity. The average bootstrap values of all branches in the sequence-specific phylogenetic trees (maximum parsimony; MP) were shown as the index for specificity. *: presently used markers. Arrow: candidate phylogenetic markers that provided higher sensitivity than ITS2. (B) Phylogeny of Nannochloropsis strains reconstructed from the presently used and our proposed sequence markers. Phylograms were derived using MP analysis. *: reference trees based on the concatenated sequences of all pt/mt protein-coding genes. **: presently used markers. Blank box: presently used markers whose phylogenetic reconstructions are not consistent with the reference trees. CCMP537 was assigned as the root for each of the trees.
Note: “-” indicated that the gene was not encoded by the organelle genomes. *Difference = SNP/Size; **Difference between IMET1 and CCMP531; ***A measure of the similarity between two trees calculated from the two p-distance matrixes that each represents a phylogenetic tree; ****Square deviation of the corresponding p-distance between two matrixes.
Furthermore, these new sequence markers yielded a phylogeny consistent with the reference trees. Among those presently used markers, however, only cox1 (but not psbA, rbcL, cox2 and rrn16_mt) produced a phylogeny in consensus with the reference trees (Figure 4B). The psbA, rbcL, cox2 and rrn16_mt are not suitable for distinguishing closely related species due to their low SNP-density (4.16%-13.53% among the six Nannochloropsis species; Table 2), especially among N. oceanica (IMET1 and CCMP531), N.oculata CCMP525 and N.granulata CCMP529 (SNP-density ranging from 0.64% to 3.74%). Thus the newly identified candidate markers may be more suitable than current markers for species classification in Nannochloropsis.
To test their wider applicability, these new candidate markers (rps14, rps4, rpl6, rpl5, orf53, rpl14, ycf34 and clpA) were searched in available organelle genomes from other algal genera: they were rarely present in mt or pt genomes of the green lineage (e. g. Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Dunaliella). ITS2 and 18S rRNA are universally found and widely used for species-level identification in higher plants and algae, however their resolution is limited as shown in this study. Moreover, being localized on the nuclear genomes, ITS2 and 18S rRNA genes can become divergent paralogous copies as a result of incomplete concerted evolution and sexual incompatibility among individuals [68, 69]. Our proposed new organelle markers provide certain advantages: higher discriminatory power, clonal modes of evolution and non-Mendelian inheritance [70, 71]. Our analysis also suggested different microalgal lineages may require different sets of organelle marker genes for reliable and sensitive intragenus phylotyping.
Intraspecies divergence of microalgal genomes can be significant: despite their close phylogenetic relationship, the comparison of nuclear genomes revealed significant differences in coding sequences between the two N. oceanica strains IMET1 and CCMP531 (2.6% IMET1-specific genes; Methods). Therefore sensitive and reliable phylogenetic markers for intraspecies phylotyping are crucial. We tested the presently used markers and the candidate species-level markers identified above on the two N. oceanica strains IMET1 and CCMP531. All presently used phylogenetic markers were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish IMET1 and CCMP531 due to their low SNP density (e.g. 0, 0, 2, 1 SNPs were respectively detected in cox1, rbcL, 18S and ITS2). In fact, between IMET1 and CCMP531, merely 87 and 129 SNPs were found in pt and mt genomes respectively. Moreover the SNP loci were physically distributed in a scattered manner, confounding their utilization via PCR followed by sequencing for phylogenetic analysis (Figure 1C, 1D).
To identify the most variable regions between IMET1 and CCMP531, the full lengths of IMET1 and CCMP531 organelle genomes were aligned. Only three highly variable regions (rps11_mt-nad4, rps3_mt and cox2-rrn16_mt) were found (Table 3), each with at least 5 SNPs per 1,000 bases. There were 8, 7 and 14 SNPs in rps11-nad4, rps3 and cox2-rrn16, respectively and all these SNPs were synonymous substitutions. On IMET1 and CCMP531, the combined sequences of these three regions provided at least two-fold higher resolution than the above-mentioned presently used and new markers (Figure 5A). Thus combination of the three regions, as Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) markers, can provide higher resolution for intraspecies discrimination.
Multiple locus sequence tag for high-resolution phylotyping of three closely related N. oceanica strains . (A) Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity among candidate regions/markers for intra-species discrimination. The regions/markers derived from genic and intergenic sequences of pt and mt of the N.oceanica strains (IMET1 and CCMP531) were listed on the X axe. The % nucleotide difference of each region/markers was calculated as the index for sensitivity. The bootstrap values of the IMET1-CCMP531 branches in the sequence-specific phylogenetic trees (maximum parsimony; MP) were shown as the index for specificity. *: presently used markers. Arrow: the three regions (rps11_mt-nad4, rps3_mt and cox2-rrn16_mt) for Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). (B) Phylogeny of IMET1, CCMP531 and CCMP1779 as reconstructed from three MLST loci. Grey background: identical loci in two strains. Blank box and *: A base that is different between CCMP1779 and IMET1.
Note: “-” indicated that the mutation was located at a non-protein-coding region.
To further test whether these MLST markers can be used for intraspecies phylogenetic reconstruction, we PCR-amplified and sequenced the three candidate MLST loci in CCMP1779, another N.oceanica strain whose nuclear genome along with partial plastid and mitochondrial genomes was recently released . Despite significant divergence in the encoded proteome between IMET1 and CCMP1779 (1.8% IMET1-specific genes and 7.2% CCMP1779-specific genes; Methods), one of the presently used markers and our newly proposed Nannochloropsis species-level markers were able to discriminate the two strains. However, one high-quality SNP (confirmed by re-sequencing on both directions) was found in the cox2-rrn16_mt region of the IMET1 and CCMP1779 mt genomes. Thus our proposed MLST marker-set consisting of rps11_mt-nad4, rps3_mt and cox2-rrn16_mt, were able to discriminate the three closely related N. oceanica strains (Figure 5B). Moreover the reconstructed phylogeny based on the marker-set was consistent with that based on the whole-genome comparison (Figure 5B). These findings thus suggested a strategy for high-resolution intra-species typing of microalgae.
On the other hand, a total of 26 simple short repeats (SSRs; or microsatellites) were identified in the organelle genomes of IMET1 and CCMP531. Eleven of these SSRs were from pt genomes and 15 from mt genomes (Table 4). Between the two strains, 11 of the SSRs were shared. However two strain-specific SSRs were found in IMET1 pt genome: one poly (G) 14 mononucleotide intergenic sequence between psbV and clpB and one multiple (TA) 7 dinucleotide sequence located in trnK(uuu)-trnG(gcc). Moreover a specific poly (A) 12 mononucleotide genic sequence located in rps3 was found specifically in CCMP531 mt genome. SSRs offer potential advantage for strain discrimination as they are locus-specific, PCR-friendly and highly polymorphic . Thus the three specific SSRs identified can be used to identify CCMP531 and IMET1. As SSR loci can be strain-specific, a searchable database of microalgal SSRs such as those reported here can be established for high-resolution microalgal strain-typing.
* SSRs that are specifically present in IMET1 or CCMP531.
The complete organelle genome sequences of seven strains from six Nannochloropsis species enabled the first systematic analysis of organelle evolution within a microalgal genus. Both pt and mt genomes of Nannochloropsis were among the most compact known in stramenopiles, with the absence of introns, tight packaging of genes and a paucity of disperse repeats. Being highly conserved in gene content, gene size and gene order and strongly negatively selected in protein-coding regions, the pt and mt genomes were evolving at a rate 33% and 66%, respectively, of that occurred in nuclear genomes.
In Nannochloropsis, the pt genome diversification was driven by asymmetric evolution of two copies of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb), while mt genome evolution was shaped by a single evolution hotspot varied in copy-number of a 3.5Kb-long, cox1-harboring repeat. Genomic engineering of plastids, the primary energy production site in the cell, offers many opportunities to improve algal feedstock productivity. Transgene integration into a plastid genome may occur via homologous recombination of flanking sequences used in vectors. However, plastid transformation vectors are usually species-specifically designed, leading to low efficiency and even intractability in other species . The high degree of conservation of pt and mt genomes suggested the feasibility of “universal vector” based on the highly conserved intergenic spacer regions. On the other hand, discovery of the evolutionary hotspots (i.e. IR in the pt genomes and the large repeats harboring cox1 in the mt genomes) and the mechanism underlying the polymorphism should guide rational genetic engineering of plastids for possible phenotypic trait improvement and even for de novo design of organelle genomes for a synthetic algal cell .
This organelle phylogenome dataset, the most comprehensive for a microalgal genus to-date, also provided a first opportunity to evaluate existing phylogenetic reconstruction and strain-typing strategies in microalgae. Our analysis showed that, despite their wide uses in distinguishing among different microalgal genera, existing organelle gene markers (cox1, cox2, psbA, rbcL and rrn16_mt) and nuclear gene markers (ITS2 and 18S) have limited power in distinguishing closely related species due to the low SNP densities in these genes. Exhaustive searches and evaluation of all coding and non-coding sequences on the organelle genomes enabled us to propose the strategy for intra-genus phylotyping of microalgae: (i) twelve sequence markers of higher sensitivity than ITS2 (the most widely used microalgal phylogenetic marker at present) for interspecies phylogeny, (ii) genus-specific multi-locus sequence tag of rps11_mt-nad4, rps3_mt and cox2-rrn16_mt for intraspecies phylogenetic analysis, and (iii) several SSR loci for reliable strain identification. As a result, new community resources such as databases of genus-specific phylogenetic markers and strain-identifier sequences (e.g. SSRs) should be developed for microalgae. The intragenus analysis strategy developed in this study may be generally applicable to other microalgal genera. As screening, development and protection of microalgae frequently demand species-, strain- and even isolate-level resolution, our findings may be valuable to the expanding algal biotechnology community.
Nannochloropsis strains including N. oceanica CCMP531, N. salina CCMP537, N. gaditana CCMP527, N. oculata CCMP525, N. limnetica CCMP505 and N. granulata CCMP529 were from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (CCMP). Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1 was from the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute. All of them were cultivated in liquid modified f/2 medium containing sterilized seawater (salinity1.5%, w/v) at 25°C under light–dark cycles of 12 h:12 h at an exposure intensity of 40 μmol/m2sec. Genomic DNA was then extracted via a published protocol .
All the organelle genomes were extracted from the whole-genome sequencing project of seven Nannochloropsis strains. Firstly, the high-quality draft genome sequence of Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1 was generated using a hybrid sequencing and assembly strategy that combines the powers of pair-ended reads from 454 and Solexa. The pt and mt genomes of IMET1 were assembled from whole-genome shotgun reads using Newbler-v2.5.3 (Roche, Switzerland) and SOAPaligner-v2.21 and then were manually finished using the Phred-Phrap-Consed package [77–79]. The IMET1 pt and mt sequences were circled into complete genomes with the support of high-quality reads. The IMET1 organelle genomes then served as a reference for assembly of other organelle genomes. Secondly, draft sequences of the other six Nannochloropsis strains were extracted from their whole-genome assemblies by blast using IMET1 sequence as a reference. Long Range PCR Kit (Takara) was employed using total genomic DNA as template to identify, confirm or bridge the gaps. Direction of single- and large-copy segments were also confirmed using PCR. Moreover the four junctions between the single-copy segments and inverted repeats were confirmed based on PCR product sequencing. Sequences from PCR products were assembled into the shotgun assemblies using CodonCode Aligner-v3.7.1 (CodonCodeCorp., USA).
The organelle genomes were firstly annotated using DOGMA . Genes not detected by DOGMA were identified by Blastx (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) and ORF Finder (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf). Ribosomal RNA genes were identified using RNAmmer . Transfer RNA genes were identified using DOGMA and tRNAscan-SE 1.21 , and then confirmed by ERPIN and TFAM Webserver-v1.3. Short repeat sequences including direct and inverted repeats in pt genome were discovered using REPuter at repeat length of at least 30 bp and with a Hamming distance of 3. Tandem repeats were detected by Tandem Repeat Finder V4.0.4. Multiple sequence alignments of pt or mt genomes were performed via MEGA-v4.1-ClustalW . Full alignments with annotations were visualized with VISTA . The genetic divergence represented by p-distance was calculated by MEGA-v4.1. The circular gene maps of organelle genomes were drawn by GenomeVx followed by manual modification.
To reconstruct whole-organelle based phylogeny, pt and mt datasets were assembled on the basis of genomes available in public databases and those newly sequenced in this study. Deduced amino acid sequences of each set of orthologous protein-coding genes were aligned using MUSCLE 3.7 (multiple sequence alignment by log-expectation) . The ambiguously aligned regions in each alignment were removed and optimized using GBLOCKS 0.91b with the -b2 option (minimal number of sequences for a flank position) set to 13. The concatenated protein alignments were used to infer phylogenetic trees using PhyML 2.4.4 with the approximate likelihood ratio test . Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) analysis was performed with MEGA4.1 .
A total of 37 mt and 110 pt protein-coding sequences among the seven Nannochloropsis strains were respectively aligned with MEGA-v4.1-ClustalW, using a maximum of 1,000 iterations for alignment refinement. Nonsynonymous substitutions rate (Ka), synonymous substitutions rate (Ks) and their ratio were estimated using the yn00 program of the PAML 4.4c with the codon frequencies model F3 × 4 as substitution matrix. Ka and Ks were determined by the Nei-Gojobori method as implemented in yn00.
To mine the SNPs, the two sets (pt and mt) of genome sequences were respectively aligned with MEGA4.1-ClustalW. The SNPs were validated manually. To construct the phylogeny based on individual sequences, a total of 230 pt and mt coding and non-coding regions were employed to reconstruct phylogenetic trees by Maximum Parsimony (MP) via Phylip-v3.69 . CCMP537 was assigned as the root for each of the trees. Then each of the sequence-based phylogenetic trees was individually compared with the corresponding pt or mt reference trees by Topd (TOPological Distance; ). The Euclidean distance of p-distance matrixes was used as the quantitative measure of the similarity between two trees (e.g. the test tree and the reference tree). Those trees consistent with reference trees were extracted to further analyze their power of discrimination.
To screen for intra-species markers for the N. oceanica strains, the organelle sequences of IMET1 and CCMP531 were aligned with MEGA4.1-ClustalW. Scatter diagram of variable-site distribution was drawn by DnaSP 4.10.7 , with a window length of 500 sites and a step size of 25 sites. Those sections with S-value of at least 6 were selected as highly variable regions. SNPs were validated by manual inspection and if necessary via targeted sequencing.
The complete sequences of the 14 plastid and mitochondrial genomes were deposited at GenBank: KC598086 and KC568456 for IMET1, KC598085 and KC568456 for CCMP529, KC598088 and KC568458 for CCMP537, KC598089 and KC568459 for CCMP505, KC598087 and KC568460 for CCMP525, KC598084 and KC568461 for CCMP527, and KC598090 and KC568462 for CCMP531.
Li Wei, Yi Xin contributed equally to this work.
This work was supported by National Basic Research Program from Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012CB721101), International Research Collaboration Program (31010103907) from National Natural Science Foundation of China and International Innovation Partnership Program from Chinese Academy of Sciences. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.X. (xujian@qibebt.ac.cn).
JX, LW, YX, QH and FC designed and coordinated the study. DW and XJ contributed to whole genome sequencing project; LW, YX and JJ performed experiments; QZ, XS and KN participated in bioinformatics analysis; LW and YX carried out data analysis. LW, YX and JX wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. |
0.981205 | Title text: This exotic blade was wrought from a different fallen star. The meteorite was a carbonaceous chondrite, so it's basically a lump of gravel glued into the shape of a sword. A SPACE sword!
The comic explains how weapons would really behave if they were made out of unusual materials. In fantasy stories, using unusual materials for weapons traditionally makes the weapons more powerful and cooler despite limited explanation for exactly why materials of extraterrestrial origin are so superior to their earthen counterparts.
The first panel is a reference to a fairly common fantasy trope: the use of iron meteorites for making weapons and armour (for example the sword "Brisingr" of the Inheritance series, "Anglachel" in the Tolkien Legendarium or the bear's armour in Pullman's Northern Lights). The quality of such metal can be rather hit-and-miss. On one hand, iron from meteorites was often mixed with "terrestrial" iron in the early stages of human development to create relatively high quality steel for swords. Undeveloped metalworking techniques at the time meant that extraterrestrial metal was often more refined and plentiful than man-made metal ingots. With that in mind, however, research has shown that meteorites have an abundance of the chemical element Antimony (Sb) which by itself is a very brittle metal and therefore swords forged from metals harvested from meteorites may not be as strong as lore would have one think.
The second panel is a reference to stories set in Middle-earth and the sword is either Orcrist, Glamdring or Sting (The Swords of Thorin, Gandalf and Bilbo/Frodo) which glow blue when Orcs are near. The dagger in question, though, glows because of the radioactive properties of Actinium (Ac) which is also highly toxic. Definitely not a dagger you would want to carry around for your every day battles.
The word "Eldritch" in the third panel means sinister, ghostly, or magical.
The fourth panel mentions that the weapon gives a +2 to a player's attribute. This is a reference to role-playing games in which it is common to find items that are able to improve one's character by increasing desirable attributes. In this case, however, +2 to cancer risk, a consequence of the dagger's radioactivity, would definitely not be considered a desirable attribute to increase.
In the title text, the salesman tries to sell Cueball another meteoric blade, this one made from a carbonaceous chondrite. Carbonaceous chondrites are rocky meteors that generally don't contain a lot of metallic iron. The salesman is either stating that the blade is simply a bunch of nonferrous meteor fragments glued together in the shape of a sword, or stating that the iron he got out of the meteor is so full of impurities that it may as well be gravel. However, because it's made of extraterrestrial material he seems confident he'll still be able to sell it on novelty value alone.
Salesman: This sword was forged from a fallen star. Antimony impurities make the blade surpassingly brittle and weak.
Salesman: And this dagger is made of metal from a far-off kingdom. It glows blue.
Off-panel: When orcs are near?
Salesman: No, always. Radiation from the Actinium content.
Megan: ...Does it have Eldritch powers?
Salesman: It gives the wearer +2 to cancer risk.
Cueball: I think we should find another shop.
Actually the first extra terrestrial tools belonged to a man who lived when the earth was inhabited by angels. They needed to find weapons to manage the brontosaurii or giants that lived in those days and were killing everyone. So he developed metallurgy and got the credit for such by god.
Lol. 'Ferengi States of America' Genius.
Both of the swords can be taken as references to the Tolkien Legendarium. The first, made from a fallen star, could be a reference to Anglachel (Gurthang). Anglachel is a sword from First Age Middle Earth that was crafted from a fallen star. Turin Turambar reforged it as Gurthang. After the Fourth Age, it is the sword that Turin uses to ultimately kill Morgoth.
This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 15:23. |
0.981506 | Mother's father: Pop-Pop Father's mother: Gramma (a form of Grandma) Father's father: Grampa (a form of Grandpa) My mother's father is Italian, her mother is a mixture of British, German, Irish, etc., and my father's parents are Polish and Irish. I'm Korean (I'm adopted), but I feel that my grandparents are my. sibling, we have the same father and mother, first name; sometimes Bro, first name; sometimes Sis. brother, sister. uncle, aunt, sibling of my parent, Uncle [first name], Aunt/Auntie [first name]. grandparent, parent of my parent, Grandfather, Grandpa, Grandmother, Grandma. grand-father, grand-mother. cousin, child of my. Mum: I just don't understand him sometimes. Suzy: Why would he do that to poor old innocent Grandpa? Felicity: Aww look at him, he's traumatised. Cary: It's ok Grandpa. The family then gather around Grandpa and begin to pamper him a little, saying nice things to try make him feel better, and Grandpa smiles a cheeky .
Happy Mother's Day Mother's father: Pop-Pop Father's mother: Gramma (a form of Grandma) Father's father: Grampa (a form of Grandpa) My mother's father is Italian, her mother is a mixture of British, German, Irish, etc., and my father's parents are Polish and Irish. I'm Korean (I'm adopted), but I feel that my grandparents are my. Mum: I just don't understand him sometimes. Suzy: Why would he do that to poor old innocent Grandpa? Felicity: Aww look at him, he's traumatised. Cary: It's ok Grandpa. The family then gather around Grandpa and begin to pamper him a little, saying nice things to try make him feel better, and Grandpa smiles a cheeky . Alex is the same size as Mum and if she was determined to gowith Charlie there's no way that Mum could persuade her to stay. 'And Ican't abandon Granny and Grandpa,' Mum continues, looking over atme with exhausted eyes. 'They need me here. There's no knowing where Grandpa might be–he could have gone miles. |
0.839426 | What are Greeks and people living in Greece in general thinking and feeling at the moment?
I think a video entitled ‘Central heating now a luxury for many in Greece’, posted recently on Yahoo News UK (http://uk.news.yahoo.com/video/central-heating-now-luxury-many-040000369.html), is indicative of that. The main message of the video is that after a mild autumn, temperatures are now falling fast in Greece but with the price of heating fuel higher than ever before owing to new taxes, many crisis-hit households fear that they may not be able to afford to warm their homes. |
0.999994 | Iceland is the home of many people. It is an isolated country near the Arctic Circle making the country a very cold place to live in. There are also plenty of beautiful sceneries you can view and have access to various recreational activities. Before moving to Iceland, you should evaluate these pros and cons of living in the country.
1. Free electricity and energy: Iceland is the world’s leader in harnessing clean and cheap energy from the geothermal power stations.
2. Safe place: Iceland is a very peaceful country. You don’t have to worry about any conflicts or feel in any danger. There is a low crime rate in the country.
3. Freedom: There is freedom of religion in the country although the country has a state church known as the national church of Iceland. The government keeps track of all religious affiliation for its citizens.
4. Outdoor Activities: The country has plenty of outdoor activities to offer. They are a lot of whale’s inhabitant in the ocean giving great opportunities to fishing and boating.
5. Beautiful landscape: Iceland is good-looking with various Islands, East fjords, erupting geyser, geothermal pools, and other natural attraction sites which attract people to the place.
6. Language: English and Danish language are included in the education system thus making it easy for Icelanders to use both languages. Learning how to speak their national language, Icelandic can be difficult.
8. Equality: The country aims for gender equality and fair treatment of all although there may be some gender pay gap. As there are as many women in high positions as men, it shows that they value equality.
9. Climate: Although the country is known to be cold, some special features make the country to be warmer than it is expected to be compared to its distance from the equator. Gulf streams help in keeping the country warm.
10. High GDP: Compared to countries like Canada, Norway, and Australia, Iceland has the highest GDP. There is also a high human development index in terms of literacy levels and life expectancy.
1. Earthquakes: There are frequent earthquakes and volcano eruptions which can lead to huge loss of life and property.
2. The high cost of living: Iceland relies mostly on imports increasing the prices of commodities. It is the world’s most expensive country to live in.
3. Dark in winter: During winter, there is a lot of darkness because the sun does not come out for the better part of the day.
4. Controlled alcohol consumption: Iceland have state-run liquor stores thus if you want to consume liquor you have to plan for early in advance.
5. Isolated in the global economy: The country faced challenges from the global economic crisis which forced the country to seek a bailout from the Internal Monetary Fund and they are slowly trying to recover.
6. Cold Weather: The country is very cold with temperatures going up to 30.50 Celsius. During the year, the temperatures can go above 50 C.
7. Strict immigration rules: There are stiff rules on moving to Iceland especially if moving from America or any other content. The rules are much easier if moving from Europe to come and live in the country.
8. Cultural differences: Not only will you be met by difficult language, you will also experience cultural barriers. Many Icelanders do not like small talks with strangers or even talk to the neighbors.
9. Long working hours: Compared to other countries in Europe, Iceland has long working hours per week.
10. Isolated country: People stay on an isolated Island with few people and cannot go away any time they wish to. |
0.999999 | Who has won the most British Open titles?
Only one golfer, Harry Vardon, has won the British Open more than five times.
Vardon, who won his first in 1896, has won the competition six times. He finished victorious in 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1911 and 1914. Although he was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1903, Vardon made a his return to the course and made a remarkable comeback to win two more.
Four golfers have won the British Open five times including J.H. Taylor, James Braid, Peter Thomson and Tom Watson.
Watson is the most recent winner of the pack, winning his last in 1983.
Jordan Spieth won the 2017 Open Championship and Henrik Stenson captured the title the year before. Phil Mickelson captured his only title in 2013, while Tiger Woods has won three times, in 2000, 2005 and 2006. |
0.969618 | Places and geographical objects in Indonesia. Zoom in the map to level 7 to see the objects on the map.
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement. Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement. Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
North Sumatra North Sumatra (Indonesian: Sumatera Utara, is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the island of Sumatra, and its capital is Medan. North Sumatra is fourth most populous province in Indonesia after West Java, East Java and Central Java and the most populous Indonesian province outside Java, with over 13,5 million inhabitants in 2014.
Aceh Aceh (Acehnese: Acèh; Jawi: اچيه; Dutch: Atjeh or Acheh; Indonesian: Provinsi Aceh) is a special region of Indonesia. The territory is located at the northern end of Sumatra. Its capital is Banda Aceh. It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea. There are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 70 to 75% of the region's population.
South Sumatra South Sumatra Province (Indonesian: Provinsi Sumatera Selatan; Jawi: سوماتيرا سلاتن) is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the southern part of Sumatra Island, east of the Bukit Barisan Mountains. It spans 91,592.43 km2 (35,364 sq mi) and had a population of 7,450,394 at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate is 10,675,862 (as at May 2015). The capital of the province is Palembang.
West Sumatra West Sumatra (Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar, Jawi: سومترا بارت, Minangkabau: Sumatera Baraik) is a province of Indonesia. It lies on the west coast of the island of Sumatra. The latest official estimate for January 2014 shows a population of 5,098,790. West Sumatra is sub-divided into 12 regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces in Indonesia, except Java province. Its capital is Padang.
North Sulawesi North Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, on the Minahasa Peninsula. The province's capital and largest city is Manado, and its population was 2,270,596 according to the 2010 census; the latest official estimate (for January 2014) is 2,382,941.
Southeast Sulawesi Southeast Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Tenggara, abbreviation: Sultra) is a province on the Sulawesi, forming the southeastern peninsula of that island, together with a number of large offshore islands such as Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawonii, with smaller islands. The capital is Kendari, on the east coast of the peninsula. The province has no highway road connecting to the rest of the island, and the primary transportation link is a ferry across the Bone Gulf between Watampone (Bone) in South Sulawesi and the port of Kolaka in Southeast Sulawesi.
Central Sulawesi Central Sulawesi (Indonesian Sulawesi Tengah) is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. Its capital and largest city is Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,633,420 for the province, while the latest official estimate (for January 2014) is 2,839,290. Established in 1964, Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,841.29 km2 (23,877 sq mi). It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west.
South Sulawesi South Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Selatan) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago is also part of the province. The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island (46% of the population of Sulawesi is in South Sulawesi), and the sixth most populous province in Indonesia.
Riau Riau (Jawi: رياو, Chinese: 廖内; pinyin: Liào nèi), is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. Until 2004 the province included the offshore Riau Islands, a large group of small islands (of which the principal islands are Batam and Bintan) located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore, before these islands were split off as Riau Islands Province in July 2004. The provincial capital of Riau Province and its largest city is Pekanbaru. Other major cities include Dumai, Selat Panjang, Bagansiapiapi, Bengkalis, Bangkinang, Rengat and Siak Sri Indrapura.
East Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesian: Nusa Tenggara Timur – NTT) is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the eastern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands and includes West Timor. It has a total area of 48,718.1 km2, and the population at the 2010 Census was 4,683,827; the latest official estimate in January 2014 was 5,070,746. The provincial capital is Kupang on West Timor.
West Nusa Tenggara West Nusa Tenggara (Indonesian: Nusa Tenggara Barat – NTB) is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the exception of Bali which is its own province. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. The 2010 census recorded the population at 4,496,855; the latest estimate (for January 2014) is 4,702,389. The province's area is 19,708.79 km2.The two largest islands in the province are Lombok in the west and the larger Sumbawa island in the east.
Maluku Maluku (Indonesian: Provinsi Maluku) (English: Moluccas) is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the central and southern regions of the Maluku Islands. The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. The province had a population of 1,533,506 at the 2010 Census, and the latest estimate (for January 2014) is 1,708,190.
Lampung Lampung is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra and borders the provinces of Bengkulu and South Sumatra which lie to the north. Lampung is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language and have their own alphabet. Its capital is Bandar Lampung. Lampung is commonly known for its geological instability in terms of earthquakes and volcanoes. On 10 May 2005, an earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter scale struck the province. The historical volcano blast of Krakatau which occurred in 1883, had disastrous consequences.
East Kalimantan East Kalimantan (Indonesian: ) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It has a population of about 3.5 million, and its capital is Samarinda. East Kalimantan has a total area of 129,066.64 square kilometres (49,832.91 sq mi) and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan. The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and North Sulawesi; its coastline faces the Makassar Strait and the Celebes Sea. Its former northernmost region is now North Kalimantan; to its south, East Kalimantan borders the South Kalimantan province. The province bordered Sabah before the split, but still borders Sarawak.
Central Kalimantan Central Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Tengah), is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangkaraya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the latest official estimate (for January 2014) is 2,368,654.
South Kalimantan South Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Selatan) is a province of Indonesia. It is located in Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of Borneo. The provincial capital is Banjarmasin. The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate (for January 2014) is 3,913,908. One of five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east, Central Kalimantan in the west and north, the Java Sea in the south, and East Kalimantan in the north.
West Kalimantan West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat, Chinese: 西加里曼丹; pinyin: Xī jiālǐmàndān) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city is Pontianak. The province has an area of 147,307 km² with a recorded 2010 census population of 4,395,983 . Ethnic groups include the Dayak, Malay, Chinese, Javanese, Bugis, and Madurese. The latest official estimate (as at January 2014) is 4,546,439.
Central Java Central Java (Indonesian: Jawa Tengah, abbreviated as Jateng) is a province of Indonesia. This province is located in the middle of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. The province is 32,800.69 km2 in area, approximately a quarter of the total land area of Java. Its population was 33,753,023 at the 2015 Census; it the third most populated province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java.
West Java West Java (Indonesian: Jawa Barat, abbreviated as \Jabar\, Sundanese: Jawa Kulon) is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the western part of the island of Java and its capital and largest urban center is Bandung, although much of its population in the northwest corner of the province live in areas suburban to the even larger urban area of Jakarta, even though that city itself lies outside the administrative province. The province's population is 46.3 million (in 2014) and it is the most populous and most densely populated of Indonesia's provinces.
Jambi Jambi (Indonesian: Provinsi Jambi, Jawi: جمبي), is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and its capital is Jambi. The province has a land area of 50,058.16 km2, and it has a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 Census; by January 2014 this had risen to 3,412,459.
Papua Papua Province (Indonesian: Provinsi Papua) is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia. It lies in West Papua region, which comprises the Indonesian western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. Papua is bordered by the nation of Papua New Guinea to the east, and by West Papua province to the west. Its capital is Jayapura. It was formerly called Irian Jaya (before that West Irian or Irian Barat) and comprised all of Indonesian New Guinea. In 2002 the current name was adopted and in 2003 West Papua province was created within West Papua region from western parts of Papua province.
Bengkulu Bengkulu, historically known as Bencoolen or British Bencoolen, is one of the Provinces of Indonesia and is located in the southwest coast of Sumatra. It was formed on 18 November 1968 by separating out the former Bengkulu Residency area from South Sumatra (Sumatra Selatan) province under Law No. 9 of 1967 and was realized by Government Regulation No. 20 of 1968. Spread over 19,813 km2, it is bordered by the provinces of West Sumatra (Sumatra Barat) to the north, Jambi to the northeast, Lampung to the southeast, South Sumatra (Sumatra Selatan) to the east, and the India Ocean to the northwest, south, southwest, and west.
Bali Bali (Balinese: ᬩᬮᬶ) is an island and province of Indonesia. The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. It is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. Its capital, Denpasar, is located in the southern part of the island.
Banten Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java, in Indonesia. The provincial capital city is Serang. The population of Banten was officially estimated at 11,834,087 at the start of 2014, up from over 10.6 million during the 2010 census. Formerly part of the province of West Java, Banten became a separate province in 2000. The province is a transit corridor to the neighbouring Indonesian island of Sumatra.
Gorontalo Gorontalo (Indonesian: Gorontalo) is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the northern tip of the island of Sulawesi on the Minahassa Peninsula. The province's population was 1,040,164 at the 2010 census, and the latest estimate (for January 2014) is 1,134,498; its capital is the city of Gorontalo. The province was established in December 2000 being split off from the province of North Sulawesi.
Bangka-Belitung Islands The Bangka-Belitung Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Jawi: بڠک بليتوڠ, Chinese: 邦加-勿里洞; pinyin: Bāng jiā - wù lǐ dòng) is a province of Indonesia, previously a part of South Sumatra Province. Lying off Sumatra, the province comprises two main islands, Bangka and Belitung, and several smaller ones. In 2010 its population was 1,223,048. The capital is Pangkal Pinang.
North Maluku North Maluku (Indonesian: Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands. The provincial capital is Sofifi, on Halmahera, and the largest population center is the island of Ternate. The Maluku Islands was formerly administered as a single province, however, in 1999 it was split into two provinces, with North Maluku being created out of the northern section of the province of Maluku.
West Papua West Papua (Indonesian: Papua Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea. Its capital is Manokwari, although the largest city is Sorong, and the 2010 census recorded a population of 760,855; the latest official estimate (as at January 2014) is 877,437.
West Sulawesi West Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the western of the Sulawesi island. Its capital is Mamuju and the 2010 Census recorded a population of 1,158,651; the latest official estimate (for January 2014) is 1,284,620. The province was established in 2004 and used to be part of the South Sulawesi.
Riau Islands (Not to be confused with Riau Archipelago or Riau Province.) Riau Islands Province (Indonesian; Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, acronym; Kepri, Jawi: كڤولاوان رياو, Chinese: 廖内群岛; pinyin: Liào nèi qúndǎo), is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the principal group of the Riau Archipelago along with other island groups to the south, east and northeast. In Indonesian, Riau Islands and Riau Archipelago are synonymous and are distinguished by the word for province, \Provinsi\. Originally part of the Riau province, the Riau Islands were split off as a separate province in September 2002.
North Kalimantan North Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. The territory now comprising the province had a population of approximately 525,000 according to the 2010 census; the latest official estimate (for December 2013) is 628,331. North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west, and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to the south. |
0.978948 | To make someone or something extremely or thoroughly wet, especially through multiple layers. Jane soaked my books through when she sprayed me with the garden hose on my way home from school. I hope the kids get home soon, or that rain is going to soak them through!
[for liquid] to work its way through something, such as cloth or paper. Please wipe up that mess before it soaks through the tablecloth. It's too late. The grape juice has soaked through the carpet into the mat.
To drench someone or something: I forgot to cover my backpack, and now my sleeping bag is soaked through. The rainstorm soaked me through to the skin. |
0.999883 | AGGREGATE EXPENDITURES: The total expenditures on gross domestic product undertaken in a given time period by the four sectors -- household, business, government, and foreign. Expenditures made by each of these sectors are specifically labeled consumption expenditures, investment expenditures, government purchases, and net exports. Aggregate expenditures (AE) are a cornerstone in the study of macroeconomics, playing critical roles in Keynesian economics, aggregate market analysis, and to a lesser degree, monetarism.
The total quantity of output produced by a firm for a given quantity of inputs. Total product is the foundation upon which the analysis of short-run production for a firm is based. The usual framework is to analyze total product when a variable input (labor) changes, while a fixed input (capital) does not change. Two related concepts derived from total product are average product and marginal product.
Total product is the overall quantity of output that a firm produces, usually specified in relation to a variable input. Total product is the starting point for the analysis of short-run production. It indicates how much output a firm can produce according to the law of diminishing marginal returns.
The table to the right provides a few hypothetical numbers that can be used to investigate the relation between total product and the variable input. These numbers represent the hourly production of Shady Valley's favorite meal, Super Deluxe TexMex Gargantuan Tacos (with sour cream and jalapeno peppers).
The column on the left is the variable input, specifically the number of workers employed by Waldo's TexMex Taco World, which ranges from 0 to 10. While the number of workers is variable, the quantity of capital, specifically the restaurant associated equipment, is fixed.
The column on the right is the total product, the total number of TexMex Gargantuan Tacos produced each hour. Total product, Gargantuan Taco production, ranges from a low of 0 to a high of 125. Note that 125 TexMex Gargantuan Tacos is NOT that production achieved with all 10 workers, but rather the production for either 7 or 8 workers. Maximum production does NOT necessarily result from maximum use of the variable input.
What other sorts of observations can be made about this table?
For one, total Gargantuan Taco production generally increases with the employment of extra workers, at least for the first 8 workers. This should be expected. If a firm uses more inputs, then it should get more output.
For two, total Gargantuan Taco production does not ALWAYS increase with extra workers. Total product does reach a maximum of 125 Gargantuan Tacos with the employment of 7 workers, remains 125 Gargantuan Tacos with 8 workers, then falls with the addition of the 9th and 10th workers.
For three, total Gargantuan Taco production increases a great deal for the first and second workers, but it does not increase nearly as much for the 6th and 7th workers.
First, continuing to add a variable input to a fixed input ultimately leads to a maximum total product. Given the fixed size of the Waldo's TexMex Taco World restaurant and associated capital, there is just no way to produce more than 125 Gargantuan Tacos. The capacity of this capital is reached with 7 workers.
Second, total product does not increase in a linear fashion as more of a variable input is added to a fixed input. The first few workers contribute more to the production of Gargantuan Tacos than subsequent workers. This is not because the first few workers are better, more highly skilled, or more dedicated. As far as Gargantuan Taco production is concerned all workers are identical. Something else is afoot here.
Total product does not increase in a linear fashion due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. This law states that as more of a variable input is added to a fixed input in short-run production, then the marginal product (that is, the marginal returns) of the variable input eventually declines.
For example, the second employee of Waldo's TexMex Taco World might increase taco production from 20 to 50 (a change of 30 tacos), the sixth worker increases production only from 110 to 120 (a change of 10 tacos).
The total product curve is a graphical representation of the relation between the total product and the variable input. The total product curve for Gargantuan Taco production is displayed to the right.
The "overall" slope of this curve is positive, with extra workers "generally" leading to greater production. However, the curve has a distinctive shape, emerging steeply from the origin, then flattening, and eventually declining. The shape of this curve is attributable to the law of diminishing marginal returns.
Consistent with the numbers in the table, the curve reaches a peak of 125 Gargantuan Tacos at both 7 and 8 workers. To the left of this peak of 125 Gargantuan Tacos, extra workers increase the production and to the right of the peak extra workers actually reduce total taco production.
Two related product measures are derived directly from total product--average product and marginal product.
Marginal Product: This is the change in total product resulting from a change in the number of workers. Marginal product indicates how the total production of TexMex Gargantuan Tacos changes when an extra worker is hired or fired. For example, hiring a 5th worker means that Waldo's TexMex Taco World total product increases from 95 to 110 tacos. The addition of 5th worker results in the production of an additional 15 TexMex Gargantuan Tacos.
TOTAL PRODUCT, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2019. [Accessed: April 21, 2019]. |
0.959091 | Are you allowed to wear two tartans?
Another question often asked is "can I wear two tartans"?
The answer is yes you can, there are no hard and fast rules or regulations governing the wearing of clan tartans.
Many traditionalists believe you must be a clan member to have the right to wear the clan tartan.
This is simply not true, lots of people wear two tartans Prince Charles is a good example, as he is often photographed wearing different tartans.
Another common situation is when someone chooses to wear their mothers family tartan, as well as their fathers.
I thought long and hard before deciding on the tartan for my own kilt, finally opting to go with my fathers because it is predominantly green, which happens to be my favourite colour.
Below I have some photos, which help illustrate how you can wear two or more different tartans.
Note that the same Gentleman is in all four photos, wearing a different tartan each time.
The next photo shows the Gentleman wearing yet a third different tartan, with a Scottish castle as a backdrop.
You will notice that all these photos are taken by Alex Cunningham and there are lots more of his photos throughout the website.
The last photo shows the Gentleman with a group of friends, and yes he is wearing yet another different kilt.
So as you have seen, wearing two different tartans is perfectly acceptable.
Traditionally many Scottish Regiments and those of the Commonwealth have their own tartans, which naturally allows the soldiers serving with these regiments to wear two tartans, their regimental and their family tartan.
All units associated with the British Royal Family wear the Royal Stewart Tartan, this is of course regardless of whether they have family connections to the Stewart clan or not.
And the Royal Family themselves wear the Balmoral tartan, which was designed for them as they have their official Scottish residence there.
In fact the Royal Stewart Tartan is more commonly seen at Scottish weddings, than any other Tartan, the reason being that when men hire Highland Dress for a wedding (which they do more and more often these days) Royal Stewart is the most popular choice.
So the tartan you choose for your kilt is simply your personal choice, and my advice would be to choose what you like and don't allow anyone else to tell you what you can or can't wear.
Kilts are for anyone who wants to stand out from the crowd, they are both comfortable and fashionable and although they are not inexpensive, if you want to buy two different kilts in different tartans then simply do so.
Perhaps one for casual wear and one for formal wear, the possibilities are endless, you decide.
If you would like more information on this subject, you can drop me a line using the "Contact Us" page. |
0.993302 | The FTC has dropped new security guidance with clear recommendations on how to improve security.
BlackBerry teams up with Microsoft to secure Office 365 applications (based on Good Technology tech).
TechGenix covers the 5 mobile security threats that should keep you awake at night (Malicious Apps are #1).
Mobile banking is actually pretty secure compared to Internet banking (but there’s room for improvement).
And lastly there’s some interesting ways that blockchain could be used to improve the security of mobile applications, from securing identity to minimizing breaches.
The FTC has released a report with specific guidelines on security patches, associated risks and recommendations for improved security. Not surprisingly they call for better education on the security of mobile devices. They point out the complexity of the ecosystem, the inconsistent security controls applied across the ecosystem (something we can attest to from an application perspective) and the uncertain outcomes of applying security patches. The quick recommendations: Education, Start with Security, Share the Responsibility, Learn from the Past, Streamline the Security Update Process and Embrace Greater Transparency.
BlackBerry is leveraging their portfolio of acquisitions across Good Technology, WatchDox and AtHoc to team up with Microsoft and provide a ‘hyper-secure’ way for customers to access Office 365 Mobile Applications. The product, called BlackBerry Enterprise Bridge will allow enterprises and governments to securely use Microsoft applications within the BlackBerry Dynamics container.
Here’s the consensus from the article: Mobile Banking apps are ‘generally’ more secure than your average app (though Accenture reported at least 1 security flaw in each of 30 banking apps they analyzed). Interestingly they call out mobile banking as being more secure than banking on the Internet (aka via your desktop browser). The article calls on banks to do a better job of informing customers about the security and privacy of mobile banking. Lastly, one word of caution: be careful with payment applications.
How Does Blockchain Boost the Security of Mobile Apps?
The article does call out the importance of choosing the right blockchain platform, and that the technology overall is still nascent, so tread carefully.
Newer PostFacebook: Russia and The Malicious Network Effect?
Older PostIN-THE-KNOW: Top 5 Articles from the last 14 days. |
0.92331 | Planning your next vacation? And this time you want to ensure that you do so in an eco friendly way. So here are 10 tips on how you can travel 'green' and make sure that you do not leave a sizable carbon footprint while you tread the Earth.
1. Fly only if you must - Of course, flying is the fastest mode of transportation available today but it is also the most harmful to the environment. Airplane emissions are more detrimental to the ozone layer than ground transport because they occur higher up in the atmosphere. Hence, whenever possible try to travel by bus or train. If you have to drive to your destination, try to make room for as many people in the car as you can instead of using multiple vehicles. And if you simply must fly then book a direct flight.
2. Book an eco friendly hotel - The hotel industry has taken a step further to help protect the environment and there are many eco friendly accommodations available in tourist destinations all over the world. Hotels in this category ensure reduction in energy consumption through the installation of 'Energy Star' products or by using solar power, recycling programs or by asking their customers to buy local products and organic foods. For more information and ideas check out the 'Green' Hotels Association.
3. Invest wisely in a single destination - Instead of touring three different cities in two days, invest in a single destination and experience it more fully. This will give you an opportunity to truly explore your vacation spot, mingle with the locals and learn about their culture and enjoy some authentic delicacies. You can also seek out destinations that practice geo-tourism. National Geographic defines geo-tourism as - "tourism that sustains or enhances the distinctive geographical character of a place, its environment, heritage, aesthetics, culture and the well-being of its residents." For more information visit National Geographic's Center for Sustainable Destinations.
4. Plug out all electronic appliances before you leave home - Switch off all lights, fans, heating and cooling systems and plug out all electronic devices such as TV's, stereos, toasters and microwaves before you step out of your home. Electronics in the standby/off mode consume energy as well which is known as 'vampire energy'.
5. Stop your newspaper service - If you are going to be away for a while make sure you inform your newspaper to stop your service for that period or make arrangements for it to be delivered to your neighborhood school.
6. Travel light - Carry only what you absolutely must carry! This will also make it easier for you to take public transportation to get around. Instead of buying travel size versions for all products, fill up reusable containers with the products that you need to carry. Plastic water bottles damage the environment considerably and you may not find a recycling bin to dispose them while you are on the move. Carrying a reusable water bottle solves this problem.
7. Save energy during your stay at the hotel - Make sure you switch off all lights and adjust thermostats when you leave the hotel room. If you have not used any soaps, shampoos provided by the hotel, leave them in the unopened state so that they can be reused. Reuse towels and sheets whenever possible instead of requesting for fresh linen everyday. Open the drapes in the mornings to let in natural light instead of turning on the lights during the day.
8. Walk or rent a bike to check out the local attractions - Walking is the best way to savor any city and it is the most eco friendly way to get around! The other alternative is to rent a bike. There are many biker friendly cities all over the world and if you love to bike, here are some resources which you can refer for your next vacation.
9. Buy gifts and souvenirs from local craftsmen - Refrain from buying the usual t-shirts and plastic items (which may be actually made in China!) and look for more meaningful gifts and souvenirs to carry back home. Visit the local crafts fairs, farmer's markets and antique stores to pick up items that are locally sourced.
10. Write a letter of appreciation to your hotel for their services - Once you are back do not forget to write a letter or an email appreciating your hotel for their eco friendly services. This will encourage them to promote their services even further.
Have a safe and 'green' vacation!
Green travel involves a lot more than deciding whether to buy carbon offsets. One of the most important factors in successful green travel is how much weight travels with you. |
0.954834 | Satellite Beach is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. The population was 9,577 at the 2000 census. As of 2005, the population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau is 9,811. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Satellite Beach is located at 28°10'24?N 80°35'48?W? / ?28.17333°N 80.59667°W? / 28.17333; -80.59667 (28.173441, -80.596674). It is referred to as a barrier city because it lies on an island that is situated in front of the mainland. It is accessible by the Pineda Causeway (State Road 404) and the Eau Gallie Causeway, both of which come from the neighboring city of Melbourne.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.7 km² (3.4 mi²). 6.2 km² (2.4 mi²) of it is land and 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²) of it (29.46%) is water.
In 2007, the city had a taxable real estate base of $877.12 million.
The city maintains an active list of about 80 volunteers ("Neighbor Helping Neighbor" program) who helps out where requested, often senior citizens, whose mobility is impaired.
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,577 people, 3,952 households, and 2,877 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,553.7/km² (4,030.6/mi²). There were 4,257 housing units at an average density of 690.6/km² (1,791.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.99% White, 1.02% African American, 0.18% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.95% of the population.
There were 3,952 households out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.3% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the city the population was spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $55,571, and the median income for a family was $63,442. Males had a median income of $42,079 versus $28,259 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,181. About 2.7% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over. |
0.999999 | Perform a free District of Columbia public criminal records search, including criminal background checks, criminal history checks, and public records checks.
Criminal Records are documents that list an individual's criminal history. A criminal record may include an individual's arrests, warrants, criminal charges filed, and convictions and sentences for criminal offenses. These records may be kept by local law enforcement agencies or criminal courts.
Criminal Records contain a range of information relating to an individual's criminal history. They can include records on city, county, state, or federal criminal violations and convictions. Criminal Records often include both court and police records, including search warrants, arrest warrants, criminal charges, and trial transcripts. They may also list appeals from criminal convictions.
A Criminal Record contains personal information about the accused individual, including his or her full name and birth date, known aliases, and specific details about the individual's criminal charges and convictions. These records include criminal misdemeanors and felonies, as well as moving violations from the unsafe operation of a motor vehicle. They may also include prior convictions, pending or dropped charges, and, in some cases, information about charges where the individual was found not guilty.
A Criminal Record search is typically part of a background check. Many companies and individuals use background checks to screen for someone's criminal history, and Criminal Records are a valuable resource for learning about an individual's charges, convictions, and sentences. Employers, landlords, and law enforcement officers all use Criminal Records to learn about an individual's criminal history.
Criminal Records are useful tools for tracking criminal activity and monitoring an individual's criminal history. Criminal Records are meant to include information on infractions that are relevant in judging an individual's history. Some criminal convictions, such as traffic infractions that pose no risk to the public, are not included in Criminal Records.
Certain information is excluded from Criminal Records, including some juvenile records, non-moving traffic violations, and records that have been expunged or sealed by the courts. |
0.99969 | Daniel likes stories. He really, really likes stories. He also likes music and looking at pictures. He also disagrees with Freud on humanity and has come to really like people. So he decided that the best way to get all the things he likes into one room would be to become an editor. Daniel really, really, really likes editing.
Sometimes he travels, sometimes he makes music, but mostly he likes to edit. |
0.998874 | '10x + y = 53'; What theory lets x=5 and y=3?
I'm not sure I understand your question. Here are my thoughts.
The value of any two digit number (in the decimal number system) is determined by multiplying the first digit (the ten's digit) by ten and the second digit (the unit's digit) by one, and adding those results together. The same principle extended applies to a three digit number, a four digit number, etc.
For instance the number 472 has a value of 4·100 + 7·10 + 1·2.
The number 38 has the value of 3·10 + 8·1. I don't know where your "12" comes from.
understand what theory would make this step valid.
In general, the equation 10x+y = 53 has many solutions. However if you know something about the values of x and y (eg, because you know the rules of the 'trick'), many of these solutions might be rules out. Perhaps you are left with only one solution.
For example, perhaps you know that both x and y are integers. Then, you can tell that y mod 10 is 3 (that is, the remainder when you divide y by 10 is 3), and that x = (53-y)/10.
If you also know that x and y must be in the range 0 to 9, then you know that y=3, and x=(53-y)/10 = 50/10 = 5. |
0.980884 | Do breast implants lead to breast cancer?
There have been numerous studies that show equivocally that breast implants do not lead to breast cancer. In fact, breast implants are used in cancer reconstruction procedures routinely. |
0.999998 | Which Spider has more lethal poison than a Rattlesnake?
The most poisonous spider is the Black Widow. Its venom is more potent than a Rattlesnake. |
0.999533 | Explore the work of French artist Edgar Degas (1834-1917). Although typically considered part of the French Impressionist movement, Degas’ rejected the categorization calling himself an “independent” with artistic interests in Realism. He is most noted for his depictions of dancers, of which we include three here. He was also friends with Mary Cassatt and was influenced by Japanese artists such as Hokusai. |
0.952071 | According to official Israeli statistics.
As the only country in the world, Israel has Judaism as the majority religion, and Israel is by all means defined according to relgion, although it balances this with a mainly secular state structure.
Israeli law formally operates with officially recognized religions, but this has minimal effect on non-recognized communities, as all are free to practice religion, with no oppression. The large Muslim community has their religious sites protected by the Israeli government. Yet, Israel is a country that often divides according to religious beliefs of individuals and groups, and this hits hard on Palestinians, who have limitations on owning property and are not admitted to the Israeli military.
Belonging to Judaism in Israel involves being part of a specific tradition. Such traditions are not defined as clearly as is the case with Islam and Christianity. The US understanding of Judaism largely as Orthodox; Reform; and Conservative is only of secondary meaning in Israel. Reform and Conservative are important forces in the USA, but effectively kept out of Israeli reality.
Judaism in Israel may be understood as Secular; and Traditional, but there is no hard definitions between these two. There are no good number for the sizes of these two orientations, most tend to consider Secular by far the largest group, roughly counting 3 of every 4 Jew in Israel.
Jews in Israel are among the least active in religious festivals among any religion in the Middle East. Only 1 of 4 Jews keep the Sabbath, for instance.
Orthodox Judaism is not a formalized branch of the religion, but rather several groups with a several levels of conservatism. They are understood both according to traditional divisions, then mainly Ashkenazi and Sephardic, as well as according to what level of strict understanding of religion is in practice, and also according to whether they are pro- or anti-Zionist. Among anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews are the Neturei Karta.
An increasing trend in religiosity is with the many formerly secular that embrace a radically more conservative Jewish lifestyle.
The size of Orthodox Judaism is largely reflected in parliamentary representation, the Israeli Knesset has about 20% Orthodox members.
Some judicial matters are handled by the Chief Rabbinate, like dietary laws, regulations for the Sabbath, burials, marriage and divorce. This means that there is no form of civil marriage in Israel.
Practice in relation to the Sabbath are not rigorously enforced, and many services are operative on this day, even if formal regulation requires them otherwise.
By the Chief Rabbinate, which is headed by Orthodox forces, the Orthodox exercise a disproportionally large force in society.
Islam in Israel is only represented with one branch, the Sunni. All Muslims are Arabs and native to the lands corresponding to the state of Israel. Prior to the establishment of the state in 1948, Muslims formed the majority in these lands. The First Palestinian War made great numbers flee or to be forced away from their homes. In the decades following a great Jewish immigration changed the situation into them becoming a minority.
Inside today's Israeli borders, is the Temple Mount, which is considered by most most Muslims to be a holy Muslim place, the third holiest after Mecca and Madina. Poor theological assessment and political construction have teamed up to established this place to have been the site for Muhammad's nightly journey (see Isra' for discussion).
The institution of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was established by the British in 1922, and it has become one of the most important Islamic institutions for a larger audience of Muslims, partly from gaining much credibiltiy from his close alliance with Adolf Hitler.
Muslims of Israel have greater religious freedom than Muslims in Muslim countries. They have no political interference, their own schools and institutions of higher learning, as well as courts handing non-criminal matters, in particular marriage and inheritance.
Christianity in Israel is linked to the native Arab population as well as to modern-day immigration, but the latter is of only small numbers.
There are 9 churches with official recognition, meaning that they are can handle matters like marriage aChurch - LookLex Encyclopaediand divorce: Eastern Orthodox; Roman Catholic (and Latin rite); Gregorian-Armenian; Armenian Catholic; Syrian Catholic; Syrian Orthodox; Chaldean; Melkite; Maronite; and Ethiopian Orthodox.
A rather new and unique phenomenon is Messianic Judaism, which involves the combination of basic Judaism with a belief in Jesus. Whether it shall be considered part of Judaism, Christianity or an independent religion is debatable.
The Druze of Israel are natives to the land, forming vital communities in the Haifa area, up to Akko. Although coexistence between Jews and Druze have been good, and Druze are loyal to the state of Israel, there are many recent reports of tension between Druze and Jews.
One could have expected Israel to have had a sizeable community of Baha'is, considering that this religion's world headquarters are in Haifa, but there are no more than the 600 volunteers working here.
Reports claim that Israel has communities of Hindus and Buddhists, but information is inconsistent, and appears to have been put together from other indirect sources. Israel has a small group of foreign workers, counting 60,000 to 70,000, but many of these are Christians. |
0.94842 | What type of pregnancy test is best for me?
There are two main types of pregnancy tests available; the Midstream Pregnancy Test and the Pregnancy Strip Test.
Why buy a pregnancy strip test?
Pregnancy strip tests are generally the more affordable and cheaper option available on the market. This is because they do not require a plastic casing and are often thinner than a midstream test. Strip tests are fantastic because they are low cost, while offering just as accurate results as other types of pregnancy tests.
However, the strip tests are more fiddly as they require urine to be collected in a collection cup, which can be time consuming and messy.
Why buy midstream pregnancy tests?
Midstream pregnancy tests are a larger pregnancy test, which has a plastic casing over the testing area. The casings primary purpose is to assist you to collect urine (no need for a collection cup), and also keeps the testing area safe under a clear window, free from contamination and damage.
Most midstream pregnancy tests, the testing panel is wider, therefore making the results easier to read. Due to the extra casing and the width of the midstream test, this also makes it more expensive option than the strip test. |
0.993771 | Science fiction (often shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, and extraterrestrials in fiction. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific other various innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas."
Science fiction had its beginnings in a time when the line between myth and fact was arguably more blurred than the present day. Written in the 2nd century CE by the satirist Lucian, A True Story contains many themes and tropes that are characteristic of contemporary science fiction, including travel to other worlds, extraterrestrial lifeforms, interplanetary warfare, and artificial life. Some consider it the first science-fiction novel. Some of the stories from The Arabian Nights, along with the 10th-century The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter and Ibn al-Nafis's 13th-century Theologus Autodidactus, also contain elements of science fiction.
Products of the Age of Reason and the development of modern science itself, Johannes Kepler's Somnium (1634), Francis Bacon's New Atlantis (1627), Cyrano de Bergerac's Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon (1657) and The States and Empires of the Sun (1662), Margaret Cavendish's "The Blazing World" (1666), Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726), Ludvig Holberg's Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741) and Voltaire's Micromégas (1752) are regarded as some of the first true science-fantasy works. Indeed, Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Somnium the first science-fiction story; it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earth's motion is seen from there.
Following the 18th-century development of the novel as a literary form, Mary Shelley's books Frankenstein (1818) and The Last Man (1826) helped define the form of the science-fiction novel. Brian Aldiss has argued that Frankenstein was the first work of science fiction. Edgar Allan Poe wrote several stories considered science fiction, including "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835) which featured a trip to the Moon. Jules Verne was noted for his attention to detail and scientific accuracy, especially Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) which predicted the contemporary nuclear submarine. In 1887, the novel El anacronópete by Spanish author Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau introduced the first time machine.
In 1912, Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his three-decade-long planetary romance series of Barsoom novels, set on Mars and featuring John Carter as the hero.
In 1959, Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers marked a departure from his earlier juvenile stories and novels. It is one of the first and most influential examples of military science fiction, and introduced the concept of powered armor exoskeletons. The German space opera series Perry Rhodan, written by various authors, started in 1961 with an account of the first Moon landing and has since expanded in space to multiple universes, and in time by billions of years. Since its publication inception, it has become the most popular science fiction book series of all time.
In the 1960s and 1970s, New Wave science fiction was known for its embrace of a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a highbrow and self-consciously "literary" or "artistic" sensibility. In 1961, Solaris by Stanisław Lem was published in Poland. The novel dealt with the theme of human limitations as its characters attempted to study a seemingly intelligent ocean on a newly discovered planet. 1965's Dune by Frank Herbert featured a much more complex and detailed imagined society than had previous science fiction.
Emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include environmental issues, the implications of the Internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology and nanotechnology, and a post-Cold War interest in post-scarcity societies. Recent trends and subgenres include steampunk, biopunk, and mundane science fiction.
Science fiction and television have consistently maintained a close relationship. Television or television-like technologies frequently appeared in science fiction long before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
The Twilight Zone (the original series), produced and narrated by Rod Serling, who also wrote or co-wrote most of the episodes, ran from 1959 to 1964. It featured fantasy, suspense, and horror as well as science fiction, with each episode being a complete story. Critics have ranked it as one of the best TV programs of any genre. Due to the show's success, The Twilight Zone franchise expanded to additional movies and TV shows, including executive producer and narrator Jordan Peele's most recent revival that began in 2019.
Science fiction's great rise in popularity during the first half of the 20th century was closely tied to the popular respect paid to science at that time, as well as the rapid pace of technological innovation and new inventions. Science fiction has often predicted scientific and technological progress. Some works predict that new inventions and progress will tend to improve life and society, for instance the stories of Arthur C. Clarke and the Star Trek series. Others, such as H.G. Wells's The Time Machine and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, warn about possible negative consequences.
Brian Aldiss described science fiction as "cultural wallpaper." Evidence for this widespread influence can be found in trends for writers to employ science fiction as a tool for advocacy and generating cultural insights, as well as for educators when teaching across a range of academic disciplines not limited to the natural sciences.
The study of science fiction, or science fiction studies, is the critical assessment, interpretation, and discussion of science fiction literature, film, TV shows, new media, fandom, and fan fiction. Science fiction scholars study science fiction to better understand it and its relationship to science, technology, politics, other genres, and culture-at-large. Science fiction studies has a long history, dating back to the turn of the 20th century, but it was not until later that science fiction studies solidified as a discipline with the publication of the academic journals Extrapolation (1959), Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction (1972), and Science Fiction Studies (1973), and the establishment of the oldest organizations devoted to the study of science fiction in 1970, the Science Fiction Research Association and the Science Fiction Foundation. The field has grown considerably since the 1970s with the establishment of more journals, organizations, and conferences, as well as science fiction degree-granting programs such as those offered by the University of Liverpool and Kansas University.
Scholar and science fiction critic George Edgar Slusser said that science fiction "is the one real international literary form we have today, and as such has branched out to visual media, interactive media and on to whatever new media the world will invent in the 21st century. Crossover issues between the sciences and the humanities are crucial for the century to come."
Respected authors of main-stream literature have written science fiction. Mary Shelley wrote a number of science fiction novels including Frankenstein (1818), and is considered a major writer of the Romantic Age. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) is often listed as one of England's most important novels, both for its criticism of modern culture and its prediction of future trends including reproductive technology and social engineering. Doris Lessing, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in literature, wrote a series of five SF novels, Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979-1983), which depict the efforts of more advanced species and civilizations to influence those less advanced including humans on Earth. Kurt Vonnegut was a highly respected American author whose works contain science fiction premises or themes. Additional science fiction authors whose works are widely considered to be "serious" literature include Ray Bradbury (including, especially, Farenheit 451 (1953) and The Martian Chronicles (1951)), Arthur C. Clarke (especially for Childhood's End), and Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger, writing under the name Cordwainer Smith.
British writer Tom Shippey asked: "What is [science fiction's] relationship to fantasy fiction, is its readership still dominated by male adolescents, is it a taste which will appeal to the mature but non-eccentric literary mind?" He compared George Orwell's Coming Up for Air (1939) with Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth's The Space Merchants (1952), and concluded that the basic building block and distinguishing feature of a science fiction novel is the presence of the novum, a term Darko Suvin adapted from Ernst Bloch and defined as "a discrete piece of information recognizable as not-true, but also as not-unlike-true, not-flatly- (and in the current state of knowledge) impossible."
Orson Scott Card, best known for his 1985 science fiction novel Ender's Game and also an author of non-SF fiction, has postulated that in science fiction the message and intellectual significance of the work is contained within the story itself and, therefore, there need not be stylistic gimmicks or literary games. Yet, he contended, some writers and critics confuse clarity of language with lack of artistic merit: "[A] great many writers and critics have based their entire careers on the premise that anything that the general public can understand without meditation is worthless drivel. . . . If everybody came to agree that stories should be told this clearly, the professors of literature would be out of a job, and the writers of obscure, encoded fiction would be, not honored, but pitied for their impenetrability."
Science fiction author and physicist Gregory Benford has stated: "SF is perhaps the defining genre of the twentieth century, although its conquering armies are still camped outside the Rome of the literary citadels." Jonathan Lethem, in an essay published in the Village Voice entitled "Close Encounters: The Squandered Promise of Science Fiction," suggested that the point in 1973 when Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow was nominated for the Nebula Award and was passed over in favor of Arthur C. Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama, stands as "a hidden tombstone marking the death of the hope that SF was about to merge with the mainstream." Among the responses to Lethem was one from the editor of the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Gordon Van Gelder, who asked: "When is [the SF genre] ever going to realize it can't win the game of trying to impress the mainstream?"
David Barnett has remarked, "The ongoing, endless war between 'literary' fiction and 'genre' fiction has well-defined lines in the sand. Genre's foot soldiers think that literary fiction is a collection of meaningless but prettily drawn pictures of the human condition. The literary guard consider genre fiction to be crass, commercial, whizz-bang potboilers. Or so it goes." He has also pointed out that there are books such as The Road (2006) by Cormac McCarthy, Cloud Atlas (2004) by David Mitchell, The Gone-Away World (2008) by Nick Harkaway, The Stone Gods (2007) by Jeanette Winterson, and Oryx and Crake (2003) by Margaret Atwood, which use recognizable science fiction tropes, but whose authors and publishers do not market them as science fiction.
The literary genre of science fiction is diverse, and its exact definition remains a contested question among both scholars and devotees. This lack of consensus is reflected in debates about the genres history, there are two broad camps of thought, one that identifies the genres roots in early fantastical works such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. Scholar Robert Scholes calls the history of fiction the history of humanitys changing attitudes toward space. The history of our understanding of the universe and the position of our species in that universe. In recent decades, the genre has diversified and become established as a major influence on global culture. These texts often include elements such as a voyage to the moon or the use of imagined advanced technology. American science fiction author Lester del Rey was one supporter of using Gilgamesh as an origin point. That is the Epic of Gilgamesh, French science fiction writer Pierre Versins argued that Gilgamesh was the first science fiction work due to its treatment of human reason and the quest for immortality.
In addition, Gilgamesh features a scene that in some ways resembles work of apocalyptic science fiction. However, the lack of science or technology in the work has led some to argue that it is better categorized as fantastic literature. Ancient Indian poetry such as the Hindu epic Ramayana includes Vimana flying machines able to travel into space or under water, and destroy entire cities using advanced weapons. In the first book of the Rigveda collection of Sanskrit hymns, there is a description of birds that are seen jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire. Containing twelve stamghas, one wheel, three machines,300 pivots, and 60 instruments, ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes has several works that include elements often associated with the fantastic voyage, including air travel to another world. Examples include his The Clouds, The Birds and The Peace, the Bible has been cited as a science-fiction work. L. Sprague de Camp and a number of other authors argue this to be one of the earliest if not the earliest example of fiction or proto-science fiction.
Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi, known as Ibn al-Nafis, was an Arab physician mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. The work of Al-Nafis regarding the right sided circulation pre-date the much work of William Harveys De motu cordis, both theories attempt to explain circulation. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learned jurisprudence and theology and he was an expert on the Shafii school of jurisprudence and an expert physician. He performed several human dissections during the course of his work, the number of medical textbooks written by al-Nafis in his lifetime is estimated at more than 110 volumes. Ibn al-Nafis was taught by the founder of a school in Damascus. Al-Nafis taught and practiced at his own, lesser known hospital in Egypt and he became the chief physician there and personal physician for prominent political leaders, thus becoming an authority among practitioners of medicine. Prior to his death, he donated his house and personal library to Qalawun Hospital or, as it was known and he died on December 17,1288, in Cairo.
In 1236, Al-Nafis moved to Egypt to teach jurisprudence in Cairo at al-Masruriyya and his name is found among those of other scholars, which gives insight into how well he was regarded in the study and practice of religious law. He wrote Kitab al-Shamil fi ‘l-Sina’a al-Tibbiyya around his 30s and it comprised 300 volumes of notes, but only 80 of these were published. His writings are cataloged in many libraries around the world, including the Cambridge University Library, the Bodleian Library, Kitab al-Shamil is a book that went unpublished, but it gives insight into his view of medicine and human relations. His surgical technique had three stages, step one was to give the patient information on how it was to be performed and the knowledge it was based on. The second step was to perform the surgery itself, the final step was to have a post-surgery appointment and a routine of checkups. There is a description of a responsibility when working with nurses, patients. The most voluminous of his books is Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb, which was planned to be an encyclopedia comprising 300 volumes, was left incomplete upon his death, the manuscript is available in Damascus.
Jonathan Swift was an Anglo-Irish satirist, political pamphleteer and cleric who became Dean of St Patricks Cathedral, Dublin. Swift is remembered for such as A Tale of a Tub, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, Gullivers Travels. He is regarded by the Encyclopædia Britannica as the foremost prose satirist in the English language and he originally published all of his works under pseudonyms – such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, Drapiers Letters as MB Drapier – or anonymously. He is known for being a master of two styles of satire, the Horatian and Juvenalian styles and his deadpan, ironic writing style, particularly in A Modest Proposal, has led to such satire being subsequently termed Swiftian. Jonathan Swift was born on 30 November 1667 in Dublin, Ireland and he was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift and his wife Abigail Erick of Frisby on the Wreake. Swifts father died in Dublin about seven months before he was born, Swifts family had several interesting literary connections.
His grandmother Elizabeth Swift was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, the same grandmothers aunt Katherine Dryden was a first cousin of Elizabeth, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother Margaret Swift was the sister of Francis Godwin and his uncle Thomas Swift married a daughter of poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare. Swifts benefactor and uncle Godwin Swift took primary responsibility for the young man and he attended Dublin University in 1682, financed by Godwins son Willoughby, from which he received his B. A. in 1686 and developed his friendship with William Congreve. Temple was an English diplomat who arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668 and he had retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining his employers confidence, Swift was often trusted with matters of great importance, within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.
Swift took up his residence at Moor Park where he met Esther Johnson, eight years old, Swift was her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname Stella, and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esthers life. In 1690, Swift left Temple for Ireland because of his health, the illness consisted of fits of vertigo or giddiness, now known to be Ménières disease, and it continued to plague him throughout his life. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M. A. from Hart Hall, he left Moor Park, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temples patronage, to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland. He was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor in 1694, with his parish located at Kilroot, Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence. While at Kilroot, however, he may well have become involved with Jane Waring, whom he called Varina.
In philosophy, ideas are usually construed as mental representational images of some object. Ideas can be abstract concepts that do not present as mental images, many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings. In a popular sense, an idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, a new or original idea can often lead to innovation. The word idea comes from Greek ἰδέα idea form, from the root of ἰδεῖν idein and these are distinguished from adventitious ideas which are images or concepts which are accompanied by the judgment that they are caused or occasioned by an external object. Another view holds that we only discover ideas in the way that we discover the real world. The view that humans acquire all or almost all their traits from nurture is known as tabula rasa.
Most of the confusions in the way ideas arise is at least in part due to the use of the idea to cover both the representation percept and the object of conceptual thought. This can be illustrated in terms of the doctrines of innate ideas, Plato in Ancient Greece was one of the earliest philosophers to provide a detailed discussion of ideas. Consequently, Plato seems to assert that material things can only be the objects of opinion, and we assert that there is a fair itself, a good itself, and so on for all things that we set down as many. Now, again, we refer to them as one idea of each as though the idea were one, moreover, we say that the former are seen, but not intellected, while the ideas are intellected but not seen. Descartes often wrote of the meaning of idea as an image or representation, often but not necessarily in the mind and he sometimes maintained that ideas were innate and uses of the term idea diverge from the original primary scholastic use. He provides multiple non-equivalent definitions of the term, uses it to refer to as many as six distinct kinds of entities, for him knowledge took the form of ideas and philosophical investigation is the deep consideration of these entities.
Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was an English aristocrat, poet, fiction-writer, and playwright during the 17th century. Born Margaret Lucas, she was the youngest sister of prominent royalists Sir John Lucas and Sir Charles Lucas and she became an attendant of Queen Henrietta Maria and traveled with her into exile in France, living for a time at the court of the young King Louis XIV. She became the wife of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1645. Cavendish was a poet, writer of romances, essayist. Her writing addressed a number of topics, including gender, manners, scientific method and her utopian romance, The Blazing World, is one of the earliest examples of science fiction. She is singular in having published extensively in natural philosophy and early modern science and she published over a dozen original works, inclusion of her revised works brings her total number of publications to twenty-one. Cavendish has been championed and criticized as a unique and groundbreaking woman writer and she rejected the Aristotelianism and mechanical philosophy of the seventeenth century, preferring a vitalist model instead.
She was the first woman to attend a meeting at Royal Society of London in 1667 and she criticized and engaged members and philosophers Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes. She has been claimed as an advocate for animals and as an opponent of animal testing. Cavendish published her autobiographical memoir A True Relation of my Birth, the memoir related Cavendish’s lineage, social status, upbringing and marriage. Cavendish shared her views on gender and class, in addition, Cavendish addressed the economic and personal hardships she and her family faced as a result of war and political allegiance, such as the loss of estates and bereavements. Cavendishs father, Thomas Lucas, was exiled after a duel resulted in the death of one Mr. Brooks, he was pardoned by King James. As the youngest of eight children, Cavendish recorded that she spent a deal of time with her siblings. At an early age, Cavendish was already putting her ideas and she kept her intellectual endeavours within the privacy of her home. When Queen Henrietta Maria was in Oxford, Cavendish successfully appealed to her mother for permission to one of her Maids of Honour.
The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells first serialised in 1897 in the UK by Pearsons Magazine and in the US by Cosmopolitan magazine. The novels first appearance in hardcover was in 1898 from publisher William Heinemann of London, written between 1895 and 1897, it is one of the earliest stories that detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race. The novel is the narrative of both an unnamed protagonist in Surrey and of his younger brother in London as southern England is invaded by Martians. The novel is one of the most commented-on works in the science fiction canon, the plot has been related to invasion literature of the time. The novel has been interpreted as a commentary on evolutionary theory, British imperialism. At the time of publication, it was classified as a scientific romance and it has even influenced the work of scientists, notably Robert Goddard, who invented both the liquid fuelled rocket and multistage rocket, which resulted in the Apollo 11 moon landing 71 years later.
The narrative opens in an observatory at Ottershaw where explosions are seen on the surface of planet Mars. Later a meteor lands on Horsell Common, near the unnamed narrators home in Woking, the narrator finds them at once vital, inhuman and monstrous. They briefly emerge, have difficulty in coping with the Earths atmosphere, a human deputation approaches the cylinder with a white flag, but the Martians incinerate them and others nearby with a heat-ray before beginning to assemble their machinery. Military forces arrive that night to surround the common, including Maxim guns, the population of Woking and the surrounding villages are reassured by the presence of the military. A tense day begins, with anticipation of military action by the narrator. On the road during the height of the storm, he has his first terrifying sight of a fast-moving Martian fighting-machine, in panic he crashes the horse cart, barely escaping detection. He discovers the Martians have assembled towering three-legged fighting-machines, each armed with a heat-ray and a chemical weapon and these tripods have wiped out the army units positioned around the cylinder and attacked and destroyed most of Woking.
Lucian of Samosata was a rhetorician and satirist who wrote in the Greek language during the Second Sophistic. He is noted for his witty and scoffing nature, Lucian wrote exclusively in ancient Greek. He wrote mainly in the Attic dialect, but On the Syrian Goddess, few details of Lucians life can be verified with any degree of accuracy, though clues can be found in writings attributed to him. In several works he claims to have born in Samosata, in the former kingdom of Commagene. His depictions of the processes involved in the diverse and dynamic cult have many significant parallels to Syrias material culture. On the Syrian Goddess parodies the Greek view of foreigners as barbarous, while the narrator concludes that the Syrians, throughout the account, the narrator often conflates the terms Assyrian and Syrian. In The Syrian Goddess, the claims to be an Assyrian himself. In the final paragraph of the work, the describes a ritual in which initiates would dedicate a lock of their hair to Hippolytus as part of a pre-marital coming-of-age ritual.
The narrator comments, as rendered in Strong and Garstangs 1913 translation, I performed this act myself when a youth, Lucians claim in Double Indictment to be a native speaker of a barbarian tongue has been suggested to refer Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic. A more likely interpretation is that he is referring to speaking a variety of Greek. It has been suggested that in referring to himself as a barbarian, he was from the Semitic and his name added lustre to any entertaining and sarcastic essay, more than 150 surviving manuscripts attest to his continued popularity. The first printed edition of a selection of his works was issued at Florence in 1499 and his best known works are A True Story, and Dialogues of the Gods and Dialogues of the Dead. Lucian was trained as a rhetorician, a vocation whose practitioners pleaded in court, composed pleas for others, Lucians practice was to travel about, giving amusing discourses and witty lectures improvised on the spot, somewhat as a rhapsode had done in declaiming poetry at an earlier period.
Title page, 1927 Amazing Stories reprint.
Arthur C. Clarke, one of the most significant writers of hard science fiction.
Poul Anderson, author of Tau Zero, Kyrie and others.
Carl Sagan, astronomer and adviser to NASA, also wrote the hard science fiction novel Contact.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea illustration by Neuville and Riou 044. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is considered one of the earliest works of modern science fiction. |
0.998895 | n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) ... (3)(2)(1).
Factorials are used in the study of counting and probability. For example, permutations (which involves counting the arrangement of objects where the order is important) and combinations (where the order is not important) both require factorials when the number of objects is large.
Also, finding the probability of winning Lotto or cards also involves factorials.
Note that points A(0,1), B(1,1), C(2,2), D(3,6), E(4,24), and F(5, 120) are discrete points in space - we have not connected them with a curve. There is no meaning for non-integer factorials like the expression 3.5! (3.5 factorial).
However, our graph does suggest a curve - one that is (approximately) exponentially increasing.
Is there a function we can use that fits this curve and so gives us meaningful values for factorials of numbers which are not whole numbers?
The Gamma Function is an extension of the concept of factorial numbers. We can input (almost) any real or complex number into the Gamma function and find its value. Such values will be related to factorial values.
There is a special case where we can see the connection to factorial numbers.
Γ(n) = (n − 1)!
Γ(n + 1) = n!
For example, let n = 3.5. We want to find the value of 3.5!, assuming it exists.
What does this integral mean?
The function under the integral sign is very interesting. It is the product of an ever-decreasing function with an ever-increasing one.
Let's look at the graphs involved in this expression.
Firstly, f(x) = e−x. Note that the value of the function (its height) decreases as x increases.
Secondly, f(x) = x3.5 increases as x increases. This function is not defined (over the reals) for negative x.
Finally, we look at the product of the 2 functions. This is the graph of f(x) = e−xx3.5.
The area under this graph (the shaded portion) from 0 to ∞ (infinity) gives us the value of Γ(4.5) = 3.5!.
This means the shaded area above is 11.6317 square units. This is in the range we estimated earlier.
Let's return to our graph of the values of factorial numbers. We can use the above integral to calculate values of the Gamma function for any real value of n.
This time, I have included a smooth curve passing through our factorial values. This curve is f(n) = Γ(n + 1).
I've also added the new point F(3.5, 11.6317), which is the ordered pair representing Γ(4.5) = 11.6317 we just found. You can see this new point lies on the smooth curve joining the other factorial values.
You can see more information on Γ(4.5) using Wolfram | Alpha.
The Gamma function gives us values that are analogous to factorials of non-integer numbers. It was one of the many brilliant contributions to the world of math by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.
To finish, let's look at the graph of f(n) = Γ(n + 1) for a greater range of real values of n. We observe there are some "holes" (discontinuities) in the graph for the negative integers.
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The way Gamma function was explained is simply fascinating.
Brilliant explanation of finding the value of fractional factorials using gamma function. Thank you very much.
@Aunpatil: You can see factorial values for negative numbers in the last graph in the article. Note there are some discontinuities.
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0.992076 | Dana Hughes: Everyone that I spoke to about Barack Obama was really excited about the prospect of him being president. Barack Obama's father is Kenyan -- he's actually from the Luo tribe. They view him as being one of them.
Desiree Cooper: So how has the view of Barack Obama changed since the elections in Kenya in December?
The events that have occurred have really shown that there is quite a tribalistic undertone to Kenya. When I say tribalistic, it's also tied to class -- it's not simply tribe -- but I found that that has spilled over to what some people say about Barack Obama. Barack Obama's father was a prominent Luo, and Raila Odinga, who's the opposition leader, is also a Luo. When you start talking to an older generation, particularly those of the Kikuyu tribe, which is President Mwai Kibaki's tribe, I've actually found people who said they want Hillary Clinton to be president. And you ask them why do they support Hillary Clinton, you get sheepish answers. You get answers like, "Well, I just don't think a black man can ever be president" or "not a black man like that."
Take me back and give me a little background about the tensions between the different tribal factions in Kenya.
Basically, what a lot of this comes down to is colonialism and the way that the British distributed land and who they favored and who they decided not to favor. And then right after colonialism, you have two presidents that in many ways continued on with those policies.
Would you compare this to Rwanda?
No. In Rwanda, you really had two tribes. You had the Tutsis and the Hutus, but in Kenya there are 42 tribes, and there are four or five major tribes. What's happened in Kenya is that each president and then many of the president's people, the president's men that he surrounds himself with, have manipulated tribal tensions for their own gain.
Describe for me, what are the differences between some of the major tribes in Kenya in terms of their culture - what are they known for?
They each have their own music and their own dance. Maasais are known because they have the outfits, and when you see pictures of Kenya, it's usually the Maasai that you see. They each have their own languages, actually. And that has been one of the ways in which the ethnic violence, and lately the reprisal attacks, have occurred with Kikuyus asking people do you speak with Kikuyu gangs? And if you can't speak Kikuyu back, then they pull you out.
You are an African-American, but you are not of Kenyan descent. How do you feel walking about the country?
Now, I get mistaken for Kikuyu all the time. Because for here, people consider me to be fairly light-skinned. So in covering the story, it's added an element of care that I've had to have with my reporting. One of the times I was in Kibera, the audio technician with us started laughing as we were leaving and I said, "What's so funny?" And he said all those guys were saying she's just an ordinary Kikuyu girl with a fake accent - she's trying to sound American. And I thought it was funny, but my next thought was, "Hmm, perhaps I shouldn't be relying on my accent for security."
Well Dana, thank you for joining us. |
0.977211 | The Statue of Liberty is an icon that symbolizes the United States and the promise of freedom and hope. The torch-bearing statue with her crown and robe is one of the most easily recognized in the world. This famous landmark is extremely popular, and every year, the statue receives around four million visits from tourists. Despite its renowned status, people may not be as familiar with many of the facts associated with it or its history. One major fact that can easily be forgotten is that the Statue of Liberty was constructed in and transported from another country.
The Statue of Liberty was originally called Liberty Enlightening the World and was conceived as a way to celebrate the American Declaration of Independence, which was approaching its centennial. It did not, however, get set into motion overnight, as a sculptor was not commissioned until 1865, which was roughly ten years after the idea was first proposed. The project was a collaboration between the U.S. and France. The bulk of the project, the statue itself, was to be built and assembled by the French, who commissioned sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi for its design. America's role was to build the pedestal on which the statue would stand.
Despite these plans, the project encountered a major problem in the form of funding. Both countries were able to successfully raise what was required courtesy of artistic contributions, such as an auction featuring the original copy of poet Emma Lazarus's sonnet The New Colossusand other forms of entertainment including prizefights. The fundraising efforts moved more swiftly in France, however, and America ultimately resorted to shaming tactics courtesy of Joseph Pulitzer and his newspaper The World. In the pages of his newspaper, he called out both the wealthy and the middle class for their failure to support what would be an important monument for the country.
With access to funds secured, the project was further challenged with structural issues due to its massive height. To take on this challenge, an engineer by the name of Gustave Eiffel, who would later build the Eiffel Tower, was brought onto the project. It was Eiffel's job to design the framework for the secondary skeleton and iron pylon.
In the United States, the construction of the statue's granite pedestal was completed in August 1885, a year after France completed the statue in 1884. The massive creation had to be disassembled and delivered in pieces to the U.S., where it would be assembled by the French. The parts, which amounted to 350 pieces packed into 214 crates, were shipped across the Atlantic on a frigate called the Isere and arrived in June 1885 at New York Harbor. After four months of reassembly, the statue was dedicated in a ceremony on Oct. 28, 1886. The unveiling was presided over by President Grover Cleveland ten years after the centennial for which it was planned.
The pedestal for the Statue of Liberty was built inside a courtyard at Fort Wood, which is located on the island that was at the time known as Bledsoe's Island. The island was ideally located, as it placed the statue in a spot that would be highly visible and inspiring to those entering the country. The statue and its pedestal, which bears the sonnet The New Colossus on a plaque, were taken care of by the United States Lighthouse Board up until 1901. The War Department took on this responsibility until 1933, when the National Park Service took over its care. Before coming under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, the statue and Fort Wood were declared a national monument in 1924 courtesy of a presidential proclamation. Bedloe's Island was renamed Liberty Island in 1956.
The Statue of Liberty has undergone a number of renovations to strengthen and help preserve it for future generations of Americans and immigrants. In 1982, a restoration project was approved by President Ronald Regan, and a public/private partnership raised the funds for the project. Repairs were made to the copper skin and internal iron structure. In addition, the torch and flames, which had been damaged, were replaced. The restoration lasted until 1986. Interior renovations to the statue were made in 2012, which added wheelchair access for the first time. |
0.999951 | Doesn't `readlink /proc/self` return the pid of the readlink program rather than the shell's pid?
This is not a good way to do things because you are ignoring anything else that might be done in .bash_logout. A cleaner way to clear your running history is like this: OLDHISTSIZE=$HISTSIZE HISTSIZE=0 HISTSIZE=$OLDHISTSIZE Also, don't count on being immune from logging by the system as some servers might be running exec loggers, which are independent of the shell. |
0.999922 | A summary on Black Elk Speaks discusses the book, written by John G. Neihardt, on an interview of the Oglala Medicine Man Black Elk in 1930.
Black Elk Speaks is a 1932 book written by John G. Neihardt, who interviewed the Oglala Medicine Man Black Elk in 1930. Black Elk, who only spoke Lakota, used his son Ben Black Elk, as his translator, and Neihardt took copious notes during the interviews, later compiling them into the book. Since its original publication, Black Elk Speaks has received critical acclaim.
Central to the story is Black Elk’s first vision, which he had when he was nine years old. Black Elk described a journey to a cloud world in the sky, where the six grandfathers gave him sacred objects which would allow him to maintain the sacred hoop of the Lakota. It was with this vision that Black Elk knew he was different that the other Lakota, but a difference that brought great responsibility as well.
Black Elk also discussed the increasing hostility between the Lakota the United States, and Black Elk recounts key details from the Battle of Little Big Horn, where the Lakota and Cheyenne defeated Custer’s 7th Cavalry. Eventually, Black Elk begins to question his vision, as it does not seem possible for him to be able to save his people. After the death of Crazy Horse, in 1877, Black Elk and several others fled to Canada.
Later, Black Elk describes his time with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show, traveling to Chicago, New York, and Europe. In Paris, he has a new vision, and returns home only to suffer the massacre at Wounded Knee and the assassination of Sitting Bull in 1890. In the end, Black Elk is disappointed and believes his was never able to use the powers granted in his vision.
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Paper Masters writes custom research papers on Black Elk Speaks Summary and discuss the book, written by John G. Neihardt, on an interview of the Oglala Medicine Man Black Elk in 1930. |
0.999919 | What is a daily affirmation and why would you use it?
Basically, a daily affirmation is something you can do each day where you say to yourself, or write down who and what you want to be. I recommend both. Writing it down each morning is very powerful.
It is basically creating your future.
You are manifesting the person that you want to be. By thinking about it, saying it, writing it down, visualizing it, feeling it, and by reminding yourself that that is the person that you are. Some of the benefits of writing down daily affirmation is basically you can create your future, you can create the person that you want to be.
Now, when you start to write these things down each morning and then repeat it to yourself, it begins to engrain this in to your subconscious mind.
It then reminds you throughout the day and push you into the head space or the mindset of the person you want to be.
Therefore, when you’re faced with decisions or challenges throughout the day, for example, of whether you’re going to exercise, whether you’re going to stick to eating healthier food versus eating a tonne of junk food, or if something stressful happens, you are already pre-programmed, for the day, to act and think and make decisions like that fit and health person you affirmed yourself to be that morning, as well as be happier.
It’s an extremely powerful tool you can use to basically turn yourself into the person you want to be; achieve the goals you want to achieve; and live a happier, more successful, and fulfilled life. It’s something that I’m a huge fan of and I highly recommend giving it a go. Such a simple technique like this that takes only a minute or two each day, can allow you to achieve goals and move towards the life that you want to live.
Another recommendation is after writing it down, or in times you are doubting yourself, repeat your affirmation to yourself 10 times over out loud.
Keep reminding yourself of who you are, and what you want in your life.
To me, daily affirmations are such a simple method but they can have such a great positive impact on your life that I will absolutely highly recommend doing it. It’s basically working on your psychology, it’s working on your mindset, then you can also work into your physical self. Whether it’s based around your work, business, health, relationships, finance, strength or anything for example, you might have affirmations around things like, “I am successful, I am comfortable financially,” things like that, and then you would tend to act, behave, and make decisions around what a person who has those things in their life does, for example.
I use daily affirmations every morning.
So, during the day, when I’m working and running the business and a big challenge or stressful situation pops up, or even in the middle of a hard workout etc if I have thoughts of doubt or stress begin to creep in, very quickly the morning affirmation takes over and rather then doubt my capabilities, lose self belief, get highly stressed or emotional and make bad decisions I remember my daily affirmation. That self belief takes over, confidence rises, stress dissipates and progress is made.
I repeat it 3 times over in my head – and before I know it, the mindset is completely shifted to take on any challenge.
Whatever it is, whatever situation, hurdle or problem arises, we can get through it. We just need to believe in ourselves and trust the process.
There’s always a way to get around it or fix it, whatever it is, and this mindset lowers stress levels straight away, gets you into a clearer state of mind and allows you to work through that problem and be happier.
I have found this to be super, super powerful, so that’s why I thought I would share a little bit about affirmations and my personal experience with them over the last six months of writing them down each day and using them.
Some days I’ll miss a day here or there, but over time, when you continually remind yourself and use this technique, it becomes engrained.
So, if you can use daily affirmations to improve your mindset, and improve your success, I thought it would be valuable to share this with you and I hope it serves some value and can help you guys get a little bit more success in 2019.
If you’ve got any questions, feel free to get in touch and let us know.
If you need any help with your training or goal setting for 2019, feel free to drop us a line at enquiries@definitionfitness.com.au.
Take care, train hard and enjoy the process! |
0.998722 | What's fact and what's fiction? Soybeans are nutrient powerhouses, yet conflicting results from research has created fear in the consumption of this wholesome food.
As a complete protein, soybeans are a great meat alternative; they are packed with vitamins and minerals, healthy fatty acids and fiber. Clinical evidence shows that consuming soy reduces the risk of osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, and some forms of cancer. However, research has also highlighted the potential health risks of soy, instilling fear and uncertainty in its consumption. To put these fears to rest, here’s the latest research information.
Myth 1: Soy consumption increases the risk of breast cancer.
The main fear behind soybeans is the isoflavones contained within them. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens, a plant compound that can chemically act like estrogen. Thus, a primary concern is that breast cancer, especially estrogen-positive breast cancer, can grow in the presence of estrogen.
Myth 2: Soy imitation meat products are nutritious because they don’t contain meat.
Soybeans are extremely versatile and can be used as an ingredient to create numerous products including soy cheese and soy meat alternatives. These products don’t have meat, so that should make it a healthier and more nutritious option right?
Although soybeans, which indeed are nutrient-packed, have replaced meat in these imitation-meat products, transforming the soybean to a product that resembles a chicken nugget or sausage requires processing. It would also require the addition of other ingredients to mimic the textures and flavors of actual meat, creating a product that could be high in sodium, fat, and chemicals/preservatives. The bottom line: soy meat products are highly processed and far from its original, whole food form. To obtain the most health benefits from soy, stick to the whole or minimally processed forms such as edamame, tofu, tempeh, and miso. Incorporating more whole foods is an important part of a healthy diet.
Myth 3: Men should avoid soy because it reduces testosterone levels.
Based on the overall clinical research, there is no need for fear in the consumption of soy foods. To learn more about the importance of soy and other whole foods and how to incorporate them into your diet, visit http://bastyrcenter.org/services/nutrition to make an appointment with a Bastyr registered dietitian.
1. Thalheimer, Judith C. “The Top 5 Soy Myths.” Today’s Dietitian, vol. 16, no. 4, 2014, p. 52, http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/040114p52.shtml.
2. Messina, M. “Soybean isoflavones exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence.” Fertility Sterility, vol. 93, no. 7, 2010, http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(10)00368-7/fulltext.
3. Yan, Lin, and Spitznagel, Edward L. “Soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men: a revisit of a meta-analysis.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 89, no. 4, 2009, http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/4/1155.long. |
0.999998 | What is a Car Vacuum?
Some people keep a handheld vacuum in their car to help with cleaning.
Gas stations often offer car vacuums for use.
Someone who eats a lot in his or her car may require frequent use of a car vacuum.
Some car vacuum cleaners may be plugged into the vehicle's cigarette lighter for power.
With daily driving back and forth, it can be hard to keep the inside of a car clean. This is especially true for people who eat in their cars or have children. Crumbs and spills can render a car's carpet virtually unrecognizable in time. Even those who do not eat on the go may end up with bits of paper and other debris littering their vehicles. Since sweeping a car or picking up dirt and debris by hand is not practical, many people turn to car vacuums to keep their cars clean.
Often, a person can find a high-powered car vacuum at a gas station or car wash. Typically, these vacuums require a coin deposit for use. For example, a person may put a few coins into a car vacuum slot and do a few minutes of high-powered vacuuming of his carpet. These vacuums typically have a long hose attached that the person can use to reach even in the hardest-to-get-to spots in his car. Many of these vacuums even pick up larger debris that home vacuums might have difficulty with.
Since going to a for-pay car vacuum isn't always convenient or within the budget, some people prefer to buy their own car vacuums for use at home. This type of car vacuum makes it possible to keep a car clean without traveling anywhere or putting money in a machine. A person can vacuum his car while it is parked right outside his door or in his driveway.
One of the most popular types of car vacuum is a cordless option. This type of car vacuum allows a person to clean his car out without worrying about cords and electricity. He can simply carry a car vacuum out to his vehicle and vacuum up the debris. These vacuums are portable, making them easy to carry along on trips. Typically, they run on battery power that is charged either on a home charging base or using the car's power and an adapter.
There are also corded car vacuums that are often described as more powerful than their cordless counterparts, although this is not always the case. Depending on the model, they may plug into a car's cigarette lighter for power and offer lengthy cords for getting to all parts of the car. Additionally, there are some canister models that come with a range of attachments for keeping a car clean. Some of them require access to electricity.
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There is something that I find strangely relaxing about vacuuming my car. The combination of the whirring sound and the long snake like hose and the feel you get on your fingers as you run them across the soft fabric of the upholstery.
There are honestly times when I have vacuumed my car when it definitely didn't need it just because I wanted to blow off a little steam. I feel like it takes me to a zen place, a few moments of peace. And at least its productive. Lots of guys just go and sit in a bar.
I am what you would call a clean freak. I like every space in my life to be as clean as it possibly can all the time. I know its kind of weird but its me, and what is so wrong about having clean things.
For this reason I have my own car vacuum cleaner and I use it at least once a week. Its great and it saves me a lot of money. It also gives me the freedom I want to clean my car anytime, anyway. I take a lot of pride in the fact that my car is spotless all the time and without my own vacuum it would just not be the way I wanted it. |
0.999774 | Plan a romantic trip to St. Augustine, FL, and stay in one of these beautiful inns, hotels and B&Bs offering attentive service, historic charm and luxurious amenities. Choose from properties that offer spas, whirlpool tubs, fireplaces and private balconies for additional romance and relaxation. Start your day with a delicious breakfast, followed by a romantic stroll through historic St. Augustine. Here are the best romantic getaways, inns & bed and breakfasts in St. Augustine.
Right in the center of the Old Town area of St. Augustine, St. George Inn is located along a pedestrian-only road within easy access to local attractions.
There are 25 rooms and suites on the property and many of them feature views of the City Gate, rocking chairs, or balconies. Each room is designed with the elegance and privacy of a small hotel and friendliness of a bed and breakfast.
Every room has wireless internet access, a refrigerator, a private bath, and a coffee-maker. There is also individually-controlled air conditioning and heating.
Guests get to enjoy a complimentary European-style continental breakfast in the in the morning. The breakfast includes meats like ham and salami, fruit such as oranges, drinks such as tea, coffee, and orange juice, and a range of other dishes such as muffins, oatmeal, breakfast bars, yogurt, and croissants.
St. Francis Inn Bed and Breakfast was built in 1791 and is within walking distance of many historic attractions. Every room seamlessly combines antiques or reproductions with modern amenities like color cable TV, air-conditioning and heating, and telephones.
Guests have the choice of a queen or king bed, and all rooms have private baths. Some also have whirlpool tubs, fireplaces, private balconies, refrigerators, or sleeper sofas. There is a cottage for those who want even more space on vacation.
The inn also has a walled courtyard garden that is perfect for relaxing. There is a living room to relax in, a temperature-controlled swimming pool, bikes to borrow, and porches. A full breakfast is served every morning with hot entrees, a variety of beverages, fruit, and fresh bread. Weekends see a special brunch and there is an evening social hour.
The Pearl of the Sea offers its guests luxury, waterfront access, privacy, and royal treatment. Every room in the bed and breakfast seeks inspiration from different countries.
There are ten rooms in total, most of which have a balcony and some also have a Jacuzzi. Rooms have wireless internet, high-definition TVs, and walk-in showers. The Penthouse is the most extravagant room, featuring a baby grand piano.
The bed and breakfast has a spa on site which is heated for relaxation. The complimentary gourmet breakfast features fresh omelets made to order as well as other dishes made with organic, fresh ingredients.
The Collector Inn is an upscale hotel about a mile from the St Augustine’s Castillo de San Marcos historic fortress. It consists of nine beautifully renovated late 18th-century buildings grouped around a gorgeous landscaped courtyard with brick-paved paths and masses of fragrant honeysuckle. The Collector’s 30 uniquely decorated rooms have original historic features such as coquina walls, elegant fireplaces, and refurbished hardwood floors. Some suites have separate living rooms and access to breezy verandas. All rooms have free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs, granite kitchenettes, and opulent bathrooms. Guests enjoy continental breakfast, happy hour, complimentary loaner bikes, coffee and cocktails bar, an outdoor pool, and fire pits.
Casa De Suenos Bed & Breakfast was built during the early 1900s and offers seven guest rooms with distinctive decorations and styles. Some feature extra amenities for a romantic getaway, such as a private balcony or a whirlpool tub. Guests have access to evening socials, wireless internet, and free off-street parking.
The morning begins with a hearty breakfast buffet with two hot entrees that are homemade, fruit soup or fruit salad, fresh bread, homemade granola, cereal, and fresh juice, assorted teas, and coffee. You can enjoy it in the dining room, your room, or the garden patio. The evening social hour includes specialty appetizers, house wines and local beers.
The Old City House Inn has been hosting guests for more than 20 years. There are seven rooms with classic and elegant styling. All rooms have queen beds, en suite bathrooms, private entrances, free wireless internet, and cable TV.
The inn has bicycles available for guests to borrow to more easily explore St. Augustine. The day starts with a complimentary hot breakfast, and guests can enjoy a glass of wine at night or a complimentary soft drink whenever they want. There is a wine and cheese social on holidays and weekends.
The on-site restaurant is full service and features a bar as well.
This bed and breakfast is right along the ocean and is adult-only. It offers a romantic setting perfect for a couples’ weekend with amazing views of the ocean. There are five rooms in the main house with three more in the beach house.
Every room has a private bath. There are also numerous hammocks for relaxing. Guests have access to the outdoor heated pool, landscaped gardens, Jacuzzi, and a full hot breakfast in the morning. You can borrow beach towels, umbrellas, chairs, and boogie boards or bikes.
There is an on-site spa and guests have access to the YMCA Athletic Club.
Right along the waterfront, you will find the award-winning Bayfront Marin House across from Matanzas Bay in the historic district. This setting offers impressive views for guests to enjoy.
Rooms have individual thermostats and private entrances to help enhance privacy. There are 15 private rooms, each with their own entrance and private bathroom. Most rooms have electric fireplaces and double Jacuzzis as well.
Casa de Solana has been around for 250 years and originally belonged to Don Manual Lorenzo Solana, one of the first Spanish families in St. Augustine. Today, there are ten rooms in this full service bed and breakfast.
The rooms combine modern amenities with historic charm and many have their own fireplaces, balconies, or whirlpool baths.
The inn also features in-room massages and yoga classes. There is a different hot entrée every morning made using organic produce that is fresh and local. Although breakfast is served in the dining room, guests can eat it in their rooms as well. Hot entrees include quiche, French toast, fruit cops, Caprese melts, and omelets.
There is a daily wine social hour with wine, cheese, and crackers in the parlor, courtyard, and dining room.
Hemingway House Bed and Breakfast is a romantic bed and breakfast that lets you relax in the heart of St. Augustine. There are six guest rooms and each is set up for double occupancy and has a shared covered balcony on the second floor.
The rooms have a queen or king bed, their own modern private bathroom, and assigned parking. There is also cable TV, toiletries, a blow dryer, an iron and ironing board, clock radio, and sleep machine.
In the evening, guests can enjoy the casual wine and social hour. The daily breakfast is made using wholesome fresh ingredients and features familiar dishes with a twist, such as cinnamon-citrus syrup with French toast or an eggs Benedict casserole.
The Kenwood Inn is a family-friendly St. Augustine bed and breakfast that is also perfect for weddings and other events. There are 13 guest rooms with beautiful decorations; some have a plush carpet, fireplaces, hardwood floors, body massaging heads in the showers, hammocks on the balconies, and Jacuzzis.
Guests also have access to a swimming pool, free parking, and luxury amenities as well as easy access to historic downtown. Some of the 1865 building’s eye-catching features include fireplaces, sweeping bay windows, a living room, a high-ceiling parlor, and a dining area. There is also a baby grand piano. The homemade breakfast consists of fruit, cereal, granola, fresh baked pastries, and hot dishes.
The Inn on Charlotte is a bed and breakfast along the Atlantic Ocean, providing travelers with easy access to water activities such as deep sea fishing or sailing.
The 1918 building has been restored and features antique accessories and furniture mixed with modern amenities such as private bathrooms, comfortable queen or king-sized beds, toiletries, plush towels, irons, an iPad docking station, and cable TV. There are eight guest rooms and the inn has been hosting guests since 1993.
Coffee and tea are served in the morning before a two-course breakfast featuring delicious dishes such as fruit soup, eggs Benedict casserole, and other hot dishes made with fresh ingredients.
The Victorian building housing the Penny Farthing Inn dates back to 1897 and is in St. Augustine’s historic district. There is wireless internet throughout the inn and nine rooms to choose from. Each room has unique furnishings and romantic décor.
The inn has numerous porches and balconies to relax on and enjoy a nice day. You can also sit by the fireplace or in the parlor. The day starts with a gourmet breakfast at the bistro tables on the porch or in the main dining room. The atmosphere is elegant with lace and china and you can eat alone or meet other guests.
During evening coffee, dessert, and appetizers, you can talk to other guests while sipping complimentary sherry or wine.
More vacation ideas: Florida weekend trips.
Victorian House dates back to 1895 and was restored in 1983. Every guest room has unique touches with heirlooms mixed with modern amenities. Every room has a private bath while some also have private porches, Victorian claw-footed tubs, double Jacuzzi tubs, or fireplaces.
Guest rooms in both the Carriage House and Main House offer a range of décor options. Guests can relax and enjoy a cup of coffee on the porch in the morning. The excellent location of the inn means that it is close to shopping, the historic district, and the beach, offering something for everyone.
Carriage Way Bed & Breakfast dates back to 1883 and the expansive verandahs will immediately catch your eyes. Each room has wireless access, as do the common areas and the concierge can help you plan your stay in St. Augustine.
All rooms have private bathrooms, pillow top mattress, luxurious linens and towels, USB clock radios, flat screen TVs, ceiling fans, central air-conditioning, and blow dryers.
Cedar House Inn is a historic 1893 Victorian home with polished pine floors and ten-foot ceilings. The bed and breakfast has seven guestrooms as well as on-site parking and its quiet location gives visitors easy access to the historic district.
Every guest room has air-conditioning, a queen or king bed, a private bathroom with a walk-in shower or Jacuzzi, wireless internet, a flat screen TV and DVD player, an iron, a blow dryer, and bath robes.
The inn also gives guests access to a sun deck and wraparound porch, a game room with plenty of board games and puzzles, fresh baked goodies, soft drinks, bottled water, port, and wine. There is a daily two-course gourmet breakfast.
The Old Powder House Inn is a relaxing place to stay with convenient access to local attractions and the beach. There are nine guest rooms, each of which has unique appointments.
Some rooms have original hardwood floors, a table, a wall full of windows, a tub and shower, a private porch, a walk-in shower, a skylight, or a private entrance.
The full gourmet breakfast can accommodate many dietary requests. Breakfast includes fruit, orange juice, homemade bread, and hot entrees like eggs Benedict, eggs Cordova, quiche, or stuffed French toast. You can eat by yourself in the formal dining room or chat with other guests.
This historic district bed and breakfast is removed from traffic to offer visitors a quiet, relaxing environment without sacrificing easy access to St. Augustine’s attractions.
This Victorian home from the late 1800s has five rooms with unique features. You can pick a room with a queen or king-sized bed, private porch or verandah, or private entrance. Personal concierge service can help guests make reservations or plan fun activities in the area.
There is free wireless internet on site and storage for bikes and kayaks. During the day, enjoy complimentary access to soda, wine, and beer. There are also afternoon snacks and cordials and the day begins with a delicious full breakfast.
This romantic hotel is located right by the marina, giving you gorgeous ocean views along the waterfront. The majority of the inn’s 19 suites face the marina and some of the rooms are also pet-friendly so you can take your pooch on a weekend getaway.
Guests can pick from a harbor view or garden view, and some rooms also have Jacuzzis. Other rooms have dining areas, kitchens, private patios, CD players, and queen sleeper sofas. All rooms come with cable TVs featuring HBO, a DVD layer, and free local calls.
There is also a breakfast counter with a microwave, coffee maker, and fridge. Guests at the inn get access to high speed wireless internet, a guest television lounge, a swimming pool, a coin-operated laundry, free parking, and breakfast.
This 1914 Mediterranean revival has been lovingly restored to its original style but with modern amenities. There are 22 accommodations to choose from, divided between the Main House, the Coach House, and the Secret Garden.
All rooms have luxury linens and towels as well as fine bath soaps, irons, hair dryers, DVD players, flat-screen TVs, wireless internet, heating and air-conditioning, and a radio alarm clock.
The inn has common areas filled with antiques as well as a verandah to let guests enjoy the ocean breeze. Although breakfast is not included, all guests get a sizable drink credit and breakfast credit at the on-site restaurant. There is fresh complimentary coffee and tea in the foyer each morning, as well as baked cookies and refreshments in the afternoon.
Throughout this bed and breakfast, you will find verandahs and coquina masonry to show off its Southern charm. The vintage architecture is combined with modern comforts such as central air conditioning.
All rooms have antiques and period furnishings as well as cable TV, DVD players, private baths, and high-speed wireless internet. The ten rooms are each uniquely decorated giving guests a choice of décor.
Guests can savor a full breakfast in the morning on the veranda, in the Parlor, or in the Dining Room. It includes juice, coffee, assorted teas, fresh fruit, yogurt, cereal, bread, and hot homemade entrees. There is an afternoon social with iced tea and homemade desserts.
This boarding house from the 1920s has been restored and is located within the historic district. Every room has one-of-a-kind bed frames made from wrought iron along with antique furniture, curios, wicker furniture, and more.
They all feature ceiling fans, central heating and air-conditioning, flat-screen TVs, wireless internet, terraces, irons, and beautiful terraces. Every room has a private bathroom ad some of these have single or double Jacuzzis. There are also mini-fridges, microwaves, and ice.
The terrace and balcony offer great views of St. Augustine and are perfect for people watching. You can also relax and take a seat in the vintage brick courtyards with their gardens or have a meal there. A full homemade breakfast is served in the morning.
Centennial House has been fully restored and offers guests eight rooms to choose from, complete with private luxury baths, fireplaces, oversized whirlpools, climate control, a cable TV with VCR, sound insulation, and access to the inn’s video library.
Guests receive complimentary wireless internet and complimentary soft drinks. The building has 10- to 12-foot ceilings, antiques, and other features to help transport you back in time. Guests can enjoy their complimentary breakfast on the sun porch or in the formal dining room. Early risers will appreciate the early morning tea and coffee.
The building housing the Saragossa Inn started as a single family home in 1924 and now has four guest rooms as well as two guest suites.
Each accommodation has a private bath and private entrance as well as central heating and air-conditioning controlled in the room. Other in-room amenities include an alarm clock, hairdryer, iron with ironing board, cable TV, CD and radio layer, refrigerator, wet bar, microwave, coffee service, and wireless internet.
The layout of the Saragossa Inn allows you to enjoy a private vacation or socialize with other guests. A three-course gourmet brunch is served in the morning. Children can be accommodated with advance notice.
You may also like: the Bayfront Westcott House B& B.
The House of Sea and Sun is pet-friendly, giving guests the chance to bring their pooch along on vacation. Each of the seven rooms has unique décor with antiques and modern amenities.
Many rooms have private balconies and all of them have air-conditioning. Some rooms have five windows looking at the ocean, French doors, or private claw-foot tubs.
The inn is close enough to the water to hear the soothing sounds and enjoy a waterfront sunrise. There is antique furniture throughout the inn, including in the breakfast room and living room. In the morning, you get to enjoy a fresh, homemade breakfast.
More Florida destinations: Miami, Florida. |
0.846028 | Significant recent research advances have made it possible to design systems that can automatically determine with high accuracy the maliciousness of a target website. While highly useful, such systems are reactive by nature. In this paper, we take a complementary approach, and attempt to design, implement, and evaluate a novel classification system which predicts, whether a given, not yet compromised website will become malicious in the future. We adapt several techniques from data mining and machine learning which are particularly well-suited for this problem. A key aspect of our system is that the set of features it relies on is automatically extracted from the data it acquires; this allows us to be able to detect new attack trends relatively quickly. We evaluate our implementation on a corpus of 444,519 websites, containing a total of 4,916,203 webpages, and show that we manage to achieve good detection accuracy over a one-year horizon; that is, we generally manage to correctly predict that currently benign websites will become compromised within a year. |
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0.970188 | The power of the church was extremely important in medieval English society. Before the religious reform, the church was the largest privileged organization in the country, under the control of the holy see. It was subordinate to the Roman Catholic church system in terms of organization, law, doctrines, rules and property relations. The Pope used the church to contain secular Kings. In Britain, the Pope could send envoys to intervene in the affairs of the church on behalf of the Pope. Therefore, if Britain wants to transform from traditional society to modern society and establish a nation-state with independent sovereignty, it must put the Catholic church organization independent of the secular regime under the control of the royal power and establish a completely independent nation-church. However, this means that it must launch an in-depth struggle with the holy see.
In the late middle ages, with the unification of British politics, the rapid development of industry and commerce, the establishment of a nation-state was imminent, and the domestic church organization controlled by the holy see became the biggest obstacle. During this period, the prestige of the church was also gradually lost. The Pope was controlled by Spain and France in turn, and the anti-clerical thought was constantly strengthened. People began to question the Catholic doctrine. The desire of the new civic class to oppose the church was the most pressing. It urged the weakening of the church, the stripping of church property, the simplification of religious rituals, the establishment of churches and religious creeds suited to the needs of its own class, and the end of papal interference in the church of England. After 1350, calls for reform, both domestic and international, became more pressing.
At the same time, the national life has an obvious characteristic, "as the foundation of Henry get support, this is the development of a strong national consciousness, a kind of England belong to England people's feelings, to inspire the emotion to resist no matter from where all the foreign invasion, it is a piece of cake". At the time, "in almost every country, there was a growing tendency to establish an established religion; And because early signs of nationalism were emerging at the time, it made the separatist movement even worse... The holy see has responded perfunctorily, content with a temporary solution and immediate concessions. Thus, the anti-pope was associated with nationalism and patriotism, and the king's ambition to expand his power merged with the nation's desire to maintain its autonomy. The king of England launched the religious reform from top to bottom with the help of this national feeling.
At the beginning of Henry VIII's reign, there was a growing demand for reform from all walks of life. But Henry VIII's reforms were prompted by the Pope's refusal to grant him a divorce from Catherine, his Spanish wife. Catherine was the aunt of Charles v, and the Pope was afraid to condemn Charles v, so he refused to approve it. Henry used parliament against the holy see to kick off the reformation in England. In 1531, the British parliament and the convocation of the clergy convened to prosecute all members of the convocation for their support of the Pope and contempt for the crown. The priests were exonerated of more than 118,000. In 1533, parliament passed a law prohibiting appeals to the holy see, severing all ties between England and the holy see. Henry viii in the appeal act shows that the nation-state theory for the center with autocratic king: "according to all previous dynasties historic, we solemnly declare as follows: the England as a sovereign state, and has been acknowledged by the world, ruled by a top of the heads of the king, he have the sovereign king's dignity and noble identity, under the subject to him and is second only to god and therefore should be natural humbly obedient to him, is the national political body, the body politic by each level is divided into the college, and of all the people of the secular; He also ordered by almighty god's love asks all have complete, absolute, power, status, prestige, power and judicial power, to many different people in order to judge and final decisions in their subject matters, such as suitable for various reason, the transaction took place in its own development, disputes, defense is in them, and there is no any king, prince, or foreign powerful restriction, also can not to its appeal... ". This act, one of the most important documents of the reformation, was a clear legal expression of the absolute monarchy of Henry viii and marked the formal severance of British relations with Rome in the field of justice.
In 1534, parliament passed the act of supremacy, declaring Henry viii and his successor the head of the church of England. In order to show reconciliation to protestants, he drafted 10 creeds, which recognized "justification by faith" and denied the Roman church's "purgatory theory" and the role of the Pope, but did not deny the role of good works and sacraments. At this time, the church of England still kept the doctrine, organization and etiquette of the church of Rome, but replaced the authority of the Pope with the authority of the king, realizing the separation from the church of Rome in organization. Another important part of the reform was the dissolution of monasteries and the confiscation of church property. In 1536, Henry viii ordered an investigation into the evils of the monasteries. Parliament passed a decree to close 376 monasteries whose annual income was less than 200 pounds. In 1539 he ordered the closure of all monasteries and the confiscation of their property. Henry thus completed his plan to confiscate all the monastic property. At home, his power has never been greater. However, Henry viii carried out the religious reform for secular purposes. After obtaining his political power and economic interests, he hoped to maintain the status quo. Meanwhile, Henry considered himself a devout Catholic and did not change his faith because of the conflict with the Pope. So in 1539, Henry passed through parliament the six articles act to outlaw dissension. This decree affirmed the Catholic sacraments, affirmed the communion bread, wine "entity transformation theory"; Anyone who denies these teachings and teachings is guilty of heresy and is punishable by fire and confiscation of property. The enactment of the six ACTS was a severe blow to the protestants in the British reformation. Many of them were arrested and killed, and many of them fled to the continent.
During the reign of Edward vi, the religious reform in England not only inherited the independent policy of the church of England of Henry viii, but also made new changes in the etiquette, doctrine and other essential contents. 1547 the abolition of the six articles act to outlaw dissension allowed the church of England to allow laymen to receive the cup in communion and banned mass and the worship of ICONS. In 1548, the book of common prayer was published to replace the mass book of the Roman church. In January 1549, parliament passed the uniform act of faith, which stipulated that all churches in England would worship according to the book of common prayer, and unified the English worship service for the first time. In 1552, parliament passed a new uniform law to amend and publish the prayer book, which was called "the second prayer book" to eliminate the strong Roman church color and etiquette. From November 1, 1552, parliament ordered that the new prayer books be used in churches across the country. In 1553, Edward vi approved the forty-two letter outline drawn up by cranmer to be carried out nationwide. In 1547, for example, parliament decided that bishops were not to be elected, but to be appointed by the king in the form of a petition. In the same year, the synod lifted the restriction on the marriage of the clergy, the king confirmed this and declared that the children of the clergy had legal rights, and so on. It can be seen that the reformed religion of Edward vi is different from Roman Catholicism not only in form but also in content. The promulgation of the first prayer book, the second prayer book and the forty-two principles of faith marked the initial formation of anli ganzong.
In July 1553, Catherine's daughter Mary I succeeded to the throne. Mary was a staunch Catholic. Her reign was devoted to restoring Catholicism, and the reformation policies of Henry viii were abolished. Protestants were severely persecuted and convicted of heresy: they were burned at the stake or died in prison. The leader of the reformation, archbishop of Canterbury archbishop cranmer, has been sentenced to death at the stake in st Mary's church. More than 300 people were among those killed. Large Numbers of members of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie who supported the reformation fled the country. Mary restored the Vatican's property and tax rights in England, allied with Spain, and fought against France. Her series of policies aroused widespread opposition from the domestic aristocracy, citizens and other emerging bourgeoisie, and earned her the title of "bloody Mary". Mary died in 1554. In 1558, Elizabeth I ascended the throne.
Like her father, Henry viii, Elizabeth wanted to establish a church in England without a Pope. She opposed the Catholic church and did not allow the popularity of new denominations outside the church of England. In a compromise, the king could become the head of the church and take care of the religious feelings of the majority of the old faithful. Elizabeth first restored the dominance of the church of England and the supreme power of the king in the church of England. In 1559, congress passed a new "the supreme law", announced that the queen for the both sides of the church and the common "top management", mainly the appointment of the priesthood and the church rules implemented by the senior religious court designated by the government to execute, banned the Catholic church, against the authority of the Pope, all the members of the clergy must be loyal to the queen, or fired; And reformed religious rituals. In 1571, parliament approved the book of common prayer and the thirty-nine articles of faith. The book of common prayer is basically a copy of the second book of prayer, except that it incorporates some of the first book of prayer's heavily traditional sacraments and strips out any words that might offend the Pope or the bishops. The thirty-nine principles are based on Edward vi's forty-two principles. The creed provides that the church of England has the bible as its sole criterion of faith. The king, not the Pope, is the supreme head of the church of England; Church services were held in English, but the Catholic episcopal system and certain religious services were retained, and tithes were levied as usual. In 1571, parliament added article 29 on holy communion, translated the 39 articles from Latin into English, and declared it the official doctrine of the church of England. All clergy and religious teachers had to sign it. The book of common prayer and the thirty-nine articles of faith are of extraordinary significance to English religion. The contents and principles of religious rites, doctrines and systems they express fully show the basic characteristics of Anglican sect as a new religious sect, which marks the ultimate establishment of the national church of England.
The reformed church of England, subordinate to the king, was no longer under the control of the Pope. The Pope was deprived of his right of inquisition, ordination, taxation, and doctrine in England. The confiscation of church property and the prohibition of the church of England from paying tribute to the holy see increased the king's financial power. The ecclesiastical council could only be convened with the consent of the king, and the bishops remained, but to be elected by the nomination of the king, the inquisition had to abide by the laws of the state, and the king had the power to amend the laws of the church. The king ruled the church, and the church was subordinate to the king, which ended the confrontation between the English theocracy and the king, and the church and the king, and the king's power was greatly expanded. The reformation removed an obstacle for the establishment and consolidation of absolute monarchy and nation state. German scholar Edwin Jones of the 16th century religious reform as "one of the largest in the history of England revolution, it means that the England suddenly rupture" and the western Christian world Europe, heralded the establishment of the modern country of England.
In comparison, in the stream of the reformation of England in the 16th century Europe is the most lucky, and avoid the countries such as Germany and France in wars of religion, it is by the king, from top to bottom with the administrative measures of reform is more for real political and national interest considerations, in authoritarian political soil to cultivate the spirit of nationalism, reform involves the national interests, political interests, is a form of religious revolution, to establish the national church and nation state for the purpose of social movement. After several twists and turns of the reform, the national church of England was finally established, and the king became the highest head of the church in his country, completely getting rid of the control of the Roman Catholic church over Britain, and conforming to the need of Britain to establish a modern national state. |
0.994038 | Aculab Cloud supports Cepstral and Polly Text To Speech (TTS).
In the REST and UAS APIs, the Play action and Say functions respectively, support the Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) allowing you to change the way your text is spoken, for example, by choosing which voice you'd like to say it. SSML also allows you to choose which TTS engine you'd like, through use of the optional acu-engine tag which, if provided, must be outermost in the string. If you don't provide this tag your account default will be used, based on the default voice.
Polly's website has a demo which allows you to select a voice and immediately hear how different text will sound - see Polly demos.
Polly TTS supports a subset of SSML, which can optionally be embedded within the text you supply to the say function. For a summary of the SSML tags which may be used, see Common SSML tags below. For more detailed information, to go W3C SSML 1.1 recommendation.
Cepstral's website has a demo which allows you to select a voice and immediately hear how different text will sound - see Cepstral demos.
For example, "Bill & Ben played in the garden" would be become "Bill & Ben played in the garden".
Cepstral and Polly both support a subset of SSML. Details of common tags can be found below. It is highly recommended that you test your application before deploying with a different TTS engine.
Inserts a break or pause in the speech.
Optional arguments are time and strength.
strength sets the relative value of the pause. These are none, x-weak, weak, medium, strong and x-strong.
This is a <break /> sentence break.
This is a <break time="2s"/> two second break.
This is a dramatic <break strength="x-strong"/> break.
Allows the user to change the voice used. Parameter name is required, specifying the voice to use. The supported voices for each TTS are listed above.
Allows the user to change the pitch, speed and volume of a segment of speech.
Common optional parameters are: pitch, rate and volume.
pitch can be used to set the pitch of speech. Options are: x-low, low, medium, high, x-high,a relative change (measured in Hz) e.g. +50Hz, or a percentage change e.g +50%.
rate sets the rate of speech. Options are: x-slow, slow, medium, fast and x-fast,a relative change (measured in Hz) e.g. +50Hz, or a percentage change e.g +50%.
volume sets the volume for speech. Options are: silent, x-soft, soft, medium, loud and x-loud, a relative change (measured in Hz) e.g. +50Hz, or a percentage change e.g +50%.
Can be used to read with emphasis.
Required parameter: level. Options are: reduced, moderate and strong.
This is a <emphasis level="strong">level of emphasis</emphasis>, which can be used to highlight important information. |
0.999179 | In large part, rodents “see” the world through their whiskers, a powerful tactile sense enabled by a series of brain areas that form the whisker-trigeminal system. Raw sensory data arrives in the form of mechanical input to the exquisitely sensitive, actively-controllable whisker array, and is processed through a sequence of neural circuits, eventually arriving in cortical regions that communicate with decision making and memory areas. Although a long history of experimental studies has characterized many aspects of these processing stages, the computational operations of the whisker-trigeminal system remain largely unknown. In the present work, we take a goal-driven deep neural network (DNN) approach to modeling these computations. First, we construct a biophysically-realistic model of the rat whisker array. We then generate a large dataset of whisker sweeps across a wide variety of 3D objects in highly-varying poses, angles, and speeds. Next, we train DNNs from several distinct architectural families to solve a shape recognition task in this dataset. Each architectural family represents a structurally-distinct hypothesis for processing in the whisker-trigeminal system, corresponding to different ways in which spatial and temporal information can be integrated. We find that most networks perform poorly on the challenging shape recognition task, but that specific architectures from several families can achieve reasonable performance levels. Finally, we show that Representational Dissimilarity Matrices (RDMs), a tool for comparing population codes between neural systems, can separate these higher performing networks with data of a type that could plausibly be collected in a neurophysiological or imaging experiment. Our results are a proof-of-concept that DNN models of the whisker-trigeminal system are potentially within reach. |
0.987454 | Using the Registry Pattern in WordPress There are ways to work with passing data around your application without the need for global variables.
The use of global variables makes software harder to read and understand. Since any code anywhere in the program can change the value of the variable at any time, understanding the use of the variable may entail understanding a large portion of the program.
This isn’t to say they don’t have their use, but if you’re interested in object-oriented programming (especially in a WordPress setting where you’re going to be using PHP), then it’s important to understand some better alternatives than global variables.
That is, there are ways to work with passing data around your application without the need for global variables. And one such way is the registry pattern.
First, note that design patterns transcend any given particular pattern. As long as a language offers the concepts of objects (or even abstractions), then it’s possible to implement the pattern.
But why bother using this?
In short, it provides an object-oriented way to pass information around your application without the need for global variables. Things such as dependency injection containers are also good for this, but they are beyond the scope of this post. I’d also argue that there are times in which they can be overkill in the context of small plugins.
The class contains a single array as a private property.
Data is added to the array with a specific ID.
Data can be retrieved from the pattern with the ID.
You could even take this particular pattern to the next level if it accepts only a class of a certain type (like an AbstractEvent, for example) and then automatically invoke a function on the class whenever it’s passed in (or retrieved) from the registry.
But that’s getting into a more complex implementation that I’d like for this post.
Because of the nature of WordPress’ hook system, there’s a particular way in which the Registry has to be setup and then registered with WordPress.
This creates the registry and then creates a corresponding filter that we can use later in the plugin to retrieve the registry and thus other objects that it maintains.
To add an object to the registry, call the add function and pass a unique ID and an instance of the object. Note that our currently implementation will trash any previous instances of an object that has the same key and replace it with whatever we pass to it.
And you can use them just as oyu would in any other way. But this avoids the use need for singletons, global variables, or other dangerous things.
Another advantage that I find with the implementation of this pattern is that it not only allows you to more easily write unit tests against it, but it also gives you the ability to write tests against the objects that it can hold.
By that, I mean you can write your classes more independent of WordPress thus separating the domain logic from the core application and making them more representative of the data they are supposed to maintain.
Next PostNext What’s the Purpose of a Boilerplate? |
0.999978 | A wonderful beach in the middle of nowhere. When I was there there was a wreck on the beach!
English (Translate this text in English): A wonderful beach in the middle of nowhere. When I was there there was a wreck on the beach! |
0.939214 | Lunar seismology is the study of ground motions of the moon and the events, typically impacts or moonquakes, that excite them.
Several seismographic measuring systems have already been installed on the moon and their data made available to scientists (such as those from the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package). The existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from seismometers placed on the Moon by Apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972. The instruments placed by the Apollo 12, 14, 15 and 16 missions were functional until they were switched off in 1977. Moonquakes are not believed to be caused by tectonic plate movement (as earthquakes are), but by tidal forces between Earth and the moon. Further data hopes to clarify the origins and effects of the forces causing moonquakes.
Several categories of moonquakes were recorded. Hundreds of deep moonquakes were recorded along with 28 shallow events. The deeper quakes are caused by tidal forces with the Earth and tended to occur in clusters. The shallow events have tectonic origins. Although more rare than deep events, the shallow events were larger, with body wave magnitudes > 5.5 and stress drops exceeding 100 MPa. Other sources of seismic activity included meteorite impacts and artificial signals from lunar modules.
One key finding was an improved understanding of the structure of the deep lunar interior, including the existence of a solid inner-core and sharp core-mantle boundary and a partial-melt layer at the base of the lunar mantle. The solid core has a radius of about 240 km and is surrounded by a much thinner liquid outer core with a thickness of about 90 km. The partial melt layer sits above the liquid outer core and has a thickness of about 150 km. The mantle extends to within 45 ± 5 km of the lunar surface.
Scattering from the megaregolith Strong variations in material properties near the surface of the Moon, likely caused by a long history of impact cratering, are thought to be responsible for the complex seismic waveforms that lack clear reflected arrivals that would provide clear seismological evidence of a lunar core.
Selenographical distribution All of the Apollo seismometers were placed on the near side of the moon. The relative dearth of moonquakes observed on the far side of the moon has been interpreted as either (1) evidence for an attenuating core or (2) observational bias given that it is easier to detect events of a fixed magnitude that are closer to the sensors.
Due to the success of the Apollo seismometers, several space agencies including NASA have expressed interest in funding future seismic missions to the moon. NASA's Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2012-2022 lists a lunar geophysical network as a recommended New Frontiers mission. The mission would be tasked with enhancing the knowledge of the lunar interior using several identical landers distributed over the lunar surface. A network of arrays would be able to better constrain lunar seismicity, especially on the far side of the Moon. In early 2018, NASA a new program called the Development and Advancement of Lunar Instrumentation (DALI). The goal of DALI is to fund potential instruments so that they reach a technology readiness level of 6, meaning the instruments could be proposed for flight opportunities as early as 2023 and would not require significant technology development. DALI looks to fund instruments that would support the Science Mission Directorate's Planetary Science Division, including the desired lunar geophysical network. The due-date for proposals was in the Spring of 2018, and selected proposals were not announced as of September 2018.
^ Goins, N. R.; et al. (June 10, 1981). "Lunar seismology – The internal structure of the moon". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86: 5061. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.5061G. doi:10.1029/JB086iB06p05061.
^ Apollo 15 Mission. Lunar and Planetary Institute Retrieved 2012-02-12.
^ Lammlein, David (June 1977). "Lunar seismicity and tectonics". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 14 (3): 224–273. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(77)90175-3.
^ Nakamura, Yosio; Latham, Gary; Dorman, H. James (15 November 1982). "Apollo Lunar Seismic Experiment- Final Summary". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 87 (S01): A117-A123. doi:10.1029/JB087iS01p0A117.
^ Oberst, Jurgen (10 February 1987). "Unusually high stress drops associated with shallow moonquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 92 (B2): 1397–1405. doi:10.1029/JB092iB02p01397.
^ Lammlein, David R; Latham, Gary V; Dorman, James; Nakamura, Yosio; Ewing, Maurice (February 1977). "Lunar seismicity, structure, and tectonics". Reviews of Geophysics. 12 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1029/RG012i001p00001.
^ a b Weber, Renee; Lin, Pei-Ying; Garnero, Edward J; Williams, Quentin; Lognonne, Philippe (21 January 2011). "Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core". Science. 331 (6015): 309–312. doi:10.1126/science.1199375.
^ Garcia, Raphael; Gagnepain-Beyneix, Jeannine; Chevrot, Sebastien; Lognonne, Philippe (September 2011). "Very preliminary reference Moon model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 188 (1–2): 96–113. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2011.06.015.
^ a b Khan, A; Mosegaard, K; Rasmussen, K L (1 June 2000). "A new seismic velocity model for the Moon from Monte Carlo inversion of the Apollo lunar seismic data". Geophysical Research Letters. 27 (11): 1591–1594. doi:10.1029/1999GL008452.
^ Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. March 7, 2011. ISBN 978-0-309-22464-2.
^ "NASA Research Announcement: Development and Advancement of Lunar Instrumentation Program". NSPIRES NASA Solicitation and Proposal Integrated Review and Evaluation System. NASA Research and Education Support Service. Retrieved 8 October 2018. |
0.951831 | Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988) was an American science fiction writer. Often called the "dean of science fiction writers", his controversial works continue to have an influential effect on the genre.
Heinlein became one of the first science fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science fiction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C Clarke are often considered the "Big Three" of science fiction authors.
Heinlein turned to writing in order to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, Life-Line, was printed in the August 1939 issue of Astounding Science-Fiction. Originally written for a contest, it was instead sold to Astounding for significantly more than the contest's first-prize payoff.
A notable writer of science fiction short stories, Heinlein was one of a group of writers who came to prominence under the editorship of John W Campbell, Jr. at his Astounding Science Fiction magazine—though Heinlein denied that Campbell influenced his writing to any great degree.
In the 1950s he was a leader in bringing science fiction out of the low-paying and less prestigious "pulp ghetto". Most of his works, including short stories, have been continuously in print in many languages since their initial appearance and are still available as new paperbacks decades after his death.
In his fiction, Heinlein coined terms that have become part of the English language, including "grok", "waldo", and "speculative fiction", as well as popularizing existing terms like "TANSTAAFL" [there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch], "pay it forward", and "space marine". He also anticipated mechanical Computer Aided Design with Drafting Dan and described a modern version of a waterbed in his novel The Door into Summer, though he never patented or built one. In the first chapter of the novel Space Cadet he anticipated the cell-phone, 35 years before Motorola invented the technology. Several of Heinlein's works have been adapted for film and television.
Heinlein published 32 novels, 59 short stories, and 16 collections during his life. Four films, two television series, several episodes of a radio series, and a board game have been derived more or less directly from his work.
In his lifetime, Heinlein received four Hugo Awards, for Stranger in a Strange Land, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, Starship Troopers, and Double Star, and was nominated for four Nebula Awards, for Stranger in a Strange Land, Friday, Time Enough for Love, and Job: A Comedy of Justice. He was also given five posthumous Hugos, for Farmer in the Sky, Destination Moon, If This Goes On, The Roads Must Roll, and The Man Who Sold the Moon.
In addition, fifty years after publication, five of his works were awarded "Retro Hugos"—awards given retrospectively for works that were published before the Hugo Awards came into existence.The Science Fiction Writers of America named Heinlein its first Grand Master in 1974, presented 1975.
Though not sf's finest sf writer in strictly literary terms, Heinlein's grasp of narrative strategy was unparalleled in the field, and his presentation of the future as a venue where people actually lived was innovative and definitive; his pre-eminence from 1940 to 1960 was both earned and unassailable. In a style which exuded assurance and savvy, his early writing blended slang, folk aphorism, technical jargon, clever understatement, apparent casualness, a concentration on people rather than gadgets, and a sense that the world described was real; it was a kind of writing able to incorporate the great mass of necessary sf data necessary without recourse to the long descriptive passages and deadening explanations common to earlier sf, so that his stories spoke with a smoothness and authority which came to seem the very tone of things to come. His characters were competent men of action, equally at home with their fists and a slide-rule (see Edisonade) and actively involved in the processes and procedures (political, legal, military, industrial, etc.) which make the world turn. Described in tales whose apparent openness concealed very considerable narrative craft and cunning, these characters seemed genuinely to inhabit the worlds of tomorrow. By the end of his first three years of writing, Heinlein had domesticated the future. For the next half a century he was the father – loved, resisted, emulated – of the dominant US form of the genre.
The Heinlein Society is an organisation dedicated to “paying it forward” in his honour. |
0.999993 | Does the dancer have any allergies, chronic illness, or medical conditions? If yes, please describe.
I, the undersigned, am either the Participant named above and/or the parent and/or legal guardian ("Guardian/Parent") of the minor Participant named above. I am familiar with the activities, which take place in this activity.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS I will participate or authorize the Participant to participate in the activities listed above at the facilities of Dixie State Unviersity as part of the Red Rock Dance Festival. I understand that such participation can include foreseeable and unforeseeable risks and other hazardous activities inherent in the program, which may expose the participant to illness, injury, or death. Participant and/or guardian/parent freely and voluntarily participates or allows participation in the program with the knowledge of the danger involved and hereby agrees to assume and accept any and all risk of injury or death.
WAIVER, RELEASE AND INDEMNIFICATION Participant or Guardian/Parent of Participant understands and acknowledge that the Red Rock Dance Festival is not an insurer of Participant's behavior, actions or participation in the program, and that the Festival assumes no liability whatsoever for personal injuries or property damages to Participant or to third persons arising out of Participation in the Program activities. Participant or Guardian/Parent hereby agrees to release, waive, covenant not to sue, indemnify and hold harmless the Festival and theor the space leases Dixie State Unviersity, and all of their officers, employees and agents (collectively the "Releasees") from any and all liability, claims, demands, actions and causes of action whatsoever arising out of or related to any loss, damage, or injury, including death, that may be sustained by Participant or loss or damage to any property belonging to Participant arising out of or related to participation in the above named Program, and excepting only such loss, damage or injury as may be caused by the sole negligence of any Release.
Participant of Guardian/Parent of Participant agrees that the site of any lawsuit arising out of or related to participation in the Festival shall be that this Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of Utah, without application of any principles of choice of law. Participant does not have any medical conditions that would prevent participation in the Festival. Participant has adequate health insurance to cover the costs of treatment in the event of any injury. Participant shall pay any attorney fees or costs incurred by the Festival in enforcing this Agreement. If any portion of this Agreement is held to be invalid by a court of law, then it is agreed and intended that all the remainder shall, notwithstanding, continue in full force and effect.
By signing this agreement, Participant of Guardian/Parent of Participant is confirming that I understand the terms of this Agreement. I also acknowledge that this Agreement shall bind my heirs and personal representatives.
or call Sherlynn Davis at 435-668-5727. |
0.999474 | This article is about the English engineer. For other people called George Stephenson, see George Stephenson (disambiguation). For the similar name, see George Stevenson (disambiguation).
George Stephenson (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Renowned as the "Father of Railways", Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement. Self-help advocate Samuel Smiles particularly praised his achievements. His chosen rail gauge, sometimes called 'Stephenson gauge',[i] was the basis for the 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm) standard gauge used by most of the world's railways.
Pioneered by Stephenson, rail transport was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century and a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Built by George and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the Locomotion No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830.
George Stephenson was born on 9 June 1781 in Wylam, Northumberland, which is 9 miles (15 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was the second child of Robert and Mabel Stephenson, neither of whom could read or write. Robert was the fireman for Wylam Colliery pumping engine, earning a very low wage, so there was no money for schooling. At 17, Stephenson became an engineman at Water Row Pit in Newburn nearby. George realised the value of education and paid to study at night school to learn reading, writing and arithmetic – he was illiterate until the age of 18.
In 1801 he began work at Black Callerton Colliery south of Ponteland as a 'brakesman', controlling the winding gear at the pit. In 1802 he married Frances Henderson and moved to Willington Quay, east of Newcastle. There he worked as a brakesman while they lived in one room of a cottage. George made shoes and mended clocks to supplement his income.
Their first child Robert was born in 1803, and in 1804 they moved to Dial Cottage at West Moor, near Killingworth where George worked as a brakesman at Killingworth Pit. Their second child, a daughter was born in July 1805. She was named Frances after her mother. The child died after just three weeks and was buried in St Bartholomew's Church, Long Benton north of Newcastle.
In 1806 George's wife Frances died of consumption (tuberculosis). She was buried in the same churchyard as their daughter on the 16th May 1806, though sadly the location of the grave is lost.
George decided to find work in Scotland and left Robert with a local woman while he went to work in Montrose. After a few months he returned, probably because his father was blinded in a mining accident. He moved back into a cottage at West Moor and his unmarried sister Eleanor moved in to look after Robert. In 1811 the pumping engine at High Pit, Killingworth was not working properly and Stephenson offered to improve it. He did so with such success that he was promoted to enginewright for the collieries at Killingworth, responsible for maintaining and repairing all the colliery engines. He became an expert in steam-driven machinery.
In 1815, aware of the explosions often caused in mines by naked flames, Stephenson began to experiment with a safety lamp that would burn in a gaseous atmosphere without causing an explosion. At the same time, the eminent scientist and Cornishman Humphry Davy was also looking at the problem. Despite his lack of scientific knowledge, Stephenson, by trial and error, devised a lamp in which the air entered via tiny holes, through which the flames of the lamp could not pass.
A month before Davy presented his design to the Royal Society, Stephenson demonstrated his own lamp to two witnesses by taking it down Killingworth Colliery and holding it in front of a fissure from which firedamp was issuing. The two designs differed; Davy's lamp was surrounded by a screen of gauze, whereas Stephenson's prototype lamp had a perforated plate contained in a glass cylinder. For his invention Davy was awarded £2,000, whilst Stephenson was accused of stealing the idea from Davy, because he was not seen as an adequate scientist who could have produced the lamp by any approved scientific method.
Stephenson, having come from the North-East, spoke with a broad Northumberland accent and not the 'Language of Parliament,' which made him seem lowly. Realizing this, he made a point of educating his son Robert in a private school, where he was taught to speak in Standard English with a Received Pronunciation accent. It was due to this, in their future dealings with Parliament, that it became clear that the authorities preferred Robert to his father.
A local committee of enquiry gathered in support of Stephenson, exonerated him, proved he had been working separately to create the 'Geordie Lamp', and awarded him £1,000, but Davy and his supporters refused to accept their findings, and would not see how an uneducated man such as Stephenson could come up with the solution he had. In 1833 a House of Commons committee found that Stephenson had equal claim to having invented the safety lamp. Davy went to his grave believing that Stephenson had stolen his idea. The Stephenson lamp was used almost exclusively in North East England, whereas the Davy lamp was used everywhere else. The experience gave Stephenson a lifelong distrust of London-based, theoretical, scientific experts.
In his book George and Robert Stephenson, the author L.T.C. Rolt relates that opinion varied about the two lamps' efficiency: that the Davy Lamp gave more light, but the Geordie Lamp was thought to be safer in a more gaseous atmosphere. He made reference to an incident at Oaks Colliery in Barnsley where both lamps were in use. Following a sudden strong influx of gas the tops of all the Davy Lamps became red hot (which had in the past caused an explosion, and in so doing risked another), whilst all the Geordie Lamps simply went out.
There is a theory that it was Stephenson who indirectly gave the name of Geordies to the people of the North East of England. By this theory, the name of the Geordie Lamp attached to the North East pit men themselves. By 1866 any native of Newcastle upon Tyne could be called a Geordie.
Cornishman Richard Trevithick is credited with the first realistic design for a steam locomotive in 1802. Later, he visited Tyneside and built an engine there for a mine-owner. Several local men were inspired by this, and designed their own engines.
Early Stephenson locomotive illustrated in Samuel Smiles' Lives of the Engineers (1862).
Stephenson designed his first locomotive in 1814, a travelling engine designed for hauling coal on the Killingworth wagonway named Blücher after the Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (It was suggested the name sprang from Blücher's rapid march of his army in support of Wellington at Waterloo).[ii] Blücher was modelled on Matthew Murray’s locomotive Willington, which George studied at Kenton and Coxlodge colliery on Tyneside, and was constructed in the colliery workshop behind Stephenson's home, Dial Cottage, on Great Lime Road. The locomotive could haul 30 tons of coal up a hill at 4 mph (6.4 km/h), and was the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive: its traction depended on contact between its flanged wheels and the rail.
Altogether, Stephenson is said to have produced 16 locomotives at Killingworth, although it has not proved possible to produce a convincing list of all 16. Of those identified, most were built for use at Killingworth or for the Hetton colliery railway. A six-wheeled locomotive was built for the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway in 1817 but was withdrawn from service because of damage to the cast-iron rails. Another locomotive was supplied to Scott's Pit railroad at Llansamlet, near Swansea, in 1819 but it too was withdrawn, apparently because it was under-boilered and again caused damage to the track.
The new engines were too heavy to run on wooden rails or plate-way, and iron edge rails were in their infancy, with cast iron exhibiting excessive brittleness. Together with William Losh, Stephenson improved the design of cast-iron edge rails to reduce breakage; rails were briefly made by Losh, Wilson and Bell at their Walker ironworks.
According to Rolt, Stephenson managed to solve the problem caused by the weight of the engine on the primitive rails. He experimented with a steam spring (to 'cushion' the weight using steam pressure acting on pistons to support the locomotive frame), but soon followed the practice of 'distributing' weight by using a number of wheels or bogies. For the Stockton and Darlington Railway Stephenson used wrought-iron malleable rails that he had found satisfactory, notwithstanding the financial loss he suffered by not using his own patented design.
Stephenson was hired to build the 8-mile (13-km) Hetton colliery railway in 1820. He used a combination of gravity on downward inclines and locomotives for level and upward stretches. This, the first railway using no animal power, opened in 1822. This line used a gauge of 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm) which Stephenson had used before at the Killingworth wagonway.
In 1821, a parliamentary bill was passed to allow the building of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR). The 25-mile (40 km) railway connected collieries near Bishop Auckland to the River Tees at Stockton, passing through Darlington on the way. The original plan was to use horses to draw coal carts on metal rails, but after company director Edward Pease met Stephenson, he agreed to change the plans. Stephenson surveyed the line in 1821, and assisted by his eighteen-year-old son Robert, construction began the same year.
A manufacturer was needed to provide the locomotives for the line. Pease and Stephenson had jointly established a company in Newcastle to manufacture locomotives. It was set up as Robert Stephenson and Company, and George's son Robert was the managing director. A fourth partner was Michael Longridge of Bedlington Ironworks. On an early trade card, Robert Stephenson & Co was described as "Engineers, Millwrights & Machinists, Brass & Iron Founders". In September 1825 the works at Forth Street, Newcastle completed the first locomotive for the railway: originally named Active, it was renamed Locomotion and was followed by Hope, Diligence and Black Diamond. The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened on 27 September 1825. Driven by Stephenson, Locomotion hauled an 80-ton load of coal and flour nine miles (14 km) in two hours, reaching a speed of 24 miles per hour (39 kilometres per hour) on one stretch. The first purpose-built passenger car, Experiment, was attached and carried dignitaries on the opening journey. It was the first time passenger traffic had been run on a steam locomotive railway.
The rails used for the line were wrought-iron, produced by John Birkinshaw at the Bedlington Ironworks. Wrought-iron rails could be produced in longer lengths than cast-iron and were less liable to crack under the weight of heavy locomotives. William Losh of Walker Ironworks thought he had an agreement with Stephenson to supply cast-iron rails, and Stephenson's decision caused a permanent rift between them. The gauge Stephenson chose for the line was 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm) which subsequently was adopted as the standard gauge for railways, not only in Britain, but throughout the world.
Stephenson had ascertained by experiments at Killingworth that half the power of the locomotive was consumed by a gradient as little as 1 in 260. He concluded that railways should be kept as level as possible. He used this knowledge while working on the Bolton and Leigh Railway, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), executing a series of difficult cuttings, embankments and stone viaducts to level their routes. Defective surveying of the original route of the L&MR caused by hostility from some affected landowners meant Stephenson encountered difficulty during Parliamentary scrutiny of the original bill, especially under cross-examination by Edward Hall Alderson. The bill was rejected and a revised bill for a new alignment was submitted and passed in a subsequent session. The revised alignment presented the problem of crossing Chat Moss, an apparently bottomless peat bog, which Stephenson overcame by unusual means, effectively floating the line across it. The method he used was similar to that used by John Metcalf who constructed many miles of road across marshes in the Pennines, laying a foundation of heather and branches, which became bound together by the weight of the passing coaches, with a layer of stones on top.
As the L&MR approached completion in 1829, its directors arranged a competition to decide who would build its locomotives, and the Rainhill Trials were run in October 1829. Entries could weigh no more than six tons and had to travel along the track for a total distance of 60 miles (97 km). Stephenson's entry was Rocket, and its performance in winning the contest made it famous. George's son Robert had been working in South America from 1824 to 1827 and returned to run the Forth Street Works while George was in Liverpool overseeing the construction of the line. Robert was responsible for the detailed design of Rocket, although he was in constant postal communication with his father, who made many suggestions. One significant innovation, suggested by Henry Booth, treasurer of the L&MR, was the use of a fire-tube boiler, invented by French engineer Marc Seguin that gave improved heat exchange.
The opening ceremony of the L&MR, on 15 September 1830, drew luminaries from the government and industry, including the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. The day started with a procession of eight trains setting out from Liverpool. The parade was led by Northumbrian driven by George Stephenson, and included Phoenix driven by his son Robert, North Star driven by his brother Robert and Rocket driven by assistant engineer Joseph Locke. The day was marred by the death of William Huskisson, the Member of Parliament for Liverpool, who was struck by Rocket. Stephenson evacuated the injured Huskisson to Eccles with a train, but he died from his injuries. Despite the tragedy, the railway was a resounding success. Stephenson became famous, and was offered the position of chief engineer for a wide variety of other railways.
1830 also saw the grand opening of the skew bridge in Rainhill over the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The bridge was the first to cross any railway at an angle. It required the structure to be constructed as two flat planes (overlapping in this case by 6 ft (1.8 m)) between which the stonework forms a parallelogram shape when viewed from above. It has the effect of flattening the arch and the solution is to lay the bricks forming the arch at an angle to the abutments (the piers on which the arches rest). The technique, which results in a spiral effect in the arch masonry, provides extra strength in the arch to compensate for the angled abutments.
The bridge is still in use at Rainhill station, and carries traffic on the A57 (Warrington Road). The bridge is a listed structure.
George Stephenson moved to the parish of Alton Grange (now part of Ravenstone) in Leicestershire in 1830 from Liverpool until 1838, originally to consult on the Leicester and Swannington Railway, a line primarily proposed to take coal from the western coal fields of the county to Leicester. The promoters of the line Mr William Stenson and Mr John Ellis, had difficulties in raising the necessary capital as the majority of local wealth had been invested in canals. Realising the potential and need for the rail link Stephenson himself invested £2,500 and raised the remaining capital through his network of connections in Liverpool. His son Robert was made chief engineer with the first part of the line opening in 1832.
During this same period the Snibston estate in Leicestershire came up for auction, it lay adjoining the proposed Swannington to Leicester route and was believed to contain valuable coal reserves. Stephenson realising the financial potential of the site, given its proximity to the proposed rail link and the fact that the manufacturing town of Leicester was then being supplied coal by canal from Derbyshire, bought the estate.
Employing a previously used method of mining in the midlands called tubbing to access the deep coal seams, his success could not have been greater. Stephenson’s coal mine delivered the first rail cars of coal into Leicester dramatically reducing the price of coal and saving the city some £40,000 per annum.
The next ten years were the busiest of Stephenson's life as he was besieged with requests from railway promoters. Many of the first American railroad builders came to Newcastle to learn from Stephenson and the first dozen or so locomotives utilised there were purchased from the Stephenson shops. Stephenson's conservative views on the capabilities of locomotives meant he favoured circuitous routes and civil engineering that were more costly than his successors thought necessary. For example, rather than the West Coast Main Line taking the direct route favoured by Joseph Locke over Shap between Lancaster and Carlisle, Stephenson was in favour of a longer sea-level route via Ulverston and Whitehaven. Locke's route was built.
Stephenson tended to be more casual in estimating costs and paperwork in general. He worked with Joseph Locke on the Grand Junction Railway with half of the line allocated to each man. Stephenson's estimates and organising ability proved inferior to those of Locke and the board's dissatisfaction led to Stephenson's resignation causing a rift between them which was never healed.
Despite Stephenson's loss of some routes to competitors due to his caution, he was offered more work than he could cope with, and was unable to accept all that was offered. He worked on the North Midland line from Derby to Leeds, the York and North Midland line from Normanton to York, the Manchester and Leeds, the Birmingham and Derby, the Sheffield and Rotherham among many others.
Stephenson became a reassuring name rather than a cutting-edge technical adviser.[citation needed] He was the first president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on its formation in 1847. By this time he had settled into semi-retirement, supervising his mining interests in Derbyshire – tunnelling for the North Midland Railway revealed coal seams, and Stephenson put money into their exploitation.
George first courted Elizabeth (Betty) Hindmarsh, a farmer's daughter from Black Callerton, whom he met secretly in her orchard. Her father refused marriage because of Stephenson's lowly status as a miner. George next paid attention to Anne Henderson where he lodged with her family, but she rejected him and he transferred his attentions to her sister Frances (Fanny), who was nine years his senior. George and Fanny married at Newburn Church on 28 November 1802. They had two children Robert (1803) and Fanny (1805) but the latter died within months. George's wife died, probably of tuberculosis, the year after. While George was working in Scotland, Robert was brought up by a succession of neighbours and then by George's unmarried sister Eleanor (Nelly), who lived with them in Killingworth on George's return.
On 29 March 1820, George (now considerably wealthier) married Betty Hindmarsh at Newburn. The marriage seems to have been happy, but there were no children and Betty died on 3 August 1845.
On 11 January 1848, at St John's Church in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, George married for the third time, to Ellen Gregory, another farmer's daughter originally from Bakewell in Derbyshire, who had been his housekeeper. Seven months after his wedding, George contracted pleurisy and died, aged 67, at noon on 12 August 1848 at Tapton House in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. He was buried at Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield, alongside his second wife.
Described by Rolt as a generous man, Stephenson financially supported the wives and families of several who had died in his employment, due to accident or misadventure, some within his family, and some not. He was also a keen gardener throughout his life; during his last years at Tapton House, he built hothouses in the estate gardens, growing exotic fruits and vegetables in a 'not too friendly' rivalry with Joseph Paxton's father, head gardener at nearby Chatsworth House, twice beating the master of the craft.
George Stephenson had two children. His son Robert was born on 16 October 1803. Robert married Frances Sanderson, daughter of a City of London professional John Sanderson, on 17 June 1829. Robert died in 1859 having no children. Robert Stephenson expanded on the work of his father and became a major railway engineer himself. Abroad, Robert was involved in the Alexandria–Cairo railway that later connected with the Suez Canal. George Stephenson's daughter was born in 1805 but died within weeks of her birth. Descendants of the wider Stephenson family continue to live in Wylam (Stephenson's birthplace) today. Also relatives connected by his marriage live in Derbyshire. Some descendants later emigrated to Perth, Australia, with later generations remaining to this day.
Britain led the world in the development of railways which acted as a stimulus for the Industrial Revolution by facilitating the transport of raw materials and manufactured goods. George Stephenson, with his work on the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, paved the way for the railway engineers who followed, such as his son Robert, his assistant Joseph Locke who carried out much work on his own account and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Stephenson was farsighted in realising that the individual lines being built would eventually be joined together, and would need to have the same gauge. The standard gauge used throughout much of the world is due to him. In 2002, Stephenson was named in the BBC's television show and list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote, placing at no. 65.
George Stephenson's Birthplace is an 18th-century historic house museum in the village of Wylam, and is operated by the National Trust. Dial Cottage at West Moor, his home from 1804, remains but the museum that once operated here is shut.
Chesterfield Museum in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, has a gallery of Stephenson memorabilia, including straight thick glass tubes he invented for growing straight cucumbers. The museum is in the Stephenson Memorial Hall not far from both Stephenson's final home at Tapton House and Holy Trinity Church within which is his vault. In Liverpool, where he lived at 34 Upper Parliament Street, a City of Liverpool Heritage Plaque is situated next to the front door.
George Stephenson College, founded in 2001 on the University of Durham's Queen's Campus in Stockton-on-Tees, is named after him. Also named after him and his son is George Stephenson High School in Killingworth, Stephenson Memorial Primary School in Howdon, the Stephenson Railway Museum in North Shields and the Stephenson Locomotive Society. The Stephenson Centre, an SEBD Unit of Beaumont Hill School in Darlington, is named after him. His last home in Tapton, Chesterfield is now part of Chesterfield College and is called Tapton House Campus.
As a tribute to his life and works, a bronze statue of Stephenson was unveiled at Chesterfield railway station (in the town where Stephenson spent the last ten years of his life) on 28 October 2005, marking the completion of improvements to the station. At the event a full-size working replica of the Rocket was on show, which then spent two days on public display at the Chesterfield Market Festival. A statue of him dressed in classical robes stands in Neville Street, Newcastle, facing the buildings that house the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne and the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, near Newcastle railway station. The statue was sculpted in 1862 by John Graham Lough and is listed Grade II.
From 1990 until 2003, Stephenson's portrait appeared on the reverse of Series E £5 notes issued by the Bank of England. Stephenson's face is shown alongside an engraving of the Rocket steam engine and the Skerne Bridge on the Stockton to Darlington Railway.
In popular media, Stephenson was portrayed by actor Gawn Grainger on television in the 1985 Doctor Who serial The Mark of the Rani.
^ 'Stephenson gauge' was initially of 4 feet 8 inches (1,420 mm) in the North East of England. For the higher speeds of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, this was expanded slightly to 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm) between the rails whilst keeping the same spacing between the wheels, making it more free-running. It is unclear how much of this was George Stephenson's initiative and how much was his son Robert's.
^ Kirby, M. W. (1984). "Stephenson, George (1781–1848)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
^ "Robert Stephenson, Engineer 1803–1859". Northumbria Trail. Institution of Civil Engineers.
^ a b c Samuel Smiles (1862). "Chapter III: Engineman at Willington Quay and Killingworth.". Lives of the Engineers: George and Robert Stephenson. 5: The Locomotive – George and Robert Stephenson. p. 43.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Davies, Hunter (1975). George Stephenson. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76934-0.
^ "Geordie". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ Bailey, Michael R. (2014). "The George Stephenson Types, 1820s". Loco Motion. The History Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7524-9101-1.
^ Reynolds, Paul (2003). "George Stephenson's 1819 Llansamlet locomotive". In Lewis, M.J.T. Early Railways 2: papers from the Second International Early Railways Conference. London: Newcomen Society. pp. 165–76.
^ Nock, Oswald (1955). "Building the first main lines". The Railway Engineers. London: Batsford. p. 62.
^ Jones, Robin (2013). The Rocket Men. Mortons Media Group. p. 33. ISBN 978-1909128255.
^ "Railway History". Rainhill Parish Council.
^ Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford companion to British railway history. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 0-19-211697-5.
^ Samuel Smiles disputes this account, saying that Miss Hindmarsh's brother assured him that she didn't meet him before 1818 or 1819. See Lives of the Engineers 1862 vol 3. p116 (footnote).
^ "100 great Britons – A complete list". Daily Mail. 21 August 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
^ "NZ2770: Dial Cottage (George Stephenson's Cottage), Westmoor". Geograph. 2001.
^ https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinzac55/7267455114/ Flickr image taken inside Dial Cottage in 1994.
^ "SK3871: Stephenson Memorial Hall". Geograph. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ "George Stephenson Monument". northumbria.onfo.
^ "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide". Bank of England. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
^ "The Mark of the Rani". BBC. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Smiles, Samuel (1857). The Life of George Stephenson. London.
Rolt, L.T.C. (1960). George and Robert Stephenson: The Railway Revolution. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-007646-2.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Stephenson. |
0.958562 | The regular season was held from March 6 through to October 25, whereas the MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 28 and ended with MLS Cup 2015 on December 6.
The match was to determine the champion of MLS' 2015 season.
It was the first season for expansion teams Orlando City SC and New York City FC, who both joined the Eastern Conference, while both the Houston Dynamo and Sporting Kansas City moved from the Eastern Conference to the Western Conference.
New York City began play in 2015, as the twentieth overall expansion team of the league.
At the end of the regular season, the New York Red Bulls of the Eastern Conference won the Supporters' Shield, while the team on top of the Western Conference was FC Dallas.
The club has won three regular season Supporters' Shield titles in 2013, 2015 and 2018, and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017, losing on both occasions.
Orlando is a new market for MLS, which returns to Florida for the first time since folding their Miami and Tampa Bay franchises before the 2002 season; the Lions' ownership previously owned Orlando's team that played in the league then known as USL Pro from 2010–2014, a team that relocated to Louisville for the 2015 season of the rebranded United Soccer League.
The 2015 season saw the launch of a new United States television and media rights deal with English-language ESPN and Fox Sports and Spanish-language Univision Deportes.
In subsequent years, it has televised the National Hockey League (1994–1999), Major League Baseball (1996–present), NASCAR (2001–present), Bowl Championship Series (2007–2010), Major League Soccer (2015–present), the USGA Championships (2015–present) and NHRA (2016–present).
Dallas finished in first place in the Western Conference in 2015.
The defending MLS Cup champions were the LA Galaxy, while Seattle Sounders FC were the defending Supporters' Shield winners.
Despite a five-game unbeaten start to the 2015 season, the team eventually began to struggle in the standings, coupled with a loss to Sporting Kansas City in the semi-finals of the 2015 Open Cup.
The Portland Timbers won their first MLS Cup, winning 2–1 at Columbus Crew SC.
This resulted in a high-profile move to MLS side Toronto FC in early 2015, in a deal which made him the league's highest paid player.
Chivas USA folded at the end of the 2014 season.
Larentowicz's option wasn't picked up by Chicago at the end of the 2015 MLS season.
For the 2015 MLS season, he was named to the Best XI and as a finalist for Defender of the Year.
Until Orlando entered the league in 2015, Kaká was loaned to his first club São Paulo, which he called "really satisfying."
The team averaged 44,247 spectators in the 2015 MLS season.
Despite Villa's prolific performances, which saw him score 18 goals during the 2015 MLS regular season, New York City did not qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs in their inaugural campaign.
The club finished with a 10–17–7 record in the regular season placing 8th in the Eastern Conference, failing to make the 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs.
Because he was released by Middlesbrough after the 2014 MLS roster freeze, he would not be able to appear for the Crew until the 2015 Major League Soccer season.
However, in 2015, the team was eliminated from playoff contention in the knockout round, and in 2016, they failed to qualify entirely. |
0.999973 | Ask an American winemaker how they wound up in the business of making vermouth, and most of them will respond by saying the first step was figuring out what exactly vermouth is in the first place.
For a long time, Americans have pretty much ignored the storied category of fortified wines, relegating a French dry or Italian sweet to a dash in a Martini or a dram in a Manhattan. Meanwhile, over the pond, vermouth has played a role in the tapestry of European culture. Originally consumed as medicinal tonics in the late 1700s, Carpano, Cinzano, and other historic brands are still enjoyed on the rocks with a citrus peel before or after dinner across the continent.
But over the last decade or so, a new set of American producers have turned their attention to vermouth, with flagship brands like Vya, Imbue, and Atsby paving the road for others to impart their own interpretations and local flavors onto the style.
Unlike in Europe, there are very few regulations surrounding vermouth production in America. The biggest distinction? The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau doesn't require the bittering agent wormwood to be present in the recipe, simply stating that the liquid must smell and taste like vermouth to bear the name. Outside of requiring a wine base, neutral spirit fortification and an assortment of herbs, spices, and other botanicals, the nuances and recipes are left up to the producer's imagination. Thus, the category is open to individual interpretation. Very few resemble their European counterparts, focusing instead on a wide swath of indigenous flavors, aromas, and colors that speak to where they are made and who makes them.
Wondering which new American vermouths to buy? Here are our favorites: 12 delicious new-school American vermouths that are pushing style boundaries with a playful sense of irreverence and unique American sensibility.
By far the most expressive vermouth coming out of the American market right now hails from Patrick Taylor, owner of Portland-based Hammer & Tongs. The Syrah-based L'Afrique ($34.99 for 750 mL) is a big, round sweet vermouth blossoming with botanicals like kola nut, turmeric, kava kava, and fresh bergamot sourced from West and North Africa. While those ingredients paint an exotic picture, the taste is grounded in American roots. Based on Taylor's childhood memories of playing in the forest, lush black cherry and tart black currant flavors intermingle with earthy, dry cedar and chocolate elements, creating a body that closely resembles the richness of a fine port. Complicated layers unfold at room temperature, so there's no need to tarnish the experience with ice. Sip it neat to get the full scope of its complexity, and savor the long, endearingly sweet finish.
The second vermouth in Taylor's armory goes by the name Sac'Resine ($39.99 for 750 mL), a floral and citrusy blend with a Pinot Blanc foundation, also best enjoyed neat. This golden-hued vermouth took inspiration from childhood trips to the Santa Barbara Mission, so it is laced with strongly incense-like botanicals including frankincense and myrrh, licorice root and various tree saps (or resins, hence the name "sacred resins"). Sac'Resine has a fresh grapefruit and crunchy green apple flavor upon first taste, with hints of earthy stucco and pine. A healthy acidity drives the mix, and softer flavors like lavender and honey keep things balanced. It's pungent and perfume-like without being too overwhelming. Both of Taylor's current offerings are fortified with Clear Creek brandy, and a new dry formula will hit the market sometime next year.
Named for the punctuation mark that indicates the end of an exclamatory rhetorical question, Interrobang currently produces one sweet-style vermouth in Oregon's Willamette Valley ($18 for 375 mL). Pinot Noir and a small percentage of Viognier make up the wine blend, fortified with Clear Creek brandy and spiced with a variety of 11 proprietary botanicals that includes eucalyptus and uses wormwood as a bittering agent. Flavor-wise, Interrobang's balanced profile plays sweet blackberry and rosemary with dark chocolate and coffee notes against woody tannins reminiscent of Italy's artichoke-based Cynar. On ice, the menthol from the eucalyptus and ripe black cherry flavors emerge, subduing the lingering dryness just a bit; the body and character are robust enough to stand up to aged spirits in cocktails like a Manhattan.
Steve Matthiasson is one of Napa's most respected winemakers and viticulturalists, so we weren't that surprised to discover that his single-vineyard vermouth ($25 for 375 mL) is delicious. It's made with a grape called Flora, a cross between Semillon and Gewurztraminer that was bred at UC Davis in the 1950s and has since fallen into obscurity. Picked late in the harvest when the grapes started to raisin and develop botrytis, the wine was aged two years in half-full barrels without sulfites in order to develop nutty and dried fruit flavors from exposure to oxygen. Steve and Jill Matthiasson harvested sour cherries, cardoons, and blood oranges from their home orchard, creating an infusion that was also flavored with purchased organic cinchona bark, wormwood, and blessed thistle, and added to the wine just before bottling. The result tastes almost like a ripe-but-edgy apricot liqueur: warming and rich, with a spiced citrus flavor that's sweet but clean, with a bitter cut at the finish. If you like amari, try this delicious concoction chilled or on the rocks.
The flagship product from Oregon-based Imbue Cellars, this bittersweet vermouth ($34.99 for 750 mL) has a strong Pinot Gris base with Clear Creek brandy as the fortifying agent. The aromatics include chamomile, elderflower, clove, and orange peel. The result is one of the most approachable sipping vermouths on the American market, opening with dried berry flavors slightly muted by spicy clove and cinnamon. Fruity peach and basil appear towards the end, arriving with a pronounced twinge of bitterness. A few ice cubes bring out the orange and clove, making it easy to enjoy a few before or after dinner.
Owner Neil Kopplin calls this rose-colored aperitif wine "feminine with a sharp edge to it," perfect for "tough chicks with tattoos." Loosely inspired by Campari and Aperol, Petal & Thorn ($34.99 for 750mL) uses slightly sweet Semillon as the base, strengthened with brandy from Clear Creek Distillery that's been infused with cinnamon bark. Orange peel, Egyptian chamomile, and black pepper are incorporated and the blend is bittered with gentian root, resulting in a strikingly floral, grapefruit-like citrus and cinnamon flavor that ends audaciously herbal. The bitter aspects are unapologetic and surprising for such pink vermouth, but after diluting with a few ice cubes (and garnishing with an orange peel), a soft, silky texture emerges and the aggressive elements mellow into a charmingly floral personality.
The most grapey and approachable of the sweet vermouths, Harris Bridge's Timber ($25 for 375 mL) features a short list of botanicals including dandelion, angelica, licorice and fennel. The Pinot Noir foundation steals the show, with dark prune and strawberry flavors, hints of anise and medium tannins carrying through the finish. Bitterness isn't a strong point as with others, making it a great introductory vermouth. Sip it on the rocks, or mix it with a light spirit like gin, to bring out the botanicals.
This California-grown vermouth ($26.99 for 750 mL)—one of the earliest 'new vermouths' to hit shelves—is made with a base of dry white wine made with mostly Colombard grapes, plus a bit of port-style wine made mostly from Valdepenas grapes. Galangal root (a cousin of ginger), cinnamon bark, and oaky quassia bark add seasoning. What does it taste like? Plush cherry and red currant ease into a peppery bitterness with wisps of incense-like herbs and dark caramel in this big-bodied vermouth. Vya tastes splendid with just a few ice cubes and an orange peel, but will make for a robust Manhattan or Rob Roy as well.
Hearkening back to the style of traditional French dry vermouths, this formulation ($28.99 for 750 mL) uses the same white wine base as the Vya Sweet, but it's flavored with linden flower, rose petals, and a pinch of alfalfa, along with 12 other herbs and spices. Unlike the opulent sweet version, Vya Extra Dry tastes notably fresh and crisp, though it still offers rich body and supple texture. Sage and rosemary flavors pop out at the front and mellow into a dry, almost hay-like finish. This vermouth plays best with other ingredients in cocktails like the classic gin martini.
Oregon-based Ransom Spirits has nothing to hide when it comes to the straw-colored Pinot Noir Blanc-based dry vermouth ($34.99 for 750 mL). All 16 botanicals are listed on the front label, including wormwood, rosehip, fennel, lemon peel, anise and vanilla bean. Such transparency certainly helps navigate the experience; orange, pine and floral flavors overpower the delicate blend, with subtle raw turbinado sugar rounding out the body and licorice-like anise peeking through. Ice diminishes the elegant citrus and vanilla characteristics so much so that sipping it chilled or mixed into a cocktail are preferable ways to honor its light soul. Keep your eyes out for the company's next release: a sweet vermouth set to hit shelves this summer.
Crisp, herbal flavors dominate the Sutton Cellars dry vermouth made in San Francisco ($20 for 750 mL). While owner Carl Sutton won't divulge the base wine of the amber-colored vermouth (other than saying it's a neutral white, fortified with un-aged brandy), he does admit to honing in on a trifecta of dried orange peel, chamomile, and rosemary for the main botanicals. Warm caramelized sugar and rustic rosemary drive the profile, with hints of nutmeg evoking memories of potpourri. We love it in a Bamboo cocktail with amontillado sherry.
Most vermouths take themselves pretty seriously—something that the crew at Long Island's Channing Daughters Winery wanted to avoid with their VerVino series ($28-40 for 500 mL to 750 mL). Each one of the 5 currently on the market takes inspiration from the seasons, using local fresh botanicals and fruits for each bottling. Across the board, they taste more wine-forward than your traditional fortified wine, each one exploding with fresh, idiosyncratic personalities.
Variation one and two (representing late spring/early summer) use Sauvignon Blanc as the foundation, whereas three (also early summer) uses Syrah. Four is a blend of white and red wines for late summer, and the similarly late summer five features a field blend called Mosaico. Each vermouth uses grape brandy and local honey as the base. While each one is a fun exploration in wild flowers, herbs, fruit, spices and chiles, variation four (late summer) shines the brightest, with a huge juicy burst of watermelon, flowering basil and coriander and carrots, evoking the laid-back fun of Fourth of July picnics and fireworks. Drinking these vermouths on ice with soda and a citrus peel is the best way to experience the fullness of their flavor.
Disclosure: All vermouths were provided as samples for review consideration except the Matthaisson, reviewed by Maggie Hoffman above.
Emma is a freelance writer who lives in Chicago with her husband and color-coordinated cats. Drinks of all kinds are her area of expertise, but she also dabbles in design and architecture writing as well. |
0.975918 | In terms of energy, how does chemiosmosis drive ATP synthase? How does electrical energy turn into mechanical energy and then into chemical energy? Would the movement of $H^+$ be considered passive diffusion or secondary active transport?
ATP synthase is basically a pump operating in reverse: while transporters such as the Na/K ATPase uses ATP to push ions against a chemical gradient (resulting in potential energy), ATP synthase uses the H+ gradient across the mitochondrial membrane to make new ATP.
A pump uses ATP (chemical energy) to achieve one-way transport by inducing conformation changes in the protein (mechanical energy), which either opens the channel only when ions come in contact with the low-concentration side, or closes the channel when ions come in contact with the high-concentraton side. In either case, the result is that ions can pass only in one direction, and a concentration gradient will build up (potenial energy).
In the case of ATP synthase, the process is simply reversed: an H+ ion entering the channel from the high-concentration side (the intermembrane space) causes a conformation change that opens the channel, and is coupled to the synthesis of ATP. Precisely how the ATP synthase accomplishes this on the molecular level is a complicated topic, and still an active area of research. See this article for an overview.
Note that ATP synthase is clearly reversible: if the mitochondrial H+ gradient collapses, for example if respiration is blocked, then ATP synthase can run in reverse, consuming ATP to pump H+ out of the matrix. There is even an ATPase inhibiting protein dedicated to blocking the ATP synthase in this situation, to prevent the depletion of ATP. Also, the lysosomal ATPase is structurally similar, but operates in the reverse direction to create low pH in lysosomes.
ATP synthase is a wonderful protein. I'll try to answer to your question without going into too much detail.
The protein complexes of the respiratory chain actively pump H+ to form a proton gradient between the two side of the membrane. ATP synthase uses the movement of the protons down their electrochemical gradient to synthesizes ATP molecules. The transmembrane domain of the ATP synthase (FO) is a passive proton channel. Flow of protons causes the rotation of FO. Rotation of FO causes the rotation of the gamma subunit that connects FO with the catalytic domain of the ATP synthase (F1). Rotation of the gamma subunit causes the rotation of F1 that causes the synthesize of ATP. So the mechanical energy is transferred from FO to F1 via the gamma subunit. In F1 the mechanical energy is transformed into chemical energy via the synthesize of ATP.
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Is co-transport within a cell active or passive transport? |
0.999968 | Brampton is a city in Southern Ontario, part of Peel Region and of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), located just North of Mississauga and North-West of Toronto. Brampton is the seat of Peel Region's municipal government. With a population of 434,000 people as of 2006, Brampton is the 11th most populated city in Canada, and the 3rd largest city in the GTA after Toronto and Mississauga (ahead of Markham, Vaughan, and Oakville). Brampton's population grew by 33% from 2001 to 2006, making it the second fastest growing city in Canada after Calgary. There were 176,000 jobs in Brampton in 2006, and is expected to reach over 227,000 by 2011. In 2007, Brampton's workforce size was 141,000 people. Major employers include Rogers Communication, Chrysler Canada, Maple Lodge Farms, Loblaw Companies, and others. Like jobs in Vaughan and Oakville, there is a high percentage of manufacturing jobs in Brampton (26.7%). Assembly jobs, engineering jobs, and management jobs are well represented as well. An interesting fact about Brampton is that its employment market is strongly dependent on large employers: 23.4% of Brampton's jobs were at companies with 500 and more employees, and almost half (46%) of all jobs in Brampton are at companies with more than 100 employees.
In other words, this means that almost half of Brampton's jobs are concentrated in less than 3% of the city's companies. The automotive industry has a strong impact on the job market in Brampton, as Chrysler has a major car assembly plant in the city. This is partly the reason why, like jobs in Oshawa and in Oakville, jobs in Brampton were hit particularly hard by the recession in 2008 and 2009 (which resulted in the bankruptcy and sale of Chrysler and GM).As a result, hiring demand in Brampton dropped significantly during the recession. It is not uncommon for Brampton residents to work in Mississauga and commute daily. Many work in Toronto as well. It is not uncommon for Brampton residents to even work in Markham. In spite of its smaller population, but there are more jobs in Markham than in Brampton. Due to ongoing government initiatives, it is likely that there will be an increasing number of green jobs in Bampton in the coming few years. |
0.999998 | In this study, the investigators will assess the population effectiveness of using routine HAART as a PMTCT strategy, through a community-based survey. The survey will be done in the catchment areas of four health clinics in rural Zambia both before and after giving routine ART in the clinics, so as to estimate population HIV-free survival among infants born in each target community.
The investigators hypothesize that incorporation of routine ART into PMTCT will increase the HIV-free survival of exposed infants to 75%.
The primary objective is to determine the incremental benefit of a routine ART strategy for PMTCT on a population basis, when compared to short-course Zidovudine and single-dose Nevirapine (the current PMTCT standard of care).
We will take advantage of planned implementation of a pilot project for routine ART across four primary care centres in rural Zambia (Kafue District). Using a community-based survey modeled after the Demographic and Health Survey, we will measure HIV-free survival among children under two years of age in the catchment areas surrounding these pilot sites, both before and after implementation of services. We will use before-after comparisons in each of these four communities to better understand the incremental benefit of providing these services.
Official Title: CIDRZ 1236 - Community-based Evaluation of a Pilot PMTCT Project in Kafue District: Impact of HAART to Prevent Pediatric AIDS in Rural Zambia.
Prior to the implementation of the pilot project of giving routine HAART as a method of PMTCT, a minimum of 387 households with children under the age of two will be sampled within each community, for a total of 1,548 households for the first round.
Questionnaires will be used to record detailed information regarding demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, maternal medical history, recent obstetrical history (including access to preventive services for mother-to-child HIV transmission), and infant medical history. Infant deaths will also be recorded as part of the survey. In cases where either the mother or infant has died, we will perform verbal autopsy interviews (Appendix 5) with surviving family members to determine cause of death and gather information regarding HIV infection and/or exposure.
Heel/finger pricks will be taken so as to perform dried blood spot cards, and test for HIV in children and adults.
Finger/Heel pricks will be performed for Dried Blood Spot Cards.
Households will be eligible for the full survey if they report that a child was born to a household member within the past two years. If the answer to this question is "yes," an attempt will be made to speak with the mother of the child. If the mother of the child is not available, then the primary care-taker of the child will be interviewed at that time.
Household where a child has been born in the past two years.
Household where there no child has been born in the past two years.
Turnbull E, Lembalemba MK, Guffey MB, Bolton-Moore C, Mubiana-Mbewe M, Chintu N, Giganti MJ, Nalubamba-Phiri M, Stringer EM, Stringer JS, Chi BH. Causes of stillbirth, neonatal death and early childhood death in rural Zambia by verbal autopsy assessments. Trop Med Int Health. 2011 Jul;16(7):894-901. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02776.x. Epub 2011 Apr 7. |
0.952461 | One of the mildest Winters for some years?
That would be an accurate description of this winter so far. According to wunderground.com for my location there have been no days yet (in December or so far in January) where the temperature has failed to reach 6c. And we didn't even get an air frost in December at all. You could say that some haven't even experienced a proper 'cold snap' yet.
I haven't been following this forum much at all recently (probably because things have been so uninspiring). I'm mostly a lurker now anyway so you probably don't know who I am. I was wondering, is there any chance this winter will end up completely snowless (i.e. no days of lying snow)? For a lot of locations (namely my location) anyway?
I'm pretty much still a newbie in this forum... I used to post a couple of years ago but went back to lurking since then so I guess I'm fairly unexperienced... so from what I can tell it was looking good for a cold spell from the 6th but now we are within a week of it it only looks to be lasting just one day is that right??
4.8, same as last year.
I'm not totally convinced it would. Before 2009, people had given up on cold winters, not because they had experienced one extremely mild one, but because they had experienced a long run of benign winters throughout the 90s and 00s. If an 88/89 were to happen again, people would simply be back cold ramping the next winter.
I have to say I was becoming pessimistic about the prospects for cold but since yesterday I've become rather excited!
[color=#282828][font=helvetica, arial, sans-serif][DATE: Max temp, min temp, events][/font][/color] Apr 1; 14.8, 0.3 Apr 2; 13.2, 2.9 Apr 3; 13.4, 4.1, Rain Apr 4; 4.1, 1.5, Rain, Snow Apr 5; 7.9, 2.0 Apr 6; 9.9, -0.8, Rain Apr 7; 9.7, 7.0, Rain Apr 8; 12.5, 7.3, Rain Apr 9; 11.9, 7.8, Rain Apr 10; 12.9, 4.7, Rain Apr 11; 13.7, 2.8, Rain, Hail Apr 12; 12.4, 4.5, Rain Apr 13; 9.2, 3.3, Rain, Hail Apr 14; 10.3, 3.4, Rain, Hail Apr 15; 8.2, 1.6, Rain, Hail Apr 16; 10.2, 0.7 Apr 17; 11.4, 5.0, Rain, Hail Apr 18; 8.7, 5.4, Rain Apr 19; 9.8, 6.4, Rain Apr 20; 11.7, 4.6, Rain Apr 21; 10.7, 3.4, Rain Apr 22; 9.0, 4.0, Rain, Hail Apr 23; 11.0, 6.4 Apr 24; 10.2, 5.5 Apr 25; 8.6, 5.9, Rain Apr 26; 12.1, 7.5, Rain Apr 27; 9.7, 5.9, Rain Apr 28; 7.8, 5.4, Rain Apr 29; 7.4, 4.0, Rain Apr 30; 16.1, 5.6, Rain Average max: 10.6 Average min: 4.3 Days with rain: 24 Days with wintry precip: 1 Days with snow lying: 0 Days with fog: 0 Days with thunder: 0 Winter index: 2 [u]Overall comment:[/u] Very unsettled month with well above normal rainfall. Little in the way of warmth, but some sunny spells in-between fronts, producing convective showers at times.
Today's two updates are exactly the same!
[color=#282828][font=helvetica, arial, sans-serif][DATE: Max temp, min temp, events][/font][/color] Mar 1; 12.5, 3.7, Fog Mar 2; 12.5, 4.7 Mar 3; 12.0, 6.1, Rain Mar 4; 6.5, 2.7, Rain, Snow Mar 5; 8.3, 1.8 Mar 6; 10.7, -0.6 Mar 7; 9.2, 2.8, Rain Mar 8; 11.0, 1.3 Mar 9; 13.1, 6.2 Mar 10; 13.7, 6.7 Mar 11; 16.2, 6.7 Mar 12; 10.9, 6.1 Mar 13; 10.1, 6.1, Rain Mar 14; 8.3, 4.1 Mar 15; 8.4, 2.0, Fog Mar 16; 9.8, 6.1 Mar 17; 11.9, 6.1, Rain Mar 18; 8.2, 3.5, Rain Mar 19; 10.8, 0.6 Mar 20; 14.0, 4.3 Mar 21; 13.8, 3.7 Mar 22; 14.3, 4.1 Mar 23; 13.3, 7.2, Fog Mar 24; 16.2, 4.3 Mar 25; 16.5, 4.7 Mar 26; 17.9, 3.3 Mar 27; 19.7, 3.7 Mar 28; 20.4, 4.1 Mar 29; 19.7, 4.9 Mar 30; 12.7, 5.8 Mar 31; 10.8, 3.5 Average max: 12.7 Average min: 4.2 Days with rain: 6 Days with wintry precip: 1 Days with snow lying: 0 Days with fog: 3 Days with thunder: 0 Winter index: 2 Overall comment: Very little in the way of rainfall and generally unsettled weather (including wintry showers). Very warm at times, with the sunnier days producing very high maxima, but also quite low minima. Some fog and low cloud suppressing maxima around midmonth, making the Average max lower than it potentially could have been.
[DATE: Max temp, min temp, events] Feb 1: 1.8, -2.9 Feb 2: 1.5, -2.8, Snow Feb 3: 1.4, -5.1 Feb 4: 0.5, -5.7, Snow Feb 5; 2.1, -4.0, Fog Feb 6; 4.3, 1.3, Fog, Rain Feb 7; 2.4, -3.7, Fog Feb 8; 0.6, -4.6 Feb 9; 1.7, -1.4, Rain, Snow Feb 10; 1.6, -2.4, Rain, Snow Feb 11; 0.3, -5.8 Feb 12; 4.3, -0.7, Rain, Fog Feb 13; 6.4, 2.3, Rain Feb 14; 7.5, 2.1, Rain Feb 15; 9.6, 4.5 Feb 16; 9.5, 4.4 Feb 17; 10.5, 6.3, Rain Feb 18; 9.3, 1.5, Rain, Snow Feb 19; 5.4, -0.4 Feb 20; 7.2, 6.0 Feb 21; 10.6, 5.7 Feb 22; 10.7, 6.7, Rain Feb 23; 16.0, 9.9 Feb 24; 13.2, 4.6, Rain Feb 25; 10.2, 2.5 Feb 26; 11.1, 2.4 Feb 27; 11.6, 6.1, Rain Feb 28; 12.2, 9.8 Feb 29; 12.4, 6.2 Average max: 6.8 Average min: 0.9 Days with rain: 11 Days with wintry precip: 5 Days with snow lying: 3 Days with fog: 4 Days with thunder: 0 Winter index: 29 Overall comment: A decent, but often dry and cloudy first eleven days, although including a decent snow event on the 4th. Overall synopsis of month cancelled out by the mild, sometimes exceptionally mild second half.
I just looked back on some old threads, from early March 2008 where people mentioned how early easter was that year and suggested looking out for snow. Well what to you know, a white Easter for many it was!
Although most people on this forum would probably prefer Christmas 2010 (including me)!
I agree. Also, if we went somewhere where we were pretty much guarunteed snow each winter, there wouldn't be any need to chase it. We chase the cold and snowy weather subconsciously, knowing we get very different amounts each year, and ironically moan when we don't get it!
Ugh what a horrible non-event this is turning out to be!
Here here! Nowt worse than cold rain with temps barely above zero! YUCK!
The band that contains snow has actually just began moving more southwestwards.
Now it's a bit nearer the time, how do you think the potential currently stands for snowy weather this upcoming Spring? |
0.94484 | For other uses, see Polis (disambiguation).
Polis (/ˈpɒlɪs/; Greek: πόλις pronounced [pólis]), plural poleis (/ˈpɒleɪz/, πόλεις [póleːs]) literally means city in Greek. It can also mean a body of citizens. In modern historiography, polis is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as "city-state". These cities consisted of a fortified city centre (asty) built on an acropolis or harbor and controlled surrounding territories of land (khôra).
The Ancient Greek city-state developed during the Archaic period as the ancestor of city, state, and citizenship and persisted (though with decreasing influence) well into Roman times, when the equivalent Latin word was civitas, also meaning "citizenhood", while municipium applied to a non-sovereign local entity. The term "city-state", which originated in English (alongside the German Stadtstaat), does not fully translate the Greek term. The poleis were not like other primordial ancient city-states like Tyre or Sidon, which were ruled by a king or a small oligarchy, but rather political entities ruled by their bodies of citizens. The traditional view of archaeologists—that the appearance of urbanization at excavation sites could be read as a sufficient index for the development of a polis—was criticised by François Polignac in 1984[a] and has not been taken for granted in recent decades: the polis of Sparta, for example, was established in a network of villages. The term polis, which in archaic Greece meant "city", changed with the development of the governance center in the city to signify "state" (which included its surrounding villages). Finally, with the emergence of a notion of citizenship among landowners, it came to describe the entire body of citizens. The ancient Greeks did not always refer to Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and other poleis as such; they often spoke instead of the Athenians, Lacedaemonians, Thebans and so on. The body of citizens came to be the most important meaning of the term polis in ancient Greece.
The Greek term that specifically meant the totality of urban buildings and spaces is asty (ἄστυ).
Plato analyzes the polis in The Republic, whose Greek title, Πολιτεία (Politeia), itself derives from the word polis. The best form of government of the polis for Plato is the one that leads to the common good. The philosopher king is the best ruler because, as a philosopher, he is acquainted with the Form of the Good. In Plato's analogy of the ship of state, the philosopher king steers the polis, as if it were a ship, in the best direction.
Books II–IV of The Republic are concerned with Plato addressing the makeup of an ideal polis. In The Republic, Socrates is concerned with the two underlying principles of any society: mutual needs and differences in aptitude. Starting from these two principles, Socrates deals with the economic structure of an ideal polis. According to Plato, there are five main economic classes of any polis: producers, merchants, sailors/shipowners, retail traders, and wage earners. Along with the two principles and five economic classes, there are four virtues. The four virtues of a "just city" include, wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. With all of these principles, classes, and virtues, it was believed that a "just city" (polis) would exist.
Temples, altars, and sacred precincts: one or more are dedicated to the poliouchos, the patron deity of the city; each polis kept its own particular festivals and customs (Political religion, as opposed to the individualized religion of later antiquity). Priests and priestesses, although often drawn from certain families by tradition, did not form a separate collegiality or class; they were ordinary citizens who on certain occasions were called to perform certain functions.
Political life: it revolved around the sovereign Ekklesia (the assembly of all adult male citizens for deliberation and voting), the standing boule and other civic or judicial councils, the archons and other officials or magistrates elected either by vote or by lot, clubs, etc., and sometimes punctuated by stasis (civil strife between parties, factions or socioeconomic classes, e.g., aristocrats, oligarchs, democrats, tyrants, the wealthy, the poor, large, or small landowners, etc.). They practised direct democracy.
Publication of state functions: laws, decrees, and major fiscal accounts were published, and criminal and civil trials were also held in public.
Synoecism, conurbation: Absorption of nearby villages and countryside, and the incorporation of their tribes into the substructure of the polis. Many of a polis' citizens lived in the suburbs or countryside. The Greeks regarded the polis less as a territorial grouping than as a religious and political association: while the polis would control territory and colonies beyond the city itself, the polis would not simply consist of a geographical area. Most cities were composed of several tribes or phylai, which were in turn composed of phratries (common-ancestry lineages), and finally génea (extended families).
Citizens with full legal and political rights—that is, free adult men born legitimately of citizen parents. They had the right to vote, be elected into office, and bear arms, and the obligation to serve when at war.
Citizens without formal political rights but with full legal rights: the citizens' female relatives and underage children, whose political rights and interests were meant to be represented by their adult male relatives.
Citizens of other poleis who chose to reside elsewhere (the metics, μέτοικοι, métoikoi, literally "transdwellers"): though free-born and possessing full rights in their place of origin, they had full legal rights but no political rights in their place of residence. Metics could not vote or be elected to office. A liberated slave was likewise given a metic's status if he chose to remain in the polis, at least that was the case in Athens. They otherwise had full personal and property rights, albeit subject to taxation.
Slaves: chattel in full possession of their owner, and with no privileges other than those that their owner would grant (or revoke) at will.
During the Hellenistic period, which marks the decline of the classical polis, the following cities remained independent: Sparta until 195 BC after the War against Nabis. Achaean League is the last example of original Greek city-state federations (dissolved after the Battle of Corinth (146 BC)). The Cretan city-states continued to be independent (except Itanus and Arsinoe, which lay under Ptolemaic influence) until the conquest of Crete in 69 BC by Rome. The cities of Magna Graecia, with the notable examples of Syracuse and Tarentum, were conquered by Rome in the late 3rd century BC. There are also some cities with recurring independence like Samos, Priene, Miletus, and Athens. A remarkable example of a city-state that flourished during this era is Rhodes, through its merchant navy, until 43 BC and the Roman conquest.
The Hellenistic colonies and cities of the era retain some basic characteristics of a polis, except the status of independence (city-state) and the political life. There is self-governance (like the new Macedonian title politarch), but under a ruler and king. The political life of the classical era was transformed into an individualized religious and philosophical view of life (see Hellenistic philosophy and religion). Demographic decline forced the cities to abolish the status of metic and bestow citizenship; in 228 BC, Miletus enfranchised over 1,000 Cretans. Dyme sold its citizenship for one talent, payable in two installments. The foreign residents in a city are now called paroikoi. In an age when most political establishments in Asia are kingdoms, the Chrysaorian League in Caria was a Hellenistic federation of poleis.
During the Roman era, some cities were granted the status of a polis, or free city, self-governed under the Roman Empire. The last institution commemorating the old Greek poleis was the Panhellenion, established by Hadrian.
Derivatives of polis are common in many modern European languages. This is indicative of the influence of the polis-centred Hellenic world view. Derivative words in English include policy, polity, police, and politics. In Greek, words deriving from polis include politēs and politismos, whose exact equivalents in Latin, Romance, and other European languages, respectively civis ("citizen"), civilisatio ("civilization"), etc., are similarly derived.
Located on the northwest coast of Cyprus is the town of Polis, or Polis Chrysochous (Greek: Πόλις Χρυσοχούς), situated within the Paphos District and on the edge of the Akamas peninsula. During the Cypro-Classical period, Polis became one of the most important ancient Cypriot city-kingdoms on the island, with important commercial relations with the eastern Aegean Islands, Attica, and Corinth. The town is also well known due to its mythological history, including the site of the Baths of Aphrodite.
Acropolis ("high city"), Athens, Greece – although not a city-polis by itself, but a fortified citadel that consisted of functional buildings and the Temple in honor of the city-sponsoring god or goddess. The Athenian acropolis was the most famous of all acropolises in the ancient Greek World and its main temple was the Parthenon, in honor of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin).
Constantinopolis or Constantinople ("Constantine's city"), the former name for Istanbul, Turkey.
Istanbul (derived from the Greek phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν" meaning "to the city"), Turkey.
Some cities have also been given nicknames ending with the suffix -polis, usually referring to their characteristics: Cardiff, Wales, UK, once dubbed "Terracottaopolis" due to its fame for buildings faced in terracotta, local red brickwork and ceramics.
Gallipoli, city in Apulia, Italy. It probably means "Beautiful City" (from Greek "Καλλίπολις").
^ Polignac, François (1984), La naissance de la cité grecque (in French), Paris .
^ MacDowell, Douglas Maurice (1986). The Law in Classical Athens. Cornell University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780801493652.
^ Dmitriev, Sviatoslav (2005), City government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia minor, p. 68, ISBN 0-19-517042-3 .
^ Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006), Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, p. 627, ISBN 978-0-415-97334-2, archived from the original on 2015-03-17 .
^ Howgego, Christopher; Heuchert, Volhker; Burnett, Andrew (2007), Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, p. 158, ISBN 0-19-923784-0 .
Ando, Clifford. 1999. "Was Rome a Polis?". Classical Antiquity 18.1: 5–34.
Brock, R., and S. Hodkinson, eds. 2000. Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organisation and Community in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Davies, J. K. 1977–1978. "Athenian Citizenship: The Descent Group and the Alternatives." Classical Journal 73.2: 105–121.
Hall, J. M. 2007. "Polis, Community and Ethnic Identity." In The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece. Edited by H. A. Shapiro, 40–60. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Hansen, M. H., and T. H. Nielsen, eds. 2004. An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Hansen, M. H. 2006. Polis: An Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Hansen, M. H., ed. 1993. The Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium on the Occasion of the 250th Anniversary of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, July 1–4, 1992. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy.
Hansen, M. H. 1999. The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles and Ideology. 2d ed. London: Bristol Classical Press.
Hansen, M. H., ed. 1997. The Polis as an Urban Centre and Political Community. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy.
Jones, N. F. 1987. Public Organization in Ancient Greece: A Documentary Study. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Kraay, C. M. 1976. Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Osborne, R. 2009. Greece in the Making. 2d ed. London: Routledge.
Millar, F. G. B. 1993. "The Greek City in the Roman Period. In The Ancient Greek City-State: Symposium on the Occasion of the 250th Anniversary of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, July 1–4, 1992. Edited by M. H. Hansen, 232–260. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy.
Polignac, F. de. 1995. Cults, Territory, and the Origins of the Greek City-State. Translated by J. Lloyd. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
van der Vliet, E. 2012. "The Durability and Decline of Democracy in Hellenistic Poleis." Mnemosyne 65.4-5: 771-786.
This page was last edited on 6 April 2019, at 00:05 (UTC). |
0.999946 | Living in Costa Rica gives you the freedom to spend almost as little or much as you choose; while many things are inexpensive, North American-style luxuries can add up. Despite this fact, life in Costa Rica is generally less expensive than an equivalent lifestyle in the United States, Canada or Europe, as many expatriates will happily attest.
Those expats interested in simple living should budget $1500 or less monthly. Generally, this budget allows for bus rides and the occasional taxi, big trips to the farmers' market and a few restaurant meals each month. Others choose to retire or live in relative luxury, employing full-time housekeepers, commuting by car, enjoying exquisite homes and consuming imported goods. In the Central Valley, such lifestyles can easily amount to $3000 or more monthly.
Rents in rural areas and select urban areas hover around $300-$600 for a well-furnished apartment or small home. At this price, renters can expect Costa Rican-style amenities, which may include line-drying laundry and bathrooms equipped with electric shower heads. A lavish three-bedroom home near San Jose complete with granite countertops, Jacuzzi bathtubs and hot water heater starts at approximately $1500 monthly, and can cost much more.
Food costs in Costa Rica largely depend on personal preferences. At a moderately-priced sit-down restaurant, a salad, main course and glass of wine will cost $15-20 per person. At sodas, the Costa Rican version of the neighborhood mom-and-pop, a full meal plus natural fruit drink will only run you $2-4. For those who enjoy cooking at home, groceries run the price gamut, and depend heavily on whether you consume imported or local goods. For example, an exhaustive trip to your local farmers' market will cost $20-40, and can provide a small family with the fruits, vegetables, meats and fish necessary for a week’s worth of meals. On the other hand, purchasing expensive meats, imported wines and other premium goods at Auto Mercado, a grocery chain that specializes in high-end foodstuffs, could cost more than $200 per week for a small family.
Remember that as a general rule, services and labor are inexpensive, but many goods are more expensive than back home. In other words, A housekeeper may charge $2 per hour, but a new car can cost almost twice as much as in the United States. (Used cars can be bought for only slightly more than their North American equivalents.) Gas and diesel are expensive here, usually costing $1-$2 more per gallon than in the U.S.
The extra money spent on transportation is easily recouped in entertainment costs – trips to museums, outdoor concerts and street fairs generally run less than $5 per person. Most concerts and traveling shows cost the same as in other countries. For outdoor entertainment, Costa Rica’s extensive park system, wildlife adventures and gardens will satisfy any nature enthusiast. Be aware that tourists (anyone not legally classified as a resident or citizen) pay entrance fees (usually $10-$20), though proceeds help support the country’s national parks and private reserves.
Medical care in Costa Rica is of high quality and very inexpensive. Currently, residents have three options: private insurance, subscription to the CCSS (Costa Rican Social Security) or a combination of the two. Through INS (the National Insurance Institute), private medical insurance costs about $60-$130/month per person. Through the Caja’s public service, insurance for a family (two adults and their under-18 dependents) will cost $30-$50/month. Note that all legal residents are required to pay membership in the Caja. For those under age 55, Caja payments include a mandatory pension payment, which will be paid out beginning at age 65. |
0.999981 | # Number of Backends. Is there a dynamic way to build UI without this?
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble_grouping.value == false"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble_group_backend_type.value == ''"
message: "During re-deployment, Volume Type cannot be removed by setting this field blank. Old type will be retained. Delete Volume Type manually if needed."
message: "Since Group Volume Type Name field is blank, this setting will be ignored during deployment."
description: "Performance policy name for Nimble Storage backends"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble_group_perfpol.value == ''"
message: "During re-deployment, Performance policy cannot be unset by setting this field blank. Old value will be retained. Delete extra spec value manually if needed."
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble1_cinder_service_name.value != ''"
message: "Use with caution! For successful deployment, make sure Cinder Service Name is unique across backends. Please avoid using 'volume_backend_name_##' format or 'volume_backend_name' itself as it may conflict with autogenerated service names."
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble_grouping.value == true"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble1_backend_type.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble2_default_backend.value == true"
message: "Backend #2 is selected as default type."
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble3_default_backend.value == true"
message: "Backend #3 is selected as default type."
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble4_default_backend.value == true"
message: "Backend #4 is selected as default type."
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble5_default_backend.value == true"
message: "Backend #5 is selected as default type."
message: "Since Volume Type Name field is blank, this setting will be ignored during deployment."
description: "Enables iSCSI protocol for block storage volumes"
description: "Enables Fibre Channel protocol for block storage volumes"
error: "Error: Enter in regular IP notation or host name"
label: "User ID for Nimble Storage"
description: "Nimble Storage username/ID (with admin privilages)"
error: "Error: Username/ID cannot be blank"
label: "Password for Nimble Storage"
description: "Nimble Storage password for username/ID above"
error: "Error: Password cannot be blank"
description: "Nimble Storage data network Subnet Label if more than one data network"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble1_backend_protocol.value != 'iSCSI'"
message: "Subnet Label is valid for iSCSI protocol only, this setting will be ignored during deployment."
description: "Nimble Storage Pool Name (blank will use Nimble default storage pool)"
description: "Performance policy name for Nimble Storage backend"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble1_perfpol.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.no_backends.value == '1'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble2_cinder_service_name.value != ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble2_backend_type.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble1_default_backend.value == true"
message: "Backend #1 is selected as default type."
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble2_backend_protocol.value != 'iSCSI'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble2_perfpol.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.no_backends.value == '2'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble3_cinder_service_name.value != ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble3_backend_type.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble3_backend_protocol.value != 'iSCSI'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble3_perfpol.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.no_backends.value == '3'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble4_cinder_service_name.value != ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble4_backend_type.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble4_backend_protocol.value != 'iSCSI'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble4_perfpol.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.no_backends.value == '4'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble5_cinder_service_name.value != ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble5_backend_type.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble5_backend_protocol.value != 'iSCSI'"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.nimble5_perfpol.value == ''"
- condition: "settings:cinder_nimble.no_backends.value == '5'" |
0.940761 | A rather hyped Daily Mail article!
We report from converted seismic waves, a pervasive seismically anomalous layer above the transition zone beneath the western US. The layer, characterized by an average shear wave speed reduction of 1.6%, spans over an area of ∼1.8×106 km2∼1.8×106 km2 with thicknesses varying between 25 and 70 km. The location of the layer correlates with the present location of a segment of the Farallon plate. This spatial correlation and the sharp seismic signal atop of the layer indicate that the layer is caused by compositional heterogeneity. Analysis of the seismic signature reveals that the compositional heterogeneity can be ascribed to a small volume of partial melt (0.5 ± 0.2 vol% on average). This article presents the first high resolution map of the melt present within the layer. Despite spatial variations in temperature, the calculated melt volume fraction correlates strongly with the amplitude of P–S conversion throughout the region. Comparing the values of temperature calculated from the seismic signal with available petrological constraints, we infer that melting in the layer is caused by release of volatiles from the subducted Farallon slab. This partially molten zone beneath the western US can sequester at least 1.2×1017 kg1.2×1017 kg of volatiles, and can act as a large regional reservoir of volatile species such as H or C.
I wish the map was generally available.
Also, the Daily Mail article slyly implies that "natural" CO2 inputs are more important that human ones, regarding global warming. The denier contacts I have are already spinning it.
Fracking on steroids :) 217 miles deep.
Really this is interesting, because although abiogenic oil has been largely discounted, here we have an alternative product, which could be fairly described as such. It's just a bit deeper than they said.
I'm curious what the form of this material is. It seems to be described as "carbon", though the abstract quoted above actually says "can act as a large regional reservoir of volatile species such as H or C". My suspicion is that it is not molten, elemental carbon, but some sort of material closer to tar, some sort of hydrocarbon mixture with a very high molecular weight and a high carbon/hydrogen ratio.
Yeah, I was thinking molten carbonates too. I was mostly thinking it probably isn't elemental carbon.
This partially molten zone beneath the western US can sequester at least 1.2×1017 kg1.2×1017 kg of volatiles, and can act as a large regional reservoir of volatile species such as H or C.
"H" and "C" are identified.
The melting point of say calcium carbonate is very high and would not normally be classed as a "volatile".
It wouldn't be normal to think of carbonates as volatiles.
So I think it is most likely they mean hydrocarbons of some sort.
I was actually going to post that article to complain about bad science and sensationalism.
Actually Chief that idiot in question probably wouldn't have a choice if this is the case.
Li2CO3 has a lower melting point (mp 723°C), than Na2CO3 (mp 851°C) or K2CO3 (mp 891°C), but a mix of the salts has lower melting point. We have previously explored effective electrolyses in both the pure Li2CO3 melt, and a Li0.90Na0.62K0.48CO3 melt. Mixed alkali carbonate melting points can be low, including 399°C for this eutectic Li0.90Na0.62K0.48CO3 mix, and 695°C for the Na1.23K0.77CO3 eutectic salts. The addition of calcium carbonate can decrease the melting point of a carbonate mix.
Going by this wikipedia article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient), you'd estimate we'd be over 600C at 25 km. So I don't know that we can rule out carbonates.
But at those temperatures and pressures unlikely to be hydrocarbons.
There's no "H" in the formula though. Also, an eruption of carbonate salts wouldn't affect the climate in the way implied.
I can only access the abstract, not the full article. Maybe it is more clear in the full text.
As to whether the high temperature and pressure rule out hydrocarbons, not so sure either. It's under immense pressure and there's no oxygen down there.
There's no "H" in the formula though.
Carbonatite (Na + K Carbionates) lava at 510 °C from Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai) in Tanzania.
Fair enough. I don't understand how neutral carbonate salts would affect the climate though.
So..what does this mean for geothermal power--more do-able perhaps?
So..what does this mean for geothermal power--more do-able perhaps?It's 350 km below the surface. I can't imagine there would by any practical way to use this for geothermal power.
It's 350 km below the surface. I can't imagine there would by any practical way to use this for geothermal power.
Not like we need a new source.
As of 2013, there were 29 operating geothermal power plants in Nevada producing 518 megawatts of electricity. Idaho appears to have hit a wall (http://snakeriveralliance.org/what-happened-to-idahos-geothermal-ken-miller/).
Can't forget New Zealand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand). |
0.996644 | Insert battery into device as shown above. Lock battery door using the provided tool. After inserting the battery, the device should power on automatically. If the LED indicator light is not blinking, long press the button for 2 seconds or more. iThermonitor will connect with your phone directly within the app. Simply turn on Bluetooth and pull down on the main screen to connect. Remove the film backing from the adhesive patch. Position iThermonitor in the center of the patch with the metal probe facing up. Lift arm gently and carefully place device under the armpit as shown above. Make sure the metal probe is in constant contact with the skin. Hold arm for at least 8 mins at the beginning of wearing. Ensure connection between local smart phone and iThermonitor. Then you can sign on to the same iThermonitor account from a different smart phone and the app will automatically mirror the data.
Insert battery into device as shown above. Lock battery door using the provided tool.
After inserting the battery, the device should power on automatically. If the LED indicator light is not blinking, long press the button for 2 seconds or more.
iThermonitor will connect with your phone directly within the app. Simply turn on Bluetooth and pull down on the main screen to connect.
Remove the film backing from the adhesive patch. Position iThermonitor in the center of the patch with the metal probe facing up.
Lift arm gently and carefully place device under the armpit as shown above. Make sure the metal probe is in constant contact with the skin. Hold arm for at least 8 mins at the beginning of wearing.
Ensure connection between local smart phone and iThermonitor. Then you can sign on to the same iThermonitor account from a different smart phone and the app will automatically mirror the data. |
0.927542 | A great deal of data exists about consumption of tobacco in Australia. However, little of it is available in a consistent format covering extended periods of time, and much of it is difficult to interpret.
Data on the amount (weight) of tobacco product on which excise and customs duty was paid were included in various yearbooks and other publications produced by the ABS (formerly the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics) over the years,6 including overseas trade bulletins published until 1977.7 ii Data on excise and customs duty payments on tobacco products between 1978–79 and 2002–03 have been requested and purchased by researchers on various occasions from the ABS International Trade Section.8,9 The ABS ceased compiling data on excise collections in 2003. Details about tobacco excise duty now must be requested from the Australian Taxation Office, which is less well equipped than the ABS to deal with requests from researchers (T Dickinson, letter to the author 2003). The Australian Taxation Office has published reports on revenue collected on tobacco products,10,11 but not so consistently on the amount of each type of tobacco product dutied. Apart from these official sources of data relevant to production and sales of tobacco products, it is also possible to generate estimates of tobacco consumption from data collected in various surveys.
monthly smokers how many they smoked each month.
Additional surveys conducted for the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing to evaluate the National Tobacco Campaign between 1997 and 200528–31 asked smokers to estimate numbers of cigarettes smoked each day. The National Tobacco Campaign surveys provided a wealth of useful data on reported consumption among various categories of smoker; however this survey provides information only on trends over a very short period. It should be noted that estimates of consumption by smokers based on self-report data tend to be significantly lower than those calculated using duty payments and other objective sources.
The ABS Household Expenditure Survey, first conducted in 198432 then every five33–37 and now six38 years,39 also provides several interesting snapshots of households with any expenditure on tobacco, generating data about the number and characteristics of such households and the average reported amounts spent. Quarterly and annual national accounts data provide estimates of the amount spent nationally on tobacco products.40 Because the price of tobacco products has increased greatly over time41–see Chapter 13, Section 13.3–both household expenditure and national accounts data need to be carefully re-adjusted to take account of changing prices if they are to be used as estimates of consumption.
From time to time, various business-sector organisations compile statistics concerning production and sales of cigarettes based on a mixture of official data and figures obtained from tobacco companies. International databases such as ERC Statistics International Plc's tobacco market reports42 and Euromonitor International's Global Market Information Database43 are extremely interesting. However generally data are available only to those who subscribe to the data service. Little is documented about sources, assumptions and estimation techniques underlying figures included in these databases, so it is difficult to know whether data are being collected in a consistent way from year to year.
Figures on tobacco use over time are much more meaningful if adjusted for population numbers. Figures may be divided by the number of persons in the population over 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 years of age. Smoking rates in those under 15 years of age are generally very low in most countries. Consumption per person 15 years and over is the most common indicator of per capita consumption internationally.
All the data known to be publicly available relevant to estimating trends in tobacco consumption in Australia are set out in the tables and figures in this chapter. The limitations of each data set are discussed further in Section 2.6. Unfortunately no single source provides a valid and reliable and consistently measured estimate of tobacco consumption over the entire 50-year period since health authorities first raised the alarm about the dangers of smoking. As discussed in Section 2.7 and Section 2.8, estimating consumption and making comparisons between countries and within countries over time is increasingly difficult as illicit tobacco sales vary widely between countries and over time. Notwithstanding these difficulties and limitations, the best estimates of recent consumption available at the time of writing are set out in Section 2.9. Factors thought to be driving reductions in consumption are set out in Section 2.10.
Special thanks to A/Prof Vicki White for advice and provision of data on reported consumption from Cancer Council Victoria and National Drug Strategy Household surveys. This material was updated by Ms Meghan Zacher for Section 2.3 in the current edition. Thank you to Ms Anne-Marie Perucic, economist, Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization, for her extremely helpful suggestions on an earlier draft. And thank you to Anita Lal for checking data against sources for the Third Edition of Tobacco in Australia in 2007.
ii The data on amounts of tobacco cleared for excise and customs outlined in Section 2.2 have been painstakingly compiled by the author referring to more than 100 individual historical publications (not available on-line) and 12 separate electronic data items (also not available on-line) for each of more than 20 years (further details included in the reference list for Section 2.2).
iv It was launched after a Special Premiers' Conference in 1985 as the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse; its impact has been monitored in surveys in 1985 and three-yearly since 1988.
1. Australian Tobacco Marketing Advisory Committee. Australian Tobacco Marketing Advisory Committee Annual Report 1994. Year ended 31 December 1994 regarding the operation of the Tobacco Marketing Act 1965. Canberra: ATMAC, 1995.
7. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 78 7535.5 Overseas Trade; Table 22 Quantities on which duty was paid, 1972-73 to 1976-77. 112. Canberra, ABS, 1979.
8. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Monthly tobacco excise receipts, unpublished data. Electronic files provided to Michelle Scollo of The Cancer Council Victoria, 1996 to 2003.
9. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs quantities and value for tobacco products 1997-98 to 2010-11, unpublished data. Canberra: ABS. Electronic files provided to 2004 to 2012.
22. Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health. Statistics on drug abuse in Australia. Canberra: AGPS, 1994.
31. The Social Research Centre. National Tobacco Survey: smoking prevalence and consumption 1997–2005. Sydney: Research and Marketing Group, Business Group, Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. |
0.999995 | [SOLVED] Is there any difference between "I'm sat" and "I'm sitting"?
However, it was suggested in the comments (1, 2) that there may be a difference in meaning between I'm sat here and I am sitting here with the former beeing more negative. Perhaps because it implies a certain "passivity", that the person so sitting was placed there as opposed to having chosen to sit. While some of the examples I found and am quoting above do seem to be negative, I don't see evidence of such a trend.
So, my question here is i) is there actually any difference between I'm sat here and I'm sitting here and, ii) if so, does the former have some sort of negative connotation?
Please note that this is about the specific usage of sat to replace sitting and not for cases such as "I sat the baby down".
It is also not a duplicate of Is "I am sat" bad English? which is asking whether I'm sat is "good English". I am instead asking whether there is any subtle difference in usage between the two.
Ignoring the grammarian 'it is wrong' response, the 'standard' (for want of a better term) answer is that it is a quasi-passive. Fowler, for example, explains it as such in his Pocket Modern English Usage. The basic idea is that sentences such as "someone broke the car" and "the car needs fixing" are passive-like in function though not form as the actor is external and/or unknown.
Maybe more relevantly, the same idea allows the passive voice to have a continuum of function for the past participle from adjective-like to verb-like. In this, sentences like "I'm sat/I'm stood" are more adjective-like in function while "I'm sitting/I'm standing" are obviously more verb-like.
In short, "I'm sat here" is similar to "I'm big" or "I'm tall" - you are describing yourself more than saying what activity you are engaged in. In contrast "I'm sitting here" is saying what you are doing.
In the spirit of being fair, I am not 100% convinced by this explanation but neither can I think of a better one.
Interesting, thanks. So are you suggesting that its passive nature makes it carry slightly negative connotations? Also, the Fowler quote is hidden for me. Would it be possible to reproduce it in your answer?
You are welcome. As I understand the argument (and keeping in mind that my field is language aquisition rather than this kind of stuff...) the difference is in the function of the phrase. "I'm sat here" leans towards your situation or state similar to "I'm angry", but "I'm siitting here" describes your action, similar to "I'm waiting".
I feel a little uncomfortable posting this as an answer, because it involves the death of a young man, and I don't mean to belittle his demise. However, from purely a linguistic point of view, the headline is of some interest.
The construction, I believe, helps emphasise that the wife was one of hundreds (or thousands) of spectators in the bullfighting arena.
Hmm yes, also, perhaps, that she was sitting there helpless.
@terdon yes, that's a good way of putting it.
Since "I'm sat" is passive, it means that someone put you in a sitting position, but that someone was not necessarily you, yourself; whereas "I'm sitting" means that you 'sat' yourself.
This is certainly how I would interpret it, but judging by the question and other replies, a recent usage has developed where the connotation of having been put there is no longer present. Can that connotation still be present for those speakers?
I think the connotation is still present -- you were seated there by someone. What is unknown is whether the agent was yourself or someone else (and the corresponding changes to the meaning of 'to seat'). Language means whatever we [all] agree it to mean, so changes to grammar should not be made lightly.
[SOLVED] What differences are there between "sitting room", "lounge", "lounge room", and "front room"?
[SOLVED] Is there any difference between "straighten out" and "sort out"?
[SOLVED] Is there a difference between "I guess" and "I'm guessing"?
[SOLVED] Is there a difference in usage between the idioms "through the ringer" and "through the wringer"?
[SOLVED] What's the difference between contain and include in English?
[SOLVED] In which regional dialects is "I'm sat" common?
[SOLVED] Is there a difference between the phrases "I am fine with it" and "it is fine with me"?
[SOLVED] Can there be a difference between learned and learnt?
[SOLVED] What is the difference between "large" and "massive"?
[SOLVED] What is the difference in meaning between "pattern" and "rhythm"? |
0.980586 | docker build -t aufs-limit .
One would be wise to keep Dockerfiles moderate in length.
docker run -it --rm --user=www-data -v /tmp/foo:/tmp/foo nginx bash -c "echo hi > /tmp/foo/by_docker_www-data" |
0.999714 | How to change the settings for my monitor that shows ”HDR Emulated” instead of “HDR On” while the HDR video looks good?
1. Make sure the video content is encoded with HDR by looking for the HDR description or logo. For example, for YouTube, the video quality setting should indicate “HDR.” For streaming services such as Netflix, the HDR logo will be displayed on the video cover.
2. Check the internet speed and ensure it is fast enough to stream HDR content. For example, for HDR content in 4K resolution, the download speed should be higher than 25 megabits per second.
3. Check the HDR compatibility of source device. The firmware of source device should be updated to the latest version and support HDR and HDCP 2.2.
HDMI: HDMI 1.4 or later versions.
DisplayPort/DP to MiniDP: DP 1.2 or later versions.
USB Type C: USB-C certified. |
0.999998 | What are called as the new diabetes medications? What are diabetic drugs side effects? How to lower blood sugar level without using diabetic pills/shots and without any side effect?
There is an increased interest about knowing the new diabetes medications. Indeed, they are very good at lowering blood sugar levels. However, their side effects can seriously affect your health.
Seriously means that in extreme cases, they can even cause you death although accidentally.
I am not here to scary you, but to make you think over the importance of taking a medication with the right caution as prescribed.
Furthermore, you should be alert to every unusual sign you might experience while using diabetic pills/shots.
You must understand that in general, diabetic medications are prescribed based on what type of diabetes you have. And there are two big approaches to them.
First, if you have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you should start insulin treatment, because your body doesn't produce it at all; therefore, you must replace it by injecting or pumping insulin. However, you must be aware of possible insulin side effects on your body.
Secondly, if your diagnosis is type 2 diabetes, you must know that your body partly produces insulin, or it can not be effective as it should. So, it is necessary to increase its production, and/or it effectiveness in organs (increase sensitivity).
For this, you would need one or a combination of drugs from three oral hypoglycemiant groups.
Some physicians may prescribe the latest alfa glucosidase inhibitors as drug alternative for diabetes mellitus. However, your should be aware of alfa glucosidase inhibitors side effects , ranging from Hypoglicemia until severe liver injuries and diseases.
Many of above drugs are not prescribed anymore to treat diabetes, because of their severe side effects although they were first introduced as "new diabetes medications".
They do carry more harmful risks than benefits. Keep in mind that if you will succeed in lowering your blood sugar levels naturally, you won't need these drugs and keep yourself safe from their side effects.
However, if your doctor has prescribed any diabetic drug from the above-mentioned groups; you should carry on taking them (do not stop by yourself).
Talk to your doctor to adjust their doses according to your body needs and blood glucose level readings.
With regards to the latest drugs, I want to make you clear something: They are basically a combination of drugs of various groups, especially of biguanides (i.e. Metformin) with sulfonylureas (glipiride,etc.).
Different pharmaceutical companies have come with various combinations to help diabetics "chemically" lower their blood sugar levels. Therefore, the risk of having side effects would be doubled or more.
The very latest (and still on study) are a new group of diabetes drugs called DPP4-inhibitors (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) with sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and saxagliptin as some of representatives.
Although diabetics have referred "great" success in lowering blood glucose, however, they have also reported severe immune problems. Therefore, ADA/EASD guidelines recommend them only when other diabetic therapies have failed.
As the new diabetes medications are also drugs, therefore, there are some specific diabetes drugs side effects , such as hypoglycemia and liver damage , which need your particular attention.
If you don't want to use diabetes medications that carry their side effects, you can try other natural alternatives to them. If you have asked your doctor, and never get a reply from him, don't think there is no alternative.
Conducting a healthy lifestyle, following a healthy diet, using some herbs that are proven to work on lowering blood glucose; these are some natural steps that are crucial to take in order to beat diabetes even-though you might be on drug therapy.
But we all know that every drug has its side effects, because it is a poison in fact.
Fact: More than 2.1 million people are injured, experiencing adverse drug reaction, and more than 105.000 people die every year, because of the prescription drugs.
So, you should be aware of what you're taking, why are you taking it, how often you are supposed to take it, and what dosage you take, in order to reduce the risk of adverse drug effects.
For your information, an adverse drug reaction is an undesired effect of a drug when it's used in the normal way. Thus, if any your familiar is injured or dead from the correct use of a prescription drug, it is said that is “adverse drug reaction”.
Have You Been Affeced From Diabetes Medication Side Effects ?
Do you know anything about Side effects using Diabetes medications? Share it with our community!
Any Medication to Improve Diabetic Feet Blood Flow?
Is Diabetes Medication Habit Forming?
Alternatives to Bad Reactions to Insulin?
Can Metoprolol be a cause of low blood sugar level? |
0.941345 | The American College of Epidemiology is the professional organization dedicated to continued education and advocacy for epidemiologists in their efforts to promote good science and the public health (www.acepidemiology.org).
Many epidemiologists dedicate their careers to the collection and analysis of data in order to monitor and understand the determinants of human health and disease. Proposition 54, a ballot initiative that will appear on the October 7, 2003 gubernatorial recall ballot in California, seeks to limit the kinds of data that can be collected. Entitled "Classification by Race, Ethnicity, Color, or National Origin (CRECNO)", Proposition 54 proposes a ban on the collection or use of data on race, ethnicity, color, or national origin by the state of California. Although there is an exemption for "otherwise lawful classification of medical research subjects and patients", the ban would adversely impact many of the data sources typically used by epidemiologists.
For example, the ban on the collection of data by race, ethnicity, color, or national origin would hamper the efforts of national cancer registries to identify and monitor trends in cancer incidence and mortality if data from the state of California were incomplete. The ban would also apply to birth and death certificates and affect such vital statistics as infant mortality rates. Indeed, the second overarching goal of Healthy People 2010, our nation's public health agenda (www.healthypeople.gov), is to eliminate health disparities among segments of the US population, including differences that occur by race or ethnicity. Efforts to understand and eliminate racial and ethnic disparities for many diseases, and for access to many important health care services, would be nearly impossible if racial and ethnic data were no longer available.
The American College of Epidemiology strongly opposes Proposition 54 because epidemiologists have an ethical obligation and a professional responsibility to address areas of health disparity. In order to address disparities, we need to know where the disparities lie, and this requires the collection of specific types of data, including data on race, ethnicity, color, and national origin. |
0.999999 | In the final 38th round of the Italian Serie A Milan will take the capital Roma at their field. In spite of the fact that this game will become the last one in the current season, both teams have a certain motivation. Milan still hopes to jump into the departing train of the Europa League, well Roma can finish second.
After 37 rounds The Devils have settled down at the seventh place in the standings, having 57 credit points in the asset. As mentioned above, the victory will allow Cristian Brocchi's wards to claim a place in the European competition. Even Europa League will be a great joy for the current Milan.
For confrontation against Roma The Red and Blacks are beeing not in their best shape. In the last four games the team scored five points out of twelve possible, so managed to play a draw with Frozione and lost to Verona.
The Wolves are at the third position in the tournament table, having 77 points. Roma will be representing Italy in the Champions League anyway next season, but the team has a chance to qualify there from the second place. Eventually Spalletti's wards are falling behind at two points from Napoli, which is located on the second position. So if Napoli misfires in the final round, while Roma beats Milan, it is exactly the Roman club will take the silver medals.
Without a doubt, the away team is in a better shape, than the hosters. The Wolves got a four winning streak in the latest meetings, while The Rossoneri either lost or tied their latest games. In this scenario, it is logical to assume that the Wolves are going to carry away some points from Milan. |
0.945575 | The provinces and territories of Canada are the sub-national governments within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, becoming a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area.
Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America.
In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act 1867, and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian "Crown", the lieutenant governor. The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and responsibilities come directly from the federal level, and as a result have a commissioner instead of a lieutenant governor.
↑ As of May 10, 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 De facto; French has limited constitutional status.
↑ Charter of the French Language; English has limited constitutional status.
↑ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted.
↑ Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes (three in English and French; one in English and Polish); some Government bodies have legislated names in both English and French.
In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries. In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a prolonged period of economic crisis, the legislature turned over political control to the Commission of Government in 1933. Following Canada's participation in World War II, in a 1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador.
In 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary. This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec's expense – this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the western portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east.
Currently, the only minority provincial/territorial government is held by the British Columbia New Democratic Party after receiving 41 out of 87 seats in the 2017 general election.
↑ Supported by a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party of British Columbia.
1 2 "Provinces and Territories". Government of Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
↑ Place name (2013). "Census Profile". Statistic Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
1 2 Reader's Digest Association (Canada); Canadian Geographic Enterprises (2004). The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9.
1 2 "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
1 2 3 "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2005. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
↑ Coche, Olivier; Vaillancourt, François; Cadieux, Marc-Antoine; Ronson, Jamie Lee (2012). "Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces" (PDF). Fraser Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
1 2 "Guide to the Canadian House of Commons". Parliament of Canada. 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
↑ "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice Canada. 1986. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
↑ "Yukon Act". Department of Justice Canada. 2002. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
↑ Department of Justice Canada (1993). "Nunavut Act". Retrieved January 27, 2007.
↑ "OCOL – Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
↑ "Nunavut's Official Languages". Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
1 2 Ajzenstat, Janet (2003). Canada's Founding Debates. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8020-8607-5.
1 2 Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5.
1 2 Gough, Barry M. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3.
↑ Atlas of Canada. "Territorial evolution". Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
↑ "Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864–1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. 2000. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
↑ Clarke, Sandra (2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7486-2617-5.
↑ Friesen, John W.; Harrison, Trevor W. (2010). Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-55130-371-0.
↑ Blake, Raymond Benjamin (1994). Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province. University of Toronto Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8020-6978-8.
↑ Shelley, Fred M. (2013). Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders. ABC-CLIO. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-61069-106-2.
↑ Laxer, James (2010). The Border: Canada, the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel. Doubleday Canada. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-385-67290-0.
↑ Cukwurah, A. Oye (1967). The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law. Manchester University Press. p. 186. GGKEY:EXSJZ7S92QE.
↑ Atkinson, Michael M.; Marchildon, Gregory P.; Phillips, Peter W. B.; Béland, Daniel; Rasmussen, Kenneth A.; McNutt, Kathleen (2013). Governance and Public Policy in Canada: A View from the Provinces. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426-0493-3.
↑ Nuttall, Mark (2012). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-57958-436-8.
↑ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Oecd Territorial Reviews: Canada. OECD Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-92-64-19832-6.
↑ Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian. Infobase Publishing. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-4381-2671-5.
↑ McIlwraith, Thomas Forsyth; Muller, Edward K. (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8.
↑ Mahler, Gregory S. (1987). New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8386-3289-5.
1 2 Peach, Ian (2007). Constructing Tomorrows Federalism: New Perspectives on Canadian Governance. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-88755-315-8.
↑ Maclure, Jocelyn (2003). Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7735-7111-2.
↑ Tidridge, Nathan (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government. Dundurn. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4597-0084-0.
↑ Pinto, Laura Elizabeth (2012). Curriculum Reform in Ontario: 'Common-Sense' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities. University of Toronto Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4426-6158-5.
↑ Barnhart, Gordon (2004). Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century. University of Regina Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-88977-164-2.
↑ Zellen, Barry Scott (2009). On Thin Ice: The Inuit, the State, and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty. Lexington Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7391-3280-7.
↑ Tidridge, Nathan (2011). Canada's Constitutional Monarchy. Dundurn. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-55488-980-8.
↑ Pike, Corinna; McCreery, Christopher (2011). Canadian Symbols of Authority: Maces, Chains, and Rods of Office. Dundurn. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4597-0016-1.
1 2 Cross, William (2011). Political Parties. UBC Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-7748-4111-5.
↑ Gagnon, Alain-Gustave (2000). The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec: 8 Critical Analyses. IRPP. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-88645-184-4.
1 2 "Premiers". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
↑ "Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
↑ Britannica Book of the Year 2013. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
↑ Magnusson, Warren; Shaw, Karena (2003). A Political Space: Reading the Global Through Clayoquot Sound. U of Minnesota Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8166-4039-3.
↑ Susan Lee Kang (2008). Contestation and Collectivies: Protecting Labor Organizing Rights in the Global Economy. ProQuest. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-549-63283-2. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
↑ The Canadian Press; The Chronicle Herald. Liberal Premier Stephen McNeil: Nova Scotia's soft-spoken fiscal hawk.
↑ Kay Lawson; Thomas Poguntke (2 August 2004). How Political Parties Respond: Interest Aggregation Revisited. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-134-27668-4.
↑ Collectif; Dominique Auzias; Jean-Paul Labourdette (10 February 2012). Québec 2012-2013. Petit Futé. p. 39. ISBN 2-7469-5170-3.
↑ Randy Boswell; Saskatoon StarPhoenix and Regina Leader-Post; Lynn McAuley (1 January 2005). Province with a Heart: Celebrating 100 Years in Saskatchewan. CanWest Books. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-9736719-0-2.
↑ Linda Trimble; Jane Arscott; Manon Tremblay (31 May 2013). Stalled: The Representation of Women in Canadian Governments. UBC Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7748-2522-1.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (1 March 2012). Britannica Book of the Year 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-61535-618-8.
↑ Charles S. Mack (2010). When Political Parties Die: A Cross-national Analysis of Disalignment and Realignment. ABC-CLIO. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-313-38546-9.
1 2 Wilson, John (2012). Failed Hope: The Story of the Lost Peace. Dundurn. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4597-0345-2.
↑ "Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial". Veteran Affairs Canada. August 8, 1998. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
↑ An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.
↑ "Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status". CBC News. November 23, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2007. |
0.999813 | I've created a Twitter list of interesting people you should follow for Islington's southernmost wards: Bunhill and Clerkenwell. You can follow it here.
Below I list a couple of the best tweeters from the list, giving you all you need to know from the area.
A local councillor, Claudia Webbe (Labour, Bunhill), tweets about her own ward as well as the wider area. She is an Executive Member for Environment & Transport in Islington and campaigns on these matters in the area. She tends to focus on the area's problems with housing, social problems and the environment.
Islington Life is a good Twitter feed for the entire Islington area. Many of the issues in the entire Borough affect its southernmost wards, and sometimes they are actually exacerbated in these areas. It also occasionally publishes useful information and insights on specific wards, including Clerkenwell and Bunhill.
The Green Party of Finsbury, which includes Clerkenwell and Bunhill, tweets about key political and social issues in the area. They helped spread the word about the closure of Clerkenwell's fire station, and have followed up on the aftermath.
Islington council officers saying 50% of new homes in former Clerkenwell fire station should be affordable.
The Clerkenwell Design Quarter is popular for its architecture, culture and design. Its festival runs in September, but it still has some great tweets about an topic for which the area is known. Similarly, Creative Clerkenwell tweets about the area's design-orientated prowess, but is also a handy follow for more general information in the area.
The St John Street News Twitter feed is great for covering news in Clerkenwell and the surrounding area, including nearby Shoreditch and Tech City. They tweet some great features on local places to visit, as well as informative pieces about the area - did you know, for example, that Dickens used to bank at the Finsbury Savings Bank?
Similarly, The Clerkenwell Post distributes great content on EC1. It has some good tips on where to visit, eat and live in Clerkenwell. This review, for example, tells readers to try out three new restaurants in the area.
Of course, Islington Council tweets both general information on the wider area as well as events, issues and topics relating to the two specific Islington wards. It's handy to follow for information relating to local meetings, campaigns or other political news. |
0.999469 | Challenge (college assignment): I was assigned the following challenge: As the analytics consultant for the Netflix hit series Orange is the New Black (OITNB), come up with an analytics plan for the TV series, as well as a new OITNB mobile app. Your goal is to increase the number of fans watching any given episode. The properties related to your plan must include: online marketing (social media networks, SEO, backlinks); a mobile app; OITNB official website; and broadcast (tying online and offline activities). Include: goals, KPIs, metrics, measurement tools, SEO strategy (keywords and backlinks plan), data visualization ideas and ROI approach, in your solution.
Implementing a Solution: To address this challenge, I researched, conceived and drafted this implementation plan with a four-part analytics strategy to promote the last episode of the first season and spark interest in season two.
Results: This strategy earned 93% for an analytics course assignment. Note: This was a college assignment and did not involve Netflix or any other organization associated with the series. |
0.999782 | The space of n-point correlation functions, for all possible time-orderings of operators, can be computed by a non-trivial path integral contour, which depends on how many time-ordering violations are present in the correlator. These contours, which have come to be known as timefolds, or out-of-time-order (OTO) contours, are a natural generalization of the Schwinger-Keldysh contour (which computes singly out-of-time-ordered correlation functions). We provide a detailed discussion of such higher OTO functional integrals, explaining their general structure, and the myriad ways in which a particular correlation function may be encoded in such contours. Our discussion may be seen as a natural generalization of the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism to higher OTO correlation functions. We provide explicit illustration for low point correlators (n=2,3,4) to exemplify the general statements.
depends on how many time-ordering violations are present in the correlator.
correlators (n=2,3,4) to exemplify the general statements. |
0.980737 | Decoding the Art of War When it comes to solving problems or understanding a point being addressed through the prism of the Art of War, often you will hear someone offer one quote as a panacea that explains everything and infers your blank facial expression as one of inferiority. Well relax, you were right, it was too good to be true and they probably did not know what they were talking about. The Art of War can be of great assistance however it will require a little more than throwing out some cool sounding quotes.
Here we can see that rarely will one quote be sufficient to fully understand what Sun Tzu wanted to communicate. To really understand the meaning, one has to cross reference two or more quotes, sometimes from different chapters, to gain an insight to find a better understanding and hopefully a better solution or resolution. By cross referencing several paragraphs, you may discover a new insight that you might not already have and so show you a new and better path. You will also find you had a better understanding than you thought, you simply needed more information to get the result you desire.
Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory and five sins that will cause a leader to fall. We now have a much deeper, wider and more beneficial understanding of leadership. Hopefully this will enable us to be better leaders. We can learn from the mistakes of others, even if they did die over two thousand years ago.
The next line outlines ambition and second line tells us how to achieve outcome.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
Interfering with what someone else wants to do, is easier and takes less energy than to shut-down something already in motion. Better to prevent an avalanche that to try stopping it halfway down hill, this is referred to as a besieging a walled city. Better to have many little avalanches than one big one, addressed as attacking the enemy in the field and better to have them when you are prepared for them and so will not be harmed by them, addressed as prevent the junction of the enemy's forces..
This is why you can read the book in a day and yet take a lifetime to fully understand. The is so much more, if you want to help yourself then you have already taken a step in the right direction. |
0.93839 | January 20, 1834 handwritten document with the names of Captain George Gerrish and Cyrus Jones. The document may have been written at Lebanon, Maine, where a Captain George Gerrish and a Cyrus Jones lived during that era.
Capt. George Gerrish bill for wood and repairs in Dist. No. 4. is $12.25 dated January 20th 1834.
Cyrus Jones for tuition in No. 5 is $7.50.
I'm trying to figure out the purpose of this document and could use your input.
Was it a document made by an unnamed teacher who was asking to be reimbursed by Captain George Gerrish for wood and repairs the teacher had made, and also asking for the tuition owed by Cyrus Jones?
Was it a document where Cyrus was billing for the cost of wood and repairs that Captain George Gerrish owed him, perhaps in his capacity as school agent, and also noting the $7.50 that was to be deducted to cover the tuition of Cyrus' own children?
Was it a document written by the town treasurer noting amounts owed and to be collected from Capt. George Gerrish and Cyrus Jones?
There was a Captain George Gerrish who was born at Dover, New Hampshire, on October 19, 1775, the son of George and Mary (James) Gerrish. The year after young George's birth, the family moved to Lebanon, Maine. The "Captain" designation came from the younger George's service in the York County, Maine, Militia. He died at Chelsea, Massachusetts, on January 26, 1850.
There was a Cyrus Jones born at Lebanon, Maine, on May 18, 1812, the son of Stephen and Eunice Jones. At the time of the 1850 Census, he was living at Somersworth, New Hampshire with his mother Eunice and wife Sarah W. Cyrus and Sarah later moved back to Lebanon, Maine, and were enumerated there up through the 1880 Census. Cyrus died on 27 August 1895 at Lebanon, Maine.
If you have corrections and/or additions to the above information, or if you feel that this document was written somewhere other than Lebanon, Maine, please leave a comment or contact me directly. |
0.999997 | Why do I need to write a summary?
Before investing an exorbitant amount of time writing a story one should at least sit back and ask oneself these questions: Does this story work? Is this what I want to do? A summary is an option to answer these questions. While writing a summary, the writer must think about the main plot points. Think of a finished story like a painting in a museum. The artist usually made a sketch before to check if the proportions are working, if the colours match and if the message of the painting works for him, before buying the expensive paint and starting painting on canvas. A summary, in the allegory of a painting, is like the sketch. To write a summary the writer has to put his imagination on paper and sort them in a short compelling little written piece.
When I am writing summaries for a comic book the result is usually boring. Therefore I failed as a writer. To prevent this unwanted result I first write one version, which is just a plain summary of the story. Then I make a list with the feelings I want to bring close to the reader like for example happiness, joy or fear and anxiety. Lastly I create another list with the words I think could help the summary achieve the wanted appeal by the audience, like salt and pepper in a meal. During the writing process, there is always some back and forth. First I think the summary is good but the next day I am not happy with it anymore. So it takes me some time and I always get a lot of scrap paper but I sometimes get a result that pleases me.
I believe writing summaries is an underrated skill worth having as a writer. It helped me a lot for my work as a comic book artist and I hope my ideas on writing summaries will help you with your projects. |
0.929773 | Buying a good badminton racket can be a complex process depending on your understanding and experience when buying badminton rackets.
Currently, there are many badminton brands on the market, from well-known brands to little-known brands. So it becomes difficult to determine the best racquet to buy.
In addition, not all vendors of these badminton rackets have the best brands and high quality. There are some sellers that have badminton brands that are of poor quality and therefore unreliable and unstable.
Nearly all halls have some floor space dedicated to the best and best quality sportswear, including badminton rackets. These are gadgets that are dropped by top brands around the globe.
From the best rackets that are priced under $ 100 reliable to the best racquets for advanced players, you can find them all there.
So, when buying a reliable badminton racket, your local mall can be a good place to start. The only thing you need to know about shopping for a racquet in the mall is that you should be aware of the brands to buy and those to avoid. As such, you need to do some research first so that you can identify the best brands to choose from.
The best thing about shopping for your racquet at the mall is that they are competitively priced. So, it can get a decent bargain for a top quality badminton brand.
The Internet has made it possible to buy anything right at your home. You just need to order the rest will someone else do for you.
From household utensils and even food, you can request these items from the convenience of your home.
Similarly, you can buy badminton rackets from any of the hundreds of online sellers spread across the internet. For example, if you are looking for the best badminton racket for beginners, I suggest that you do some Google searches first.
The best thing about online shopping for your racquet is that you can read the reviews left behind by the buyers. For example, if you want to buy yourself the best badminton racket for the smash, you can watch Amazon.com, read the reviews and choose the review that works best for you.
So it’s easy to assess the quality and fit of a racquet against your badminton style, or whether the racquet is suitable for double or single matches.
These shops are a great place to shop for quality badminton rackets and the best brands. This is because sporting goods stores stock from different manufacturers thus providing shoppers an opportunity to choose the best brand to meet their needs and preferences.
In addition, the staff in these stores is very skillful and therefore can provide reliable guidance in choosing the best racket depending on needs, budget, interests, and purpose. Your application. If you want to know which racquets are suitable for intermediate players, for example, you can ask them and they will show you.
Basically, the ideal place to buy the right racquet should be the most convenient place for you.
However, before buying any badminton brand, you should study more about the brand so that you can determine the brand’s credibility. This will save you the hassle of spending your hard earned money on an unreliable brand.
Make sure that the badminton racket you buy is comfortable to hold, not too much for you and you can handle it with ease.
« What To Look For When Buying A Baseball Bat? |
0.97884 | As a chemical engineer, you gather data and oversee operations at a plant or job site, though much of your work may take place in an office environment.
While your formal title is ‘chemical engineer’, you’re often referred to as a ‘universal engineer’ because you need to master a broad range of scientific and technical knowledge, in addition to excellent hands-on lab skills. You're highly persistent, curious, and able to solve complex problems. Because you have a great impact on company processes and safety, you must be able to communicate with others clearly and concisely, both verbally and in writing.
You work full-time hours, usually in a lab or office environment. Depending on the project you're working on, you may also work in a plant or another industrial setting. As a chemical engineer, you may work with and supervise others, such as a quality control team. You can choose to specialize in a specific area of chemical engineering such as process control, pollution control or fermentation.
Chemical engineers are most in demand in Canada's western provinces, where the oil and gas industries rule. This demand is reflected in the extremely competitive chemical engineer salaries offered in cities such as Calgary, Vancouver and Edmonton. In these cities, skilled chemical engineers can command salaries into the $80,000 range.
In contrast, provinces to the east, such as Ontario and Quebec, offer much wider salary ranges, starting in the $50,000 to $60,000 range. As is the case with most engineering fields, the salaries in Quebec are by far the least competitive.
Chemical engineer jobs are mostly found in industrial settings. You will likely work in an industry that manufactures goods. Some examples of industries that rely on chemical engineers include: pharmaceuticals and healthcare, retail and consumer goods, food processing, biotechnology, energy, oil and gas, and construction, among others.
Due to your broad range of knowledge and precise technical skill, you're in demand across Canada. In particular, there is demand for your skills in Canada's western provinces. The oil and gas industries drive the majority of the demand, so oil-rich provinces like Alberta and British Columbia are home to the largest array of job opportunities.
Chemical engineers must have an undergraduate degree in chemical engineering or a related engineering discipline. Depending on the requirements of the chemical engineering job, a Masters or PhD may also be required. For entry level chemical engineering jobs, employers often prefer graduates who have completed a co-op placement or have on the job experience.
To land a chemical engineer job, you'll also need to be licensed by a provincial or territorial association. After you graduate from an accredited chemical engineering program, you will need to complete 3-4 years of on the job experience and pass a professional licensing exam.
Due to the intense training and high level of skill required, chemical engineers are among the most prestigious and best-paid engineers in Canada. Since you're already near the top of the pay scale in the engineering industry, most areas of opportunity to advance involve taking on supervisory and management roles.
With your broad range of skills, you can also transition into other related industries and fields such as science, sales, and marketing. |
0.92433 | α-Methyltryptamine (abbreviated as αMT, AMT) is a psychedelic, stimulant, and entactogen drug of the tryptamine class. It was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at Upjohn in the 1960s, and was used briefly as an antidepressant in Russia under the trade name Indopan before being discontinued.
αMT is tryptamine with a methyl substituent at the alpha carbon. This alpha substitution makes it a relatively poor substrate for monoamine oxidase A, thereby prolonging αMT's half-life, allowing it to reach the brain and enter the central nervous system. Its chemical relation to tryptamine is analogous to that of amphetamine to phenethylamine, amphetamine being α-methylphenethylamine. αMT is closely related to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) which partially explains its mechanism of action.
The synthesis of αMT can be accomplished through several different routes, the two most widely known being the Nitroaldol Condensation between indole-3-carboxaldehyde and nitroethane under ammonium acetate catalysis and the condensation between indole-3-acetone and hydroxylamine followed by reduction of the obtained ketoxime with lithium aluminum hydride.
αMT acts as a relatively balanced reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of the main three monoamines; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, and as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist.
αMT has been shown as a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in-vitro and in-vivo.
In rats the potency of αMT as an MAO-A inhibitor in the brain was approximately equal to that of harmaline at equimolar doses.[note 1] Dexamphetamine did not enhance the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced rise of serotonin at any level.
2-Oxo-αMT, 6-hydroxy-αMT, 7-hydroxy-αMT and 1′-hydroxy-αMT were detected as metabolites of αMT in male Wistar rats .
Reported side effects include anxiety, restlessness, muscle tension, jaw tightness, pupil dilation, tachycardia, headaches, nausea, and vomiting, among other effects that might commonly be attributed to LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and MDMA, such as open-eye visuals, closed eye visuals and an altered state of mind.
In spite of some reported experiential similarities to MDMA, the chemicals are structurally unrelated; αMT is a tryptamine while MDMA is a phenethylamine.
Like many other serotonin releasing agents, αMT's analog α-ethyltryptamine (αET) has been shown to produce long-lasting serotonergic neurotoxicity at very high doses. It is possible that αMT causes the same neurotoxicity.
The 5-Methoxy analogue, 5-MeO-αMT is schedule 9 in Australia and αMT would be controlled as an analogue of this.
As of October 2015 αMT is a controlled substance in China.
In Denmark (2010), the Danish Minister for the Interior and Health placed αMT to their lists of controlled substances (List B).
Canada has no mention of αMT in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
αMT is listed under the Narcotics Act in schedule 1 (narcotics not eligible for trade and medical prescriptions) in Germany.
αMT is placed under Austrian law (NPSG) Group 6.
αMT was controlled on the Schedule C list in Hungary in 2013.
αMT was placed in 2013 on the List of Hazardous Substances in Annex, § 2 in Slovakia.
αMT appeared on the Decree on Classification of Illicit Drugs in Slovenia (2013).
In Lithuania (2012), αMT is controlled as a tryptamine derivative put under control in the 1st list of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances which use is prohibited for medical purposes.
αMT is legal in Spain.
αMT was made illegal in the United Kingdom as of 7 January 2015, along with 5-MeO-DALT. This was following the events of 10 June 2014 when the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs recommended that αMT be scheduled as a class A drug by updating the blanket ban clause on tryptamines.
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) placed αMT temporarily in schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) on April 4, 2003, pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions of the CSA (68 FR16427). On September 29, 2004, αMT was permanently controlled as a schedule I substance under the CSA (69FR 58050).
Deaths from αMT are rare but as a powerful monoamine releaser, injury can occur when excessive doses are taken or when taken with drugs such as MAOIs. Most fatalities are not verified but those which are involve excessive doses or coingestion with other drugs. A British teenager died after consuming 1 g of αMT in August 2013.
^ MAOI potency was comparable at 7 µM/kg, equivalent to 1.5mg/kg of Harmaline and 1.2mg/kg of αMT. At 70µM/kg αMT was a much less effective MAOI than harmaline.
^ a b c "Erowid AMT Vault : FAQ by Dialtonez".
^ a b c "Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #48 a-MT".
^ "Erowid AMT (alpha-methyltryptamine) Vault".
^ Donald G. Barceloux (20 March 2012). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-0-471-72760-6.
^ Leslie Iversen (11 November 2013). Handbook of Psychopharmacology: Volume 14 Affective Disorders: Drug Actions in Animals and Man. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-4613-4045-4.
^ Biological Research on Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders. Academic Press. 17 May 2013. pp. 632–. ISBN 978-0-12-398360-2.
^ Shulgin, Alexander. "TIHKAL". Retrieved 18 May 2018.
^ Nonaka R, Nagai F, Ogata A, Satoh K (December 2007). "In vitro screening of psychoactive drugs by [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in rat brain membranes". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 30 (12): 2328–33. doi:10.1248/bpb.30.2328. PMID 18057721.
^ Arai, Y.; Toyoshima, Y.; Kinemuchi, H. (1986). "Studies of monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. II. Inhibition by .ALPHA.-methylated substrate-analogue monoamines, .ALPHA.-methyltryptamine, .ALPHA.-methylbenzylamine and two enantiomers of .ALPHA.-methylbenzylamine". The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 41 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1254/jjp.41.191.
^ Greig, M. E.; Walk, R. A.; Gibbons, A. J. (1959). "The effect of three tryptamine derivatives on serotonin metabolism in vitro and in vivo". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 127: 110–115. PMID 13851725.
^ a b Gey, K. F.; Pletscher, A. (1962). "Effect of alpha-alkylated tryptamine derivatives on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in vivo". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 19 (1): 161–167. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01437.x. PMC 1482243. PMID 13898151.
^ "Shulgin, A (1997) TIHKAL". Erowid.org. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
^ "AMT Dosage". Erowid. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
^ Szara, S. (1961). "6-Hydroxylation: An important metabolic route for α-methyltryptamine". Experientia. 17 (2): 76. doi:10.1007/BF02171429.
^ Kanamori, T.; Kuwayama, K.; Tsujikawa, K.; Miyaguchi, H.; Iwata, Y. T.; Inoue, H. (2008). "In vivometabolism of α-methyltryptamine in rats: Identification of urinary metabolites". Xenobiotica. 38 (12): 1476–1486. doi:10.1080/00498250802491654. PMID 18982537.
^ Wilcox, J. (2012). "Psychoactive Properties of Alpha-Methyltryptamine: Analysis from Self Reports of Users". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (3): 274–276. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.704592. PMID 23061328.
^ "Erowid AMT Vault : Effects".
^ Huang XM, Johnson MP, Nichols DE (July 1991). "Reduction in brain serotonin markers by alpha-ethyltryptamine (Monase)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 200 (1): 187–90. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(91)90686-K. PMID 1722753.
^ "Erowid 5-MeO-AMT Vault : Legal Status".
^ "Medicamentos de Uso Humano - Estupefacientes y Psicótropos". Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios.
^ "The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 3) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2014". www.legislation.gov.uk.
^ ACMD (10 June 2014). "Update of the Generic Definition for Tryptamines" (PDF). UK Home Office. p. 12. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ Gillman, P. K. (2005). "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity" (PDF). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 95 (4): 434–441. doi:10.1093/bja/aei210. PMID 16051647. "drugs such as MDMA, ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), if combined with MAOIs (including moclobemide) do also cause fatalities because they act as serotonin releasers"
^ Boland, Diane M.; Andollo W; Hime GW; Hearn WL (July–August 2005). "Fatality Due to Acute Alpha-methyltryptamine Intoxication" (PDF). Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 29 (5): 394–397. doi:10.1093/jat/29.5.394. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ "Call for ban on drug after reveller's death". Western Gazette. March 22, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ "Southampton 'legal high' death deemed 'accidental'". BBC News. 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
This page was last edited on 8 January 2019, at 13:30 (UTC). |
0.998075 | The Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes, who lived circa 290–211 B.C.E., determined that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was somewhere between and .2 That ratio is better known as π, or pi. In decimal format pi equals approximately 3.1415927.
Johann Lambert, a Swiss mathematician, created a proof showing that pi was an irrational number.3 That means that pi cannot be written as a fraction by using two integers. By contrast, for example, the fraction 5/2 uses the integers 5 and 2, and the resulting number is 2.5. Therefore it is a rational number.4 There are no digits beyond the decimal value of 5 in the number 2.5 other than zeros; in other words, there is no remainder. The number need only be written as 2.5. |
0.999364 | Background: Lisa previously worked part time doing door to door sales as well as being a carer for her father. She already had a qualification in Carpentry and Joinery. She went travelling and decided that she wanted to finally kick start her career and get into construction.
What happened next: Lisa originally came to K10 to start a carpentry apprenticeship, but when we explained all the other opportunities available to her, she took a liking to Business Administration and started her Level 2 Apprenticeship with host contractor Wates. Lisa then stayed in employment with us and carried on to do her Level 3 Business Administration qualification also with Wates.
After the Apprenticeship: Lisa completed with Wates with flying colours and said ‘K10 gave me an opportunity to get into construction and further develop my skills and add to my education. This has encouraged me to look into going to university to study construction management to further my career’. She is now still employed by Wates through an agency, on more than double what she was originally earning, still on the site she started her apprenticeship on.
“Lisa was an excellent apprentice from day one. She has worked on a number of different sites with K10 and her professionalism and ability have made Lisa a genuine pleasure to work with. I would like to thank Lisa for all of her hard work and wish her all the best for the future.” Peter Bannister, Apprenticeship Programme Manager. |
0.99605 | An evening at home working on my beaded bag and dreaming, dreaming. How long the last two days have been. Will tomorrow never come?
SIGNIFICANCE OF COLORS - I: Colors frequently designate characteristics of temper: i.e. "brown study," "black melancholy," "blue devils," "green-eyed monster," "yellow-livered," "blue stockings," "white feather," * etc. Pink is a happy color, and makes a kitchen a place of contentment for cooks. A blue and yellow room would soothe even a mortgage holder.
*Brown study - a melancholy mood: blue devils - demons causing depression: blue stockings - intellectual, educated women; white feather - symbol of cowardice. |
0.95247 | Leyburn airfield was built in early 1942 for use by US heavy bombers, in case the Japanese invaded southeast Queensland. It was maintained by the RAAF but was not used until 1944, by RAAF squadrons flying B-24 Liberator bombers. After the war the circuit formed by the two bitumen runways and the bitumen taxiway linking their north ends was used for motor racing, with an Australian Grand Prix being held at Leyburn in 1949.
The two runways of Leyburn airfield are located over 5km north of Leyburn (northwest of Warwick), between Wirraway Avenue and Elerby Road. Liberator Place, which runs northeast from Wirraway Avenue, follows the route of a former gravelled taxiway to the south end of the 36 degree runway, and then continues along that runway (remnants of the taxiway also continue south of Wirraway Avenue). The 138 degree runway heads northwest from its intersection with the 36 degree runway, and crosses Macquarie Drive and Hamblin Road. A bitumen taxiway then loops northward before heading back across Macquarie Drive to join the northern end of the 36 degree runway, forming a large triangle. No other structures remain on site, but a dam that appeared on wartime maps still exists within the northeast loop of the taxiway.
The arrival of US forces in Queensland from late December 1941 led to an increased demand for airfields to accommodate US aircraft. Existing RAAF airfields were used, and new fields were also constructed. Leyburn was one of four airfields built for US heavy bombers (Leyburn, Cecil Plains, Jondaryan and Condamine). These inland airfields could be used to launch bombing missions if the Japanese ever landed near Brisbane.
The Leyburn site was proposed in March 1942, and although the War Cabinet approved work on Leyburn on 8 May 1942, work had already commenced. By 3 May the northwest-southeast (138 degree) strip had been cleared and graded for 7000′ (2.14km). Gravelling of the northeast-southwest (36 degree) runway was to commence on 5 May 1942. The camp site was about 3 miles (4.8km) south of the airfield hidden in a forest on the Leyburn to Clifton Road, and the camp buildings were painted by March 1943. In the absence of a Japanese invasion of Queensland, the US never needed to use Leyburn, but it was later used by RAAF B-24 Liberator heavy bombers from mid 1944 to late 1945.
A report in May 1943 noted that Leyburn consisted of two sealed runways in clear undulating country. Taxiways had been constructed to hideout areas, but no hideouts existed, other than 16 partly constructed and then abandoned. The north ends of the runways were connected by a 50′ (15.2m) wide sealed taxiway and the airfield was suitable for all types of aircraft, although it had been designed for heavy bombers. There were no accommodation buildings, although a mess hall/kitchen building existed, along with ablution facilities and latrines. There were also no operational buildings, hangars, blast pens or bomb stores, but two 12,000 gallon underground petrol tanks existed by mid 1944. In July 1943 Leyburn joined a list of some 17 unoccupied aerodromes in Queensland, and was listed as having buildings and services for 450 personnel, but no sleeping accommodation.
An April 1944 US report on Leyburn claimed that the airfield (which was still not in use at that point) was developed entirely by the RAAF, and was operated, maintained and controlled by the RAAF. The US had only requested hideouts. A RAAF map of the field in June 1945 reported a 138 degree runway 5350′ long by 150′ wide (1.63km by 45.7m); and a 36 degree runway 7000′ by 150′ (2.14km by 45.7m). At this time the former was used for parking aircraft and needed patching, while the latter was in good condition. A gravelled taxiway, badly in need of grading, ran from the camp to the south end of the 36 degree runway.
Maintenance inspections were carried out by personnel from 14 Operational Base Unit (OBU) from RAAF Station Lowood, and a Main Roads Board repair and maintenance party was stationed at Leyburn by January 1945 (withdrawn by October 1945) to keep the runways serviceable.
RAAF units stationed at Leyburn at various times between July 1944 and December 1945 included 21 Squadron, 23 Squadron, 99 Squadron and 200 Special Duties Flight, all flying B-24 Liberator bombers. RAAF 21 and 23 Squadrons had previously flown Vultee Vengeance aircraft. RAAF 99 Squadron and 200 Flight were both formed at Leyburn in February 1945. The latter’s mission was to assist in delivering agents and supplies of the Australian Army’s ‘Z’ Special Unit by parachute into enemy territory. It was possible for a “stick” of five jumpers to exit a hatch in the modified Liberators in under 10 seconds, and the jumpers carried a top secret “S” phone which could communicate with the aircraft during and after the drop.
By late February 1945 the airfield was crowded, with 1000 to 1300 personnel, and 99 Squadron was moved to Jondaryan in March 1945. 200 Special Duties Flight was the last unit to use Leyburn, disbanding in December 1945. After the war the runway and taxiway circuit was used for motor racing, and the 1949 Australian Grand Prix was held at the former airfield, the first time it had been held in Queensland.
National Archives of Australia 749. RAAF Directorate of Works and Buildings - Engineer Intelligence Section - Leyburn, Queensland 1943-1945.
Queensland State Library, John Oxley Library Photographic Collection. |
0.999563 | Find brands of feed for dogs that use natural products is important to make sure they have a good and balanced diet, but also healthy. Acana manufactures one of the healthier and better quality food to give your dog what it deserves.
If you feed your pet with feed for dogs using the best quality products that are healthy and help to get the nutrients and vitamins it needs for its development, your pet will be happy and therefore you too.
Acana feed for dogs is a food made exclusively in Canada with completely natural products, so this is why they are classified as biologically appropriate. What does this mean? That in the process of its manufacture only natural meat, without preservatives or additives, are only used. The product is received daily, and it is directly sent to the manufacturing process, ensuring the best high quality and taking advantage of its nutritional properties.
Champion Petfoods, the brand that manufactures this natural food for dogs uses only local products, and it worries to satisfy the needs of dogs, carnivores by nature, with a meat–based diet rich in proteins.
Thanks to these characteristics, Acana is recommended by veterinarians for dogs with digestive intolerance or food allergies. It is a natural and very healthy food that it also has a great taste.
So do not hesitate and take a look at TiendAnimal's selection of products of this brand to satisfy both you and your dog. |
0.948783 | What other names is American Elder known by?
How does American Elder work?
Dosing considerations for American Elder.
American Elderberry, Common Elderberry, Elderberry, Elder Flower, Sabugueiro, Sambucus, Sambucus canadensis, Saúco, Saúco de Canada, Sureau, Sureau Blanc, Sureau du Canada, Sweet Elder.
American elder is a plant. The flower and ripe fruit are used to make medicine.
People use American elder for breathing problems such as asthma and bronchitis; for colds, cough, and sore throat; and for painful conditions such as headache, nerve pain (neuralgia), joint pain (rheumatism), toothache, and swelling (inflammation).
Other uses include treatment of bruises, cancer, intestinal gas, epilepsy, fever, gout, psoriasis, sores, syphilis, and fluid retention (edema) due to weak heart function (heart failure).
Some people use American elder as a "purifier" that empties the bowels. It is also used to rid the body of extra fluid by increasing urine production (as a diuretic), "sweat out a fever," promote healing, and cause vomiting.
American elder is also used as an eyewash, mouthwash, and poultice.
In foods, American elder is cooked and eaten and used to make elderberry wine. American elder is also used to flavor foods and beverages.
In manufacturing, extracts of American elder are used in perfumes.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of American elder for these uses.
Research suggests that some of the chemicals in American elder leaf might work as a laxative, diuretic, and germ-killer. American elder also contains lots of vitamin C.
American elder flowers or cooked, ripe fruit are safe for most adults in the amounts found in foods. There is some scientific evidence that suggests the flowers are safe in medicinal amounts, which are typically larger. Some side effects might include nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, numbness, and stupor.
The leaves, stems, or unripe fruit are UNSAFE. If eaten, they can cause cyanide poisoning. Juice made from unripe fruit can also be poisonous.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: It is UNSAFE to use the leaves, stems, or unripe fruit of American elder because they contain chemicals that can cause cyanide poisoning. There isn't enough information to know whether it is safe to use the flower or cooked, ripe fruit if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side, and avoid using any form of American elder.
Children: Some children like to make peashooters from American elder stems, but this practice isn't as harmless as it sounds. The stem contains chemicals that can cause cyanide poisoning. Some "peashooter poisonings" have been reported.
American elder might have an effect like a water pill or "diuretic." Taking American elder might decrease how well the body gets rid of lithium. This could increase how much lithium is in the body and result in serious side effects. Talk with your healthcare provider before using this product if you are taking lithium. Your lithium dose might need to be changed.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. American elder might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking American elder along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking American elder, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
The appropriate dose of American elder depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for American elder. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. |
0.999699 | André 3000 and Big Boi met at the Lenox Square shopping mall when they were both sixteen years old. Both lived in the East Point section of Atlanta and attended Tri-Cities High School, an arts based academy where they participated in rap battles in the cafeteria. André 3000 and Big Boi eventually teamed up and were pursued by Organized Noize, and decided to use "OutKast" as their group name based on finding "outcast" as synonym for "misfit" in a dictionary.
Outkast "continuously pushed themselves into foreign territory, revolutionizing what mainstream hip-hop could sound like with each succeeding album...the divide between gangsta and conscious rap was a false choice; every perspective and subject matter was worthwhile to Outkast".
What does it mean if you were matched to this artist? Why is it important?
When matched to Outkast, you are matched to a duo who includes many of the similar techinques you put in your piece. For example, the messages of your poem may be scattered and varied and may include several different perspectives in one piece of work. This may be an element of your poem (or main element). It is important to recognize the similarity you have to this artist because it helps you understand more of the style of your literary work. In this instance, your work would most likely contain techniques that are similar to Outkast's and recognizing this could help to further develop your style and approach at writing poems.
Outkast uses a wide variety of perspectives and subject matter in his music to express his many messages. |
0.95073 | The Rudnerweide Mennonite Church was a Mennonite branch found chiefly in Manitoba. A schism occurred in the Sommerfeld Mennonite congregation in southern Manitoba in 1937, the more progressive members advocating a more active, spiritual church life, and the more conservative section strongly opposed to this movement. As a result a new more active congregation was organized, composed of former members of the Sommerfeld church, with four of the twelve Sommerfeld ministers, Isaac A. Hoeppner, George Froese, Peter S. Zacharias, and William H. Falk, as ministers. Of these, William H. Falk, of Schoental, was chosen as elder or bishop. This congregation was from the beginning interested in home and foreign missions, as well as education and Bible schools. The Rudnerweide Mennonites stressed true conversion, a clean manner of life, and good fellowship in the church. They adhered to the same tenets of faith and used the same catechism as the original group, but held evangelistic gatherings and Bible and prayer meetings, as well as taking part in Sunday school work, young people's endeavor, and choir practice. Their elected ministers were free to deliver their sermons directly from a Bible text, instead of merely reading sermons handed down from the past as was the case in the mother Sommerfeld church. Fourteen foreign missionaries had been sent out by this congregation by the 1950s and were supported by it.
There were also two meetinghouses northwest of Portage La Prairie, and a branch in Saskatchewan near Hague, founded about 1940, which in 1958 had 300 members with 3 meetinghouses.
The Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference was formed on 1 July 1959 from the Rudnerweider Mennonite Church, which had been organized in 1937. There were a number of factors leading to this reorganization. While the centralized ministry had its strengths, many felt that a more localized leadership would be more effective. The growing diversity in the church made it difficult for all ministers functioning in the circuit to relate well to every community. Increasing urbanization, higher education, the shift to the English language, and new vocational interests among members all contributed to the call for change.
The new conference organization allowed for a greater degree of localization. Local congregations were now free to call their own ministers, function as autonomous groups, and more readily develop their own identities. However, the annual conventions tied these local congregations together in spirit and purpose as did the various conference boards made up of members from the various regions.
The change was difficult for some of the older ministers as well as some rural groups less affected by change in the larger society. The Board of Ministers and Deacons found itself quite occupied in helping congregations move to the new system and in wrestling with ethical and theological issues brought on by the changing context.
The new Board of Missions continued sponsoring a large slate of missionaries serving under various faith missions. However, in the early 1960s when the Western Gospel Mission dissolved, it inherited three mission stations, two in Manitoba and one in Saskatchewan. Then in the mid-1960s new mission opportunities arose farther afield.
In southern Ontario, conference evangelist John D. Friesen and others discovered a spiritual need among Mennonite immigrants returning to Canada from Mexico. By the mid-1980s EMMC efforts had resulted in at least six church centers in the Aylmer, Leamington and Kitchener areas. Also by this time the Aylmer Bible School, established to meet the unique needs of these congregations, had been in operation for about a decade.
In Central America, a new work center was begun in Belize. By the early 1980s it had become largely autonomous. Developments here included ministries in the fields of education, medical care, and German and Spanish church ministries. In South America a German and Spanish ministry in the rural area of Chorovi, near Santa Cruz, Bolivia, was begun in the late 1960s. In later years the thrust of the work shifted to education and church planting concerns in Pedro Dias, a suburb of Santa Cruz. In other developments new ministries were opened in Seminole, Texas and a few locations in Mexico, including Santa Rita and Nuevo Ideál.
The Board of Education and Publication was the most aggressive of the new conference boards in the early 1960s. It actively promoted (summer) vacation Bible schools, Sunday schools, youth and music ministries and publication efforts. By 1964 the English paper, the EMMC Recorder, had replaced Der Leitstern as the official conference paper. The most difficult issue the board faced was solidifying support for Bible school education. In 1972 this board gave up its responsibility for radio ministries when a new Board of Radio and Evangelism was formed. "The Gospel Message," a Low German radio broadcast, was still receiving popular support in 1986.
The Board of Christian Service promoted Christian service ministries, including that of Mennonite Central Committee, until it was merged with the Mission Board in 1970 to create the Board of Missions and Service. The Board of Business and Administration was responsible for properties and financial transactions. In 1990 the membership of EMMC was 3,470 in 24 independent congregations and nine mission stations.
See also Conservative Mennonites (Dutch-Prussian-Russian).
Heppner, Jack. Search for Renewal: The Story of the Rudnerweider/EMMC, 1937-1987. Winnipeg: Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference, 1987.
Mennonite World Handbook, ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, Ill.: Mennonite World Conference (MWC), 1978: 319-320.
Mennonite World Handbook. Strasbourg, France, and Lombard, Ill.: MWC, 1984: 50, 133.
Mennonite World Handbook, ed. Diether Götz Lichdi. Carol Stream, Ill.: MWC, 1990: 412.
Reimer, Margaret Loewen, ed. One Quilt, Many Pieces. Waterloo, Ont.: Mennonite Publishing Service, 1983: 45.
Hamm, H. H., G. H. Penner and Jack Heppner. "Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference (EMMC)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. July 2010. Web. 23 Apr 2019. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Evangelical_Mennonite_Mission_Conference_(EMMC)&oldid=147261.
Hamm, H. H., G. H. Penner and Jack Heppner. (July 2010). Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference (EMMC). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 23 April 2019, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Evangelical_Mennonite_Mission_Conference_(EMMC)&oldid=147261.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 375-376; vol. 5, pp. 280-281. All rights reserved.
This page was last modified on 22 February 2017, at 15:30. |
0.997958 | Tanked Up: The Benefits Of Choosing A Polyethylene Water Tank In Your Livestock Watering System?
Modern concerns about water contamination and environmental damage mean that livestock farmers can no longer rely on streams, reservoirs and dugouts to provide adequate supplies of water for their animals, and virtually every livestock farm in Australia must make extensive use of stock watering systems to provide enough hydration for their cows, pigs, sheep and goats. Naturally, these watering systems require at least one tank to safely store water when not in use, and considering the prodigious water requirements of even a small herd, these tanks must be equally substantial.
10000 litre water tanks can be made from a number of materials, but polyethylene tanks are some of the most popular, and are commonly used as part of a stock watering systems. This popularity is well-earned, as these robust plastic tanks have a number of advantages over high-capacity tanks made of steel, aluminium or concrete.
What are the advantages of choosing a polyethylene tank for a stock watering system?
Polyethylene tanks might not be quite as durable as steel or concrete tanks, but they are still more than capable of holding the vast weight of large amounts of water, and can also withstand a significant beating from physical impacts. This is particularly important if your watering system's tank is exposed, as curious livestock can often cause accidental damage to less robust tanks.
Polyethylene tanks are cast from a single mould, and therefore have a seamless construction with no distinct weak points. This makes them exceptionally resistant to leaks, even after many years, and ensures that none of the valuable water you store is wasted; particularly handy during frequent summer droughts.
When empty, even the largest polyethylene tanks are remarkably lightweight. They can be transported to your farm and installed with minimal lifting equipment, saving you both time and money, and also do not require extensive foundations like heavier steel or concrete tanks.
One of the main problems with using steel tanks for stock watering systems is the constant danger of rust, and while modern steel tanks are coated in durable rustproof coatings, these coatings degrade over time and will eventually leave a steel tank vulnerable to corrosion. Polyethylene tanks are completely rustproof both inside and out, which allows them to be stored in outdoor, unsheltered locations with no protection from rain.
Since polyethylene tanks are highly resistant to leaks and completely resistant to rust, they require very little maintenance to retain structural integrity and keep your stored water sanitary. A simple cleaning of interior surfaces to remove sediment deposits and algal blooms is usually all that is required to keep your tank in working order and your water safe for your livestock. |
0.980475 | IMAGINE FOR a moment that you are a physician and you have come across a patient who has some very strange symptoms. Although at first he seems healthy, upon closer examination you can see that he is suffering from a dangerous and possibly deadly illness. There are many bizarre characteristics associated with his condition. For example, although the patient feels certain that something is wrong, he is uninterested in taking even the most minimal steps to restore his health. Upon further investigation you discover that this person’s body has been invaded by various types of foreign bodies, pathogens, and parasites, which are causing a great deal of damage. Also, from a look at the patient’s medical history we discover that the main infection occurred several decades ago. Until recently this main infection had remained hidden, but now the major symptoms are too obvious to ignore. Presently the victim is so badly weakened that other invaders that had previously been unable to enter the body are also on the attack.
One of the most amazing features of this strange ailment is that the patient is under the delusion that he cannot recover from this illness since he thinks that to resist the attack would be “unfair” and “mean” to the invading bodies. Incredibly, he actually displays remorse for having resisted the infection in the past. As unbelievable as it sounds, the patient at times lapses into hallucination and claims to “identify” with the infecting entities and sympathize with their plight of trying to find a host body in which to exist. He strangely believes that he can co-exist with the pathogens and create a situation that would be “beneficial to all.” At times dwelling on his illness becomes overwhelming and the patient simply chooses to ignore the symptoms and his deteriorating condition. Obviously this person is suffering from severe delusions, which you strongly suspect to be a result of the main infection itself. This psychosis even goes so far as to cause the patient to react violently toward anyone who tries to carry out a cure, as evidenced by the vicious attack he made some years ago against his neighbors and family when they attempted to help. Now as a consequence the condition has spread and his neighbors are now also suffering with the same ailment.
The prognosis is uncertain. Although the patient appears to have the potential to expel the invading organisms, he lacks the will to do what needs to be done. Apparently the crux of the problem is his psychological disorder, a form of dementia. If this can be successfully dealt with, then recovery looks favorable. It should be noted that this man has prevailed against similar invasions in the past and perhaps with that medical history he can rally to defeat this infection. However, it should be noted that the longer the ailment progresses, the more radical will be the regimen needed to effect a cure.
The sick man is America, and his neighbors with the same malady are the other nations of the Western world. The recent invading organisms are the millions of alien race and culture who have streamed across our open borders in recent decades, though they are not the main infection which has paralyzed our immune system and our will to resist. We are like the patient described above, suffering from a threatening illness that we are pretending doesn’t exist or which we are actually helping in many ways to destroy us.
Well now the chickens are coming home to roost, and we are reaping the harvest of our ignorance and apathy. It is becoming increasingly difficult to insulate ourselves from the world we only saw through the TV a few years ago. All the things we wanted to avoid are now arriving in our own neighborhoods. So instead of seeing the dark, menacing faces of third-world immigrants and minority gang members only in TV news reports on poverty and crime, we see these people with our own eyes in our own towns.
An inoffensive few non-Whites at first appear, but as their numbers grow we notice that once clean and safe areas of our towns are turned into places we want to avoid. We find our children are no longer safe in the schools, but are now menaced and harassed by the invaders. In the face of all this we remain like the person suffering from the mysterious disease who will not accept treatment. And exactly like that person, we aid the invaders at our expense in the form of free medical care, welfare hand-outs, multilingual education for their offspring, and a host of other advantages that we don’t give to our children. Think about it: We are actually depriving our own children so that the invaders, the majority of whom are here in violation of even our current lax immigration laws, can get ahead in education, jobs, finance, housing, and a dozen other areas. The great writer Wilmot Robertson had it right when he referred to traditional White Americans as the Dispossessed Majority.
As if all this were not enough, we allow by our inaction or at times our active collaboration, the Politically Correct suppression of our own natural defense against this invasion. If any public figure makes a statement favorable to White Americans or critical in even the slightest degree of “minorities,” he is immediately labeled by our enemies as a “hater, racist, bigot,” or an “anti-Semite.” In the rare cases when such a person is not immediately forced to find a new line of work or brought up on Orwellian “hate crime” charges, he is at least forced to grovel before the Semitic nabobs of our newspapers and television networks. Andy Rooney, Jimmy the Greek, and Dolly Parton come immediately to mind. Poor Dolly Parton made the mistake of saying out loud what everybody knows but is not supposed to say: Hollywood is dominated by Jewish interests. While majority men and women have to walk on pins and needles, always being careful that they never violate the unwritten rules of Political Correctness, minority spokesmen can make the most derogatory and hateful remarks about us and nothing is said and nothing is done. It is simply incredible. It’s as incredible as a sick person helping the agents of his illness to thrive, while at the same time taking action to suppress his own body’s natural, defensive immune system.
We must realize, however, that when a human being contracts a disease there is no similar sentimentality on the part of the invading organisms or parasites. These biological entities are simply utilizing the abilities with which Nature endowed them and are carrying out their normal behavioral strategies, which have proved to be valuable survival tools. They will grow and strengthen to the exact extent that the host’s resistance allows. These biological entities are simply going about life in the way that has proved to be the most benefit to them, and they intend to thrive by whatever means are necessary.
For example, when termites attack the timbers of a house there need be no malevolence on the part of the insects. It is only their instincts and behavior as termites which cause them to destroy a house’s structure. If we detail, categorize, and chronicle the termites’ behavior it might certainly appear that the termites are carrying out a grand conspiracy to destroy our homes. But objectively we can see that it is the natural survival behavior of the termites that happens to be at odds with our desire to have sound structures in which to live. It’s of no concern to them what humans want. It’s meaningless to them that a useful building is destroyed by their behavior. If we expel them, they will only be forced to find another place to feed. And we must face the fact that it would be suicidal for the termites to suddenly become concerned about humans that lived in wooden houses and consequently refrained from their destructive activities. It would be thoroughly unnatural and unthinkable for someone to believe that termites could be induced to stop eating wood.
Human behavior is similar in many respects. Biologically distinct groups pursue their own goals according to their natures and abilities, and the consequences to other distinct groups is of no concern to them. That’s one of the main reasons why multiracial societies have never worked: Look through the pages of history, the result has always been the same.
Collections of diverse and incompatible peoples do not make for stable, progressive, and prosperous societies, but instead this combination leads always to conflict, decline, and finally disintegration. Instead of an urge for progress and improvement, as in a homogeneous society, we see decay, degeneration, and a loss of identity as a people becomes either a deracinated mass or a conglomerate of warring social groups. The final stage brings societal collapse. The same process is happening in America today.
It’s only natural for a group of human beings to work for their common good, and this usually follows along biological lines. For example, despite all the difficulties and shortcomings of the Black community in this country, there are daily examples of leading Blacks crossing religious and economic lines to further the Black cause as a whole. Recently Louis Farrakhan, the leader of the Nation of Islam, went on a speaking tour and delivered speeches at several Black Christian churches. He was enthusiastically embraced by the Black preachers. Now anyone who would take the time to compare the doctrinal beliefs of the Nation of Islam with Christian doctrine could find very little common ground, and actually the two are largely incompatible. However, on the most important level, the two groups have race in common.
Let me give you another example: America is presently involved in Haiti. Why? The internal politics of Haiti should be of little interest to us. Haiti’s political history is characterized by an endless succession of despots, military takeovers, Presidents-for-life, and mentally unbalanced dictators. What difference should it make to us now whether Haiti is governed by a Prozac-dependent communist like Aristide or a traditional military dictator? Our involvement makes no sense, of course, unless we realize that the Congressional Black Caucus demands that its favorite man be maintained in power in Haiti and is using its political power to manipulate US foreign policy, much as the myriad of Jewish organizations ceaselessly manipulate our government to promote the interests of Israel. Not only are the Black political leaders involved in the foreign policy debate, but they are also one of the primary forces behind the effort to allow Haitian refugees into America. The Blacks, aided by Jewish lawyers and organizations who have their own reasons for their collaboration, are presently active in the court system trying to force the government to override the wishes of the vast majority of the American people and allow a huge influx of illiterate and disease-ridden Haitians into the United States. Though it is called a “democracy,” America is really ruled by naked power politics, and those groups which organize and use their economic and political muscle get what they want. The sleeping majority needs to wake up to this reality. We can learn a lot from the organized minorities, and in some ways we must become more like them.
Again and again we find a strong sense of racial loyalty among other racial groups. Group survival is the goal toward which their activities are directed. In this regard the Jewish minority is perhaps the most accomplished. Their religion not only teaches the Jews that they are superior to the rest of humanity, it also tells them that they have been chosen by God to ultimately rule over the world. I point this out not to criticize Jews, but to point out that they, like any ethnic group which intends to survive, make the continuance of their kind on this planet their highest value. And most other racial and ethnic groups understand this. These instincts are natural and have been absolutely essential to human survival since the beginning of our existence. Any society that attempts to base social stability upon the suppression of this vital instinct is not healthy and cannot succeed.
We have been focusing primarily on the inevitable conflict that occurs when diverse races are brought together in one society. We should also recognize that there are persons who acknowledge this conflict and recommend racial mixing as the best solution. The idea that genetically mixing divergent peoples into a mongrelized mass will “solve the race problem” is wrong. It will only worsen the situation. The results of racial mixing which began many centuries ago can be seen in modern India: poverty, filth, social conflict, and political malaise. India is not unique in this respect. A more recent example is Brazil. Here the results are nearly the same. It is important to note that in these racially-mixed societies the races have not merged into a cohesive mixed breed. Rather we have a stratification of society into many racial and cultural grouplets, many of whom are constantly at each other’s throats. India has already spun off three separate nations, and may soon spin off another one or two with much blood and violence. In Brazil a White elite virtually runs the country, often using iron-fisted techniques to keep the teeming non-White masses of the great cities and the Indian tribes of the interior in check.
Societal decline brought on by racial mixing is a common thread in many fallen civilizations. It has occurred many other times in the past with the same tragic results. And it is happening here, right now.
Studying history should save us from having to repeat the mistakes of the past. We can look back at a succession of failed attempts at multiculturalism. It’s really nothing new. Recently we have also greatly increased our knowledge in the fields of biology, genetics, and human behavior. From our accumulated knowledge it becomes clear that many of the mistakes of the past were due to ignorance — ignorance of knowledge we possess today.
Perhaps one of the most important things we must understand is that we have no one, I repeat no one, looking out for us except ourselves.
Do we not, as rational men, owe it to both our heritage and posterity to take advantage of the accumulated knowledge we possess? I think we do. Each of us should reflect upon all the past sacrifices and accomplishments of our people, the millions who struggled and died in order that we could exist, and we should understand our responsibility in the light of those accomplishments. Consider the great progress we of European descent have achieved in science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, music, art, and dozens of other fields. These advances are not the norm in the world. In many other societies people accepted blatant superstition for science, pure hokum and magic for medicine, monotone chanting and jungle drum beats for music, and lethargic passivity in lieu of discovery and inquiry.
Certainly the record of the European peoples is not spotless, but neither is that of any other race, so that is not the issue. The problem is that our enemies keep us focused on our faults, real and imaginary, by twisting the history, sociology, and anthropology disseminated in our mass media and in our children’s textbooks. They prevent us from recognizing the vast and incomparable achievements, contributions, and discoveries that are the product of our culture, of our best men, of our mentality, and of our unique genetic inheritance. If we fail to understand the situation we now face and continue to behave as our imaginary patient who refuses to come to terms with his condition and prefers to live in the fantasy world of rationalization and hallucination, then we will not survive, and, true to natural law, we won’t deserve to survive.
Imagine, if you will, what the world would be like if the European people had never existed. Imagine life without the thousands of inventions and discoveries that we take for granted every day that are the products of the best minds of our race. Imagine a completely non-White world with all its terrible implications, and you will know what the future will hold if we allow ourselves to be destroyed. |
0.999998 | How does the efficiency of multi-tasking differ by task type? My understanding is that multitasking impairs efficiency for cognitively challenging tasks.
Does this apply to trivial tasks as well?
Results show an inverted U-relationship between multitasking and productivity; there is thus an optimal amount of task switching which leads to the highest productivity. However, increased levels of multitasking lead to a significant loss in accuracy, indicating a trade-off between productivity and accuracy (Adler & Benbunan-Fich, 2012).
In regards to the effect of task difficulty on sequential multitasking, "subjective task difficulty has been found to be a determining factor: easy tasks benefit from multitasking by increasing stimulation, whereas hard tasks decrease performance as the result of an overload in mental workload (Adler & Benbunan-Fich, 2015)".
So to answer your question, at least one study has found that for the tasks they used more challenging tasks do 'suffer' more from multitasking. However, there is still an optimum amount of multitasking.
Salvucci, D. D., Taatgen, N. A., & Borst, J. P. (2009, April). Toward a unified theory of the multitasking continuum: From concurrent performance to task switching, interruption, and resumption. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1819-1828). ACM.
Jeuris, S., & Bardram, J. E. (2016). Dedicated workspaces: Faster resumption times and reduced cognitive load in sequential multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 404-414.
Adler, R. F., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2015). The effects of task difficulty and multitasking on performance. Interacting with Computers, 27(4), 430-439.
Adler, R. F., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2012). Juggling on a high wire: Multitasking effects on performance. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 70(2), 156-168.
The effects of multitasking are apparent even for the most trivial tasks. For example try walking and eating a sandwich at the same time, you will walk slower and more irregular. The multitasking effects though, are much less when the competing tasks are simple or familiar.
In experiments published in 2001, Joshua Rubinstein, PhD, Jeffrey Evans, PhD, and David Meyer, PhD, conducted four experiments in which young adults switched between different tasks, such as solving math problems or classifying geometric objects. For all tasks, the participants lost time when they had to switch from one task to another. As tasks got more complex, participants lost more time. As a result, people took significantly longer to switch between more complex tasks. Time costs were also greater when the participants switched to tasks that were relatively unfamiliar. They got up to speed faster when they switched to tasks they knew better.
Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E. & Evans, J. E. (2001). Executive Control of Cognitive Processes in Task Switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 763-797.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged cognitive-neuroscience performance cognition neuropsychology or ask your own question. |
0.959416 | Automate and outsource all of your social media tasks and you can have a four-hour workweek!
I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but you can’t outsource anything that requires genuine human interaction. Social media is a personal relationship that requires personal interaction. Outsourcing your entire social media marketing campaign is like outsourcing your marriage and your relationship with your kids. It’s not going to work, and if you think it’s working, you’re not seeing clearly.
Ten years ago, businesses paid contractors to write engaging social media posts to get fans talking about, liking, and sharing content. The content was created ahead of time and scheduled to post weeks in advance.
Outsourced content worked well for motivational coaches and restaurants offering discounts and deals to locals. Unfortunately, for businesses like plumbers, real estate agents, and property management companies, it was a complete failure. This is mostly because social media content writers don’t understand those markets. Most people don’t want to see real estate listings or plumbing tips in their Facebook news feed every day. Out of ignorance, that’s the content many writers produced.
Untargeted content still abounds today, albeit not as often. Content is pushed to generate likes and comments, forgetting about the importance of building relationships over stats.
Most businesses can’t get away with posting pre-written content, but the ones that can face a significant dilemma: the need to interact with fans personally. If a business doesn’t have time to create their social media content personally, they probably don’t have time to engage their fans, either. That’s a problem when the goal is to develop relationships. When you don’t provide the opportunity for building relationships with your market, your employees become mechanical robots.
Every automated process diminishes the opportunity to build a relationship with your customers. By automating tasks, you remove the interaction between employee and customer, and you’re breaking the critical cycle of recognition. Recognizing employees for their achievements gives them an incentive to be accommodating and friendly with their customer interactions. In turn, those customers will praise your business, and the good vibes will keep cycling around.
The idea of working less and collecting a bigger paycheck drives the obsession with automating and outsourcing everything. The idea is, with enough automation, your business will run itself, and you can kick back and collect checks for the rest of your life.
Automation isn’t the enemy, but the more you automate, the less human your company becomes. It makes sense to automate time-consuming, repetitive tasks that don’t require personal interaction. For example, automating your initial posts to Facebook is acceptable. The key is to stay on top of responses and make sure you’re engaging with fans personally.
On the flip side, automated chat bots that aren’t clearly bots give false hope there’s a live representative on the other end. Automated phone systems that don’t provide the option of speaking to an agent don’t build relationships, either.
You’ve probably got someone on your marketing team who would give anything to spend one day per week responding to Facebook messages and comments. It’s not a waste of time when the employee is working diligently to respond to and resolve issues, complaints, and acknowledge praise. If you take the time to post content, you should take time to read and reply to some of the responses.
You wouldn’t expect to take a first date to dinner and be married five minutes after you finish your meal. Relationships take time and effort to build, and even more effort to maintain. If your social media marketing campaign is time-consuming and you’re looking for an agency to take over, consider simplifying your strategy. Once a marketing agency takes over, your social media presence will no longer be personal.
Think about ways you can scale back your efforts for now. If you haven’t built any strong relationships yet, it’s okay to hire an agency to help you build your brand and strategize, but you never want to let go of your ability to generate relationships with your fans. Your social media interactions should always be personal.
The post If Your Digital Marketing Campaign Isn’t Time Consuming, You’re Doing It Wrong appeared first on Social Media Explorer. |
0.999999 | I have been exploring again. I thought I would try my hand at Steampunk art. This is a fascinating arm of the Science fiction genre. Here, the 19th century industrial machinery and the Victorian/ Wild West era are amalgamated into an imaginative aesthetically pleasing art and imagery. For instance, Steampunk has been used in clothing lines and film. I wonder if you remember the film “Wild Wild West” with Will Smith or, “The Golden Compass” and my all-time favourite “Howl’s Moving Castle”, to name a few. Many of the costumes and gadgets used in these movies were based on the Steampunk theme. I love it!!
Steampunk is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy that incorporates technology and aesthetic designs inspired by 19th-century industrial steam-powered machinery. Although its literary origins are sometimes associated with the cyberpunk genre, steampunk works are often set in an alternative history of the 19th century's British Victorian era or American "Wild West", in a post-apocalyptic future during which steam power has maintained mainstream usage, or in a fantasy world that similarly employs steam power. Therefore, steampunk may be described as neo-Victorian.
Steampunk perhaps most recognisably features anachronistic technologies or retro-futuristic inventions as people in the 19th century might have envisioned them, and is likewise rooted in the era's perspective on fashion, culture, architectural style, and art. Such technology may include fictional machines like those found in the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne, or the modern authors Philip Pullman, Scott Westerfeld, Stephen Hunt, and China Miéville. Other examples of steampunk contain alternative history-style presentations of such technology as lighter-than-air airships, analogue computers, or such digital mechanical computers as Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.
Steampunk may also incorporate additional elements from the genres of fantasy, horror, historical fiction, alternate history, or other branches of speculative fiction, making it often a hybrid genre. The first known appearance of the term steampunk was in 1987, though it now retroactively refers to many works of fiction created even as far back as the 1950s or 1960s.
Steampunk also refers to any of the artistic styles, clothing fashions, or subcultures, that have developed from the aesthetics of steampunk fiction, Victorian-era fiction, art nouveau design, and films from the mid-20th century. Various modern utilitarian objects have been modded by individual artisans into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style, and a number of visual and musical artists have been described as steampunk.
I am still trying to get my head around it, because it is forever evolving. Anyway, it took me a while and many attempts at mixed media to understand how to incorporate a painting with industrial pieces of machinery, in my case not so much literally, but more watch parts, keys, discarded computer parts and bits of jewellery.
Well, I have finally finished the painting, my interpretation of Steampunk of course, named ‘Skeeter Hawk’. I hope you like it.
I am a self taught artist who loves and appreciates art and photography. Both capture moments of life with great meaning and beauty.
A photo or a piece of art can set off all kinds of emotions. I believe that looking at paintings and images can promote healing too, a form of colour therapy.
Anyway, I hope my vision of my time on this planet can give you all some form of joy.
forward to hearing from you. Do not worry about your details they are safe with me and remain private. MUMS THE WORD. |
0.965936 | I have data on one sheet of an Excel document with three columns. I want to extract this for use on another sheet as follows: If a row in Column A contains X (text string) and a row in column B contains Y (also a text string) then what does the row in column C (always a value) which matches these two criteria contain? With the data I have, this will always return a single result.
So the three columns are as follows: the product we've been contacted about, the reason for contact, and the number of contacts that match both those criteria.
The data that I have to work from is exported from a call management platform as a CSV file, though is also available to export as an XML file - the use of which is entirely beyond my capabilities.
One of the issues I'm having is that the data I have only contains actual contacts. So, in the above example, we didn't get any contact about Thing 2 for Reason 3, but I need the second sheet to contain this information.
For each Thing, I can easily use VLOOKUP to get the data from column B (reason) to spit out the relevant number in column C (contacts) but everything that I've tried to use for "If A=Thing 1 and B=Reason 2 Then C=Contacts" is giving me errors. Given that this data is for 6 different Things, with 25 Reasons, I'm not inclined to input the data manually.
My Excel knowledge is spotty to say the least but despite lots of searching for a solution to this problem - which from the point of view of a simple logic problem isn't a difficult one - I'm coming up short. I've tried using combinations of index and match formulae, as well as lookup, but I can't get anything to work.
One hacky solution is to add an additional column where you concatenate the Thing and Reason values... then you can VLOOKUP against that easily enough.
You can then fill down that formula in your table of all possible combinations. If one of you combinations, like Thing2 Reason3, doesn't exist in Sheet1, it will return 0. If your CSV file has multiple lines for the same combination, the number of contacts will be summed.
So, do you definitely need it to look like that, or would it work to have Things as column labels and Reasons as row labels because - as usual - a pivot table is the nicest solution here. Also, personally, I think it would be easier to read that way instead of entirely tabular (so you could go down and see all the contacts about ThingA, or go across and see all the contacts about ReasonA, and it would be good.
I did actually try that, but for reasons beyond me it's giving entirely the wrong numbers; likewise, using a simple A3&B3 (i.e. "Thing 1"& "Reason 3") is just giving me an error - I thought it may be to do with the fact that some Things and most Reasons contain spaces but honestly, I've no idea.
I'll have a muck about and report back, though probably not until tomorrow. Again, thanks for the advice.
Actually, I described that wrongly - the second sheet needs a layout for each thing which lists all the Reasons per Thing, e.g.
And so on and so forth. Hope that makes sense.
That's harder but not impossible, but the easiest thing to do is a workaround: can you just make it like you had in your original example and hide the first column? Or you can put them off in column G or something and then hide column G. Unless you really need them not to be there, just put them there. and save yourself the grief.
Unfortunately hiding/sectioning off the first column scuppers me - if, on Sheet 1, for each Thing, all Reasons were reported (in other words, Reasons which returned a 0 value were included), then that would be perfectly usable, as I could automatically populate the Reasons per Thing on Sheet 2 by reference to absolute cells on Sheet 1. But given that only actual contacts which both match (e.g.) Thing 1 and Reason 5 appear on the data I have, one week, the match of Thing 1 and Reason 5 is going to be A3&B3, while the week after it might be A4&B4, so absolutes are out.
I hope that this makes sense. As mentioned before, I'll see what I can get out of this tomorrow, but even if I can't get any of it to work, I've got more to go on than I did before, so thanks to everyone for that.
I implemented the solutions suggested by noneuclidian and brainmouse in a spreadsheet you can use as an example. It's a Google Doc but if you download it as an Excel doc I believe the formulas will be preserved. I also created a Calculations2 tab that is formatted based on your update.
The Reasons and Things come from the Reasons and Things tab. You'll need to update their text in that sheet, and both Calculations sheets will update themselves based on the text you enter in Reasons and Things.
Here's how I would use it: each time you get a new extract of data, copy your Excel file to create a new one and name it with the appropriate date. Clear all of the old data out of the Raw Data tab. Then paste or import your data extract into the Raw Data tab. The Calculations tab will update automatically. Or you could create an Excel file every time you get your data extract and copy the Calculations page into the new file, but I think creating new tabs and copying formulas is more error-prone.
Yes, this is somewhat manual and requires cutting and pasting each time. But I think trying to automate this any more is overdoing it. Just get the sumif formula right, get the values of the Things and Reasons right, then paste in your data every month. If new things or reasons are added, do a little copying and pasting to create space for those things and reasons and then you're all set.
With the qualification that I haven't tried any of the above solutions yet because it's 9:30pm and this can wait until I'm actually at work tomorrow and therefore being paid to use AskMe at work for legitimate reasons, thanks everyone.
Everyone - but especially noneuclidean, brainmouse and Tehhund - thanks so much.
Once again, thanks. I've spent more hours than I wanted mucking about with this, and you all solved it in 90 minutes.
Make sure you document your process of how to copy/paste the data from the source into the target spreadsheet. Put in in another tab of the spreadsheet and call it Help or CheatSheat or HowTo or something. Just in case you get hit by a bus (or get promoted!!) and someone else needs to perpetuate this task. |
0.99992 | Do Scissors are the trimming scissors designed for the trimming of aquatic plant. S size is the small type scissors for the trimming of a small tank or handling of the plants outside of the aquarium tank. M size has long handle and small blades, therefore it is easy to trim the difficult reach place in small tank. |
0.999856 | In order to find the best local trucking company, there are certain factors that you need to put into consideration Pricing and reliability are the key things to look out for However, some trucking companies keep transportation costs low but you have to be careful that the goods reach the destination in good condition and on time This can be ensured by checking the company’s insurance and licensing This way you will be sure if your cargo can be transported by the company. Your local authorities will be of great assistance if you are not sure about the documentation of the company you choose It is important especially if your business deals with hazardous materials Safety records are available at the Department of Transportation and Motor Carriers Safety Administration You will find all the records of different local trucking companies.
Before choosing a local trucking company, make sure you do proper research to be sure your goods will reach your destination in good condition This will help you save a good amount of money. The internet has made it easy to access services With internet services being available to majority of people, digital marketing is a form of advertising that has been embraced by most local trucking companies. If you plan working with one company for long term, select three of them and choose the best. . Make sure you don’t compromise on quality when choosing local trucking companies. |
0.983843 | As medias and governments are pushing for 'Electrification' as a global hype solution against Global Warming... industry players have to quickly embrace this pushed revolution nobody can ignore anymore to still be part of the game.
For example while combustion engines today performances are the results of several millennia of studies and researches from discovery of fire by first caveman engineer to direct injection combustion engines, Automotive electric engineers need to design electric powertrains reaching equivalent performances based on a mid-17th century experiment by Otto von Guericke.
This development speed, dynamism and those new challenges for electric machine development can only be overcome using extensive CAE simulation.
Simcenter SPEED software supports engineers in virtually validating design choices via detailed analytical simulation, quick and smart usage of 2D finite element magneto-static analysis. It includes all necessary theoretical and physical models for a rapid e-machine design with a flexible approach and a seamless interface with links to even more precise and detailed electric machine analysis and simulation such as multi-physics 2D and 3D Finite Element/Finite Volume (FE/FV) magneto-static or magneto-transient, thermal, mechanical or vibro-acoustic.
Simcenter SPEED supports most common machine types covering motor, generator and includes as well inverters.
In order to improve simulation accuracy, Simcenter SPEED provides links to several general-purpose 2D and 3D electromagnetic finite element solvers such as Simcenter STAR-CCM+ and Simcenter MAGNET or to Simcenter SPEED dedicated 2D magneto-static program, PC-FEA. These enable modeling and studying of the electric machine more precisely if needed, for example in cases of high saturation, under fault conditions, and non-SPEED template-based geometries.
In general, users can connect Simcenter SPEED with other tools required for the complete electric machine solution using various scripting or programming languages. More specifically, automation makes use of the scripting capabilities as driving Simcenter SPEED on its own or together with other programs such as STAR-CCM+. This automated workflow follows the scripting approach and uses STAR-CCM+ and its multi-physics solvers for electromagnetic, thermal (full 3D conjugate heat transfer) and mechanical stress analysis along with Java scripts to provide and feedback additional information.
Vibro-acoustic can also be studied combining stator and housing subsystem FE models with a surrounding free space BE model in order to assess electric machine sound quality. Objective being to eliminate annoying tonal noise through simulation within Simcenter 3D Acoustics.
What is expected final outcome of such Model Based System Engineering approach? Answer: a support in making best design choice, and by ‘best’ this means optimized feasible choice, again through an efficient and seamless workflow.
As mentioned previously, Simcenter SPEED provides nearly instantaneously results thanks to its analytical approach, which makes it very suitable for Design Space Exploration programs supporting customers with so to speak “What if” studies and optimization runs.
HEEDS is a powerful software package in the Simcenter portfolio that automates this design space exploration process and Simcenter SPEED provides a built-in graphical user interface to access HEEDS.
...Closing the loops with Amesim, the rapidness of SPEED at system level is unique capability. |
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