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0.994111 | To boiling water; add coffee crystals and sugar. Stir to melt. Set aside to cool.
When cool; add cut-up vanilla beans, vanilla, and liquor; stir.
Store in a tightly closed container for 90 days at room temperature. Shake often.
Can someone tell me what everclear is.
A rich, dark brown coffee liqueur usually made from the Mexican coffee, with fine cane spirits and a hint of vanilla. It also contains sugar, corn syrup and vodka, and has a thicker body than most other alcoholic beverages. |
0.999999 | If you are planning a trip to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, you need to spend some time preparing for the city's weather conditions. As a Canadian city, Edmonton receives its share of cold weather, but the city also experiences some fantastically warm temperatures during certain times of the year. Additionally, Edmonton can be subject to a wide variety of weather patterns and conditions over the course of a single day, making it necessary for visitors to be prepared for a number of scenarios. Generally, the city experiences four seasons, and each season has its own weather characteristics. Knowledge of these characteristics can help Edmonton visitors prepare appropriately.
Winters in Edmonton are actually milder than those in other Canadian cities, but they are still quite cold. Average winter high temperatures range from the low teens into the mid 20s. This means that travelers should dress in warm clothing, preferably in layers. Snowfall in the city is minimal, but icy conditions can exist. Therefore, travelers should be prepared with the proper footwear to avoid slips and falls.
Springtime in Edmonton brings temperatures that can rise into the 50s and 60s. The Spring also brings increased precipitation in the form of rainfall. The spring season in the city is quite short, and it can feature a wide variety of weather patterns. This is why springtime travelers to Edmonton should be prepared for anything from freezing temperatures and snow to balmy, breezy and sunny warmth.
The summer season is considered to be the most pleasant in Edmonton. This is because temperatures rise into the 60s and 70s and humidity remains quite low. Additionally, the city receives an abundant amount of sunshine that lasts well into the evening hours. Summers generally last from late June until the early part of September in Edmonton.
Autumns in Edmonton are similar to city's normal spring seasons. During this time, temperatures can vary, but they fall within the range of the 40s and 50s throughout most of the season. Since autumn weather can vary so wildly, visitors should be prepared for a wide variety of conditions.
Even though Edmonton is a fairly dry city, it can experience long spells of precipitation, particularly during the months of May, June and July. Thunderstorms can pass through the region during this time, as well. Occasionally, tornadoes visit the area, some of which can cause significant damage. Although weather patterns in the city do not cause major problems on a regular basis, they can wreak havoc at certain times. This is why visitors to Edmonton should always keep their eyes and ears open for the latest weather information to help them enjoy their visits. |
0.984915 | Complete each sentence by typing the comparative or superlative form of the adjective shown between brackets.
1. She's the (determined) person that I have ever met.
2. Children become (independent) as they get older.
3. We stayed in the (luxurious) hotels we could find.
4. His (sharp) comments were reserved for the parents of ill-behaved children.
5. Her writing is (fresh) and livelier than in her last novel.
6. She needs to make the quality of her work (consistent).
7. John is (sympathetic) to Helen's problems than I am.
8. She's (impatient) with people than she used to be.
9. The more he praised her, the (red) her face grew.
10. They are children who get the (severe) form of the disease. |
0.961006 | What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the word "MARKETING"?
A number of people apparently associate it with either a) selling and b) advertising. What I find surprising is that these include several individuals involved in business and in the corporate sector, including marketing managers.
Selling and advertising is part of marketing but it is NOT marketing.
The concept of marketing has undergone drastic changes over the past three decades, evolving from the production era, namely producing products fast and cheap (Remember Henry Ford's “Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black."). That's one problem with companies which rely too much on engineers or tech people without any input from marketers.
I have heard countless stories where the the engineers built a "great" product and finally leave it up to the sales and marketing department to "sell" it to the customers.
If the product fails, it is due to bad marketing (blaming the sales and marketing dept.). In a way it's true but not because of the marketing guys (some of whom don't know what marketing is all about). Rather it was doomed right from the start. The customer didn't need it nor do they want it and any amount of marketing (or selling) won't help.
We then moved through the sales and marketing era - the concept that many companies in the UK are still following now: "If you have a good product, then everyone would buy it. You only have to let the customers know". These companies rely on advertising and pushing the products to the customers.
It comes as no surprise that a number of companies here in the UK are going under. Many of these companies are still in the selling era of marketing. So, you will see a number of companies spending thousands (if not millions) of Pounds to get new customers and then ignore them once they sign up.
I am sure that all of you have at least one personal experience, where you were treated like a King or Queen BEFORE you bought the product and service. And then treated like dirt afterwards.
The old adage that if a customer is happy, he/she tells one person while an unsatisfied customer will tell 10 more people, still holds. The only differences is that, people now rant on Twitter, Facebook and on their blogs. It's not just 10 more people anymore but rather thousands via online as well as offline word-of-mouth.
The change in marketing focus from the product to the customer occurred during the marketing era, which appeared around the 1960s in the US. Effectiveness and efficiency in meeting customer demands, needs and wants were identified as the key elements in determining companies' long-term success. Now it has moved beyond market segmentation of customers based on their demographics. Researchers also looked at the attitude or lifestyles of consumers- psychographics. Ever wonder what Tesco does with the information provided by millions of their customers using the loyalty cards?
We have since then moved into the relationship era, which emerged during the 1990s. It shifted the focus to the establishment and maintenance of mutually beneficial relationships with existing customers and suppliers. Now, we are not talking of just making a sale. We want loyal customers who would come back for more and bring along others with them at the same time. We are now talking about long-term relationships.
I wonder how many UK companies are in this era?
Some British companies are still hung up on their proud history, their so called "heritage" and fail to innovate. More important, they forgot to take care of their customers.
A good example: Coventry was once the centre of the British car industry. Now, there's only Jaguar left and that too owned by Tata, an Indian company.
So what's my concept of marketing?
I like the definition given by the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) in the UK which sums up the concept as I understand it: "management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer requirements profitably". I would only like to add one more word after 'satisfying' - 'retaining'.
Update: Read my latest post on Redefining Marketing.
Note: I had posted something similar in 2006 in another blog about the concept of marketing as practised by many Malaysian companies. |
0.999999 | Come up with an original idea for a board game. It must have a clear objective to win and contain cards, player pieces, dice, a board, rules, and a box to contain all the components.
The idea of Hex was to create a color trivia game sponsored by Milton Bradley. Correct answers allow the players to advance, similar to Chinese Checkers. Hex is a game that allows designers to compete with each other based on strategy and color knowledge. The theme has a focus on minimalism and puts the attention on the different colors of the spectrum as a nod to the HEX color wheel. |
0.941844 | Why go to the Batumi concert?
2. The highlight of the new program "Batumi" will be complex acrobatic and dance numbers: the artists will literally fly above the stage.
3. See the beauty and feel energy of the dance of the great Georgian people ..
Due to inflammatory dances and acrobatic numbers, the "Batumi" choreographic ensemble of Georgia's dance is called "flying Georgians".
The audience is waiting for a real European show: thirty artists and six musicians on the stage, hundreds of luxurious exclusive costumes (by the way, sewn specifically for the new program), Caucasian daggers and Georgian calves, which artists use in dance ... The highlight of the new Batumi program will be Complex acrobatics and dance numbers: Artists will literally fly over the stage.
Batumi Choreographic Ensemble Batumi City Hall was founded in 1990. The author of the ideas and founder was the first director of the ensemble, the famous singer, the honored artist of Adjara, Nodar Surmanidze, the artistic director and chief choreographer - People's Artist of Georgia, the Knight of the Order and the Medal of Honor, the State Prize winner Memede Abashidze, the author of three Georgian stage dances "GANDAGANA" "Hormu "Azure" - Enver Khabadze. The ensemble was originally composed by professional dancers.
The first concert took place in 1992, which had brilliant success. Famous choreographers of Georgia noted the individual style and the perfect technique of execution, and the ensemble immediately gained the name of the creative team of the high class. In the shortest time he became the winner of many prestigious international festivals. After the death of Envera Khabadze, the artistic director of the ensemble was his student, Honored Art Worker of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic, the Cavalier of the Order of Honor, the honorable resident of Batumi, Teimuraz Bolkvadze, who duly continued the path of the great maestro.
Since 2011, the main choreographer of the ensemble has become a famous dancer and choreographer, Cavaler of the Order of Honor, Shalva Gogouadze, who built the ensemble for a new, high performing arts. Choreographers - former dancers of the ensemble, Honored Artists of Ajarsoy AR Miranda Bagdadiishvili and Nugzar Mikadze.
In different years, the ensemble toured in Turkey, Greece, Sweden, Denmark, Israel, Syria, Bulgaria, Armenia, Germany, Belgium, Spain, China. In December 2014, the ensemble performed in the concert hall of the Ukraine Palace with the world-famous virtuoso musician-performer Vasily Popadiuk and his orchestra, and won the love and enthusiasm of the Ukrainian spectator. And in 2015, the ensemble has visited Ukraine for the second time as an honorary guest at the anniversary concert of the National Honored Academic Dance Ensemble of Ukraine named after them. P.Pirsky, where his performance "Batumi" was especially noted by well-known choreographers of the world.
In 2016 he won GRAN PRIH at the folk dance festival in Latvia, and in March 2018 GRAN PRIÕ at the 73rd festival "FLORE" Italy. |
0.994365 | A combination of blood building nutrients such as iron, copper and trace minerals, multi-functional B-Complex vitamins and Vitamins A, D & E. It is specially formulated to support the nutritional needs of horses where training, competition, stress or injury can cause lowered red blood cell counts and essential nutrient deficiencies. Feeding 1 tube per week provides the nutrients needed to stimulate red blood cell formation, resulting in better oxygen utilization, stamina, energy and overall performance. It is very effective as a pre-competition supplement and can also be beneficial immediately after competition to reduce recovery time.
Horses in training: 1/2 to 1 tube twice a week.
Water, Xanthan Gum, Thiamine Mononitrate, Vitamin E, Iron Sulfate, Niacinamide, Choline Chloride, Manganese Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, Magnesium Oxide, Vitamin B-12, Riboflavin, Vitamin A Acetate, D-Calcium Pantothenate, Copper Sulfate, Pyridoxine, Vitamin D3, Cobalt Carbonate, Sorbic Acid (Preservative), Natural Flavoring.
If you have a three day competition how should it be used?
Can you give it 24hours before and for the subsequent 3 days?
Pre-Competition: Give 1/2 to 1 tube 24 hours before competition, repeat the morning of competition.
Feeding 1 tube per week provides the nutrients needed to stimulate red blood cell formation, resulting in better oxygen utilization, stamina, energy and overall performance. It is very effective as a pre-competition supplement and can also be beneficial immediately after competition to reduce recovery time. |
0.964492 | Physical Description of Character: First of all, Nao's hair is between short and medium length down at all times, with a small blonde streak on the right hand side of his bangs. His eyes are the stereotypical thin shape of Japanese and are onyx in color, a small beauty spot under his right eye and another by the left corner of his lips. Due to hiding in a dirty area, his face is a little bit dusted with dirt due to his living conditions, along with wearing slightly baggy and tattered clothes. Along with his facial features, Nao is short in stature compared to others around him who were born in a different part of the world, numerous scars adorning his body as proof of his daily struggles ever since the start of the fall of Earth.
Psychological Description of Character: Nao has never been good with horror, or anything to do with such things including demons. In fact, despite how he is able to manage a calm composure on the outside, he is always panicking in his mind that someone is out to get him, and is actually quite easy to scare. Despite his age, he has a child like innocence about him when something catches his curiosity, first leading him to get a closer look before finally touching, poking or testing to see if it would be a bad or good thing. Not only these things, but once someone has gained his trust or taken his freedom away from him, he is actually quite the loyal person and will stay by another's side until the very end calls for him, putting their needs before his own. He is not one for confrontations leading to violence, preferring to stay hidden and out of harm's reach.
Story: Born in Japan, Nao had grown up learning about folklore and other supernatural beings. However, the knowledge that he had gained through those years had nothing as to how to deal with them, nor were they of the beings in which now ruled over the whole of the world. At the age of 18, he had found himself moving to another part of the world, where the language was foreign but managed to learn how to understand it and even speak it over the years while quickly moving through the streets back and forth between the market, fountain and also the abandoned building in which he was currently occupying in order to hide away from the demons who threatened to take either his freedom from him, or to use him as a sacrifice. Living in hiding comes with consequences, meaning that everyone is out against one another, resulting in the multiple scars that adorns his small and pale frame.
Other: Can sometimes be easily fooled if he has little knowledge of a topic or word he doesn't know but can also be shy at times towards new people who he doesn't trust, becoming wary and keeps himself at a distance until they are proven as innocent and trustworthy. |
0.999969 | Before buying an electric car, I spent a long time researching them. One of the questions I had was pretty straightforward, How long does it take to charge? Generally, this question is answered quite simply by dividing the battery capacity in kWh by the charging rate in kWh, giving the charge time in hours. Brochures for cars normally mention this figure for different common outlet types and for charging 0-80%, but it's often presented with a "actual charge times may vary" clause. |
0.999999 | Write a program that will print all highly prime numbers from the input interval <a,b>. Prime number is highly prime if deletion of every digit from right is a prime.
239 is highly prime because 239,23,2 are primes. |
0.999999 | Please show me example sentences with Can someone explain what blanky means?
For example: "The way August was looking at me reminded me of a dool's face.He was just staying at me blanky with his half-closed doll eyes.".
It should be "blankly" Here: without expression or emotion.
Here: without expression or emotion. |
0.990899 | As we get closer to Meidum , we see the outline of a strange structure .
What is this structure ?
This is the remains of Snefru's Pyramid .
It does not like a pyramid at all .
True . It looks more like kind of a high , stepped tower , rising out of a tremendous heap of rubble.
There are no inscriptions indicating who built it . King Huni's name is nor mentioned anywhere in the area . Several graffiti on and around the ruins indicate that the Egyptians themselves ascribed it to king Snefru (2575-2551B.C)Despite this fact , some people guessed that the pyramid was built , or mostly built , by Huni (2599-2575 B.C.) , last of the Third Dynasty Kings .
Was it both kings who built it then ?
All circumstantial evidence indicates that Snefru alone built it . But the people who insist that the Pyramids were tombs and nothing else , could not deal with Snefru having tree pyramids which , in their minds , means three tombs . this is the reason , they came up with the unfounded story , that Huni built (* or mostly built ) this pyramid .
How was this Pyramid built ?
The original plan of this structure was to build a step pyramid , and was later converted into a true pyramid with smooth sides .So , historically this is the first true pyramid .
It was built in three phases . Each phase was intended to be final because the exterior walls of each phase , consisted of fine limestone .
The first phase consisted of building a seven -tiered step pyramid , and it was finished by the customary casing of fine-grained limestone . it was 196'(60M) high.
The second phase consisted of adding an eighth step , which received another layer of casing stones . The height then became 262'(80m) .
the third phase transformed the eight-tiered step pyramid into true pyramid with smooth sides . Packing blocks were added and a final layer of casing stones was laid at a steep inward angle , to overcome the side pressure of successive courses of masonry .
How did the pyramid end up to the was it is now ?
After the pyramid was completed , a few of the casing blocks were squeezed out of place , a chain reaction followed ,and the entire outer casing gave way . Much of the core masonry was pulled with the loose casing stones . As a result of this avalanche , a huge rubble heap was formed around he Pyramid , Which left portions of the earlier step pyramid intact . This explains its towerlike appearance .
How do you know that the collapse occurred after the pyramid was completed and not during the pyramid construction ?
The presence of the mortuary temple next to the collapsed pyramid proves that the collapse occurred after the pyramid was completed . They would have not built the mortuary complex , next to the pyramid , if the pyramid actually collapsed during construction . To add a mortuary complex , Next to collapsed pyramid , is a moot and dangerous undertaking .
The blocks of this pyramid are larger than the precious three pyramids .Right ?
Yes . Some of its blocks weigh about 550 pounds (250kg) .
There is no evidence of these stone blocks being quarried locally or otherwise . On the other had , records in the mines of Sinai indicate vigorous activities during Snefru;s reign .Again showing that arsenic0 minerals , need for the production of man-made limestone blocks , were extracted .
How about the interior rooms ?
there is only one small room , with no inscriptions , which has a fine core belled roof ( fashioned like steps in reverse ,) composed of seven steps .
Access to the room can only be achieved from the corridor via a narrow vertical shaft . The interior . The interior room is set at the top of the shaft . This vertical shaft enters the floor of the rooms and is only 1.8'*2.8'(117*85c) wide .
None , Totally empty . There was never a stone chest there m because it would have had to be placed in the room at the time when it was being built in ancient Egypt, and it could not have left the room b the narrow shaft , except if broken into pieces . No granite in the room itself or anywhere in the corridor.
What is the significance of building a true m rather than a stepped pyramid ?
2 - The bases of the Medium and all future stone pyramids are set along meridians . As such , each side of the square bases face one of the four cardinal points (north , south , wast and west).
3 - From the Meidum Pyramid onward , the entrance to all masonry pyramid was will above ground . The interior rooms were mostly located at the base of the pyramid itself ..
Bringing a heavy stone chest in and out of the above -ground entrance would have necessitated the is of a substantial ramp . However there is no evidence of the use of temporary of permanent ramps whatsoever .
4 - This and all subsequent ,masonry pyramids share the same pattern of a noticeably low and narrow passages , which lack adequate space to move around , or stand up straight .
5 - The narrow entrance passage is always directed like a telescope towards the celestial pole .
6 - A small enclosure and a mortuary temple with a cause to the river , was repeated in all the subsequent pyramids . |
0.989919 | That clock is one minute fast.
This alarm clock gains one minutes a day.
This watch needs to be repaired. It gains 20 minutes a day. |
0.955481 | How good are Zillow and Cyberhomes?
Is there a way to electronically appraise a property?
This is possible because all sales are public records. However, you have to take the numbers with a grain of salt because some counties have the title records digitally available on the web (e.g. Clark County, in PDF form) while for other counties I suspect you have to write to the county officer. As a result those appraisal sites will be a little behind trends in those counties e.g. a sale on my street that closed in February 2005 is now (July 2005) still not known to those appraisal sites. Typically the appraisal web site will have sales older than 3 months in their database.
The second problem with eappraisals is that the computer cannot know what kind of improvements were done to the house since the last sale. This is more of a problem if the last sale is many years ago. The interval between low and high estimate is larger if the last sale was long ago.
This is a really cool site - it displays more data than any other site on this topic. One of the great features is that it connects satellite images with maps and estimated prices. At the time of writing (02/2006) it is still in beta. The estimated value is in many cases - homes in California - more accurate than Ditech and Co. The competition tends to be a bit too optimistic about the value of a home - from a seller's point of view. Zillow is very close to the truth. Example: a friend bought a home 07/2005 for 720k and Zillow says it's worth $737k now. Ditech claims over $800k.
However for properties in Salt Lake City, Utah, Zillow is way off. Homes worth $150k are estimated to be worth $1,400,000.
Zillow updates regularly - and gives you even weekly trends, for what it is worth. You HAVE to check this site out!
In tests, Ditech and BofA showed the same low and high values for properties, so I suspect that they use the same database (a third party offering a behind-the-scene web service maybe). However, Bank Of America's site includes the comparable sales that were used to calculate those estimated value numbers.
Another electronic appraisal is offered by CyberHomes. Give it a try.
Visit NewYork-Data.com - this site provides a free database of the most recent 4 sales. Their database covers data since 2003 but is accessible only for subscribers. The freely shown most recent 4 are somewhat useful, problem is that the database inclues all sales - everything from land and single family homes to commercial real estate.
Right now the subscription fee is $20 for three months, but as indicated above, you can get the information for free from the other two sources. I would use this as a backup to verify results from ditech, if possible.
Do not confuse these e-appraisals with a real appraisal. They just give you a rough idea and they will tell you the last sale price (which is not too relevant if it was 10 years ago). Also do not confuse it with a comparative market analysis (CMA, typically performed by a real estate agent). Agents use CMAs to give home sellers an idea for a realistic asking price. CMAs are based on comparables but typically without actually seeing the property. A lender will care neither for an e-appraisal nor for your agent's CMA. |
0.999995 | How does sanitation factor into the human right to water?
Access to adequate sanitation is an important part of the human right to water (in fact, it’s sometimes called the “human right to water and sanitation”). This is because the two are so closely related.
On a personal level, we require both clean water and adequate sanitation facilities to live a healthy life in dignity. Without the one, the other is not effective. Unsafe sanitation practices contaminate clean water sources, and hygienic behavior (and therefore effective use of sanitation facilities) is impossible without clean water. |
0.997801 | As you may already know, there are professors very busy with a filled schedule of work during the day. Your professor, let's call him Professor P, is a bit lazy and wants to take a nap during the day, but as his schedule is very busy, he doesn't have a lot of chances of doing this. He would REALLY like, however, to take one nap every day. Because he'll take just one nap, he wants to take the longest nap that is possible given his schedule. He decided to write a program to help him in this task but, as we said, Professor P is very lazy. So, he finally decided that YOU must write the program!
Where time1 represents the time when the appointment starts and time2 the time it ends. All times will be in the hh:mm format, time1 will always be strictly less than time2, they will be separated by a single space, and all times will be greater than or equal to 10:00 and less than or equal to 18:00. So, your response must be in this interval as well (i.e., no nap can start before 10:00 and last after 18:00). The appointment can be any sequence of characters, but will always be in the same line. You can assume that no line will be longer than 255 characters, that 10 ≤ hh ≤ 18 and that 0 ≤ mm < 60. You CAN'T assume, however, that the input will be in any specific order. You must read the input until you reach the end of file.
Day #d: the longest nap starts at hh:mm and will last for [H hours and] M minutes.
If the total duration X in minutes is less than 60, just print “M minutes”, where M = X.
If the total duration X in minutes is greater or equal to 60, print “H hours and M minutes”, where H = X div 60 (integer division, of course) and M = X mod 60.
Notice that you don't have to worry about concordance (i.e., you must print “1 minutes” or “1 hours” if it's the case). The duration of the nap is calculated by the difference between the ending time free and the beginning time free. That is, if an appointment ends at 14:00 and the next one starts at 14:47, then you have (14:47) − (14:00) = 47 minutes of possible nap.
If there is more than one longest nap with the same duration, print the earliest one. You can assume that there won't be a day all busy (i.e., you may assume that there will be at least one possible nap).
12:00 13:00 Lunch, like always.
12:00 13:00 Lunch, just lunch.
13:00 15:00 Lectures, lectures... oh, no!
10:00 12:00 Lectures, as everyday.
13:00 15:00 Lectures, more lectures!
Day #1: the longest nap starts at 15:00 and will last for 30 minutes.
Day #2: the longest nap starts at 15:00 and will last for 1 hours and 45 minutes.
Day #3: the longest nap starts at 17:15 and will last for 45 minutes.
Day #4: the longest nap starts at 13:00 and will last for 5 hours and 0 minutes. |
0.999973 | Tonkatsu is a Japanese food which consists of a breaded, deep-fried pork cutlet. Pork loin (ロース rōsu) or fillet (ヒレ hire) are typically used for this dish. The word Ton (豚) comes from “pork” and Katsu (カツ) is an abbreviation of Katsuretu (カツレツ) derived from the English word “cutlet”.
What’s the difference between Japanese pork cutlets from other versions? The biggest difference is that Tonkatsu is breaded with panko (パン粉), a Japanese style breadcrumb made from white bread without crusts. The crisp and crunchy panko flakes are larger than breadcrumbs and gives it a light and airy texture. Since it absorbs less oil than breadcrumbs, it turns crispy after being fried. |
0.999356 | In this video you will learn how to look behind and while cycling without swerving. Refer to the video: How to Learn to Ride a Bike as an Adult: 4/4 - Exercises for tips on how to look back Communicating your intentions to any vehicles behind is extremely important.
Before you look back, make sure that the space ahead of you is clear of any obstructions.
Look behind over your shoulder at the riders or the drivers by turning your chin to the shoulder.
You don't need to look for too long - little and often is best Always indicate with hand signals, and check around you in all directions before making a turn when cycling on a road.
Practice being able to turn your head at the neck to look behind you, while keeping both hands on the handlebars and the brakes.
You can try this out when stationary to help you fight the natural tendency for your hands and arms to follow the direction your head has turned.
Keep the rest of the upper body straight, facing the direction of travel.
Remember to stay relaxed - don't tense up, or squeeze the handlebars too tightly.
You don't need to look behind you for too long - you just need a quick check to see if the lane is clear or not.
Tip: You can also drop the elbow opposite to the side you are scanning by a couple of inches or around 5 centimeters to provide counterbalance It is a good habit to scan backwards by looking the riders or the drivers in the eye. |
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On the flip side this corresponds to an average of 10.1 hours of sunshine per day. |
0.973163 | Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) was Rome's greatest orator and a prolific writer of verse, letters, and works on philosophy, politics, and rhetoric that greatly influenced European thought.
Cicero was born on Jan. 3, 106 B.C., at Arpinum near Rome, the elder son of a wealthy landowner. At an early age Cicero saw military service during the Social War (90-89), but he managed to avoid involvement in the civil wars that followed. He wanted to follow a career in politics and decided first to gain a reputation as an advocate.
Cicero's first appearances in court were made during the dictatorship of Sulla (81-80). In one case, while defending Sextus Roscius of Ameria on a trumped-up charge of murder, he boldly made some outspoken comments on certain aspects of Sulla's regime, and in 79 he left Rome to study in Rhodes. By 76 Cicero was back in Rome, where he married Terentia, whose family was wealthy and perhaps aristocratic. In 75 he held the office of quaestor, which brought him membership in the Senate, and in 70 he scored his first great success, when he prosecuted Caius Verres for gross misgovernment in Sicily. As Verres was defended by the leading advocate of the day, Quintus Hortensius, Cicero's success in this case won him great acclaim and considerably helped his political career.
In 69 Cicero held the office of aedile and that of praetor in 66, in which year he made his first major political speech in support of the extension of Pompey's command in the Mediterranean. During the following years he acted as a self-appointed defender of that general's interests. When Cicero stood for the consulship of 63, he reached the highest political office at the earliest legal age, a remarkable achievement for a complete outsider. His consulship involved him in a number of political problems which culminated in the conspiracy of Catiline.
In the years after his consulship Cicero, politically helpless, watched Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus form the dictatorial First Triumvirate. Cicero refused offers to become a fourth member of this alliance, and his publicly expressed dislike of the violent methods Caesar employed in his consulship (59) led to Cicero's exile to Macedonia. There he lived for 16 months in abject misery, until the efforts of his friends secured his recall in August 57 B.C.
During the next 8 months Cicero tried to separate Pompey from his partners, but early in the summer of 56 Pompey brusquely ordered Cicero to stop his efforts. For the next 4 years he was largely out of politics, devoting himself to writing and occasionally emerging to defend (inconsistent behavior on his part) various supporters of the Triumvirate.
In 51 Cicero was sent off to govern Cilicia for a year. He was a conscientious and unusually honest administrator, but he was bored by the whole business and hated every moment of his absence from Rome. He finally returned in December 50 B.C., too late to be able to do anything to stop the outbreak of war between Pompey and Caesar. He accepted a commission from Pompey but did little for him, and when Pompey left Italy, Cicero stayed behind.
After Pompey's death Cicero took no part in politics and devoted himself to writing works on philosophy and rhetoric. Apart from his increasing dislike of Caesar's autocratic rule, Cicero's life was made unhappy during these years by domestic sorrows. In the winter of 47/46 he divorced Terentia after 30 years' marriage, and in the following summer he was deeply grieved by the death of his much-loved daughter Tullia.
Cicero was not involved in the conspiracy against Caesar, though he strongly approved of it, and after the assassination he took a prominent part in establishing a compromise between Antony and the conspirators. But before long he concluded that Antony was as great a menace to liberty as Caesar had been. During the winter of 44/43 with a series of vigorous speeches, the "Philippics," he rallied the Senate to oppose Antony in concert with Octavian. But Octavian, having seized power at Rome by force, reached an agreement with Antony and Lepidus to set themselves up as a three-man dictatorship. They started by proscribing many of their enemies, and among the first names on the list was that of Cicero. He could perhaps have escaped, but his efforts were halfhearted, and in December 43 B.C. he met his death at the hands of Antony's agents with courage and dignity.
As a politician, Cicero was ultimately unsuccessful, since he was not able to prevent the overthrow of the republican system of government. Devoted to peace and reason, he lived in an age when political power depended more and more on sheer force. Moreover, he was blind to many of the defects of the republican system and did not realize how much it failed to meet the real needs of the provincials and even of the poorer citizens of Italy and Rome itself.
The texts of 57 speeches have survived, though 2 or 3 are not complete, and Cicero delivered at least 50 more, nearly all of which were published but have since been lost. As Cicero normally edited and polished his speeches before publication, we do not have the text of what he actually said, but in most cases a more or less close approximation.
However, five speeches against Verres were never delivered but were written by Cicero to present material not used in court; the "Second Philippic" is a political pamphlet cast in the form of an imaginary speech; and Pro Milone represents what Cicero would have said in Milo's defense in 52 if he had not been flustered by a hostile mob into making a poor and ineffective speech.
The corpus of the extant speeches is impressive both for its bulk and its quality. It is hard not to be impressed by their vigor, by their variety of tone, and above all by the lucidity with which Cicero could present a complicated series of facts. Of the forensic speeches, Pro Cluentio (66) is the longest and most complicated, but it gives a vivid picture of life in a small Italian town. The much shorter Pro Archia (62) is notable for its sincere and eloquent defense of a life devoted to literary pursuits, and Pro Murena (63) is an excellent example of Cicero's ability to win a case by disregarding the basic facts and concentrating with charm and wit on such irrelevancies as the Stoic beliefs of one of the prosecutors. Of the political speeches, although the "Catilinarians" are the most famous, the 14 "Philippics" are probably the finest, because in them Cicero was concentrating all his energy and skill with a directness that he did not always achieve.
Nearly all of Cicero's works on philosophy, politics, or rhetoric are in dialogue form, though Cicero had little of Plato's dramatic instinct for the genre. They are written in that elegant and sonorous Latin prose of which Cicero was such a master. Several are devoted to ethics, religion, or other philosophical subjects, but they cannot be regarded as original contributions to philosophy, for Cicero himself acknowledged, "I provide only the words, of which I have a very large stock." Nevertheless, they are extremely valuable because in them he reproduced the theories of many of the leading Greek philosophers of the post-Aristotelian schools, such as the Stoics and the Epicureans, whose own works have not survived.
Among the more attractive are the short essays on friendship and old age, De amicitia and De senectute (both 44). Of the longer works, the most important are probably De finibus (45), a systematic discussion of ethics; De natura deorum (45), a hastily written and disjointed but valuable survey of contemporary religious beliefs; and De officiis (winter 44/43), a treatise on moral duties.
Another group is concerned with political theory, especially De republica (54-51), of which barely one-third is extant, and De legibus, started in 52 but perhaps never completed. These works also are to some extent based on Greek ideas, but the theoretical basis is reinforced by the Roman practical genius for the art of government and Cicero's own considerable experience of politics.
In the works on Cicero's own art of rhetoric there is a similar blend of Greek theory and Roman practical experience. The most important are De oratore (55), which is basically a discussion of the training of the ideal orator but takes in many aspects of the art of speaking, such as humor; Brutus (45), which contains an account of Roman oratory of great historical importance, with sketches of nearly 200 speakers; and Orator (45), in which Cicero discusses the different styles of oratory and various technical aspects of rhetoric, including a detailed examination of prose rhythms.
In his youth Cicero wrote a quantity of verse, none of which has survived, and he won a considerable reputation as a poet. In later years he composed a short epic on the great soldier Marius and a longer poem on his own consulship. Of such poetry, only a few scattered lines have been preserved, in one or two cases because they are so very bad. We do have, however, several hundred lines of the Aratea, a translation of a poem on astronomy by the Alexandrian poet Aratus, and a number of shorter passages also translated from Greek originals. It is clear that Cicero had little real poetic inspiration but was a highly competent craftsman who did much for the development of the dactylic hexa-meter in Latin, and metrical analysis suggests that in this respect Virgil owed as much to him as to any other poet.
The collection of Cicero's letters is undoubtedly the most interesting and valuable part of all his enormous literary output. It includes nearly 800 letters written by him, and nearly another 100 written to him by a wide variety of correspondents. The two major collections are the letters Ad Atticum in 16 books, and Ad familiares, also in 16 books, published by his freedman secretary Tiro. This latter set includes practically all the letters written to Cicero. There are also two smaller sets, three books of Ad Quintum fratrem and two books of Ad M. Brutum, both the remains of what were at one time larger collections. Other sets of letters to his son Marcus, to Julius Caesar, to Octavian, and to others have all been lost. The surviving letters belong mainly to his last years; there are only 12 dating before his consulship, while over a quarter of the collection were written in the last 18 months of his life.
Some of the letters are as carefully composed as the speeches or dialogues, but most of them, especially those to his brother or to close friends like Atticus, have a spontaneity which is often lacking in the more calculated prose. In these intimate letters Cicero uses a very colloquial style, with frequent use of slang, ellipse, diminutive forms, and words or phrases in Greek.
But however rapidly they may have been written, Cicero never loses his instinctive sense of style, and their combination of immediacy with stylishness makes them some of the most attractive reading in the whole of Latin literature, quite apart from the fascination of their subject matter, for they cover an immense range of topics. But above all, they give an incredibly vivid picture of Cicero himself: his vanity, his facile optimism and equally exaggerated despair, his timidity and his indecisiveness, but also his energy and industry, his courage, his loyalty, and his basic honesty, kindliness and humanity. Thanks to his letters, we can know Cicero as we know no other Roman, and with all his faults he was a man worth knowing.
Cicero's major works and his correspondence are available in English translation. The best brief account of his career and personality comprises the essays by H. H. Scullard, T. A. Dorey, and J. P. V. D. Balsdon in T. A. Dorey, ed., Cicero (1965), a rather uneven collection of studies by various authors. Of the numerous longer accounts, Torsten Petersson, Cicero: A Biography (1920), is balanced and reliable, and H. J. Haskell, This Was Cicero (1942), is very readable and generally sensible. R. E. Smith, Cicero the Statesman (1966), concentrates on the political side of his career and, though generally reliable on facts, is not very profound and is perhaps too favorable to Cicero. David Stockton, Cicero: A Political Biography (1971), is a straightforward account of Cicero's public career. Hartvig Frisch, Cicero's Fight for the Republic (1946), is an extremely detailed discussion of the last stage of Cicero's career. There is a good brief discussion of Cicero as a philosopher in H. A. K. Hunt, The Humanism of Cicero (1954).
"Marcus Tullius Cicero." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (sĬs´ərō) or Tully, 106 BC–43 BC, greatest Roman orator, famous also as a politician and a philosopher.
Cicero studied law and philosophy at Rome, Athens, and Rhodes. His political posts included those of curule aedile (69 BC), praetor (66 BC), and consul (63 BC). He was always a member of the senatorial party, and as a party leader he successfully prosecuted Catiline. Later he was unable to prove that he had legal sanction to execute five members of Catiline's group, and on the charge of illegality he was exiled (58 BC) by his personal enemy, Clodius. He was recalled by Pompey the following year and was hailed as a hero.
Strongly opposed to Julius Caesar, Cicero was a leader of the party that caused him to convene (56 BC) the triumvirate at Lucca. In 51 BC he was governor of Cilicia, and on his return he joined Pompey against Caesar. After the civil war Caesar forgave Cicero, and he lived in honor at Rome under the dictatorship. He did not take part in the assassination of Caesar, but he applauded it.
"Cicero (Roman orator)." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 bc) Roman politician, philospher, and orator. A leader of the Senate, he exposed Catiline's conspiracy (63 bc). He criticized Mark Antony in the Senate, and when Octavian came to power Antony persuaded him to have Cicero executed. Cicero's fame rests largely on his political philosophy and oratory. Among his greatest speeches were Orations Against Catiline and the Phillipics. His rhetorical and philosophical works include De Amicitia and De Officiis.
"Cicero, Marcus Tullius." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 bc), Roman statesman, orator, and writer. As an orator and writer Cicero established a model for Latin prose; his surviving works include speeches, treatises on rhetoric, philosophical works, and letters. He was a supporter of Pompey against Julius Caesar. In the Philippics (43 bc) he attacked Mark Antony, who had him put to death.
"Cicero, Marcus Tullius." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Cicero, town (1990 pop. 67,436), Cook co., NE Ill., an industrial and residential suburb adjoining Chicago; inc. 1867. A largely white enclave, it was once noted as the headquarters of gangster Al Capone.
"Cicero (town, United States)." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Cicero." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
CICERO (106 bce–43 bce) was a lawyer and public figure who undertook the senatorial cursus honorum, reaching the consulship in 63 bce. He was subsequently involved in the civil war between Pompey and Caesar before falling victim to the purge of the Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Lepidus, Mark Antony). In discussions of Cicero and religion one should avoid the temptation to anachronistically confuse what may be defined as the religion of the ancient Romans with the common idea of religion in modern times, and one should be careful to distinguish what might be termed ancient "personal religion" from public and private devotion and cult (sacra publica, sacra privata ). Personal religion for a man of learning such as Cicero meant philosophical speculation. For him, investigation into the nature of the gods and personal opinion on divinity belonged to the sphere of philosophy, while "religion" indicated an official institution with the purpose of paying homage to the essential values of the res publica.
If the diverse interests of Cicero converge upon everything involving public life and the public figure, religion, from his point of view, was an inalienable part of this. The laws on religion that form the opening of his ideal constitution in the work De legibus show how far from his mode of thought was the notion of the independence of the clergy from the state. But religion, consisting of sacra publica, did not require speculative thought. In De natura deorum the pontifex Cotta compares the immutable contents of the mores handed down by their parents with the transient nature of philosophical speculation regarding divinity. Religion signifies an entire collection of customs, festivals, rites, sacrifices, prayers, processions, and feasts, all serving to express the essence of productive, civic human society. For Cicero, religion was an institution, not a creed; it was an institution of protection that permitted and ensured social stability, a safeguard of law and constitutional order. Ethical values, emphasized by Cicero, are independent of religion: gods and human beings have the same rational ability. On the other hand, the problem of transcendence was discussed philosophically and without any particularly personal contribution or involvement. Cicero provides a more or less contemporary bibliography, so to speak, on the subject, and the discussion on divinity is unfolded in minute, scholarly detail.
In De natura deorum, the existence of the gods is seen as a social, political, and philosophical problem, but it does not have any bearing upon religious feeling: the problem of the existence of the gods is resolved via a patriotic list of political occurrences. A member of the pontifical college, Cotta, is entrusted with the refutation of the Stoic theory of the Pronoia. Religion is the servant of ethics and the patriotic sentiments and institutions created by the empire. But the inherently fragmentary and compartmentalized nature of ancient religion makes it inaccessible to the modern mind, which sees religion as a kind of system complete in itself.
Ancient religion is open and dynamic. The res divinae are not a complete self-contained corpus. Four centuries later, Augustine makes fun of the pedantic and muddled account of Varro. The emperor Julian counted 300,000 gods. For the ancients, religion was an uninterrupted and endless discovery of divine powers, which could be in turn individually identified and worshiped. Religion neither concerns itself with nor explains the afterlife. In Seneca, the investigation of the nature of god and the creation of the world is completely devoid of any religious content whatsoever. Again, the gods of Cicero, as simply gods of his own age, are ephemeral in character and they fall short of modern expectations, which have been formed by two millennia of subtle and detailed speculation on divinity. Christian apologists had great sport contrasting the sublime and profound nature of speculation on God with the weak and disorganized nature of the gods. The discussion of the Stoic Balbo in De natura deorum ends up as a naturalistic treatise and a doctrinal summary in which the gods are in effect everything that humanity sees and considers admirable. Besides, the ancient names of the gods are closely derived from the power they represent. Jupiter, Neptune, and Minerva are names behind which are hidden powers, made legitimate and institutionalized by pietas, via ancestral ceremonies and rites. Thus, syncretism is a defining characteristic of ancient religion. These gods do not possess ideological or philosophical depth; they are not, in effect, the subject of speculation.
The reader is surprised by the Ciceronian passages discussing the numerous and confused nature of the gods and their realms of competence (a catalog of the various spheres of influence of the Catholic saints would be similarly disorganized). Cicero's approach is quantitative because research on divinity is either focused upon the religious principle of "manifestation" (epiphania ) or else on the popular discussion of the main findings of Greek philosophical knowledge. The theme of destiny and predestination assigns to the gods an instrumental and secondary role. As with every polytheist, so with Cicero: the divine may be broken down into an infinite number of powers and aspects, which are often ascribed by ancient traditions to legendary figures with various names, depending upon time and place.
The mystical note that Cicero introduces in Somnium Scipionis is in defense of the civic virtues of a man who goes to heaven because he has behaved on earth not as a saint but as a man of state. Even the philosophical consideration of transcendence is proposed in terms of the well-trodden path of Greek philosophy. It is a handbook on research into the divine. Prayer and interior contemplation to seek the divine within oneself are not properties of Ciceronian thought. Religious discourse is constantly and firmly linked to civic values and the merit of an active public life. Fate, of which the gods are instruments, is the subject of speculation in the light of its reflection and influences on public life. In short, there exists a preordained order or an inaccessible fate that is interested in the political events of the state and of no great relevance per se. Cicero is well aware that the gods must be invoked, not so as to become better, but for the sake of good health and prosperity. As Seneca notes (Epistulae ad Lucilium 10, 5), acknowledgment of one's own weakness to a god was not unknown to the religious sensibility of the ancient world. This form of religion was unacceptable to the nobles, however, and they criticized this attitude amongst any in their ranks who endorsed this approach. For example, the frequent attendance of Scipio Africanus to the temple of Zeus Capitolinus was regarded by Valerius Maximus (I, 2, 2) as a case of "fake religion."
Ambrose; Apocatastasis; Apotheosis; Atheism; Augustine of Hippo; Casuistry; Conscience; Roman Religion; Skeptics and Skepticism; Superstition; Theology.
Auvray-Assayas, Clara. Modèles anthropologiques romains dans le De natura deorum. Paris, 1994. See pages 207–219.
Fontanella, Francesca. "L'interpretazione ciceroniana del culto degli eroi e delle virtù." Rivista storica Italiana 102 (1995): 5–19.
Guillaumont, François. Philosophe et augure: Recherches sur la théorie cicéronienne de la divination. Brussels, 1984.
Mandel, Joshua. "State Religion and Superstition as Reflected in Cicero's Philosophical Works." Euphrosyne 12 (1983–1984): 79–110.
Troiani, Lucio. "La religione e Cicerone." Rivista storica Italiana 96 (1984): 920–952.
Turpin, Jean. "Cicéron: De legibus I-II et la religion romaine." In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II 16, no. 3. Berlin, 1986. See pages 1877–1908.
"Cicero." Encyclopedia of Religion. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Orator, statesman, and greatest man of letters of antiquity; b. Arpinum, Italy, Jan. 3, 106 b.c.; d. Formiae, Dec. 7, 43. He was of middle-class origin, and he received an excellent education at Rome that was completed by philosophical and rhetorical studies at Athens and Rhodes. He distinguished himself as an orator and served as quaestor in 75, as praetor in 66, and as consul in 63. His greatest political triumph was the unmasking and suppression of the conspiracy of Cataline. As an opponent of Caesar he was exiled in 58 to 57, but through Pompey's efforts he was able to return to Rome. In 51 to 50 he served as a governor of Cilicia. In the civil war he supported Pompey and the senate. Following the assassination of Caesar, he courageously defended the senatorial cause against Mark Antony. He perished as a victim, with the acquiescence of Octavian, of Antony's hatred.
Cicero was a man of peace, innately conservative in politics, who found himself deeply involved in the violence that marked the last years of the Republic. Owing to the preservation of most of his voluminous writings, especially of his letters, his life is better known than that of any other ancient personality, with the possible exception of St. augustine.
Cicero's chief extant works comprise orations, rhetorical compositions, and philosophical treatises, cast in the form of dialogues, and letters. His orations and letters, apart from their high literary place in oratory and epistolography, are invaluable sources for the history of the late Republic. His rhetorical works are primarily concerned with the theory of oratory and give precious information on the earlier Roman orators. His extant philosophical dialogues cover political theory and religion as well as philosophical themes as ordinarily understood. They are: De Republica (preserved only in part), De legibus, Academica, De finibus bonorum et malorum, Tusculanae disputationes, De natura deorum, De divinatione, De senectute, De amicitia, Paradoxa Stoicorum, and De officiis. His De consolatione and the Hortensius, which exercised such a great influence on the young Augustine, have been lost.
Cicero was not an original thinker, but as an eclectic he expounded in a beautiful literary style the basic ideas of the chief Greek schools of philosophy. In epistemology he followed the New Academy; in ethics, chiefly the Stoics. He rejected both the materialism of the Epicureans and the popular religious beliefs in the gods, but believed in a divine providence and the immortality of the soul. Cicero is the undisputed master of Latin prose style and the creator of Latin philosophical language. He was the first, for example, to employ such basic terms as essentia, qualitas, and materia in their philosophical sense.
Cicero's influence on subsequent Latin prose style was immediate and very significant because of his central place beside vergil in the ancient school tradition. Since the ancient Christian writers were trained chiefly in pagan schools, it is only natural that they should reflect Ciceronian influence in both thought and style. Cicero's treatment of Greco-Roman philosophy and religion furnished Christian apologists with arguments that were all the more effective because they were based on a universally acknowledged authority. minucius felix, arnobius the elder, and lactantius drew heavily on Cicero's De natura deorum, De divinatione, and other works. Lactantius, because of his indebtedness to Cicero for his content and style, has been called the "Christian Cicero."
St. ambrose's De officiis shows the obvious influence of Cicero in its title and in its division into three books, but in actual content it is much less dependent on its model than is usually assumed. St. jerome's dream and the style of his treatises and letters furnish ample testimony for his familiarity with the great Roman writer. The reading of the Hortensius, as already noted, marked a turning point in the life of the young Augustine. Later, Augustine found Cicero and Varro invaluable sources for his apologetic in the De civitate Dei. His definition of the pagan state, for example, is taken from Cicero. Book four of his De doctrina Christiana, a treatise on Christian rhetoric, is based essentially on Cicero's theory of rhetoric and education. boethius reflects Ciceronian influence in his style of writing rather than in his thought.
The influence of Cicero continued throughout the Middle Ages, but it was confined largely to the knowledge and use of a limited number of his philosophical works, his rhetorical treatise De inventione, and the Auctor ad Herennium, which was regarded as a Ciceronian production. Few scholars in the Middle Ages were as familiar with Cicero as Lupus of Ferrières, john of salisbury, and Peter of Blois. From the beginning of the Renaissance, with the recovery and study of his extant works, Cicero became the universally recognized, and for a time the exclusive, master of Latin prose style.
The cultivation of Ciceronian Latin in the European school tradition exercised a marked effect on the development of vernacular prose style in general. In the late 19th century Pope leo xiii gave Ciceronian Latin a basic place in his reform of papal chancery style; his own encyclicals, especially, and those of his successors exhibit the deliberate use of Ciceronian language and stylistic devices. Ciceronian thought exercised some influence throughout the modern period, but his influence in modern times has been primarily in the field of rhetorical theory and style.
Bibliography: g. c. richards, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. m. cary et al. (Oxford 1949) 188–191, with bibliog. k. bÜchner, "M. Tullius Cicero, der Redner (29)," Paulys Realenzkopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. g. wissowa et al. 7A.1 (1939) 827–1274. c. becker, Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, ed. t. klauser (Stuttgart 1941–50) 3:86–127, with bibliog. j. w. duff, A Literary History of Rome from the Origins to the Close of the Golden Age, ed. a. m. duff (3d ed. London 1953) 255–290, with bibliog. 501–503. j. e. sandys History of Classical Scholarship (Cambridge, Eng.), v.1 (3d ed. 1921), v.2, 3 (2d ed. 1906–08); repr. (New York 1958), indices s.v. "Cicero." m. manitius, Geschischte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelaters (Munich 1911–31) indices s.v. "Cicero." g. highet, The Classical Tradition (New York 1949), index s.v. "Cicero." r. r. bolgar, The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries (Cambridge, Eng.1954), index s.v. "Cicero." h. hagendahl, Latin Fathers and the Classics (Göteborg 1958), index s.v. "Cicero." m. van de bruwaine, La Théologie de Cicéron (Louvain 1937). t. a. dorey, ed., Cicero (London 1965).
"Cicero, Marcus Tullius." New Catholic Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3, 106 b.c.e., at Arpinum near Rome, the oldest son of a wealthy landowner, also named Marcus Tullius Cicero. At a young age Cicero began studying the writings in his father's library. Both Cicero and his brother Quintus became greatly interested in philosophy and public speaking. When his father noticed this interest, he decided to take his sons to Rome for the best education that could be found. Rome was also a place where the boys could increase their social standing.
At an early age Cicero saw military service during the Social War (90–89 b.c.e.), but he managed to avoid involvement in the civil wars that followed. Cicero's first appearances in court were made during the dictatorship (a form of government where one person rules with absolute power) of Sulla (81–80 b.c.e.). In one case, while defending Sextus Roscius of Ameria on a false charge of murder, he boldly made some outspoken comments on certain aspects of Sulla's regime. It would not be the last time Cicero spoke out about those of higher power.
In 69 b.c.e. Cicero held the office of aedile (public works and games) and that of praetor (judge). In 66 b.c.e., Cicero made his first major political speech in support of the extension of General Pompey's (106–48 b.c.e.) command in the Mediterranean. During the following years he acted as a self-appointed defender of that general's interests. In 63 b.c.e. Cicero became consul, or an official representing the government in a foreign land. He had reached the highest political office at the earliest legal age, a remarkable achievement for a complete outsider.
In the years after his consulship, Cicero watched Caesar (100–44 b.c.e.), Pompey (106–48 b.c.e.), and Crassus (140–91 b.c.e.) form the First Triumvirate, a powerful allegiance within the Senate. Cicero refused offers to become a fourth member of this alliance, and he publicly expressed dislike for the violent methods Caesar used in his consulship. This led to Cicero's exile, or forced removal, to Macedonia. He lived there for sixteen months, until the efforts of his friends secured his recall in August 57 b.c.e.
Cicero was not involved in the conspiracy against Caesar, though he strongly approved of it. After Caesar's assassination, he took a major part in establishing a compromise between Mark Antony (c. 81–30 b.c.e.) and those who killed Caesar. Before long he concluded that Antony was as great a threat to liberty as Caesar had been. But Octavian (63 b.c.e.–14 C. E.), having seized power in Rome by force, reached an agreement with Antony and Lepidus (died 152 b.c.e.) to set themselves up as a three-man dictatorship. They started by outlawing many of their enemies, and among the first names on the list was Cicero's. He could have perhaps escaped, but his efforts were half-hearted. In December 43 b.c.e. he met his death at the hands of Antony's men with courage and dignity.
The texts of fifty-seven speeches have survived and Cicero delivered at least fifty more, nearly all of which were published but have since been lost. The collection of the existing speeches is impressive both for its bulk and its quality. Of the legal speeches, "Pro Cluentio" (66 b.c.e.) is the longest and most complicated, but it gives a vivid picture of life in a small Italian town. The much shorter "Pro Archia" (62 b.c.e.) is notable for its sincere and persuasive defense of a life devoted to literary pursuits. Of the political speeches the "Catilinarians" are the most famous. The fourteen "Philippics" are probably the finest, however, because in them Cicero concentrated all of his energy and skill with a directness that he did not always achieve.
Another group of Cicero's work is concerned with political theory, especially "De republica" (54–51 b.c.e.), of which barely one-third survives, and "De legibus," started in 52 b.c.e. but perhaps never completed. These works were also to some extent based on Greek ideas. But the basis was reinforced by the Roman genius for the art of government and Cicero's own considerable experience of politics.
"Cicero, Marcus Tullius." UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Indispensable Man. Cicero was born in 106 B.C.E. in the town of Arpinum, north of Rome. His family’s connections in the Roman nobility secured him a rhetorical education and an apprenticeship in law and practical politics. His exceptional skills as a public speaker became apparent in his career as a courtroom advocate. This ability allowed him to run for and win a series of magistracies, all the way up to the consulship in 63 B.C.E. (he was only the second person in a century to reach the highest office without having an ancestor who had held any office). His greatest public achievement was putting down an attempted coup during his consulship. During the course of this coup, however, he executed some of the conspirators without trial, and he was later (58 B.C.E.-57 B.C.E.) briefly exiled for having done so. His legal career continued, but he was overshadowed in politics for the rest of his life. In 43 B.C.E. he spoke out strongly against Marc Antony, who seized power after the assassination of Caesar, and was one of many of Antony’s opponents who was executed. Fifty-eight of his orations and more than nine hundred of his letters are extant.
Paul MacKendrick, The Speeches of Cicero (London: Duckworth, 1995).
Thomas N. Mitchell, Cicero: The Ascending Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979).
Mitchell, Cicero: The Senior Statesman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
Ann Vasaly, Representations: Images in the World of Ciceronian Oratory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
"Marcus Tullius Cicero." World Eras. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. |
0.999995 | What is Canada's political system?
In Canada, there are 3 levels of government. Each level of government has different responsibilities.
Federal government (the Government of Canada) - Responsible for things that affect the whole country, such as citizenship and immigration, national defence and trade with other countries.
Provincial and territorial governments (for example, the Province of Ontario) - Responsible for things such as education, health care and highways.
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Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, is Canada's formal head of state. The Governor General represents the Queen in Canada and carries out the duties of head of state.
The House of Commons makes Canada's laws. Canadians elect representatives to the House of Commons. These representatives are called Members of Parliament (MPs) and usually belong to a political party. The political party that has the largest number of MPs forms the government, and its leader becomes prime minister.
The Senate reviews laws that are proposed by the House of Commons. Senators come from across Canada. The prime minister chooses the senators.
You can read the Guide to the Canadian House of Commons for more information.
The Lieutenant Governor represents the Queen.
The Legislative Assembly makes law. In Ontario, elected representatives are called Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs).
The political party that has the largest number of MPPs forms the government, and its leader becomes premier. The premier is the head of government in Ontario.
The premier leads the government and chooses MPPs to serve as ministers in the cabinet. The cabinet sets government policy and introduces laws for the Legislative Assembly to consider.
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Service Ontario Centres - Provides a wide range of general government information and application forms about all provincial ministries at one location. The website contains an alphabetical contact list of all Service Ontario Centres in the province.
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Where can I get information on Canadian political parties? |
0.999926 | My project team has been asked to improve code quality by performing refactoring. I know that code refactoring is all about reviewing the code and ensuring that it follows the best coding practices. I however seek your guidance as to what are the aspects one should look into while performing code refactoring and also point me to some references, where I can learn more about the same.
Your question has the answer to some extent. Martin Fowler and Kent Beck originally defined refactoring as "a change made to the internal structure of software to make it easier to understand and cheaper to modify without changing its observable behavior… It is a disciplined way to clean up code that minimizes the chances of introducing bugs". Refactoring can be as minor as an inline change or it could be a massive code rewrite. Though large scale code refactoring can be an architectural redesign, as long as it does not change the business logic and when it is done in steps, it can be called as refactoring as well.
This is mostly done to improve the non-functional attributes of the program thus leading to improved code readability and maintainability. The design priorities or constraints for the enterprise applications are usually defined by the Enterprise Architecture teams, considering the vision, mission and goals of the enterprise and in turn the IT organization. Having said that while refactoring is all about making code changes to make it conform to the non functional attributes like maintainability, scalability, performance, etc, the specific design best practice or design pattern to consider would differ case to case.
Duplicated Code - extract out the common bits into theirown method (extract method) if code is in same class if two classes duplicate code, consider extract class to create a new class to hold the shared functionality.
Long Methods - extract method!
Large Class - Class trying to do too much often shows up as too many instance variables.
Divergent Change - If you have a fixed class that does distinctly different things consider separating out the varying code into varying classes (extract class) that either subclassor are contained by the non-varying class.
Shotgun Surgery - The smell: a change in one class repeatedly requires little changes in a bunch of other classes. try to move method and move field to get all the bits into one class since they areobviously highly dependent.
Feature Envy - Method in one class uses lots of pieces from another class. move method to move it to the other class.
Data Clumps - Data that's always hanging with each other (e.g. name street zip). Extract out a class (extract class) for the data. Will help trim argument lists too since name street zip now passed as one address object.
Lazy Class - Class doesn't seem to be doing anything. Get rid of it!
Message chains - Say you want to send a message toobject D in class A but you have to go through B to get C and C to get D. use hide delagate to hide C and D in B, and add a method to B that does what A wanted to do with D.
Inappropriate Intimacy - Directly getting in and munging with the internals of another class. To fix this, move methods, inline methods, to consolidate the intimate bits.
Comments - Comments in the middleof methods are deodorant. You should really refactor so each comment block is its own method. Do extract method.
The Essential Refactoring Patterns Cheat Sheet - Requires free registration. |
0.990932 | Learn to speak Tamil with useful phrases for travelers.
Tamil is spoken by 70 million people across the globe. It is the official language in the state of Tamil Nadu, Singapore and Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is regarded as a timeless destination with its magnificent temples, complex carvings, and traditional persona. Its long coastlines and forested mountains engulf its individual civilizations, forming oases’ that haven’t changed in centuries. Pilgrims travel thousands of miles into the ancient sites of Kanchipuram, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Trichy, Thanjavur, substantially outnumbering its tourists. Be one of the few that can cherish these spectacular events. |
0.949343 | This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 1 February 2019.
For other people named Ted Turner, see Ted Turner (disambiguation).
Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television.
As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded the Nuclear Threat Initiative with US Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA). NTI is a non-partisan organization dedicated to reducing global reliance on, and preventing the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. He currently serves as Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors.
Turner's media empire began with his father's billboard business, Turner Outdoor Advertising, which he took over in 1963 after his father's suicide. It was worth $1 million. His purchase of an Atlanta UHF station in 1970 began the Turner Broadcasting System. CNN revolutionized news media, covering the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 and the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Turner turned the Atlanta Braves baseball team into a nationally popular franchise and launched the charitable Goodwill Games. He helped revive interest in professional wrestling by buying World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Turner's penchant for controversial statements earned him the nicknames "The Mouth of the South" and "Captain Outrageous". Turner has also devoted his assets to environmental causes. He was the largest private landowner in the United States until John C. Malone surpassed him in 2011. He uses much of his land for ranches to re-popularize bison meat (for his Ted's Montana Grill chain), amassing the largest herd in the world. He also created the environmental-themed animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers.
Turner was born on November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Florence (née Rooney) and Robert Edward Turner II, a billboard magnate. When he was nine, his family moved to Savannah, Georgia. He attended The McCallie School, a private boys' preparatory school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Turner attended Brown University and was vice-president of the Brown Debating Union and captain of the sailing team. He became a member of Kappa Sigma. Turner initially majored in Classics. Turner's father wrote saying that his choice made him "appalled, even horrified", and that he "almost puked". Turner later changed his major to Economics, but before receiving a degree, he was expelled for having a female student in his dormitory room. Turner was awarded an honorary B.A. from Brown University in November 1989 when he returned to campus to keynote the National Association of College Broadcasters second annual conference.
After leaving Brown University, Turner returned to the South in late 1960 to become general manager of the Macon, Georgia branch of his father's business. Following his father's March 1963 suicide, Turner became president and chief executive of Turner Advertising Company when he was 24 and turned the firm into a global enterprise. He joined the Young Republicans, saying he "felt at ease among these budding conservatives and was merely following in Ed Turner's far-right footsteps," according to It Ain't As Easy As It Looks.
During the Vietnam War Era, Turner's business prospered; it had "virtual monopolies in Savannah, Macon, Columbus, and Charleston" and was the "largest outdoor advertising company in the Southeast," according to It Ain't As Easy As It Looks. The book observed that Turner "discovered his father had sheltered a substantial amount of taxable income over the years by personally lending it back to the company" and "discovered that the billboard business could be a gold mine, a tax-depreciable revenue stream that threw off enormous amounts of cash with almost no capital investment."
In the late 1960s, Turner began buying Southern radio stations. In 1969, he sold his radio stations to buy a struggling television station in Atlanta, WJRJ, Channel 17. At the time, UHF stations did well only in markets without VHF stations, like Fresno, California, or in markets with only one station on VHF. Independent UHF stations were not ratings winners or that profitable even in larger markets, but Turner had the foresight that this would change as people wanted more than several choices. He changed the call sign to WTCG (standing for "Watch This Channel Grow"). Initially, the station ran old movies from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, along with theatrical cartoons and very old sitcoms and old drama shows. As better syndicated product fell off the VHF stations, Turner would acquire it for his station at a very low price. WTCG ran mostly second- and even third-hand programming of the time, including fare such as Gilligan's Island, I Love Lucy, Star Trek, Hazel, and Bugs Bunny. WTCG acquired rights to telecast the Atlanta Braves baseball games in 1973. Turner also purchased UHF Channel 36 WRET (now WCNC) in Charlotte, North Carolina and ran it with a format similar to WTCG.
In 1976, the FCC allowed WTCG to use a satellite to transmit content to local cable TV providers around the nation. On December 17, 1976, the rechristened WTCG-TV Super-Station began to broadcast old movies, situation comedy reruns, cartoons, and sports nationwide to cable-TV subscribers. As cable systems developed, many carried his station to free their schedules, which increased his viewers and advertising. The number of subscribers eventually reached 2 million and Turner's net worth rose to $100 million. He bought a 5,000-acre (20 km2) plantation in Jacksonboro, South Carolina, for $2 million.
In 1978, Turner struck a deal with a student-operated radio station at MIT, Technology Broadcasting System, to obtain the rights to the WTBS call sign for $50,000. Such a move allowed Turner to strengthen the branding of his "Super-Station" using the initials TBS. Turner Communications Group was renamed Turner Broadcasting System and WTCG was renamed WTBS.
In 1976, Turner bought the Atlanta Braves and Atlanta Hawks, partially to provide programming for WTCG. Using the rechristened WTBS superstation's status to beam Braves games into nearly every home in North America, Turner turned the Braves into a household name even before their run of success in the 1990s and early 2000s. At one point, he suggested to pitcher Andy Messersmith, who wore number 17, that he change his surname to "Channel" to promote the television station.
In 1986, Turner founded the Goodwill Games. Broadcasting the events of these games provided his superstation the ability to provide Olympic-style sports programming that had been offered by only the three major networks (ABC, CBS and NBC) up to that time.
Turner Field, first used for the 1996 Summer Olympics as Centennial Olympic Stadium and then converted into a baseball-only facility for the Braves, was named after him.
In 1978, he contacted media executive Reese Schonfeld with his plans to found a 24-hour news channel (Schonfeld had previously approached Turner with the same proposition in 1977 but was rebuffed). Schonfeld responded that it could be done with a staff of 300 if they used an all electronic newsroom and satellites for all transmissions. It would require an initial investment of $15 million–$20 million and several million dollars per month to operate. In 1979, Turner sold his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarters in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). CNN hired Jim Kitchell, former general manager of news at NBC as vice president of production and operations; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personnel, and Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network. In 1982, Schonfeld was succeeded as CEO by Turner after a dispute over Schonfeld's firing of Sandi Freeman; and was succeeded as president by CNN's executive vice president, Burt Reinhardt.
Turner famously stated: "We won't be signing off until the world ends. We'll be on, and we will cover the end of the world, live, and that will be our last event... we'll play Nearer, My God, to Thee before we sign off."
Turner Entertainment Co. was established in August 1986 to oversee film and TV properties owned by Turner.
In 1988, Turner purchased Jim Crockett Promotions which he renamed World Championship Wrestling (WCW) which became the main competitor to Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation (WWF). In 2001, under AOL Time Warner, it was sold to the World Wrestling Federation.
Also in 1988, he introduced Turner Network Television (TNT) with Gone with the Wind. TNT, initially showing older movies and television shows, added original programs and newer reruns. TNT used World Championship Wrestling (WCW) to attract a broader audience.
In 1989, Turner created the Turner Tomorrow Fellowship for fiction offering positive solutions to global problems. The winner, from 2500 entries worldwide, was Daniel Quinn's Ishmael.
In 1992, the pre-May 1986 MGM library, which also included Warner Bros. properties including the early Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies libraries and also the Fleischer Studios and Famous Studios Popeye cartoons from Paramount (and then United Artists), became the core of Cartoon Network. A year before, Turner's companies purchased Hanna-Barbera Productions (whose longtime parent, Taft/Great American Broadcasting, had been headquartered in Turner's original hometown of Cincinnati), adding additional content. With the 1996 Time Warner merger, the channel's archives gained the later Warner Bros. cartoon library as well as other Time Warner-owned cartoons.
In 1990, he created the Turner Foundation, which focuses on philanthropic grants in environment and population. In the same year he created Captain Planet, an environmental superhero. Turner produced two TV series with him as featured character.
In 1993, Turner and Russian journalist Eduard Sagalajev founded The Moscow Independent Broadcasting Corporation (MIBC). This corporation operated the sixth frequency in Russian television and founded the Russian channel TV-6. The company was later purchased by Russian businessman Boris Berezovsky and an unknown group of private persons. In 2007 the license for TV-6 had expired and there was no application for renewal.
Since its launch in late 1994, Turner Classic Movies (TCM) broadcast the older MGM, Warner Bros., and RKO libraries. In the mid-1980s, Turner became a force for the colorization of black-and-white films. In 1985, the film Yankee Doodle Dandy became the first black-and-white movie redistributed in color after computer coloring. Despite opposition by film aficionados, stars, and directors, the movie won over a section of the public, and Turner colorized most of films he had owned. However, in the mid-1990s, the cost of colorization led Turner to abandon the idea. In contrast with TNT, TCM has shown the unaltered versions of films.
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. merged with Time Warner, Inc. on October 10, 1996, with Turner as vice chairman and head of Time Warner and Turner's cable networks division. Turner was dropped as head of cable networks by CEO Gerald Levin but remained as Vice Chairman of Time Warner. He resigned as Time Warner vice chairman in 2003 and then from the board of directors in 2006.
On January 11, 2001, Time Warner was purchased by AOL to become AOL Time Warner, a merger which Turner initially supported. However, the burst of the dotcom bubble hurt the growth and profitability of the AOL division, which in turn dragged down the combined company's performance and stock price. At a board meeting in fall 2001, Turner's outburst against AOL Time Warner CEO Gerald Levin eventually led to the Levin's announced resignation effective in early 2002, being replaced by Richard Parsons. In contrast to Levin, who as CEO isolated Turner from important company matters, Parsons invited Turner back to provide strategic advice, although Turner never received an operational role that he sought. The company dropped "AOL" from its name in October 2003. In December 2009, AOL was spun off from the Time Warner conglomerate as a separate company.
Turner was Time Warner's biggest individual shareholder. It is estimated he lost as much as $7 billion when the stock collapsed in the wake of the merger. When asked about buying back his former assets, he replied that he "can't afford them now". In June 2014 Rupert Murdoch's 21st Century Fox made a bid for the company valuing it at $80 billion. The Time Warner board rejected the offer and it was formally withdrawn on August 5, 2014.
Turner has had a long-running grudge with fellow cable magnate Rupert Murdoch for years. This originated in 1983 when a Murdoch-sponsored yacht collided with the yacht skippered by Turner, "Condor", during the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, causing it to run aground 6.2 miles (10.0 km) from the finish line. At the post-race dinner, Turner verbally assaulted Murdoch, afterward challenging him to a televised fistfight in Las Vegas.
In 2003, Turner challenged Murdoch to another fistfight, and later on accused Murdoch of being a "warmonger", for his support and backing of President George W. Bush's invasion of Iraq.
For most of his first decade as owner of the Braves, Turner was a very hands-on owner. This peaked in 1977, his second year as owner. With the team mired in a 16-game losing streak, Turner sent manager Dave Bristol on a 10-day "scouting trip" and Turner himself took over as interim manager—the first owner/manager in the majors since Connie Mack. He ran the team for one game (a loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates) before National League president Chub Feeney ordered him to stop running the team. Feeney cited major league rules which bar managers and players from owning stock in their clubs. Turner appealed to Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn, and showed up to manage the Braves when they returned home. However, Kuhn turned down the appeal, citing Turner's "lack of familiarity with game operations."
In the mid-1980s Turner began leaving day-to-day operations to the baseball operations staff, and in 1995 the team (still under Turner's ownership) won the World Series.
The Atlanta Braves were sold by Time Warner (which had assumed control after the merger with Turner Broadcasting) to Liberty Media in 2007.
1990: Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism.
1991: Time magazine's Man of the Year.
2013: Lone Sailor Award, which recognizes Navy, Marine and Coast Guard veterans who have distinguished themselves in their civilian careers (Turner is a Coast Guard veteran).
On September 19, 2006, in a Reuters Newsmaker conference, Turner said of Iran's nuclear position: "They're a sovereign state. We have 28,000. Why can't they have 10? We don't say anything about Israel—they've got 100 of them approximately—or India or Pakistan or Russia."
A proponent of healthcare reform bills, Turner has said: "We’re the only first world country that doesn't have universal healthcare and it's a disgrace."
In 2010, during the wake of both the devastating Deepwater Horizon environmental disaster and the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster that killed 29 miners in West Virginia, Turner stated on CNN that "I'm just wondering if God is telling us He doesn't want to drill offshore. And right before that, we had that coal mine disaster in West Virginia where we lost 29 miners... Maybe the Lord's tired of having the mountains of West Virginia, the tops knocked off of them so they may get more coal. I think maybe we ought to just leave the coal in the ground and go with solar and wind power and geothermals..."
Turner endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
In 1999, Turner made a joke about Polish mine detectors when asked about Pope John Paul II. After a harsh response from the Polish deputy foreign minister Radek Sikorski, Turner apologized.
Turner once called observers of Ash Wednesday "Jesus freaks", though he apologized, and dubbed opponents of abortion "bozos".
In 2008, Turner explained he not only regretted these statements but said he had made peace with organized religion and had worked with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the United Methodist Church to fight malaria. In a 2008 MSNBC interview, Turner stated that he no longer considers himself atheist or agnostic, and prays for sick friends, but keeps it short because "I don't want to load up the wires." However, in 2013 he declared himself still to be agnostic, saying that he still prays for friends when they are sick, because "it can't hurt anything".
In 2002, Turner accused Israel of terror: "The Palestinians are fighting with human suicide bombers, that's all they have. The Israelis ... they've got one of the most powerful military machines in the world. The Palestinians have nothing. So who are the terrorists? I would make a case that both sides are involved in terrorism." He apologized for that and the remarks in 2011 about the 9/11 hijackers, but also defended himself: "Look, I'm a very good thinker, but I sometimes grab the wrong word ... I mean, I don't type my speeches, then sit up there and read them off the teleprompter, you know. I wing it."
Turner caused a stir in Montana in 2003 by funding a project to restore westslope cutthroat trout to Cherry Creek and Cherry Lake. The controversy stemmed from the poison antimycin used to kill the other fish in the stream to make way for the trout.
In 2008, Turner asserted on PBS's Charlie Rose television program that if steps are not taken to address global warming, most people would die and "the rest of us will be cannibals". Turner also said in the interview that he advocated Americans having no more than two children. In 2010, he stated that China's one-child policy should be implemented.
Turner claims to have predicted the demise of newspapers 30 years ago and has called print journalism an "obsolete way of distributing information". Turner also became more critical of media consolidation around 2004. He expressed some regret that he took advantage of the relaxed rules that allowed greater concentration of media ownership, and raised concerns about the quality of information and debate in an environment where the news is controlled by only a few corporations and individuals.
In the 1993 biography It Ain't As Easy as It Looks by Porter Bibb, Turner discussed his use of lithium and struggles with mental illness. The 1981 biography Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way by Christian Williams chronicles the founding of CNN. In 2008, Turner wrote Call Me Ted, which documents his career and personal life.
Turner has been married and divorced three times: to Judy Nye (1960–64), Jane Shirley Smith (1965–88), and actress Jane Fonda (1991–2001). He has five children.
Through Turner Enterprises, he owns 15 ranches in Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Totaling 1,910,585 acres (7,731.86 km2), his land-holdings across America make Turner one of the largest individual landowners in North America (by acreage).
In January, 2016, the Osage Nation bought Turner's 43,000 acre (170 km2) Bluestem Ranch in Osage County, Oklahoma. Turner had purchased the property in 2001 primarily to raise bison. Other important wildlife species on the property include whitetail deer, wild turkey and bobwhite quail.
Turner's biggest ranch is Vermejo Park Ranch in New Mexico. At 920 square miles (2,400 km2), it is the largest privately owned, contiguous tract of land in the United States.
In 2010, Turner joined Warren Buffett's The Giving Pledge, vowing to donate the majority of his fortune to charity upon his death.
Turner sponsors the public forum debate of the National Forensic League.
In a television interview with Piers Morgan on May 3, 2012, Turner said he had four girlfriends, which he acknowledged was complicated but nonetheless easier than being married.
In an interview on CBS Sunday Morning in 2018, Ted Turner revealed he is suffering from Lewy body dementia.
When Turner was 26, he entered sailing competitions at the Savannah Yacht Club and competed in Olympic trials in 1964. He first attempted to win the America's Cup in 1974, in a losing attempt at the defender's trials, aboard Mariner. He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on July 4, 1977, after being chosen to lead the 1977 America's Cup defense as skipper of the yacht Courageous. He had been asked to join the America’s Cup defense group formed by Lee Loomis and Ted Hood. That group had Courageous and planned to build another yacht, Independence, to be designed and sailed by Hood. But Courageous proved to be the faster boat. On September 18, 1977, he successfully defended the America's Cup, defeating Australia 4-0. He was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 1993, and the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2011.
In the 1979 Fastnet race, in a storm that killed 15 participants, he skippered Tenacious to a corrected-time victory.
^ Real Time Ranking. "Ted Turner". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
^ a b Porter Bibb (1996). Ted Turner: It Ain't As Easy as It Looks: The Amazing Story of CNN. Virgin Books. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-86369-892-1.
^ Porter Bibb (1996). Ted Turner: It Ain't As Easy as It Looks: The Amazing Story of CNN. Virgin Books. pp. 138, 272, 283, 442. ISBN 0-86369-892-1.
^ Koepp, Stephen (April 12, 2005). "Captain Outrageous Opens Fire". Time.
^ Doyle, Leonard (December 1, 2007). "Turner becomes largest private landowner in US – Americas, World". London: The Independent. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (January 28, 2011). "For Land Barons, Acres by the Millions". The New York Times.
^ Eve M. Kahn (March 3, 1991). "Television; Cartoons for a Small Planet". New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Ted Turner – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ "Ted Turner Biography (1938-)". Film Reference. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ "This is my son. He speaks Greek". Lettersofnote. July 25, 2012.
^ Porter Bibb (1996). Ted Turner: It Ain't As Easy as It Looks: The Amazing Story of CNN. Virgin Books. pp. 26–33. ISBN 0-86369-892-1.
^ O'Connor, Michael (2009). "5". Ted Turner: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-313-35043-4.
^ Gary Caruso (March 20, 2008). "Messersmith: The game's first free agent". MLB.com.
^ a b c d e f Barkin, Steve M. (September 16, 2016). American Television News: The Media Marketplace and the Public Interest: The Media Marketplace and the Public Interest. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781315290911.
^ Wiseman, Lauren (2011-05-10). "Burt Reinhardt dies at 91: Newsman helped launch CNN". Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
^ "Faberge Sells Brut's Assets". nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
^ "Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942) – Trivia". Imdb.com. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
^ Pelline, Jeff (September 23, 1995). "Time Warner Closes Deal for Turner". San Francisco Chronicle.
^ Ross, Patrick; Hansen, Evan (January 11, 2001). "AOL, Time Warner complete merger with FCC blessing". CNET. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
^ Auletta, Ken (April 23, 2001). "The Lost Tycoon". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ a b Munk, Nina (July 2002). "Power Failure". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
^ Bercovici, Jeff (November 11, 2008). "Ted Turner Goes to Town on Time Warner". Conde Nast Portfolio. Archived from the original on November 13, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ Levingston, Steven (February 25, 2006). "Turner To Leave Time Warner February 25, 2006". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ "6th installment of the Sydney Hobart Yacht Race Historical video series - Final of 50 Golden Years of the Sydney Hobart Yacht Race Documentary - Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2016". www.rolexsydneyhobart.com. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
^ "Turner: Murdoch is a 'warmonger'". The Guardian. London. April 23, 2003. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
^ Hannon, Kent. Benched from the Bench Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Sports Illustrated, May 23, 1977.
^ "Braves sale is approved". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Previous Audubon Medal Awardees". Audubon.
^ "Lone Sailor Award Recipients". navymemorial.org. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ a b "Working Lunch 1: In Conversation with Ted Turner Archived February 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." Global Creative Leadership Summit, September 2009.
^ "Stupid Quotes." In The Limbaugh Letter. July 2010. p. 11.
^ FOX Carolina October 10, 2016.
^ "BBC News – Europe – Heard the one about Ted Turner ..." bbc.co.uk. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
^ a b Jim Rutenberg (March 19, 2001). "MediaTalk; AOL Sees a Different Side of Time Warner". The New York Times.
^ "Ted Turner uses churches for malaria campaign". Spero News. April 6, 2008. Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
^ "'Meet the Press' transcript for Nov. 30, 2008". Meet the Press. November 30, 2008.
^ "Ted Turner's Thoughts on Prayer". Preaching Today. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
^ Burkeman, Oliver; Beaumont, Peter (June 18, 2002). "CNN chief accuses Israel of terror". The Guardian. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Scott McMillion (August 5, 2003). "Poisoning begins on Cherry Creek". Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 10, 2004. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
^ Bonne, Christian (December 8, 2010). "Ted Turner: Adopt China's one-child policy to save planet". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
^ Turner, Ted. "My Beef With Big Media" Archived May 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Monthly, 2004.
^ "The Sure Thing: How entrepreneurs really succeed". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ "A Conversation With Ted Turner". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ Tribune staff. "125 Montana Newsmakers: Ted Turner". Great Falls Tribune. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ a b "Ranches". Ted Turner. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
^ Morgan, Rhett. "Osage Nation set to buy Ted Turner-owned Bluestem Ranch in Osage County." Tulsa World. February 3, 2016. Accessed April 7, 2017.
^ "Ted Turner's Giving Pledge" (PDF). The Giving Pledge. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2012.
^ Smith, Bruce. Ted Turner's son vying in SC congressional primary, Associated Press, January 23, 2013.
^ "SC District 01 – Special R Primary". SC Elections. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ "Ted Turner reveals he's battling Lewy body dementia in exclusive interview". CBS News. September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ Haupert, Michael John (2006). The Entertainment Industry. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-59884-594-5. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
^ "Courageous". 2017 America's Cup. 17 June 2017. NBC.
^ "Ted Turner on Sports Illustrated cover". CNN. July 4, 1977. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
^ "A Brash Captain Keeps the Cup". The New York Times. September 18, 1977.
^ Wallace, William (June 19, 1977). "U.S. Yachts Begin America's Cup Trials". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
^ "Courageous – US 26". americascup.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
^ "Herreshoff Marine Museum & America's Cup Hall of Fame". Herreshoff.org. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
^ "Turner, Ted – 2011 Inductee". Nshof.org. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
^ Rousmainiere, John (1980). Fastnet, Force 10. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-03256-6.
Porter Bibb (1996). Ted Turner: It Ain't As Easy as It Looks: The Amazing Story of CNN. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-892-1.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ted Turner.
"Ted Turner collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
^2 Co-owned by Trans Media.
^ ^ 3 Co-owned with Nine Media Corporation and Radio Philippines Network through a brand licensing agreement.
Kappa Sigma, commonly nicknamed Kappa Sig or K-Sig, is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at the University of Virginia in 1869. Kappa Sigma is one of the five largest international fraternites with currently 318 active chapters and its endowment fund, founded in 1919, is the oldest college fraternity foundation and has donated more than $5 million to undergrads since 1948. In 2012 alone, the Fraternitys endowment fund raised over $1 million in donations, on December 10,1869, five students at the University of Virginia met in 46 East Lawn and founded the Kappa Sigma Fraternity in America. These five founders became collectively known as the Five Friends and Brothers, in 1872, Kappa Sigma initiated Stephen Alonzo Jackson, who would go on to transform a struggling local fraternity into a strong international Brotherhood. In 1873, Kappa Sigma expanded to Trinity College, the University of Maryland, the fraternity attributes this growth to the initiation of Stephen Alonzo Jackson in 1872.
During his membership, Jackson expanded and revised the ritual of Kappa Sigma and he created the Supreme Executive Committee, which now serves as the governing body of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity on an international level. In 1912, Wilbur F. Denious struck upon the idea to establish an endowment for Kappa Sigma. As a result of the work of him and many others. In 2003, the Kappa Sigma Fraternity ushered in an era of growth for the fraternity. In the Spring of 2005, Kappa Sigma Fraternity began fundraising for and this $6 million project had its grand opening on June 2,2007. At the 66th Conclave, the Kappa Sigma Endowment Fund was declared to be the official educational foundation of the fraternity and is housed at the new headquarters. A man of honor and courage, a man of zeal, yet humble. One who tempers action with wisdom and, above all else and they follow the four pillars of the Fraternity, Leadership and Service. The Star and Crescent is used as part of the guidelines behind Kappa Sigmas strict no-tolerance anti-hazing policy, the Fraternity takes all allegations of hazing very seriously and routinely revokes charters from guilty chapters which can be as old as 130 years.
The United Nations Foundation was launched in 1998 with a $1 billion gift from Ted Turner to support the United Nations causes. The creation of the Foundation was intended to encourage other donors to support the UN in its activities. The main issue areas that the Foundation addresses are child health, climate change & energy, sustainable development, women and population, and supporting the United Nations. United Nations Foundations original purpose was to support for United Nations causes. Since its beginning, the United Nations Foundation and the Better World Campaign have provided grants in order to support the UN goals worldwide, the United Nations Foundation serves as the largest source of private funding to the United Nations. In conjunction with the UN, they established the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships to serve as the UN counterpart to the Foundation. The United Nations Foundation has collected more than $1.2 billion from other places, including from other foundations, corporations, NGOs, the Foundation works with UN partners in order to provide policy recommendations and project proposals.
The Foundation and its organization, The Better World Campaign, have helped raise awareness of and support for the UN among global policy makers. The UN Foundations current budgetary breakdown is $115.7 million going to services, $7.3 million to fundraising. Ted Turner, who in 1996 was worth $3, before donating to the UN, Turner was a proponent for the protection of the environment, especially in combating global warming. By Giving away nearly 1/3 of his wealth while still living, the UN Foundation is led by President and chief executive officer Kathy Calvin. She previously served as the President of AOL Time Warner prior to becoming the CEO of the UN Foundation, Ted Turner serves as the chairman of the board. Aaron Sherinian is the current chief officer and spokesman of the UN Foundation. Other notable board members include Queen Rania Al-Abdullah of Jordan, former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Gro Harlem Brundtland, when the UN Foundation started, it desired to assist the UN with a wide variety of issues, and bring attention to particular modern problems.
Cable news refers to television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network in 1981, CNBC was created in 1989, taking control of FNN in 1991. More recent additions to the news business are CBSN, Newsmax TV, TheBlaze, One America News Network. As the highest rated and most widely available cable channels, CNN, FNC. While the networks are usually referred to as 24-hour news networks, reruns of programs and analysis or opinion programming are played throughout the night. New England Cable News covers the region of New England. Cable News Network launched on June 1,1980, as the first cable channel devoted to news programming, throughout the 1990s, CNN became very influential, an influence coined as the CNN effect. CNN was the first cable network to begin broadcasting in high definition in September 2007.
Today, CNNs television personalities include Wolf Blitzer, Erin Burnett, Anderson Cooper, in 1982, the Turner Broadcasting System created a spin-off of CNN called CNN2, which was originally formatted to show the top news stories of the day on a 30-minute wheel schedule. Turner founded CNN International in 1985, with a focus on international news stories compared to CNN. CNN operates a Spanish language service, CNN en Español, Turner Broadcasting established two, now defunct networks. CNNfn, launched at the end of 1995, attempted to challenge CNBC and it ceased operations after nine years on the air in December 2004. CNNSI, a partnership between CNN and Sports Illustrated, attempted to counter the success of ESPNews in covering sports news. While the network was shut down, CNN and Sports Illustrated continue to maintain their partnership, Fox News Channel was founded in 1996 under the ownership of News Corporation, the third largest media company in the United States behind Time Warner and The Walt Disney Company.
"World's tallest billboard" – One Times Square, New York City.
Billboard at the closed Forum Hotel in Kraków, Poland. It is the biggest billboard in Europe. It displays a new advertisement every month.
The Kappa Sigma chapter house at the University of New Hampshire in 1923. |
0.914416 | Britain's efforts at slowing climate change are drowning in a sea of unfounded self-congratulation.
Despite the attempts by the BBC and other media to ensure that climate change deniers are heard, most of the population accepts that anthropogenic climate change is happening and needs to be addressed. However overegged reporting of minor achievements is producing complacency.
While we are drowning in unfounded self-congratulation, the numbers drowning in the words real floodwater are increasing.
People's need for energy (beyond the natural sunlight falling on them), and hence their potentially need to produce greenhouse gases, depends not only on the local climate, geology and population density, but also on the kind of contribution they are making to society. Assessing a nation's fair share of emissions is both supercomplex and subjective. This has meant that targets for greenhouse gas reduction have mostly been set as fractions of existing levels.
In the era of cheap coal Britain became a prolific burner of greenhouse-gas-emitting fuel, to heat ineffectively insulated buildings and to drive the industrial revolution. From that high base, impressive percentage reductions are easy to achieve, especially as much heavy industry has relocated abroad.
We congratulate ourselves on doing better than China and India on a fractional reduction basis. We forget that they are going through the change from subsistence agriculture to an advanced economy. When we were at an equivalent stage, our emissions increased exponentially.
Indian's per capita emissions are only 35% of ours, and while China's are now higher than ours, they are still lower than Germany's.
China is not only installing nuclear power stations and millions of solar cells at home, it is using its energy to manufacture most of the solar cells used in Europe too. India has completed vast hydroelectric schemes and has done pioneering work on Thorium cycle reactors, from which it is planning to get 25% of its electricity.
One of the worst drivers of the illusion that we are doing better than we are, is that we have set the easiest targets first, those in electricity.
We frequently get news with impressive looking figures on output, or installed capacity, without setting the figures in context.
People think we are well on track they when they see headlines like "51% of our power came from renewables yesterday". It is not just that such high fractions only occur when wind combines with summer sunshine; the whole headline is simply a lie.
It should read "51% of our electrical power was from renewables". We use vast amounts of power for transport. Very little of this power is from the electricity supply. Most is diesel, petrol, aviation fuel, or bunkering oil - fossil fuel power. We use even more power on space and water heating. Most of this is gas or oil fossil fuel power. Probably only between 10 and 20 % of the total power came from renewables that day.
We see that the installed capacity of solar panels somewhere is the same as the installed capacity of a nuclear power station. The problem is they are only part timers. and they only reach that installed power at the middle of a clear summer day. They are not generating at all for 8 or 9 hours per day in summer or for 16 or 17 hours per day in winter. The average power from solar PV is only about 10% of the installed capacity.
There have recently been press articles, on an Australian emergency storage battery with hugely impressive power of 100 MW. People think we could get a few of them to survive the loss of renewables on a cold winter night with high pressure centred over the UK. But such batteries are designed for emergency breakdowns or demand spikes, not providing basic backup for renewables. At 100 MW the Australian battery would be run flat in an hour and a quarter.
Just having the label "renewable" does not mean the electricity is very low carbon. In a gas balanced grid, wind and nuclear electrical power are equally very low carbon, but the carbon footprint of geothermal is twice as high, and that of solar PV is four times higher (because the greenhouse gases emitted by panels' manufacture is large for the amount of electricity they will produce in their lifetimes). Once we have sufficient renewables to start using storage rather than gas backup, the gains are not quite as good as they look. We will remove the emissions from gas backup, but the carbon footprint for intermittent sources will go up, because of the emissions released in the manufacture of the necessary storage systems and the energy lost in their charge and discharge.
You may be have impressed by seeing that 50% of UK electricity generation was low carbon in 2017; but that did not mean 50% was from renewables. It was 20% very low carbon nuclear, plus 30% renewables (ranging from very low carbon wind to not so low carbon solar PV).
So:- we have made a start on decarbonising electricity and also made progress on efficiency, but we have a long way to go on both. We have hardly started getting rid of fossil fuels in heating and transport.
We are a very long way from a low carbon economy, and even further from a low carbon, non-nuclear economy.
We need to step up our campaign for environmental sustainability. Not just sustainable energy, but sustainable resource use too. Sustainability has to be more than a bolt on extra, it has to be embedded in our whole economy and culture. |
0.935028 | Ron Clarke was Inducted into The Sport Australia Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural group in 1985 for his contribution to the sport of Athletics.
He enjoyed one of the most illustrious careers in world long distance running, and etched his achievements on the psyche of both Australian and international sporting circles.
In nearly a decade spent on the international circuit, Clarke broke 18 official world records and, for a period of seven years from 1965 to 1972, held every world record from the two miles to the one hour run. No athlete in history has ever matched this feat. Clarke also improved marks for the main two distances - the 5000m and 10,000m - by greater margins than had ever been achieved before.
Clarke broke the world junior mile and two mile records in 1955, and was chosen to carry the Olympic torch around the MCG to open the Melbourne Olympics in 1956.
Born in Melbourne, educated at Melbourne High School, and with his brother Jack playing for Essendon in the Victorian Football League, Clarke's was a story with many local connections. The image created of his lighting the flame is one of the eternal memories of sporting history.
During the Australian Mile National Championships in 1956, Clarke tripped over in an incident involving fellow Australian, John Landy, and thereby created one of the most unforgettable moments of Australia's sporting history. Landy considered himself at fault, so stopped to check Clarke's condition and apologise, before chasing the field to win the race.
After initially retiring in 1959, Ron Clarke returned to competition in 1962. He broke his first world record mark in Melbourne on December 18, 1963, breaking the six mile and 10,000m marks in one race. In 1965, over a period of two months, Clarke broke 11 world records in 16 races.
Clarke competed in two Olympics - Tokyo in 1964 and Mexico City in 1968. At Tokyo, he came ninth in the 5000m, won bronze in the 10,000m and finished eighth in the marathon. Four years later, in the rarefield atmosphere of Mexico City, he ran courageously to finish sixth in the 10,000m and fifth in the 5,000m.
He also competed in three Commonwealth Games - Perth in 1962, Kingston in 1966 and Edinburgh in 1970, winning a total of four silver medals.
In 1965, Clarke received a host of honours in recognition of his achievements. He was voted BBC International Sportsman of the year, World Sportsman of the year by the International Association of Sports Writers, Australian of the Year, and Athlete of the Year by the prestigious Track and Field News (USA) and World Sports (UK).
The French Academy of Sport selected him as their World Sportsman of the year in 1966, the same year in which he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to athletics. He also held the position of Mayor of the Gold Coast City Council. |
0.984474 | What is the largest known meteor to disintegrate in Earth’s atmosphere in recent times?
Modern scientific computations have shown that this incredible explosion was probably caused by a small, rocky asteroid or comet about one hundred feet across. Computer simulations show that it most likely came into Earth’s atmosphere at a shallow angle and exploded in mid-air above the forest. The explosion packed a punch easily greater than one thousand Hiroshima atomic bombs. |
0.999319 | Have you ever wondered what are the worst pains a human can experience? We hate to say it, but there are quite a few.
Pain is the sensory response your body sends to your brain to let it know when and where something has gone wrong. Usually, this is helpful because it warns you about something that might harm you, such as touching a hot surface or stepping on something sharp. In some cases, however, the pain itself can become so unbearable that it becomes the problem itself, and in these scenarios, there is often not much a person can do but suffer through it.
Here are the 25 worst pains humans can experience if you dare to watch! |
0.979659 | In FY06, as part of the Army's transformation towards a modular force, the 121st Signal Battalion was inactivated. As part of the modular transformation, signal elements were to be added to each modular Brigade Combat Team's Special Troop Battalion. Division level signal battalions would be inactivated.
The mission of the 121st Signal Battalion was to deploy and provide signal support to 1st Infantry Division's operations.
The unit was originally constituted on 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as a Signal Corps Battalion. It was later reorganized on 16 September 1916 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, as the 2nd Field Battalion, Signal Corps, to consist of 3 companies.
Company A was first organized on 27 July 1898 as Company A, Signal Corps. It was redesignated on 5 April 1910 as Field Company A, Signal Corps, on 19 October 1915 as Radio Company A, Signal Corps, and then on 11 November 1916 as Company A, 2nd Field Battalion, Signal Corps. Company B was first organized on 27 July 1898 as Company D, Signal Corps. It was redesignated on 5 April 1910 as Field Company D, Signal Corps, and then on 11 November 1916 as Company B, 2nd Field Battalion, Signal Corps. Company C, 2nd Field Battalion, Signal Corps, was organized on 11 May 1917.
The Battalion was assigned on 24 May 1917 to the 1st Expeditionary Division, which was redesignated on 6 July 1917 as the 1st Division and then on 15 May 1942 as the 1st Infantry Division.
The unit was reorganized and redesignated on 3 August 1917 as the 2nd Field Signal Battalion. It was reorganized and redesignated again on 9 February 1921 as the 1st Signal Company.
The unit was again reorganized and redesignated on 15 February 1957 as Headquarter and Headquarters Company, 121st Signal Battalion with its organic elements constituted on 8 February 1957 and activated on 15 February 1957 at Fort Riley, Kansas.
It was inactivated on 15 December 1995 at Fort Riley, Kansas and activated on 16 February 1996 in Germany.
In 2003 the 121st Signal Battalion was slated to deploy to Turkey as part of the preparations for conflict in Iraq. The 121st Signal Battalion deployed with other elements of the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) to Iraq in February 2004 as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. During its year in theater, the Battalion helped establish the largest command and control network in the Iraqi theater of operations.
Following the Battalion's return to Germany in early 2005, the 121st Signal Battalion began its inactivation process. Company B of the 121st Signal Battalion inactivated on 9 November 2005, at Larson Barracks in Kitzingen. Company A inactivated on 31 March 2006, at Conn Barracks in Schweinfurt, and Company C was inactivated on 10 April 2006, at Larson Barracks. These inactivations were part of the transformation of the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) to the Army's new modular force structure. As part of the modular transformation, signal elements were to be added to each modular Brigade Combat Team's Special Troop Battalion. Division level signal battalions would be inactivated. |
0.955745 | When during the U.K. Tier 1 (Investor) visa citizenship application process must I reside in the U.K. without ability to travel out of the country?
I have several relatives who have gained a U.S. green card and understand that there is a period in which applicants waiting for their green card cannot leave the country. I want to make sure to plan accordingly should there be a similar rule in the United Kingdom.
Thank you for your question. To extend an application (after the initial three years), you have two options. First, you can submit the application by post; this means giving up your passport for up to 12 weeks. Second, for €10,500 you can use the Super-Premium Service, in which the Home Office will send their caseworkers to your office or home address and the application should be processed within three days. You would only be without your passports for those three days (this depends on whether the application is successful or not). The same procedure can be used for the settlement (permanent residence) application too.
That is not the case for the UK. Your passport needs to be submitted for the Indefinite Leave to Remain application but, by using the Super Premium service, your passport should only be retained for approximately a week.
You will need to reside in the UK while the application for switching to Tier 1 (Investor), extension or ILR is pending. All the documents will need to be submitted with the application and you will get them back once the result of the application is decided. Hope this helps.
Thank you for your inquiry. There is no equivalent requirement under UK immigration rules, but you cannot travel abroad while your application is submitted to the Home Office for extension of permission to stay or indefinite leave to remain (the term we use for permanent right of residence). The applications normally take about 8 weeks and this is the time you have to be in the country. Hope this helps. |
0.981645 | My life’s gotten better since I stopped worrying about these 4 things at work Cities with the most female entrepreneurs The remote worker craze isn’t the best for every business. Here’s why The college degree of the top-earning CEO in every state The one morning practice that increases happiness Twitter CEO’s extreme diet is just another example of how we link food to achievement The college degree of the top-earning CEO in every state How much home can these Millennial families afford in these top cities?
This is how I learned to get Millennials to stop asking about promotions I hope you will be treated unfairly Why less is more when it comes to your resume: Ladders 2019 Resume Guide Here’s how to supercharge your resume in 38 minutes Twitter CEO’s extreme diet is just another example of how we link food to achievement The one morning practice that increases happiness The college degree of the top-earning CEO in every state How much home can these Millennial families afford in these top cities?
This position requires a Windows Systems Engineer based at Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling to assist with the design, implementation, upgrades and support of an enterprise environment this will include change control process, incident response process and continuity of operations plan. The ideal candidate will be personable and articulate and will focus on making sure that the customer's IT needs are met quickly and effectively.
-Windows System Engineering design, integration, troubleshooting, testing, and documentation.
-Develop test plans that validate requirements.
-Develop and maintain Systems Engineering documentation and diagrams.
-Monitor network servers utilizing Systems Center Operations Manager (SCOM).
-Produce reports from the Network to be used for reporting and systems performance management.
-Bachelor's degree with 4+ years of relevant experience. Additional years of related experience, certification, and/or training may be accepted in lieu of a degree.
-Experience performing Windows Systems Engineering.
-Experience monitoring Windows Systems / Networks.
-Experience working in an ITIL-based enterprise IT environment.
-Currently possess a DoD Secret security clearance or higher.
-Experience working with ITSM tools, especially Remedy.
-Knowledge of Air Force, Pentagon, and/or AFNCR.
-Experience working at the Pentagon, Joint Base Andrews (JBA), and Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling (JBAB). |
0.999716 | Thank you for your guidance but the book 'The Amish of Holmes County' has proved to be a rare find.
I did however pick up two books which I'm hoping will answer some questions and perhaps shed some light for me. I would imagine one cannot just go knock on an Amish family's door and ask to be helped in the sense I am looking for.
Can you tell me what would be the best way to become acquainted with a family who has an interest in teaching an outsider ?
Shawn, the best way of looking for an Amish family who would be keen to teach you about their way of life would be to go to the areas where there are strong Amish communities and ask around.
By word of mouth, and by putting the feelers out there of your intentions you should have some feedback as to the general feelings of meeting your request either positively or negatively.
And if you do meet some resistance at first, don't give up. If you are persistent and can show that your intentions are genuine, eventually you will be able to break down the barriers of suspicion.
Remember, that the Amish deliberately shy away from outsiders because they don't want to be tainted in anyway to our outside ways. Therefore you just have to be patient, persistent and convincing without being 'pushy'.
Please let us know how you get on and I do hope that you are able to find a copy of the Donald Beam book. |
0.999992 | After years of legal wrangling, "prince of pot" Marc Emery is pleading guilty to a U.S. distribution conspiracy charge.
(CNN) -- A man known as Canada's "prince of pot" pleaded guilty Monday in a deal with prosecutors that could send him to prison in the United States for five years.
Marijuana activist Marc Emery pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court in Seattle, Washington, to a single count of conspiracy to manufacture marijuana following an 18-month investigation into the seed-selling business Emery operated from his head shop in Vancouver, British Columbia.
U.S. District Court Judge Ricardo Martinez scheduled Emery's sentencing August 27. At that time, the judge has the choice of accepting or rejecting the plea agreement, said Emery's Seattle-based attorney, Richard Troberman.
"Based on comments the court has made. I have every reason to believe he will follow the plea agreement," Troberman told CNN.
Emery, 52, was brought to the United States last week. Canada's justice minister signed an extradition order May 10 that left the outspoken libertarian with little choice after years of fighting extradition.
"Marc has never been afraid to face the music," said Emery's wife, Jodie. "He's spent most of his life breaking laws he considers unjust to demonstrate they're unjust. He'll go to jail to prove how absurd our drug laws are."
The plea comes nearly five years after Emery was arrested in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he says he was the guest speaker at the Maritimers Unite for Medical Marijuana festival. He was accused of selling marijuana seeds to customers in the United States.
The same day, Emery wrote on his website, DEA agents raided his head shop in downtown Vancouver, where he sold bongs, pipes and books. He also produced the magazine Cannabis Culture and ran an Internet portal, Pot-TV.
He'll go to jail to prove how absurd our drug laws are.
The head shop was the headquarters of Emery Direct Seeds, the target of the DEA's 18-month undercover investigation. During the investigation, according to court documents, agents bought seeds from Emery's business over the internet and in person.
Investigators also traced his product to illegal growing operations in several states, the U.S. Attorney's Office said in a July 2005 news release.
A statement issued by the DEA in 2005 after Emery's arrest suggested that he was targeted for his activism, with DEA Administrator Karen Tandy touting his capture as a "significant blow not only to the marijuana trafficking trade in the United States and Canada, but also to the marijuana legalization movement."
Tandy described Emery as one of 46 of the U.S. attorney general's most wanted international drug traffickers and the only one from Canada, with his "marijuana trade and propagandist marijuana magazine" generating nearly $5 million in profits.
Emery and two of his employees were each charged with conspiracy to distribute marijuana, conspiracy to distribute marijuana seeds and conspiracy to lauder money, charges that carry penalties of 10 years to life in prison. After years of legal wrangling with Canadian and U.S. authorities, Emery reached the plea deal on the lesser charge, Troberman said.
Co-defendants Gregory Williams and Michelle Rainey-Fenkarek entered pleas this year to lesser offenses and were placed on probation in Canada, according to court documents. They were never brought to the United States.
This prosecution has to do with his criminal activities and has nothing to do with his political activism.
Tandy stepped down as DEA administrator in 2007, and U.S. authorities seem to have backed down from her 2005 hard-line stance. The news release can no longer be found on the Department of Justice website, and the DEA referred calls to the U.S. Attorney's Office in Seattle.
"This prosecution has to do with his criminal activities and has nothing to do with his political activism," said Emily Langlie, spokeswoman for the U.S. Attorney's Office. Langlie added that she could not comment on the 2005 DEA statement.
Emery summed up his raison d'etre in a lengthy article published in Cannabis Culture and online after his arrest. He described his thoughts at the moment he was handcuffed: "Every seed sold, all the millions of dollars I had given to the cause, every speech to free our people, every arrest, jailing and raid I had endured: it was all for this moment in time."
Much like in the United States, distribution and trafficking carry heavier punishments: a maximum of seven years for conspiracy to manufacture marijuana and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment for conspiracy to traffic in marijuana, according to a spokeswoman for Department of Justice Canada.
In practice, Canadian judges rarely mete out sentences longer than two years plus fines, based on a policy of judicial guidance that calls for incarceration as the last resort, according to several criminal defense lawyers and drug policy experts.
"Sentences typically don't reach the mandatory minimums that are in place in U.S. federal system," Vancouver defense lawyer Kirk Tousaw said. He is Emery's legal counsel in Canada, a contributor to his magazine and attorney for his co-defendants.
It was the U.S. who stepped in and put pressure on Canada.
Extradition to the United States, however, is commonplace in cases of Canadians accused of selling or smuggling drugs in the United States, said Troberman, Emery's Seattle-based attorney. He has represented many Canadians in the United States.
"The only thing that makes this case somewhat unusual is that Marc was very visible and open about everything he did, and the Canadians had no interest in prosecuting him," Troberman said. "It was the U.S. who stepped in and put pressure on Canada."
Emery is the founder of the British Columbia Marijuana Party, and his status in Canada as a tireless champion for marijuana reform has been cemented through more than a decade of sit-ins, demonstrations and runs for political office. By his own account, he has been arrested at least a dozen times since 1995 related to his activism, and Vancouver Police have raided his shop several times since it opened in 1994.
In media interviews and biographies posted on CannabisCulture.com, Emery claims to have been fined twice for selling seeds and says he has spent three months in a Saskatchewan jail after being caught passing a joint in public.
"Some people will say he pushed it too far, but that's his approach. He's the enforcer on a hockey team. He makes everyone else look polite," said Eugene Oscapella, a founding member of the Canadian Foundation for Drug Policy, which shares many of Emery's goals but pursues them through public education and legislative efforts.
To Oscapella and others familiar with Emery, the trajectory of his activism made martyrdom in a U.S. prison the next natural step.
"He did this on purpose. He did it knowing the potential consequences," Oscapella said of Emery's Direct Seeds. "Emery has always stuck his neck out. He's a civil libertarian, almost an anarchist, so it's very much his character to thumb his nose at U.S. drug policies."
People familiar with the case said Emery's fate was sealed when the current conservative Canadian government came into power touting a law and order agenda that included vows to bring in mandatory minimum laws for certain drug offenses.
From behind bars, Emery continues to guide the movement with the help of his wife, Jodie, and legions of supporters. He plans to apply for a transfer to Canada after he is formally sentenced, which is expected to occur in two to three months, his lawyer said.
Emery sent a message to supporters in an recorded telephone call with his wife while he awaited extradition. He urged them to keep up the fight against mandatory minimum sentences and other new drug enforcement laws by adopting "militant" tactics, like sit-ins at the offices of MPs and traffic blockades.
"If just one person, me, being in jail is what it takes to arouse thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, maybe millions of Americans and Canadians to get out and be involved and be responsible and take charge and take the initiative, then I'm a very happy individual." |
0.999225 | Afaha Oku village is one of communities within Uyo capital city which hosts two major institutions, the prestigious Cornelia Conelly College (CCC) and some part of the University of Uyo town campus, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State.
Same village also provides access into the Uyo City polytechnic, and also links Urua Ekpa and Uyo village roads which serves as gateways to Calabar Itu highway.
As significant as Afaha Oku community is to the existence of Uyo, the capital City of Akwa Ibom State, this community is severely threatened by gully erosion and deep ravine which is threatening the existence of the entire community.
Though the fears expressed by many that the entire community may soon cave into the near bottomless ravine may sound a bit exaggerated for those who may not have gone round the community, the reality that not less than ten buildings cave in every rainy season, gives reason to fear the prediction may come true.
While some may have thought that the badly affected and almost irredeemable side of the community, behind the University of Uyo, round to Uyo village road and Eka street on the right side of Afaha Oku road was the only side to be scared of, and therefore began relocating from the area or avoid further development as existing buildings were fast caving in, the left hand side of the village, accessed through CCC junction, was artificially dragged into the natural landslide by JVL, a construction company engaged by the World Bank in 2005.
JVL as explained by residents of the affected area was engaged by the World Bank in 2005 to construct the Udo Usanga, Ekpene Ntan, Akpan Eton, up-to Urua Ekpa road.
The construction company, according to residents of the area tricked the then village head into accepting that red earth be removed from Akpan Eton, one of the streets earmarked for construction, to fill other areas with a promise to refill, provide drainage and construct the road which was said to be part of the contract awarded.
Unfortunately, JVL not only abandoned some parts of the awarded roads at various stages of completion, but also diverted heavy volume of water into the deeply excavated Akpan Eton street.
However, the roads abandoned by JVL were reawarded by the NDDC in 2016, but the deeply excavated street was once again ignored and abandoned, probably due to the degree of damage caused by the JVL.
As should be expected therefore, the heavy volume of water through the deeply excavated road not only introduced a ravine due to heavy flood along the street which gradually sent residents packing by rapidly swallowing buildings, but also created a link to connect the major ravine on the other side of the road and wrapped the entire Afaha Oku community for possible sinking.
Narrating the ordeals on behalf of residents of the area, one of the landlords, Mr Titus Jerome Udoh confirmed that the road was motorable before the unfortunate excavation by JVL, which later abandoned the road in 2005.
His words “The Company was to construct roads around here, including this road, but they instead came and removed the earth over there and diverted all the water from Urua Ekpa to this road. That was the genesis of this gully. So you can imagine all the volume of water from Urua Ekpa passing through the road”.
Udoh said residents of the area had since 2006 forwarded several letters to concerned ministries of government, appealing to them to come to their aid, but to no avail. |
0.965737 | Checkers or chess games, which one to choose?
Chess is undoubtedly one of the most popular and well-known board and puzzle games in the world. The chess game probably originated in India, it was introduced in Europe around the 10th century. It is assumed that the rules still in force today were written in the 15th century. If it was certainly one of the most popular games in the world, the arrival of computers and game software to users to play it more easily and especially to compete with all the players on the planet thanks to online games, democratized by the rise of the Internet.
The history of the checkers game probably originated in a Spanish game called "alquerque de doce". According to historians, the game of checkers appeared in the 15th century via a transitional game called "l'andarraya". Just as the Internet chess game has made it possible to popularize this game and online games.
Footchec is a new concept of strategy game like chess, checkers or Go game whose originality lies in the synthesis of chess and football games.
International Checkers game (10x10, as practiced in France) with a very nice look, with powerful AI, module analysis of your games. Dream is currently the only checkers program to perform html analyses with diagrams.
Capture all of your opponent's pieces by jumping over them or leaving him with no space to move on an 8x8 checkerboard. Don't forget to crown your checkers for a tactical advantage!
According to the rules of the international checkers game, you can take your opponent's checkers backwards. Keep in mind that checkers can move in all directions and capture opponent's pieces through the checkerboard.
Match your rivals, placing your pieces wisely throughout the board to besiege your opponent's king. But don't forget to be on your guard for your own positions. Play chess online with friends!
An interesting mix of classic Russian chess and checkers. The counters move like chess pieces. The bishop moves and takes exactly as in normal chess.
Grand Master Chess III will help you improve your chess skills to become a better casual or tournament player.
The parts are conventionally divided into two parts called white and black. Players alternate moving one piece at a time. The object of the game is to trap the opposing or mate king.
Byzantine Circular Chess is a game that develops intelligence with a new approach to traditional chess. Play circular chess against the computer or a friend, find new strategies.
Hexagonal Chess is a game that develops intelligence with a new approach to a traditional chess game. Play hexagonal chess, checkers, backgammon, against the computer or a friend, find new strategies.
A fun new chess game! This game is sure to challenge even the best chess players! Awesome graphics make this chess game unique and will have you playing for hours! Take on the computer or go head-to-head with friends using multiplayer options.
AlphaChess is a fully functional chess game that allows you to play against your computer or another player in local mode or through a network game.
Net Blitz II is the second version of one of the best software to play chess and bughouse on the Internet or a local network. |
0.999967 | Changing Values in "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel"
I had to wait eight months between the pilot episode of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel and the rest of its first season. Eight months! For that alone I've given up on Amazon's pilot season. Aside from that was also the frustration that the pilot was the best episode of the show. Nonetheless, I got to every episode as quickly as I could and definitely enjoyed the ride.
Like my experience watching Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, Amy Sherman Palladino's Mrs. Maisel provided me with some very nice representation: A twentysomething brown-haired Jewish princess whose over-the-top personality leads to both opportunities and pitfalls. Midge (Rachel Brosnahan), or Miriam, as she's known in her Jewish community, is a 1950's housewife with a beautiful apartment, two kids and a husband, Joel (Michael Zegen), who has ambitions in standup comedy that she can respect. This all comes crashing down when she finds out Joel's been cheating with "the Methodist version of [her]", the apartment is in his father's name, and he's been stealing all of his standup jokes. From there, the plot takes us down a familiar path of redemption in which Midge picks herself up by the bootstraps and discovers her own talent for comedy with the help of club manager Susie (Alex Borstein).
My complaints regarding the show as a whole are generally my complaints with any Sherman-Palladino production: The stakes are too low and the secondary characters are caricatures. The show hinges on Brosnahan's performance, though, and she is a continuous wonder. I am certainly guilty of developing a nascent nasal New York accent while binging Mrs. Maisel. And in examining Midge as a character, I was struck by a thought: While the feminist messages of the storylines are anachronistic to the time and therefore dampened, Midge rebuilding her life and coming to terms with her future is not. What we witness over the course of the show is Midge realizing that her values do not serve her and that they need to change.
Before Joel leaves her at the beginning of the show, Midge has no reason to believe that the world and values she inherited from her parents should lead her astray. Her life is a carbon copy of her mother's: Two kids, Upper West Side apartment, good standing in the community, an obsession with appearances and a full-fledged eating disorder. After Joel leaves her, however, rather than a simple rebellion, Midge launches into a full value overhaul. Having a perfect life was suppose to be a guarantee; so why didn't it work?
The first indication that Midge is changing her value set is evident when Joel tries to come home. He shows up at her building with his tail between his legs, all apologies and prostration - though it's clear he believes she's going to take him back once he's done debasing himself. But Midge doesn't want him back. Knowing it's what her parents want, knowing that her social standing is at stake, she firmly closes that door with no regrets. Midge could have gotten back together with Joel and gone back to her old life. But whether it's because of her pride or because Joel genuinely hurt her and she can't forgive him for that, Midge decides to turn her back on that path and forge a new one.
Next come the children: During one of her standup sets, Midge asks a woman in the audience if having breasts means she's supposed to want kids. It's in perfect contrast to what she believed and up until this point we were under the impression that she didn't mind her children - as long as she could leave them with the housekeeper or her parents whenever convenient. As soon as she realizes that having kids isn't something every woman should do, she stops feeling guilty about leaving them at night. She isn't allowing her children to be neglected, but she is removing from herself the burden of caring for them every minute of the day.
The next value to go is the belief that women shouldn't work. Once Midge finds out that the apartment doesn't belong to her or Joel, she has to move in with her parents. Anyone who's moved back in after being gone can relate to her resulting tension and stress, and it spurs her on to realize that it's not a sustainable situation. Thus, Midge becomes a makeup counter girl in a department store, putting more of her talents to use. While her parents wring their hands and guilt Joel about it, Midge finds herself enjoying the work (once she finds appropriate footwear) and taking advantage of the new social life it offers.
Midge also goes through something of an identity crisis, which is how we get the whole shtick with her Amanda Gleason pseudonym. If she can't be herself downtown, she might as well be some gentile off the block. This, too, is upended though. After the set in which she commits career suicide by disparaging a famous female comic, Midge comes to understand that her identity must be linked to her past and present. While she may no longer be Joel's wife or have that lifestyle anymore, she reclaims the identity of "Mrs. Maisel" as the trash-talking, profanity-laden standup comic she was born to be. Her decision to use her real name also shows how she's developed enough to not be ashamed of that identity. Rather than hide her downtown dealings from her uptown community, she's learned to integrate the two without shame.
For all its flaws, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is a fun show. Not to mention I'm a sucker for a loudmouth and a woman going through an emotional meltdown with pristine lipstick. While Midge's position as a standup comic isn't necessarily groundbreaking television in 2017, I find the transformation she goes through as a product of her family and culture extremely relevant. Not to mention entertaining. |
0.939189 | What is a dæmon? it has nothing to do with 'demons' and their curved horns, red eyes, and skewers. Plainly put, your dæmon is you. Everyone has one. The consensus used to be that a dæmon was simply a reflection of a person's soul, but over time the community has come to see them more as a part of the subconscious assigned a gender, name, and a symbolic animal form. It is similar to totems since its your consiousness.
European, American, Japanese and fisher martens are interchangeable for the purposes of analysis and only independent research will turn up anything that sets them apart for an individual. For example, fishers are known for their porcupine hunting, which broadly seems to be a display of general marten tenacity and inventiveness, but could be put to personal interpretation. Exceptions pertaining mainly to sable and beech martens have been noted under the paragraphs they relate to. The Nilgiri marten is not viable due to lack of information.
The yellow-throated marten has its own analysis, which you can skip to. The sections above also apply to them.
It is recommended that you read the general marten analysis as well for comparison and context, although this is not at all a mandatory suggestion.
Martens are strongly introverted and so need a lot of time alone. They dislike being put in a position where they have to talk to people they don't know and as such don't gain friends very often. Too much social activity can be really stress-inducing in high doses, especially if it involves crowds, loud noise or being put on the spot. When put in that sort of position, a marten will almost always become irritable and withdrawn, and will likely leave at the first possible opportunity. On top of simply being drained by social activity, there is a mixture of awkwardness, inability to understand how to make small talk and a general insecurity regarding being taken outside of their comfort zones at play to make this kind of situation stressful, and maybe even frightening, for a marten. If a marten is going to socialise, they would prefer it to be with a handful of good friends in a relaxed environment.
Martens really resent being made to feel as if they have an obligation to spend a lot of time with people, so they are likely to struggle with outgoing friends who are not respectful of their need for space and quiet, and will probably outright avoid emotionally or socially needy people. A marten requires friends who understand that not always being enthusiastic about spending time together does not mean that they don't want to be friends.
In general, martens make for very low-maintenence friends in that they're not the types to seek out attention, comfort, support or conflict very often. This also means that they don't tend to put a whole lot of work into maintaining relationships that are no longer convenient and will allow friendships to dwindle over time or distance without losing much sleep. They're fairly happy to terminate friendships that have gone bad, although that would be most likely achieved by distancing themselves rather than by confrontation. Martens can't really be described as loyal, at least not in the traditional canine way: if their friend is in the wrong, they have no problem telling them, and are unlikely to throw themselves to a friend's defense. As far as they're concerned, other people can and should look after themselves. That's not to say that martens make for awful, back-stabbing friends just because they are not doggedly loyal and protective; they are not the types to play friends false or betray their secrets. After all, martens don't gain close friends often and so stick to one set of people for long periods if possible. Someone befriending a marten shouldn't expect unconditional love and support and someone who is going to be selfless for them, rather what should be expected is someone who is non-judgemental, who encourages others to face up to their problems and who will always give the most logical and truthful advice they can. If they've wronged a valued friend, a marten will usually own up to it and apologise. They are not really grudge-holders and prefer not to prolong tension or conflict. Once a marten has really opened up to someone, they would prefer not to lose them, even if they don't seem to make it obvious. They're not overly suspicious types but they don't trust just anyone, and having opened up to someone who isn't their friend anymore is likely to make them feel a bit vulnerable.
While martens are reserved, quiet and generally reclusive, they can be brought out of their 'shell', so to speak, by the right people. A sure sign of affection is the marten becoming more talkative, cheerful and playful in someone's presence. They actually love to laugh and joke and get up to silly things with their close friends, although they're not always in the mood for it. They're likely to have a reputation for being a bit of an awkward, sullen hermit because they are so uninterested in opening up to anyone they don't know well, but their friends would be privy to the elusive clownish side of them.
Hierarchy is largely an alien concept to martens who don't take enough interest in people and social interactions to perceive and abide by social power relations. They don't respect anyone beyond the basics unless they deserve it, regardless of whether they hold authority or not. They're not the types to be bossed around, lead astray or talked into doing things they don't want to do, and they're not interested in climbing social ladders. Martens are not particularly manipulative, especially when it comes to people, as they really have no interest in controlling or using others. They can be made to feel intimidated but usually can't be intimidated into doing things. They don't really have an intimidating presence of their own unless they're very angry and rarely try to actively dominate others. They can, however, assert themselves over others when they have need to, such us in competition or to get rid of someone from their territory. Martens are somewhat arrogant and self-absorbed and so put themselves first, but this is not the same as seeing themselves as 'higher' in a hierarchical sense.
Martens will always opt to work alone if they can. They shun responsibility to others and don't like being relied upon, so are not particularly good at fitting themselves into a team structure. They will almost always do one of two things if forced into a team: slack off as much as possible, leaving almost everything to the others, or scorn the team plan and do everything allocated to them separately and in their own time. They cannot function well under scrutiny and despise bossy or nosy people. While martens may usually be quick-thinkers with inventive, problem-solving minds, they tend to freeze up and get terribly scattered when put in a spotlight. They also really work to their own meandering schedule and attempting to make them conform to an organised timeframe is going to be a fruitless endeavour. They always leave work until conditions are precisely 'favourable' to them and only them, which may often turn out to be the last minute. Deadlines are the bane of their academic careers.
Needless to say, martens are really 'go with the flow' types and will likely baffle others with their seemingly disorganised ways. However, that's not to say that martens are entirely adverse to planning. A marten will never leave something to the point where it cannot be done and, unbeknowest to others, probably has some sort of back up in place for if something fails. It might look like they live entirely in the present, and to a great extent they do, but they're not the types to put all of their eggs in one basket. They like to keep their options open and would be sorely disappointed with themselves if they ever lost everything in a gamble. They're not uptight, neurotic planners at all: they just have a bit of what they'd consider common sense when it comes to these things.
Martens are not perfectionists and tend to live by “sort of”s and “that'll do”s. They'll have a go at most things that catch their eye but won't feel the need to be an expert at any of them. Even with something they really enjoy there's probably no drive to prove they're good at it to others unless some kind of direct competition comes up. They're dabblers. They cut corners. They're lazy sometimes. They're a bit disorganised. They'll settle for something else if their first option isn't available. They'll make do until something better comes along. Their work doesn't have to be perfect, it just has to be good enough, and no one elses' standards matter but their own. It probably doesn't need saying that criticism doesn't bother them much, although the constructive sort is always noted and kept in mind for next time.
EXCEPTION: Beech martens are capable of being more specialised and focused when they put their minds to it, although they'll usually specialise in something that doesn't take too much work. When they do actively go after something they're even more sharp and capable than other martens and are more likely to become experts at something for longer.
Martens are very inquisitive and do love to learn, even about things which are probably useless. They always keep their ears and eyes open to the things going on around them and are constantly stashing away learned titbits for later, when they're not caught up in their own inner world, that is. They have no qualms whatsoever about using bits of other peoples' ideas (modified, of course) for their own projects, although they are protective of their own ideas. Martens are quite easily distracted and find it difficult to vigorously apply themselves to one thing, especially when there are much more interesting thoughts and daydreams floating around their minds, or easier tasks they could be doing instead.
Martens are not particularly emotional beings, at least not outwardly. Insults tend to roll off of them and they're generally unruffled by obstacles or disruptions. Hurt, upset, anger and so on tend to be dealt with internally, and time alone is needed to process shocks or bad news. They make their decisions based on what makes sense logically and can be oblivious at times to the feelings of others. Even when they do recognise peoples' emotions and opinions, they don't tend to put a lot of value in them and find it difficult to put themselves in others' shoes sometimes. They can be insensitive, both in their actions towards others and in the way things don't often affect them. Not at all obsessive or clingy in their relationships, martens really dislike it when others show those traits towards them. They're more tough love types and express affection through play and teasing.
Martens are unlikely to start conflicts as they are generally avoidant of confrontation. Despite self-confidence and an easy-going attitude, martens can have something of a fearful streak and much prefer not to make themselves vulnerable. They tend to have strongly defined 'comfort zones' and although they are not usually anxious and do enjoy trying new things, it is quite clear to everyone when a marten has been pushed past their limit or cut off from backing out of something because they become anxious and potentially aggressive. Healthier martens have much wider and more relaxed comforts zones than unhealthier ones. Martens are much more likely to wriggle out of a conflict than go in guns blazing and are overall more passive-aggressive than outright fierce. They tend to retaliate to things indirectly and try to give off warning signals before blowing up at anyone. They are not quick to anger anyway, but if put in a corner or particularly riled, martens can be vicious.
EXCEPTION: Beech and sable martens are less worried about being exposed and vulnerable than other martens.
Martens are all independent sorts and probably dislike looking incapable or asking for help, which also makes them a little reluctant to help others unless absolutely necessary. They are territorial and highly value their own privacy. Rather than making it clear in a language everyone can understand, they tend to be more indirect and try to give off signals and create hints so that others will know not to invade their space or meddle with their things. If someone does this, however, they will react fairly directly and aggressively, contrary to their usual non-confrontational habits. There are those friends, however, with which they can coexist with more closely in peace, so long as everyone respects each others' possessions and needs for time alone. Martens tend to be fairly protective of their things and ideas, much more so than of people. Being secretive and wary of others preying upon their ideas, things and, possibly, even their feelings, martens are guarded individuals who keep their assets close and rarely feel the need to tell everyone about things happening in their lives.
EXCEPTION: It has been said of European martens and sables that males may offer some protection if a female is raising his young in a den within his own territory. Whether this is true of all martens is unknown, but it suggests that they can be sort of distantly protective of people they have invested a lot in, if it is convenient, at least.
Despite being territorial, martens don't necessarily stick to a place and are quite willing to adapt and move if it would favour them. They are generally quite adaptable, so long as their comfort zones are not violated. They are actually fairly active, if in some cases only intellectually, and it is only under extreme stress that they really shut down, regardless of how reclusive and passive they might look to an outsider.
very accurate, i'm impressed. Where's your reserch came from? |
0.999964 | Is it correct to state that Frodo killed Sauron? Which is the role of Gollum/Smeagol? Frodo was the one in charge of destroying the Ring in the flames of Mount Doom (Amon Amarth of Mordor), but Gollum actually bit Frodo's finger and fell into the flames.
Sauron did not die. It was said he put most of his power into the Ring, and thus when it perished, he was vanquished, but he did not actually die.
He concentrated within the Ring a great part of his own fëa (soul). In this way, Sauron's fate became bound to that of the One Ring. If it were damaged or destroyed, so too would be Sauron's strength and power.
- From the LOTR wikia.
Notice, nothing was ever said of him being destroyed or killed. I can't find the exact quote in the books yet, but there was a particular passage by one of the Wise Ones that said, if Sauron regains the Ring, he will have power to cover all the land in a second darkness, the ending of which cannot be forseen by anyone. But if the Ring is destroyed, he will lose most of his strength and power, and will diminish and his rising again can never be foreseen.
So no, it is not correct to say Frodo killed Sauron, because Sauron did not die. He was Maia before his corruption, and even at the end of the Third Age, he was still considered a being not of the lower order (the Elves, Men and Dwarves we see). He is still 'alive' as far as we know.
It was Smeagol's friend, Deagol who fell into the river while the two were fishing at least 500 years before the events of The Fellowship of the Ring. He saw the Ring and retrieved it, and Smeagol, enamoured by the gold, strangled his friend to death and hid the body, taking the Ring for his own. After being kicked out of his home, he went to the Misty Mountains, where the Ring abandoned him just in time to meet Bilbo, who took it out. Smeagol (Gollum, by then) accused him of stealing the Ring, his Precious, as he called it.
After the Fellowship broke at Parth Galen, Frodo and Sam went through Emyn Muil, where they met him, Gollum having stalked the Fellowship since Moria. Partly out of fear of being beheaded by Sting (Frodo's sword), he agreed to help the hobbits to Mordor. Along the way, he betrayed them and turned up again in the end at Mount Doom. Frodo did not want to destroy the Ring at the very end, but Gollum attacked him and bit his finger (with the Ring) off. At that point, (in the books) Eru Illuvatar intervened and Gollum tripped of the ledge, taking the Ring down into the Cracks of Doom and getting it destroyed, along with himself. In the movie, Frodo fought him and he fell. Doesn't really matter. Point is, without him, the Ring would not have been destroyed in the end.
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0.955645 | For other Swedish royalty named Carl, see Carl of Sweden (disambiguation).
Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; born 30 April 1946) is the King of Sweden. He ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, on 15 September 1973.
He is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His father died on 26 January 1947 in an airplane crash in Denmark when Carl Gustaf was nine months old. Upon his father's death, he became second in line to the throne, after his grandfather, the then Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf. Following the death of King Gustaf V in 1950, Gustaf Adolf ascended the throne and thus Carl Gustaf became Sweden's new crown prince and heir apparent to the throne at the age of four.
A short while after he became king in 1973, the new 1974 Instrument of Government took effect, formally stripping Carl XVI Gustaf of any role in the legislative process, and several other duties normally accorded to a head of state, such as the formal appointment of the prime minister, signing off legislation, and being commander-in-chief of the nation's military. The new instrument explicitly limits the king to ceremonial functions and, among other things, to be regularly informed of affairs of state. As head of the House of Bernadotte Carl Gustaf has also been able to make a number of government-supported decisions about the titles and positions of its members.
The king's heir apparent, after passage on 1 January 1980 of a new law establishing absolute primogeniture (the first such law passed in European history), is Crown Princess Victoria, the eldest child of the King and his wife, Queen Silvia. Before the passage of that law, Crown Princess Victoria's younger brother, Prince Carl Philip, was briefly the heir apparent, as of his birth in May 1979.
Carl XVI Gustaf is the longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history, having surpassed King Magnus IV's reign of 44 years and 222 days on 26 April 2018.
Carl Gustaf was born on 30 April 1946 at 10:20 in Haga Palace in Solna, Stockholm County. He was the youngest of five children and the only son of Sweden's Prince Gustaf Adolf and Princess Sibylla. He was christened at the Royal Chapel on 7 June 1946 by the Archbishop of Uppsala, Erling Eidem.
He was baptised in Charles XI's baptismal font, which stood on Gustav III's carpet and he lay in Charles XI's cradle with Oscar II's crown beside him. The same christening gown in white linen batiste which the prince carried had been worn by his father in 1906 and would later be worn by his three children. His godparents were the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark (his paternal uncle and aunt), the Crown Prince of Norway, Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, the King of Sweden (his paternal great-grandfather), the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (his maternal uncle), the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Sweden (his paternal grandfather and step-grandmother), and Count Folke and Countess Maria Bernadotte af Wisborg.
Prince Carl Gustaf was also given the title of the Duke of Jämtland. His father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten was killed in an airplane crash on 26 January 1947, at Copenhagen Airport. His father's death had left the nine-month-old prince second in line for the throne, behind his grandfather, then Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf. When his paternal great-grandfather Gustaf V died in 1950, the four-year-old prince became the heir apparent of Sweden.
His earliest education was received privately at the Royal Palace. The young prince was then sent to Broms school, and then on to Sigtuna boarding school. After graduating from high school in 1966, Carl Gustaf completed two and a half years of education in the Swedish Army, the Royal Swedish Navy, and the Swedish Air Force. During the winter 1966-1967 he took part in a round-the-world voyage with the mine-laying vessel Älvsnabben. The Crown Prince received his commission as an officer in all three services in 1968, eventually rising to the rank of captain (in the army and air force) and lieutenant (in the navy), before his ascension to the throne. He also completed his academic studies in history, sociology, political science, tax law, and economics at Uppsala University and later Economics at Stockholm University.
To prepare for his role as the head of state, Crown Prince Carl Gustaf followed a broad program of studies on the court system, social organisations and institutions, trade unions, and employers' associations. In addition, he closely studied the affairs of the Riksdag, Government, and Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The Crown Prince also spent time at the Swedish Mission to the United Nations and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), worked at a bank in London and at the Swedish Embassy in there, at the Swedish Chamber of Commerce in France, and at the Alfa Laval Company factory in France. In 1970 he represented the King at the head of the Swedish delegation to the World Exposition in Osaka, Japan. Since his youth the present monarch has been a strong supporter of the Scout Movement in Sweden.
The King and Queen of Sweden welcomed at the Kremlin by Russian President Vladimir Putin and his wife Lyudmila at the start of the King's State Visit to Russia, 8 October 2001.
When Carl Gustaf ascended the throne, plans were already in place to replace the 1809 Instrument of Government, which made the King de jure chief executive. Though the King was a near-autocrat on paper, the Riksdag's authority grew steadily into the early 20th century. In 1914, Gustaf V made a speech which resulted in what is known as the Courtyard Crisis (Swedish: Borggårdskrisen) wherein he was accused of interfering with politics. With the principle of parliamentary democracy formally established since 1917, the King's actual direct involvement in policy-making lessened and the powers constitutionally vested in him were increasingly done by ministers in his name, notwithstanding the Instrument's stipulation that "the King alone shall govern the realm."
The new 1974 Instrument of Government first took effect on 1 January 1975 and formally stripped the new king of most of his formal political powers and reduced him to a mostly representative and ceremonial role, thus codifying actual practices dating from the definitive establishment of parliamentary government in 1917. Previously, the King formally appointed the Prime Minister, though in practice he was almost always the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Riksdag. Since the adoption of the current Instrument, a prospective prime minister is nominated by the Speaker of the Riksdag, and if that candidate is elected by the Riksdag, the Speaker signs the commission (Swedish: förordnande). Additionally, bills passed by the Riksdag do not need Royal assent to become law.
He is the foremost representative of Sweden and pays state visits abroad and receives those to Sweden, he opens the annual session of the Riksdag, chairs the Special Council held during a change of Government (Swedish: skifteskonselj), holds regular Information Councils with the Prime Minister and the Cabinet (Swedish: informationskonselj), chairs the meetings of the Foreign Affairs Council (Swedish: Utrikesnämnden), and receives Letters of Credence of foreign ambassadors to Sweden and signs those of Sweden to foreign nations. As this type of figurehead, he also voluntarily abstains from voting in Swedish elections.
King Carl Gustaf holds the highest ranks in the three branches of the Swedish Armed Forces; this is due to the fact that he was, as stipulated by §14 of the 1809 Instrument of Government in effect at the time of his accession to the throne in 1973, the Commander in Chief (Swedish: Högste Befälhavare; not to be confused with the military professional holding the position of Supreme Commander) and therefore he was promoted ex officio from his earlier ranks of captain (Army & Air Force) and lieutenant (Navy), to general and admiral. Under the provisions of the Instrument of Government of 1974, which became effective on 1 January 1975, the King no longer holds this constitutionally-mandated position, but he kept his ranks à la suite since he no longer has any military command authority, except over His Majesty's Military Staff.
Worldwide, Carl XVI Gustaf is probably best known as the presenter of the Nobel Prizes each year; the first Nobel laureate who received the prize from his hands was Leo Esaki. He also hands over the Polar Music Prize. The King holds honorary doctoral degrees from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the Royal Institute of Technology, the Stockholm School of Economics and from the Åbo Akademi University in Finland.
The King is passionate about the environment, technology, agriculture, trade, and industry. Like many members of the Swedish royal family, he has a keen interest in automobiles. He owns several Porsche 911s, a car model which is said to be a particular favourite of his as well as a vintage Volvo PV444, a Ferrari 456M GT, an AC Cobra and other cars. The first pictures taken of him and his future wife were of them sitting in his Porsche 911. In the summer of 2005 he was involved in a traffic accident in Norrköping. The accident was described as a "fender bender", with no serious personal injuries claimed. Nevertheless, the incident caused national headlines. The King and Queen of Sweden frequently travel to the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, including in 2014, 2016 and 2018.
The King is the honorary chairman of the World Scout Foundation, and often participates in Scout activities both in Sweden and abroad. He regularly visits World Scout Jamborees, for instance the 1979 Dalajamb World Jamboree International Encampment hosted by Sweden, the 2002 World Jamboree held in Sattahip, Thailand, and the 100th Anniversary of World Scouting 2007 World Jamboree held in Hylands Park, England. He also attended the 1981 National Scout Jamboree in Virginia, United States, and was awarded the Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, in 1982. He also attended the 22nd World Scout Jamboree. He gave a speech on 6 August 2011 at the closing ceremony with more than 40,000 people watching. The band Europe also performed for him singing "The Final Countdown". King Carl Gustaf made an appearance at the 2013 Boy Scouts of America National Jamboree in West Virginia. Together with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, King Carl Gustaf has supported the Messengers of Peace programme.
So empowered as head of his house, King Carl Gustaf since he was enthroned in 1973 has made a number of personal decisions regarding the titles and positions of relatives and family members, including the demotion of a sister, elevation of several commoners to royalty, rebuff of an elderly uncle's wishes and the creation of new Swedish titles and duchies.
1974 his sister Christina married a non-royal Swedish man and Carl Gustaf followed the example which his grandfather and predecessor had set for two of Christina's older sisters with like marriages, so Christina was removed from the Royal House, no longer a Royal Highness and was given the courtesy title Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson (a special non-royal, non-noble style first invented in 1953 by King Haakon VII of Norway for his granddaughter Ragnhild).
1979 his son Carl Philip was born and Carl Gustaf created him Duke of Värmland (which has had dukes before).
1983 his paternal uncle Sigvard, since 1934 no longer Prince of Sweden because of a non-royal marriage to a German woman, supported by legal experts announced his own title as Prince Sigvard Bernadotte, 18 years later clearly citing a great-uncle Prince Oscar Bernadotte's title as his main precedent, but Sigvard died in 2002 with Carl Gustaf never having responded to his uncle's statement and with the Royal Court of Sweden consistently refusing to honor it.
2003 his paternal grandfather's first cousin Carl died and Carl Gustaf formally recognized his Belgian title by allowing Prince Carl Bernadotte on the gravestone at the Royal Cemetery which is owned by the king; 2014 he did the same there, allowing Carl's widow's name as Princess Kristine Bernadotte when she died.
The King married Silvia Sommerlath, whose father was German and whose mother was Brazilian, and who had grown up in both countries. They met at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, where she was an interpreter and host. The wedding was held on 19 June 1976 at Stockholm Cathedral and the ceremony was performed by the Archbishop of Uppsala, Olof Sundby. The wedding was preceded, the evening before, by a Royal Variety Performance, where the Swedish musical group ABBA performed "Dancing Queen" for the very first time, as a tribute to Sweden's future queen. The King and his family moved to Drottningholm Palace west of Stockholm in 1980. He and the Queen have maintained their business offices at the Royal Palace of Stockholm.
Prince Carl Philip was born the heir apparent. However, a constitutional reform, which was already under way at the time of his birth, made his elder sister, Victoria, the heir apparent and Crown Princess of Sweden on 1 January 1980, according to the principles of absolute primogeniture, which Sweden was the first recognised monarchy to adopt. King Carl Gustaf objected after the reform, not to the succession by females but to the fact that his son lost the position and title which he had had since birth.
King Gustaf VI Adolf was the last who used the style "By the Grace of God King of the Swedes, the Goths/Geats and the Wends" (med Guds Nåde Sveriges, Götes och Wendes Konung; Latin: Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex). This traditional title had been in use since the establishment of the hereditary monarchy in 1544. Carl XVI Gustaf instead chose the plain and simple title "King of Sweden" (Sveriges Konung), thereby ending a centuries-old tradition.
In the 16th century, Johannes Magnus construed a mythical line of Swedish kings, beginning with Magog, the son of Japheth, in an attempt to substantiate the antiquity of the Swedish throne. Based on that list, King Charles IX (reigned 1604 to 1611) adopted an ordinal unsupported by reliable historical sources. The only two previous monarchs named Charles (Karl in Swedish) have traditionally been numbered by counting backwards from Charles IX, and subsequent monarchs by counting forward from him. Adhering to that tradition, the current King of Sweden proclaimed himself Carl XVI Gustaf even though he is only the tenth Swedish monarch by the first name.
On his creation as Duke of Jämtland, Carl XVI Gustaf was granted an achievement of arms which featured the arms of Jämtland in base (these arms can be seen on his stallplate as knight of the Danish Order of the Elephant at Frederiksborg Palace). Since his accession to the throne, he has used the greater coat of arms of Sweden although he is still associated with the ducal title of Jämtland.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.
The generations indicate descent from Gustav I, of the House of Vasa, and continues through the Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Holstein-Gottorp; and the Bernadotte, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens. |
0.999956 | I have just found out that I am 6 weeks pregnant and the other day when I went to the toilet a thick blob of white discharge came out of me, I haven't had any bleeding yet so I hope that I haven't miscarried! Could you please tell me why this has happened?
An increased amount of discharge is very common in pregnancy. The amount tends to increase as pregnancy progresses. |
0.92469 | This is a little disappointing to me considering that I never played a KH game in my life and I was expecting this PS4 collection to be the "definitive edition". I mean I'm still really excited to get it and I'm sure some of these problems might not be present on every playthrough, and maybe the Western releases will either perform better (or worse but let's hope it doesn't ) or Square will patch some of them before its US/EU release or release a patch for it some days later.
Considering that KH 2.8 got 2 patches (maybe more?) then maybe this time Square will actually do something to patch 1.5 and 2.5 now that they are on PS4.
I might be mistaken but I think it's because you can't switch characters in FFXV and so some people were worried that this would happen on the remake too.
You mean the PS2 one? are the load times as short as the PS4 version here or are they some seconds longer?
Video provided by Tealgamemaster. I never played the PS3 collections (or any KH game for that matter), did it really used to take THAT long for the game to load the next scenes? excited for the PS4 collections!
I can't believe some people are still complaining to Square for not releasing more KH games on Xbox, I'm not being a fanboy here I'm just looking at the facts: 1- The Xbox One is a huge failure on sales on Japan, reason why the majority of Japanese games never gets released on Xbox (to name some recent ones, FF7 remaster and remake, FF12 Zodiac Age, Ni No Kuni 1 and 2, Nier Automata, I Am Setsuna, Danganronpa Collection, Yakuza, etc...) 2- Both FFXV and FFType-0 performed badly on Xbox One, the former sold 80% of its copies on PS4: https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/487863/Almost+80%25+of+Final+Fantasy+XV+UK+sales+were+on+PS4/ while the later didn't even charted within the Top 50 of X1's releases: http://www.dualshockers.com/2015/03/27/xbox-one-final-fantasy-type-0-misses-the-top-50-battlefield-hardline-manages-as-ps4-dominates-japan/ 3- The PS4 being the best selling home console of the current gen, being 20-30 millons units sold ahead of the X1: www.vgchartz.com 4- The reason why the X1 is getting a KH 3 port to begin with is just because it was decided before the new gen started and seeing the success of the X360 last gen Square Enix thought the Xbox One was also going to be selling huge this new gen, it turns out that didn't happened and the PS4 became the leading system and their latest releases on X1 performed badly like I mentioned before. I think X1 users should be glad that KH 3 didn't end up being cancelled for their console after all that. So being honest I don't think KH 3 will perform that well on X1 either, if FFXV which was a super hyped game before its release sold 80% of its copies on PS4 then KH 3 and it's "childish and Japanese" look will appeal even less to the general X1 fanbase. With all that said I do believe they should port KH 3 to the Switch, it would at least sell far better there than on the XOne. Also what are the spin-offs you guys are talking about? I thought every game on the KH franchise was important to the overall storyline, maybe excluding Re:coded?
I also noticed that they removed the "Final Mix" subtitle from the PS3 trophy lists too: https://psnprofiles.com/search/games?q=kingdom%20hearts Too bad they removed the trophy lists for Days and Re:coded since I like to collect trophies, but oh well it's fine!
Thing is Japanese games (JRPGs, visual novels, animes, etc) never really sold that well on Xbox. 1- The Xbox brand was always a failure on sales on Japan, nowadays even the PS3 is selling better than the Xbox One there every month according to sales charts numbers. Reason why there are and there will be way more Japanese games on PlayStation 4 than on Xbox One: Danganronpa collections, Yakuza 0, Star Ocean 5, Persona 5, Ni No Kuni 2, Shenmue 3, Final Fantasy 7 remaster and remake, Final Fantasy 12 Zodiac Age remaster, 999 and Last Reward The Nonary Games, I Am Setsuna, etc... 2- Recently FFXV and FFType-0 were reported to have sold 80% of their copies on PS4 while a minimum of copies were sold on Xbox One worldwide. 3- The reason why the XOne will get a KH 3 port was considered before the new gen started, and due the success of the X360 last gen SE thought the XOne was going to be selling really well this gen, but it turns out that the PS4 became the best selling console (50 millions PS4 sold vs 20 millions XOne sold: VGChartz.com) and like I said the last FF releases on XOne didn't sold really well. If Square would've know this beforehand I doubt they would have green-lighted an XOne port.
Which aspect of Horizon Zero Dawn excites you the most?
I was actually comparing their difficulty to KH's difficulty, I didn't explicitly said that FF games were hard although personally I find it hard to accomplish 100% on them based on all the extra stuff or at least very time consuming, but it might just be 'cause I'm a little impatient with that kind of stuff. |
0.961074 | Inductance is a property of an electrical circuit whereby a change in the current flowing through the circuit induces an electromotive force (EMF) that opposes the change in current. In electrical circuits, any electric current ( ) produces a magnetic field around the current-carrying conductor, generating a total magnetic flux ( ) acting on the circuit. This magnetic flux tends to act to oppose changes in the flux by generating a voltage (a back EMF) that counters or tends to reduce the rate of change in the current. The ratio of the magnetic flux to the current is called the self-inductance, which is usually simply referred to as the inductance of the circuit.
The property of inductance is particularly noticeable and useful in the form of electrical devices known as inductors. An inductor is often a coil of wire wrapped around a material called the core. When an electric current is passed through the coil, a magnetic field is formed around it, and this field causes the inductor to resist changes in the amount of current passing through it.
Inductors have various practical applications. For instance, when combined with capacitors, they are used as chokes in power supplies and to make tuned circuits for radio reception and broadcasting. Also, inductors are employed in transformers for power grids and as energy storage devices in some switched-mode power supplies.
The property of inductance is tapped when using electrical devices known as inductors, some of which are shown here.
The term 'inductance' was coined by Oliver Heaviside in February 1886.
It is customary to use the symbol for inductance, possibly in honor of the physicist Heinrich Lenz.
1 H = 1 weber per ampere (Wb/A).
Inductance is a measure of the amount of EMF generated for a unit change in current. For example, an inductor with an inductance of 1 henry produces an EMF of 1 volt when the current through the inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second.
According to the above definition, and are the self-inductances of and , respectively. It can be shown (see below) that the other two coefficients are equal: , where is called the mutual inductance of the pair of circuits.
The number of turns and occur somewhat asymmetrically in the definition above. But actually always is proportional to the product , and thus the total currents contribute to the flux.
for the energy of the magnetic field generated by electrical circuits where is the current in the nth circuit. This equation is an alternative definition of inductance that also applies when the currents are not confined to thin wires so that it is not immediately clear what area is encompassed by the circuit nor how the magnetic flux through the circuit is to be defined.
The definition , in contrast, is more direct and more intuitive. It may be shown that the two definitions are equivalent by equating the time derivative of W and the electric power transferred to the system.
These equations together state that, for a steady applied voltage v, the current changes in a linear manner, at a rate proportional to the applied voltage, but inversely proportional to the inductance. Conversely, if the current through the inductor is changing at a constant rate, the induced voltage is constant.
The effect of inductance can be understood using a single loop of wire as an example. If a voltage is suddenly applied between the ends of the loop of wire, the current must change from zero to non-zero. However, a non-zero current induces a magnetic field by Ampère's law. This change in the magnetic field induces an emf that is in the opposite direction of the change in current. The strength of this emf is proportional to the change in current and the inductance. When these opposing forces are in balance, the result is a current that increases linearly with time where the rate of this change is determined by the applied voltage and the inductance.
Since iv is the energy transferred to the system per time it follows that is the energy of the magnetic field generated by the current.
The circuit diagram representation of mutually inducting inductors. The two vertical lines between the inductors indicate a solid core that the wires of the inductor are wrapped around. "n:m" shows the ratio between the number of windings of the left inductor to windings of the right inductor. This picture also shows the dot convention.
is the mutual inductance, and the subscript specifies the relationship of the voltage induced in coil 2 to the current in coil 1.
is the permeance of the space occupied by the flux.
is the inductance of the second coil.
is the derivative, with respect to time, of the current through the inductor that is coupled to the first inductor.
is the number of turns in the primary inductor.
Note that the power through one inductor is the same as the power through the other. Also note that these equations don't work if both transformers are forced (with power sources).
When either side of the transformer is a tuned circuit, the amount of mutual inductance between the two windings determines the shape of the frequency response curve. Although no boundaries are defined, this is often referred to as loose-, critical-, and over-coupling. When two tuned circuits are loosely coupled through mutual inductance, the bandwidth will be narrow. As the amount of mutual inductance increases, the bandwidth continues to grow. When the mutual inductance is increased beyond a critical point, the peak in the response curve begins to drop, and the center frequency will be attenuated more strongly than its direct sidebands. This is known as overcoupling.
The constant is the permeability of free space (4 × 10-7 H/m), and are the curves spanned by the wires, is the distance between two points. See a derivation of this equation.
Here and denote radius and length of the wire, and is a constant that depends on the distribution of the current in the wire: when the current flows in the surface of the wire (skin effect), when the current is homogenuous across the wire. Here is a derivation of this equation.
The magnetic field of the two systems coincides (in a half space). The magnetic field energy and the inductance of system B thus are twice as large as that of system A.
The self-inductance of many types of electrical circuits can be given in closed form. Examples are listed in the table.
The constant is the permeability of free space (4 × 10-7 H/m). For high frequencies the electrical current flows in the conductor surface (skin effect), and depending on the geometry it sometimes is necessary to distinguish low and high frequency inductances. This is the purpose of the constant Y: Y=0 when the current is uniformly distributed over the surface of the wire (skin effect), Y=1/4 when the current is uniformly distributed over the cross section of the wire. In the high frequency case, if conductors approach each other, an additional screening current flows in their surface, and expressions containing Y become invalid.
Note that since the permeability of ferromagnetic materials changes with applied magnetic flux, the inductance of a coil with a ferromagnetic core will generally vary with current.
↑ Heaviside, Oliver. 1894. Electrical Papers, p. 271. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
↑ Glenn Elert, Inductance, The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
↑ Michael W. Davidson, Electricity and Magnetism Introduction: Inductance, Molecular Expressions. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
Grover, Frederick Warren. 1962. Inductance Calculations, Working Formulas and Tables. New York: Dover. OCLC 299921393.
Heaviside, Oliver. 1894. Electrical Papers. New York: Macmillan.
Hughes, Edward, et al. 2002. Electrical & Electronic Technology, 8th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. ISBN 058240519X.
Wangsness, Roald K. 1986. Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471811866.
Inductance Calculator. The Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory.
This page was last modified on 2 March 2018, at 21:05. |
0.999906 | Begin your journey with a picturesque hike through the rough desert landscape to one of the best overlook points of the Dead Sea.
After leaving the desert, you will head towards Beni Na’im, a tranquil village famous for the surrounding grape orchards.
After a picturesque hike through the desert landscape, you will arrive at a spot with one of the best views in the area. The ochre and yellow rock of the seaside cliffs contrasts with the turquoise surface of the Dead Sea, all framed by the purple peaks of the Jordanian mountains on the distant horizon.
You will share an evening meal with your Bedouin hosts in a unique event featuring traditional Rababa music. The sounds of conversation and traditional songs will drift into the darkness of the surrounding desert while hikers enjoy the warm atmosphere and comfort of the Bedouin tent.
After leaving the desert, you will head towards Beni Na’im, a tranquil village famous for the surrounding grape orchards. There, your hosts will treat you to freshly made grapes molasses (dibis) for breakfast, or serve a platter of savory Palestinian grape leaves stuffed with a mixture of meat and spiced rice for lunch.
Experience authentic Bedouin hospitality and be amazed at the desert overlook, from which you can see the Dead Sea and Jordan. |
0.97485 | Does the landscape that surrounds us define our culture? My answer would be a definite yes. The natural environment dictates what we eat, what we produce, what we create, and even how we think. As someone who has a background in architecture and conservation practices, I am excited to see that heritage sites are now being evaluated as cultural landscapes; in some cases including agricultural landscapes as an integral part of heritage. Agriculture is an inseparable part of our heritage; as its name readily suggests, it is a part of our culture and basis of our existence in nature.
Recently, a particularly interesting site in Turkey, the town of Ayvalık, was included on UNESCO’s tentative list of World Heritage as an industrial and cultural landscape. The criterion to be included on the World Heritage List is clear; the sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one of 10 selection criteria, the first of which is to represent a “masterpiece of human creative genius”. In recent years, UNESCO has started to emphasize the concept of cultural landscape; sites that are nominated try to display their multifarious assets. A cultural landscape is defined as “a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values”.
Sites where overlapping natural and manmade cultural assets are present are becoming more accepted in the World Heritage List. Ayvalık is a site that fits perfectly with the new concept of cultural landscape, together with its surrounding olive groves and industrial architecture near the port, developed for the manufacturing and trade of olive products.
Needless to say Ayvalık is all about olives. It has a unique geographical setting in the north Aegean region, just south of the Kaz Mountains, and is backed by the Madra Mountain that stretches from north to south in an arc on its eastern side. On its western side, it faces the Aegean Sea and 22 islands in the close proximity. The biggest of the islands, Cunda, which is now connected to the mainland by an infilled-land road, has been inhabited since the 10th century. The existence of olive groves, which cover almost 41.3 percent of the region and bear about 2 million olive trees, gives Ayvalık its natural character. Funnily, the town gets its name from another fruit, quince: the town is known in Greek as Kydonia, and in Turkish as Ayvalık, both names come from quince. Yet there is no doubt that it is the olive that is the sole product here. The region was originally home to wild olives (Olea oleaster) that were grafted by people to produce an oil-yielding crop. In time, the plant came to be the very essence of the existence of the town of Ayvalık.
According to sources, Ayvalık has been a developed settlement where Christians and Muslims have lived together since 1580. The rapid development of the settlement started after the 18th century when the olive oil trade became more important. As a result of advances in the production of olive-based produces like olive oil and soap, Ayvalık became an important trade port after 1880s. This economic success produced an unparalleled cultural identity that found its physical expression in the urban fabric and architecture. Here the town is practically shaped by the olive culture. Even the street patterns follow routes that go directly from the groves to the olive oil presses in the harbor, allowing the olive oil to be loaded straight from the press onto the ships. This pragmatic approach creates an organic setting in the urban layout; the main streets have an almost natural stream-like flow from groves to the seaside where the olive-oil production and shipment used to take place. The harbor is lined with industrial buildings such as depots, olive presses, olive oil and soap factories and the like, facilitating the export of products from the port. Marked by huge brick chimneys, the industrial heritage of Ayvalık is one of the best preserved in the whole Aegean; its chimneys are a significant feature of urban identity.
In Ayvalık, even the local civil architecture is shaped by the olive culture. The most common type of house in Ayvalık has a small olive press/depot workshop and a shop in the ground floor, with living spaces upstairs. There is generally also a back garden where shelter is provided to olive pickers coming from mountain villages in the olive harvest season. The typical Ayvalık house is a multi-functioning building combining a press, a shop, a depot, and living spaces both for owners and for guest workers. In short, life in the town evolved around the olive, and the physical environment was shaped accordingly.
Ayvalık is not the only olive landscape in the UNESCO list. Previously Battir, Jerusalem, was listed as Land of Olive and Vines; and the cities of Úbeda and Baeza in the Jaen region in Spain were also listed. Other agricultural landscapes in the list include the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia and Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila in Mexico.
All these cultural landscapes are representative of a rich agricultural tradition but only in Ayvalık has agriculture determined the formation of the settlement and shaped the townscape. In Ayvalık, the continuous land use and the extent of olive oil production and its traditions produced an unparalleled cultural identity, which found its physical expression in the cultural patterns and buildings used for olive oil production as well as the traditional settlement itself. That alone is a unique asset, which needs to be recognized and preserved, not only for the sake of conservation of heritage, but as a thought-provoking example of how manmade culture was directly connected to nature.
A version of this article originally appeared in Hürriyet Daily News. |
0.998892 | Comerica Park, home to the Detroit Tigers, is a major league baseball park in downtown Detroit, Michigan. The park opened in 2000 and features more than 41,000 seats and panoramic views of surrounding Detroit. Fans can take advantage of a variety of attractions at Comerica Park, including a visitor museum, which envelopes the main concourse, a Fly Ball Ferris Wheel, sculptures of famous players and a fountain which uses "liquid fireworks." Comerica Park also hosts concerts and a variety of events. The Park boasts more food and beverage registers per fan than any other ballpark in the league, so you'll be back to your seat in no time.
what do the statues at Comerica Park represent?
The aprk ark features unique attractions, including a visitor museum, a Ferris wheel, sculptures of famous players and a fireworks fountain. The statues capture the essence of six of the greatest Tigers in action - Ty Cobb, Charlie Gehringer, Hank Greenberg, Willie Horton, Al Kaline and Hal Newhouser.
How do I get to the park and what are parking options?
The park can accommodate approximately 4,500 vehicles in the area surrounding Comerica Park. There are a number of additional privately operated parking facilities within walking distance. The best way to get to Comerica Park is using public transportation. |
0.933515 | Grant William Flower (born 20 December 1970) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer and a former ODI captain, who played all formats of the game. He is rated among the best Zimbabwean cricketers in history for his handy left arm spin and fine batting skills. He was a fitness fanatic who spends hours in the gym, and was also regarded as a brilliant fielder who was usually seen in the gully. "Flower Power", the combination of Grant and his brother Andy Flower, was the mainstay of Zimbabwean batting for a decade. He was his team's most successful opening batsman who played the role of anchorman, with strokeplayers coming in down the order.
He played a lead role in, arguably, Zimbabwe's finest Test victory, against a strong Pakistan side. He would show a liking for the Pakistani side over his career, averaging over 40 against them and scoring 3 centuries including an unbeaten 201. In July 2014, he was appointed as batting coach of the Pakistan cricket team for a period of two years.He was also the first ever batsman to have carried his bat across 2 different formats and also the only batsman to have carried out his bat in both ODIs as well as in tests.
Grant Flower was born in Salisbury, Rhodesia and was educated along with his brother Andy at North Park School where they were the best players in their age groups. Although always an allrounder, he bowled seamers in his early days and his bowling was rated more than his batting. It was in high school, at St. George's College where he changed to spin bowling.
In the summer of 1990/91 his elevation to a professional cricketer was confirmed when he was employed by the Zimbabwe Cricket Union. His debut first-class game for Zimbabwe came against England A. In his second match he opened the innings and was rewarded with a fifty adding what would be the first of many century partnerships with his brother Andy.
At just 19, Flower was part of the 1990 ICC tournament where the winner would qualify for the World Cup. Zimbabwe would go on to win the competition with Grant Flower scoring heavily in the early games. Had they not won the competition it is likely that Zimbabwe would not have made their rise to Test cricket, at least not until much later. Grant Flower missed out on the 1992 World Cup due to injury. In 1993 Grant spent a season in England with Widnes Cricket Club in the Manchester and District Cricket Association.
After the World Cup Zimbabwe were promoted to Test status and Flower was unanimously selected to play against the Indians for the Inaugural Test match. On a flat pitch, he opened the batting for his country and dominated in a 100 run opening stand. He would go on to score 82, falling short of a century on Test debut. Zimbabwe again met the Indians this time on their home turf and again fell just short of a maiden Test century when he fell for 96.
Pakistan toured Zimbabwe in 1995 and in the 1st Test Flower finally scored his maiden Test century. Not content, he went on to register double hundred. He hit only 12 boundaries and faced 523 balls as Zimbabwe scored a massive 4/544 declared. His innings would help Zimbabwe to win their first ever Test match as they won by a convincing Innings and 64 Runs. He would continue to haunt the Pakistani side, scoring his second Test century at Sheikhupura Stadium in Pakistan.
In 1997 Flower became the first Zimbabwean to score a century in both innings of a Test match. Playing against New Zealand in Harare, he scored 104 and 151. A year later he scored his 5th Test century, an innings of 156 not out at Queens Sports Club against Pakistan. He would suffer a form slump after that innings, not scoring a 99 for 33 innings including 6 ducks. On 25 November 2000 he ended his slump with a fine 106 against India and would go on to score 4 50's in his next 6 innings.
Flower more importantly was the first ever batsman to carry his bat right through the completed innings of an ODI.He also holds the unique record for being the only batsman in ODI cricket to have carried his bat in an One Day International match in a winning cause.
In 2004 he announced his retirement from international cricket. This was due largely to the dispute between the rebels and the Zimbabwean Cricket Union. He signed a contract with Essex as a Kolpak player where he would play alongside his brother Andy. There was some grumbling amongst Essex supporters at his signing, but this appeared to die down after his first season, when he topped the Essex 2005 List-A batting averages and was third in the number of wickets taken.
Following another fine season for Essex which turned out to be his last season of county cricket, Flower was handed a shock recall to the Zimbabwe team for the tour of South Africa. He is expected to combine playing duties with his role of batting coach of the national side and could be in contention to play in the 2011 Cricket World Cup to be held in India. He made his international return in October 2010 the first ODI of a three-match series vs South Africa.
On May 2014, he was appointed as the batting coach of Pakistan cricket team. |
0.999289 | What happens if I require additional treatment that you can’t provide?
For any additional dental work you can go to your family dentist. It is recommended to have a dental exam and x-rays once a year. |
0.936558 | This is the moment an armed police officer trains an assault rifle on the window of a suspect arrested in connection with the Westminster terror attack.
The officer, wearing a balaclava and helmet, is seen in the back garden of a suburban house during a raid in Birmingham yesterday.
The raid was one of a series carried out around the country by anti-terror police after Khalid Masood killed four and injured more than 50 in London on Wednesday.
A total of 11 have been arrested as part of the inquiry but Scotland Yard said only four remain in custody - two men aged 27 and 58 who were arrested in Birmingham on Thursday and a 32-year-old woman and a 35-year-old man who were arrested in Manchester on Friday.
Six of those arrested have now been released from police custody and face no further action - two women aged 21 and 26 and four men aged 23, 26, 27 and 28 who were all arrested at addresses in Birmingham.
One of the arrested was Masood's partner Rohey Hydara, 39, who lives at a property in east London's Olympic park.
She has been released on bail until late March.
A neighbour who took the pictures of the armed officer during the raid in Birmingham said: 'I went to my window and there three cops with guns running up to the back window.
The neighbour added: 'They just stood there for like an hour or 45 minutes. I think they were making sure that no one was going to try and escape round the back or anything like that.
A number of local residents said they believe a man from Saudi Arabia lived at the house in the Winson Green area with his wife and children.
Local resident Shekila Sahota, said a man, thought to be in his 40s or 50s, had lived at the address for about a year.
The raid came ahead of the arrest of two more 'significant' suspects this morning as police try to find out whether terrorist killer Khalid Masood was aided by others.
Two people, a man and a woman, were arrested in Greater Manchester in the early hours of this morning and another man, aged 27, was arrested in Birmingham.
Police confirmed a 34-year-old man was arrested in a mews road in the affluent West Didsbury suburb of Manchester in the early hours of this morning.
Residents who live close to the affluent gated community, where properties are believed to sell for up to £500,000, said a car had been towed from the area.
The Met's top anti-terror officer Mark Rowley said police have searched 21 properties around the country, with five searches ongoing this morning, and seized 2,700 items including numerous computers.
Masood, 52, killed 75-year-old Londoner Leslie Rhodes, US tourist Kurt Cochran, 54, and mother-of-two Aysha Frade, 43, as he ploughed into pedestrians on Westminster Bridge. He then stabbed PC Keith Palmer, 48, to death inside the grounds of Parliament.
Scotland Yard have also urged anyone who knew Masood or has any information about him to come forward.
Asked about where the Muslim convert had been radicalised, Mr Rowley said: 'As I have said, our investigation focuses on understanding his motivation, preparation and associates.
encouraged, supported or directed him.
Mr Rowley said officers had spoken to around 3,500 witnesses - including 1,000 who were on Westminster Bridge and around 2,500 who were in Parliament.
He added: 'We remain keen to hear from anyone who knew Khalid Masood well, understands who his associates were and can provide us with information about places he has recently visited.
Asked whether Masood had travelled overseas, Mr Rowley said 'we are looking at his history'.
Separately from the arrests in the Midlands and North West, police were last night searching a flat in east London which previously housed teams during the 2012 Olympic Games.
It is believed the property was home to a Rohey Hydara, who is believed to have lived with Masood in at least three separate addresses.
Last night, the Met said Masood's partner Hydara, 39, was released on bail pending further inquiries. She was arrested on suspicion of preparing terrorist acts.
Neighbours said they saw Masood at the apartment several weeks ago.
Local resident Vera Amade, 21, said: 'My brother saw him a few times quite recently in the last few weeks.
'It was definitely him, the woman has two kids, one of the daughters has just had a baby. They all live in the same flat.
'She was quite polite, there was nothing bad to say about her. He was really nice and polite as well, he was very pleasant.
'I'm very shocked. We were watching it on TV last night and trying to figure out if it was definitely him and it is.
Hydara was also registered as having lived at those three places.
He said they later moved out to the Olympic Village. |
0.999529 | PARIS - Amélie Mauresmo was officially appointed Andy Murrays coach on Sunday as the British star prepares to embark on the grass-court season and defend his Wimbledon title. There are a handful of women coaching players on the ATP Tour, but none with anywhere close to the profile of Murray, a two-time Grand Slam winner and Olympic gold medallist. "Amélie is someone I have always looked up to and admired," Murray said in a statement. "Shes faced adversity plenty of times in her career, but was an amazing player." It is rare for an elite mens player to be mentored by a woman, especially one who is not related to him. Jimmy Connors was once coached by his mother. Billie Jean King coached Tim Mayotte for a short time. Andrei Chesnokov was coached by Tatiana Naumko. Early in the French Open, Murray was asked about the possibility of hiring a female coach and how that may be received by his peers. "For me, I dont care," said Murray, who had been without a coach since parting ways with Ivan Lendl in March. "I dont really care whether some of the other male players like it or not. Thats not something that really bothers me. I was coached by my mum for a long time. I have had her around at tournaments for a long time. There has been ex-players and stuff that have said, Oh, your mom shouldnt be around, or, She shouldnt come and support you or come to watch. You know, its silly. "Everyone is entitled to have the team around them that they want. Everyone works very differently. You know, some men might not work well with a female. Some men might work well with a female coach. Its just whatever your preference is and whatever your needs are. Thats basically it." Judy Murray, Andys mum, weighed in on Twitter saying, "Love it," in response to the news. Mauresmo, a former world No. 1, who won Wimbledon and the Australian Open, held a news conference in Paris just moments before the start of the mens French Open championship match between Rafael Nadal, coach by his Uncle Toni, and Novak Djokovic, who is coached by Boris Becker. The following is a transcript of Mauresmos exchange with reporters: Q. What was the moment when you thought that you would take over as coach of Andy Murray? What is it about the job that is fascinating to you? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: Andy contacted me a few weeks ago and we started to talk about this possibility to work, to be working together. Its not really something that I was thinking doing when I stopped being a tennis player. Then we talked again a little bit more about how to do the things maybe about his game, about different things. We came up with the will from both sides to, yeah, to give it a shot. Q. Could you talk a bit about the fact obviously youre a woman, hes a man. Do you consider that of any relevance, or do you see it possibly as a positive advantage for you? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: I would say that, yeah, I mean, its probably something that have to you ask him at some point why he made this choice. We all know his mother was a big part of his tennis career. I think hes maybe looking for something different, about emotions and sensitive things. Its not really interesting for me, this part of the story, to be honest. All Im interested in is to be able to help him in his goals. Thats about it. The rest is the story for you to write, I guess. But, yeah, for me its a challenge. I want to take it. Q. Can you tell us what areas of Andys game you believe you can be the most help to him in? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: I dont think Im going to go into these details right now. I think we really get to know each other, really get to start, and actually start working together. Well maybe talk about it at some point. Q. He had obviously choices and people to consider. When he contacted you the first time, did he say, Amélie, the reason I decided that you would be the right person is because you could bring me this or this that? Did he give you a reason why he thought of you? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: Yeah, he did. Q. Can you tell us what it is? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: Not really (Laughter). Not really. I mean, maybe he will tell you at some point. Q. Have you watched his game much over the years? Did you have any sort of relationship with him? Were you surprised when he rang? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: We didnt really talk to each other more than just greeting each other and stuff. I have watched him play, yes, many times. Again, we have talked a little bit already about his game. We definitely going to get more into this very soon, I guess. Q. Were you surprised when he rang? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: It was a little bit of a surprise, yes. To be honest, yes. Q. This will obviously get a lot of attention because you are a woman going to be coaching a top man. Do you think it is an important step for mens sport for somebody to make this decision? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: Again, I mean, I guess it is a big story to write on and a step forward. But honestly, its not my big concern right now. Im happy about this new challenge. I want to help Andy. Its the only thing that I have in mind right now. Q. I think the reason why Andy stopped working with Ivan Lendl is Ivan said he didnt have enough time to spend with him. You will be available to travel with Andy throughout the year, will you? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: We have already, yes, talked about this. Yeah, not the whole year, not as fulltime, but, yes, significant amount of weeks that we have agreed on and should be good for everyone. Q. From your point of view, what do you expect to achieve with Andy and what would make the job a success for you? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: Well, its quite easy for me to answer this, and hes very open on this. He wants to win more Grand Slam or Grand Slams, so I guess thats what it is. Q. You were in a comfortable position as a TV consultant. AMÉLIE MAURESMO: Yeah, I was sitting. Now I will be... Q. You will have almost the same pressure as Andy. The expectations will be high. So what was the reason for you to accept such a tough challenge? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: First of all, I think he has the most pressure. Thats for sure when youre a player, and I know what it is. You have huge pressure on your shoulders. This will remain this way. Yes, it will change a little bit my life and my retirement, lets say. But Im passionate. Im passionate about this sport. I love challenges. I dont know, I guess I like to put myself on the line at some point and see what I can do. Q. We all know that since Billie Jean, a big part of the WTA, has been about the empowerment of women and opportunities. We all know also its extremely difficult for WTA players. What were your thoughts that Ernests Gulbis made the other day that he would not want his sisters to go into tennis and that its very tough and they should be focusing on families? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: I know him a little bit. I think you guys also know him quite a lot. Hes provocative at some point. Im not sure he was really thinking this way. He explained a little bit later why he said this. Im not really Im not shocked by this because I know him. I know how he is. Q. How long is your commitment with Andy? AMÉLIE MAURESMO: We are going to do the grass court season and we will talk after that.
. The No. 23 seed at the first Grand Slam event of the tennis season has worked out all the details, from his training regime right down to where hes going to eat dinner.
. The D-Backs came into being in 1998 and appear destined to finish second in the AL West after the Tsunami that is the Los Angeles Dodgers swept over them. I thought it might be interesting to see what the D-backs have done over their 16 years compared to what the Blue Jays have done over their past 16 campaigns.
. The person spoke on condition of anonymity because no announcement was made. By releasing Bailey, the Broncos would open up cap space with the 12-time Pro Bowl player scheduled to make around $10 million next season.
. Roy says he will know more about Duchenes potential playing status Sunday. Duchene has been out since damaging the MCL in his left knee when he ran into a teammate against San Jose on March 29. Hes been skating on his own all week, before joining the team Saturday hours before a pivotal game in a series tied at 2.
. - Doug Kalitta led Top Fuel qualifying Friday in the NHRA Nationals at Maple Grove Raceway with a 3.TORONTO - Winning the game was not important, Dwane Casey repeated leading up to his teams sixth exhibition game Monday. Apparently nobody told the young group of reserves that shared the floor as the Raptors heroics forced two overtime periods before clinching the victory in a game that exceeded three hours in duration. For Casey this game, like the five that proceeded it, was all about finding cohesion amongst his second unit, determining the right combinations as he works to trim down his rotation and seeing what he has in the young players who will make up the end of his bench. On Monday all of that meant playing to win. With 11 seconds remaining, down two coming out of a timeout, Casey considered going for the win; an all or nothing three-point attempt that may have appeased the working media, many of whom grew restless as the rare preseason thriller crawled along. Instead, Landry Fields inbounded to Tyler Hansbrough on the elbow, who faked the pass back to Fields and blew by an unsuspecting Metta World Peace for the two-handed slam to tie the game. "I owed it to the players," Casey said of his decision to force overtime. "Weve got to try to execute down the stretch. It crossed my mind [to go for the three] but it wasnt the right thing to do." "It was good for us to learn," he explained following Torontos 123-120 win over the Knicks. "I know its excruciating for [the media] to have to stay up late and miss [their] deadlines but its good for [the players]." No starter played in the fourth quarter or in either of the extra periods as Casey continued to experiment with his reserves, many of whom have failed to stand out over the first six games. Hansbrough and Terrence Ross, who both figure to be mainstays off the bench this season, came through down the stretch while Quincy Acy, Dwight Buycks and Julyan Stone - who still hasnt made the team but is a safe bet to snag the final roster spot - played like they have something to prove. "The guys fought, scraped [and] got their way back into the game," Casey said. "Its a great experience for those young kids to be able to play in those situations because in the regular season most likely, unless something catastrophic happens, theyre not going to be in the game." "It prepares you for future games," said Ross, who scored a game-high 27 points including a buzzer beating three-pointer that forced double overtime. "If you ever get in that situation you know what to do and what not to do." "You really just get comfortable in that situation," he continued, "because the first time you go out there its always kind of nerve-racking no matter how many times you go over it in practice so just getting that live experience helps." Raining Ross Triples With 4.1 seconds remaining in the first overtime period, Julyan Stone found Ross - the inbounder - coming off a screen. The sophomore rose up, faded away and drilled the game-tying triple at the buzzer. By that point Ross was on fire. The Raptors guard was just one-for-three, all three-point attempts, through seven minutes in the first three quarters. He finished the game seven-for-15, including six-of-13 from long range, in just over 25 minutes. "My teammates kept passing me the ball," he said, "so I knew if they were passing to me I was going to shoot it. They gave me the confidence to keep shooting so thats what I did." At times Ross has been the most impressive player on the floor during the preseason, scoring most of his points in bunches. Other times, specifically early in games, hes gone relatively unnoticed, something Casey has noticed and is working with him to correct. "It took Terrence a little while to get going," the Raptors coach said of Ross, who should be the second units biggest source of offence if he can become more consistent. "Once he got going he was okay but hes got to do that as sooon as he comes in [the game] in that second quarter.dddddddddddd" Shades of Hakeem Once again in the preseason DeMar DeRozan put on a show in the paint, completely dominating smaller defenders in the post and making it look easy. From his trusted up and under move, to a devastating spin that made rookie Tim Hardaway Jr. look silly, to the fake behind the back pass that fooled former defensive player of the year Tyson Chandler en route to an easy lay in, DeRozan continued to turn heads and earn high praise. "I thought his footwork when they had single coverage [on him] was big-time," Casey said of DeRozans work in the post. "He looked like hed been working with Hakeem [Olajuwon] down there." "Its a footwork thing," said DeRozan, who has been studying film of great post-up guards including Kobe Bryant and Andre Miller. "Understanding how a players going to play me and just using my advantages. I know if I get a player in the air either I get the foul or get the lay-up. I just have different options and Im starting to understand that more." DeRozan had 21 points in just under 30 minutes, shooting 8-for-15 from the field, including his first two treys of the preseason. After going a perfect 5-of-5 in the paint Monday, he is now shooting 19-for-25 (76 per cent) in the restricted area, where he has taken 43 per cent of his field goal attempts during the exhibition season. Chemistry on the Wing The league, or at least the Knicks, have noticed the evolution in DeRozans game as hes beginning to see double teams intended to put pressure on him as a ball handler. "I thought his passes out of the double teams were huge," Casey said. "I think Rudy [Gay] got a three off of one of them. So hes got to punish them with the pass as much as his scoring out of the post." DeRozan improved his ball handling and court vision last season and looks to be taking the next step playing alongside another dangerous offensive weapon in Rudy Gay. Gay finished with 19 points on 5-of-10 shooting, also hitting a couple of three-pointers, in just under 26 minutes. Continued Search for Second-Unit Symmetry Again, the group of Ross, Fields, Hansbrough, D.J. Augustin and Austin Daye struggled to begin the second quarter on Monday. That group, which has given up early leads on a couple occasions this fall, gave up a one-point advantage that the starters had earned coming out of the opening frame and allowed the Knicks to rip off 15-6 run before Casey was forced to call a quick timeout and regroup. "I was disappointed in the approach in the second quarter," he admitted. "When you come in the game theres nobody guaranteed minutes. We cant come in soft. Weve got to get rid of that tag of teams coming in, pushing us under the bucket, grabbing offensive rebounds, taking the ball away from us with us being non-physical and I thought in the second quarter we did that." The Raptors, who finished the game with a 57-52 advantage on the boards, were outrebounded by nine in the first half. Augustin and Daye played just seven minutes and gave way to Buycks, Stone and Acy in the second half. An Uneventful Return for Bargnani Andrea Bargnani made his second preseason return to Toronto in a span of 10 days. The former Raptors forward was booed by the sparse crowd during pre-game introductions but the harsh reception was a bit more subdued than it was during his first game back and tailed off as the night went on. Bargnani scored 13 points, five of them from the free-throw line, on 4-of-12 shooting after starting off 1-of-8. Up Next The Raptors will host Memphis at the Air Canada Centre on Wednesday. Hear it live on TSN 1050 Radio at 7pm et. With just two exhibition games remaining, Casey has indicated he will begin to tighten the rotation and give his starters more playing time, including minutes in the fourth quarter as they prepare for the start of the regular season. |
0.999937 | Find locations that are popular with the audiences interested in the importance of healthy food financing. This includes school functions, playgrounds, Parent Teacher Association meetings, etc.
Some locations have a built in audience. For example, if you are working to ensure that all kids in your state have access to healthy food options, consider hosting your event at the State Capitol.
Consider bringing in a local mother who wants to ensure her child has access to healthy food at local stores; a school principal who envisions better nutrition options in their school, or a local doctor who can speak about the real impact lack of access to healthy food has on children’s health. |
0.888584 | Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Ukrainian: Сергій Сергійович Прокоф'єв) (born Sontsovka, Ukraine 23 April 1891; died Moscow 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer and pianist who came from Ukraine. During his lifetime, Ukraine was part of Russia. Together with Dmitri Shostakovich he is one of the greatest Russian composers of the 20th century. Children all over the world love to listen to his musical story Peter and the Wolf and the music for Lieutenant Kije, but he wrote many other great works including symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas, ballets and operas.
Prokofiev was born into an educated family, and his mother recognized very early her son's musical gifts. His father was a college-educated agronomist who managed the farm-site of his employer in the Ukrainian steppe. His mother played the piano reasonably well in her son's opinion. The young Sergei started composing at a very early age. By the time he was eleven he had written two operas and a series of small piano pieces he would later call "little puppies". Soon he was writing music with unusual time signatures and in unusual changes of key.
Prokofiev's formal musical education began when, as a young boy, he started taking lessons from Reinhold Glière. In 1904 he went to study at the Conservatory in St Petersburg. He was a brilliant student, but he often disagreed with the way the professors were teaching. He was bored with the lessons in orchestration from Rimsky-Korsakov and the counterpoint lessons from Liadov although he could have learned more from these great men. His main friends were the composers Nikolai Myaskovsky and Boris Asafiev. He often showed them his latest piano compositions which sounded very modern. Many of St. Petersburg's newspaper critics did not like his music, while others felt he showed great promise and was sure to be a "futurist".
Prokofiev spent the summer of 1909 back at home in the small Russian farming village of Sontsovka in what is now Ukraine where his father was an estate manager. He worked in a way that was to be typical of him all his life: he carefully kept a diary until the middle 1930s, was an excellent chess player and writer, kept making changes to a number of his earlier works. He often borrowed music from one composition and put it in another, or used unfinished works in new compositions.
When he returned to St Petersburg he took piano lessons from a teacher at the St. Petersburg Conservatory called Anna Esipova. She worked hard to discipline him in his playing although he did not appreciate her efforts. He also took conducting lessons from Nikolai Tcherepnin who taught him to like late-Romantic composers such as Scriabin and Debussy. He wrote some music himself in this style, but most of the music he wrote at this time sounded very harsh and dissonant and, although he was becoming quite famous, many people hated it. When he finished his studies at the Conservatoire he won its top prize (the Rubinstein Prize) with his First Piano Concerto, although the examiners had found it hard to agree and Rimsky-Korsakov said that Prokofiev was "gifted but immature".
Prokofiev travelled to London where he met many famous people including Diaghilev who had a very skilled ballet group called Ballets Russes. The composer Igor Stravinsky had been writing ballet music for Diaghilev’s dancers. Prokofiev particularly loved Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring and it influenced his music. He wrote an opera The Gambler based on the novel by Brusilov but the singers and the orchestra did not understand his music and refused to perform it. One of the first works of Prokofiev to become known all over the world was his First Symphony known as the Classical Symphony. He made the music sound like that of composers from the Classical period such as Haydn. This symphony is still very popular today.
In 1917 the Russian Revolution took place. The country was in a chaotic state so Prokofiev went to the United States. After a journey which took four months via the Transsiberian railway, Tokyo and San Francisco, he arrived in New York. His first real success came from his connections with Cyrus McCormik in Chicago. His first major commission was the opera The Love for Three Oranges for the Chicago Lyric Opera. It was popular in Chicago but not in New York City where he really wanted to make his reputation. He soon traveled to Paris to see Diagalev again whom he had met earlier in London. His first ballet for him was Ala and Lolly which Diagalev did not like and would not perform. This ballet later became Prokofiev's Scythian Suite. His next ballet was more successful, The Tale of the Buffoon. He also wrote his Third Piano Concerto which is his most popular concerto for piano. Prokofiev lived off and on in Paris for fourteen years, but he often went on tour, performing his works on the piano. In 1928 his Third Symphony was first performed, much of which was based on music from his opera The Fiery Angel which was never performed completely in his lifetime. In the late-1920s he was invited back to Russia. Although many Soviet people tried to persuade him to stay there he decided to remain in the West where he was starting to have a very successful career. It was not until 1936 that he finally decided to move back to Russia. Life was not easy in the Soviet Union for all types of creative people such as musicians, poets, writers and film makers. Composers were expected to write music which would make ordinary people happy and make them feel proud of their country and of the communist revolution. Any music that did not do this was called “decadent” or “formalist”. Many artists where punished for creating works that did not do what the socialist politicians expected of them. Prokofiev had never been interested in politics, and he thought the politicians would leave him in peace so that he could write the kind of music he liked.
Back in Russia Prokofiev settled in Moscow. He wrote several children’s pieces including Peter and the Wolf. He was asked to write music for two important jubilees: the 20th anniversary of the Revolution and the centenary of Pushkin’s death. He took great care over this music. Much of what he wrote was to be directed by Meyerhold, but Meyerhold was arrested, later tortured and murdered so the whole project never happened. Some of the music written for the Pushkin centenary was later used in his opera War and Peace, the Stone Flower ballet and Symphonic Waltzes. He also wrote a very large piece called Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of the October Revolution, using words by Marx, Lenin and Stalin for a total of 500 performers. The music included realistic effects such as gun shots, machine-gun fire and sirens. However, many critics said that the music was vulgar, and it was not performed until 1966, long after Prokofiev’s death. He tried to make the soviet authorities pleased by writing a "safe" opera called I am the Son of the Working People but the politicians stopped it during its early auditions. The opera was going to be produced by Meyerhold, but again it never happened because Meyerhold was arrested and executed.
The World War II was a time of change for Prokofiev for several reasons. In 1941 his marriage to Lina Llubera came to an end and his new companion Mira Mendelsohn, and later wife, saw him through his last years. Lina was a foreigner and marriage to foreigners was made illegal (forbidden) at that time. In 1948 she was arrested, charged with being a spy, and sent to a labour camp. On the other hand, Mira had lived her entire life within the Soviet system and was much more aware of how to survive in the politacally-charged times. In 1945, shortly after the premier of his Fifth Symphony, he had a stroke which was the beginning of a period of bad health. He spent a lot of time away from Moscow where it was unsafe. The first signs that his health was to be poor occurred in Alma-Ata in 1943 when he had a fainting spell. He was an workaholic and this, plus the pressures placed upon him by the Soviet system, forced him to withdraw from an active social life in Moscow. Prokofiev lived with Mira for the rest of his life. Lina was freed from the labour camp after Stalin’s death. Later she left the Soviet Union and she died in London in 1989.
During the war Prokofiev composed a lot of his best music. He wrote his last piano sonatas as well as working on his operas Betrothal in a Monestary after Sherican, and War and Peace (based on the novel by Tolstoy) and writing his film music for both Eisenstein’s Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible and composing his Fifth Symphony. The first performance of this symphony, given on 13 January 1945, was the last time he conducted in public. He spent the rest of his life in a house in the country to the west of Moscow, although during his last winters he lived in Moscow close to his doctors. Even in these last years he was not to find peace. Stalin’s rule of terror had serious effects on all Soviet artists. In 1948 a committee of the Communist Party spoke out against several Soviet composers including Prokofiev. They said that his music was “formalist” and “alien” to the Soviet people. His opera “War and Peace” was not allowed to be performed because it was neither lyrical nor patriotic enough. The works he wrote in his last years were mostly ones which the politicians officially approved. His last great work of this period is the Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra which used a lot of music from the unsuccessful Cello Sonata, and greatly revised with the help of the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.
Prokofiev died of a brain haemorrhage on 5 March 1953. His death was hardly mentioned in the newspapers because the dictator Josef Stalin died on the same day.
This page was last changed on 28 January 2016, at 15:55. |
0.985888 | H C Co Inc, HC Company, Inc.
Avis Budget Group , Inc.
QA Test Engineer at Juniper Networks, Inc.
Software Test Engineer / SQA Engineer at Juniper Networks, Inc.
Assistant Vice President Brumbaugh Construction, Inc.
Operations Manager BigHay Enterprises, Inc.
"Rather, patients with colon cancer should be optimistic, and they should eat a healthy diet, including tree nuts, which may not only keep them healthier, but may also further decrease the chances of the cancer coming back," said ASCO president Daniel Hayes.
"That's an important part of clinical research," said Dr. Daniel Hayes, clinical director of the breast cancer program at the University of Michigan. Hayes wrote an accompanying editorial in the journal but wasn't involved in the analysis.
Dr. Daniel Hayes, clinical director of the breast oncology program at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, said further study is needed to determine whether the three-pronged approach will be effective against other cancers.
The central dilemma about Avastin, however, is that doctors today have no way to know which specific patients will benefit, says Daniel Hayes of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, who wrote an accompanying editorial. So, doctors tend to give it to all eligible patients, hoping for the best, but knowing that Avastin can sometimes hasten a patient's death, Hayes says.
An adapter for distributing electrical energy has an insulating housing and a plurality of electrical contacts with each contact having at least three radially extending electrically conductive arms terminating near respective ports within the housing. The insulating housing is formed of first and second matable housing portions with each portion having two sets of alignable recesses. Each recess receives a portion of one electrically conductive arm. The first housing portion also has a set of centrally located cavities each aligned with corresponding first housing portion recesses to receive the third conductive arm of a corresponding contact whereby, one arm of each contact may be introduced into each cavity with the other two arms seated in corresponding recesses, and the second housing portion mated to the first housing portion capturing the contacts therein. Optionally, the housing further includes a receptacle terminal accepting port array and each electrical contact includes a fourth radially extending arm. The fourth arm of each contact extends to the receptacle terminal accepting port array.
What is claimed is: 1. An adapter for distributing electrical energy, comprising an insulating housing and a plurality of electrical contacts, each contact having at least three radially extending electrically conductive arms terminating near respective ports within the housing, the insulating housing comprising first and second matable housing portions, each portion having two sets of alignable recesses, each recess receiving a portion of one electrically conductive arm, the first housing portion having a set of centrally located cavities each aligned with corresponding first housing portion recesses to receive a third conductive arm of a corresponding contact whereby, one arm of each contact may be introduced into each cavity with two other arms seated in corresponding recesses, and the second housing portion mated to the first housing portion capturing the contacts therein. 2. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the housing further includes a receptacle terminal accepting port array and each electrical contact includes a fourth radially extending arm, the fourth arm of each contact extending to the receptacle terminal accepting port array. 3. The adapter of claim 2, wherein three of said conductive arms comprise relatively flat coplanar elongated blades and the fourth of said conductive arms comprises a resilient clip. 4.
An orthopedic component comprising a first element and a second element, with the first element and the second element being secured to one another with a modular connection, wherein the modular connection comprises a taper junction and an engaged-fit junction.
Aggregation, analysis, and presentation of IP-related information and other information are described.
A prosthetic femoral stem component comprising a body element, a neck element and a stem, element, with the body element, neck element and stem element being secured to one another with a modular connection, wherein the modular connection comprises a taper junction and an engaged-fit junction.
An insufflation device including a flexible tube, at least one resistive heating conductor having a first end and a second end, the at least one resistive heating conductor substantially disposed within the flexible tube and a temperature controller disposed within the flexible tube, the temperature controller electrically connected to the first end.
The present invention is directed to the use of deposited thin films for chemical or biological analysis. The invention further relates to the use of these thin films in separation adherence and detection of chemical of biological samples. Applications of these thin films include desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy, electrical contacts for organic thin films and molecules, optical coupling of light energy for analysis, biological materials manipulation, chromatographic separation, head space adsorbance media, media for atomic molecular adsorbance or attachment, and substrates for cell attachment.
What is claimed is: 1. A method for the analysis of a sample comprising: (a) depositing a continuous film having optical properties and species adsorption properties essentially the same as optical properties and adsorption properties of bulk material of the continuous film; (b) applying, after deposition of the continuous film, the sample to said deposited continuous film by either adsorption or directly to a surface of said deposited continuous film; and (c) analyzing the sample by matrix-less light desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy, after the sample has been applied to the deposited continuous film. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of organic chemical compositions, inorganic chemical compositions, biochemical compositions, drugs, drug metabolites, cells, cell material, micro-organisms, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and combinations thereof. 3. A method for sample analysis according to claim 2, further comprising obtaining said sample from the group consisting of: a fluidic system, a microfluidic system, a nanofluidic system, a micro chromatographic system, a nano chromatographic system, a high-throughput isolation and preparation system, and combinations thereof. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein said deposited film selected from the group consisting of: silicon, germanium, carbon, hydrogen and mixtures thereof. 5.
Finalists for Episode 4 of The Search video at Cheer Athletics. Check out Cheerxs.com for more finalists and cool videos.
Daniel Hayes - Knows how to sell homes! |
0.999998 | If a taxpayer does not qualify for education tax credits (American Opportunity / Lifetime Learning / tuition & fees deduction) because his/her income exceeds the applicable limits, can those same college expenses be considered 'qualifying expenses' for purposes of determining a 529 plan distribution ?
I'm not sure I understand your question. There are no income limits for opening a 529 account, or for using 529 funds for a beneficiary's qualified education expenses. |
0.982931 | What is the Median Age of the Residents in each U.S. State?
The median age in the Unites States is 37.8 years. The state with the youngest median age is Utah, were the average resident is 30.6 years old. Maine has the oldest residents with a median age of 44.6 years old. |
0.994488 | Create an NFL Squares contest for one of the upcoming NFL primetime games. Remember you can create a tournament for any NFL or NCAAF contest.
The lists below show the full 2018 schedule for all NFL Primetime games, including all 2018 Monday Night Football games, 2018 Thursday Night Football games, and 2018 Sunday Night Football games.
Click any of the scheduled games below to create your free SBPS Grid Contest for that game, with the teams pre-populated on each axis and loads of features including real-time scoring updates (beta).
Want a Custom Football Squares Contest?
You don't have to select one of the existing NFL games to create your custom football contest. Simply click the button below and create your own custom SBPS grid contest from scratch in just 30 seconds! |
0.99969 | A professional puppeteer could control all the puppet and tell stories on the basis of classic such as Faust. So mastering literature, as well as sculpting, painting puppets and making costumes, ______ essential in running a puppet theater.
The answer is（B). I want to ask that why the answer is "was", and why the others are wrong?
The rule that is being applied here is that the subject of that clause is "mastering literature", which is singular, so the verb is "was".
The phrase ", as well as sculpting, painting puppets and making costumes," is an additional phrase but not part of the subject. It would look more obvious if written as "...mastering literature (as well as sculpting, painting puppets and making costumes) was...". If you remove the part in brackets, the sentence should remain grammatically correct.
But I would tend to use "were" in this situation, treating the subject as the plural phrase. This is an example of when the subject gets separated from the verb, the verb form tends to adapt to the words that are close to it.
"Which was" and "which were" don't work; they would leave the sentence having no main clause, which is ungrammatical.
This is not a "complex subject". As well as, in formal use, does not act as a coordinating conjunction†; it's more or less equivalent to in addition to.
So as well as sculpting, painting puppets and making costumes, mastering literature was essential in running a puppet theater.
So mastering literature was essential in running a puppet theater, as well as sculpting, painting puppets and making costumes.
So mastering literature was essential in running a puppet theater.
† But you will find many writers using it this way even in formal contexts—it is evolving into an 'elegant variation' of and. I do not recommend emulating these writers. |
0.992561 | GroundWork Open Source senior developer Taylor Dondich discusses open source network monitoring with Nagios and the future of open source software in the data center.
Taylor Dondich, author of Network Monitoring with Nagios (O'Reilly) , was working as a network engineer in Las Vegas where a limited budget steered him toward open source software. After evaluating the various options, he decided on Nagios, over which Taylor wrote the open source configuration tool, Fruity . This grabbed the attention of GroundWork Open Source where he is now; and the rest is history.
Can you describe Nagios in a bit more detail?
Taylor Dondich: At the core, Nagios is a very small daemon and it's supported by a library of plug-ins. These plug-ins are miniature programs whose sole job is to go out and check the status of things. So, you might have a plug-in that says, "I want to check on the status of this certain network port on this Cisco switch," or "I want to check the file system's free space on my Windows server." All these programs talk to the devices and talk back to Nagios and say the status of this device is that it's okay, or that it's down, or that there may possibly be a problem. There are those two components and another component: the UI component. It is a web-based application, very accessible, where an individual can login, view the resources that he's responsible for, and manage those resources; take a look at the status, send commands back to Nagios, things of that nature.
How does that compare to the commercial options?
Dondich: If you're looking at HP Open View or Tivoli, these are very large program software suites; a lot of components. Nagios is really just one part of the whole solution. It's a state monitoring solution. It can tell you which devices are up or down. It doesn't give you really granular control. For example, it can't do performance graphing, it doesn't have trouble ticketing; it's just one piece of the puzzle. There are other open source alternatives to Nagios, one being openNMS. But the maturity isn't there and the community isn't as full blown as Nagios. That's how you would compare it to other products out there, especially the commercial aspects. It's [the state monitoring] piece of the puzzle and it does that part really well.
Have you seen a trend in the kinds of monitoring solutions that IT managers are looking for?
Dondich: I've been noticing a lot more application monitoring, what applications are failing and where it's failing. Energy consumption monitoring is something that's big and also just heterogeneous monitoring. Now that Linux is becoming a much more powerful platform in the enterprise, you've got people that need to monitor various types of Linux devices alongside their Windows structure. Those kinds of things are coming into the forefront. Now, because of that you need a network monitoring solution which is extremely flexible in handling that. Nagios has a plug-in architecture where they are custom written to monitor dynamic types of devices; Windows devices, Linux devices. Any device that can talk: PCP, UDP, there are plug-ins out there for environmental control, UPS units. So, any kind of device that your team needs to think about, there is usually a plug-in or some kind of support for that. Nagios comes with a standard set of plug-ins that will get you by on a pretty common set of platforms. Because Nagios has such a powerful community, the members have written plug-ins. Groundwork Open Source has written a set of plug-ins to do WMI monitoring on Windows devices. There's a good online repository called nagiosexchange.org, which is a directory of extensions for Nagios where a great collection of plug-ins can be found. If you have a specific kind of device, normally you can find a plug-in for it. If there isn't, the plug-in API is extremely simple. If you have a developer that knows a little Perc or C, they can probably write a plug-in for it.
Why open source? Is it feasible on the enterprise level?
Dondich: If you take a look at some of these big organizations entering open source software --Novell, IBM, -- you get a sense that, yeah, the enterprise is ready to take on open source as a viable solution to the problems. Network monitoring, for example, just a few years ago, you would deal with some of the larger network monitoring tools, such as Tivoli, HP Open View, and that was it. You had to deal with large licensing costs, complexity in the software and sometimes frustrating support on the other end. Open source software helps alleviate that. There tends to be much less total cost of operation, the support is strong because it's all community-based. If you have a question or a problem, usually asking a question on a mailing list gets you a solution right away. And as the complexity of open source software grows, it can match the feature set of some of the commercial software that you had to deal with previously. Yes, I think open source software is now in the mainstream and you can use it as a viable solution for your enterprise.
Does the fact that open source software is community-based beg any security questions or issues?
Dondich: There are commercial companies offering commercial support for open source software. Groundwork is a great example. We have open source software and we support it commercially. You can go through commercial pipelines to get your support for open source software and you have all your security issues and things like that alleviated. But, when you talk to the open source community, you [shouldn't] expose your security issues to them. If you're discussing configuration, you don't want to discuss the specific configuration of your servers or say my IP address is this and this and this. So you have to kind of be wary of that. But usually the community is extremely helpful. And the Nagios open source community is by far one of the most helpful communities. Usually, they'll be able to help you without really discussing details about your network infrastructure and how it's organized.
Are there situations where an IT manager might not want to use an open source tool?
Dondich: It depends on the maturity of the software you're looking for. For example, Nagios has been around for years and years. Before Nagios, it was known as NetFaint. So, the product has had a great deal of time to mature and become stable enough to really trust your network on it. That's why Groundwork chose Nagios as one of its core open source software--because of its stability; because it's been around for a while. That's one of the major factors when looking at open source products to use in your enterprise, especially when possibly replacing a commercial solution that's already in place. You definitely don't want to look at a bleeding edge open source project and say "Man, I want to implement this!" You have to take a look at the stability, the feature set and if there is support around it; if there is commercial support options around, because sometimes you might have a question that the OS community won't be able to answer. Having a commercial support line in lieu of that definitely helps.
With so much emphasis on software and hardware, we forget that people are the other half of the data center. Can you talk about the management side of using Nagios?
Dondich: When you're trying to implement an IT management solution, you're not just dealing with the tools, you're dealing with IT policies, how to react to issues, things of that nature. Nagios is only going to support the policies you put in place. When you start looking at putting in a network monitoring solution, you need to talk about the procedures: how are you going to notify the individuals that make up your team? What is the network admin's workflow? Are the network admins reachable by pager, cell? You have to put things of that nature together. Proper escalation procedures: If the network admin doesn't fix this certain kind of problem within a certain amount of time, the manager needs to be notified. Even security issues: we don't want any of this type of traffic to go out of this area of our DMV; we need to document that. Nagios really compliments those policies. It doesn't help you design those policies. You have to have really good procedures in place before you have Nagios overlay them. But those are the things you have to think about. If you try to implement Nagios and develop policies later, those policies are going to be skewed. |
0.95653 | Hawaiian words I should know?
Are there any Hawaiian words I should know before visiting the islands?
Lua is bathroom. Imu is the underground oven to cook the kalua pig. Kekei is children. Kokua is help or assistance. Alii is Hawaiian royalty. Pau hana is finish working.
pau = finished; mahalo = thank you; kane = men; wahine = women, kapu = keep out; ono = taste good; mauka = towards the mountain; makai = towards the ocean; poke = raw fish and sea weed; sashimi = raw fish.
There's trouble if some locals are telling you "ufa mea" which is "f__ you."
I am certain that MOST people in the islands would be helpful and not act unresponsibly toward visitors. I will, however, watch my step and try to smile when in doubt. As a local, do you run into problems with people and their "rude" language?
haole is foreigner or now it means white person, luna is the boss, kamaaina is a native born or longtime resident, tutu is grandma, ohana is family. |
0.989812 | The future of fleet telematics can be summarized in one word: Growth.
It is an interesting time to be in fleet telematics, because there are so many things going for it.
First, more and more businesses are finding that fleet telematics and fleet management in general brings in significant benefits to their businesses. It is something that they cannot live without if they want to stay competitive.
Second, the components of a fleet telematics systems is getting more and more affordable as it gains more and more capabilities. We now have sensors and transmitters that are extra powerful and that cover more functionalities at a fraction of the prices of sensors that were introduced a few years ago.
But what are propelling the growth of the fleet telematics industry are the government-mandated regulations for vehicles to have them onboard. For instance, Contran 245 wants all new vehicles in Brazil to be equipped with tracking devices to help fight rampant car theft, while Russia has built infrastructure called the ERA-GLONASS, which is aimed at making the roads safer. Nations in Europe are working on eCall, which uses telematics to send immediate help to those who are involved in a collision. What all of these mandates mean is that telematics would soon be required in all new vehicles, and ultimately, it will mean that all fleets would have it in the near future. It would also mean that we could expect to have a boost in the technologies behind tracking solutions and fleet management systems.
Couple that with the falling prices of hardware, and we should see more and more businesses putting up their own fleet management systems for their use.
Reuters, citing a study from ABI Research, reports that in 2016, there would be at least 30 million subscriptions for both fleet management and trailer tracking systems around the world. That is from only 13.3 million recorded in 2012.
This growth is expected to be fueled by fleet telematics and fleet management providers that are offering more affordable systems that many small fleets are taking advantage of. Also, non-trucking enterprises such as service, private and public transportation and delivery companies are also getting into fleet tracking and fleet management precisely because of the cheaper price tags on the hardware. For instance WEBFLEET’s best hardware costs less than $500 with a monthly subscription as low as $12. Then Qualcomm offers its MCP50 fleet management systems for less than $800 and a monthly subscription of around $20.
Even if the lower cost fleet management and fleet tracking systems are not that fully featured, it would serve its purpose for smaller fleets composed of around 10 vehicles, and we are seeing small fleets fueling the growth for fleet telematics.
There are several key markets in fleet telematics. These markets are duplicating the growth that we have seen in North America and Europe.
For instance, you have the Latin American market where Brazil’s Contran 245 is helping fuel the growth of in-car telematics. And if the law is fully implemented, new vehicles with onboard telematics would give rise to value added services related to the new technology. You should also expect more growth coming from Chile and Mexico, both of which have their own projects that involves telematics on cars. When it comes to Latin America, the focus of fleet telematics providers is on driver behavior monitoring, efficiency and driver safety, with Brazil focusing more on risk management.
Then you have the Russian market. Russia has ERA-GLONASS, which is a road accident emergency response systems that would mandate all new vehicles be fitted with a tracking device. The systems would allow new vehicles to communicate with rescue services, insurance companies, location-based content providers, and yes, fleet management software.
Then you have the Asian market. As expected, China is leading the way for commercial vehicle telematics to grow in the region. Already, we are seeing companies setting up shop in the country, including Navman Wireless, which successfully signed up one of the country’s biggest logistic fleets with more than 5,000 vehicles. It also includes Daimler, which has launched FleetBoard in every Mercedes Benz tractor truck sold in the country. The Chinese government has a hand in this growth, requiring most taxi and bus fleets to have some sort of tracking systems in place. On top of this, growth is expected in other areas as well, such as motorcycle delivery.
The rest of Asia is also on the growth curve. You might think that Southeast Asia, with its poor road conditions, low income and poor telecommunications infrastructure, is not a good market for fleet telematics. However, looking at each country, you would find that there are those with rising economies. Asian markets such as those in Japan, Thailand and Malaysia are leading the way. Malaysia’s Proton now has 4G Internet on their cars, Thailand and Japan has Toyota’s Smart G-BOOK, which is a telematics application that can be accessed on smartphones and gives you the best route to your destination by checking your location and traffic information. It also allows you to request roadside assistance in an emergency situation.
Then you have the continued growth in the established markets of the United States and Europe. Europe’s eCall is requiring all new passenger vehicles sold in the entire European Union to have in band modems that would be able to dial the nearest emergency systems when the car or light commercial vehicle gets into a collision. Yet the region has been experiencing a recession that is derailing the growth of fleet telematics. However, several companies in the region can expand the applications and services they offer to get more revenues while they wait for it to tide over.
In the US, there are two laws that are seen to benefit fleet tracking and fleet management systems. There is the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Compliance, Safety, Accountability program. This law seeks to improve the safety of trucks and buses and uses telematics to gauge vehicle maintenance, driver fitness, unsafe driving behaviors and other factors.
Then you have the Highway-Funding Bill that includes a provision to require everyone to have an onboard recorder to track hours of service rendered by a driver. The law will directly affect more than 3 million trucks and drivers. |
0.951175 | Why Do Spiders Appear in the Sink?
Looking into your sink in the morning to see a spider looking back at you is not something you expect, and certainly not what you want to see. Spiders often find their way into a sink or tub, but they are not always able to make their way out. Spiders enter sinks for different reasons, and it is a myth that they climb in through the pipes. Spiders do not enter the sink through the pipe, but from above.
Spiders may find their way to your sink while scavenging for food.
Spiders need water to survive. They often drink water from droplets on plants or the ground or from dew gathered on their webs. If a thirsty spider is crawling around your house, it may find its source of water in your sink. Small water droplets may be left inside the sink from its last use. These droplets attract the spiders, which may be why they find their way into the basin.
Spiders are carnivorous and eat live and sometimes already dead insects. Some large spiders are able to eat lizards and small birds. Spiders sometimes search for prey, and if they are inside your house, they may be scavenging for the insects. If an insect is in your sink, a spider will most likely enter your sink to attack its prey. It may simply enter your sink while searching for potential food.
Spiders mate in spring and summer. They often search for a mate, and sometimes female spiders release chemicals to attract male spiders. If a female spider happens to be in or near your sink while releasing these chemicals, male spiders will come her way. They may enter or stumble into the sink while searching for or courting the female spider, which sometimes involves dances.
Spiders are unable to climb the smooth surface of most sink basins. Their feet are unable to grip anything on the surface, causing them to be stuck in the sink. If a spider has entered your sink for any reason, it most likely can't get out, which is why it is still there when you happen to see it.
Remove spiders from the sink and put them outside. Spiders help keep bug populations under control, keeping other pesky bugs away from your home. Simply set a glass a jar or cup over the spider and slide cardboard or sturdy paper underneath. Flip the jar or cup over and hold the cardboard or paper on top, or put on a lid. Carry it outside and lay it on its side on the ground. Remove the top and allow the spider to exit. |
0.990799 | The Appalachian Trail is estimated to be about 2,200 miles long. The route, which begins and ends in Georgia and Maine, navigates hikers through 12 states and typically takes roughly five to seven months to complete.
After going on some smaller backpacking trips, reading endless books, and watching documentaries, Whittaker found a healthy obsession with the trail. He studied what it took to complete the route from a mental and physical perspective for roughly six to eight years before completely diving in. He retired from the U.S. Postal Service in Ozark after 32 years, and leapt.
His journey on the trail began alone. He kissed goodbye his loving wife and biggest supporter, Debbie, put his backpack on, and just like that, he was off.
But it didn't take long for Whittaker to find a new family, one that changes with the ebbs and flows of trail _ his ``trail-mily,'' or trail family.
Though they very seldom hike together, a trail family is a group of hikers that typically pass each other often or finish up a day of backpacking with rest at the same camp sites, Whittaker said. He added that in his current family, there are roughly 200 hikers covering a 100-mile stretch and headed in the same direction. Some will hike faster and catch up to a new family, and others that may take extra rest days and a new family will find them.
``At first, we would have a nice campfire at the end of the day and sit around and talk. The day is kind of over when the sun goes down, and when I started on March 16, that was at like 5:30. Now by the end of the day we're all so beat that we don't have fires anymore, it's just too much work. It's mostly just a bunch of dirty, tired people that set up camp, eat, and pass out,'' Whittaker laughed.
On some occasions, Whittaker has the chance to trade in his blow-up sleeping pad for a night in a hostel, to shower and perhaps get some supplies in the nearest town. Leaving the hiking for the trail, Whittaker learned that the best way to get anywhere is by hitchhiking.
``It sounds kind of crazy to hitchhike, but most of the people that pick you up know about the trail and have a special relationship with it or have hiked it themselves,'' he said.
It's the trail magic, and his wife and daughter, that Whittaker thinks about most when times get tough on the route.
``It's been defeating in some respects and fulfilling in others. There are days that I just miss home. A lot of these younger hikers don't really have a place that they've settled into yet. But I have a wife and my daughter is pregnant and sometimes it gets hard. But I just give Debbie a call, or my daughter a call, and I keep going, and things get better. Debbie always tells me that if I quit I'll probably regret it, and I think she's right,'' Whittaker said.
Once he's completed the route, Whittaker will take away countless lessons and memories, but most of all, he will never forget his trail name, he said.
A trail name can either be chosen by the hiker at the beginning of the trail, or the trail will give one to you along the way.
Whittaker was hiking out of Erwin, Tennessee. The night before had dumped an intense amount of rain on the trail, and he decided he wanted a picture of a fast-flowing river that had swelled overnight. After taking the picture, he attempted to enter a bridge that was lead up to by rocks. Whittaker took a spill on the rocks and found himself in the water, swimming with all of his gear still on, to get to the other side. Just after, with his clothes still soaked, snow began to fall.
Whittaker is currently 1,535.2 miles into the 2,200 mile trip. He updates his Facebook profile with pictures, videos, and trail trivia when he has cell phone service. Comments from the community are always welcome, he said, and encouragement from home is always added to his own stash of trail magic he reserves for times of need. |
0.999418 | Alternative non-lead bullets have been available since the 1980s with a small variety of calibers originally available to sportsmen. The recent ban in California on the use of traditional lead ammunition and the voluntary use of non-lead ammunition by sportsmen in Arizona have allowed the non-lead market to expand and, ultimately, lead to new advancements in ammunition technology. But how good of an alternative is a copper bullet?
Lead bullet on the left and a copper bullet on the right.
Lead is a dense and heavy metal. This increased weight means shots have more momentum, velocity and even more accuracy, allowing lead bullets to deliver a better upset at long range. A copper bullet with the same dimensions of a lead-core bullet will undoubtedly be lighter, meaning it will not retain its velocity as well or carry quite as much energy.
It is also important to note that the speed at the muzzle will not offset a higher ballistic coefficient downrange. Because copper is harder than lead, a lightweight non-lead bullet does not accelerate as fast as a traditional bullet without boosting pressure. There is simply too much friction from the hard shank.
As for penetration, the copper bullet fares very well, typically retaining more of its original weight than lead bullets and delivering a more symmetrical blossom, which tends to drive straighter.
Copper bullets may be lighter than lead bullets, but they are also harder. This means that they are less prone to fragmenting.
Though lead core bullets deliver a quick and humane blow to big game animals, they do so at the cost of lead fragmenting throughout the wound tract. This can taint the harvested meat and organs, which later on may be consumed by humans or scavenging wildlife.
While the degree of fragmentation varies between ammunition brands and bullet design, results show that lower grade bullets can lose up to 35% of their original weight by fragmentation and premium grade lead core bullets can lose anywhere from five to 20%. Additional studies have shown that lead fragments that are too small to be detected can travel two to 18 inches away from the wound channel.
When it impacts dense objects (bone will cause bullets to break apart much more than flesh or organs).
This could change as more makers develop more bullets made of copper and gilding metal. Should the transition happen from lead to non-lead bullets, many guns will also have to be redesigned and will be more costly to build. Using non-lead ammunition in guns designed for lead causes them to wear out much more quickly.
Another concern regarding bullets is throat life. Lead bullets are generally easier on the barrel since they are softer than copper jackets. Lead bullets can also be made to fit the diameter of your specific barrel better, providing a better “seal” and, theoretically, a better group size.
It should be noted that even though harder bullet material like copper increases friction and accelerates wear, few individuals actually shoot enough to ruin a throat with these bullets.
There has been much discussion over the impact that lead bullet fragments have on scavenging birds such as the bald eagle or turkey vulture. These birds are often exposed to lead through bullet fragments in gut piles and unrecovered deer carcasses.
There has also been concern for other mammals, such as black bears or wolves, that take advantage of these feeding conveniences. It should be noted, however, that so far there has been no scientific evidence backing these theories.
Lead is not going anywhere fast. If you hunt places other than California, you still have a choice on using conventional lead bullets or opting to use an alternative. With the advancements and current research going into copper bullets, it is possible that hunters will make the switch to an alternative bullet due to better performance, but for now, it is really up to a hunter’s preference. |
0.999967 | The U.S. national bird, known for its dramatic wingspan of up to 8 feet (2.4 meters) and its 200 mph (320 kph) flight speed, has another superlative ability: nest building.
A typical bald eagle nest is big: up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) in diameter and up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) deep. But that's nothing compared to the largest nest ever discovered. One found in Florida in the 1960s had a weight of more than 2.2 tons (2 metric tons), a diameter of 9.6 feet (2.9 meters), and a depth of 20 feet (6 meters). Another that fell out of a tree in Ohio in the 1920s was 8.5 feet (2.6 meters) across, 12 feet (3.6 meters) deep, and weighed about 2 tons (1.8 metric tons).
How does a pair of birds build a nest that massive? Slowly. Bald eagles use the same nest year after year, sometimes for decades, and they're constantly adding twigs, branches, moss, feathers and other nesting material. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources estimates that bald eagles, likely more than one mating pair over time, had been building and living in that 2-ton Ohio nest for about 35 years before it fell. |
0.999999 | How long is the zipline tour?
The Sky Bridge Tour takes approximately 2 hours and includes nine ziplines, two sky bridges, two nature walks, the longest zip on the course, zips over two ponds, and two zips over the North Oconee River.
The Adventure Tour takes approximately three hours and includes twelve ziplines (over one mile of cable), two sky bridges, three nature walks, the fastest zips on the course, zips over three ponds, two zips over the North Oconee River, and a rappel.
Both Tours include information shared by certified eco-trained guides about the forest, wildlife, community history, and culture. Participants receive individual safety and braking training. |
0.971481 | What are the causes and consequences of globalization of financial markets in last two decades? How does it affect values of National currencies?
"Globalization of financial markets" has remained an overly debated theme for quite a while now. The world has witnessed a steady increase in cross-border financial transactions in recent decades. These positive developments led to the easing of norms regarding cross-border transactions and liberating national financial markets.
In the past few decades our ability to share information has increased manifold. Information Technology (IT) has provide the necessary impulse to globalization. Advancement in hardware, software and telecommunications has improved our ability to access information globally. IT provides communication network that facilitates the sharing of ideas, resources etc, among various nations irrespective of their geographical location. Thus playing a pivotal role in globalization.
Since 1980's many countries adopted the policy of liberalization and eased norms regarding cross-border transactions, this led to the flow of financial assets. The pivotal positive argument given in favor of liberalization was that, it would diversify risk due to market size, worldwide investing, lending possibilities and market efficiency. It was considered that welfare would be higher without glitches such as taxes on international trade in financial assets.
The consequences of globalization of financial markets can be broadly sub-divided into two categories.
Developed countries have utilized the untapped markets of developing countries to sell there goods, these markets have also provided cheap labor to the developed countries. Foreign Direct Investment's impact on economic growth has had a positive impact in developed countries and an increase in trade and FDI, resulting in higher growth rates.
Globalization, gives the governments of developed countries the opportunity to borrow money from developed countries. When this money is used for development of infrastructure, health care etc. The standard of living of the people of developing countries do improve.
On the negative side, while the inflow of foreign capital and foreign firms does reduce the unemployment and poverty, it can also lead to wide disparity in the standard of living of those who are educated and those who are not.
currency reflects the economic status of its issuer: when Japan got into economic. In the new trend of globalization, the accumulation of national debt as a result of stimulating economies does not necessarily decrease currency value for which a good example is the USD in the last year or so and austerity fiscal policies with promises of cutting deficit and playing sound "old" economics does not necessarily increase currency value for which good example is the EUR and its most recent developments; nor by expanding one's social and infrastructural policies would necessarily decrease their currency's value for which good example is the RMB whose value is considered depreciated instead.
What is so different about oil compare to any other commodity on the international market that political economists are talking about oil politics ? Do you think oil crisis will continue to reoccur ? Why ?
Oil is strategically the most important source of energy. The economical and industrial advancement of a country heavily depends on the supply of this precious commodity. Any fluctuation in oil price reflects the condition of the world economy , which always serves as moot topic in every political and economic circle of the world.
Oil consumption encompasses 40% of the global energy consumption. But because of its limited supply and fluctuating price it is an important strategic fuel for all the countries in the world. In 1970's, world faced two of the worst oil crisis which devastated the world economy. Since entering the 21st century, the international oil price fluctuates relentlessly again, from 49.51 dollars/barrel in January,2007 to 142.8 dollars/barrel in July 2008.
Some scholars believe that oil price is solely governed by Supply and Demand. But, according to me , the fluctuating oil price is not completely governed by the Supply and Demand phenomenon, the intensity of competition between rival nations.
There has always been an imbalance between Supply and Demand, whenever there is a big fluctuation in oil price in the international market. Hence, it is the governing factor as far as oil price is concerned.
1.Restricted supply capability of international oil.
2.Instability of oil production in OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries). At present, oil producing companies play a much more important role than oil consuming countries in global energy structure.
From the perspective of oil demand the only factor playing a crucial role in fluctuation of oil price is the diversification in OPEC countries, the petroleum industry is the most important department in national economy and the government's entire financial revenue relies solely on income brought by oil exporting, however, this single national economic structure is easily affected by international market.
Depreciation of US dollars inevitably causes the rise in international oil price and its appreciation brings about a drop in international oil price. In 2007, the exchange rate of dollar to euro dipped around 10%, the international crude oil price at the same time rose by about 60%.
In today's era , the oil price in the international market is not only governed by supply and demand mechanism. Both, the supply and the demand side keep an eye on the future oil market while valuating the current oil price.
Geopolitical risks do exist in middle east and other oil producing areas. For example, Iran 18.9 billion tones of proven oil reserves, the daily oil production of 4000 thousand barrels, however, its nuclear project still remains a suspense, in addition to it, the relation between Iran and America always remains tensed.
By analyzing the past fluctuation in oil price one can conclude that there are innumerable factors affecting the oil price and with the advancement in global economy the factors affecting oil price would surely increase. Since these factors are interlocked , there study becomes very complex. Therefore, it's very difficult to predict the future of oil price in the global market. |
0.999996 | Review the following details to learn about college application resume templates. Use these tips to prepare a resume as a high school student for college.
Many college applications require a resume attachment to provide additional insight about students inquiring admission into their institution. Referring to a resume template for college application to assist writing your resume is a great writing tool to simplify the process while making sure content is organized and presentable. Your resume doesn’t have to be perfect, but it should be something to help you feel confident about your abilities and accomplishments as it helps to provide information about who you are and why you’re a good candidate for college.
Why Use a Resume for College Application Template?
When you have no clue how to plan or write a resume a template is the perfect tool. In a nutshell, it tells you what you need to include and how to present the details. It helps you understand the format to follow for your content and you know what information about yourself to mention. Using a template of this nature helps you stay focused on presenting your information to ensure you meet expectations. Plus, you’ll learn things about yourself colleges will value while using it as an assessment tool for potential admission.
There are several parts to the resume to review before you start writing. Understanding these parts will assist with planning and determining what to include. Here are the basic parts of a college application resume to know.
Contact details: Use relevant information that is reliable for someone to contact you. Details such as your full name, address, phone number, and email address. Use an email address that is appropriate to place on a resume while leaving a positive impression. The email address should be something you can check on a regular basis.
Education background: a college application resume template will help you organize your educational information into presentable content in chronological order. This section will mention the name of your high school (including years attended start and end year), GPA, test scores for ACT/SAT, and related course classes completed related to your major or subject of interest.
Experience: here you will detail what you have accomplished and any responsibilities you’ve completed in relation to your major. Mention your actions by the numbers if possible. For example, if you worked part-time with an employer, mention how many hours you worked per week or per shift. If you babysit mention how many children and how many hours. If you played on a sports team and were the captain, mention how many times you lead the team to complete certain actions per week. Show volume in your experience.
Awards: few resume template for college applications provide pertinent details for this section to help you present any awards or honors showing your best merits. Mention awards received at school for academics, sports, or even community work or other special groups you may be associated with such as eagle scouts.
While preparing your high school resume template for college application submission you can omit the “objection” section and the “references available upon request” details. You’ll likely have experience to add that may not be directly related to your major, but you can show you’ve developed and engaged in responsibilities to show how you work with others. Write a draft and share it with someone you trust to get feedback and suggestions.
After using a student resume template for college application to create your final resume, finalize your content and have it reviewed by an instructor. Check spelling, spacing, and word usage. While it doesn’t have to be perfect, make sure your final draft leaves a positive impression. Make sure your information is honest, factual, and concise. You may be asked about written details later. Using a resume template for high school student applying to college is optional but makes a big difference when planning how to present your personal information to potential colleges.
Sometimes writing takes very much time.
This will help you to create a unique piece.
Your resume should be reader-friendly.
Don't forget to double-check before sending.
Positive mood is a sure way to success.
Don't be afraid to fail and always try harder. |
0.943624 | The Roman–Etruscan Wars were a series of wars fought between ancient Rome (including both the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic) and the Etruscans, from the earliest stages of the history of Rome. Information about many of the wars is limited, particularly those in the early parts of Rome's history, and in large part is known from ancient texts alone.
According to the Roman foundation myth as relayed by Livy, the Etruscans, led by King Mezentius allied with King Turnus of the Rutuli, attacked the Latins and the exiled Trojans, led by Latinus and Aeneas respectively. The Latins and Trojans were victorious, and Turnus was killed in battle. Peace was afterwards concluded on the basis that the river Tiber would be the common boundary between the Etruscans and the Latins.
In the 8th century BC, during the reign of Rome's first king, Romulus, the Fidenates (an Etruscan people) decided to suppress Rome as a future threat and began to lay waste to its territory, in opposition to which Romulus marched on Fidenae and camped a mile from it. Setting an ambush in the thickets he brought the rest of the army to the gates of Fidenae to provoke them into exiting the city. Seeing the appearance of disorder the Fidenates sallied out in pursuit and were caught in the ambush. Romulus' troops wheeled, drove the Fidenates through their gates so closely that they were not able to close them, and took the town.
The Veientes were concerned at the situation with Fidenae both because of its proximity to Veii and their consanguinuity with the Fidenates (who were also Etruscan), and accordingly launched an incursion into Roman territory. After having done so, the Veientes returned to Veii with their booty. Romulus and the Roman army followed and met the Veientes in battle outside the walls of Veii. The Romans were victorious and the Veientes fled into the city. The Romans, not having the strength to take the city by storm, instead laid waste their lands. The Veientes sued for peace, and a one-hundred year treaty was concluded upon the Veientes giving to the Romans a part of their own territory.
In the second war with Fidenae and Veii in the 7th century (see below), Livy describes Fidenae as a Roman colony. It may be that a colony was established there after the defeat by Romulus.
In the 7th century BC, during the reign of Rome's third king, Tullus Hostilius, the Fidenates and Veientes again went to war with Rome. According to Livy they were incited to war by Mettius Fufetius, the dictator of Alba Longa, who had been defeated by and had become in substance a vassal of Rome.
The Fidenates openly revolted against Rome. Tullus summoned Mettius and his army from Alba Longa and, together with the Roman army, marched on Fidenae. The Roman and Alban army crossed the Anio and camped near the confluxion of the Anio and the Tiber. The army of Veii crossed the Tiber also and, with the Fidenates, formed up battle lines next to the river, the Veientes closest to the river and the Fidenates nearest the mountains. The Roman-Alban army formed up facing them, the Romans towards the Veientes and the Albans towards the Fidenates.
The battle commenced, however Mettius and the Alban troops headed slowly towards the mountains, intending to desert. Tullus exhorted his troops, telling them the Alban army had moved pursuant to his orders. The Fidenates, who being Roman colonists understood Latin, heard what Tullus said about the Albans and feared the Alban army would charge down upon them from the rear: accordingly they fled the battle. The Romans then routed the Veientes.
In the 6th century BC, according to Livy, Rome's sixth king Servius Tullius went to war with Veii (after the expiry of an earlier truce) and with the rest of the Etruscans. Little is said of the war, except that the king was conspicuous for his valour and good fortune, that he routed a great army of the Etruscans and Veientes, and that the war helped cement his position at Rome, he having only recently become king. According to the Fasti Triumphales, Servius celebrated three triumphs over the Etruscans, including on 25 November 571 BC and 25 May 567 BC (the date of the third triumph is not legible on the Fasti).
Livy records that during the reign of Servius' successor, Tarquinius Superbus, Rome renewed a treaty with the Etruscans. It is not clear which earlier peace treaty was renewed.
In 509 BC the Roman monarchy was overthrown, and the republic commenced with the election of the first consuls. The deposed king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, whose family originated from Tarquinii in Etruria, garnered the support of the cities of Veii and Tarquinii, recalling to the former their regular losses of war and of land to the Roman state, and to the latter his family ties. The armies of the two cities followed Tarquin to battle but were defeated by the Roman army at the Battle of Silva Arsia. The consul Valerius collected the spoils of the routed Etruscans, and returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph on 1 March 509 BC.
Livy writes that later in 509 BC Valerius returned to fight the Veientes. It is unclear whether this was continuing from the Battle of Silva Arsia, or was some fresh dispute. It is also unclear what happened in this dispute.
Tarquinius, having failed to regain the throne using his allies of Tarquinii and Veii, next sought the aid of Lars Porsena, king of Clusium in 508 BC. Clusium was at that time a powerful Etruscan city.
The Roman senate heard of the approach of Porsena's army, and were afraid lest the people of Rome should out of fear let the enemy into the city. Accordingly, the senate took a number of measures to strengthen the resolve of the populace, including purchasing grain from the Volsci and from Cumae, nationalising licences for the sale of salt (which was at the time costly), and exempting the lower classes from taxes and port customs duties. The measures were successful, and the mood of the populace turned against the enemy.
Porsena, with his army, attacked Rome. As his troops were surging towards the Pons Sublicius, one of the bridges over the Tiber leading into the city, Publius Horatius Cocles leapt across the bridge to hold off the enemy, giving the Romans time to destroy the bridge. He was joined by Titus Herminius Aquilinus and Spurius Lartius. Herminius and Lartius retreated as the bridge was almost destroyed. Horatius waited until the bridge had fallen, then swam back across the river under enemy fire. A statue was erected to Horatius in the comitium, along with land at the public expense, and also private awards.
As the attack had been unsuccessful, Porsena next determined to blockade the city. He established a garrison on the Janiculum, blocked river transport, and sent raiding parties into the surrounding countryside.
During the siege, the consul Valerius baited a group of the Clusian army with a herd of cattle driven out through the Esquiline Gate. Titus Herminius was ordered to lay in wait along the Via Gabina, two miles from Rome. Spurius Lartius was posted with troops inside the Colline Gate; consul Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus waited with troops at the Naevian Gate; while Valerius himself led troops down from the Coelian Hill. The trap was successful, and the band of Clusians were killed.
The siege continued. Next, with the approval of the senate a Roman youth named Gaius Mucius stealthily entered the Etruscan camp with the intent of assassinating Porsena. However, when Mucius came close to the king, he could not tell apart the king from his secretary, and killed the king's secretary in error. Mucius was captured by the Etruscans, and brought before Porsena. He openly declared his identity and what had been his intent. He threatened that he was but merely the first of three hundred Roman youths who would attempt such a deed. To prove his valour, Mucius thrust his hand into one of the Etruscan camp fires, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the cognomen Scaevola. Mucius was also granted farming land on the right hand back of the Tiber, which later became known as the Mucia Prata (Mucian Meadows). Porsena, shocked at the youth's bravery, dismissed him from the Etruscan camp, free to return to Rome.
Most historical sources say the siege ended with a peace treaty.
At this point, according to Livy, Porsena sent ambassadors to Rome to offer peace. Terms were negotiated. Porsena requested the throne be restored to Tarquinius, but the Romans refused. However the Romans did agree to return to the Veientes lands taken from them in previous wars, and Roman hostages were agreed to be given in exchange for the withdrawal from the Janiculum of the Etruscan garrison.
The peace was agreed, and hostages taken by Porsena. One of the hostages, a young woman named Cloelia, fled the Etruscan camp, leading away a group of Roman virgins. Porsena demanded she be returned, and the Romans consented. Upon her return, however, Porsena, being impressed by her bravery, allowed her to choose half the remaining hostages to be freed. She selected from among the hostages the young Roman boys to be freed. The Romans honoured Cloelia with the unusual honour of a statue at the top of the Via Sacra, showing Cloelia mounted on a horse—that is, as an eques.
Livy recounts that during his own time, public auctions of goods at Rome were by tradition referred to as "selling the goods of king Porsena", and that this somehow relates to the war with Clusium. Livy concludes most likely it is because, when Porsena departed Rome, he left behind as a gift for the Romans his stores of provisions.
Livy also records that, after the war, a number of the Etruscan soldiers returned to Rome to seek shelter following the War between Clusium and Aricia, and that a number of the Etruscans remained to live in Rome, and were granted an area to live which thereby became known as the Vicus Tuscus.
In 507 BC Porsena once again sent ambassadors to the Roman senate, requesting the restoration of Tarquinius to the throne. Legates were sent back to Porsena, to advise him that the Romans would never re-admit Tarquinius, and that Porsena should out of respect for the Romans cease requesting Tarquinius' readmittance. Porsena agreed, telling Tarquinius to continue his exile elsewhere than Clusium. Porsena also restored to the Romans their hostages, and also the lands of Veii that had been taken from Rome by treaty.
Although the ancient Romans believed the siege was a historical event that had taken place, many modern historians[weasel words] think the war was at least partly mythical.
In 505–504 BC there was war between republican Rome and the Sabines. Although Livy makes no mention of the involvement of the Etruscans, the Fasti Triumphales record that the consul Publius Valerius Poplicola celebrated a triumph over both the Sabines and the Veientes in May, 504 BC.
In the years 483 to 476 BC the Veientes waged a war against Rome, assisted by auxiliaries from among the Etruscans. On the Roman side, the members of the gens Fabia featured prominently, and it became almost a personal struggle by that family against Veii. Rome was successful in the war.
Livy suggests that in the first year of the war the Romans paid little attention to it, as their own strength was more than sufficient, and they were distracted by internal matters. However the Veientine army entered Roman territory in the following year, 482 BC, and ravaged the countryside. Livy also says that the Veientes threatened to besiege Rome itself in the following year, 481 BC, but that command of the Roman forces was given to the consul Sp. Furius Medullinus and nothing notable occurred in that year.
In 480 BC, Rome was rent by internal dissension, which encouraged the Veientes to take the field in the hope of breaking Roman power. They were supported by troops from other Etruscan cities.
The consuls, Marcus Fabius Vibulanus and Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus, mindful of the undisciplined conduct of the soldiers in the recent past, held their men back from fighting until repeated provocations by the Etruscan cavalry made the start of combat inevitable. Fabius compelled those of the soldiers who were most eager to engage the enemy to swear to return victorious before he would give the order for battle. Once the fight had begun, the Roman commanders fought with great vigor, particularly after Quintus Fabius, the brother of the consul, was slain. Manlius, leading the army's opposite wing, was dangerously wounded and forced to retire from the line. As his men began to fall back in disarray, Marcus Fabius arrived to prevent their slaughter and assure them that their leader was not dead. Manlius was able to appear himself and reassure the soldiers.
The Etruscans took advantage of a lull in the fighting to attack the Roman camp, breaching the defenses of the reserves. However, word of the attack reached the consuls, and Manlius stationed his men around the exits to the camp, surrounding the Etruscans. Desperate to make their escape, the invaders assaulted the consul's position, and after a volley of missiles was repulsed, a final charge overwhelmed Manlius, who fell mortally wounded. The Roman troops again began to panic, but one of the fallen consul's officers moved his body and cleared a way for the Etruscans to escape, allowing Fabius crush them as they fled.
Although the battle was a great victory for Fabius, the loss of his brother and his colleague was a severe blow, and he declined the honor of a triumph that had been offered by the Senate.
In 479 BC the war with Veii was assigned to the consul Titus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, while his colleague Kaeso Fabius was dealing with an incursion by the Aequi. Verginius, being too hasty, was almost cut off along with his army, and was only saved when Fabius arrived with his army after dealing with the Aequi.
In the same year the Fabii addressed the senate, proposing that their family alone bear the financial and military burden of the war with Veii. The senate agreed, with thanks, and the people extolled the name of the Fabii. The following day the Fabii armed themselves and, numbering 306 including the consul, marched through Rome and out of the right side of the Carmental gate. Heading north, they set up camp at the Cremera and fortified a post.
In 478 BC the Fabii successfully ravaged the territory of Veii. The Veientes called up an army of Etruscans, and attacked the Fabian post at the Cremera. A Roman army led by the consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus came to relieve the siege, and a charge by the Roman cavalry resulted in the retreat of the Veientine army, who withdrew to the Saxa Rubra and sued for peace.
In 477 BC hostilities were renewed, and the fighting increased, with incursions by the Fabii into Veientine territory, and vice versa. The Veientes devised an ambush, which led to the Battle of the Cremera, most likely on 18 July 477 BC, in which the Veientes were victorious and all the Fabii killed. Only Quintus Fabius Vibulanus survived because he was too young to go to war and therefore stayed at Rome.
Upon hearing of the grave defeat, the Roman senate sent the consul Titus Menenius Lanatus with an army against the Veientes, but the Romans were defeated once again. The Veientes marched on Rome, and occupied the Janiculum. The Roman senate recalled the other consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus from the Volsci, and there were two indecisive battles against the Veientes, the first near the temple of Spes near the Praenestine Gate, and the second at the Colline gate. Thereafter the Veientes withdrew from Rome and set about ravaging the countryside, until they were defeated by the Romans in the following year.
In 475 BC the Veientes together with Sabines commenced hostilities against Rome, only a year after the defeat of Veii in the previous war.
The consul Publius Valerius Poplicola was assigned the conduct of the war. The Roman army was reinforced by auxiliaries from the Latin allies and the Hernici.
The Sabine army was camped outside the walls of Veii. The Roman army attacked the Sabine defences. The Sabines sallied forth from their camp, but the Romans had the better of the fighting, and took the gate of the Sabine camp. The forces of Veii then attacked from the city, but in some disorder, and a Roman cavalry charged routed the Veientes, giving Rome the overall victory.
Valerius was awarded a triumph for the victory, which he celebrated on 1 May.
In the following year the consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso was assigned the war, but no fighting occurred, as the Veientes sued for peace, which the Romans accepted. Upon the Veientes giving tribute of corn and money, a truce of forty years was agreed. Manlius was awarded an ovation as a result, which he celebrated on 15 March.
In 390 BC a Gaulish warband first defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia and then sacked Rome. The ancient writers report that in 389 the Etruscans, the Volsci and the Aequi all raised armies in hope of exploiting this blow to Roman power. According to Livy the leading men of all of Etruria gathered at the sanctuary of Voltumna to form a hostile alliance against Rome. Beset by dangers on all sides, the Romans appointed Marcus Furius Camillus dictator. Camillus chose to march against the Volsci first, leaving, according to Livy, a force commanded by consular tribune L. Aemilius Mamercinus in the Veientine territory to guard against the Etruscans. In the course of two campaigns Camillus inflicted crushing victories against the Volsci and the Aequi and was now ready to take on the Etruscans.
Livy and Plutarch, and more summarily Diodorus Siculus, narrates the fighting between Romans and Etruscans in very similar terms. While Camillus was away campaigning against the Volsci, the Etruscans laid siege to Sutrium, a Roman ally. The Sutrines sent for Rome for aid and Camillus, now victorious against the Volsci and Aequi, marched to their relief, but before any help could arrive they were forced into a conditional surrender, being allowed to leave without weapons and only one garment apiece. Meeting the exiled Sutrines that same day, Camillus ordered the baggage left behind and marched his now unencumbered army to Sutrium where he found the enemy still dispersed and busy plundering the city. Camillus ordered all the gates closed and attacked before the Etruscans could concentrate their forces. The now trapped Etruscans at first intended to fight to the end, but when hearing that their lives would be spared, they surrendered in great number. Sutrium was thus captured twice in the same day. Livy provides a description of the amount of spoils taken. Having won three simultaneous wars, Camillus returned to Rome in triumph. The Etruscan prisoners were publicly sold; after the gold owed to Rome's matrons had been repaid (they had contributed their gold to ransom Rome from the Gauls), enough was left for three golden bowls inscribed with the name of Camillus and placed in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus before the feet of the statue of Juno.
Livy is our only written source for the subsequent years. He writes that in 388 a Roman army invaded the territory of Tarquinii where the towns of Cortuosa and Contenebra were captured. The former was taken by surprise and fell at the first assault. At Contenebra a small garrison attempted to resist, but after a few days succumbed to superior Roman numbers.
In 387 there were rumours in Rome that Etruria was in arms and the Romans once again turned to Camillus who was one of six elected consular tribunes for 386. However, Camillus was diverted by news that the Volscians had invaded the Pomptine territory. With Camillus occupied, the Etruscans attacked the border strongholds of Nepete and Sutrium. However, Camillus soon defeated the Volscians; meanwhile, a second army was raised at Rome. Camillus and his colleague P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola received command of this second army and the war against the Etruscans. By the time Camillus and Valerius arrived at Sutrium, the Etruscans had taken half the city, the Sutrines desperately defending the rest behind street barricades. Camillus divided his army into two and ordered his colleague to attack the walls on the side the enemy was holding. Attacked from both within and without the city, the Etruscans fled in panic and were killed in great numbers. Having recaptured Sutrium, the Roman army marched to Nepete, which by that time had surrendered to the Etruscans after treachery from some of the townsmen. Camillus first attempted to convince the Nepesines to throw out the Etruscans. When they refused, he captured the city by storm. All the Etruscans and those who had sided with them were killed and a Roman garrison put in place. After this victory no further conflict is reported between Romans and Etruscans until 358 when Rome again clashed with Tarquinii.
The sources frequently refer to meetings of the Etruscan league at the temple of Voltumna. The league still existed during the Roman Empire when it met near Volsinii; this might have been the meeting place during the 4th century as well. However, modern historians consider the Etruscan league to have been a purely religious organization dedicated to celebrate common Etruscan festivals, it was never a military alliance. Rather, the Roman annalistic records and other sources seem to describe a disunited Etruria divided into several rival city states. References to all of Etruria united against Rome are therefore considered unhistorical. The original Roman records perhaps stated there had been fighting against "the Etruscans" without specifying the city. Later writers have then expanded this to involve all of Etruria including plausible, but fictitious, meetings of the Etruscan league.
The many similarities between accounts of the campaigns of 389 and 386 – in both Camillus is placed in command, defeats the Volsci and comes to the aid of Sutrium – has caused several modern authors to consider these to be doublets[Note 1] of each other. This was the view taken by Beloch who held that the Gallic sack had a severe and long-lasting effect on Rome's fortunes. Accordingly, Camillus' stunning victories against the Etruscans and Volsci so soon after must be inventions designed to minimize the scale of the Roman defeat. Different later writers then treated these invented victories in different ways, assigning them to different years with different incidental detail, until in Livy's writings they emerge as separate, but ultimately both unhistorical, events.
Cornell (1995) believes the Gallic sack of Rome to have been a setback from which she rapidly recovered, and sees the Roman victories that followed as continuation of an aggressive expansionist policy begun in the 420s. The accounts of these victories have been exaggerated and elaborated, and some events duplicated, but essentially describe historical events that fit into this broader picture of Roman expansion. While the role of Camillus has been exaggerated, the frequency in which he is recorded to have held office attest to his political importance in Rome during this era.
Oakley (1997) considers the accounts of a Roman victory against Etruscans in 389 to be historical, although all the details beyond the bare fact that Sutrium was successfully relieved have likely been invented. Except for the repayment of the gold to the matrons, Livy's description of Camillus' 389 triumph could be based on authentic information, if so this would help confirm the fighting in 389. He also believes the campaign of 386 could be historical as well, although with some of the detail transplanted from 389. A major victory by Camillus in this year would explain why no further fighting is recorded on Rome's Etruscan frontier until 358.
Forsythe (2005) takes a more sceptical view. He believes only the existence of three golden bowls dedicated by Camillus to Juno to be historical. From these ancient writers have invented a series of lightning victories against the traditional enemies of Rome at the time of Camillus—viz., the Etruscans, the Aequi and the Volsci—and dated them to the year after the Gallic sack when Rome was supposed to be beset by enemies on all sides.
As usual Livy provides the only full narrative for this war. Parts of his account are corroborated by Diodorus and the Fasti Triumphales.
Livy writes that in 358 BC, Rome declared war on Tarquinii after forces from that city had raided Roman territory. Consul Gaius Fabius Ambustus was assigned to that war. However, the Tarquinienses defeated Fabius and sacrificed 307 Roman prisoners of war. The following year, 357, Rome also declared war against the Falisci. They had fought with the Tarquinienses and refused to give up the Roman deserters who had fled to Falerii after their defeat, even though the Fetials had demanded their surrender. This campaign was assigned to consul Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus. He, however, accomplished nothing of note except convening his army, at camp near Sutrium, in Assembly and passing a law taxing the manumission of slaves. Worrying about the precedent this could set, the tribunes of the plebs made it a capital offence to convene the Assembly outside the usual place. D.S. also records a war between the Romans and the Falisci where nothing of note took place—only raiding and pillaging.
According to Livy, in 356, consul M. Fabius Ambustus commanded the Romans against the Falisci and Tarquinienses. The Etruscan army had brought priests wielding snakes and torches, and at first this sight caused the Roman soldiers to flee in panic back to their entrenchments, but the consul shamed his men into resuming the struggle. The Etruscans were scattered and their camp captured. This caused the whole of Etruria to rise, and, under the leadership of the Tarquinienses and Falisci, they marched against the Roman salt works. In this emergency the Romans nominated C. Marcius Rutilus as dictator, the first time a plebeian had been so named. Marcius transported his troops across the Tiber on rafts. After first catching a number of Etruscan raiders, he captured the Etruscan camp in a surprise attack and took 8,000 prisoners, the rest either killed or chased out of Roman territory. The people of Rome awarded Marcius with a triumph, but this was not confirmed by the senate. This is supported by the Fasti Triumphales, which records that C. Marcius Rutilus, dictator, triumphed over the Etruscans on 6 May. According to D.S. the Etruscans pillaged Roman territory, raiding as far as the Tiber before returning home.
According to some of the writers consulted by Livy, in 355 consul C. Sulpicius Peticus ravaged the territory of Tarquinii, but others held that he commanded jointly with his colleague against the Tiburtines. Then, in 354, the Romans forced the Tarquinienses to surrender after killing a large number of them in battle. The prisoners taken were all put to the sword, except 358 nobles who were sent to Rome, where they were scourged and beheaded in the Forum as retribution for the Romans immolated by the Tarquinienses in 358. According to Diodorus only 260 were executed in the Forum.
Livy is the only source for the final years of the war. In 353 rumours reached Rome that the people of Caere had sided with Tarquinii in sympathy with their fellow Etruscans. These were confirmed when consul C. Sulpicius Peticus, who was ravaging Tarquinian territory, reported that the Roman salt-works had been raided. Part of the plunder had been sent to Caere and no doubt some of the raiders had been men of Caere. Accordingly, the Romans nominated Titus Manlius Torquatus dictator and declared war upon Caere. The Caerites now bitterly regretted their actions and sent envoys to Rome to plead for peace. In view of their old friendship the Romans granted the Caerites a hundred-year truce. The Romans then turned their attention to the Falisci, but no enemy was found in the field and the Roman army returned home after ravaging Faliscan territory, having made no attempt at any enemy city.
In 352 due to rumours—groundless, as it turned out—that the twelve cities of Etruria had formed a league against Rome, the Romans decided to appoint a dictator. Gaius Julius Iulus was nominated by the consuls while they were still in camp, rather than in the city as usual. During 351, the final year of the war, consul T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus campaigned against Falerii and his colleague C. Sulpicius Peticus against Tarquinii. There was no battle, but the Falisci and Tarquinienses were weary of war after having their territories ravaged year after year, and asked for a truce. The Romans granted each city a forty-years' truce.
Modern historians accept as historical the overall outline of the war, but the historicity of many individual events have been disputed. Livy, as usual, makes aggression by Rome's enemies the cause of the war, and, in this case, that may well be true. Rome was, at the time, already involved in a serious war against Tibur and invading Gauls, and Tarquinii's war goals aggressive: to wrest control of the lower Tiber from Rome. Caere here appear rather subservient to Tarquinii. The Falerii may have been motivated by a desire to reclaim the territories lost to Rome some forty years earlier.
Some scholars have seen the sacrifice of 307 Roman prisoners as another version of legendary Battle of the Cremera where 306 men of the Fabii are supposed to have fallen in battle against the Etruscans. Others have made comparisons with depictions of gladiators and killing of prisoners in Etruscan art. The priests brandishing snakes and torches could be inventions, but could also reflect an Etruscan magical rite which Livy and his sources have not understood.
While Beloch rejected the dictatorship of Marcius Rutilus, Oakley (1998) believes it unlikely that the first plebeian dictatorship had been invented. Roman historians appear to have invented many early casualty reports, but they also seem to have had access to authentic records of enemies killed and captured from the late 4th century. The notice of 8,000 Etruscans killed in 356 might therefore likewise date back to contemporary records. Casualty figures are in any case notoriously prone to exaggeration both by commanders and historians. Forsythe (2005) has proposed this campaign as the context for the foundation of Ostia, Rome's port. Traditional history attributes the founding to Rome's fourth king, Ancus Marcius (traditionally reigned 640 – 616); however, the oldest archaeological finds at the site have been dated to the mid-4th century. Protecting the coast and the mouth of the Tiber from Tarquinian attacks would have provided motive for founding a colony here; later historians might then have confused the dictator Marcius Rutilus with king Ancus Marcius.
Scourging followed by beheading was common Roman practice and this detail might be just plausible invention by a later annalist. Some historians believe Caere became a civitas sine suffragio in 353, but this theory is rejected by Oakley (1998) who thinks this only happened in 274/273. C. Julius Iullus, the dictator of 352, is otherwise unknown. This and the constitutional peculiarities of his appointment may vouch for the historicity of this dictatorship. Time-limited truces were not used by the Late Roman Republic; these are therefore unlikely to have been invented and provide a secure date for the end of this war. As usual Livy portrays Rome as victorious, but with the war dominated by raiding and no records of any towns attacked the scale of the fighting appears to have been limited. Rome was certainly not yet able at this stage to dominate Etruria.
Lake Vadimo was the scene of virtually the final battles between Etruscans and Romans in 310 and 283 BC, in both of which the Romans were victorious.
Vulci was strong enough to further resist until Tiberius Coruncanius triumphed over them in 280 BC.
Rome was the eventual victor in the wars and the last Etruscan resistance was crushed in 264 BC when Volsinii was defeated. The Etruscans were assimilated into Roman culture and Rome became one of the Mediterranean superpowers amongst the Greeks and the Carthaginians, though it should be noted that the Etruscan language survived for another 300 years.
^ In textual criticism a doublet is a term used when two different narrative accounts describe the same actual event. This can happen when a writer confronted with conflicting evidence erroneously concludes his sources are describing different events rather than different accounts of the same event.
^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 45, 46.
^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 46, 47.
^ a b Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 47.
^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia, ix. 5, 6, 11, 12.
^ Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII ii. 5.
^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 48.
^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 48, 49.
^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 49.
^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 50, vi. 1.
Cornell, T. J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome – Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Forsythe, Gary (2005). A Critical History of Early Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24991-7.
Oakley, S. P. (1997). A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X. I: Introduction and Book VI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815277-9.
Etruscan history is the written record of Etruscan civilization compiled mainly by Greek and Roman authors. Remnants of Etruscan writings are almost exclusively concerned with religion, helmut Rixs classification of the Etruscan language in a proposed Tyrsenian language family reflects this ambiguity. The Etruscan language was of a different family from that of neighbouring Italic and Celtic peoples, modern archaeologists have come to suggest that the history of the Etruscans can be traced relatively accurately, based on the examination of burial sites and writing. Etruscan expansion was focused both to the north beyond the Apennines and south into Campania, some small towns in the 6th century BC have disappeared during this time, ostensibly consumed by greater, more powerful neighbors. However, there no doubt that the political structure of the Etruscan culture was similar, albeit more aristocratic. The mining and commerce of metal, especially copper and iron, led to an enrichment of the Etruscans and to the expansion of their influence in the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean sea.
Here their interests collided with those of the Greeks, especially in the 6th century BC and this led the Etruscans to ally themselves with the Carthaginians, whose interests collided with the Greeks. Around 540 BC, the Battle of Alalia led to a new distribution of power in the western Mediterranean Sea, though the battle had no clear winner, Carthage managed to expand its sphere of influence at the expense of both the Etruscans and the Greeks. Etruria saw itself relegated to the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, from the first half of the 5th century BC Campanian Etruria lost its Etruscan character, and the new international political situation meant the beginning of the Etruscan decline. In 480 BC, Etrurias ally Carthage was defeated by a coalition of Magna Graecia cities led by Syracuse, a few years later, in 474, Syracuses tyrant Hiero defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae. Etrurias influence over the cities of Latium and Campania weakened, and it was taken over by Romans, in the 4th century BC Padanian Etruria saw a Gallic invasion end its influence over the Po valley and the Adriatic coast.
It had a stone base and a stone wall. There were milecastles with two turrets in between, there was a fort about every five Roman miles. From north to south, the wall comprised a ditch, military way and vallum and it is thought the milecastles were staffed with static garrisons, whereas the forts had fighting garrisons of infantry and cavalry. In addition to the defensive military role, its gates may have been customs posts. A significant portion of the wall still stands and can be followed on foot along the adjoining Hadrians Wall Path, the largest Roman artefact anywhere, it runs a total of 73 miles in northern England. Regarded as a British cultural icon, Hadrians Wall is one of Britains major ancient tourist attractions and it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is a misconception that Hadrians Wall marks the boundary between England and Scotland. In fact Hadrians Wall lies entirely within England and has never formed the Anglo-Scottish border, while it is less than 1 kilometre south of the border with Scotland in the west at Bowness-on-Solway, in the east it is as much as 110 kilometres away.
Hadrians Wall was 80 Roman miles or 117.5 km long, its width and height varied according to the materials available nearby.5 metres high. These dimensions do not include the walls ditches and forts, the central section measured eight Roman feet wide on a 3 m base. Some parts of section of the wall survive to a height of 3 m. Immediately south of the wall, a ditch was dug, with adjoining parallel mounds. This is known today as the Vallum, even though the word Vallum in Latin is the origin of the English word wall, in many places – for example Limestone Corner – the Vallum is better preserved than the wall, which has been robbed of much of its stone. The A69 and B6318 roads follow the course of the wall from Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle, although the curtain wall ends near Bowness-on-Solway, this does not mark the end of the line of defensive structures. The system of milecastles and turrets is known to have continued along the Cumbria coast as far as Risehow, for classification purposes, the milecastles west of Bowness-on-Solway are referred to as Milefortlets.
The Auxilia constituted the standing non-citizen corps of the Imperial Roman army during the Principate era, alongside the citizen legions. By the 2nd century, the Auxilia contained the number of infantry as the legions and in addition provided almost all of the Roman armys cavalry. The auxilia thus represented three-fifths of Romes regular land forces at that time, like their legionary counterparts, auxiliary recruits were mostly volunteers, not conscripts. The Auxilia were mainly recruited from the peregrini, free provincial subjects who did not hold Roman citizenship and constituted the vast majority of the population in the 1st and 2nd centuries. In contrast to the legions, which only admitted Roman citizens, reliance on the various contingents of non-Italic troops, especially cavalry, increased when the Roman Republic employed them in increasing numbers to support its legions after 200 BC. The Julio-Claudian period saw the transformation of the Auxilia from motley levies to a corps with standardised structure, equipment.
By the end of the period, there were no significant differences between legionaries and auxiliaries in terms of training, and thus, combat capability. Auxiliary regiments were stationed in provinces other than that in which they were originally raised, for reasons of security. The regimental names of many auxiliary units persisted into the 4th century, but by the units in question were different in size, despite its formidable strength, the legion had a number of deficiencies, especially a lack of cavalry. Around 200 BC, a legion of 4,200 infantry had an arm of only 300 horse. In addition the legion lacked missile forces such as slingers and archers, until 200 BC, the bulk of a Roman armys cavalry was provided by Romes regular Italian allies, commonly known as the Latin allies, which made up the Roman military confederation. This was Romes defence system until the Social War of 91–88 BC, the Italian forces were organised into alae. Since a pre-Social War consular army always contained a number of legions and alae.
Trajans Wall is the name used for several linear earthen fortifications found across Eastern Europe, in Moldova and Ukraine. Contrary to the name and popular belief, the ramparts were not built by Romans during Trajans reign, the association with the Roman Emperor may be a recent scholarly invention, only entering the imagination of the locals with the national awakening of the 19th century. Medieval Moldavian documents referred to the earthworks as Troian, likely in reference to a hero in the Romanian. The other major earthen fortification in Romania, Brazda lui Novac, is named after a mythological hero. There are three valla in Romania, in south-central Dobruja, extending from the Danube to the Black Sea coast, while the relative chronology of the complex is widely accepted, the exact dating of each fortification is currently under dispute. Scholars place their erection at different dates in the Early Mediaeval period, in what regards the builders, two theories have gained acceptance, with supporters split, to a large degree, along national lines.
Thus, Bulgarian historiography considers the fortifications were built by the First Bulgarian Empire as a defence against the nomad groups roaming the North-Pontic steppes. The oldest and smallest vallum, the Small Earthen Dyke, is 61 km in length, entirely made of earth, it has no defensive constructions built on it, but has a moat on its southern side. This feature has been interpreted as indicating construction by a living to the north of the earthwork. The second vallum, the Large Earthen Dyke,54 km in length and it begins on the Danube, follows the Carasu Valley and ends at Palas, west of Constanţa. Its average height is 3.5 m, and it has moats on both sides, on it are built 63 fortifications,35 larger, and 28 smaller. The average distance between fortifications is 1 km, the vallum shows signs of reconstruction. The last vallum to be built, the Stone Dyke, is made of earth. It is 59 km in length, extending south of Axiopolis to the Black Sea coast. The agger is about 1.5 m in height, while the wall on top has an average height of 2 m.
Representing the northernmost frontier barrier of the Roman Empire, it spanned approximately 63 kilometres and was about 3 metres high and 5 metres wide. Security was bolstered by a ditch on the northern side. It is thought there was a wooden palisade on top of the turf. The barrier was the second of two great walls created by the Romans in Northern Britain and its ruins are less evident than the better-known Hadrians Wall to the south, primarily because the turf and wood wall has largely weathered away, unlike its stone-built southern predecessor. Construction began in AD142 at the order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, Antoninus Pius never visited Britain, whereas his predecessor Hadrian did. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus to send the troops further north. The Antonine Wall was protected by 16 forts with small fortlets between them, troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the Caledonians in decorative slabs, the wall was abandoned only eight years after completion, and the garrisons relocated back to Hadrians Wall.
In 208 Emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs, the occupation ended a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius ordered the construction of the Antonine Wall around 142, quintus Lollius Urbicus, governor of Roman Britain at the time, initially supervised the effort, which took about twelve years to complete. The wall stretches 63 kilometres from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde to Carriden near Boness on the Firth of Forth, the wall was intended to extend Roman territory and dominance by replacing Hadrians Wall 160 kilometres to the south, as the frontier of Britannia. The Romans called the north of the wall Caledonia, though in some contexts the term may refer to the whole area north of Hadrians Wall.
The Saxon Shore was a military command of the late Roman Empire, consisting of a series of fortifications on both sides of the English Channel. It was established in the late 3rd century and was led by the Count of the Saxon Shore, in the late 4th century, his functions were limited to Britain, while the fortifications in Gaul were established as separate commands. Several Saxon Shore forts survive in east and south-east England, during the latter half of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire faced a grave crisis. Internally, it was weakened by wars, the violent succession of brief emperors. Most of Britain had been part of the empire since the mid-1st century and it was protected from raids in the north by the Hadrianic and Antonine Walls, while a fleet of some size was available. However, as the frontiers came under increasing pressure, fortifications were built throughout the Empire in order to protect cities. It is in context that the forts of the Saxon Shore were constructed. Dover was already fortified in the early 2nd century, and the forts in this group were constructed in the period between the 270s and 290s.
However, due to the absence of evidence, theories have varied between scholars as to the exact meaning of the name, and the nature and purpose of the chain of forts it refers to. Two interpretations were put forward as to the meaning of the adjective Saxon, either a shore attacked by Saxons, or a shore settled by Saxons. This view is reinforced by the chain of fortifications across the Channel on the northern coasts of Gaul. Other scholars like John Cotterill however consider the threat posed by Germanic raiders, at least in the 3rd and early 4th centuries and this view, although widely disputed, has found recent support from archaeological evidence at Pevensey, which dates the forts construction to the early 290s. Whatever their original purpose, it is certain that in the late 4th century the forts and their garrisons were employed in operations against Frankish. Britain was abandoned by Rome in 407, with Armorica following soon after, the forts on both sides continued to be inhabited in the following centuries, and in Britain in particular several continued in use well into the Anglo-Saxon period.
Livy and Augustuss wife, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood. Livy was born as Titus Livius in Patavium in northern Italy, there is a debate about the year of Titus Livius birth,64 BC or more likely 59 BC. At the time of his birth, his city of Patavium was the second wealthiest on the Italian peninsula. Patavium was a part of the province of Cisalpine Gaul at the time, in his works, Livy often expressed his deep affection and pride for Patavium, and the city was well known for its conservative values in morality and politics. Livy’s teen years were during the 40s BC, a time that coincided with the wars that were occurring throughout the Roman world. The governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time, a man called Asinius Pollio, had tried to bring Patavium into the camp of Marcus Antonius, the wealthier citizens of Patavium refused to contribute money and arms to Asinius Pollio, and went into hiding. Therefore and the residents of Patavium did not end up supporting Marcus Antonius in his campaign for control over Rome.
Later on, Asinius Pollio made a jibe at Livys patavinity and his jibe at Livy and his patavinity, may have been said because the city of Patavium had rejected Asinius Pollio, and he still harboured harsh feelings toward the city as a whole. Titus Livius probably went to Rome in the 30s BC, and it is likely that he spent an amount of time in the city after this. During his time in Rome, he was never a senator nor held any other governmental position and his elementary mistakes in military matters show that he was never a soldier. However, he was educated in philosophy and rhetoric and it seems that Livy had the financial resources and means to live an independent life. He devoted a part of his life to his writings. Livy was known to give recitations to small audiences, but he was not heard of to engage in declamation and he was familiar with the emperor Augustus, formerly Octavian, and the imperial family. Octavian was one of the three men fighting for the control of Rome during the Civil Wars in the 40s BC, Octavian gained power after defeating Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra, and was given the honorary name of Augustus.
Roman soldiers on the cast of Trajan's Column in the Victoria and Albert museum, London.
Relief scene of Roman legionaries marching, from the Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, 2nd century AD.
Roman coins grew gradually more debased due to the demands placed on the treasury of the Roman state by the military.
The massive earthen ramp at Masada, designed by the Roman army to breach the fortress' walls.
Ancient Greek sculpture of a hoplite (c. 5th century BC, Archæological Museum of Sparti), on which Rome's first class of infantry was based.
Three-banked ("trireme") Roman quinquereme with the corvus boarding bridge. The use of the corvus negated the superior Carthaginian naval expertise, and allowed the Romans to establish their naval superiority in the western Mediterranean.
Pompey the Great. His swift and decisive campaign against the pirates re-established Rome's control over the Mediterranean sea lanes.
Silver denarius struck by Sextus Pompeius in 44–43 BC, featuring a bust of Pompey the Great and a Roman warship.
The Battle of Actium, by Laureys a Castro, painted 1672.
One talent ballista (26 kg weight projectile). The heaviest versions could shoot up to three talents (78 kg), possibly much more.
Sections of Hadrian's Wall remain along the route, though much has been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects.
Bathhouse of Echzell Roman Fort in the paving in front of the church.
Information board in front of the bathhouse of Rückingen Roman Fort.
Well-preserved section of the limes in the Bulau near Erlensee.
The treasure of Ober-Florstadt in the Wetterau Museum.
Ancient Etruscan "aryballoi" terracotta vessels unearthed in the 1860s at Bolzhaya Bliznitsa tumulus near Phanagoria, South Russia (then part of the Bosporan Kingdom of Cimmerian Bosporus); on exhibit at the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.
The Saalburg. Built 1899-1907, the site is the most significant attempt to reconstruct the archeological past. The southwest corner built by Louis Jacobi in 1885 with merlons at the wider and thus correct intervals, had to be replaced during the full reconstruction, probably at the behest of Emperor William II, with merlons spaced at the medieval interval, which is thus wrong.
The nine British Saxon Shore forts in the Notitia Dignitatum. Bodleian Library, Oxford.
The fortifications and military commands of the Saxon Shore system extended on both sides of the Channel.
Aeneas flees burning Troy, Federico Barocci, 1598. Galleria Borghese, Rome. |
0.99989 | Enjoy an unforgettable day tour along the Amalfi Coast with a private driver at your disposal Enjoy an unforgettable day tour along the Amalfi Coast with a private driver at your disposal. Visit Positano, Amalfi and Ravello at your own pace, making plenty of photo stops along the way. Your private driver will come pick you up in Naples, whether at your accommodation, the port, the train station or at the airport and together you will discover these multicoloured one-of-a-kind towns, full of history and arts, and the unforgettable panoramas made of sky-high coastal cliffs and deep blue waters. |
0.998817 | Graffiti is generally no longer considered to be a work of vandalism or an act of destruction of public property. Instead, it has become a marketable commodity, with some fashion labels and major corporations even using it in their advertising campaigns. However, graffiti's legal status as art has not been established, which has raised a number of issues concerning its commercial use and begs the question of whether it can be protected by copyright.
'vandalism' – which is defined as the wilful destruction of property.
In order to qualify for copyright protection, a work must be 'original' (ie, the author or creator must have created it through their own skill and efforts without copying another work) and reduced to material form. Graffiti meets both of these requirements, as it is both creative and a tangible medium of expression.
include or authorise the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or TV broadcast.
However, does this mean that a graffiti artist can claim copyright protection when their graffiti is applied to statues and buildings (legally or otherwise) and appears in a video, film or photograph of, for example, the Johannesburg skyline or another public space?
'Public art' may be defined as visual artwork that has been planned and executed with the intention of being displayed in public spaces, which includes architectural works.
Most people expect to be able to photograph or film whatever they see in a public space, including public art. This expectation conflicts with the exclusive rights of the creator or owner of the copyright in such works. Although some public art has entered the public domain, such as the Union Buildings in Pretoria, due to the expiry of the work's copyright term (for artistic works, 50 years from the end of the year in which the creator dies), many are still under copyright protection. As such, the (mostly incidental) use of these works creates a potential risk for photographers and videographers in public spaces.
The Copyright Act contains several exclusions to copyright infringement, such as fair dealing and freedom of panorama. Further, Section 15(1) of the act provides a general exception to the protection of artistic works and states that the copyright in an artistic work will not be infringed by its inclusion in a cinematograph film or TV broadcast where the inclusion is merely by way of background or is incidental to the principal matters represented in the film or broadcast. This exception can lead to ambiguity, as it is not always clear what constitutes the 'principal matter' of a work. An example would be a wide shot of a public square, as all of the elements of the square could constitute principal matter. Further, South African case law provides no guidance on the interpretation of the concept of 'incidental inclusion' by way of background.
Freedom of panorama generally allows for the creation of images (eg, photographs, films and paintings) that predominantly include three-dimensional copyrighted works – such as buildings and sculptures – which are permanently or ordinarily located in a public space, without the copyright owner's permission.
Section 15(3) of the act further provides that the copyright in an artistic work will not be infringed by its reproduction or inclusion in a cinematograph film or TV broadcast if the work is permanently situated in a street, square or similar public place. Although a public gallery may qualify as a public space, these often restrict photography and videography on their premises, leading to additional ambiguity.
Further ambiguity arises from the meaning of the phrase 'permanently situated', as the act provides no guidance on the interpretation of this concept. This means that artistic works which are temporarily displayed in the public space would not qualify.
The Portfolio Committee on Trade and Industry recently published specific clauses of the Copyright Amendment Bill (B13-2017) for public comment. The draft bill seeks to replace Section 15(1) of the Copyright Act with a new clause relating to the incidental or background use (previously "inclusion") of an artistic work within another work.
In seeking to address the limits of the existing Section 15(1) (which does not include photographers and other visual artists in the exception, which is restricted to inclusion in cinematograph films, TV broadcasts or transmissions in a diffusion service), the legislature has attempted to broaden the general exception relating to the incidental or background use of an artistic work to apply to all types of work.
Further, the application of this exception has been extended to cover the background or incidental use of an artistic work that is situated in a public space, leading to concern that it may be open to abuse. The mere fact that an artistic work is located in a public place means that its use would not constitute an infringement, providing that the infringer could show that its inclusion was of a background or incidental manner.
A knock-on effect of this amendment is that artists may not want to display their artistic works in public places for fear that other parties could use these (normally copyrighted) works in their own works under this general exception.
The South African Institute of Intellectual Property Law, among other parties, has submitted its comments to the portfolio committee in order to address a number of issues that the bill presents. Thus, the bill's final form remains to be seen.
For further information please contact Juel Barnett at KISCH IP by telephone (+27 11 324 3000) or email (juelb@kisch-ip.com). The KISCH IP website can be accessed at www.kisch-ip.com. |
0.999999 | What is an old-growth forest and how is it different from other forests?
Muir Woods is the only old-growth coastal redwood forest in the Bay Area and one of the last on the planet. It is estimated that nearly 2 million acres of forest just like Muir Woods once covered a narrow strip along the coasts of California and Oregon. Today, 97% of this has been impaired or altered and most coastal redwoods now grow on protected second and third growth forests or managed timber plantations. Thanks to William Kent's preservation efforts, Muir Woods was spared this fate and remains as a very accessible yet prime example of an old-growth forest.
The term old-growth is difficult to define. Old-growth cannot solely be determined by size or age of the trees within a forest because these qualities vary widely with species. However, there are four characteristics that slowly develop through time, and together define an old-growth forest. |
0.999838 | In a story, circumstances tend to take precedence over other influences in how a writer imagines a protagonist. In psychology there is a principle that helps to explain this effect. It was proposed by Edward Jones and Richard Nisbett (1971), and it's called the actor-observer bias. The bias is that we tend to experience our own reasons and other people's reasons for doing anything in rather different ways. Imagine I am a student and I work hard for weeks studying for an exam. I am the actor here, and as such I might experience myself as studying hard because I know the exam will be difficult and I know the result will be important for my future plans. If I were to see another student working hard for weeks studying for an exam, I would be the observer. I would tend to say this student was working hard because he or she was conscientious or ambitious. When we act, we tend to see ourselves as being responsive to circumstances, doing what is necessary to pursue a plan. When we observe others doing exactly the same thing, we tend to attribute their action to some persisting aspect of their personality. It’s rather like when one is driving and has to brake suddenly to avoid hitting that careless person in front.
Writers tend to arrange stories so that the protagonist acts in a way that is responsive to circumstances, that is to say, in the way we experience ourselves in everyday life. As writers and as readers, then, we feel the kinds of emotions the character would feel as an actor in following a plan and responding to circumstances that result from it.
A recent study by Marisa Bortolussi, Peter Dixon, and Paul Sopčák (2010) was about the effects of gender on reading fiction in Canada and Germany, but the results are best explained in terms of actor-observer differences.
The influence of gender on reading is a perennial question because it’s invariably found that more women than men read literary fiction. In the most recent large US survey by the National Endowment for the Arts (2009), which had 18,000 respondents, it was found that 58% of women had read a play, poetry, short-story or novel during the previous year, as compared 42% of men.
Bortolussi et al. selected four passages, each of about 1000 words, from contemporary novels, two with male protagonists, and two with female protagonists. For each passage with a male protagonist, they wrote a version of the same passage with a female protagonist, and for each passage with a female protagonist, they wrote a version with a male protagonist. They prepared versions in English (for the Canadian readers) and in German (for the German readers). Previous research has tended to find that males tended to prefer male protagonists and females to prefer female protagonists. With their clever manipulation of assigning people to the same stories but with different-sexed protagonists, Bortolussi and her colleagues found both male and female readers—in Canada and Germany—preferred male protagonists. That is to say: both males and female readers agreed more strongly with an item that stated, "I feel I can understand and appreciate the main character and situation of he story," and one that stated, "I would like to continue reading to find out what happens next in the story," when the protagonist was male as compared with being female.
The researchers explain this effect in terms of the actor-observer bias. In general, say Bortolussi and her colleagues, men in Western societies tend to be seen as acting in response to circumstances ("he did what he had to") whereas women tend more often to be seen in terms of their personality ("she behaved emotionally"). Thus, for both men and women, our social stereotypes make it easier in stories to understand and to identify with a male protagonist, the kind of character who acts in response to the situation he is in, than with a female protagonist, the kind of character who acts because of her personality.
Marisa Bortolussi, Peter Dixon & Paul Sopčák (2010). Gender and reading. Poetics, 38, 299-318.
Edward Jones & Richard Nisbett (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.
National Endowment for the Arts. (2009). Reading on the rise: A new chapter in American literacy (No. 46). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. |
0.947067 | For other uses, see Black Star.
Not to be confused with dark star (Newtonian mechanics), dark star (dark matter), black dwarf, gravastar, dark energy star, fuzzball (string theory), or Eternally collapsing object.
A black star is a gravitational object composed of matter. It is a theoretical alternative to the black hole concept from general relativity. The theoretical construct was created through the use of semiclassical gravity theory. A similar structure should also exist for the Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac equations system, which is the (super)classical limit of quantum electrodynamics, and for the Einstein–Yang–Mills–Dirac system, which is the (super)classical limit of the standard model.
A black star doesn't need to have an event horizon, and may or may not be a transitional phase between a collapsing star and a singularity. A black star is created when matter compresses at a rate significantly less than the freefall velocity of a hypothetical particle falling to the center of its star, because quantum processes create vacuum polarization, which creates a form of degeneracy pressure, preventing spacetime (and the particles held within it) from occupying the same space at the same time. This vacuum energy is theoretically unlimited, and if built up quickly enough, will stop gravitational collapse from creating a singularity. This may entail an ever-decreasing rate of collapse, leading to an infinite collapse time, or asymptotically approaching a radius bigger than zero.
A black star with a radius slightly greater than the predicted event horizon for an equivalent-mass black hole will appear very dark, because almost all light produced will be drawn back to the star, and any escaping light will be severely gravitationally redshifted. It will appear almost exactly like a black hole. It will feature Hawking radiation, as virtual particle pairs created in its vicinity may still be split, with one particle escaping and the other being trapped. Additionally, it will create thermal Planckian radiation that will closely resemble the expected Hawking radiation of an equivalent black hole.
The predicted interior of a black star will be composed of this strange state of spacetime, with each length in depth heading inward appearing the same as a black star of equivalent mass and radius with the overlayment stripped off. Temperatures increase with depth towards the centre.
Barceló, C.; Liberati, S.; Sonego, S.; Visser, M. (2008). "Fate of gravitational collapse in semiclassical gravity". Physical Review D. 77 (4): 044032. arXiv:0712.1130. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77d4032B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.044032. |
0.988875 | Who is the most successful gem trading mogul?
The gnomes of Zavandor have two great passions: sparkling gems and wondrous machines. The sought-after gemstones can be bought and sold, and then you can use the gems to calim mining rights, artefacts and jewellery. |
0.867498 | The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.
authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.
At the beginning of the 1830s, nearly 125,000 Native Americans lived on millions of acres of land in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Florida–land their ancestors had occupied and cultivated for generations. By the end of the decade, very few natives remained anywhere in the southeastern United States. Working on behalf of white settlers who wanted to grow cotton on the Indians’ land, the federal government forced them to leave their homelands and walk thousands of miles to a specially designated “Indian territory” across the Mississippi River.
Forcefully opened up china to trade with the world, which resulted in china losing a lot of it's sovereign rights.
the war pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border skirmish along the Rio Grande started off the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory, including nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.
Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna was a mexican general who was also president. He has been exiled multiple times, and during the Mexican-American War, was invited back into Mexico to help battle the Americans.
In 1863 he accepted the offer of the Mexican throne, falsely believing that the Mexican people had voted him their king; in fact, the offer was the result of a scheme between conservative Mexicans, who wished to overturn the liberal government of President Benito Juárez, and the French emperor Napoleon III, who wanted to collect a debt from Mexico and further his imperialistic ambitions there.
a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.
William Seward purchased Alaska at a bad time, which made it look like a stupid decision which he was ridiculed for (seward's folly), but later on congratulated for the benefits that were found in the territory.
Federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations, the U.S. Army, including Custer and his 7th Calvary, was dispatched to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer’s Last Stand.
Wounded Knee, located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota,was the site of two conflicts between North American Indians and representatives of the U.S. government. An 1890 massacre left some 150 Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux.
Captain Mahan argued that a decline in worldly naval power and British control of the seas led to the rise of Britain as the world’s dominant military, political, and economic power.
Hawaii became a state in 1959, but they have had a eye on them by the US government since the 1840's sugar trade.
the US was advancing its economic, political, and military interests to maintain its sphere of influence and securing the Panama Canal, which it had recently built to promote global trade and to project its own naval power.
Uprising against japanese and western influence and immigration in China.
aimed to secure international agreement to the U.S. policy of promoting equal opportunity for international trade and commerce in China, and respect for China’s administrative and territorial integrity. British and American policies toward China had long operated under similar principles, but once Hay put them into writing, the “Open Door” became the official U.S. policy towards the Far East in the first half of the 20th century.
Instead of a change in colonial rulers after Spain ceded from the Philippines, the Filipino people fought back against the US. It resulted in a million casualties for the Filipino, and about 20 thousand for the US.
President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal—a trans-isthmian canal. Throughout the 1800s, American and British leaders and businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea.
served as 27th president of the United States, and Chief Justice; the only person to ever hold both offices.
ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic. A number of groups, led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. Though a constitution drafted in 1917 formalized many of the reforms sought by rebel groups, periodic violence continued into the 1930s.
called for the victorious Allies to set unselfish peace terms, including freedom of the seas, the restoration of territories conquered during the war and the right to national self-determination in such contentious regions as the Balkans. Most famously, Wilson called for the establishment of a general association of nations—what would become the League of Nations—to guarantee political independence to and protect the territorial lines of great and small States alike.
World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations.
Between 1921 and 1922, the world’s largest naval powers gathered in Washington, D.C. for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia.
Roosevelt took office determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Under his leadership the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere. |
0.999986 | In South Africa you can get a free credit score from the following websites: Free Credit Report and Credit Score XDS (The free report has scoring included): http://www.credit4life.co.za/ Experian (The free report has scoring included as well.): https://www.creditexpert.co.za/ Free credit report excluding scoring Transunion (The report is free, but you have to pay for scoring.): https://mytransunion.co.za/ Compuscan (The free report does not include scoring): https://www.mycreditcheck.co.za/ Paid Credit Checks You can go to any Checkers or Shoprite MoneyMarket counter or you can do it online: http://www.kudough.co.za/shoprite_partner.aspx (This credit report checks XDS, Transunion and Experian and will cost R79) For a paid credit report that uses all 4 the credit bureaus mentioned you can use the below link to buy it online for R99: https://www.credithealth.co.za/complete-credit-report.htm Your credit score is an amount that can range between 330 and 850, the higher the score, the less risk you represent to creditors. With an excellent score, there is more chance you will receive lower rates and special deals, while with a poor score there is a much greater chance that you will not qualify for credit or loans. What is a good credit score in South Africa? In South Africa, an ideal credit score is anything above 645. 500 - 594 (NOT GOOD) Most lenders will see you as very high risk and are unlikely to lend you money 595 - 610 (NEEDS WORK) Most lenders will see you as a High risk, and are likely to offer you a loan at high interest rates, if at all. 611 - 628 (OKAY) Most lenders will see you as an Average risk and may offer you a loan at high interest rates. 629 - 659 (GOOD) Most lenders will see you as a Low risk, and are likely to offer you a loan at decent interest rates 660 - 730 (Excellent) Most lenders will see you as a very low risk, and are likely to offer you a loan with a good interest rate Reasons for having a low score: You have paid late on one or more credit accounts You have unpaid accounts You are up to date with your payments, but have missed payments in the past that still reflect on your credit file You have a judgment on your credit report You are under administration A form of legal action has been taken against you because of your payment history You do not have enough credit history to create a score. EDIT: You can also use https://www.tymecoach.co.za to get your credit score for free. |
0.999775 | A country in the north of Africa with coastlines on the Mediterranean and Red seas.
One of the oldest civilisations in the world which developed round the river Nile.
Egypt is an Arabic Muslim country, one of the few run by a secular (non religious) democratic government and has reasonably fair elections so in theory the people can vote for who they choose. This means it is similar to Turkey but very different from the majority of it's Arab neighbours which are either run by military dictators, like Libya, or a medieval royal family like Saudi Arabia.
All these Muslim Arabic countries are very poor unless they are lucky enough to have found oil under the sand. Egypt has recently discovered oil in the Red Sea area but the quantity is small compared with Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Why are they all so poor? After all civilisation started in the Arab countries of Egypt and Iraq, then called Mesopotamia. Some say it is because of their Islamic religion which puts God's will, as delivered by the priestly Mullahs above all things; requires prayer five times a day, which takes people out of work and disallows women the right to work therefore cutting off half the work force. Egypt is the least restrictive of all Islamic Arab countries but there is still little evidence of women out side their homes other than helping in the fields by the river Nile.
The capital city is Cairo, but 2000 years ago it was Alexandria, a port on the Mediterranean Sea created by Alexander the Great. Prior to this the capital was Thebes now called Luxor a city further inland upstream on the Nile.
Egypt has more ancient writings, well preserved burial grounds (deep underground tombs and Pyramids) and Temples than any other of these original centres of civilisation. Hence it is the most interesting to visit.
The earliest books were written in Egypt as they invented the paper on which to write them. While the English and the Irish were writing on dried sheep skin the Egyptians used Papyrus paper. Papyrus is a 10 foot reed growing on the banks of the Nile which if cut and soaked in water and laid in a cross mesh, pressed and dried, forms a paper which can store and display letters and coloured pictures. Books or letters would be in the form of long scrolls.
Both Mesopotamia and Egypt are mentioned in the Bible. Abraham lived in Mesopotamia and was the founder of the Jewish race. The Jews lived some 500 years in Egypt as slaves.
The climate in Egypt is so dry that many of the ancient buildings are still there to be viewed by tourists and studied by historians. Indeed 95% of Egypt is a sandy desert, the remaining 5%, that is the land some 25 miles either side of the Nile is green and fertile. 95% of the population live in the fertile 5%, the majority growing vegetables to feed themselves. Farming techniques have not changed much for 1000s of years and the farmers live in mud huts by the river or more accurately houses made of bricks of dried mud. They share their houses with their cows and goats and transport their vegetables by donkey with or without a cart Their cities are much like those in poorer parts of Europe but very dirty and hot. As most people live by the river the best way to travel is by boat much as they used to travel up and down the Mississippi before roads were developed in the US.
30,000 years ago when England and North America were in the grips of an Ice Age and humans were almost non existent there, most of Egypt, which is now desert, was a fertile and forested area. Humans lived over the whole land and lived by hunting the abundance of wild life. If they were not hunting they would have been hunted, as lions and elephants roamed the area.
15,000 years ago when England and North America came out of the Ice age and humans started living there again, the fertile land of Egypt started to dry out, the trees and grass died and the desert took a hold. The human population which had been dispersed across the land had to move to the only fertile area left, the Nile Valley, and here they remain to-day. This forced the coming together of the wandering nomadic hunter gatherers where people had to learn how to live together without fighting and commenced the early civilisation as we know it to day. Leisure time was possible for the first time and humans began to wonder why the sun rose and set, why it rained, what were the moon and stars and what happened to them when they died. There was no science, so the mind was free to invent ideas, one of them being the concept of a life after death and the idea that one should be buried with all your earthly goods as you would need them in the next life. Hence the famous Egyptian Pyramids and other burial chambers which were full of gold for the king to use in the next life.
For comparison: Some of the most famous ancient burial/temple sites around the world.
Pyramids 4500 years old. These are very elaborate burial chambers for the kings built by the Nile delta close to one of the original capitals of Egypt, Memphis. Very close to the present day capital Cairo. The tallest Khufu is 450 feet high and for over 4000 years was the tallest building in the world.
Valley of the Kings 3500 years old, slowly developed to eventually house 62 royal burial chambers the most famous one belonging to King Tutankhamen which is the only grave not to have been robbed of millions of pounds of gold by grave robbers. There is still one undiscovered tomb. The Valley of the Kings is close by the river Nile at Luxor (Thebes).
There are no buildings, temples or burial chambers of anything like this age in the Americas. Pyramids have been found in Mexico built by the Mayas commencing in AD 100. 1500 years later circa AD 1500 the Aztecs dominated Mexico and built huge cities but the climate has not been kind to them. In Peru South America the Incas are the best known early civilisation but they also did not exist much before 1500.
BC 3100 The two parts of Egypt, that is Upper Egypt, south of Luxor and Lower Egypt north of Luxor combine under one King. This commences an almost 3000 year history of continuous rule by domestic Egyptian Kings (plus a few queens) known as Pharaohs.
BC 332 End of rule by Egyptian Kings because it was conquered by Alexander the Great from Greece or more accurately Macedonia. Alexandria, a port on the Mediterranean coast, became the capital of Egypt. England's Churchill said Alexandria was one of the places on the earth to which he could retire.
AD 642 The Arabs invaded and took Egypt from the Romans. Then the Eastern Romans called the Byzantium's, headquartered at Constantinople (Istanbul). Egypt became Muslim.
1517 Egypt was overrun and ruled by the Islamic Ottoman Turks who had just kicked the Romans out of Constantinople.
1801 The English then the most powerful nation on earth kicked out the French with the support of the Ottomans. A local dynasty was re-established.
1869 The English in their first joint venture with the French built the Suez Canal linking the Mediterranean sea and Indian Ocean by the Red Sea.
1882- 1922 The English rule Egypt.
1922 Egypt is granted independence and is ruled by King Fa'ud, followed by his son King Farouk who signed a defence treaty with England. In World War Two, Egypt joined in on the side of the British.
1952 A military coup saw Farouk overthrown and General Naquib then Colonel Nasser soon in charge. Nasser immediately took the Suez Canal from the British and the French.
1970 Colonel Nasser is succeeded by President Sadat who ends the post war relationship with the Russians, signs a peace deal with the Israelis, gets the Sinai back, but is then assassinated by Islamic extremists for his troubles.
1981 Sadat is succeeded by President Hosni Mubarak who has embarked on a modernizing policy ruling over a relatively terrorist free Islamic population. |
0.950629 | Why the emphasis on mineral wealth? The answer is simple. Many countries with large endowments of valuable natural resources, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa , do not fare better in terms of human development outcomes than less well-endowed countries, and in some cases often do worse.
Yet there are good international examples of spending mineral wealth in ways that benefit people, as in copper-mining Chile , diamond-rich Botswana , and oil-producing Malaysia and Norway . There’s also one in the United States – Texas.
The Permanent University Fund (PUF) is a public endowment that supports 21 institutions of the University of Texas (UT) and the Texas A&M University systems that provide educational opportunities to close to 200,000 students across the state. PUF was established by the 1876 Constitution of the state of Texas through the appropriation of 2.1 million acres of land in West Texas. Since 1923, when oil began to be drilled on what was once cattle-grazing land, the principal of the PUF , which cannot be spent, has included proceeds from oil, gas, sulfur, and water royalties on this land, gains on investments in the financial markets, rentals of mineral leases, and the amounts received from the sale of university lands. The income generated by grazing leases on university lands and a portion of the earnings from the endowment are distributed across the two university systems (about $650 million in 2013 alone); the rest is added back into the principal.
Overall, the experience in Texas shows the benefits of a strong legal framework, well-developed institutional and governance arrangements, sound financial management of mineral endowments, infrastructure development, and political and social commitment to human capital development. Dedicated funding streams from mineral taxes and royalties can help meet both the long-term requirements for economic growth when extractive revenues dwindle, as well as the immediate need to build human capital as a key contributing factor to diversified growth and social well-being over the medium and longer term. Trade-offs made for short-term benefit rarely provide the necessary investment required to ensure shared prosperity. |
0.929181 | Can you say diving teddy bear? Loud, boisterous, and fun loving, Instructor John loves to introduce people to the underwater world of scuba diving. A born water baby, John grew up swimming and playing water polo in Northern California. While attending summer semester in college, he earned his PADI Open Water certification in a quarry in Pennsylvania. The next year, he went back to the same quarry to complete his advanced certification. After college, he served 6 years in the Navy, but you don’t have to thank him for his service. While serving, he lived in Hawaii and was able to dive all over the world.
After leaving the navy he traveled to Florida to become a PADI Open Water Instructor. He started his professional career working in Key Largo. He met his future ex-wife on a dive boat and moved up to Naples. He has lived in Naples ever since, and has continued teaching SCUBA while also occasionally working has a Middle and High School Math Teacher. When asked what his favorite dive is, his answer is always YES, because he can enjoy all types of diving in a wide range of conditions. |
0.999549 | On Nov 20, 2015, 25, the third studio album of famous songwriters and singer Adele was released. Comparing to Adele's other albums, 25 is a great success and has broken many records in the music industry. However, when the album first released, only 3 singles songs, "Hello", "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)", and "When We Were Young" could be streamed on Apple Music. Later on June 24, 2016, the album 25 was finally available on Apple Music, Spotify, Amazon Prime, etc. for online music streaming. In this article, I will give you the guidance on how to download Adele's 25 from Apple Music for offline streaming, and convert the songs into other formats so that you are able to play the album freely.
Adele's 25 album has received great comments from music critics to ordinary people. By comparison of Adele's former albums, 25 has used electronic elements, creative rhythmic patterns, and also with the elements of 1980s R&B and organs. Also, the sales of Adele's 25 also reached a summit, which was a massive commercial success. 25 has broken the sales records in multiple countries, including USA and UK. In United State, the first-week sales record of 25 reached 3.38 million, which broke the largest single-week sales made by Nielsen SoundScan in 1991. With 2015, 25 became the No.1 best selling album in the world with 17.4 million copies sold.
If you are the subscriber of Apple Music, you are free to download any albums, songs from Apple Music. As 25 is available on Apple Music now, you could simply search for it.
Step 2. In the search bar, enter "25", then the result would come out.
Step 3. Click on Adele's 25 album, then tap "ADD" button.
Step 4. After clicking on the ADD, you could see a download button. Tap on it, and the album could be download to your library.
When you get Adele's 25 on Apple Music, you also want to play the album on more devices. For example, you want to save the songs from 25 on a USB stick to play them on your car while driving. Or you may want to save the songs to your Sony Walkman, Apple Watch for enjoying when you are on the way to work, or doing some sports.
But you would fail to transfer 25 from Apple Music to other devices or media players directly since the songs are protected by DRM (Digital Rights Management). If you want to transfer them or covert the songs into other formats, such as MP3, M4A, etc., you have to remove DRM from these songs firstly.
Take use of TuneFab Apple Music Converter, you could easily remove DRM from Adele's 25 albums. TuneFab Apple Music Converter is professional in dealing with DRM removal as well as formats conversion. It would unlock the DRM encryption and convert them into common formats such as MP3, M4A, etc. with rather high speed and good output quality. TuneFab Apple Music Converter is available for both Windows and Mac. Besides, it is also compatible with the latest iTunes version and gives users a free trial experience.
Now turn to the steps of operating TuneFab Apple Music Converter.
Select the suitable version of TuneFab Apple Music Converter (Windows or Mac) for your computer, and download it right now.
TuneFab Apple Music Converter could detect your iTunes Library. You are able to select the songs you have downloaded to the library directly. Go to "Music" in "Playlists", and select the songs from Adele's 25 album.
Turn to Output Settings section now (under the selection box). You can select the output format of the songs here. Besides, you can also select the output folders, bit rate, codec, etc.
Click on Options, then you would go to General Settings. Here you are able to select the conversion speed from 1X to 16X. You could greatly save your time by selecting a higher conversion speed.
Finally, click on the "Convert" to remove DRM from the songs and convert them into a common-used format such as MP3. You could get the songs in few minutes.
When you get the DRM-free Apple Music songs of Adele's 25 album, you could save them to a USB drive, Sony Walkman, Apple Watch, an Android phone or tablets, etc. Then you are able to enjoy the songs freely no matter where you are. Let’s fall in the beautiful rhythms of Adele's songs! |
0.99873 | I don't get to add a new country to my postcard collection too often anymore. This is the most recent addition to that collection. I never really expected to receive a postcard from Burundi, so I was very happy to receive this one.
Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It is also sometimes considered part of Central Africa. Burundi's capital is Bujumbura. Although the country is landlocked, much of the southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika.
The Twa, Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least five hundred years. For more than 200 years, Burundi had an indigenous kingdom. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Germany colonized the region. After the First World War and Germany's defeat, it ceded the territory to Belgium. The Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi. Their intervention exacerbated social differences between the Tutsi and Hutu, which contributed to political unrest in the region. There was civil war in Burundi as it fought for independence in the middle of the twentieth century. Presently, Burundi is governed as a presidential representative democratic republic.
Burundi's largest industry is agriculture, which accounted for just over 30% of the GDP. Subsistence agriculture accounts for 90% of agriculture. The nation's largest source of revenue is coffee, which makes up 93% of Burundi's exports. Other agricultural products include cotton, tea, maize, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, and hides. Foreign Policy reports, Subsistence farming is highly relied upon, however due to large population growth and no coherent policies governing land ownership, many people don't have the resources to sustain themselves. In 2014, the average farm size was about one acre. |
0.999987 | was a famous and revolutionary Japanese painter and lacquerer of the late Edo period and early Meiji era. In Japan, he is ironically known as both too modern, a panderer to the Westernization movement, and also an overly conservative traditionalist who did nothing to stand out from his contemporaries. Despite holding this odd reputation in Japan, Zeshin has come to be well regarded and much studied among the art world of the West, in England and the United States in particular.
Zeshin was born and raised in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). His grandfather Izumi Chobei and his father Ichigoro were shrine carpenters (miya daiku) and skilled wood carvers. His father, who had taken his wife's family name of Shibata, was also an experienced Ukiyo-e painter, having studied under Katsukawa Shunshō. This, of course, gave him an excellent start on the road to being an artist and craftsman. At age eleven, Kametaro, as Zeshin was called in his childhood, became apprenticed to a lacquerer named Koma Kansai II.
At age 13, the young man who would become Zeshin abandoned the name Kametaro and became Junzo. Koma Kansai decided that his young charge would need to learn to sketch, paint, and create original designs in order to become a great lacquerer. He arranged for young Shibata to study under Suzuki Nanrei, a great painter of the Shijō school. Shibata then took on yet another artist's name, abandoning Junzo and signing his works "Reisai," using the Rei from Suzuki Nanrei, and the sai from Koma Kansai.
It was during his time with Nanrei that he was given the name Zeshin, which he would stick with for the rest of his life. The name has a meaning similar to "this is true" or "the Truth", a reference to an old Chinese tale of a king who held an audience with a great number of painters. While nearly all of the painters afforded the king the proper respect, bowing before him and comporting themselves appropriately, one arrived half-naked, did not bow, and sat on the floor licking his paintbrush; the king exclaimed "now, this is a true artist!" And from this the name Zeshin was taken.
who studied under a man called Zeshin."
Koma Kansai died in 1835, and Zeshin inherited the Koma School workshop. He took on a young man by the name of Ikeda Taishin as a pupil; Taishin would remain his pupil and close friend until his death in 1903. Zeshin married in 1849 and named his first son Reisai, but lost his mother and his wife both soon afterwards.
In the 1830s and 1840s, Japan suffered an economic crisis, and artists were strictly limited, by law, in their use of silver and gold, both nearly essential for traditional styles of lacquer decoration. Zeshin compensated by using bronze to simulate the look and texture of iron, and with a variety of other substances and decorative styles to keep his work beautiful, while remaining traditional and doable. Many of his pieces could be said to embrace the concept of wabi, that is, beauty and elegance in the very simple, as exemplified by the Japanese tea ceremony. Although very few of his Edo period (pre-1868) pieces survive, it is evident in many of his later pieces that he would use, at times, a very simple and nearly colorless style of decoration, while continuing to use the traditional designs such as flowers and reeds.
Beginning in 1869, Zeshin was commissioned to work for the Imperial government, and created many works of art for them which are sadly no longer extant. These included a set of gold-lacquered chairs for the Imperial Palace decorated in a sakura (cherry blossom) motif. He was later made Japan's official representative to several international expositions, including Vienna in 1875, Philadelphia the following year, and Paris. One year before his death in 1891, Zeshin was granted the immense honor of membership in the newly-created Imperial Art Committee. The honor of Imperial Commissioned Artists was only granted to 53 artists between 1890 and 1944.
Khalili Collections of London, containing over 100 works by the artist.
In addition to inventing the form of urushi-e, painting with lacquer, Zeshin also experimented greatly with the technical elements of using lacquer. He mixed his lacquers with a variety of substances to achieve different colors and textures, and to control the consistency and flexibility of the lacquer. He mixed certain substances with the lacquer to ensure it would not crack when his urushi-e scroll paintings were rolled up. He used bronze in his lacquer to simulate the appearance and texture of iron, and cereal starch to thicken his lacquer to simulate, at least in some respects, the effect of Western oil painting.
Zeshin remains, in fact, the only artist to be successful in the medium of urushi-e, as it requires specially treated paper, and a very particular consistency of lacquer to be used as paint. Zeshin also revived a complex lacquer technique called seikai-ha to produce wave forms; this technique is so difficult it had not been used for over a century.
However, although he used many revolutionary elements in his work, both technically and creatively, Zeshin's works were always, on the whole, very traditional. In the brand-new medium of lacquer painting, he would paint traditional subjects like birds and flowers, insects, waterfalls and dragons. He copied a famous painting of a tiger by his teacher Maruyama Okyo, in lacquer. A red, black and gold lacquer picnic set by Zeshin serves as another good example of this revolutionary traditionalism. The picnic set is made in very traditional style, almost entirely of red and black lacquer with gold decorations of leaves and branches. However, on the serving tray is a series of butterflies and dragonflies, inlaid into the surface of the serving tray and carved out of iridescent seashell.
Zeshin's signature was always quite subdued, and on occasion he would be playful with the idea of the signature. There is a decorative tsuba (sword handguard) made by him on which an ant, displayed in relief in lacquer, is carrying away the "shin" character (真) of Zeshin's signature to the other side of the piece.
It has been said that much of Zeshin's work strongly represents the aesthetic concept of iki (粋), which might be translated as "chic". The Edo concept of iki, known as sui in Kansai, was described most authoritatively by Kuki Shūzō, but like the English ideas of chic, cool, and stylish, the precise colors, patterns, and other stylistic elements that constitute iki are nearly impossible to pin down. Nevertheless, that said, Zeshin's works are often labeled as iki, and considered to have just the right balance of tradition with the new, being beautiful but not gaudy and simple but not boring and smart but not arrogant. His style has been compared by some to haiku, in that its beauty and meaning is more powerful in what is not shown than by what is.
200 years since 1807 . . .
Shibata Zeshin (1807–1891) is history’s greatest lacquer artist, recognized worldwide for his exquisitely detailed lacquered boxes, panels, sword mounts, and other objects, as well as scrolls painted in both ink and lacquer. In addition to his mastery of traditional techniques, Zeshin developed a range of daring new lacquer textures and finishes imitating rusty iron, rough seas, patinated bronze, and even the delicate grain of Chinese rosewood.
. Shibata Zeshin and HAIKU .
. Urushi laquer and Daruma . |
0.956109 | Look which is the most trendy color this year, and the most beautiful examples I’ve found.
According to the Pantone Institute, the color of this year is purple, more precisely the ultraviolet shade of Pantone 18-3838, which, according to the Institute, communicates with its originality, ingenuity and visionary thinking, and helps to brighten our future.
It’s definitely a strong color that contains two basic colors, blue and red. That is why, in history, this was commonly the color of minorities, especially those who fought for equality.
I like the color purely from an aesthetic aspect, I prefer if the purple contains more blue than red, just like the chosen pantone. With this blue subtlety, it is such a perfect combination to forest green, gentle pink, strong red, baked orange, mustard yellow … In fact, I can not find a color with which it would not be a trendy couple;). Personally, I won’t combine it with black in the upcoming months, because my closet is really more rainbow than black and because the purple-black combination can quickly look more like an evening look.
Violet color is not the easiest to use when using it to create makeup looks, but if you apply it correctly and choose the right shade, it is very noticeable and interesting, and looks good with every eye color. The ultimate ultraviolet shade is the best, because it’s the most neutral purple shade and is the least similar to the color of bruise.
Make sure the skin is cleansed and looks healthy, so cover all the imperfections , especially undereyes, otherwise you will look sick. Pay special attention to the persistence of the makeup – choose a long lasting, because it is less likely that the color will begin to change into a reddish or bluish version that will only make you tired. |
0.999388 | If a malicious application has found its way onto a computer running a localhost only WebSocket server, would it help if the communications used SSL?
SSL will usually not help.
If the attacker has complete control over the computer, then he wins. He can inspect and modify the memory of all process in the computer.
If the attacker is only a non-administrative user, then he won't be able to spy on process from other users. However, if the attacker can run code as the same user as either the server or the client of your envisioned localhost-only connection (or both), then he can plunder the RAM of the involved process, and he wins. Also, assuming a non-administrative attacker means that you trust that the said attacker could enter the machine but did not find any privilege-escalation exploitable hole: that's a rather optimistic assumption.
If the attacker can only listen to communications, but not have a look at the memory of the process, then SSL may help, since it will prevent spying. However, this is not a very realistic scenario: spying on localhost connections requires local admin privileges.
Where SSL may help is about authentication: a local attacker, with non-admin rights, may try to connect to the server and impersonate the client, or vice-versa. SSL provides authentication: the client validates the server's certificate, and, if the server asked for a client certificate, the server validates the client's certificate. Note, though, that on localhost, there are more efficient ways for a server to know who is at the other end of the socket (e.g. getpeereid()).
Is it good practice if all programs have their own user ID? |
0.89738 | Can Google read your website?
There are lots of different elements that need to be considered if you’re hoping for a good Google ranking, but considering whether Google can read your web site or be able to find all your pages is one of the most important.
Remember Google doesn’t see your web site as your customers do. It just interprets the content. So giving Google an easy way to comb through your web site content, and having the following basic structures in place is an essential starting point.
A sitemap is simply a list of all pages on your web site, which helps search engines visit every page on your web site. If your site doesn’t have many internal links, or is large with many pages, a sitemap is essential.
Your page title is one of the things Google uses to determine what your page is about, so the clearer and more concise your title is, the more likely search engines are to successfully read your site and rank it accordingly. It also especially helps your ranking if you use your main page keyword in the title.
Your URLs can also be useful in helping search engines decide what your page is about. A best-practice URL should include keywords and clear indicators of the type of content that will be found on the page and should also indicate where the page can be found on the site. This means including some information about the category or folder it belongs to, such as ‘products’ or ‘information’.
Make life easy for the search engines that will be crawling your site by grouping related content together. This makes it easier for Google to understand the common themes and purpose behind your site and shows how much authority you have in any given area.
Google’s search spiders like to crawl through your site using internal links. These are the links you include from one page on your site to another, and they provide Google with an easy way to index your site. This is inn addition to using menu and sub-menu links.
Once your web site is easier for Google to navigate, it will be more likely to rank you higher, but your human visitors will enjoy a better experience as well. |
0.972641 | A baby has x total toys. If 9 of the toys are stuffed animals, 7 of the toys were given to the baby by her grandmother, 5 of the toys are stuffed animals given to the baby by her grandmother, and 6 of the toys are neither stuffed animals nor given to the baby by her grandmother, what is the value of x?
Use the overlapping sets formula for two groups: Total = Group 1 + Group 2 – Both + Neither.
Here, the groups are “stuffed animal” and “given by the baby’s grandmother.” The problem indicates that the “both” category is equal to 5 and that the “neither” number is 6. The total is x. |
0.996917 | Question: What two letters can spell the word candy?
Answer: C and Y. If you take away the spaces, it will become the word CandY. |
0.99967 | In northern Arizona lies one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon is a massive canyon of red rock. At the bottom of the canyon runs the Colorado River. The Grand Canyon is over 277 miles long and over 1 mile deep. It is up to 18 miles wide and getting wider.
The Grand Canyon was made by the Colorado River. The river has run through this area for almost 2 billion years, carving the rock into a canyon. Native Americans have lived around the Grand Canyon for thousands of years. Today, almost 5 million visitors come every year to marvel at the canyon.
People like to go hiking and rafting in the canyon. Hiking the Grand Canyon is thrilling, but dangerous. You can also camp in the Grand Canyon. People coming to the Grand Canyon should be careful though. Hiking here is very hard and people often must be rescued because they become too tired or dehydrated to continue. Over 600 people have died in the Grand Canyon in the last 150 years.
People enjoy hiking, camping and rafting in the Grand Canyon.
The ancient Pueblo Indians first inhabited the Grand Canyon over 3,000 years ago. They used the caves for shelter and stored grain in rooms cut out of the rocks.
The Grand Canyon was a sacred site to the pueblo people. They made pilgrimages to it.
People take helicopter rides into the canyon.
The canyon is 4 miles across at the narrowest point.
President Theodore Roosevelt often visited the canyon to tour and hunt. He guided the decision to make the canyon a national park.
John Wesley Powell, for whom Lake Powell is named, was the first to lead an expedition into the Grand Canyon in 1869. He gave the canyon its name.
The weather here is extreme. In the summer, the temperature rises to 100 degrees Fahrenheit or more. Winter temperatures can fall to 0 degrees.
The air here is some of the cleanest in the U.S.
All About the Grand Canyon in Winter: Temperatures can fall to zero degrees and the Grand Canyon can get frosty and beautifully wintry looking!
Pour some water over sand and notice what happens. The water most likely will run off in one stream, washing away some of the sand and creating a trench. Keep adding water and the trench gets deeper. This is how many valleys are made. A very deep valley is known as a canyon. The Grand Canyon in Arizona is one of the largest canyons in the world.
A video of the Grand Canyon Walk.
Question: How many people visit the Grand Canyon every year?
Answer: Around 5 million people visit annually.
Question: How old is the Grand Canyon?
Answer: Scientists aren’t exactly sure, but they believe the Colorado River started making the canyon about 17 million years ago.
Question: What is the weather like in the Grand Canyon?
Answer: The South Rim is hot and dry most of the year, while the North Rim can get cold in the winter. The area is very dry. Hikers must bring their own water.
Enjoyed the Easy Earth Science for Kids Website all about the Grand Canyon info? Take the FREE & fun all about the Grand Canyon quiz and download FREE all about the Grand Canyon worksheet for kids. For lengthy info click here.
Declan, Tobin. " Fun Grand Canyon Facts for Kids ." Easy Science for Kids, Apr 2019. Web. 18 Apr 2019. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/all-about-the-grand-canyon/ >. |
0.970074 | How long can ground turkey stay in the fridge after thawing?
After you thaw the ground turkey it can stay safely in the refrigerator for up to 5 days max before going bad.
If you want to keep the ground turkey longer than 5 days then it needs to be frozen otherwise it will spoil and have to be thrown out.
If you use it within 5 days though the ground turkey can safely be refrigerated for up to 5 days.
The ground turkey will be bad if it has a slimy texture or a bad sour smell to it but if it smells good and doesn't have a slimy texture then it's okay to eat. |
0.983783 | Brazil is a large country on the continent of South America. It is the most populated country in South America, and the wealthiest. It is also the fifth largest country by population. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, as it was colonised by Portugal.
The political system of Brazil is fairly complicated, and the nation has a long and bloody record of coups and revolutions. The nation gained independence from Portugal in 1825 after a war. Following the removal of the Portuguese government, Brazil became an empire, led by Emperor Pedro the First, the former King of Portugal. The early government of Brazil had trouble dealing with slavery, secessionism, and racial tensions. The monarchy of Brazil was complimented by a Parliament, but it was far from democratic.
The Empire of Brazil was not especially successful at meeting these challenges, and in 1889 the monarchy was overthrown, and Brazil became a republic. A presidential election was held by Congress, and Deodoro da Fonseca was elected President. His administration was short-lived, and Fonseca resigned. The first direct elections were held in 1894, and were won by the right-wing liberal Republican Party of Sao Paulo. This party dominated government for the next decade, but in 1906, the Mineiro Republican Party won the presidency.
Over the next few years, a confusing mix of republican parties held the presidency, and elections were fairly uncompetitive. There was nothing unusual about this in South and Central America at the time; this was the era of 'banana republics', when large fruit companies controlled the elections and politics of Latin American countries in order to ensure a monopoly over fruit production. However, in Brazil it was more a case of ruling governments using their positions in order to entrench their party's dominance.
In the 1930s, Brazilian politics was unstable, which caused serious social and economic problems. Defeated Vice Presidential candidate Getulio Vargas led a military coup to take power, and became President. Vargas led Brazil for 15 years, and introduced significant economic changes; he created state-owned monopolies for many industries. This economic policy remained significant in Brazil for many years.
Following World War 2, Brazil moved towards democratisation. A new, relatively liberal, constitution was introduced that was heavily based of the Constitution of the United States. Presidents were elected by the single-member plurality system, and vice-presidents were elected seperately from presidents; a design choice which led to instability, as presidents were frequently elected with less than a majority, and vice-presidents could be elected from different parties as the president. A party-list proportional representation system with open lists was introduced for the Chamber of Deputies, while the Senate was elected using the limited vote using state boundaries.
Brazil's president was fairly powerful. He appointed ministers, was able to veto or approve bills passed by Parliament unless the bill recieved two-thirds of the vote from both houses, and was supreme commander of the military.
The Congress played a purely legislative role. It approved bills, which the President could veto, and voted on the budget.
A new president, Eurico Dutra, was elected as the candidate of the centre-right Social Democratic Party, which also won a majority in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. Dutra was a heavily pro-United States candidate, but was fairly unpopular.
In the 1950 Presidential election, he was defeated by Vargas, who ran as the candidate of the left-wing Brazilian Labour Party. However, the Labour Party did not have a majority in Congress, and Vargas's presidency was fairly ineffective. In 1954, Vargas committed suicide, and was replaced with Vice President Cafe Filho.
Filho did not run for re-election in 1955, and in a three-way presidential election, conservative National Democrat candidate Janio Quadros was elected. However, Quadros had little support in Congress, and resigned at the end of 1961. He was replaced by left-wing Vice President Joao Goulart. However, Goulart's power was reduced by a constitutional amendment creating the office of Prime Minister.
During his term, Goulart came into conflict with the right-wing establishment, thus earning the enmity of the military. In 1964, these tensions came to a head. The military overthrew Goulart, and replaced him with high ranking officer Castelo Branco.
It is worth taking a further look at this period of Brazilian history. One of the big problems with the Brazilian government during this period was that it was rare for one party to control both the Presidency and the parliament, which made governments unstable and ineffective.
In nations with a powerful military, this sort of ineffectiveness can turn military officers against governments. Of course, this is a relatively minor factor; the main force for the coup came from the elevation of the leftist Goulart to the presidency.
The military government abolished all of Brazil's political parties, and introduced repressive new electoral laws that only allowed two parties: the right-wing anti-communist National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) and the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). Vaguely democratic elections were held for Congress, but they were tightly controlled to ensure that the MDB did not get anywhere near power, and it was made clear by the coup leaders that if the MDB won, they would not win any power.
Presidential elections under the military government were held indirectly; presidents were elected through an electoral college. The makeup of this college was such that a victory for the military's preferred candidate was ensured. Nonetheless, the MDB did run candidates, but only to attract attention to the regime's human rights abuses.
During the late 70s, international pressure grew on Brazil to return to democracy. Eventually, the military leaders agreed to move towards democracy, but slowly, in order to ensure an 'ordered' transfer. Over the next few years, gradual improvements were made, including the introduction of a multi-party system. More controversially, an Amnesty Law was passed, making officials in the military government immune from prosecution for any crimes committed under the military government.
In 1985, the first (sort of) democratic presidential election took place. The Electoral College was still used, but electors were free of the sort of coercion that took place under military rule. Tancrado Neves, the candidate of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (the renamed MDB, abbreviated as PMDB) defeated Paulo Maluf, the candidate of the Democratic Social Party (the renamed ARENA). Tancrado died before he was sworn in, but was replaced by his vice-president, Jose Sarney.
It is debatable whether this transition to democracy is the most desirable way. There are two distinct sorts of transitions: ones where the non-democratic government collapses (i.e. Soviet Union), and ones where the non-democratic government transitions to democracy of their own accord (i.e. Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan).
Ones where the non-democratic government collapses usually provide the quickest transition, and give less time for non-democratic leaders to put in place self-serving legislation. They can, however, lead to a chaotic development of democracy, which can lead to the rise of anti-democratic strongmen promoting 'law and order', such as in Russia and Hungary.
When non-democratic governments wind themselves up, the transition to democracy can be slow, and dictators have plenty of time to create golden parachutes for themselves. Despite this, this method has a number of advantages. It means that state institutions remain consistent during the changeover, and creates a more inclusive environment for constitution building.
For obvious reasons, this is not something that can necessarily be chosen. It is worth noting that most of the countries that have had the non-democratic governments transition to democracy have been 'soft' dictatorships, where voters had some opportunity to vote for opposition parties.
Following Sarney's victory in the 1985 elections, a Constitutional Assembly was elected. In this election, the PMDB won a majority, the new centre-right Liberal Front came second, the Democratic Social Party came third (with only 8% of the vote, down from 43% in 1982), and the left-wing Workers' Party (PT) came fourth.
This assembly took three years to write a new constitution, which was approved by the assembly. The constitution established a presidential system of government, with an elected bicameral legislature.
The parliament remained bicameral, with the Senate being elected through the limited vote based on equal representation of provinces. The Chamber of Deputies was elected through the open list system, based on provincial boundaries. However, there is a maximum number of seats that a province can have, which means that very large provinces can be under-represented.
The first election under the new constitution took place in 1989, for the Presidency. A large number of candidates contested the election. Governor of the small northeastern state of Alagoas Fernando Collor de Mello ran as the candidate of the centre-right National Reconstruction Party came first in the first round with 36% of the vote, while Luiz Inaco Lula de Silva of the left-wing Workers Party came second, with 16.7%. In third place came Leonel Brizola, of the left-wing Democratic Labour Party, with 16%, and Mario Covas of the Social Democrats came fourth with 11%.
In the second round, between de Mello and de Silva, de Mello came first, with 53%, an improvement of 17%. de Silva won 47%, a gain of 30%. de Silva's more significant gain was due to more fragmented smaller left-wing parties uniting to support him in the second round.
The first legislative election under the new system took place in 1990. Data is not consistent regarding this election, but it seems to have produced a heavily fragmented parliament, which was not helpful for de Mello, a president already facing a serious economic crisis.
In 1992, Parliament introduced impeachment charges against de Mellor, who was accused of offering influence in government affairs for money. A report showed that the President was likely guilty, and the Chamber of Deputies allowed the trial to proceed to the Senate.
Before he could be tried, however, de Collor resigned, and was replaced by Vice President Itamar Franco, a member of the PMDB. Despite his resignation, the trial of de Collor in the Senate went on, and he was found guilty almost unanimously. He obviously could not be removed from office, but he was banned from running for any election for eight years.
During Itamar's term, a referendum was held on a change in the political system. This was part of a deal in the Constitutional Assembly, where a number of members who supported the previous military regime were willing to back a new constitution if voters had the opportunity to choose between a monarchy and a republic, and a parliamentary and presidential system.
In this referendum, the status quo won easily. In the monarchy vs. republic contest, republic won with 86%, while in the presidentialism vs. parliamentarism contest, presidentialism won with 69%. The monarchy contest was relatively unsurprising, given that Brazilians were used to presidentialism and were uncertain about monarchy, but the defeat of parliamentarism was probably due to a connection between the system and the coup.
Despite this landslide for the presidency, the Social Democrats did not do especially well in the Chamber of Deputies. The PMDB came first, with 20% and 107 out of 513 seats. The PSDB came second, with 14% and 62 seats, a relatively weak position for a presidential party. Despite winning only 13%, the Liberal Front won 89 seats. The Workers' Party won 12.8%, and 49 seats. No other party won more than 10%.
The effect of the PMDB, a vague, catch-all party with little support when they stick to one candidate (in Presidential elections), but with more significant support in elections where there are multiple candidates (Chamber of Deputies elections) is rather interesting. One could perhaps consider the PMDB a 'party of independents', given that the party is not ideological and rather factional.
The general weakness of the major parties in the legislature makes the PMDB's support essential, and this is where the party's lack of ideology becomes useful. The party is able to deal with whoever is in power, thus allowing presidents to pass bills through the legislature. Often, this comes from pork-barrelling for PMDB members from the president; given that the President of Brazil has decree powers, he is able to build projects in PMDB-voting areas.
This may have something to do with the legislature's electoral system. Open list systems tend to allow parties with many factions to do well, as voters do not have to vote for a pre-determined list, the writing of which can lead to political conflicts. Rather, voters can vote for the candidate which most aligns with their factional affiliation. This has happened in Italy, where an open list system created heavily factional parties with politicians needing to pander to their local interest groups.
In 1998, Cardoso was easily re-elected again, with 53% to 31% for de Silva, and 11% for centre-left Socialist People's Party candidate Ciro Gomes. In the Chamber of Deputies, the Social Democrats came first, in terms of votes, with 17.5%. However, they came second to the Liberal Front in terms of seats; the Social Democrats won 99 seats (out of 513), the Liberal Front 105. The PMDB lost ground, winning 15% and 83 seats, and the Workers' Party won 13% and 58 seats.
During Cardoso's second term, the Asian economic crisis took place. As a result, cuts to public services were made, and unemployment increased. As a result, the Social Democrats lost support, and three-time Workers' Party Presidential candidate Lula de Silva won the presidency in 2002, with 46% in the first round (to 23% for Jose Serra of the Social Democrats, 17% for Anthony Garotinho of the Socialist Party, and 12% for Gomes of the Socialist People's Party). In the second round, Serra was hammered 61-39, with the leftist de Silva winning the presidency.
The Chamber of Deputies results were, again, relatively disconnected to the presidential contest. The Workers' Party did come first, but only with 18.4% and 91 seats, while the Social Democrats came second, with 14.3% and 71 seats. Not far behind was the Liberal Front, which, once again, won fewer votes than another party (13.4%), but won more seats (84). The PMDB continued their slide, winning 74 seats, and 13.4%.
de Silva was re-elected in 2006, but the election was much less fragmented. In the first round, de Silva won 49% to 42% for Social Democrat Geraldo Alckmin. However, most of the other candidates in the first round were leftists, and de Silva was easily re-elected 60-40.
The Chamber of Deputies results were more interesting. The Workers' Party lost ground, a change due to leftists moving to more radical left-wing parties as a consequence of de Silva's centrist shift, and a number of scandals under the government. The Workers' Party fell to 15%, and won 83 seats. For the first time since 1994, the PMDB came first in terms of seats, winning 14.6% and 89 seats. They had endorsed de Silva in the presidential race, however, thus making it likely that he would get their support. In the same election, the Social Democrats won 13.6% and 65 seats, drawing even with the Democrats, who won 10.9% and the same number of seats.
The 2010 election was rather interesting. It was the first presidential election under the new constitution in which Lula was not a candidate, and as a result was the first in which the Workers' Party didn't have an easy candidate. Former Minister for Energy and incumbent Presidential Chief of Staff Dilma Rousseff was chosen, and ran against Social Democrat Sao Paulo governor Jose Serra.
In the first round, Rousseff won 47% to 32% for Serra and a surprising 19% for Green candidate Marina Silva. Silva's support went relatively equally to the two candidates, and Rousseff won in the second round 56-44.
The legislative elections were comfortably won by Rousseff's coalition, which comprised the Workers' Party (which regained the status of largest party, winning 17% and 88 seats), the PMDB (which won 13% and 79 seats), and, rather oddly, the right-wing Republic Party, which won 7.6% and 41 seats. Most of the other parties were small leftist groups. The inclusion of the Republic Party does show how broad Brazilian coalitions can be, and how ideology can be bent in order to make political deals.
The opposition Social Democrats came third, with only 12% and 53 seats, while the Democrats won 7.6%. Unlike the government coalition, the opposition was relatively ideologically coherent, but was weak, only winning 26.5% of the total seats. The Greens did not repeat their impressive performance from the presidential elections, winning only 4% and 15 seats.
The 2015 elections were the closest ever. Rousseff ran for re-election against Aecio Neves, a governor of Minas Gerais and a Social Democrat. Marina Silva made another crack at the office, but this time as a candidate of the centre-left Socialist Party, originally for the Vice Presidency. However, the Socialist presidential candidate Eduardo Campos died in a plane crash during the campaign, and Silva was chosen to replace him.
In the first round, Rousseff won 42%, Neves won 34%, and Silva won 21%. Silva, rather oddly, endorsed the centre-right Neves for the second round. This made the second round extremely competitive, but in the end, Rousseff won 52-48%.
The legislative elections resulted in a majority (59% of seats) for the pro-Rousseff coalition, with losses from the Workers' Party and PMDB being cancelled out by the addition of a new party, the Social Democrats (but different Social Democrats from the old ones). The opposition coalition didn't change much, winning 25% of seats while Silva's coalition won 10% of seats, making them a significant presence in the parliament.
What impact does the electoral system have on Brazilian politics?
You would be forgiven for thinking Brazilian legislative and presidential elections were from different countries. The extreme fragmentation in the legislative elections is an interesting contrast to the relatively closed competition in the presidential elections. This is probably due to the formation of coalitions around certain candidates for the presidential election for parties that are unable to endorse a candidate with strong support.
The open list system is most interesting. At the moment, Brazilians vote electronically, by putting in a number for a candidate. As noted before, this can be a useful feature for parties with relatively broad ideologies, like the PMDB. They do not need to draw up lists, which can be polarising.
Also as discussed before, the open list system usually leads to fairly candidate-based politics, rather than party-based politics. The relatively high proportionality of this system means that many parties can enter parliament, making it relatively easy for new entrants to enter the lower house.
It would be interesting to see how Brazil would work with a parliamentary system. The incentives for voting would obviously be different, and it is plausible that there would be a change to a more majoritarian system. If governments were dependent on current parliaments, Brazil would be far more unstable. It seems likely that some of the left and right parties would merge, while the PMDB would stay as a centrist party in a 'kingmaker' role.
Brazil is fairly politically stable, and the fairly powerful office of President is able to balance out a fairly fragmented legislature. The question of how the two branches balance in presidential systems around the world is an interesting one, but it seems that the current Brazilian balance is fairly prudent for that country. |
0.97873 | How to use several instances of the same transformation with parameters and append the results?
For a BI project, I'm trying to pull data from several independent source databases and merge the data into one single target database. The source databases are structurally identical, only their content is different.
Currently, I use ONE transformation which performs all steps in one shot (I attached a pdf a screenshot on page 1 "Current Situation"). I set up the transformation for one database (accessing multiple tables with their corresponding connection settings). Then I made a copy of the operators, and changed the connection settings so they refer to another database (i. e. the settings for the "Table input" operator).
This is already a bit cumbersome, but the worst part is this: The project is "work in progress", and whenever I need to make a change (i. e. add a calculation, or pull another field), I need to make that change for each database from where I'm pulling, which is very hard to maintain.
To solve that, I'm trying to achieve this: (see the drawing (not working) on page 2 in the pdf, "Goal") I'd like to use one and the same transformation (not copies) each time I need to access a different database, and only change the paramaters (variables?) for the connection settings, then append the different streams, and write it into the target database.
This way I would only need to maintain one version of the transformation, and any change would be reflected in all instances of that transformation.
Would somebody be able to put me on the right track?
You're looking at pieces from the job level and the transformation level.
Jobs rarely do any work - they usually only define when work happens.
In the thread How to use same transformation with different parameters, then append streams? there are steps on how to migrate from your current setup (with multiple database runs in one transform) to using two transformations to handle this.
Once you've done all that, test this transformation using the GUI, and supplying the another DB host, user, and password in the parameter values on the Run Options screen.
When that's working, set up another transformation, with a Data Grid, connected to a transformation executor. In the data grid, list all your hosts, with the correct user and passwords, then on the configuration of the transformation executor, map those columns to the parameters defined. The process will now run sequentially through your databases when you run the DG->TE transform. I have heard (I've never tested it!) that you can set "Number of copies to execute" on the TE step and have multiple copies running at once -- just make sure that the data is distributed not copied from the DG to the TE. If the data is copied, then you'll run each database multiple times.
Thanks a lot for your reply. Yes, all databases are literally identical (except for content), they are all MS SQL 2016.
Could I reference the connection name (as one variable), or would I need to pass all settings (host name, database name etc.) as variables? In either case, could you give me a simple example how to do that?
The last operator is "Select". Would I need to add another one so operator "Transformation" (in the screenshot with the red arrows) DOES provide an output?
Thanks again for looking into it, much appreciated!
Thank you very much for your detailed explanation, that looks very helpful. I can't work on it right now but I'll certainly check that out over the weekend.
Thank you also for the link you inlcuded - shame on me, that's my own double posting. (I first posted it there, but realized that it was the old (read-only) forum, then I reposted it here. I'll follow up there as well).
Again, thank you very much, I really appreciate that.
Thanks again for your reply, and the link to the (my) other post, all my questions were answered - and I learned quite a bit! |
0.998346 | Refresh Layers in ArcGIS Pro with a refresh interval.?
Is there a way to refresh layer in ArcGIS Pro at a particular interval of time making it continuous refresh , I know F5 gives a refresh, But i need to refresh a particular layer at a particular Intervals as I am using a geoEvent extension for a Layer.
the Cache tab in layer properties allows you to set a refresh on intervals.
If I have clear cache every 5 minutes and the map is sitting open in a project idle for 5 minutes without a pan or zoom or anything, user is checking facebook or something, will the display update every 5 minutes with the updates? Is it truly like hitting F5 in ArcMap? What about open attribute tables will they update with new rows also?
the cache tab doesn't do that. I set the cache to 5 minutes and left the map open for 3 hours. Unless I did a pan or zoom, the map did not refresh itself with the latest data. Next I am trying with no cache but I suspect it will do the same. I wonder if I started a timer on an extension and triggered an async refresh on the timer event if I would achieve the refresh on interval. I doesn't seem like it is an out of the box functionality.
Same here, layers are refreshed only If I Pan or Zoom.
I too am having similar issues. I am using the GeoEvent extension to stream data to attributes of one of my feature layers. To test, I am streaming pseudo-random data. I set the "layer should be refreshed periodically" section to 1 second in the General tab of the layer properties, and I set the Cache option to "Don't cache any data locally." By clicking a point and examining the pop up, I can tell that my data is streaming to the layer, but the layer itself is not updating. To be more specific, I mapped the random attribute to unclassed colors, and the colors only change sometimes when I zoom.
I noticed this post is getting a little old, so I wanted to see if anyone has made any progress, figured out if there's another setting that needs to be adjusted, or otherwise found a way to stream real time data (at least one point per second) to ArcGIS Pro (or any other mapping tool) such that layers like heat maps or unclassed colors will update in real time.
I am also trying my application in ArcGIS Online. If I click the ellipses for my layer, and change the refresh interval, the layer updates as expected. The application is limited to 0.1 minutes, but if I type 0.01 minutes as the interval, the map appears to update with that rate. However, once I hit enter or remove my cursor from the input box, the layer stops updating and the checkbox indicates the layer is no longer refreshing. If anyone knows if it is possible to permanently overwrite the 0.1 minute limitation in AGOL, that could also be helpful.
Just wanted to update everyone that this can be set in the general tab of the Layer Properties.
I'm also seeing problems with this. I have a web layer in ArcGIS Online that I am accessing in ArcGIS Pro. I opened the web layer and interacted with it, and then I went out and edited the data with Collector. I came back to my desk and the edited data appeared in my web browser but not in ArcGIS Pro. I set the "Layer should be refreshed periodically" to 5 seconds and nothing refreshed. I hit Clear Cache button in Properties/Cache, then panned and zoomed but still nothing refreshed. It finally showed the refreshed data only when I exited Pro and then opened the project again.
Kevin (and others) - one thing to consider is that you may need to disable the Feature Cache. This is done from the workspace rather than on individual layers. Click the data sources view on the TOC (looks like a geodatabase can), find the workspace your web layer is in, right-click on it and choose Disable Feature Cache.
Thank you Jeremy! That did the trick!
Glad to hear it. We do realize this is a little confusing - so in a future release we plan to consolidate/improve the UX disparity between feature caching and layer visualization caches. For now, the PROTIP is to disable the feature cache AND the display cache if you know the features will be updated frequently (such as when they are edited externally). |
0.988732 | meteor shower, increase in the number of meteors observed in a particular part of the sky. The trails of the meteors of a meteor shower all appear to be traceable back to a single point in the sky, known as the radiant point, or radiant. A shower is named for the constellation in which its radiant is located, e.g., the Lyrids appear to come from a point in Lyra, the Perseids from Perseus, and the Orionids from Orion.
Meteor showers usually occur annually and with varying intensity. While the average counting rate of meteors for the entire sky is between 5 and 10 per hr, an observer may see twice this number in one part of the sky during a shower, depending on atmospheric conditions and the degree of darkness, and in the case of the Perseids, possibly more than 100 in an hour. The Leonids produce spectacular displays roughly every 33 years, as they did during the meteor storm of 1966 (with a peak of a thousand a minute) and the intense shower of 2001 (with a peak of several thousand an hour). The Taurids, though not intense in number of meteors, is noted for the spectacular fireballs it displays.
Most meteor showers are closely associated with comets . When a comet approaches the sun, a swarm of particles is shed along its orbit. If this orbit intersects that of the earth, a meteor shower will be observed. The shower will be particularly intense in those years when the original comet would have been observed. The Geminids are an exception; they are associated with the asteroid 3200 Phaethon. The Andromedids are associated with Biela's comet, the Eta Aquarids and Orionids with Halley's comet, the Leonids with Comet Tempel-Tuttle, the Lyrids with Comet Thatcher, the Perseids with Comet Swift-Tuttle, and the Taurids with Comet Encke. Some of the better-known meteor showers and their approximate peak dates are: Lyrids, Apr. 21; Perseids, Aug. 12; Orionids, Oct. 20; Taurids, Nov. 4; Leonids, Nov. 16; Geminids, Dec. 13. |
0.999771 | There are more new towns being built nowadays. It is more important to include public parks and sports facilities than shopping centres for individuals to spend their free time. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Building healthy, functional, and productive cities is perhaps the greatest challenge facing humanity today. A key part of these cities is the public spaces. I disagree with the statement that parks and sports facilities are better than shopping centres as public spaces. I firmly believe that shopping centres are as important as parks and sports facilities, so when designing new towns, all these public spaces should be given equal importance.
To begin with, public parks if developed as “places” and planned around major public destinations, build social connection and human happiness — both precious commodities in an increasingly congested urban landscape. A great urban park is a safety valve for the city, where people living in high density can find breathing room. Public parks are places where all people feel safe to play and relax, and can relieve stress. Another benefit is that crime rates and gang activities go down when more people are out on the street and know their neighbors. These places also have substantial environmental benefits. Trees reduce air and water pollution and thus they help to keep cities cooler.
Furthermore, sports facilities need to be designed and constructed so as to be functional as well as attractive in a way that encourages people to do sports and boost their feeling of well being. Modern lifestyle is very sedentary, and such public spaces such as stadiums and playgrounds would definitely promote active living and provide important physical, psychological and social health benefits for individuals and the community.
Visiting a shopping centre is one of most desirable activities of people everywhere in the world. Today, it is observed that shopping centers are used as public spaces by many urban inhabitants. Shopping centers have become places where social life is experienced and leisure time is spent through a wide range of activities offered besides shopping. For example, some shopping malls have skating rinks, where parents and children can spend good time together and have fun. The elderly come there for sitting and relaxing on the sofas and couches placed at regular intervals.
To sum up, public parks, sports facilities and shopping centres are all equally important public spaces. They are different, but have a common role of improving the life of urban residents in their own specific way. |
0.933564 | Breaking down what makes all the hops around the world unique.
The Cascade mountains, with their volcanic origins, give the cultivar its name. Cascade was developed in the USDA breeding program in Oregon and released as a US aroma variety in 1972. It is characterized by a dark green elongated cone which contains low amounts of alpha acids. Cascade displays a pleasant citrusy and fruity aroma. It is the most popular hop with the US craft brewing industry.
Aroma hop. Cascade was developed in the U.S.D.A. breeding program in Oregon and released as a U.S. aroma variety in 1972. It is characterized by a dark green elongated cone with an aroma that is of medium strength with very distinct floral notes and is often described as having grapefruit-like character. Cascade is the definitive hop for american craft brews.
This cultivar takes its name from a Native American tribe indigenous to the region around Washington. It was developed in Washington State within the framework of the USDA breeding programme and was released as a high alpha variety in 1985. The female parent of this variety is the English Golding. Chinook is characterised by strong growth in all growing regions and produces its highest yields in the Yakima region.
Dual purpose hop. Chinook was developed by the U.S.D.A. breeding program in Washington State and released in 1985 as a high alpha acids variety. This cultivar takes its name from a Native American tribe indigenous to the region around Washington state. The female parent is one of the English Goldings. This variety has a robust spicy, citrus aroma and grows vigorously in all areas.
The aroma variety Mount Hood, named after the highest mountain in Oregon, was released by the USDA breeding programme in 1989. It is a triploid daughter of Hallertauer Mittelfrüh and a sister hop variety to Liberty. Both display similar analytical values. The distinguishing feature of Mount Hood is its particularly mild aroma.
Aroma hop. Mt. Hood is an aroma vaiety released in 1989 from the USDA breeding program in Oregon. The variety is a triploid daughter of Hallertauer Mittelfrüh and a sister to liberty with analytical data similar to both. It has low alpha acids and beta acids content, low cohumulone, and high humulene in the essential oil. Mount Hood exhibits a pleasant, mild aroma.
Galena was developed within the framework of the state of Idaho’s hop breeding programme and was released as a variety in 1978. Galena is the ancient Roman term for the mineral galenite, which is present in Oregon‘s soil. The female parent variety is Brewers Gold. The outstanding features of Galena, the mildest of the high alpha varieties, are its relatively high beta content and its storage stability, which is almost as good as that of Cluster.
High Alpha Hop. Galena is the ancient Roman term for the mineral galenite which occurs in the soils of Oregon and gives its name to the hop variety grown there. Galena is a high alpha acids variety developed in the USDA breeding program in Idaho and released as a variety in 1978. It is characterized b high alpha acids and a relatively high content of beta acids.
Saaz originates from the Czech growing region of the same name. The success of this old, traditional regional variety lies in its particularly mild hoppy note. The aromas in the raw hops are predominantly spicy, woody ones, such as tarragon, lavender, cedarwood and smoked bacon.
Aroma hop. Saaz is the famous aroma landrace variety originating in the czech area of the same name. It has very mild, pleasant noble hoppy notes perfectly suited for and defines the czech-style pilsner beers.
Perle is a particularly popular hop due to the interaction of its well-balanced aromas with its high bitter content. Its remarkable yields and particularly high resistance to diseases make this variety especially attractive to growers.
Aroma hop. The combination of good alpha acids content with good aroma gave rise to Perle’s popularity. High yields and good tolerance to most diseases make this variety attractive also for growers. Released in 1978,it is well established in Germany and also grown in the U.S. in both Washington and Oregon.
Tettnanger is a traditional domestic cultivar belonging to the Saaz family and is grown exclusively around Tettnang near Lake Constance. In this region, the unique combination of favourable climate and loamy soil provide for a very fine aroma. The Tettnang hop displays good resistance to all plant diseases.
Aroma hop. The Tettnanger variety is a traditional and indigenous hop from the Saaz group which is mainly cultivated around Tettnanger on Lake Constance Germany. The unique combination of the favorable climate at Lake Constance and sandy clay soils from the ice-age produces a very fine aroma. This variety has a good tolerance to plant diseases. Tettnanger is widely used in lager beer styles.
The Magnum hop’s name is well-suited to its unusually large and heavy cones. This high alpha cultivar from Huell Hop Research Center produces good yields and features high resistance to diseases. Magnum is the most important bitter variety in Germany to date.
High alpha hop. This High alpha variet was bred in 1980 at Hüll Hop Research Center in Germany and is known for its extremely large and heavy cones. It produces good yields, and like many of the Hüll varities, Hallertauer Magnum has a high tolerance to disease.
Herkules, which was bred at the Hüll Hop Research Center is aptly named after the mighty Greek hero Hercules. In the Greek saga, Hercules completes tasks that were considered quite impossible. Similarly, this high alpha variety, with its extremely high yields and strong bitterness, has to meet a series of high demands from growers and brewers alike. Its acreage in Germany is growing fast.
High alpha hop. True to its name, Herkules is a robust, high-yielding, high bittering hop cultivar tolerant to various diseases. It was released in 2006 by the Hop Research Center Hüll having an excellent brewing quality combined with very good storage stability.
Hersbrucker, a traditional variety from the growing region of the same name, has strong growth characteristics and a particularly robust nature. It is largely resistant to diseases.
A traditional German variety from the Hersbrucker growing area which exhibits a fine noble aroma but sometimes shows a very low alpha acids content. It is considered as a successor of Hallertauer Mittelfrüh with a good tolerance to diseases.
Hallertauer Mittelfrüh is the original regional variety of Hallertau and, with its delicate aroma and average bitter content, is still very popular today. This hop variety almost disappeared due to its high susceptibility to vertillicum wilt. Thanks to a resurgence in demand and newly available virus-free plants, however, the cultivar is currently making a comeback.
Aroma hop. This is a very popular variety with fine aroma and average bitter content. Because of its high susceptibility to wilt, Hallertau Mittelfrüh had suffered from a dramatic decrease in cultivation in the 1990s, but with an increasing demand and availability of virus-free plant material , Hallertau Mittelfrüh has experienced a comeback.
The name of this fine aroma variety is the German word meaning “emerald”. The Smaragd hop has a high bittering value and good disease characteristics. This German cultivar is particularly high-yielding. Smaragd was bred at the „Hopfenforschungszentrum Hüll“ and was released in 2000, together with the varieties Saphir and Opal as new aroma varieties.
Aroma hop. Smaragd is a fine aroma variety with high bitter value. It has good disease resistance characteristics but some susceptibility to powdery mildew. Smaragd shows high yields and good production characteristics. The variety was developed at the Hop Research Center at Hüll, Germany.
Cross between Hallertau Magnum an German experimental variety.
High alpha Hop. Merkur is a German high-alpha variety bred at the Hop Research Center in Hüll, Germany and was registered in 2001. It shows good resistance to powdery mildew and moderate agronomic yield.
Dual purpose hop. Northdown was developed at Wye college in the UK from a cross of Northern Brewer female with a German male hop; released in the early 1970s. It is a high yielding, dual purpose variety with good resistance to dowey mildew but is susceptible to powdery mildew. Northdown has a distinctive aroma including notes of spicy, pine, floral and berry.
East Kent Golding is a well-known representative of the famous traditional English aroma-type hops and was developed from wild Canterbury Whitebine variety and released 1790. East Kent Golding is known for the rather subtle expression of its flavour characteristics.
Aroma hop. Developed from wild Canterbury Whitebine variety in late 1700s and brought to the market in 1790. The aroma has been described as gentle, fragrant, and pleasant and is recognized as having a typical English character.Goldings are also found to be useful for late hopping lagers, when a delicate aroma is required.
Named after a Kent grower who introduced Fuggles in 1875, Fuggles revered ever since as the classic aroma hop for British Bitters and Pale Ales, often used in combination with Goldings. Fuggle has typical English flavour, frequently blended with Goldings to improve „drinkability“ of the beer, and adding roundness and fullness to the palate.
Aroma hop. Named after the Kent grower that introduced it in 1875 and revered ever since as the classic aroma hop for the British Bitters and Pale Ales. The variety is often used in combination with Goldings. Fuggle has typical English aroma whose robust character contributes nicely to beer flavor. Sometimes it is used as a distinctive dry hop.
Wye Challenger was developed at Wye College from a cross in 1963 and was released in 1971. This hop variety is highly resistant to downy mildew.
Dual purpose hop. Wye challenger was developed at Wye College from a cross made in 1963. It is strongly resistant to downy mildew disease and was selected to meet the brewer’s demand for flavor and bitterness as well as the grower’s demands for disease resistance.
Daughter of Fuggle. A strong aromatic hop brought to Slovenia in the early 19th century.
Aroma hop. Styrian Golding is a traditional Slovenian variety originating from the English variety Fuggle, which was brought to Slovenia in the early 19th century. This variety is known for its noble hop aroma and pleasant bitterness.
Aroma hop. The combination of good alpha acids content with good aroma gave rise to Perle’s popularity. High yields and good tolerance to most diseases make this variety attractive also for growers. Released in 1978, it is well established in Germany and also grown in the U.S. in both Washington and Oregon.
Tradition is a daughter of Mittelfrüh and was bred in Huell. This variety is noted for its fine aroma and bitterness. Tradition is characterised even in poor years by good steady yields and is particularly resistant to wilt and downy mildew. It is comparable to Hallertauer Mittelfrüh and is distinguished by its good yields.
Aroma hop. Tradition is a variety bred at Hüll which is characterized by its fine aroma and average bitter content. It can be compared to Hallertauer Mittelfrüh and stands out due to good yields which remain relatively stable even in difficult growing years. This variety has a good tolerance to wilt and downy mildew. |
0.999828 | The popularity of houseboats is gaining strength as time goes by, especially in the United States. They have become a primary option for families and friends who would want to take a break from their daily routines and try something new. Some people would take the idea of living in a houseboat on a whole different level and turning it into a way of life.
Houseboats are basically boats which have been modified or have been designed to be able to accommodate individuals or families who would want to live afloat waters. A houseboat is (as the name implies) a combination of a boat and a house and is primarily used for the purposes of dwelling. There are houseboats which have motors and can be used to travel, while other houseboats are stationary, usually tied-up to a single place.
Houseboats all over the world All over the world, houseboats are being patronized. There are countless numbers of styles and functions of houseboats. Some houseboats are permanent places of residence by local people, such as in Southeast Asia, while some houseboats are rented as vacation hotels. Houseboats are also popular in Kerala, India, where dense populations live by the Dal Lake. One can find the most exquisite and expensive houseboats in Europe, particularly in the waters of Amsterdam in Netherlands. Amsterdam is home to a number of houseboat- hotels which have become favorites of visiting foreigners.
Aside from these houseboat-hotels, there is an estimated 2,500 families are living in houseboats in Amsterdam. Down south, in Australia, houseboats are also well-known, especially in the River of Murray. One can find houseboats of different functions and sizes in this river. There are motorized and stationary houseboats here, some of which serve as primary residence while some are used as holiday shacks.
In U.K., the narrow boats, which traverse the canals, also serve as a dwelling place for some. One can even rent one of these boats if he needs a place to stay in for the night.
In the United States, houseboats have gained a stronghold. During the 1940s, the activity that is "houseboating" emerged as people tried to find more ways of being able to interact with water more. The modern concept of houseboating in the United States is said to have come from the waters of Lake Cumberland, which is located in Kentucky. Lake Union in Seattle is also a haven for houseboats. Living on a houseboat There are two main situations that come into play when thinking about living in a houseboat.
The first one is that an individual or a family would like to live on a houseboat for good. The next one is that someone is thinking about living on a houseboat for a vacation. Well, if one is thinking about living on a houseboat for good, he might as well try it first to see whether he would really want to live on a houseboat permanently or not. Living on a houseboat can be compared to a normal life in a subdivision or a rented apartment.
The basic activity, which is "dwelling' basically stays the same in different locations. However, there are many factors that come into play when you live on a houseboat. Safety and security are two main things that one has to consider when looking at a houseboat. Another issue is space, a houseboat may not be as spacious as the normal house in a subdivision, if you know what I mean.
Another important issue is access- when you live on a houseboat, you may have to transfer to a place which is far from other important places such as Wal-Mart or the convenience store. Other things like parking space, cost of transferring and the overall sturdiness o the houseboat should also be considered. One might need to go into a houseboat vacation to be able to appreciate the beauty of living in a houseboat and be able to make an objective assessment whether to live in one or not. There are many companies that are offering houseboats for vacation. Just make sure that you canvass as many companies as you can to be able to spend a nice time in the boat which you would prefer. Houseboats are nice.
Living in a houseboat is also a nice thing to think about, however, it is not meant for all people. Think about it thoroughly until your mind and your heart agrees with a specific decision. |
0.999656 | When should I start applying for colleges and scholarships?
I’m a sophomore now. I’m looking at applying for the scholarships for the Air Force ROTC at A&M (Texas), and If I don’t get that, pay for college with scholarships and savings, or enlist in the Air Force. |
0.969696 | It was the best time, it was the worst time, and Charles Dickens wrote down everything – the cruel truths about Victorian England and the dangers of the British class system. His unprecedented fame made him one of the most popular writers of his century, and since then Charles Dickens's books have never been out of print. But the author of Great Expectations, Bleak House and dozens of other works was more than just a writer. Here are 17 facts about Charles Dickens on his 207th birthday.
. 1 Charles Dickens had to work at a young age.
812 and moved with his family to Yorkshire and then to London at a young age. Admittedly, he was a "very small and not overdone boy".
When his father was summoned back to London as an employee at the Naval Pay Office, the elder Dickens collected so much guilt that the entire family – except Charles and his older sister Fanny – was taken to the debtor prison in Marshalsea (later hired) by Dickens & # 39; novel Little Dorrit ). 19659004 years old, Dickens had to cancel the private school and work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse on the Thames. He earned six shillings a week pasting labels on blackening pots for shoe polish.
. Charles Dickens published works under a pseudonym.
The first published works by Dickens appeared in 1833 and 1834 without the author's byline. In August 1834, in his short story "The Boarding House", which was published in Monthly Magazine his chosen pseudonym "Boz" appeared.
The monosyllabic name comes from a childhood reproduction of the character Moses from the Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith's novel of 1766 The vicar of Wakefield later in Dickens's own book A story of two cities mentioned. Dickens called his brother Augustus "Moses" Later, he stated it had been pronounced "faceted by the nose, [and] became Boses and shortened, became Boz. Boz was a very familiar household word to me long before I was a writer and that's why I came to accept it.
The nom de plume became so popular that he published a compilation of his essays and short fiction sketches of Boz in 1839.
4. Charles Dickens' fame preserved a certain idiom.
The phrase "What the Dickens," first mentioned in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor was a euphemism for conjuring the devil. In his book Other Dickens: Pickwick to Chuzzlewit the author John Bowen stated that the name is "a substitute for" the devil "or the two (a card or a dice with two points), doubling the devil in short. "
Dickens allegedly used the pseudonym Boz to distract unsightly comparisons with Satan, but when his real name became known and the public became acquainted with his work, Dickens retained the then 200-year-old phrase en vogue .
Charles Dickens may suffer from epilepsy.
Although signs that he has suffered from epilepsy are not confirmed by current medical records, he often returned to the neurological disorder in his work some speculate that he may have pulled out of his own seizure experiences.
6. America was not Charles Dickens' favorite place.
When he first traveled to America on a lecture tour in 1842 – later in his travelogue American Notes for General Circulation – Dickens was internationally known for his fame His writing, and he was received as such, as he traveled through East Coast cities like Boston and New York.
"I can not do anything I want to do, go where I want to go, and see nothing I want you to see." He complained in a letter about his trips to the United States. "When I turn onto the road, a lot follows me."
Although he loved the fast-growing cities and was impressed by a trip west into the American prairie, Dickens did not necessarily have the best time of the year. Especially in the country's capital: "As Washington can be described as the headquarters of tobacco tincture," he wrote, "the time has come for me to confess, without any concealment, that these two abominable practices of mastication and ejection predominate It began to be anything but comfortable at about this time, and soon became the most offensive and disgusting. "
. 7 Charles Dickens helped find the lost Sir John Franklin expedition.
The author took advantage of his influence to help Lady Jane Franklin find her husband, Sir John Franklin, who disappeared along with 128 crew members on the HMS in the Arctic Erebus and HMS Terror in the search for the Northwest Passage in 1845. He wrote a two-part analysis of the ill-fated journey titled "The Lost Arctic Voyagers" and held hoping even to raise money across the UK for a rescue mission.
In the end, the missing ships were not found until 2014 or 2016, and various explanations for the fate of the crew were proposed. At the time, however, Dickens gave in to the racist feeling and accused the Inuit of saying, "Nobody can rationalize, claim that this sad remnant of Franklin's brave band was not attacked and killed by the Esquimaux himself … We believe that every savage in his heart is desirous, treacherous and cruel. "Inuit Oral History and other evidence show that Franklin's men actually died of starvation, illness or exposure.
. 8 Charles Dickens perfected the cliffhanger ending.
Most Dickens novels – including classics such as David Copperfield and – Oliver Twist – were initially written monthly, weekly or occasionally in a subscription basis or in magazines, only at a later date complete book form. In doing so, Dickens went from chapter to chapter Cliffhanger to get eager readers to buy subsequent episodes.
9. Charles Dickens had a pet trench and kept it around after her death.
Dickens owned a beloved raven, which he called Grip, and it even appears as a character in his novel Barnaby Rudge . In a letter from 1841 to a friend named George Cattermole, Dickens said he wanted the title character of the book "Always in the company of a domestic animal who is immeasurably more knowledgeable than himself." For this purpose, I have studied my bird and think I could make a very strange character out of it.
10. Charles Dickens also kept his pet cat awhile.
Not to be outdone by birds, companions of the Dickens cat family also accompanied his entire life. The author once said, "What gift as the love of a cat?
When his cat Bob died in 1862, he had stuffed her paw and mounted it to an ivory letter opener and engraved it with "CD, In Memory of Bob, 1862". The letter opener is now on display in the Berg Collection o f English and American Literature in the New York Public Library.
. 11 Charles Dickens revealed that his first inspiration was the Little Red Riding Hood. In 1850, Dickens began publishing a weekly magazine Household Words to which he also contributed short stories and novels. In one of his first stories for the magazine "A Christmas Tree," Dickens described his earliest muse as a protagonist in the fairy-tale Little Red Riding Hood – possibly devoured by unexpected evils when dealing with his own childhood innocence. "She was my first love," he wrote. "I had the feeling that if I could have married Little Red Riding Hood, I would have known perfect bliss. It should not be. "
12th Charles Dickens was not afraid to voice his opinion.
In a letter of 1860 to Florence Marryat, the daughter of his friend Captain Frederick Marryat, Dickens abused her after she had consulted him and submitted a short story for a literary report in his journal All the Year Round .
"Reading professions honestly and giving their author or author a completely unbiased decision on each of them is a task of the order of magnitude you obviously do not have any idea about," Dickens told her. "I can not change […]which seems to me, for example, the fact in relation to this story, just as I can not change my eyesight or my hearing. I do not think it's suitable for my diary ", and later she explains clearly:" I do not think it's a good story. "
. 13 Charles Dickens was a wonderful wordsmith.
Dickens was not the one to be outbid by William Shakespeare. Dickens was the other British writer who was known to create his own words and phrases. Many thanks to Dickens for words and phrases like Butterfinger, Flummox, The Creep, Trash Can, ugsome, slangular, 19459004 and more.
fourteenth Charles Dickens founded a home for "fallen women".
With the aid of billionaire heiress Angela Coutts, Dickens Urania Cottage, a rehabilitation home for homeless women, former prisoners and prostitutes (hopefully) emigrate to the British colonies and are reintegrated into Victorian society.
According to The Guardian Dickens "would often visit the house in Shepherd's Bush several times a week to oversee it, to elect inmates, consult prison inmates, hire and fire Mattresses, dealing with the sewage system and the gardener, detailing what is going on there several times a week, taking care of the money, giving careful written accounts of the girls' backgrounds and arranging their emigration to Australia, South Africa or Canada. "
15th Charles Dickens was a Victorian Ghostbuster.
In an era of séances and media, when many Victorians believed in both spiritualism and science, Dickens did not discriminate. Along with other authors such as Arthur Conan Doyle and William Butler Yeats, he was a member of the Ghost Club, a kind of member group that sought to investigate alleged supernatural encounters and persecutions, often exposing fraud. 19659004] It makes sense to consider that some of Dickens' most famous works, such as A Christmas Carol depend on the supernatural. Unlike Conan Doyle, however, he remained a skeptic.
"My own mind is completely at ease and impressive. I do not in the least pretend that such things are not, "Dickens said in a letter of September 1859 to the writer William Howitt. "But … I have not yet met a ghost story that was proven to me or that did not have the remarkable feature – that changing some minor circumstances would bring them within the range of ordinary natural probabilities."
16 In a train accident, Our Mutual Friend almost derailed.
On June 10, 1865, Dickens traveled home from France when his train derailed as he crossed a bridge and his car dangled from the tracks. After finding a conductor who gave him the keys to the seven first-class railcars that had crashed into the river, the then-53-year-old writer helped save stranded passengers.
Finally, he was forced to climb back into the dangling car to receive a just completed, missing rate from Our Mutual Friend which he should send to his publishers.
17th Charles Dickens was buried against his will at Westminster Abbey.
The author had concrete plans for how he wanted to spend eternity. He initially wanted to bury his sister Catherine, his muse Mary Hogarth (who died in 1837 and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery in London). Then he asked to be buried in a simple grave in the cemetery of Rochester Cathedral in Kent.
Dickens collapsed at a blow when he dined at home with his other sister, his wife Georgina Hogarth; he died on June 9, 1870. But he did not land at one of his selected locations. Instead, he was abducted to the Poets & # 39; Corner of Westminster Abbey, for the dean of Westminster, Arthur Stanley, wanted a famous Abbey writer to give cultural significance to the abbey at that time.
public announcement about the time or place of my funeral, "Hundreds of thousands of people stood in line to pass his body at Westminster Abbey. |
0.999357 | "I' m writing my first book and had researched some so-called "self-publishers" who are really vanity publishers. The publication of your first book is the biggest anti-climax you will ever experience. Much worse, by blowing out all my info in one book, I had no follow-up book to upsell the writers who bought the first book. After recently publishing my first best-selling indie book, I have found that there are some lessons that have been best learned in theory and others in practice. This is what should go in the first paragraph:.
It' been six month today since I published my first book. No, seriously, I actually floated over the "Publish" icon on the CreateSpace website and just dragged the cursor over it. That' s how it works when you silently release a book yourself. Whilst I switched courses a few time while I was typing the book and sweating over the detail, I am finally glad that I just did it.
That' s specifically for my own style, garden work, because in the end it' s photographs that tell the tale. So as not to be too conceited, the photographs I take and show on my diary are somehow murderous. Whilst the inside of the book is breathtaking, the photographs inside range from granular to good, and the entire show had an amateur-like look with far too much whiteness caused by the unhappy choice not to have his text wrapped around his work.
I' ve spent a great deal of my life thinking up my first book. Granted, many of these were poorly crafted designs that were not fit for an overall book and/or too similar to existing one. Eventually, the book I was publishing met me when I was laying in my bedroom one saturday.
Having researched gardening textbooks in recent years and found that none of them matched what I had in mind, it was a success. Having a fascination in a market pocket = great book potentials. In a rush I rush through the orginal scripts I sent to various garden book publishing houses.
It is not the presentation itself, but the bigger book design. I could have presented what I finally released myself if only I had been more tolerant. It would have been better, the book would have been better, it would have been selling more. It' a must when Book Two presents itself.
It was not naïve enough to think that if I knew I was a beginner who wrote a book of niches, I would make a lot of moneys. Mine was book #1 allowing me to type #2, which allows me to type #3 and finally I will find the book. And I didn't want anyone to tell me anything that might stop me from composing the first book.
Anyone who writes is overtaken by our "stuff" and needs new perspectives to help us with our worldview. This was a great reward for the people who read the blogs for having a shot at embossing the book. Thought I was a highly specialized author until I got involved with this book.
And, to be honest, this book has written itself. I' ve been attacking this book in small tins, where the times allowed. I' ll have to pro-actively reserve more parts of the next round. However, even with that, I still separated myself to get the letter done. I worked all afternoon and then spent the nights drinking too much dark chocolate.
The majority of publishing houses just sent short refusals. However, I have established a great rapport with a publishing company that has given enormous amounts of feed-back in this way. I' ve even reviewed Book #2 with her and she mercifully gave me her thoughts. and she was sincere in her reviews.
I' ve only had one conversation so far, and although it was on the smaller side, it not only permitted me to directly sale my book, but also offered me the possibility to become an exper. It was not the aim of the lecture to be selling a book; that was an additional thought after I hopefully having been selling it to myself as a multi-year phytopath.
All I wish was that I had started there with more zeal. Sure, it's hard to start with, but it' s true that sincerity is valued and I need to listen to it if I want to improve myself as a novelist. And that' s why I wish I sent the book to other yard writers that I knew would be upfront.
It was and is a frightening refusal, but what a present it would be to move forward. |
0.99998 | Measure developed by Child Trends for the Flourishing Children Project, funded by the Templeton Foundation.
You may calculate a total score by associating the following numeric values with the answer options: Not at all=0; A little=1; Somewhat=2; A lot=3; and Completely=4. The maximum score for this scale equals 60. |
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