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1,884,893 | Day 968 : Find A Way | liner notes: Professional : Was in meetings for the majority of the day. In between, I was able to... | 0 | 2024-06-11T22:05:08 | https://dev.to/dwane/day-968-find-a-way-3moc | hiphop, code, coding, lifelongdev | _liner notes_:
- Professional : Was in meetings for the majority of the day. In between, I was able to work on refactoring a project, responded to some community questions and created a ticket for an upcoming trip. The day went by super quick!
- Personal : Yo! I made some pretty great progress on the in-browser highlight video creator project. The reason it was taking so long before to create the video was because it was re-encoding everything. I found a command that will just copy the audio and video. The video is created SO MUCH faster now. I also figured out how to create blank videos and add them to the front and end of the video. Now I need to find a way to add text to them. Once I get that done, I'll be pretty happy with it and can call it complete (for now. haha). Also, went through some tracks for the radio show and looked at some land.
Going to see if I can get the text added to the blank slides in my highlight video creator. Then I'm going to go through some more tracks. I really need to finish up this logo so I can move forward with this project. Cool. Got my game plan.
Have a great night!
peace piece
Dwane / conshus
https://dwane.io / https://HIPHOPandCODE.com
{% youtube NrG_VLCWGS4 %} | dwane |
1,884,892 | 🚀 How to Create React Components Really Quick 🛠️ | Creating components quickly is crucial to maintaining high productivity and keeping your project... | 0 | 2024-06-11T22:03:38 | https://dev.to/buildwebcrumbs/how-to-create-react-components-really-quick-c84 | webdev, react, ai, javascript | Creating components **quickly** is crucial to maintaining high productivity and keeping your project moving forward. Let's explore how to do this **efficiently** and swiftly! 😎💡
Imagine designing and building your components in **Figma** or any tool of your choice, like this:
You will spent a lot of time working to improve your wireframe to a real component 👎
## No worries! ✅
You now have the new [Frontend Ai](https://tools.webcrumbs.org)!
Just drag and drop your component picture, you will see it quickly!
## Code output:
🌟 **Tired** of your old component design? 😩 No problem! 🎨 Switch it up instantly with new themes! 🚀💻
## Theres a lot of ways to improve the component style ✨
## Try to change the font style 🦾
## Try it by yourself💡[**Frontend AI**](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/frontend-ai)
<a href="https://webcrumbs.org" target="_blank">
<img src="https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/hntbot736acwm54vn33l.png" alt="Logo Webcrumbs" width="100" height="50">
</a>
| m4rcxs |
1,854,418 | Dev: Database | A Database Developer is a professional responsible for designing, implementing, and maintaining... | 27,373 | 2024-06-11T22:00:00 | https://dev.to/r4nd3l/dev-database-35pf | database, developer | A **Database Developer** is a professional responsible for designing, implementing, and maintaining databases to meet the data storage and retrieval needs of an organization. Here's a detailed description of the role:
1. **Database Design and Modeling:**
- Database Developers design database schemas and data models based on the requirements of the application or system.
- They identify entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints to create normalized database designs that optimize data integrity, performance, and scalability.
- They use tools like Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs), Unified Modeling Language (UML), or database design software to visualize and document database structures.
2. **Database Implementation and Development:**
- Database Developers implement database designs by writing SQL (Structured Query Language) scripts to create database objects such as tables, indexes, views, stored procedures, and triggers.
- They use database management systems (DBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or MongoDB to develop and deploy databases on various platforms (on-premises or cloud).
3. **Data Manipulation and Query Optimization:**
- Database Developers write SQL queries to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from databases, ensuring efficient data manipulation and transaction processing.
- They optimize SQL queries and database operations to improve query performance, reduce response times, and minimize resource utilization using techniques like indexing, query tuning, and query execution plans analysis.
4. **Database Administration and Maintenance:**
- Database Developers perform routine database administration tasks such as backups, restores, upgrades, and patch management to ensure data availability, reliability, and security.
- They monitor database performance metrics, disk space utilization, and system logs to identify and troubleshoot performance issues, errors, or security vulnerabilities.
5. **Data Security and Access Control:**
- Database Developers implement data security measures and access controls to protect sensitive information stored in databases from unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification.
- They define user roles, permissions, and authentication mechanisms to enforce data privacy policies and compliance with regulatory requirements (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. **Database Integration and Interoperability:**
- Database Developers integrate databases with other systems, applications, and data sources through data exchange protocols, APIs, or middleware technologies.
- They design data integration solutions, such as ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes or real-time data pipelines, to synchronize data between disparate systems and maintain data consistency.
7. **Database Performance Monitoring and Tuning:**
- Database Developers monitor database performance using monitoring tools and diagnostic utilities to identify performance bottlenecks, resource contention, or database contention issues.
- They tune database configurations, parameters, and storage settings to optimize resource utilization, improve scalability, and enhance overall system performance.
8. **Data Migration and Transformation:**
- Database Developers plan and execute data migration projects to transfer data between different database platforms, versions, or environments while ensuring data integrity and compatibility.
- They transform data formats, structures, or schemas during migration processes to align with target system requirements and business needs.
9. **Database Backup and Disaster Recovery:**
- Database Developers implement backup and recovery strategies to safeguard critical data and ensure business continuity in the event of hardware failures, data corruption, or natural disasters.
- They schedule regular backups, perform database snapshots, and test disaster recovery procedures to minimize data loss and downtime in production environments.
10. **Documentation and Knowledge Sharing:**
- Database Developers document database designs, schemas, configurations, and procedures to facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and troubleshooting among team members.
- They create technical documentation, data dictionaries, and user guides to assist developers, administrators, and stakeholders in understanding database structures and functionalities.
In summary, a Database Developer plays a crucial role in designing, implementing, and managing databases that serve as the foundation for storing, organizing, and accessing enterprise data. By applying their expertise in database design, SQL programming, performance optimization, and data management best practices, they ensure the reliability, security, and performance of database systems that support business operations, applications, and analytics. | r4nd3l |
1,884,890 | Understanding Microservice Architecture in Programming | Introduction Microservice architecture has emerged as a popular approach to software... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:53:25 | https://dev.to/kellyblaire/understanding-microservice-architecture-in-programming-3plj | programming, webdev, microservices, softwaredevelopment | #### Introduction
Microservice architecture has emerged as a popular approach to software development, offering a solution to the limitations of monolithic systems. By breaking down applications into smaller, independent services, microservices enable improved scalability, flexibility, and maintainability. This article provides an extensive exploration of microservice architecture, detailing its principles, benefits, challenges, and best practices.
[Check out my article on Monolithic Architecture](https://dev.to/kellyblaire/monolithic-architecture-in-programming-an-in-depth-exploration-2g9k)
_Image Credit: [SemaphoreCI](https://semaphoreci.com/blog/microservices-best-practices)_
#### Principles of Microservice Architecture
1. **Service Independence**: Each microservice is an independent, self-contained unit that encapsulates a specific business functionality. Services can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.
2. **Single Responsibility**: Microservices adhere to the single responsibility principle, where each service focuses on a single business capability. This modularity simplifies development and maintenance.
3. **Decentralized Data Management**: Each microservice manages its own data, often using its own database. This ensures data encapsulation and reduces the risk of data conflicts.
4. **API-Based Communication**: Microservices communicate with each other through well-defined APIs, typically using RESTful HTTP or messaging protocols like AMQP. This decouples services, allowing them to evolve independently.
5. **Continuous Delivery and Deployment**: Microservices facilitate continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD), enabling rapid and reliable delivery of changes.
6. **Fault Isolation**: In a microservices architecture, failures in one service do not affect the entire system. This improves the overall reliability and fault tolerance of the application.
7. **Polyglot Programming**: Microservices can be developed using different programming languages and technologies, allowing teams to choose the best tools for each service.
#### Benefits of Microservice Architecture
1. **Scalability**: Microservices can be scaled independently based on demand. This fine-grained scalability improves resource utilization and system performance.
2. **Flexibility**: The ability to use different technologies and frameworks for different services provides greater flexibility in development. Teams can adopt new tools without impacting the entire system.
3. **Faster Time to Market**: Independent development and deployment enable faster release cycles, allowing organizations to quickly deliver new features and updates.
4. **Improved Fault Tolerance**: The isolation of services means that failures are contained, minimizing the impact on the overall system. This enhances the reliability and availability of the application.
5. **Easier Maintenance**: Smaller, focused codebases are easier to understand, test, and maintain. Changes to one service do not require redeploying the entire application.
6. **Organizational Alignment**: Microservices align well with modern organizational structures, where small, cross-functional teams can own and manage specific services.
#### Challenges of Microservice Architecture
1. **Complexity**: The distributed nature of microservices introduces significant complexity in terms of service discovery, inter-service communication, and data consistency.
2. **Deployment and Monitoring**: Managing multiple services requires sophisticated deployment automation and monitoring tools to ensure smooth operation and quick identification of issues.
3. **Data Management**: Decentralized data management can lead to challenges with data consistency and transactions across services. Eventual consistency models are often needed.
4. **Inter-Service Communication**: Ensuring reliable and efficient communication between services, especially in the face of network failures, requires careful design and robust protocols.
5. **Security**: Securing a microservices architecture involves protecting data in transit, managing authentication and authorization across services, and mitigating risks from increased attack surfaces.
6. **Operational Overhead**: Running and maintaining numerous microservices requires a robust infrastructure and sophisticated DevOps practices. This can increase operational overhead compared to monolithic applications.
#### Best Practices for Implementing Microservice Architecture
1. **Design for Failure**: Assume that services will fail and design systems to handle these failures gracefully. Implement circuit breakers, retries, and fallbacks to improve resilience.
2. **Automate Deployment**: Use CI/CD pipelines to automate the build, test, and deployment processes. This reduces manual errors and ensures consistent deployment practices.
3. **Implement Service Discovery**: Use service discovery mechanisms to dynamically locate services within the system. Tools like Consul, Eureka, and Kubernetes can help manage service registration and discovery.
4. **Use API Gateways**: Implement API gateways to manage client requests and route them to the appropriate services. API gateways can also handle cross-cutting concerns like authentication, logging, and rate limiting.
5. **Adopt Containerization**: Containerize microservices to ensure consistency across different environments. Tools like Docker and Kubernetes can help manage containerized services and orchestrate deployments.
6. **Monitor and Log Extensively**: Implement comprehensive monitoring and logging for all services. Use tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and ELK stack to collect, visualize, and analyze metrics and logs.
7. **Ensure Data Consistency**: Use event-driven architectures and eventual consistency models to manage data consistency across services. Tools like Apache Kafka and RabbitMQ can help implement event sourcing and messaging.
8. **Secure Services**: Implement robust security practices, including mutual TLS for service communication, OAuth for authentication, and role-based access control (RBAC) for authorization.
9. **Decouple with Asynchronous Communication**: Use asynchronous communication patterns, such as message queues or event streams, to decouple services and improve system resilience and scalability.
10. **Optimize for Performance**: Continuously monitor and optimize the performance of individual services. Use load balancing, caching, and other optimization techniques to ensure efficient operation.
#### Real-World Applications of Microservice Architecture
Microservice architecture is widely adopted across various industries, from tech giants to traditional enterprises, due to its scalability, flexibility, and robustness. Some notable applications include:
1. **E-Commerce Platforms**: Companies like Amazon and eBay use microservices to handle different aspects of their platforms, such as inventory management, payment processing, and customer reviews.
2. **Streaming Services**: Netflix uses microservices to manage its complex, high-traffic video streaming platform. Each service handles a specific function, such as user recommendations, content delivery, and billing.
3. **Financial Services**: Banks and financial institutions use microservices to manage different aspects of their operations, including transaction processing, fraud detection, and customer management.
4. **Social Media Platforms**: Companies like Twitter and LinkedIn use microservices to scale their platforms, handle user interactions, and manage data across multiple services.
5. **Healthcare Systems**: Microservices are used in healthcare to manage patient records, appointment scheduling, billing, and other critical functions in a scalable and secure manner.
#### Conclusion
Microservice architecture represents a significant shift from traditional monolithic approaches, offering numerous benefits in terms of scalability, flexibility, and maintainability. However, it also introduces new challenges that require careful planning and robust practices to overcome. By understanding the principles, benefits, and challenges of microservices, and adopting best practices, organizations can effectively leverage this architecture to build resilient and scalable applications. Whether transitioning from a monolithic system or starting a new project, microservices provide a powerful framework for modern software development. | kellyblaire |
1,884,888 | Monolithic Architecture in Programming: An In-Depth Exploration | Introduction Monolithic architecture is a traditional software development approach where... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:40:59 | https://dev.to/kellyblaire/monolithic-architecture-in-programming-an-in-depth-exploration-2g9k | programming, saas, webdev, softwareengineering | #### Introduction
Monolithic architecture is a traditional software development approach where an application is built as a single, indivisible unit. This architecture style has been widely used in the development of various types of software applications, from desktop applications to large enterprise systems. Despite the rise of microservices and other modern architectures, monolithic architecture remains relevant due to its simplicity and ease of implementation. This article delves into the details of monolithic architecture, exploring its characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and real-world applications.
_Image credit: [OraclesApp Help](http://oracleappshelp.com/what-is-monolithic-architecture/)_
#### Characteristics of Monolithic Architecture
1. **Single Codebase**: In a monolithic architecture, the entire application is developed and maintained as a single codebase. All the functionalities, such as user interface, business logic, and data access layers, are tightly coupled within this single unit.
2. **Unified Deployment**: The application is built and deployed as a single entity. Any changes or updates require the entire application to be recompiled and redeployed.
3. **Centralized Data Storage**: Monolithic applications typically use a centralized database to store data. All parts of the application interact with this single database instance.
4. **Synchronous Communication**: Components within a monolithic application usually communicate with each other through direct method calls or function invocations, leading to synchronous communication patterns.
#### Advantages of Monolithic Architecture
1. **Simplicity**: Monolithic architecture is straightforward and easy to understand, making it suitable for small teams or projects. The single codebase reduces complexity in terms of development, testing, and deployment.
2. **Performance**: Due to the tightly coupled nature of components, monolithic applications often exhibit better performance in terms of inter-component communication. Direct method calls are faster compared to inter-process communication used in distributed systems.
3. **Easier Development and Debugging**: With a single codebase, developers can easily trace through the code and debug issues without dealing with the complexities of distributed systems. The development environment setup is also simpler.
4. **Consistency**: Having all components in one place ensures consistency in terms of versioning, deployment, and dependency management.
#### Disadvantages of Monolithic Architecture
1. **Scalability Issues**: Monolithic applications can become difficult to scale horizontally. Scaling typically involves replicating the entire application, which can lead to inefficiencies and increased resource consumption.
2. **Maintenance Challenges**: As the application grows, the codebase can become large and difficult to manage. Implementing changes or new features can introduce bugs and require extensive testing.
3. **Limited Technology Flexibility**: Since all components are part of a single unit, adopting new technologies or frameworks for individual components is challenging. This limits the ability to use the best tools for specific tasks.
4. **Deployment Bottlenecks**: The unified deployment process means that even small changes require redeploying the entire application. This can lead to longer deployment times and increased risk of downtime.
5. **Reliability Concerns**: A bug or issue in one part of the application can potentially bring down the entire system. This lack of isolation can affect the overall reliability of the application.
#### Real-World Applications of Monolithic Architecture
Monolithic architecture is commonly used in various scenarios, particularly when simplicity and rapid development are priorities. Some typical applications include:
1. **Startups and Small Projects**: For small teams and startups, the ease of development and deployment provided by monolithic architecture can be crucial for quickly bringing products to market.
2. **Enterprise Applications**: Many legacy enterprise systems were built using monolithic architecture. These systems often require significant resources and planning to transition to modern architectures like microservices.
3. **Desktop Applications**: Traditional desktop applications, such as Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop, are often monolithic in nature, where all functionalities are bundled into a single executable.
4. **Simple Web Applications**: Small to medium-sized web applications that do not require extensive scaling or frequent updates can benefit from the simplicity of monolithic architecture.
#### Transitioning from Monolithic to Microservices
With the growing popularity of microservices, many organizations are considering transitioning from monolithic architectures to more modular and scalable systems. This transition involves several steps:
1. **Identify Boundaries**: Determine logical boundaries within the monolithic application that can be isolated into independent services.
2. **Refactor Code**: Gradually refactor the codebase to extract these services. This process involves decoupling tightly integrated components and ensuring each service has a clear, defined responsibility.
3. **Implement Communication**: Establish communication mechanisms between services, typically using APIs or messaging queues. This shift from synchronous to asynchronous communication can improve scalability and fault tolerance.
4. **Automate Deployment**: Implement continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines to automate the deployment of individual services. This reduces the risk of deployment failures and improves development efficiency.
5. **Monitor and Optimize**: Continuously monitor the performance and reliability of the microservices architecture. Optimize based on metrics and feedback to ensure the system meets business requirements.
#### Conclusion
Monolithic architecture remains a foundational concept in software development, offering simplicity and efficiency for many applications. While it has its drawbacks, particularly in terms of scalability and flexibility, it continues to be a viable choice for certain projects and organizations. Understanding the strengths and limitations of monolithic architecture is crucial for making informed decisions about software design and development. Whether maintaining a legacy system or starting a new project, the principles of monolithic architecture provide valuable insights into creating robust and maintainable software solutions. | kellyblaire |
1,884,887 | @Duolingo is amazing! 🤩 | Github: https://github.com/MaatheusGois/DuoDemo Excited to share with you a demo I crafted... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:37:45 | https://dev.to/maatheusgois/duolingo-is-amazing-9i5 | ios, liveactions, github, swift | Github: https://github.com/MaatheusGois/DuoDemo
Excited to share with you a demo I crafted showcasing the latest Duolingo feature on iOS – the Live Activities Dynamic Island.
Let me know what you think! 🚀
| maatheusgois |
1,884,885 | D'orsogna Delights: Navigating the Culinary Riches of Italian Tradition with Emphasis on Food Safety and Quality | Italian cuisine, with its rich history and diverse flavors, has always been a delight for food... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:27:01 | https://dev.to/dorsogna/dorsogna-delights-navigating-the-culinary-riches-of-italian-tradition-with-emphasis-on-food-safety-and-quality-5fi1 | resturaunt, lunch, eat, culinary | Italian cuisine, with its rich history and diverse flavors, has always been a delight for food enthusiasts. Amidst the plethora of options, D'orsogna Delights stands out as a beacon of tradition and Quality. Let's embark on a journey to unravel the culinary riches deeply embedded in Italian tradition, exploring the origins, craftsmanship, and the delicate balance between tradition and innovation.
The Origins of D'orsogna Delights
D'orsogna Delights has its roots firmly planted in the soil of Italian culinary heritage. Established with a commitment to preserving traditional recipes, the brand has become synonymous with authenticity and excellence. Understanding the historical background allows us to appreciate the dedication to preserving the essence of Italian culinary artistry.
Italian Culinary Riches
Italian cuisine is renowned for its diversity, ranging from the hearty flavors of Northern Italy to the sun-soaked delights of the South. D'orsogna Delights encapsulates this diversity in its menu, offering a symphony of flavors that capture the essence of Italy. From classic pasta dishes to savory meats, each bite is a journey through the picturesque landscapes and rich culture of Italy.
Quality Standards at D'orsogna Delights
At the heart of D'orsogna Delights lies an unwavering commitment to quality. In a world where food safety is paramount, the brand implements stringent measures to ensure that every product meets the highest standards. From the selection of ingredients to the final presentation, each step is meticulously executed to guarantee an unparalleled culinary experience.
The Art of Balancing Tradition and Innovation
Maintaining the authenticity of traditional recipes while embracing modern techniques is an art mastered by D'orsogna Delights. The brand effortlessly combines the old and the new, creating a unique culinary identity that pays homage to its Italian roots while satisfying the evolving palates of contemporary consumers.
Sourcing the Finest Ingredients
D'orsogna Delights understands that the key to exceptional dishes lies in the quality of ingredients. By forming partnerships with local suppliers and adopting sustainable sourcing practices, the brand ensures that each component contributes to not just a meal but an experience rooted in ethical and responsible practices.
Culinary Craftsmanship at D'orsogna
The heart of D'orsogna lies in the hands of skilled artisans. The craftsmanship involved in creating each dish is a testament to the dedication of these individuals. Handcrafted items take center stage, distinguishing D'orsogna Delights from mass-produced alternatives, and ensuring a level of quality that goes beyond expectations.
Exploring Food Safety Practices
In an era where consumers are increasingly conscious of Food Safety, D'orsogna Delights takes pride in its rigorous procedures. From the moment ingredients are sourced to the final delivery, every stage is monitored, guaranteeing not only a delectable experience but also one that prioritizes the well-being of the consumer.
Ensuring Quality Amidst Burstiness
The ebb and flow of demand present challenges for any culinary establishment. D'orsogna Delights, however, embraces these fluctuations without compromising on quality. The ability to maintain consistency in taste and presentation during peak times reflects the brand's commitment to excellence.
Popular Dishes at D'orsogna Delights
Among the array of offerings, some dishes have emerged as customer favorites. Whether it's the classic lasagna that transports diners to the heart of Italy or a unique twist on a traditional recipe, each dish is crafted with precision and passion, earning the admiration of discerning palates.
Customer Satisfaction and Feedback
D'orsogna Delights values the opinions of its customers. Customer reviews play a crucial role in shaping the menu and service offerings. By actively listening to feedback and adapting to the changing preferences of its patrons, the brand ensures an ever-evolving and customer-centric culinary experience.
Community Engagement and Sustainability
Beyond the confines of its kitchen, D'orsogna Delights actively engages with the local community. Whether through supporting local initiatives or implementing sustainable practices, the brand recognizes the importance of contributing to a healthier and more vibrant community.
How Burstiness and Perplexity Shape the Culinary Experience
The burstiness of unexpected flavors and the perplexity of complex tastes contribute to the uniqueness of the culinary experience at D'orsogna Delights. By carefully balancing surprise elements and intricate flavors, the brand keeps customers engaged and eager to explore the next delightful creation.
Challenges in the Culinary Industry
The culinary industry faces its share of challenges, from supply chain disruptions to changing consumer preferences. D'orsogna Delights, however, embraces these challenges as opportunities for innovation. Through continuous adaptation and creative solutions, the brand remains at the forefront of the evolving culinary landscape.
Conclusion
In concluding our exploration of D'orsogna Delights, it's evident that the brand is not just a purveyor of exquisite Italian cuisine but a guardian of tradition and quality. Each dish is a manifestation of the brand's dedication to providing a culinary experience that transcends the ordinary. We invite you to savor the richness of Italian tradition at D'orsogna Delights—a place where history, craftsmanship, and innovation converge on every plate.
FAQs
Are all ingredients sourced locally?
D'orsogna Delights prioritizes local partnerships for ingredient sourcing, contributing to community sustainability.
How does the brand handle food safety during peak hours?
Stringent food safety measures are in place, ensuring consistency in quality even during high-demand periods.
Are there vegetarian options available at D'orsogna Delights?
Yes, the menu includes a variety of vegetarian options to cater to diverse preferences.
Can customers provide feedback on the menu?
Absolutely! D'orsogna Delights values customer feedback and actively considers it in menu adjustments.
Does D'orsogna Delights offer catering services?
Yes, the brand provides catering services for special events, ensuring the same quality and attention to detail.
| dorsogna |
1,884,853 | Innovations in Education: Evolving SOELs with ATELIER STUDIOS | In today's rapidly evolving world, the landscape of education is undergoing a revolutionary... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:17:30 | https://dev.to/schoolsofearlylearning/innovations-in-education-evolving-soels-with-atelier-studios-2ah8 | school, learning, studies, students | In today's rapidly evolving world, the landscape of education is undergoing a revolutionary transformation. Innovations in Education, particularly in Early Learning, are shaping the way we approach teaching and learning. In this article, we will explore the significant changes introduced by Schools of Early Learning (SOEL) and delve into the revolutionary impact of ATELIER STUDIOS on educational practices.
Introduction
Definition of SOEL and Atelier Studios
Schools of Early Learning (SOEL) represent a new paradigm in education, focusing on the formative years of a child's development. Similarly, ATELIER STUDIOS introduces a novel approach to learning spaces, fostering creativity and experiential learning.
Importance of Innovations in Education
Understanding the importance of innovation in education sets the stage for exploring how these advancements benefit both educators and students alike.
Project-Based Learning
Emphasizing Hands-on Experiences
Project-based learning shifts the focus from rote memorization to hands-on experiences, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios.
Fostering Creativity and Critical Thinking
By engaging in projects, students develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and a creative mindset that prepares them for real-world challenges.
Personalized Learning Paths
Catering to Individual Student Needs
Personalized learning acknowledges that each student is unique, adapting teaching methods to cater to individual strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles.
Adaptive Learning Platforms
Technological platforms supporting adaptive learning ensure that students progress at their own pace, mastering concepts before moving on to new material.
Inclusive Education
Addressing Diverse Learning Styles
Inclusive education embraces diversity and accommodates different learning styles, ensuring that every student has the opportunity to thrive.
Implementing Inclusive Practices
From modified lesson plans to accessible learning materials, inclusive practices bridge gaps and create an environment where all students feel valued and supported.
Sustainable Education Practices
Environmental Education in Early Learning
SOELs often incorporate environmental education, instilling a sense of responsibility and sustainability from a young age.
Promoting Eco-Friendly School Initiatives
Innovative schools implement eco-friendly practices, teaching students the importance of environmental conservation through hands-on experiences.
Parental Involvement
Importance of Parent-Teacher Collaboration
Building strong partnerships between parents and educators enhances a child's overall learning experience, fostering a supportive community.
Utilizing Technology for Parental Engagement
Technological tools facilitate seamless communication between parents and teachers, providing regular updates on a child's progress and involvement in school activities.
Professional Development for Educators
Continuous Learning for Teachers
Ensuring educators stay abreast of the latest teaching methodologies and technological advancements is crucial for maintaining high-quality education standards.
Adapting to Modern Teaching Methods
Professional development programs empower educators to embrace innovative teaching methods, creating a positive ripple effect in the classroom.
Challenges and Solutions
Overcoming Resistance to Change
Navigating resistance to innovative educational practices requires effective communication, highlighting the benefits and addressing concerns.
Implementing Support Systems
Establishing robust support systems, including training programs and mentorship, ensures a smooth transition to new educational paradigms.
Impact on Student Success
Measuring Success in Innovative Educational Models
Evaluating success in innovative models goes beyond traditional metrics, focusing on holistic development and preparing students for lifelong learning.
Long-term Benefits for Students
Students exposed to innovative educational practices develop a love for learning, resilience, and adaptability, setting the foundation for future success.
ATELIER STUDIOS: A Case Study
Overview of ATELIER STUDIOS
ATELIER STUDIOS exemplifies innovative learning spaces, emphasizing creativity, collaboration, and experiential learning.
Successful Implementation of Innovative Education
Examining the success of ATELIER STUDIOS provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of cutting-edge educational models.
Conclusion
Recap of Innovations in Education
In conclusion, innovations in education, particularly in early learning, are reshaping the way we approach teaching and learning. From flexible learning spaces to inclusive practices, these innovations contribute to a dynamic educational landscape.
Embracing a Dynamic Educational Landscape
Embracing a dynamic educational landscape requires a collective effort from educators, parents, and policymakers to ensure that every child has access to innovative and effective learning environments.
FAQs
What is the significance of Schools of Early Learning (SOEL)?
SOEL focuses on the formative years of a child's development, emphasizing innovative and personalized learning approaches.
How does technology contribute to the evolution of education?
Technology enhances engagement, accessibility, and personalized learning experiences, shaping a more dynamic educational landscape.
What role does parental involvement play in a child's education?
Parental involvement fosters a supportive community, enhancing a child's overall learning experience and success.
How can educators overcome resistance to innovative teaching methods?
Effective communication, highlighting benefits, and implementing robust support systems help educators navigate resistance to change.
What are the long-term benefits of innovative educational models for students?
Students exposed to innovation develop a love for learning, resilience, and adaptability, setting the foundation for future success.
NEW
Pioneering Early Learning: Schools of Early Learning
Introduction to Schools of Early Learning
Schools of Early Learning, often referred to as My Family Lounge, are innovative educational institutions dedicated to the early development and education of young children. These schools focus on providing a nurturing and stimulating environment where children can learn and grow.
The Importance of Early Childhood Education
Early childhood education plays a crucial role in the overall development of a child. It lays the foundation for future learning and helps children develop essential skills such as language, cognitive abilities, and social skills.
Curriculum and Approach
Schools of Early Learning adopt a holistic approach to education, focusing on the overall development of children. They often use play-based and inquiry-based learning methods to engage children and encourage their curiosity.
Facilities and Environment
The design of 'My Family Lounge' is carefully curated to create a welcoming and stimulating environment for children. Schools often have spacious indoor and outdoor areas where children can explore and learn.
The Role of Educators
Educators at Schools of Early Learning, often referred to as 'kindy teachers', play a crucial role in shaping the learning experience of children. They are highly qualified and undergo specialized training to understand the needs of young learners.
Parental Involvement
Parents are encouraged to be actively involved in their child's learning journey. Schools often have open communication channels with parents and provide opportunities for them to participate in classroom activities.
Benefits of Schools of Early Learning
Schools of Early Learning have numerous benefits for children. They help children develop essential skills, prepare them for school, and lay the foundation for long-term educational success.
Addressing Common Concerns
While Schools of Early Learning offer a range of benefits, some parents may have concerns about cost and separation anxiety. Schools often have support systems in place to address these concerns and work closely with parents to ensure a smooth transition.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Schools of Early Learning, or Kindy, are pioneers in early childhood education, providing a nurturing environment where children can thrive. By focusing on the holistic development of children and involving parents in the learning process, these schools play a crucial role in laying the foundation for future success.
| schoolsofearlylearning |
1,884,852 | Hello, everyone !! | I'm Ricardo Rojas from Argentina and finished my Web Frontend certificate from BYU-Pathway-worldwide,... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:14:33 | https://dev.to/estudiante71/hello-everyone--7mp | I'm Ricardo Rojas from Argentina and finished my Web Frontend certificate from BYU-Pathway-worldwide, I need to learn a lot about this great area which is Programming. I will try to ask the right questions about my doubts and mistakes. Thanks for the welcome
| estudiante71 | |
1,884,833 | Online spil | Komogvind.dk er en populær dansk hjemmeside, der tilbyder et bredt udvalg af gratis spil til... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:46:26 | https://dev.to/komogvind06/online-spil-5dod | Komogvind.dk er en populær dansk hjemmeside, der tilbyder et bredt udvalg af gratis spil til underholdning og tidsfordriv. Platformen er kendt for sit brede udvalg af spil, der spænder fra klassiske kortspil som 7 kabale og Solitaire til hjernegymnastik som krydsord og kryds & tværs. Denne artikel udforsker, hvad der gør komogvind.dk til en favorit blandt danske spillere, og hvordan det tilbyder en underholdende og lærerig oplevelse for brugerne.
Gratis Spil for Alle
En af de største fordele ved komogvind.dk er, at alle spil er gratis. Dette gør platformen tilgængelig for alle, uanset alder eller økonomisk situation. Brugere kan nyde en bred vifte af spil uden at skulle bekymre sig om abonnementsgebyrer eller køb i appen. Denne gratis adgang til underholdning gør det muligt for spillere at udforske nye spil og udfordre sig selv uden nogen økonomisk forpligtelse.
**_[Online spil](https://www.komogvind.dk/)_**
Online Spil for Samvær og Konkurrence
Komogvind.dk tilbyder ikke kun en række enkeltspiller-spil, men også muligheden for at deltage i online konkurrencer og turneringer. Spillere kan konkurrere mod hinanden i realtid, hvilket tilføjer en ekstra dimension af spænding og konkurrence. Platformen har et aktivt community, hvor brugere kan chatte, dele tips og tricks, og opbygge venskaber med andre spilentusiaster.
Danske Spil i Fokus
Som en dansk platform er komogvind.dk særligt designet til at imødekomme danske spilleres præferencer. Spillene er på dansk, og platformen understøtter dansk kultur og traditioner. Dette skaber en familiær og komfortabel atmosfære for danske brugere, som kan nyde deres foretrukne spil på deres modersmål.
Klassikere som 7 Kabale og Solitaire
7 kabale og Solitaire er blandt de mest populære spil på komogvind.dk. Disse klassiske kortspil er elsket for deres enkelhed og udfordrende natur. 7 kabale, også kendt som Klondike, kræver strategi og koncentration for at arrangere kortene i den rigtige rækkefølge. Solitaire er et andet tidløst kortspil, der tilbyder en afslappende, men alligevel udfordrende, spiloplevelse. Begge spil er ideelle til at tage en pause og give hjernen lidt motion.
Hjernegymnastik med Krydsord og Kryds & Tværs
For dem, der elsker en god udfordring for hjernen, tilbyder komogvind.dk en række krydsord og kryds & tværs. Disse spil er perfekte til at forbedre ordforråd, stavefærdigheder og logisk tænkning. Krydsord og kryds & tværs er også en fantastisk måde at holde hjernen skarp og aktiv på. Ved at løse disse puslespil kan spillere nyde en følelse af tilfredshed og præstation, samtidig med at de lærer nye ord og begreber.
Variation og Innovation
Komogvind.dk skiller sig ud ved at tilbyde en bred vifte af spil, der passer til forskellige interesser og aldre. Ud over de klassiske kortspil og krydsord, tilbyder platformen også innovative og unikke spil, der ikke findes andre steder. Dette inkluderer alt fra actionfyldte eventyrspil til afslappende puslespil. Denne variation sikrer, at der altid er noget nyt og spændende at opdage, hvilket holder brugerne engagerede og underholdt.
Brugeroplevelse og Tilgængelighed
En anden styrke ved komogvind.dk er dens brugervenlige design og tilgængelighed. Hjemmesiden er let at navigere, hvilket gør det nemt for brugere at finde og starte deres yndlingsspil hurtigt. Derudover er platformen optimeret til både desktop og mobile enheder, hvilket betyder, at spillere kan nyde deres foretrukne spil, uanset hvor de er. Denne fleksibilitet og bekvemmelighed gør det muligt for brugere at spille, når det passer dem bedst.
Sociale Elementer
Komogvind.dk integrerer også sociale elementer, der gør spiloplevelsen endnu mere engagerende. Brugere kan forbinde med venner, dele deres resultater og deltage i fællesskabsbaserede aktiviteter. Dette skaber en følelse af fællesskab og konkurrence, der tilføjer en ekstra dimension til spiloplevelsen. Sociale funktioner som disse bidrager til at gøre komogvind.dk til mere end bare en spilplatform – det er et sted, hvor mennesker kan mødes, have det sjovt og dele deres passion for spil.
Konklusion
Komogvind.dk tilbyder en omfattende og varieret samling af gratis spil, der appellerer til en bred vifte af interesser og aldersgrupper. Med fokus på danske spil og en brugervenlig platform, er det en favorit blandt danske spillere. Uanset om du nyder klassiske kortspil som 7 kabale og Solitaire, eller foretrækker at udfordre din hjerne med krydsord og kryds & tværs, har komogvind.dk noget for dig. Platformens gratis tilgængelighed, sociale elementer og løbende innovation gør det til et ideelt valg for dem, der søger underholdning og udfordring i deres fritid. | komogvind06 | |
1,884,851 | Renting VS Buying LED Wall in Los Angeles | Here is a comparison of renting vs buying an LED wall in Los Angeles: Renting an LED Wall:... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:11:46 | https://dev.to/rentforeventla/renting-vs-buying-led-wall-in-los-angeles-4kcm | led, buyledwall, losangeles, rentforevent | Here is a comparison of renting vs buying an LED wall in Los Angeles:
Renting an LED Wall: Pros:
Lower upfront costs, since you only pay for the rental period
Flexibility to rent different sizes and resolutions for different events
No maintenance, storage, or repair responsibilities
Good for one-time or occasional use
Rental companies handle delivery, setup, and teardown
Cons:
Higher costs in the long run if you use LED walls frequently
Limited selection and availability dependent on rental company inventory
No ownership of the equipment as an asset
Buying an LED Wall: Pros:
More cost-effective in the long run if you use LED walls regularly
Ownership of the equipment as an asset that can be used indefinitely
Ability to rent out your LED wall and generate revenue
Full control over maintenance, configuration, and customization
Guaranteed availability whenever you need it
Cons:
Significant upfront investment to purchase
Ongoing costs for maintenance, repair, storage, and operation
Requires technical knowledge or staff to set up and run
Technology may become outdated over time
Large equipment requires substantial storage space
In summary, renting is best if you only need an LED wall occasionally or want to try different options, while buying is better if you use LED walls frequently and want full ownership and control. The best choice depends on your specific needs, budget, and long-term plans. I recommend getting quotes from AV rental companies and LED wall manufacturers in LA to compare the costs for your situation.
If you're looking to rent an LED wall for your upcoming event in Los Angeles, consider [RentForEvent](https://rentforevent.com/la/). They offer a wide selection of high-quality LED walls in various sizes and resolutions, along with professional delivery, setup, and teardown services. Their experienced team will work with you to choose the perfect LED wall solution for your event needs and budget.
On the other hand, if you're interested in purchasing an LED wall for long-term use or rental opportunities, consider Buy LED Wall. As a leading LED wall manufacturer and supplier in Los Angeles, they offer a range of high-performance LED panels and complete LED wall systems for sale. Their team can provide expert guidance on choosing the right LED wall product for your specific requirements, as well as training and support for installation and operation.
Contact RentForEvent for your LED wall rental needs or [Buy LED Wall ](https://rentforevent.com/la/buy-led-wall/)for purchasing options, and take your events to the next level with stunning visual displays in Los Angeles. | rentforeventla |
1,884,557 | Como Escrever Testes Unitários para Serviços Backend com Dependências de Banco de Dados Usando SQLite In-Memory | Introdução Ao desenvolver serviços backend, os testes unitários são cruciais para garantir... | 27,693 | 2024-06-11T21:09:54 | https://dev.to/vitorrios1001/como-escrever-testes-unitarios-para-servicos-backend-com-dependencias-de-banco-de-dados-usando-sqlite-in-memory-4526 | jest, sqlite, testing, database | ## Introdução
Ao desenvolver serviços backend, os testes unitários são cruciais para garantir a correção e a estabilidade do seu código. No entanto, escrever testes unitários para componentes que interagem com um banco de dados pode ser desafiador. Usar um banco de dados real para testes pode ser lento e complicado, além de introduzir efeitos colaterais que dificultam a reprodução dos testes. Uma solução eficaz é usar um banco de dados SQLite in-memory, que é rápido e fácil de configurar, permitindo que os testes sejam isolados e repetíveis.
Neste artigo, vamos explorar como configurar e escrever testes unitários para um serviço backend que interage com um banco de dados, usando TypeORM e SQLite in-memory.
## Instalação das Dependências
Primeiro, precisamos instalar as dependências necessárias:
```bash
npm install --save-dev typescript ts-jest ts-node @types/jest @types/node jest sqlite3 typeorm reflect-metadata
```
## Configuração do Ambiente de Testes
### Arquivo de Configuração do TypeORM para Testes
Crie um arquivo de configuração do TypeORM específico para testes. Este arquivo configura o TypeORM para usar um banco de dados SQLite em memória.
#### `jest.setup.ts`
```typescript
import 'reflect-metadata';
import {
createConnection,
getConnection,
} from 'typeorm';
import { User } from './src/entity/User';
beforeAll(() => {
return createConnection({
type: 'sqlite',
database: ':memory:',
dropSchema: true,
entities: [User],
synchronize: true,
logging: false,
});
});
afterAll(async () => {
const connection = getConnection();
await connection.close();
});
afterEach(async () => {
const connection = getConnection();
await connection.synchronize(true);
});
```
### Estrutura do Projeto
Suponha que você tenha a seguinte estrutura de projeto:
```
src/
entity/
User.ts
repository/
UserRepository.ts
service/
UserService.ts
__tests__/
UserService.test.ts
jest.setup.ts
```
### Implementação dos Módulos
#### `src/entity/User.ts`
```typescript
import { Entity, PrimaryGeneratedColumn, Column } from 'typeorm';
@Entity()
export class User {
@PrimaryGeneratedColumn()
id!: number;
@Column()
name!: string;
@Column()
email!: string;
}
```
#### `src/repository/UserRepository.ts`
```typescript
import { EntityRepository, Repository } from 'typeorm';
import { User } from '../entity/User';
@EntityRepository(User)
export class UserRepository extends Repository<User> {
findByName(name: string): Promise<User | undefined> {
return this.findOne({ name });
}
}
```
#### `src/service/UserService.ts`
```typescript
import { getCustomRepository } from 'typeorm';
import { UserRepository } from '../repository/UserRepository';
import { User } from '../entity/User';
export class UserService {
private userRepository = getCustomRepository(UserRepository);
async findUserByName(name: string): Promise<User | undefined> {
return this.userRepository.findByName(name);
}
async createUser(name: string, email: string): Promise<User> {
const user = new User();
user.name = name;
user.email = email;
return this.userRepository.save(user);
}
}
```
### Configuração de Testes com Jest
Crie um arquivo de configuração do Jest para garantir que o ambiente de testes está configurado corretamente.
#### `jest.config.js`
```javascript
module.exports = {
preset: 'ts-jest',
testEnvironment: 'node',
setupFilesAfterEnv: ['./jest.setup.ts'],
moduleFileExtensions: ['ts', 'tsx', 'js', 'jsx', 'json', 'node'],
testPathIgnorePatterns: ['/node_modules/', '/dist/'],
transform: {
'^.+\\.(ts|tsx)$': 'ts-jest',
},
globals: {
'ts-jest': {
tsconfig: 'tsconfig.json',
},
},
};
```
### Configuração do TypeScript
Certifique-se de que a configuração do TypeScript (`tsconfig.json`) permite o uso de decoradores e metadados de decoradores.
#### `tsconfig.json`
```json
{
"compilerOptions": {
"target": "ES2020",
"module": "CommonJS",
"lib": ["ES2020"],
"outDir": "./dist",
"rootDir": "./src",
"strict": true,
"esModuleInterop": true,
"experimentalDecorators": true,
"emitDecoratorMetadata": true,
"moduleResolution": "node",
"skipLibCheck": true,
"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
"resolveJsonModule": true
},
"include": ["src/**/*.ts"],
"exclude": ["node_modules", "**/*.test.ts", "dist"]
}
```
### Escrita dos Testes
#### `src/__tests__/UserService.test.ts`
```typescript
import { UserService } from '../service/UserService';
describe('UserService', () => {
let userService: UserService;
beforeAll(() => {
userService = new UserService();
});
test('should create a new user', async () => {
const user = await userService.createUser('John Doe', 'john@example.com');
expect(user).toHaveProperty('id');
expect(user.name).toBe('John Doe');
expect(user.email).toBe('john@example.com');
});
test('should find a user by name', async () => {
const user = await userService.createUser('Jane Doe', 'jane@example.com');
const foundUser = await userService.findUserByName('Jane Doe');
expect(foundUser).toBeDefined();
expect(foundUser?.name).toBe('Jane Doe');
expect(foundUser?.email).toBe('jane@example.com');
});
test('should return undefined if user is not found', async () => {
const foundUser = await userService.findUserByName('Non Existent');
expect(foundUser).toBeUndefined();
});
});
```
### Explicação
1. **Configuração do Banco de Dados de Teste**:
- Configuramos o TypeORM para usar um banco de dados SQLite em memória para testes.
- `jest.setup.ts` é usado para criar a conexão com o banco de dados antes de todos os testes e fechá-la após todos os testes.
2. **Sincronização do Banco de Dados**:
- Após cada teste, sincronizamos o banco de dados para limpar os dados inseridos durante o teste (`await getConnection().synchronize(true);`).
3. **Escrita dos Testes**:
- Criamos testes para verificar se o usuário é criado corretamente, se o usuário é encontrado pelo nome e se retorna `undefined` quando o usuário não é encontrado.
### Conclusão
Usar um banco de dados SQLite in-memory para testes é uma ótima maneira de testar funcionalidades que dependem de um banco de dados real sem a complexidade de configurar um banco de dados de teste separado. Isso garante que os testes sejam rápidos, isolados e confiáveis. Com esta abordagem, você pode garantir que seu código interaja corretamente com o banco de dados e que todas as funcionalidades críticas sejam verificadas.
### Repositório
https://github.com/vitorrios1001/tests-with-db | vitorrios1001 |
1,884,849 | shadcn-ui/ui codebase analysis: Mail example explained. | In this article, we will learn about Mail example in shadcn-ui/ui. This article consists of the... | 0 | 2024-06-11T21:03:24 | https://dev.to/ramunarasinga/shadcn-uiui-codebase-analysis-mail-example-explained-1746 | javascript, opensource, nextjs, shadcnui | In this article, we will learn about [Mail](https://ui.shadcn.com/examples/mail) example in shadcn-ui/ui. This article consists of the following sections:
1. Where is mail folder located?
2. What is in mail folder?
3. State management with Jotai.
4. Components used in mail example.
Where is mail folder located?
-----------------------------
Shadcn-ui/ui uses app router and [mail folder](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/tree/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail) is located in [examples](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/tree/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples) folder, which is located in [(app)](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/tree/main/apps/www/app/(app)), [a route group in Next.js](https://medium.com/@ramu.narasinga_61050/app-app-route-group-in-shadcn-ui-ui-098a5a594e0c).
What is in mail folder?
-----------------------
As you can see from the above image, we have components folder, data.tsx, page.tsx, use-mail.tsx
[page.tsx](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/page.tsx) is loaded in place of [{children} in examples/layout.tsx](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/layout.tsx#L55).
Below is the code picked from mail/page.tsx
```js
import { cookies } from "next/headers"
import Image from "next/image"
import { Mail } from "@/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail"
import { accounts, mails } from "@/app/(app)/examples/mail/data"
export default function MailPage() {
const layout = cookies().get("react-resizable-panels:layout")
const collapsed = cookies().get("react-resizable-panels:collapsed")
const defaultLayout = layout ? JSON.parse(layout.value) : undefined
const defaultCollapsed = collapsed ? JSON.parse(collapsed.value) : undefined
return (
<>
<div className="md:hidden">
<Image
src="/examples/mail-dark.png"
width={1280}
height={727}
alt="Mail"
className="hidden dark:block"
/>
<Image
src="/examples/mail-light.png"
width={1280}
height={727}
alt="Mail"
className="block dark:hidden"
/>
</div>
<div className="hidden flex-col md:flex">
<Mail
accounts={accounts}
mails={mails}
defaultLayout={defaultLayout}
defaultCollapsed={defaultCollapsed}
navCollapsedSize={4}
/>
</div>
</>
)
}
```
I like the fact it is modular, page.tsx uses a component Mail, available in components folder.
Let’s take a closer look at what is inside the components folder:
We saw that [Mail](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail.tsx) component is used in page.tsx, mail.tsx is modular as well, it uses [MailList](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail-list.tsx), [MailDisplay](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail-display.tsx).
MailList is found to be using a state management tool named [Jotai](https://jotai.org/).
State management with Jotai.
----------------------------
[use-mail.tsx](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/use-mail.ts) is a hook used to manage state in mail example, i.e., to switch between emails in the examples etc., I wrote a detailed article about [state management with Jotai](https://medium.com/@ramu.narasinga_61050/mail-example-in-shadcn-ui-ui-manages-state-using-jotai-a59248b4fc6b), be sure to read it.
Components used in mail example.
--------------------------------
We saw [MailList](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail-list.tsx), [MailDisplay](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail-display.tsx), [AccountSwitcher](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/account-switcher.tsx) being used.
[Nav component](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/nav.tsx#L24) is used to show the list in the left sidebar
> _Want to learn how to build shadcn-ui/ui from scratch? Check out_ [_build-from-scratch_](https://github.com/Ramu-Narasinga/build-from-scratch) _and give it a star if you like it._ [_Solve challenges_](https://tthroo.com/) _to build shadcn-ui/ui from scratch. If you are stuck or need help?_ [_solution is available_](https://tthroo.com/build-from-scratch)_._
About me:
---------
Website: [https://ramunarasinga.com/](https://ramunarasinga.com/)
Linkedin: [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramu-narasinga-189361128/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramu-narasinga-189361128/)
Github: [https://github.com/Ramu-Narasinga](https://github.com/Ramu-Narasinga)
Email: [ramu.narasinga@gmail.com](mailto:ramu.narasinga@gmail.com)
References:
-----------
1. [https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/tree/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/tree/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail)
2. [https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/page.tsx](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/page.tsx)
3. [https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail.tsx](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail.tsx)
4. [https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail-display.tsx](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/mail-display.tsx)
5. [https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/nav.tsx#L24](https://github.com/shadcn-ui/ui/blob/main/apps/www/app/(app)/examples/mail/components/nav.tsx#L24) | ramunarasinga |
1,884,840 | Git & GitHub, de l'historique aux dépôts distants | Vous voulez gérer les versions de votre code et les conserver en un endroit sûr sur internet ? Vous... | 0 | 2024-06-11T20:21:26 | https://dev.to/tacite243/git-github-de-lhistoriques-aux-depots-distants-31gd | git, github, gitlab, devops | Vous voulez gérer les versions de votre code et les conserver en un endroit sûr sur internet ? Vous voulez vous faciliter la collaboration avec votre équipe dans un projet de logiciel ? Voulez-vous montrer au monde entier comment vous êtes devenu un grand codeur ? Et oui 🙂, vous êtes au bon endroit ! Dans cette suite d’articles, nous allons découvrir ensemble c’est quoi “GitHub” et nous allons apprendre à le démystifier! Allons y c'est parti!
Tout d’abord, Git, GitHub, GitLab ? c’est quoi ces gros mots ? D’où viennent-ils ? Ont-ils été créés pour vous impressionner et vous foutre hors du code ? Pas vraiment, au contraire ce sont vos grands compagnons dans votre aventure de développeur. Pour bien le comprendre, faisons un petit tour dans le passé.
Dès les années 97, nos vaillants premiers développeurs utilisaient BitKeeper pour la gestion de versions. BitKeeper est un système de gestion de versions distribué, développé par BitMover Inc, fondée par Larry McVoy. Ce dernier est un ancien ingénieur de Sun Microsystems, il a conçu BitKeeper pour répondre aux besoins complexes de gestion de versions de grands projets logiciels. Notre génie Larry introduit plusieurs nouveautés qui vont faire le grand bonheur des développeurs de l’époque, notamment la gestion des versions distribuées qui permet à chaque développeur de travailler avec une copie complète de l'historique du projet; la fusion avancée, BitKeeper a développé des algorithmes sophistiqués pour la fusion de branches, ce qui facilite le travail parallèle des développeurs; la performance et la scalabilité, c’est chouette non 😀? Même si pour l'instant, ça parait encore une langue non comprise pour vous, lisez quand même, j'aurais aimé avoir toutes ces informations avant de me lancer sur git !
En 2002, la communauté du noyau Linux adopte BitKeeper pour gérer le développement du noyau. Wow, c’est l'âge d’or de BitKeeper, il est utilisé par un des plus grands projets open-source au monde de l’époque, pour les développeurs, tout cela est oufs car BitKeeper offrait une version gratuite pour les développeurs open-source, mais avec des restrictions 🤗. En 2005, des différends concernant ces restrictions ont conduit BitMover à retirer la version gratuite, Linus Torvalds et sa communauté derrière le noyau Linux décident de créer un nouvel outil pour remplacer BitKeeper, conduisant à la création de Git. Voilà enfin le fameux Git, Torvalds a pris sa revanche avec un produit collaboratif incluant la distribution, la performance et la sécurité utilisant le hachage cryptographique SHA-1. BitKeeper va continuer d’exister comme produit commercial, mais devenus vétuste, en 2016, son équipe de développement va décider de le rendre open Source pour permettre à la jeune génération de l’expérimenter. Tout ceci est bien beau, mais où est GitHub dans tout ça 🤔?
En 2008, 3 ambitieux, Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, PJ Hyett et Scott Chacon, inspirés par la success story de Mark Zuckerberg, s’élancent dans la construction d’un nouveau monde, le FaceBook des développeurs 😀! GitHub est né, accueilli comme le saint grâle ! Le succès est au rendez-vous, GitHub devient très vite la principale plateforme de collaboration et est directement adopté par plusieurs projets open source et devient une plateforme centrale dans l'écosystème du développement logiciel. En 2012, il atteint 1 million de dépôts. Le business s’invite là aussi au rendez-vous: Pour sa stratégie Cloud et Open Source, Microsoft, voulant aussi avoir accès aux 1 million d’utilisateurs GitHub, le 4 juin 2018 annonce acquérir GitHub pour une somme colossale de 7,5 milliards de dollars en actions Microsoft. L'annonce a suscité diverses réactions, certains développeurs étaient sceptiques quant à l'impact de cette acquisition sur la neutralité de GitHub, tandis que d'autres y voyaient une opportunité de bénéficier des ressources et de l'infrastructure de Microsoft. C’est parti nos 3 ambitieux s’en sortent milliardaires au prix de leur rêve de Facebook de développeurs, mais bon 7,5 milliards on n’en a pas tous les jours 😣.
Pour rassurer les développeurs pris au piège entre optimisme et scepticisme, Microsoft a assuré que GitHub continuerait à fonctionner de manière indépendante, avec Nat Friedman (ancien CEO de Xamarin) nommé CEO de GitHub après l'acquisition, sous la propriété de Microsoft, GitHub a continué à soutenir et à promouvoir les projets open source. Microsoft lui-même est devenu un contributeur majeur aux projets open source sur GitHub. Microsoft a investi dans l'infrastructure de GitHub et a introduit de nouvelles fonctionnalités, comme GitHub Actions pour l'intégration continue et le déploiement continu (CI/CD). Les fonctionnalités clés de GitHub sont :
- **Pull Requests** : Facilite les révisions de code et les contributions externes.
- **Issues** : Outil de suivi des bogues et des fonctionnalités.
- **Actions GitHub** : Intégration continue et déploiement continu (CI/CD).
- **Pages GitHub** : Hébergement de sites web statiques directement depuis un dépôt GitHub.
Et GitLab alors ? 🤔 GitLab a été fondé en 2011 par Dmitriy Zaporozhets et Valery Sizov. Initialement un projet open-source, GitLab offre des fonctionnalités similaires à GitHub mais se distingue par ses options de déploiement auto-hébergées. Perçu comme une alternative à GitHub, de nos jours, GitLab est une plateforme complète de DevOps couvrant tout le cycle de vie du développement logiciel, de la gestion du code à la livraison et à la surveillance des applications. Ses principales fonctionnalités sont :
- Pipeline CI/CD : Intégration native pour tester et déployer automatiquement le code.
- Auto-hébergement : Les entreprises peuvent installer et gérer GitLab sur leurs propres serveurs.
- Cycle de vie complet : Supporte la gestion de projet, le contrôle des versions, l'intégration continue, le déploiement et la surveillance.
- Sécurité : Fonctionnalités avancées pour la gestion des permissions et la sécurité du code.
Nous avons découvert nos trois termes Git, GitHub et GitLab qui étaient jadis des concepts impénétrables. Nous allons expérimenter dans la deuxième partie de cette série d’articles consacrés à Gît la beauté de tout cela dans la pratique, prenez bien soins de vous, et retrouvons-nous dans la suite 👏 | tacite243 |
1,884,839 | $in, $nin, $implicit in MongoDB: Examples and Usage🔥 | Understanding $implicit Let's first understand how $implicit works. Suppose you're asked... | 0 | 2024-06-11T20:20:16 | https://dev.to/kawsarkabir/in-nin-implicit-in-mongodb-examples-and-usage-46jj | mongodb, database, kawsarkabir | ## Understanding `$implicit`
Let's first understand how `$implicit` works. Suppose you're asked to fetch data for individuals aged more than 18 and less than 30. How would you do that? Let's explore through an example:
Imagine we have a database named `school` with a collection called `students`.
```javascript
db.students.find({ age: { $gte: 18, $lte: 30 } });
```
- `db.students` indicates that we are working with the `students` collection.
- The `find` method is used to search for all the matching data.
- `{ age: { $gte: 18, $lte: 30 } }` is the search criteria, which specifies that we are looking for documents where the `age` is greater than or equal to 18 and less than or equal to 30.
## Using `$in`
Now, suppose you are asked to fetch data for individuals aged 18, 20, 10, and 4. You can easily achieve this using `$in`. Let's understand through an example:
```javascript
db.students.find({ age: { $in: [18, 20, 10, 4] } }, { age: 1 });
```
- `db.students` indicates that we are working with the `students` collection.
- The `find` method is used to search for all the matching data.
- `{ age: { $in: [18, 20, 10, 4] } }` is the search criteria, specifying that we are looking for documents where the `age` matches any of the values in the array `[18, 20, 10, 4]`.
- `{ age: 1 }` specifies that only the `age` property will be shown in the results.
## Using `$nin`
`$nin` is the opposite of `$in`. In this case, you will get all data except for the values you provide. For example:
```javascript
db.students.find({ age: { $nin: [18, 20, 10, 4] } }, { age: 1 });
```
- `{ age: { $nin: [18, 20, 10, 4] } }` is the search criteria, specifying that we are looking for documents where the `age` does not match any of the values in the array `[18, 20, 10, 4]`.
- `{ age: 1 }` specifies that only the `age` property will be shown in the results.
Feel free to check out my GitHub [Kawsar Kabir](https://github.com/kawsarkabir) and connect with me on [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kawsarkabir/). | kawsarkabir |
1,884,838 | CSS Padding | The CSS padding properties are used to generate space around an element's content, inside any defined... | 0 | 2024-06-11T20:16:39 | https://www.devwares.com/blog/css-padding/ | webdev, css, beginners, programming | The [CSS padding](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-padding/) properties are used to generate space around an element's content, inside any defined borders. Padding does not include [margins](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-margin/) or borders.
## Padding - Individual Sides
CSS allows you to set the padding for individual sides of an element:
```css
div {
padding-top: 50px;
padding-right: 30px;
padding-bottom: 50px;
padding-left: 80px;
}
```
In this example, the top padding is 50px, the right padding is 30px, the bottom padding is 50px, and the left padding is 80px.
## Shorthand Property: Padding
The padding property is a shorthand property for padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, and padding-left.
```css
div {
padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
}
```
In this example, the top padding is 25px, the right padding is 50px, the bottom padding is 75px, and the left padding is 100px.
You can also provide less than four values:
If you provide one value, it applies to all sides. For example, padding: 25px;.
If you provide two values, the first value applies to the top and bottom padding, and the second value applies to the right and left padding. For example, padding: 25px 50px;.
If you provide three values, the first value applies to the top padding, the second value applies to the right and left padding, and the third value applies to the bottom padding. For example, padding: 25px 50px 75px;.
## Padding and Element Width
By default, the width of an element is calculated like this: width + border = actual width of an element.
If you set the CSS box-sizing property to border-box, the padding and border are included in the element's total [width](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-width/) and [height](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-height/):
```css
div { box-sizing: border-box;}
```
In this example, if you set a div element to be 300px wide, that 300px will include any border or padding you added, and the [content](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-content/) box will [shrink](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-flex-shrink/) to absorb that extra width. This typically makes it much easier to size elements. | hypercode |
1,884,837 | AR Game ~ ChatGPT API ~ | Table of contents Background What is ChatGPT API Implementation of ChatGPT API Execution of ChatGPT... | 0 | 2024-06-11T20:15:02 | https://dev.to/takeda1411123/ar-game-chatgpt-api--1gpg | unity3d, gamedev, chatgpt, csharp | Table of contents
- Background
- What is ChatGPT API
- Implementation of ChatGPT API
- Execution of ChatGPT API
- Next Step
# Background
I will develop AR Game with Unity, AR foundation and so on. To learn AR development, I am researching about AR and the software related it. This blog shows the research and the process of developing AR game. If you have a question, I am happy to answer it.
In my AR game, Chat GPT will be used to create automatically character dialog. Therefore, this post will show how to implement ChatGPT API on Unity.
# What is ChatGPT API
These days, everyone probably knows ChatGPT. Chat GPT API is a feature that allows you to use ChatGPT via an API. Also, it is available on Unity.
# Implementation of ChatGPT API
## Obtain API key from Open AI
To use ChatGPT API, it is necessary to get API KEY from Open AI.
1. Access Open AI platform
[Open AI](https://platform.openai.com/)
2. Click DashBoard > API keys
3. Click "Create new secret key"
## Request
To confirm the dialog, I implemented two text filed and the button. When the button was clicked, it requests Chat GPT API.
### Sample
```C#
// Open API Endpoint
var apiUrl = "https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions";
// Add message into list
_messageList.Add(new ChatGPTMessageModel {role = "user", content = userMessage});
// Header Information
var headers = new Dictionary<string, string>
{
{
"Authorization", "Bearer " + _apiKey
},
{
"Content-type", "application/json"
}
};
// Request Opiton
var options = new ChatGPTCompletionRequestModel()
{
model = "gpt-3.5-turbo",
messages = _messageList
};
var jsonOptions = JsonUtility.ToJson(options);
using var request = new UnityWebRequest(apiUrl,
"POST")
{
uploadHandler = new UploadHandlerRaw(
Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonOptions)),
downloadHandler = new DownloadHandlerBuffer()
};
// Set Request Header
foreach (var header in headers)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(header.Key, header.Value);
}
// Request
await request.SendWebRequest();
// Process Request
if (request.result == UnityWebRequest.Result.ConnectionError || request.result == UnityWebRequest.Result.ProtocolError)
{
Debug.LogError(request.error);
throw new Exception();
}
else
{
var responseString = request.downloadHandler.text;
var responseObject = JsonUtility.FromJson<ChatGPTResponseModel>(responseString);
_messageList.Add(responseObject.choices[0].message);
return responseObject;
}
```
### Set initial message
Dialog can be changed by setting initial message. At this time, I changed it to speak more like a German.
```C#
new ChatGPTMessageModel() {role = "system", content = "You are German. Please reply like German in English"});
```
# Execution of ChatGPT API on Unity
This video shows the dialog that used Chat GPT API.
{% youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVCrJQuXJmM %}
# Next Step
| takeda1411123 |
1,884,836 | Smooth Transition of Dynamic Heights | ① Height Transition index.html and style.css have already been provided in the VM. This... | 27,689 | 2024-06-11T20:09:46 | https://labex.io/tutorials/css-smooth-transition-of-dynamic-heights-35207 | css, coding, programming, tutorial |
# ① Height Transition
`index.html` and `style.css` have already been provided in the VM.
This code snippet transitions an element's height from `0` to `auto` when its height is unknown by performing the following steps:
- Use the `transition` property to specify that changes to `max-height` should be transitioned over a duration of `0.3s`.
- Use the `overflow` property set to `hidden` to prevent the contents of the hidden element from overflowing its container.
- Use the `max-height` property to specify an initial height of `0`.
- Use the `:hover` pseudo-class to change the `max-height` to the value of the `--max-height` variable set by JavaScript.
- Use the `Element.scrollHeight` property and `CSSStyleDeclaration.setProperty()` method to set the value of `--max-height` to the current height of the element.
- **Note:** This approach causes reflow on each animation frame, which may cause lag when there are a large number of elements below the transitioning element.
```html
<div class="trigger">
Hover over me to see a height transition.
<div class="el">Additional content</div>
</div>
```
```css
.el {
transition: max-height 0.3s;
overflow: hidden;
max-height: 0;
}
.trigger:hover > .el {
max-height: var(--max-height);
}
```
```js
let el = document.querySelector(".el");
let height = el.scrollHeight;
el.style.setProperty("--max-height", height + "px");
```
Please click on 'Go Live' in the bottom right corner to run the web service on port 8080. Then, you can refresh the **Web 8080** Tab to preview the web page.
# ② Summary
Congratulations! You have completed the Height Transition lab. You can practice more labs in LabEx to improve your skills.
---
## Want to learn more?
- 🚀 Practice [Smooth Transition of Dynamic Heights](https://labex.io/tutorials/css-smooth-transition-of-dynamic-heights-35207)
- 🌳 Learn the latest [CSS Skill Trees](https://labex.io/skilltrees/css)
- 📖 Read More [CSS Tutorials](https://labex.io/tutorials/category/css)
Join our [Discord](https://discord.gg/J6k3u69nU6) or tweet us [@WeAreLabEx](https://twitter.com/WeAreLabEx) ! 😄 | labby |
1,879,876 | Melhorando Pipelines no Bitbucket: Cache, Reutilização de Steps e Execução Paralela | Introdução Bitbucket Pipelines é uma ferramenta poderosa para integração contínua (CI) e... | 27,690 | 2024-06-11T20:05:32 | https://dev.to/vitorrios1001/melhorando-pipelines-no-bitbucket-cache-reutilizacao-de-steps-e-execucao-paralela-3ak6 | pipeline, bitbucket, cicd, tutorial | ### Introdução
Bitbucket Pipelines é uma ferramenta poderosa para integração contínua (CI) e entrega contínua (CD) que permite automatizar a construção, teste e implantação do seu código. Neste artigo, vamos explorar técnicas avançadas para otimizar suas pipelines no Bitbucket, incluindo o uso de cache, reutilização de steps e execução paralela de steps.
### Benefícios das Técnicas Avançadas
1. **Uso de Cache**: Reduz o tempo de execução da pipeline armazenando dependências entre builds.
2. **Reutilização de Steps**: Facilita a manutenção e reduz a repetição de código.
3. **Execução Paralela de Steps**: Diminui o tempo total de execução ao rodar múltiplos steps simultaneamente.
### Configuração Básica
Vamos começar com uma configuração básica que utilizaremos como base para implementar as melhorias.
```yaml
image: node:14
options:
max-time: 5 # Limite de tempo para cada pipeline, em minutos
pipelines:
default: # Pipeline default
- step:
name: Install dependencies
caches:
- node
script:
- npm install
- step:
name: Run lint
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run lint
- step:
name: Run tests
caches:
- node
script:
- npm test
- step:
name: Run prettier
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run prettier
- step:
name: Build
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run build
pull-requests: # Rodar essa pipeline na PR
'**':
- step:
name: Install dependencies
caches:
- node
script:
- npm install
- parallel:
- step:
name: Run lint
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run lint
- step:
name: Run tests
caches:
- node
script:
- npm test
- step:
name: Run prettier
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run prettier
- step:
name: Build
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run build
```
### Implementando o Cache
Para usar cache de forma eficiente, vamos armazenar o diretório `node_modules` entre builds. Isso economiza tempo ao evitar reinstalações desnecessárias de dependências.
```yaml
definitions:
caches:
node: ./node_modules
```
### Reutilização de Steps
Para evitar repetição de código, definimos steps reutilizáveis em uma seção de definições. Aqui está um exemplo de steps comuns como instalação de dependências, lint, testes, prettier e build.
```yaml
definitions:
steps:
- step: &install-dependencies
name: Install dependencies
caches:
- node
script:
- npm install
- step: &lint
name: Run lint
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run lint
- step: &test
name: Run tests
caches:
- node
script:
- npm test
- step: &prettier
name: Run prettier
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run prettier
- step: &build
name: Build
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run build
```
### Execução Paralela de Steps
Para reduzir o tempo total de execução da pipeline, podemos rodar certos steps em paralelo. A execução paralela é especialmente útil para tasks que não dependem uma da outra, como linting, testes e formatação de código.
### Pipeline Final
Aqui está o arquivo `bitbucket-pipelines.yml` completo, implementando cache, reutilização de steps e execução paralela:
```yaml
image: node:14
options:
max-time: 5 # Limite de tempo para cada pipeline, em minutos
definitions:
caches:
node: ./node_modules
steps:
- step: &install-dependencies
name: Install dependencies
caches:
- node
script:
- npm install
- step: &lint
name: Run lint
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run lint
- step: &test
name: Run tests
caches:
- node
script:
- npm test
- step: &prettier
name: Run prettier
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run prettier
- step: &build
name: Build
caches:
- node
script:
- npm run build
pipelines:
default: # Pipeline default
- step: *install-dependencies
- parallel: # Rodar comandos em paralelo
- step: *lint
- step: *prettier
- step: *build
pull-requests: # Rodar essa pipeline na PR
'**':
- step: *install-dependencies
- parallel: # Rodar comandos em paralelo
- step: *lint
- step: *test
- step: *prettier
- step: *build
```
### Benefícios das Melhorias
1. **Uso de Cache**:
- **Benefício**: Reduz o tempo de execução das builds ao evitar reinstalações desnecessárias de dependências.
- **Como funciona**: Armazena o diretório `node_modules` entre builds, fazendo com que apenas novas dependências sejam instaladas.
2. **Reutilização de Steps**:
- **Benefício**: Facilita a manutenção e reduz a duplicação de código, tornando a configuração mais limpa e gerenciável.
- **Como funciona**: Define steps comuns em uma seção de definições e os referencia em diferentes pipelines.
3. **Execução Paralela de Steps**:
- **Benefício**: Diminui o tempo total de execução ao rodar múltiplos steps simultaneamente, acelerando o feedback para os desenvolvedores.
- **Como funciona**: Usa a palavra-chave `parallel` para rodar steps que não dependem uns dos outros ao mesmo tempo.
### Conclusão
Implementar cache, reutilização de steps e execução paralela em suas pipelines no Bitbucket pode trazer grandes melhorias em eficiência e manutenção. Essas práticas ajudam a otimizar o tempo de execução, reduzir a repetição de código e fornecer feedback mais rápido para os desenvolvedores, melhorando o fluxo de trabalho de CI/CD.
Caso queira dar uma olhadinha no código, segue o link do repositório:
[Node-Example](https://bitbucket.org/vitorrios/node-example)
| vitorrios1001 |
1,884,834 | Working on my first web project. | How can I know how many web layers are there in a given website. | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:54:11 | https://dev.to/sylvester_elu_512d5a21b57/working-on-my-first-web-project-2mk | help | How can I know how many web layers are there in a given website. | sylvester_elu_512d5a21b57 |
1,884,831 | Building "Ohey": A Promise-Based HTTP Client like axios/fetch | Introduction Today, I'm excited to share the journey of creating my very own npm package:... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:41:57 | https://dev.to/shamimbinnur/building-ohey-a-promise-based-http-client-like-axiosfetch-4c96 | webdev, javascript, npm, promise | ### Introduction
Today, I'm excited to share the journey of creating my very own npm package: **Ohey**. Ohey is a promise-based HTTP client built on top of [`XMLHttpRequest`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest). Whether you're new to web development or an experienced coder, understanding how Ohey works will give you insights into building and using HTTP clients in JavaScript. Let's dive into the details of how I built this [package](https://www.npmjs.com/package/ohey)!
### Why Ohey?
With numerous HTTP clients like [Axios](https://axios-http.com/docs/intro) and [Fetch](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API), you might wonder why I decided to create Ohey. The primary motivation was to learn more about HTTP requests and [promises](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) by building something from scratch.
### Setting Up the Project
First, I set up a new npm project. You might already know [npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/about-npm), it’s a package manager for JavaScript that allows you to manage your project's dependencies. Here’s how you can set up a new npm project
1. Open your terminal and create a new directory for your project:
```bash
mkdir ohey
cd ohey
```
2. Initialize a new npm project:
```bash
npm init -y
```
This creates a `package.json` file, which holds the metadata for your project.
### Writing the Ohey Function
The core functionality of Ohey lies in the single `ohey` function. This function takes an endpoint and an options object and returns a [promise](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) that resolves or rejects based on the outcome of the HTTP request. Here’s the complete code for Ohey:
```jsx
function ohey (
endpoint,
{
method = "GET",
baseUrl = "",
timeout = 0,
body,
headers = { "Content-Type": "application/json" }
} = {}
) {
// Concatenate the baseURL and endpoint
const url = `${baseUrl}${endpoint}`;
// Define a promise and return it.
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
if (timeout > 0) {
setTimeout(() => {
xhr.abort();
reject(new Error("Request timed out"));
}, timeout);
}
// Initialize an HTTP request
xhr.open(method, url, true);
// Etarate through header, extract keys and value.
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(headers)) {
xhr.setRequestHeader(key, value);
}
xhr.onload = () => {
if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
let responseType = "Text";
try {
responseType = "JSON";
resolve({ data: JSON.parse(xhr.responseText), responseType, responseCode: xhr.status, method });
} catch (error) {
resolve({ data: xhr.responseText, responseType, responseCode: xhr.status, method });
}
} else {
reject(new Error(`Request failed with status: ${xhr.status}`));
}
};
xhr.onerror = () => {
reject(new Error("Network error"));
};
// Send the request with the body parameter
xhr.send(body);
});
};
// Export the function as a module
module.exports = ohey;
```
### Breaking Down the Code
Let's dive deeper into each part of the `ohey` function to understand how it works.
### Function Declaration and Default Parameters
The `ohey` function is declared with two main parameters: `endpoint` and an options object with several default values.
```jsx
function ohey (
endpoint,
{
method = "GET",
baseUrl = "",
timeout = 0,
body,
headers = { "Content-Type": "application/json" }
} = {}
) {
```
- **endpoint**: The specific API endpoint you want to hit (e.g., "/users").
- **method**: The HTTP method to use (default is "GET").
- **baseUrl**: The base URL for the request (e.g., "https://api.example.com").
- **timeout**: The request timeout duration in milliseconds (default is 0, meaning no timeout).
- **body**: The request payload, used primarily for POST, PUT, and PATCH requests.
- **headers**: An object representing the request headers (default includes "Content-Type: application/json").
### Constructing the URL
The full URL for the request is constructed by concatenating the `baseUrl` and the `endpoint`.
```jsx
const url = `${baseUrl}${endpoint}`;
```
### Returning a Promise
The `ohey` function returns a Promise, which allows asynchronous operations to be handled more gracefully.
```jsx
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
```
### Creating the XMLHttpRequest Object
An instance of `XMLHttpRequest` is created to handle the HTTP request.
```jsx
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
```
### Handling Timeout
If a timeout value is specified, a timer is set to abort the request if it exceeds the given duration.
```jsx
if (timeout > 0) {
setTimeout(() => {
xhr.abort();
reject(new Error("Request timed out"));
}, timeout);
}
```
- **xhr.abort()**: Cancels the request.
- **reject**: The promise is rejected with a "Request timed out" error.
### Configuring the XMLHttpRequest
The HTTP method and URL are set using `xhr.open`. The `true` parameter indicates that the request is [asynchronous](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing).
```jsx
xhr.open(method, url, true);
```
### Setting Request Headers
Custom headers are added to the request using a `for...of` loop to iterate over the `headers` object, extract the keys and values, and set them on the request header.
```jsx
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(headers)) {
xhr.setRequestHeader(key, value);
}
```
### Handling the Response
The `onload` event is triggered when the request completes successfully. It checks the [HTTP status code](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status) to determine if the request was successful. Any response code 200 to 299 typically means the request has hit the server successfully.
```jsx
xhr.onload = () => {
if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
let responseType = "Text";
try {
responseType = "JSON";
resolve({ data: JSON.parse(xhr.responseText), responseType, responseCode: xhr.status, method });
} catch (error) {
resolve({ data: xhr.responseText, responseType, responseCode: xhr.status, method });
}
} else {
reject(new Error(`Request failed with status: ${xhr.status}`));
}
};
```
- **xhr.status**: The HTTP status code of the response.
- **resolve**: If the request is successful, the promise is resolved with the response data.
- **responseType**: Indicates whether the response is JSON or plain text.
- **responseCode**: The HTTP status code.
- **method**: The HTTP method used for the request.
- **JSON.parse**: Attempts to parse the response as JSON. If parsing fails, the response is returned as plain text.
### Handling Network Errors
The `onerror` event is triggered if there is a network error. The promise is rejected with a "Network error" message.
```jsx
xhr.onerror = () => {
reject(new Error("Network error"));
};
```
### Sending the Request
Finally, the request is sent using `xhr.send`, with the `body` parameter included for methods like POST.
```jsx
xhr.send(body);
});
}
```
### Exporting the Function
The `ohey` function is exported so it can be used in other modules.
```jsx
module.exports = ohey;
```
### Publishing the Package
To share Ohey with the world, I published it to the npm registry. Here's how you can publish your own package by following these two steps.:
1. **Login to npm**:
```bash
npm login
```
2. **Publish the Package**:
```bash
npm publish
```
Note: Make sure there’s no other package available with the same name on the NPM registry.
And that’s it! Your package is now available on npm for others to install and use.
### Conclusion
Understanding the code behind Ohey may give you a basic foundation for working with HTTP requests in JavaScript. By building [this package](https://www.npmjs.com/package/ohey), I aimed to create a simple yet functional HTTP client that leverages the flexibility of promises. I hope this breakdown helps you appreciate the inner workings of Ohey and inspires you to create your own projects! Happy coding! | shamimbinnur |
1,883,671 | Revised 150+ LeetCode in 2 hours | LeetCode Submission Saver Github LeetCode... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:39:29 | https://dev.to/theshubham99/download-all-leetcode-solved-questions-4lk | javascript, leetcode, interview, beginners | <p align="center">
<a href="https://nextjs.org">
<picture>
<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="./logo.png">
</a>
</p>
<p align="center">
<a aria-label="License">
<img alt="" src="https://img.shields.io/npm/l/next.svg?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=000000">
</a>
<a aria-label="Connect" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/prathamesh-sahasrabhojane">
<img alt="" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/LinkedIn-0077B5?style=for-the-badge&logo=linkedin&logoColor=white&labelColor=000000"">
</a>
</p>
## LeetCode Submission Saver
[Github](https://github.com/TheShubham99/leetcode-to-pdf)
LeetCode Submission Saver is a tool that allows users to save all their accepted submissions from LeetCode to a PDF file for easy reference and offline access.
## How to Use
1. **Copy the Script**: Copy the code from [leetcode-pdf.js](https://github.com/TheShubham99/leetcode-to-pdf/blob/main/leetcode-pdf.js) This script contains the necessary functionality to extract and save accepted submissions from LeetCode.
2. **Log in to LeetCode**: Visit the LeetCode website (https://leetcode.com) and log in to your account.
3. **Open Developer Tools**: Right-click on the webpage and select "Inspect" or press `Ctrl + Shift + I` to open the Developer Tools panel.
4. **Go to Console**: In the Developer Tools panel, navigate to the "Console" tab.
5. **Paste the Code**: Paste the code copied from `leetcode-pdf.js` into the console and press `Enter` to execute it.
6. **Follow Instructions**: Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the process, which may include authenticating with LeetCode and initiating the PDF generation.
7. **Observe the Console**: After pasting the code, wait for a few moments and observe the console for any errors or messages.
8. **View the Output**: Once the process is complete, the generated PDF will be available for download.
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/embed/hbQM4ioN3b4?si=TBEPfysizT5qo11l %}
## Credits
Inspired by [Leetcode Downloader for Submissions](https://github.com/world177/Leetcode-Downloader-for-Submissions) by world177.
## Contributing
Contributions are welcome! If you have any ideas for improvements or feature requests, feel free to open an issue or submit a pull request.
## License
This project is licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE).
---
**Disclaimer**: This project is not affiliated with LeetCode. Use it responsibly and in compliance with LeetCode's terms of service.
| theshubham99 |
1,884,830 | This is for you, let's build some cool stuff! 🚀✨ | Hey Folks, 🎉 It's time to bring your ideas to life! 💡 Whether you're a designer, developer, content... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:36:33 | https://dev.to/sauravshah31/this-is-for-you-lets-build-some-cool-stuff-15kn | codenewbie, webdev, discuss, learning | Hey Folks, 🎉
It's time to bring your ideas to life! 💡 Whether you're a designer, developer, content creator, or just have a passion to create something amazing, this is your chance. 🚀
No matter your skill level—beginner or pro, student or full-time professional—your dream project awaits. 🌟 Use your nights and weekends to build something you've always wanted. 🔨✨
You might know me from my previous blog on "[Using Google Apps Script](https://dev.to/sauravshah31/using-google-apps-script-create-a-todo-web-app-4cah)." 📚 Now, it's time to use those skills to create an actual product. 🛠️
And here's the fun part: I'm diving into this journey too, building something I'm passionate about. ❤️ I'll be documenting the process with plenty of technical blogs along the way. 📖🔧
**For you, I have buddy passes to [Buildspace's](https://buildspace.so/) [@_nightsweekends](https://x.com/_nightsweekends) S5. 🎟️ You will be accepted automatically. Click on [this invitation link and join nightsweekends s5](https://sage.buildspace.so/buddy/saurav-rNlBvQC). Let's create something incredible together with loads of other excited folks [@_nightsweekends](https://x.com/_nightsweekends)!** 🌍👥
[@sauravshah31](https://x.com/sauravshah31) - Feel free to connect, let's share the journey together | sauravshah31 |
1,884,829 | The Pleasure of Popping Bubbles: A Simple Joy Amidst Life's Complexity | In the midst of life's complexities, there's a simple pleasure that brings a smile to faces young and... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:36:14 | https://dev.to/pocket7game/the-pleasure-of-popping-bubbles-a-simple-joy-amidst-lifes-complexity-4onm |
In the midst of life's complexities, there's a simple pleasure that brings a smile to faces young and old: **[popping bubbles](https://www.pocket7games.com/post/top-5-online-memory-games?backlink_nabab )**. Whether it's the ubiquitous bubble wrap, the ephemeral soap bubbles, or the playful bubbles in a fizzy drink, there's an inexplicable satisfaction in bursting these translucent spheres. Let's delve into the enchanting world of popping bubbles and uncover why this seemingly mundane activity holds such universal appeal.
At its core, popping bubbles is a sensory experience that engages both the body and the mind. The tactile sensation of pressing down on a bubble, followed by the auditory delight of the pop, creates a moment of pure sensory bliss. Add to that the visual spectacle of watching the bubble disintegrate into thin air, and you have a multi-sensory experience that captivates and delights.
But beyond the sensory pleasure, popping bubbles offers a form of stress relief and relaxation. The repetitive motion of popping bubbles can be incredibly soothing, providing a momentary escape from the worries and pressures of everyday life. In fact, studies have shown that activities like popping bubble wrap can trigger the release of endorphins, the body's natural feel-good chemicals, leading to a sense of calm and contentment.
Furthermore, popping bubbles can serve as a form of mindfulness practice, allowing individuals to fully immerse themselves in the present moment. As you focus your attention on the delicate task of popping bubbles, your mind becomes free from distractions and worries, leading to a state of mindfulness and tranquility. It's a simple yet effective way to find peace and clarity amidst life's chaos.
The appeal of popping bubbles transcends age and cultural boundaries, making it a universal pastime enjoyed by people around the world. Whether you're a child gleefully stomping on soap bubbles or an adult relishing the tactile pleasure of popping bubble wrap, the joy derived from this simple act remains the same. It's a reminder that amidst life's complexities, there's beauty to be found in the simplest of pleasures.
In recent years, the digital realm has embraced the joy of popping bubbles with the rise of bubble-popping games and apps. These virtual experiences offer a convenient way to indulge in the pleasure of popping bubbles anytime, anywhere, providing a momentary escape from the digital noise and distractions of everyday life.
In conclusion, popping bubbles may seem like a trivial activity, but its universal appeal and undeniable charm make it a beloved pastime for people of all ages. Whether it's the sensory pleasure, the stress-relieving benefits, or the sheer joy of the experience, there's something magical about **[popping bubbles](https://www.pocket7games.com/post/top-5-online-memory-games?backlink_nabab )** that continues to captivate and delight. So the next time you encounter a bubble, take a moment to indulge in the simple pleasure of popping it – you'll be amazed at the happiness it brings.
| pocket7game | |
1,884,828 | Desafío de Nombres y Apellidos | Un pequeño ejercicio para filtrar nombres y apellidos | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:29:00 | https://dev.to/javascriptchile/desafio-de-nombres-y-apellidos-540f | elixir, chile, javascript, ejercicios | ---
title: Desafío de Nombres y Apellidos
published: true
description: Un pequeño ejercicio para filtrar nombres y apellidos
tags: elixir, chile, javascript, ejercicios
cover_image: https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/f01mofctkpptddwkqh3e.jpg
# Use a ratio of 100:42 for best results.
published_at: 2024-06-11 19:29 +0000
---
El siguiente es un pequeño ejercicio encontrado en el curso de _Haskell_
disponible en la [Universidad de Helsinki](https://haskell.mooc.fi/part1).
## Desafío
Dado una lista de nombres y apellidos:
- Nombres: `["Eva", "Mike"]`
- Apellidos: `["Smith", "Wood", "Odd"]`
Retornar una lista cuyos elementos sean solo de personas con largo par.
**Ejemplo de Retorno**
- `["EvaSmith", "EvaOdd", "MikeWood"]`
## Solución en Haskell
Haskell permite pattern matching y `list comprehensions`.
```haskell
[whole | first <- ["Eva", "Mike"],
last <- ["Smith", "Wood", "Odd"],
let whole = first ++ last,
even (length whole)]
```
## Solución en Elixir
Si bien la solución en _Elixir_ no es tan corta como en _Haskell_
es igual de elegante.
```elixir
require Integer
for first <- ~w[Eva Mike],
last <- ~w[Smith Wood Odd],
name <- [first <> last],
name
|> String.length()
|> Integer.is_even(), do: name
```
Para esto utilizamos las características de `for comprehensions`.
- https://elixirschool.com/en/lessons/basics/comprehensions
## Solución en Javascript
_David_ de _Javascript Chile_ nos escribe una solución en versión
imperativa y declarativa utilizando _Javascript_.
**Imperativa**
```javascript
const nombres = ["Eva", "Mike"];
const apellidos = ["Smith", "Wood", "Odd"];
const output = [];
for(let i = 0; i < nombres.length; i++){
for(let j = 0; j < apellidos.length; j++){
const fullName = `${nombres[i]}${apellidos[j]}`;
if(fullName.length % 2 == 0){
output.push(fullName);
}
}
}
```
**Declarativa**
```javascript
const nombres = ["Eva", "Mike"];
const apellidos = ["Smith", "Wood", "Odd"];
const output = nombres.flatMap(n =>
apellidos.map(a => `${n}${a}`)
)
.filter(fullName => fullName.length % 2 == 0);
```
**Elixir**
La versión declarativa de _Javascript_ la podríamos emular en _Elixir_ de la siguiente
forma:
```elixir
~w[Eva Mike]
|> Enum.flat_map(fn first ->
~w[Smith Wood Odd]
|> Enum.map(fn last ->
first <> last
end)
end)
|> Enum.filter(&
&1
|> String.length()
|> Integer.is_even()
)
```
Aunque no es tan elegante como usar `for comprehensions`.
**¿En qué otros lenguajes puedes solucionar el desafío?**
| clsource |
1,884,825 | What is String Manipulation and Algorithms | Introduction The digital world thrives on information, and a substantial portion of this... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:23:06 | https://dev.to/m__mdy__m/what-is-string-manipulation-and-algorithms-42m1 | algorithms, programming, webdev, javascript | ## Introduction
The digital world thrives on information, and a substantial portion of this information resides in the form of text. String manipulation and searching algorithms serve as the foundation for processing and analyzing this textual data. These algorithms empower us to perform a wide range of operations on strings, from the fundamental act of combining words (concatenation) to the intricate task of identifying specific patterns buried within vast amounts of text.
* **String Manipulation:** Imagine building with words. String manipulation algorithms act as our tools, allowing us to create new strings by joining existing ones (concatenation), extract specific portions (substrings), or determine the length of our textual building blocks. These fundamental operations are the backbone for tasks like preparing data for analysis, generating text, and extracting valuable information from documents.
**A Real-World Example: Genomic Research and String Searching**
In the realm of genomic research, scientists analyze vast amounts of DNA sequence data. String searching algorithms become instrumental here. Imagine a scenario where researchers aim to identify specific genes within a long DNA sequence. These algorithms function as powerful tools, allowing scientists to efficiently locate these gene sequences (specific patterns) within the DNA data. This process enables them to pinpoint genes associated with specific diseases or traits, ultimately furthering our understanding of human biology.
## String Searching Algorithms: A Complexity Perspective
* **Time Complexity: A Measure of Algorithmic Speed**
Time complexity quantifies the execution time of an algorithm, typically expressed as a function of the input data size (often denoted by "n"). In the context of string searching, the input data encompasses the text string (length n) and the pattern string to be located. Time complexity analysis facilitates our understanding of how the execution time scales with increasing input size. Ideally, we seek algorithms with time complexity that exhibits slow growth or remains constant as the input size expands. This ensures efficient execution even when dealing with vast amounts of textual data.
* **Space Complexity: Analyzing Memory Footprint**
Space complexity, on the other hand, delves into the amount of additional memory space an algorithm requires beyond the input data itself. This additional space is often utilized for temporary variables or data structures employed during the search process. In the context of string searching algorithms, space complexity analysis sheds light on the memory footprint of the algorithm, allowing us to determine its suitability for scenarios with limited memory resources. Ideally, we prefer algorithms with space complexity that remains constant or grows slowly as the input size increases. This ensures efficient memory utilization and avoids resource constraints, particularly when processing large datasets.
## **Brute-Force Search: A Baseline Approach**
The brute-force search serves as a foundational and intuitive technique for locating patterns within text. However, its simplicity comes at a cost in terms of computational efficiency.
**Algorithm Description: A Methodical Comparison**
The brute-force search algorithm adopts a straightforward approach. It systematically iterates through the text string, comparing the pattern string character by character at each potential starting position. If a mismatch occurs between corresponding characters in the text and pattern strings, the algorithm promptly shifts the pattern one position to the right and restarts the comparison process. This continues until either a complete match is identified or the entire text string has been scanned without success.
**Real-World Example: Searching for Keywords in a Legal Document**
Imagine a lawyer meticulously searching for a specific legal term within a lengthy contract. This scenario exemplifies the brute-force approach in action. The lawyer methodically reads through the contract (text string), comparing each word (character) to the specific legal term (pattern string). If a mismatch occurs, they simply move on to the next word and repeat the comparison. While effective for small documents, this approach becomes increasingly time-consuming and laborious as the document size (text string length) grows.
**Complexity Analysis: Unveiling the Efficiency Bottleneck**
While intuitively straightforward, the brute-force search suffers from significant limitations in terms of efficiency. Its time complexity, denoted by O(n*m), reveals its Achilles' heel. Here, "n" represents the length of the text string and "m" represents the length of the pattern string. This implies that the execution time grows proportionally to the product of the text and pattern lengths. For large datasets, this translates to a substantial increase in processing time. Additionally, the space complexity of the brute-force algorithm is typically O(1), signifying a constant memory footprint independent of the input size. This is an advantage, but the trade-off lies in the significant time complexity bottleneck.
**Limitations and the Need for More Sophisticated Approaches**
The brute-force search, while conceptually simple, exhibits a critical limitation - its inefficiency for large datasets. The exponential growth in execution time with increasing input size renders it unsuitable for practical applications involving vast amounts of textual data. This paves the way for exploring more sophisticated string searching algorithms designed to achieve superior efficiency and handle real-world text processing demands.
## Efficient String Searching Algorithms: Beyond Brute Force
The limitations of the brute-force search algorithm necessitate the exploration of more efficient techniques for string searching. Enter the realm of sophisticated algorithms engineered to locate patterns within text with remarkable speed and minimal resource consumption. Here, we delve into the Z-algorithm, a powerful tool that leverages pre-computed information to achieve superior efficiency.
### **A. The Z-Algorithm: Unveiling Prefix Matches**
The Z-algorithm hinges on a clever concept known as the Z-function. The Z-function, denoted by Z[i], for a given string S, calculates the length of the longest substring starting at index i that also occurs as a prefix of the string S. In essence, the Z-function pre-computes information about potential matches between prefixes and suffixes within the text string.
**Algorithm Explanation: Exploiting Pre-computed Knowledge:**
The Z-algorithm leverages the Z-function to efficiently locate occurrences of the pattern P within the text string T. It constructs a Z-array for the concatenated string formed by adding a special separator character between P and T (denoted as PT). This separator ensures that no prefixes and suffixes within P can match each other. By iterating through the Z-array, the algorithm identifies positions where Z[i] is equal to the length of the pattern P. These positions correspond to potential starting points of pattern matches within the text string T.
**Real-World Example: Musical Plagiarism Detection:**
Imagine a musician analyzing a new melody to check for potential plagiarism. The Z-algorithm can be employed here. The musician's original melody (text string) is concatenated with the suspected plagiarized melody (pattern string) using a unique separator symbol. The Z-function then identifies sections within the combined melody where a significant portion of the suspected melody matches a prefix of the original melody. This expedites the plagiarism detection process, allowing the musician to focus on potential matches flagged by the algorithm.
**Complexity Analysis: Efficiency Gains:**
The Z-algorithm boasts a significant advantage over the brute-force search in terms of efficiency. Its time complexity is typically linear, O(n+m), where n is the length of the text string and m is the length of the pattern string. This implies that the execution time grows proportionally to the sum of the text and pattern lengths, a substantial improvement over the brute-force algorithm's exponential growth. The space complexity of the Z-algorithm is also linear, O(n), requiring additional memory proportional to the text string length to store the Z-array.
---
### B. Manacher's Algorithm : A Champion for Palindromes
While the Z-algorithm excels at general string searching, specific problems demand specialized solutions. Manacher's algorithm emerges as a powerful tool for identifying palindromic substrings within a text string with remarkable efficiency.
**What is Palindromic? :**
A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of characters that reads the same backward as forward, such as "madam" or "racecar". Here are some key points about palindromes:
* **Direction-independent:** The sequence of characters reads the same regardless of whether you start from the beginning or the end.
* **Examples:** Common examples of palindromes include words like "noon", "level", "rotor", and phrases like "A man, a plan, a canal: Panama" or "Race car, race!". Numbers can also be palindromes, such as 1111, 1221, or 5885.
* **Variations:** Palindromes can be single characters ("A"), single words ("noon"), or even entire sentences ("Madam, I'm Adam").
* **Case-sensitivity:** Depending on the context, palindromes might be considered case-sensitive (e.g., "Noon" is not a palindrome) or case-insensitive (e.g., "Noon" is considered the same as "noon").
* **Etymology:** The word "palindrome" comes from the Greek words "palin" (meaning "back again") and "dromos" (meaning "course").
* **Mathematical Applications:** Palindromes have applications in computer science, linguistics, and even recreational mathematics. For instance, they can be used in data validation (checking if an input is a palindrome) or exploring properties of numbers.
* **Cultural Significance:** Palindromes appear in literature, wordplay, and even historical writings. They can be found in puzzles, riddles, and creative writing as a form of wordplay or artistic expression.
**Palindromic Substring Problem: Finding Words that Read the Same Backwards and Forwards**
A palindrome is a captivating word or phrase that reads the same backward and forward, like "racecar" or "madam." The palindromic substring problem seeks to locate all such substrings within a given text string.
**Algorithm Explanation: A Linear Scan with a Twist**
Manacher's algorithm employs a clever data structure called a P-array to efficiently identify palindromic substrings. The P-array, denoted by P[i], for a given string S and index i, stores the largest palindrome centered at index i (considering the character at i as the center). The algorithm performs a single linear scan through the text string, cleverly utilizing the P-values of previously processed characters to expand or contract the search for palindromes centered at the current position.
**Real-World Example: DNA Sequence Analysis and Palindrome Detection**
In the realm of DNA research, scientists often encounter palindromic sequences that play a crucial role in gene regulation. Manacher's algorithm can be employed here. The DNA sequence (text string) is processed, and the P-array identifies all palindromic substrings within the sequence. This expedites the discovery of these potentially significant DNA features, aiding researchers in unraveling the mysteries of the genetic code.
**Complexity Analysis: Linear Efficiency for Palindrome Hunting**
Manacher's algorithm exhibits exceptional efficiency for the palindromic substring problem. Its time complexity is typically linear, O(n), where n is the length of the text string. This implies that the execution time grows proportionally to the text string length, a significant advantage over algorithms that might require repeated substring comparisons. The space complexity of Manacher's algorithm is also linear, O(n), due to the P-array it utilizes.
**Advantage over Z-Algorithm for Palindromes:**
While the Z-algorithm can be adapted to find palindromes, Manacher's algorithm is specifically designed for this task. It leverages the concept of palindromes centered at each index, resulting in a more efficient linear scan compared to the Z-algorithm's approach for general string searching.
## **Applications of String Searching Algorithms**
String searching algorithms transcend theoretical concepts; they serve as the backbone for a multitude of real-world applications that rely on efficiently locating specific patterns within text data. Here, we explore some prominent examples:
* **Text Editors: The Find Function - A Familiar Friend**
The ubiquitous "find" functionality in text editors exemplifies the practical application of string searching algorithms. When you search for a specific word or phrase within a document, the underlying algorithm swiftly scans the text, identifying occurrences of the search pattern (your query) with remarkable speed. This empowers you to navigate large documents efficiently and locate relevant information effortlessly.
* **Bioinformatics: Unveiling the Secrets of Life within DNA Sequences**
In the realm of bioinformatics, string searching algorithms play a critical role in analyzing DNA sequences. Scientists utilize these algorithms to identify specific patterns within these sequences, such as genes, regulatory elements, or repetitive motifs. By efficiently locating these patterns, researchers gain valuable insights into the genetic code, furthering our understanding of biological processes and paving the way for advancements in medicine and biotechnology.
* **Plagiarism Detection: Protecting Intellectual Property**
String searching algorithms serve as the foundation for plagiarism detection software. This software scans submitted text against a vast database of existing works, searching for potential matches or significant overlaps. By efficiently identifying instances of copied content, these algorithms help safeguard intellectual property and ensure the originality of academic and creative works.
* **Network Intrusion Detection Systems: Guardians of the Digital Realm**
Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) rely heavily on string searching algorithms to protect against cyber threats. These systems constantly monitor network traffic, searching for malicious patterns or suspicious strings often embedded within malicious code or attack attempts. By efficiently identifying these patterns, NIDS can trigger alarms and take preventive measures to safeguard computer networks from unauthorized access and data breaches.
> These are just a few examples of how string searching algorithms have revolutionized various fields.
## Implementation
### How Implement Z-Algorithm
```
Z_algorithm(Text)
Input: Text - String to search within
Output: Z - List containing the Z-function values for each index in Text
n = length(Text)
Z = list of size n (initialized with zeros)
l = 0 # Left pointer for tracking the longest prefix match
r = 0 # Right pointer for tracking the longest prefix match
for i in range(1, n):
# Check if the current index is within the window of a previously found match
if i <= r:
k = i - l
# Check if the character at index i matches the character at index k (within the window)
if Text[i] == Text[k]:
Z[i] = Z[k] # Match extends within the window
else:
# Match ends, need to expand the window
l = i
r = i + Z[k] - 1
else:
# Current index is outside the window, search for a new match
l = r = i
while r < n and Text[r] == Text[r - l]:
r += 1
Z[i] = r - l - 1 # Length of the longest prefix match starting at i
return Z
```
**Explanation:**
1. The `Z_algorithm` function takes a text string (`Text`) as input.
2. It initializes an empty list `Z` of size `n` (length of the text) to store the Z-function values.
3. Two variables, `l` and `r`, are used as left and right pointers to track the longest prefix match found so far. They represent the window within which characters have already been matched.
4. The loop iterates through the text string starting from index 1 (excluding the first character).
5. **Within the window:**
- If the current index (`i`) is within the window of a previously found match (i.e., `i <= r`), it checks if the character at the current index (`Text[i]`) matches the character at the corresponding index within the window (`Text[k]`).
- If a match is found (`Text[i] == Text[k]`), it implies the longest prefix match extends within the window. The Z-value at the current index is simply copied from the corresponding Z-value within the window (`Z[i] = Z[k]`).
- Otherwise, the match ends at the current index, and the window needs to be expanded (`l = i`, `r = i + Z[k]`) to encompass the new potential match starting at the current index.
6. **Outside the window:**
- If the current index (`i`) is outside the window (i.e., `i > r`), it initiates a new search for the longest prefix match starting from this index.
- It expands the window (`l = r = i`) by setting both pointers to the current index.
- The `while` loop iterates, comparing characters outwards until a mismatch occurs (`r < n and Text[r] == Text[r - l]`) or the end of the text is reached.
- The Z-value at the current index is set to the length of the longest prefix match found during this expansion (`Z[i] = r - l - 1`).
7. Finally, the function returns the `Z` list containing the Z-function values for each index in the text string.
> Example Z-algorithm in (Go,Java,python,Js,Ts)
- [Go](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/golang/Z_algorithm.go)
- [Java](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/java/Z_algorithm.java)
- [TypeScript](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/ts/Z_algorithm.ts)
- [JavaScript](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/js/Z_algorithm.js)
- [Python](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/golang/python.py)
**Output**->
```
Text: ABABDABACDABABCABAB
Z-function: [0, -1, 1, -1, 0, 2, -1, 1, 0, -1, 3, -1, 1, -1, 0, 3, -1, 1, -1]
```
Explanations:
```
A B A B D A B A C D A B A B C A B A B
[ 0 -1 1 -1 0 2 -1 1 0 -1 3 -1 1 -1 0 3 -1 1 -1 ]
```
Index | Text Character | Z-function Value | Explanation (Visualized)
------- | -------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------
0 | A | 0 | The first character, so no prefix match (empty string). Represented by an empty box.
1 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 1 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X" indicating no match.
2 | A | 1 | "A" itself is the longest prefix match starting at index 2. Represented by a box containing "A".
3 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 3 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
4 | D | 0 | No prefix match starting at index 4 is a substring of the entire string (since "AB" is not a prefix of "ABABDABACDABABCABAB"). Represented by an empty box.
5 | A | 2 | The longest prefix match starting at index 5 is "AB" (shown as a highlighted box).
6 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 6 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
7 | A | 1 | "A" itself is the longest prefix match starting at index 7. Represented by a box containing "A".
8 | C | 0 | No prefix match starting at index 8 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by an empty box.
9 | D | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 9 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
10 | A | 3 | The longest prefix match starting at index 10 is "ABA" (shown as a highlighted box).
11 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 11 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
12 | A | 1 | "A" itself is the longest prefix match starting at index 12. Represented by a box containing "A".
13 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 13 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
14 | C | 0 | No prefix match starting at index 14 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by an empty box.
15 | A | 3 | The longest prefix match starting at index 15 is "ABA" (shown as a highlighted box).
16 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 16 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
17 | A | 1 | "A" itself is the longest prefix match starting at index 17. Represented by a box containing "A".
18 | B | -1 | No prefix match starting at index 18 is a substring of the entire string. Represented by a box with "X".
```
A B A B D A B A C D A B A B C A B A B
[ 0( ) -1(X) 1(A) -1(X) 0( ) 2(AB) -1(X) 1(A) 0( ) -1(X) 3(ABA) -1(X) 1(A) -1(X) 0( ) 3(ABA) -1(X) 1(A) -1(X) ]
```
---
### How Implement Manachers Algorithm
```
Manachers_Algorithm(Text)
Input: Text - String to search for palindromes
Output: Palindromes - List containing starting indices and lengths of all palindromes in Text
# Preprocess the text by adding a special character between each character
Processed_Text = "#" + "#".join(Text) + "#"
P = list of size (len(Processed_Text) (initialized with zeros) # Length array for palindrome lengths
C_center = 0 # Center of the current palindrome
R = 0 # Right boundary of the current palindrome
for i in range(1, len(Processed_Text) - 1):
# Check if the current index is within the previously found palindrome's boundary
i_mirror = 2 * C_center - i
if i <= R:
P[i] = min(R - i, P[i_mirror]) # Utilize mirrored index for efficiency
else:
P[i] = 0 # No existing palindrome centered at this index
# Expand the palindrome centered at the current index
while i - P[i] - 1 >= 0 and i + P[i] + 1 < len(Processed_Text) and Processed_Text[i - P[i] - 1] == Processed_Text[i + P[i] + 1]:
P[i] += 1
# Update center and right boundary if a larger palindrome is found
if i + P[i] > R:
C_center = i
R = i + P[i]
# Extract starting indices and lengths of palindromes from the P array
Palindromes = list
for i in range(1, len(Processed_Text) - 1):
if P[i] > 0:
start_index = (i - P[i]) / 2
length = P[i]
Palindromes.append((start_index, length))
return Palindromes
```
**Explanation:**
1. The `Manachers_Algorithm` function takes a text string (`Text`) as input.
2. It creates a preprocessed version of the text (`Processed_Text`) by adding a special character "#" between each character in the original text. This allows for efficient character comparisons during palindrome checks.
3. Two empty lists are initialized: `C` (center array) and `P` (length array) of size (2 * len(Processed_Text) + 1) to store information about palindromes. These arrays track the center and length of the expanding palindrome for each index in the processed text.
4. Two variables, `C_center` and `R`, are used to track the center and right boundary of the currently expanding palindrome.
5. The loop iterates through each character (excluding the first and last special characters) of the `Processed_Text`.
6. It first checks if the current index (`i`) falls within the previously found palindrome's boundary (`i <= R`). If so, it utilizes mirroring to efficiently determine the potential palindrome length. The `i_mirror` index is calculated based on the `C_center` and reflects the mirrored position within the palindrome. The `P[i]` value is then set to the minimum of the remaining length within the previous palindrome (`R - i`) and the corresponding `P` value at the mirrored index (`P[i_mirror]`).
7. Otherwise, it initializes `P[i]` to 0, signifying no existing palindrome centered at this index.
8. The loop then expands the potential palindrome centered at the current index (`i`), comparing characters outwards until a mismatch occurs or the boundaries are reached. The `P[i]` value is updated with the current palindrome length.
9. If the expanded palindrome extends beyond the previously found palindrome (`i + P[i] > R`), the `C_center` and `R` are updated to reflect the new center and right boundary.
10. After processing all characters, the algorithm extracts starting indices and lengths of palindromes from the `P` array. It iterates through the `P` array with a step of 2 (skipping the special characters) and checks for non-zero `P` values. If a non-zero value is found, it calculates the starting index based on the current index (`i`) and the palindrome length (`P[i]`).
> Example Manachers algorithm in (Go,Java,python,Js,Ts)
- [Go](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/golang/Manachers_Algorithm.go)
- [Java](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/java/Manachers_Algorithm.go) - Write with Ai
- [TypeScript](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/ts/Manachers_Algorithm.go)
- [JavaScript](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/js/Manachers_Algorithm.go)
- [Python](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures/blob/main/5.String-Manipulation-And-Algorithms/Example/python/Manachers_Algorithm.go)
**Output**->
```
Text: ABABDABACDABABCABAB
Manachers-function: [(0, 1), (0, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (5, 3), (7, 1), (8, 1), (9, 1), (10, 1), (10, 3), (11, 3), (13, 1), (14, 1), (15, 1), (15, 3), (16, 3), (18, 1)]
processed_text: #A#B#A#B#D#A#B#A#C#D#A#B#A#B#C#A#B#A#B# -> length : 39
```
- **Text:** This represents the original input string that will be analyzed for palindromes.
- **Manachers-function:** This is a list of tuples, where each tuple encodes the starting index and length of a palindrome discovered within the processed text.
- **processed_text:** This showcases a preprocessed version of the original text. Special characters (`#`) are inserted between each character and additional `#` are placed at the beginning and end. This preprocessing step simplifies the palindrome identification process by exploiting character symmetry.
| Index (i) | Processed Text Slice | Start Index (original text) | Length | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (0, 1) | `#` | 0 | 1 | Single character 'A' at index 0 in the original text is a palindrome of length 1. |
| (0, 3) | `#A#B#` | 0 | 3 | Palindrome "ABA" centered at index 1 (considering `#` as boundaries). |
| (1, 3) | `#A#` | (1 - 3) // 2 = -1 (ignored) | 3 | Center of this palindrome is at index 1, but it extends beyond the beginning of the processed text (invalid). |
| (3, 1) | `#B#A#` | 3 // 2 = 1 | 1 | Single character 'B' at index 1 is a palindrome of length 1. |
| (4, 1) | `#A#B#` | 4 // 2 = 2 | 1 | Single character 'A' at index 2 is a palindrome of length 1. |
| (5, 1) | `#D#A#` | 5 // 2 = 2 | 1 | Single character 'D' at index 2 is a palindrome of length 1. |
| (5, 3) | `#D#A#B#` | 5 // 2 = 2 | 3 | Palindrome "BAB" centered at index 3. |
| (7, 1) | `#A#C#` | 7 // 2 = 3 | 1 | Single character 'C' at index 3 is a palindrome of length 1. |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (18, 1) | `#B#` | 18 // 2 = 9 | 1 | Single character 'B' at index 9 is a palindrome of length 1. |
The Manachers Algorithm leverages two key concepts: a "center" (`C_center`) and a "right" boundary (`R`). It employs a `P` array to store the "palindrome radius" for each index, representing the maximum length of a palindrome centered at that index within the current boundaries.
Consider the palindrome "ABA" (centered at index 1) for illustration:
```
i (center)
0 # A # B # # # # #
-3-2-1--0--1--2--3--4-
R (right boundary)
P[i] = 1
```
## Conclusion
String manipulation and efficient string searching algorithms are the unsung heroes of the digital world. They empower us to navigate, analyze, and modify textual data with remarkable efficiency.
This exploration delved into two powerful algorithms:
* **Z-Algorithm:** This algorithm pre-computes information about potential prefix matches within the text, enabling swift pattern searching. It excels at general string searching tasks.
* **Manacher's Algorithm:** This algorithm leverages a clever data structure to efficiently identify palindromic substrings within a text string. It caters specifically to the problem of finding these intriguing words or phrases that read the same backward and forward.
While Z-algorithm and Manacher's algorithm provide robust solutions, the realm of string searching extends beyond these. Algorithms like the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm offer even faster pattern matching when the search pattern itself exhibits specific characteristics.
This glimpse into the world of string searching algorithms paves the way for further exploration. As the volume and complexity of textual data continue to surge, efficient string searching algorithms will remain at the forefront, empowering us to unlock the valuable insights hidden within the vast ocean of words. As your thirst for knowledge grows, delve even deeper! My repository, brimming with various algorithms and data structures, awaits your exploration ([algorithms-data-structures](https://github.com/m-mdy-m/algorithms-data-structures)). It's a treasure trove where you can experiment, practice, and solidify your grasp of these fundamental building blocks.
**While some sections are still under construction,** reflecting my own ongoing learning journey (a journey that will likely take 2-3 years to complete!), the repository is constantly evolving.
The adventure doesn't stop at exploration! I deeply value your feedback. Encounter roadblocks in the article? Have constructive criticism to share? Or simply want to ignite a conversation about algorithms? My door (or rather, my inbox) is always open. Reach out on Twitter:[@m__mdy__m](https://twitter.com/m__mdy__m) or Telegram: @m_mdy_m. Additionally, my GitHub account, [m-mdy-m](https://github.com/m-mdy-m), welcomes discussions and contributions. Let's build a vibrant learning community together, where we share knowledge and push the boundaries of our understanding.
| m__mdy__m |
1,880,812 | Cancellation Tokens in C# | Hi There! 👋🏻 It's been a while since I wrote something about C#, or wrote anything in... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:21:17 | https://dev.to/rasheedmozaffar/cancellation-tokens-in-c-35c1 | csharp, dotnet, learning | ## Hi There! 👋🏻
It's been a while since I wrote something about C#, or wrote anything in general, but now I have an interesting concept that I'm sure you've stumbled upon or seen somewhere in a C# code base.
If you used Entity Framework, HttpClient or anything that have methods which can do asynchronous work, it's almost guaranteed an overload accepting a `CancellationToken` was present there.
So what are cancellation tokens? Why are they used? What's the benefit of them? Buckle up, because that's what we are going to answer in this post!
## Defining Cancellation Tokens 🪙
A cancellation token in C# is a readonly struct, which is defined as the following according to Microsoft documentation:
> 🔔 Propagates notification that operations should be canceled.
What that means is, a cancellation token is an object used to tell if an operation should be cancelled before it's done executing.
This mechanism is definitely something you must be aware of, and should have an idea of how to use it and when.
If you're not convinced of its importance, I want to demonstrate a real example that should be sufficient to hook you and make you a massive proponent of using cancellation tokens whenever possible.
Imagine you visit a website like Amazon, you navigate to a certain product category, and once you do, Amazon begins loading a bunch of products from that category, but imagine you pressed on a wrong category, and you immediately navigated back. Assuming Amazon doesn't use the concept of task cancellation in general, the website will still continue to process the request even though you navigated back, the task was just not cancelled, and the database query will still run and return data that will never be used.
This in essence, is wasted application resources. The app had to perform a potentially demanding database query, to return the retrieved data nowhere. This not only applies to data retrieval, it could be any other operation, like a network call to a remote API, or an IO operation.
## The origin of CancellationToken in **C#** 💡
Now that you're likely convinced that you SHOULD incorporate cancellation tokens in your asynchronous C# code, let's get into the C# specifics regarding this concept.
In C#, to get a cancellation token, we need to create an instance of `CancellationTokenSource`, and through that source object, we can obtain the associated cancellation token by using the `Token` property on that object. The following code demonstrates the creation of a `CancellationToken` in a C# console app:
```csharp
CancellationTokenSource cts = new();
CancellationToken cancellationToken = cts.Token;
```
A little bit about the `CancellationTokenSource`, it's the object that will signal to a cancellation token that it should be cancelled, it could be immediate cancellation by calling a cancellation token's `Cancel` method, or `CancelAfter` to specify when the token should switch to the cancelled state.
The source class, has 4 different constructors:
1. `CancellationTokenSource()`
1. `CancellationTokenSource(int millisecondsDelay)`
1. `CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan delay)`
1. `CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan delay, TimeProvider timeProvider)`
To sum them up, all the ones that do have a delay, will create an instance that will signal cancellation on the instance's cancellation token after the provided delay in the constructor.
### A basic coding sample
We've talked theory, but now I want to show you a basic code snippet, that should sort of illustrate the concept code-wise.
```csharp
CancellationTokenSource cts = new(3000);
CancellationToken cancellationToken = cts.Token;
Task lazyCountingTask = Task.Run(() => LazyCounterFunction(cancellationToken), cancellationToken);
try
{
await lazyCountingTask;
}
catch (OperationCanceledException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("Cancellation Was Requested! Lazy counter defeated");
}
static async Task LazyCounterFunction(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
int counter = 0;
while (true)
{
if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
Console.WriteLine("WE'VE BEEN COMMANDED TO CANCEL!!!");
cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
}
Console.WriteLine($"Counting... Currently At: {counter++}");
await Task.Delay(1000);
}
}
```
The code provided creates a counter function, which increments a counter value every second starting from 0. Inside the while loop, we check the `IsCancellationRequested` property on the cancellation token instance, so that when cancellation is triggered, we log a message to the console, and then call `ThrowIfCancellationRequested()` on that token. This method will throw an `OperationCancelledException`, which the calling code can catch to execute some logic in case the task was cancelled.
Inside `Main`, we create a task then await it inside a `try catch` block. However, when I instantiated the cancellation token source, I passed `3000` as an argument to it, which is a delay in milliseconds, which should simulate a process taking 3 seconds before getting cancelled.
If you run the code, you should see the following output:
## Real Use Cases of Cancellation Tokens ⚙️
Now with the sample counter program out of the way, let's investigate some real world use cases that highlight the benefit of cancellation tokens.
```csharp
[HttpGet("get-users")]
public async Task<IActionResult> GetUsersAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
try
{
var users = await UsersRepo.GetAllUsersAsync(cancellationToken);
return Ok(users);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException ex)
{
return Ok("Cancelled loading users query");
}
}
```
Starting off with this demo API endpoint, this endpoint is supposed to load all the users available in the database and return them.
> ⚠️ Please note that this is an incomplete implementation, in such a scenario, you need to handle other types of exceptions, add pagination, filtering and more.
In our endpoint parameters, we added a cancellation token parameter, now when you write a service using `HttpClient` to call this endpoint for instance, you can pass a cancellation token which as we said earlier, you can get from a cancellation token source object and maybe in the user interface relying on that http service, you could either add a cancel button, or check for when the user navigates from the page, if the task was still undone, you can call the `Cancel` method such that the task is cancelled properly.
## Cancellation Tokens With Entity Framework Core 🗂️
When using the `Async` variants of Entity Framework Core LINQ methods, you'll always find an overload accepting a cancellation token, and now since you learned how to use this powerful tool, you should always pass one when possible.
Let's investigate this piece of code:
```csharp
public class EventsManagementService
{
private readonly ApplicationDbContext _dbContext;
public EventsManagementService(ApplicationDbContext dbContext)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
}
public async Task<List<LogStore>> GetEventsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
// Use AsNoTracking() to avoid change tracking overhead
var events = await _dbContext.LogStore.AsNoTracking().ToListAsync(cancellationToken);
return events;
}
}
```
In this events management service class, we have a method that retrieves a list of `LogStore` objects, the method accepts a cancellation token, which is passed down to the `ToListAsync` method. This method of EF Core asynchronously creates a list from an `IQueryable` by enumerating the results from the query. This way, when cancellation is requested, this method will not continue to create the list thus saving our application from burned resources.
## Conclusion
In this post, we've looked at the concept of task cancellation in general, and the way it works in C#. I didn't want to dive much in the theory, but instead show you actual code so that you see the concept in use. Now equipped with this new knowledge, you can smoothly obtain a cancellation token, set a cancellation delay, and actually cancel an async operation.
I hope you learned something new from this post!
## Thanks for Reading! | rasheedmozaffar |
1,884,807 | 🤖AI-Powered Data Queries: Ask Questions in Plain English, Get Instant Results!🚀 | You've might have heard of SQL. It's a widely used programming language for storing and processing... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:17:30 | https://dev.to/llmware/ai-powered-data-queries-ask-questions-in-plain-english-get-instant-results-2lfe | python, sql, ai, beginners | You've might have heard of SQL. It's a widely used programming language for storing and processing information in _relational databases_ - simply put, relational databases store data in tables, where each row stores an entity and each column stores an attribute for that entity.
Let's say we have a table called `customers` in a relational database. If I wanted to access the names of all customers (`customer_names`) that have an `annual_spend` of at least $1000, I would have to formulate an SQL _query_ like this:
```SQL
SELECT customer_names FROM customers WHERE annual_spend >= 1000
```
I would then run this query against the database to access my results.
**But what if AI 🤖 could do all this for us?**
LLMWare allows us to do just that, making use of _small language models_ such as slim-sql-1b-v0, which is only 1 billion parameters in size.
---
## SLIM SQL Tool
We'll be making use of the _SLIM (Structured Language Instruction Model) SQL Tool_, which is a _GGUF quantized_ version of the slim-sql-1b-v0 model. This essentially means that our Tool is of a smaller scale than the original model. To our advantage, it doesn't require much computational power to run, so it can run locally on a CPU without an internet connection or a GPU!
This Tool is specialized in small, fast, local prototyping and is effective for SQL operations that involve a single table. The Tool enables us to ask our questions about data entirely in natural language and still get accurate results! Let's look at an example of how to do this from start to finish.
---
## Step 1: Loading our Model 🪫🔋
We'll start off by loading in our SLIM SQL Tool. Here, we check to see if the model is already downloaded locally, if not, we download it using the `ModelCatalog` class.
```python
sql_tool_repo_path = os.path.join(LLMWareConfig().get_model_repo_path(), "slim-sql-tool")
if not os.path.exists(sql_tool_repo_path):
ModelCatalog().load_model("llmware/slim-sql-tool")
```
---
## Step 2: Loading our Data 📊
We then load in the sample `customer_table.csv` file containing our data. This sample file is provided by the `llmware` library!
```python
files = os.listdir(sql_tool_repo_path)
csv_file = "customer_table.csv"
```
Next, we create a new SQL table called `customer1` from our CSV file using the `SQLTables` class provided by the `llmware` library. This is important because we can run SQL queries on an SQL table, but not on a CSV file!
```python
sql_db = SQLTables(experimental=True)
sql_db.create_new_table_from_csv(sql_tool_repo_path, csv_file, table_name="customer1")
print("update: successfully created new db table")
```
Setting `experimental=True` will use a provided testing database to create the table in.
---
## Step 3: Querying with AI 🤖
**We're finally getting to the good stuff!** Now that we have our model and data, we can begin to ask our questions and get back some results.
We'll first load our agent, which is an instance of the `LLMfx` class. This class provides us a way to interact with various models through function calls. Our agent will take a natural language input from the user, communicate it to the appropriate model, generate an SQL query, run that query against the database, and then return the results of the query to us. **Essentially, this is where the magic happens!**
```python
agent = LLMfx()
agent.load_tool("sql", sample=False, get_logits=True, temperature=0.0)
```
Next, we create a list of natural language questions we're going to be asking given our customer data. Let's see if our agent can answer them!
```python
query_list = ["What is the highest annual spend of any customer?",
"Which customer has account number 1234953",
"Which customer has the lowest annual spend?"]
```
We can loop through each of the queries, and let the `query_db()` function do all the work for us. All our results will be stored in the agent object.
```python
for i, query in enumerate(query_list):
response = agent.query_db(query, table=table_name)
```
---
## Results! ✅
Now that we have our results in the agent's `research_list`, we can print them out.
```python
for x in range(0,len(agent.research_list)):
print("research: ", x, agent.research_list[x])
```
For the example we have seen so far, this is what the output would look like for the first question ("What is the highest annual spend of any customer?").
The output is a dictionary containing a lot of detailed information about the steps carried out by the agent, but here are some of the more interesting parts of it:
- `db_response` **gives us what we want, the answer to the question!** In this case, the response is 93540, meaning that the highest annual spend of any customer was $93540!
- `sql_query` shows us the SQL query that was generated from our natural language question using the SLIM SQL tool. In this case, the query generated was:
```SQL
SELECT MAX(annual_spend) FROM customer1
```
---
## Conclusion
**And just like that, we've done it!** All we gave the program was a list of natural language questions and a CSV file with data. Behind the scenes, the `llmware` library:
1. created a table in a database with our data,
2. passed our questions into an AI model to get SQL queries,
3. ran the queries against the database, and
4. returned the results of the queries!
And if you're still not impressed, **remember that we can run this example locally on just a CPU 💻**!
Check out our YouTube video on this topic to see us explain the source code and analyze the results!
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z48z5XOXJJg&t=204s&ab_channel=llmware %}
If you made it this far, thank you for taking the time to go through this topic with us ❤️! For more content like this, make sure to visit our page at https://dev.to/llmware.
The source code for many more examples like this one are on our GitHub at https://github.com/llmware-ai/llmware. Find this example at https://github.com/llmware-ai/llmware/blob/main/examples/SLIM-Agents/text2sql-end-to-end-2.py.
Our repository also contains a notebook for this example that you can run yourself using Google Colab, Jupyter or any other platform that supports `.ipynb` notebooks: https://github.com/llmware-ai/llmware/blob/main/examples/Notebooks/NoteBook_Examples/text2sql-end-to-end-2-notebook.ipynb.
Lastly, join our Discord to interact with a growing community of AI enthusiasts of all levels of experience at https://discord.gg/fCztJQeV7J!
| prashantriyer |
1,884,809 | How to activate windows 10, 11, 12, etc. FREE | We will activate windows with KMSAuto++ Portable download it here -... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:13:54 | https://dev.to/sbsoft/how-to-activate-windows-10-11-12-etc-free-4oo3 | We will activate windows with KMSAuto++ Portable download it here - https://disk.yandex.ru/d/up74ZPGsZ9BQ-g.
Windows activation process with KMSauto:
We disable Windows protector in the system “Settings”
Download the archive with the activator and unpack it using WinRar.
Run KMSauto++.exe
In the first window click the “KMSauto++” button.
Then double click with the left mouse button on the “Activate Windows” button (Activate).
Wait a little time (not more than 1 minute), it's done.
The license is installed - the system is activated!
WORKS ON ALL SYSTEMS!!!
Translated with DeepL.com (free version) | sbsoft | |
1,884,806 | Creative HTML Team Section | Style 1 | This project demonstrates a visually appealing and responsive team section ideal for corporate or... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:09:19 | https://dev.to/creative_salahu/creative-html-team-section-style-1-4me3 | codepen | This project demonstrates a visually appealing and responsive team section ideal for corporate or personal websites. The design emphasizes clean aesthetics and usability, featuring:
A grid layout showcasing team members with their photos, names, and designations
Hover effects that reveal social media links for each team member
Integration of Font Awesome icons for enhanced visual elements
Responsive design ensuring compatibility across various devices
Technologies used:
HTML5
CSS3
Font Awesome
Explore the code to see how you can implement a stylish team section in your projects!
{% codepen https://codepen.io/CreativeSalahu/pen/gOJGKwL %} | creative_salahu |
1,884,804 | So Long Again, Wayland, You Were Almost There | Originally published at my blog: So Long Again, Wayland, You Were Almost There ... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:05:57 | https://dev.to/raddevus/so-long-again-wayland-you-were-almost-there-2kkd | linx, wayland, ubuntu | Originally published at my blog: [So Long Again, Wayland, You Were Almost There](https://buildip.dev/?p=97)
## Background
I’m running Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS on my main desktop machine.
I switched from Windows 10 (after 28 years of using Windows exclusively) and I’m quite happy on Ubuntu.
I use my Ubuntu machine to :
1. **Remote into Win10 work machines** (I use Remmina (Remmina remote desktop client – Remmina[^]) & it is far better than Windows RDP)
2. **Run VirtualBox** which hosts my Win10 machine for rare instances when I need to do something Windows-based
## The Bug That Drove Me Crazy: Stutter-typing
A few months ago a bug arose in an uknown-to-me package named Mutter which caused the Linux terminal to stutter when you’re typing.
At times, because I type so fast, the terminal would drop letters and I’d have to back up and retype my command. Oh it was agonizing — and it was subtle because I kept thinking, “maybe it is fixed…can’t tell…” then the stuttering!! Oy!
Special Set Of Hardware & Software Causes the Problem
A user had to be running Ubuntu 22.04 and have the following:
- Mutter: 46.0
- Present in XOrg (aka X11): Yes
- Graphics: NVIDIA 550.67
I have an NVIDIA 1660 installed on my machine and I was still on X11.
## Suggested Fixes
The suggested fixes were not great and one of them was ridiculous. The ridiculous one was “update to Ubuntu 24.04” which is kind of a major change. I was against it so I suffered through.
## I Noticed Wayland
But, then, on Jun 07, 2024 I finally had enough because the terminal slowness was just driving me crazy.
I read over the solution posted at AskUbuntu (https://askubuntu.com/questions/1509058/input-delay-on-terminal-ubuntu-22-04-4/1516935#1516935)[https://askubuntu.com/questions/1509058/input-delay-on-terminal-ubuntu-22-04-4/1516935#1516935] and I noticed that it said:
- Present in XOrg: Yes
- Present in Wayland: No
“Ok, that sinks it”, I thought. “I’m moving to Wayland.”
Let’s Move To Wayland
But, you may ask, why weren’t you already on Wayland?
That’s a great question. It’s becuase when I upgraded to Ubuntu 22.04 and tried Wayland I had two major issues:
When connecting to remote Win10 boxes using Remmina I couldn’t ALT-TAB through processes (Why doesn’t Remmina handle sending Alt-Tab to remote computer on 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish?)
The Android emulator wouldn’t start under Wayland (Why won’t my Android emulator start on Ubuntu 22.04?)
So I figured I’d switch over to Wayland and try those two things and if they worked I’d stay on Wayland.
## Tried It & Both Were Resolved
I switched over to Wayland — the new system makes it very easy to do so — both of those issues were resolved.
“That’s great”, I thought. “I guess I’m a Wayland user now.” But, unfortunately, it was too fast.
## Why I Left Wayland Again
Today, I needed to share my screen in MS Teams but when I went to the area where the functionality should be in my Linux MS Teams installation, I could not find the Share Screen functionality.
## MS Teams: No Share Screen Functionality
I couldn’t figure it out at first and then it dawned on me, “I wonder if this is because of Wayland!?!”
NOTE: This is the MS Teams Linux installation (a .deb pkg) which Microsoft has basically hidden now. But you can still get it at: (https://mirror.slackware.hr/sources/teams/teams_1.5.00.23861_amd64.deb)[https://mirror.slackware.hr/sources/teams/teams_1.5.00.23861_amd64.deb]
I logged out, hit the gear icon and started Ubuntu 22.04.4 without Wayland (running X11 again).
I started up MS Teams and started a call with one of my Team members and discovered that I do have the Share Screen functionality again.
This may very well be a bug in MS Teams, however, I need that functionality so I’ll be running X11 until it is resolved.
I was happy to finally be on Wayland, but unfortuantely it wasn’t meant to be. X11 is running great and the Mutter bug is resolved (sooooo glad) so all is good again. Too bad I had to say bye to Wayland though.
## What’s Your Experience On Wayland or X11?
Which one are you running: Wayland or X11?
## What is your experience with Wayland?
- Are your apps working properly?
- Leave a comment and let me know.
| raddevus |
1,884,803 | How to Create a Xlsx or Xls Data into MySql Row Data with Node.js, Adonis.js, and Vue.js | Introduction Uploading and processing Excel files is a common requirement for many applications,... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:04:45 | https://dev.to/abdur_rakibrony_97cea0e9/how-to-create-a-xlsx-or-xls-data-into-mysql-row-data-with-nodejs-adonisjs-and-vuejs-h7k | node, vue, adonis, vuex | **Introduction**
Uploading and processing Excel files is a common requirement for many applications, especially those dealing with bulk data entry. This blog post will guide you through creating a feature to upload Excel files, process their content, and display the data in a table format using Node.js, Adonis.js, and Vue.js. We will leverage the power of these frameworks to build a robust and efficient solution.
**Prerequisites**
Before we start, ensure you have the following installed:
- Node.js
- Adonis.js CLI
- Vue.js CLI
**Adonis API**
```
const MarketingData = use("App/Models/Admins/MarketingData");
const Database = use("Database");
const xlsx = require("xlsx");
const Helpers = use("Helpers");
class MarketingDataController {
async uploadExcel({ request, response }) {
try {
const excelFile = request.file("excelfile", {
types: ["application"],
extnames: ["xls", "xlsx"],
size: "2mb",
});
if (!excelFile) {
return response.status(400).json({
success: false,
message: "Please upload an Excel file",
});
}
const filePath = Helpers.tmpPath(uploads/${new Date().getTime()}_${excelFile.clientName});
await excelFile.move(Helpers.tmpPath("uploads"), {
name: ${new Date().getTime()}_${excelFile.clientName},
});
if (!excelFile.moved()) {
return response.status(500).json({
success: false,
message: "Error moving the file",
error: excelFile.error(),
});
}
const workbook = xlsx.readFile(filePath);
const sheetName = workbook.SheetNames[0];
const sheet = workbook.Sheets[sheetName];
const data = xlsx.utils.sheet_to_json(sheet);
await Database.transaction(async (trx) => {
for (const record of data) {
// Check if email or phone already exists in the database
const existingRecord = await MarketingData.query()
.where('email', record.email)
.orWhere('phone', record.phone)
.first();
// If email or phone already exists, skip inserting this record
if (existingRecord) {
console.log(Skipping record with email '${record.email}' or phone '${record.phone}' as it already exists in the database.);
continue;
}
// Insert the record into the database
await MarketingData.create({
name: record.name,
email: record.email,
phone: record.phone,
remarks: record.remarks,
created_at: new Date(),
updated_at: new Date(),
}, trx);
}
});
return response.status(200).json({
success: true,
message: "Data uploaded and inserted successfully",
});
} catch (error) {
console.log("File Read/Parse Error:", error);
return response.status(500).json({
success: false,
message: "Server error",
});
}
}
}
module.exports = MarketingDataController;
```
**Setting Up the Frontend with Vue.js**
```
<template>
<div class="profileView pa-4 responsive-height">
<v-container class="custom-container">
<v-row>
<v-col lg="12" md="6" sm="12" cols="12">
<v-card
class="verification-card"
flat
tile
:color="$vuetify.theme.dark ? '#172233' : '#F1F7FB'"
>
<v-card-actions class="px-0">
<v-card-title class="pl-1">
<v-icon class="pr-2" color="#708AA7"
>mdi mdi-account-outline</v-icon
>Import Excel Data
</v-card-title>
</v-card-actions>
<v-card-subtitle>
Click the box below to select file or you can drag and drop your
<span>xls, .xlsx</span>
files.
</v-card-subtitle>
<div class="zone-wrapper">
<v-card-text class="text-center">
<vue-dropzone
ref="myVueDropzone"
id="dropzone"
:options="dropzoneOptions"
@vdropzone-success="handleUpload"
></vue-dropzone>
<div class="dropzone-content">
<v-icon large class="mb-3" color="#708AA7"
>mdi mdi-tray-arrow-up</v-icon
>
<p class="mb-0">Drop File Here or <strong>Browse</strong></p>
<span>File size max 2MB</span>
</div>
</v-card-text>
<div class="details">
<h3>Need Sample Excel File?</h3>
<p>
Here We Have Linked 1 Excel File for an example. To get the
example file, Please
<a href="/sample.xlsx" download target="_blank">Click Here</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</v-card>
</v-col>
</v-row>
<v-row>
<v-col cols="12">
<v-card
elevation="0"
:color="$vuetify.theme.dark ? '#131c29' : '#E0EAF2'"
>
<v-row class="mb-1">
<v-col cols="12">
<v-text-field
v-model="search"
prepend-icon="mdi-magnify"
label="Search here..."
single-line
solo
hide-details
class="custom-v-input"
></v-text-field>
</v-col>
</v-row>
<v-row dense>
<v-col cols="12" sm="12">
<v-card
class="pa-3 rounded-0 elevation-0"
:color="$vuetify.theme.dark ? '#172233' : '#E8F1F8'"
>
<v-sheet
class="transactionTable depositTabTable"
:color="$vuetify.theme.dark ? '#1A2A3E ' : '#F1F7FB'"
>
<v-data-table
:headers="headers"
:items="marketingusers"
:search="search"
:items-per-page="10"
>
<template v-slot:item.sl="{ item, index }">
{{ index + 1 }}
</template>
</v-data-table>
</v-sheet>
</v-card>
</v-col>
</v-row>
</v-card>
</v-col>
</v-row>
</v-container>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import vue2Dropzone from "vue2-dropzone";
import "vue2-dropzone/dist/vue2Dropzone.min.css";
import { mapState, mapActions } from "vuex";
import { MARKETINGDATA__ACTIONS } from "@/store/action-types";
export default {
name: "dropzoneView",
data() {
return {
search: "",
dropzoneOptions: {
url: "#", // Not used as we handle the upload manually
thumbnailWidth: 100,
maxFilesize: 2, // 2MB limit
acceptedFiles: ".xlsx,.xls", // Only accept these file types
headers: { "My-Awesome-Header": "header value" },
},
headers: [
{ text: "SL", value: "sl", align: "start" },
{ text: "Name", value: "name" },
{ text: "Email", value: "email" },
{ text: "Mobile No", value: "phone" },
{ text: "Remarks", value: "remarks" },
],
};
},
components: {
vueDropzone: vue2Dropzone,
},
computed: {
...mapState("marketingdata", ["marketingusers"]),
},
methods: {
...mapActions("marketingdata", [MARKETINGDATA__ACTIONS.GETMARKETINGUSERS]),
async handleUpload(file) {
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append("file", file);
// Dispatch Vuex action to upload file
await this.$store.dispatch("marketingdata/uploadFile", formData);
},
},
async mounted() {
await this[MARKETINGDATA__ACTIONS.GETMARKETINGUSERS]();
},
};
</script>
```
| abdur_rakibrony_97cea0e9 |
1,884,801 | How To Not Make Things Worse | Balancing speed, simplicity, and future-proofing in feature development is a subtle art. In an ideal... | 0 | 2024-06-11T19:02:24 | https://dev.to/devbeat_jason/how-to-not-make-things-worse-29bj | webdev, cloud, programming, tutorial | Balancing speed, simplicity, and future-proofing in feature development is a subtle art. In an ideal world, we'd ship only pristine, perfectly factored code. However, technology and software aren't ends in themselves; they exist in service of the business goals or purpose for which the code is being written. Developers sometimes forget this, which can lead to self-indulgence in the pursuit of perfectionism.
> _Balance in all things_
Churning out poorly designed code is like laying down a tarpit to bog down our future selves. But equally, we should not prioritise our own satisfaction or aesthetic preferences over the business purpose our code serves. Maintaining this balance as a codebase evolves alongside the corresponding product roadmap is one of the most challenging and important tasks faced by developers.
So, let's take a look at some ways to approach this!
## Tech Debt Should Be A Choice
Taking on technical debt should be a conscious strategic decision, much like taking on financial debt, with the understanding that it will need to be repaid or written off eventually. If a system or feature is only being implemented as a stop-gap measure, then it can make sense to take some shortcuts in its implementation, knowing that it will be "written off" when it is decommissioned or replaced.
The risk here, of course, is that something intended to be temporary often winds up being nothing of the sort, and our debt is allowed to compound. So, even when taking a calculated risk with a shortcut like this, there are certain things it pays not to compromise on.
## What Not To Skimp On
When you need to ship something that isn't perfect, or when you inherit code with particularly troublesome components, do your best to isolate the nastiness. Avoid letting these imperfections pervade the entire codebase - taking a shortcut which results in spaghetti-code is rarely a good tradeoff.
Designing a robust domain/data model is also particularly important. Fixing this later can be incredibly costly, because so many assumptions in your other systems - or even worse, assumptions made by your users - tend to build on these decisions. Therefore, ensuring these models are reasonable from the start is vital.
Skimping on certain non-functional requirements such as performance, scalability, or even aspects of code quality, can be easier to justify. If the system is the right overall "shape" in terms of its interface / domain model, and these issues are fairly localised, then reworking things over time to address these issues as and when it becomes necessary can be genuinely viable.
## Understand The Context
In order to make these decisions properly, it's crucial to understand what the business actually needs - the underlying motivation for feature requests, and the timelines involved. Sometimes its possible to satisfy the really essential requirements in a way which pares down the amount of new functionality we need to implement. By doing this we can minimise compromises on quality, keeping both the devs and the non-technical folks happy.
> _A birds-eye view helps us to navigate these twisting paths_
For example, a client recently requested a bunch of new features with some urgency. It turned out that they had a lucrative contract lined up with a prospective customer, but the customer's requirements for how billing and reporting were to be handled could not be met with the current system. It seemed like a mad rush to build out this functionality might be necessary...
Digging deeper though, this contract also included an initial pilot phase, where things would be operating at a much smaller volume. Ultimately we were able to implement a stripped-down set of functionality to support this pilot, bridging the gaps behind the scenes with some manual admin work. The manual work required to keep things running would only be sustainable during this low-volume pilot, but this bought us enough development time to lay down track ahead of ourselves to support the full volume as the contract ramped up, all the while doing things the "right way" as far as the codebase was concerned.
This approach also minimised our up-front investment. We wouldn't have to implement all of these features if it looked like the pilot would not convert into an ongoing contract.
It often pays to ask questions about the underlying motivation for changes, and look for strategic opportunities to sequence your feature development in step with your operational roadmap in this way.
## Tidying Up
Tech debt cleanup tasks often linger on backlogs indefinitely because their value is hard to articulate, and so they are rarely a high enough priority to bubble up to then top of the list. One pragmatic approach is to look for opportunities to piggyback refactoring and architectural improvements onto new features. Embrace the Boy Scouts' principle of "leave the campground in a better state than you found it" whenever you need to touch a piece of code.
A robust test suite is invaluable in enabling this. It provides confidence that changes haven't broken any important user-facing features or flows, enabling incremental improvements without fear of unintended consequences.
You'll want to keep track of the vestigial / legacy components of your system explicitly, and actively look for opportunities to revisit them. Once you end up with a substantial enough feature on the roadmap which requires touching a neglected part of the code, you'll be better able to justify the time and effort of a major tidy-up. This approach ensures that major refactoring efforts are tied to new feature launches, which is more appealing to non-technical stakeholders.
## Overdoing DRY
The principle of "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY) is often overstated. Repetition can be ok, particularly if it allows the code to be more *simple, straightforward, and understandable*. Factoring out and abstracting common functionality *has a cost*, which is often overlooked: it can fragment and complicate the codebase, spreading it across a vast landscape of functions and classes, ultimately making it harder to navigate and comprehend.
> _Over-abstraction in pursuit of DRY can lead to its own kind of fractal spaghetti nightmare!_
The real benefit of DRY is not eliminating repeated code per-se. It is ensuring that when a business or domain rule changes, the number of sections of code which need to be changed to reflect this is minimised. *This* is the kind of duplication which is truly toxic, as it makes the code rigid (requiring multiple edits to implement a change in business logic) and also error-prone (due to the possibility of overlooking an area which needs to be updated). So, we should value *locality* over simple minimisation of repetition.
Really, code should not be *as abstracted as possible*, but rather written at a level of abstraction which is *appropriate and understandable* for somebody working on a particular section of the code. If you have a process which relates to processing a customer order, for example, there is huge value in there actually being a function defined somewhere in your codebase which reads like a straight-line, direct translation of the business logic for that process.
## Using Your Judgement
Premature abstraction can surely be a bad thing, but it's equally possible to paint yourself into a corner with *under-abstraction*. Over time, developers accumulate a degree of wisdom and judgement that allows them to shape code for future requirements, even if those abstractions aren't immediately necessary. Often, it pays to decide to go just one level of abstraction higher than the immediate feature you're implementing requires.
For example, we recently had a new requirement to identify users who were under the umbrella of a particular government-sponsored program. I could have simply added an **'is_in_program_X'** field to each user and called it a day. After all, that's the most simple and direct way to satisfy the immediate requirement. But I opted instead to implement a more flexible system, allowing programs to be defined, and users to be enrolled in these programs.
The business is actively seeking out similar partnerships with other government agencies, and so it's quite reasonable to assume that the requirements will be expanded in this direction in the future, and more programs will be introduced. And this way, the changes required to add a second or third program will be very localised to one small part of the backend code, as other parts of the system (UI etc) already expect a user to potentially be associated with multiple programs. The development effort on those components was not significantly different than it would have been with the single **'is_in_program_X'** field.
Sure, there is only one 'program' currently, so technically this is over-abstracted. But we *know* that a single field is almost certainly the wrong way to model this in the longer term, given what we understand about the domain. So we'd be shooting ourselves in the foot to go with for the sake of dogged adherence to the principle of avoiding premature abstraction.
## Building for N
I previously worked for a company who landed a huge contract to allow another company in their sector to license and use a "white-label" version of their entire software solution. This was a lucrative deal, but because the need hadn't been anticipated, it ended up being a very costly project. It essentially put all feature development on hold for a full year, while the devs took inventory of - and painstakingly untangled - all of the baked-in assumptions throughout the tech stack.
Had this been considered from the get-go, it could have been handled *much* more efficiently. Very often, adopting a model which allows for **N things**, rather than **1 thing**, is the right way to go if you want to avoid painting yourself into a very awkward corner. This experience is why, whenever building out the tech for a new startup, I always anticipate the need for some kind of multi-tenancy or white-labelling.
Along similar lines, it often pays to build in support for localisation with the UI from day one - it's a little more effort up-front, but a lifesaver if the requirement to support multiple languages ever crops up!
## Allow Patterns To Crystallise
Sometimes your assumptions about future needs are correct, especially if you're working on a familiar type of project, or have a good understanding of the product's long-term roadmap. In such cases, allow your experience and judgement to guide you!
However, we don't always know what the correct patterns will be. Often our assumptions about this are wrong. If you're not confident, then fall back to writing code in the simplest, most straightforward way possible. Over time, as patterns of repetition and common functionality become evident, you can gradually refactor and abstract the code. This way, the abstractions you build are directly in service of the code / functionality you *actually* intended to write, and not the other way around.
> _Observe and embrace the structures which form naturally_
This approach is more aligned with WET ("Write Everything Twice") or "Compression-oriented programming", which I believe are more pragmatic than strictly adhering to the DRY maxim.
## Wrapping It Up
Balancing speed, simplicity, and future-proofing in software development requires careful consideration and judgement. By making deliberate choices about technical debt, isolating problematic code, engaging in opportunistic refactoring, and using appropriate levels of abstraction, developers can avoid making things worse.
Hopefully they can even steer the codebase towards an increased level of quality over time. And by understanding the business context, perhaps this can be done while making incremental steps towards the broader goals which the code serves!
---
At Devbeat we specialize in **bespoke software development**, solving deep technical problems for clients in all sectors. Find out more at [devbeat.co.uk](https://devbeat.co.uk).
| devbeat_jason |
1,884,799 | 238. Products of Array Discluding Self | Topic: Arrays & Hashing Soln 1 (prefix & suffix): Get the length of the input list and... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:59:50 | https://dev.to/whereislijah/products-of-array-discluding-self-4mb2 | Topic: Arrays & Hashing
Soln 1 (prefix & suffix):
1. Get the length of the input list and create 2 lists (prefix and suffix) and assign 1 to them
2. Iterate through the input list starting from the second element (index 1) because the first element (index 0) has no elements to its left.
For each element, set the current position in the prefix list to the product of the previous position in the prefix list and the previous element in the original list nums.
3. Iterate through the input list in reverse order starting from the second-to-last element (index n-2) because the last element (index n-1) has no elements to its right.
For each element, set the current position in the suffix list to the product of the next position in the suffix list and the next element in the original list nums.
4. return a combined multiplication of both list.
```
x = len(nums)
prefix = [1] * x
suffix = [1] * x
for index in range(1, x):
prefix[index] = prefix[index - 1] * nums[index - 1]
for index in range(x -2, -1, -1):
suffix[index] = suffix[index+1] * nums[index + 1]
return [prefix[i] * suffix[i] for i in range(x)]
```
Soln 2 (prefix & suffix)
1. Create an array result of the same length as nums, with all elements set to 1.
2. Initialize prefix to 1, Iterate over nums from left to right, For each element i, set result[i] to prefix and update prefix by multiplying it with nums[i].
3. Initialize suffix to 1, Iterate over nums from right to left, For each element i, multiply result[i] by suffix and update suffix by multiplying it with nums[i].
4. Return the result array.
```
class Solution:
def productExceptSelf(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
result = [1] * len(nums)
pre = 1
for i in range(len(nums)):
result[i] = pre
pre *= nums[i]
suf = 1
for i in range(len(nums) -1, -1, -1):
result[i] *=suf
suf *= nums[i]
return result
```
Soln 3:
There is a lazy solution where all you have to do is multiply all the elements in the list to get the total product, e.g using **reduce** (imported from functool) then divide by the element and return a list of the solution.
The drawback of this is it uses division and it fails when any element in the list is zero.
```
def productExceptSelf(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
total_product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, nums)
result = [total_product // num for num in nums]
return result
```
Notes: None | whereislijah | |
1,884,798 | Test Case Generation: Enhancing Software Quality and Efficiency | In the ever-evolving landscape of software development, ensuring the quality and reliability of... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:59:48 | https://dev.to/keploy/test-case-generation-enhancing-software-quality-and-efficiency-2p24 | webdev, javascript, tutorial, ai |
In the ever-evolving landscape of software development, ensuring the quality and reliability of applications is paramount. A crucial aspect of this process is creating comprehensive test cases, which help verify that software behaves as expected. However, manually generating test cases can be labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human error. This is where automated test case generation comes into play. By leveraging automated tools and techniques, development teams can streamline the testing process, enhance coverage, and improve software quality. This article explores the concept of [test case generation](https://keploy.io/test-case-generator), its benefits, methodologies, best practices, and the tools available to facilitate this critical task.
**Understanding Test Case Generation**
**What is a Test Case?**
A test case is a set of conditions or variables under which a tester determines whether a system or one of its components is working as intended. It typically includes inputs, execution conditions, and expected results, which guide testers in verifying software functionality.
**What is Test Case Generation?**
Test case generation refers to the automated creation of test cases using algorithms, models, or predefined criteria. Automated test case generation aims to produce a comprehensive set of test cases that cover various scenarios, including functional requirements, edge cases, and performance criteria. This automation helps reduce the manual effort involved in test case creation and ensures thorough testing of the software.
**Benefits of Automated Test Case Generation**
1. Increased Efficiency and Speed
Automated test case generation significantly reduces the time and effort required to create test cases manually. This allows QA teams to focus on other critical aspects of testing and development, speeding up the overall testing process.
2. Enhanced Test Coverage
Automated tools can generate a wide range of test cases, including edge cases and complex scenarios that might be missed during manual test case creation. This ensures comprehensive testing and improves the reliability of the software.
3. Consistency and Accuracy
Automated test case generation produces consistent and accurate test cases by adhering to predefined criteria and algorithms. This minimizes the risk of human error and ensures that all critical scenarios are addressed.
4. Scalability
Test case generation tools can easily scale to handle large and complex applications, generating thousands of test cases quickly and efficiently. This scalability is essential for modern software development projects with extensive testing requirements.
5. Cost Savings
By automating the generation of test cases, organizations can save significant costs associated with manual test case creation. Additionally, identifying defects early in the development process can reduce the cost of fixing issues later.
**Methodologies for Test Case Generation**
1. Model-Based Test Case Generation
Model-based test case generation uses models of the system under test to generate test cases. These models, which can be state diagrams, flowcharts, or UML diagrams, represent the functionality and behavior of the system. The test case generator analyzes these models to create test cases that cover different states and transitions.
2. Specification-Based Test Case Generation
Specification-based test case generation uses formal specifications or requirements documents to create test cases. The specifications define the expected behavior of the system, and the generator produces test cases that validate whether the system meets these requirements.
3. Random Test Case Generation
Random test case generation produces test cases based on random input data and scenarios. While these generators may not ensure comprehensive coverage, they can be useful for stress testing and identifying unexpected edge cases.
4. Data-Driven Test Case Generation
Data-driven test case generation creates test cases based on input data sets. This approach is particularly useful for testing applications with various input combinations and conditions, ensuring that all possible data scenarios are covered.
5. Code-Based Test Case Generation
Code-based test case generation analyzes the source code of the application to produce test cases. By examining the code paths, logic, and conditions, it generates test cases that ensure the code is thoroughly tested.
**Best Practices for Test Case Generation**
1. Define Clear Objectives
Before using a test case generator, define clear objectives for what you aim to achieve with the generated test cases. Understand the scope, requirements, and critical areas of the application that need to be tested.
2. Choose the Right Methodology
Select the appropriate test case generation methodology based on your testing needs. For instance, if you have a well-defined model of the system, a model-based generator might be the best choice. For testing various input combinations, a data-driven generator would be more suitable.
3. Validate Generated Test Cases
Always review and validate the test cases generated by the tool to ensure they meet your testing requirements and accurately reflect the system’s functionality. This step helps identify any gaps or inaccuracies in the generated test cases.
4. Integrate with Existing Tools
Integrate the test case generator with your existing testing and development tools to streamline the workflow. Many test case generators offer integrations with popular CI/CD pipelines, test management tools, and bug tracking systems.
5. Iterate and Improve
Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the generated test cases and make improvements as needed. Update the criteria, models, or input data to enhance the quality and coverage of the test cases.
6. Combine with Manual Testing
While test case generators can automate a significant portion of test case creation, it is essential to complement automated testing with manual testing. Manual testing can identify issues that automated tests might miss, such as usability and visual defects.
**Popular Test Case Generation Tools**
1. TestComplete
TestComplete by SmartBear is a comprehensive test automation tool that supports the generation of test cases for web, desktop, and mobile applications. It offers keyword-driven testing, data-driven testing, and robust integration capabilities.
2. Tosca Testsuite
Tosca Testsuite by Tricentis is a model-based test automation tool that generates test cases based on application models. It supports continuous testing and integration with various CI/CD tools, making it suitable for agile development environments.
3. TestGen
TestGen is an open-source test case generator that supports various test generation methods, including random, specification-based, and data-driven approaches. It is flexible and can be customized to meet specific testing needs.
4. Parasoft C/C++test
Parasoft C/C++test is a code-based test case generator that analyzes C and C++ code to produce comprehensive test cases. It integrates with development environments and supports static analysis, unit testing, and code coverage.
5. Spec Explorer
Spec Explorer by Microsoft is a model-based test case generator that creates test cases based on state machines and models. It is particularly useful for testing complex systems with multiple states and transitions.
**Conclusion**
Test case generation is revolutionizing the software testing landscape by automating the creation of test cases, improving test coverage, and enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of the QA process. By leveraging these tools, QA teams can ensure that their applications are thoroughly tested, reducing the risk of defects and improving the overall quality of the software. Whether you are using model-based, specification-based, or data-driven generators, following best practices and integrating these tools into your testing workflow can lead to significant improvements in your testing strategy. As the complexity and demands of software development continue to grow, test case generators will play an increasingly vital role in delivering high-quality software products. | keploy |
1,884,797 | Beginner Project Ideas with GitHub repos | As a beginner or an intermediate developer, it's okay to admit it might be hard to have a project in... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:53:05 | https://dev.to/evansifyke/beginner-project-ideas-with-github-repos-ao7 | beginners, webdev, programming, tutorial | As a beginner or an intermediate developer, it's okay to admit it might be hard to have a project in mind to work on. Here are some of the projects that you can clone and work on.
Get the whole list of [projects here](https://melbite.com/melbite/Beginner-Project-Ideas-with-GitHub-repos )
## 1. Web dev Projects
- **To-Do List App:** https://github.com/topics/todo-list - This is a simple to-do list built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
- **Personal Portfolio Website:** https://github.com/topics/personal-portfolio - A showcase of a portfolio website using HTML and CSS.
- **Interactive Quiz:** https://github.com/topics/quiz?l=css - An example of an interactive quiz using these technologies.
- **Landing Page Design:** https://github.com/topics/responsive-landing-page - Search results for landing page designs using HTML and CSS.
- **Responsive Website:** https://github.com/topics/responsive-website - Example responsive website projects using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
## 2. Python Web Development:
- **Simple Blog (Flask):** https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/intro/ - Official Django tutorial for creating a blog, adaptable to Flask.
- **To-Do List App (Flask):** https://github.com/topics/todo-flask - A to-do list app example using Flask.
- **Quote Generator (Flask):** https://rapidapi.com/ipworld/api/quotes-inspirational-quotes-motivational-quotes - You can find APIs for quotes here and use them with Flask in your project.
- **URL Shortener (Flask):** https://github.com/topics/url-shortener?l=python - URL shortener using Flask with example code.
- **Mad Libs Generator (Python):** https://github.com/ChalzZy/Mad-Libs-Generator - A few examples of Mad Libs generators on GitHub.
## 3. General Python Projects:
- **Text-Based Adventure Game:** https://github.com/topics/text-rpg - Text-based adventure game examples using Python.
- **Number Guessing Game:** https://github.com/topics/guessing-number-game?l=python - Simple number guessing games in Python.
- **Password Generator:** https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/create-a-random-password-generator-using-python-2fea485e9da9 - Tutorial on creating a secure password generator with Python.
- **Simple Calculator:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BX6_YBPr7Jw - Building a simple calculator app in Python.
- **Web Scraper (Educational Tutorial):** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooNngLWhTC4 - Official Scrapy tutorial to learn web scraping responsibly.
Get the whole list of [projects here](https://melbite.com/melbite/Beginner-Project-Ideas-with-GitHub-repos )
If you find these projects helpful, hit the like button.
| evansifyke |
1,884,796 | How to start building with new customer accounts in Shopify | Shopify recently announced that new customer accounts are being made accessible to developers... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:52:35 | https://gadget.dev/blog/understanding-new-customer-accounts-what-they-are-and-how-to-build-with-them-as-a-developer | shopify, beginners, tutorial, graphql |
Shopify recently announced that new customer accounts are being made accessible to developers through the use of customer account UI extensions, which are now in developer preview. This means that Shopify developers can start building apps directly into the customer accounts portal.
But what are they, why should app developers use them, and what can you build with them? We’re here to cover all the details.
## What are new customer accounts?
Shopify first launched new customer accounts in January 2023. Like classic customer accounts, they give the customer a way to check in on the status of their orders, subscriptions, addresses, and profile information.
New customer accounts, however, will allow shoppers to sign in with either a one-time code, or through the Shop app. Merchants can even embed links in emails that give customers access to the order index page, order status page, and profile page without requiring any sign-in.
From there, customers can update their customer profile, and the changes will be reflected in the Shopify admin, something that was not available in classic customer accounts. If you want a full breakdown of the differences, Shopify has a handy [comparison chart in their documentation](https://help.shopify.com/en/manual/customers/customer-accounts?shpxid=5a019658-2E33-4E6E-16C2-0BE7C22721EA).
## So why should developers care?
Back in December, Shopify announced that new customer accounts would be made available to app developers through customer account UI extensions. Much like checkout UI extensions, these will be a series of building blocks that merchants can use to enhance and customize their customer accounts pages.
This opens up a whole new world of opportunities for how developers can help merchants create a better experience for their customers.
If you need help getting started, you can identify whether a merchant is using classic or new customer accounts [by querying](https://shopify.dev/docs/api/admin-graphql/2023-10/objects/CustomerAccountsV2#field-customeraccountsv2-customeraccountsversion) `customerAccountsVersion` using the GraphQL Admin API.
## What can you actually build?
The new customer account UI extensions will be available on the Order Status, Order Index, and Profile pages, as well as in the form of full-page extensions. The Shopify team expects to see a new wave of apps for order tracking, returns, subscriptions, loyalty programs, reviews, and more.
[B2B extensions](https://shopify.dev/docs/apps/build/b2b) are one of the biggest areas of opportunity for developers looking to build with the new extensions type, since B2B functionality is exclusively supported on new customer accounts. B2B customers are [required to use new customer accounts](https://help.shopify.com/en/manual/b2b/considerations#b2b-customer-requirements), which means they’ll be spending a lot of time there. Extensions for things like customer-specific catalogs or payment terms would be a great place to start, and [Shopify might be keeping an eye out](https://x.com/pmillegan/status/1732062891011199399) for developers building these, but keep in mind B2B functionality is currently only for Shopify Plus merchants.
[Inline extensions](https://shopify.dev/docs/apps/build/customer-accounts/inline-extensions/build-order-status?extension=react) can be added to either the Order Status or Profile page, with pre-determined placements throughout the page. These are great for things like the number of loyalty points a customer earned for a specific order, or encouraging customers to leave reviews of their recent purchases.
[Order actions menu extensions](https://shopify.dev/docs/apps/build/customer-accounts/order-action-extensions) are buttons that can be added to the Order Status and Order Index pages to allow customers to take action on their orders. Things like re-ordering, or reporting a problem with their order are great examples. Buttons can even link to a modal, to prompt the customer to confirm the action, and bring up any additional information that may be needed to complete an order action.
[Full-page extensions](https://shopify.dev/docs/apps/build/customer-accounts/full-page-extensions) allow developers to create unique pages within the customer account experience that will match all of the merchant’s branding, while delivering entirely custom content. Things like wishlists and subscriptions are great examples, and customers will be able to access these full-page extensions without leaving their account or needing to log in again.
## How to start building
The Shopify CLI is currently the only way to generate extensions. If you're interested in building with customer account UI extensions, you should also make sure to consider some additional privacy and security measures. You can also follow our app tutorial to see how to build safe, secure customer account UI extensions.
Just like other extension types, customer account UI extensions are deployed to and hosted on Shopify's infrastructure. This means you don't need to worry about managing any additional services to add them to your apps.
However, this also means that an app is a requirement, as merchants will need to a way to install them. If you're looking to distribute any extensions you build at scale, they'll need to be published to the app store.
## Out with the old?
As of June 2024, there’s no official deprecation date for classic customer accounts. Shopify will continue to support them for the time being. And they still have features that new customer accounts do not; things like [multipass](https://shopify.dev/docs/api/multipass) and liquid customizations.
Since new customer accounts are well, new, it’s likely Shopify will continue to add extensibility options as they roll out the feature. For now though, there’s plenty to work with, and early adopters might even have the [chance to be featured by Shopify](https://x.com/pmillegan/status/1732062599527997544) in a co-marketing campaign when customer account UI extensions become available to merchants.
We'll be sharing some detailed guides and tutorials on how to create and deploy your customer account UI extensions, so keep an eye out!
If you want to connect with other developers building with the new extensibility options, you can join the conversation [over on our Discord server](https://discord.com/invite/tY4ZjWdMcB).
Watch how we build our own customer account UI extension.
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF6LRbWXOpg %}
| gadget |
1,884,795 | Creating a chess.com/lichess clone using Go and Vue | Let's create a chess.com/lichess clone MVP using Go and Vue! You can find the repo of this project... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:50:42 | https://github.com/alvaronaschez/simple-chess | webdev, go, vue, tutorial |
Let's create a chess.com/lichess clone MVP using Go and Vue!
You can find the repo of this project here: [github.com/alvaronaschez/simple-chess](https://github.com/alvaronaschez/simple-chess)
## What are we going to build?
A simplified version of [chess.com](https://chess.com) or [lichess.org](https://lichess.org), that works like this:
- You navigate to the website from your browser.
- If there's already one player waiting for a second player to join his game, you join that game.
- Otherwise, you create a new game and wait for a second player to join.
## Goals
It should be as simple as possible while being extensible.
It should be a valid starting point for building something bigger by iterating over it.
## How are we going to build it?
We are going to build a backend using Go, a frontend using Vue and we are going to use WebSockets to communicate between them.
### Why Go?
First of all, I think it makes sense to build this using Go because of its concurrency model and performance.
But there are alternatives like Elixir, Java, Kotlin, Rust... even Python or NodeJS.
So why Go instead?
Go has become one of my favorite languages because of its simplicity.
When you start coding in Go you miss a lot of features from other languages, because Go lacks ~~some~~ **a lot of** features by design.
Soon you realize that's good: It usually doesn't have the things you don't really need.
That's why Go addresses [The Zen Of Python](https://peps.python.org/pep-0020/) way better than Python itself.
Especially when it comes to the 13th principle: "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it."
The more features a language has, the more [Analysis Paralysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_paralysis) you get.
Have a look at [The Paradox of Choice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice) if you are not convinced yet.
### Why Vue?
I'm a backend engineer.
I tried with React first, as I feel it is kind of the defacto standard. But I failed: it was too complex for my liking.
Then I tried with [Web Components](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components), but it didn't work out as expected either.
Then I found [Chessground](https://github.com/lichess-org/chessground) and its Vue component wrapper [vue3-chessboard](https://github.com/qwerty084/vue3-chessboard).
## Enough talking, let's start coding!
The idea is the following:
- Client 1 creates a WebSocket connection and waits for the game to start.
- Client 2 creates a WebSocket connection and waits for the game to start.
- Once the server has those two clients connected, it emits a "start" event, telling each client which color are they playing.
- Then it is white's turn, so white client makes a move and sends a "move" event to the server. The server forwards that event to the other client. Then black knows it is its turn and which move did white make.
- The previous point repeats until the game ends, interchanging white and black roles.
> [!NOTE]
> Notice that we are going to create the whole project just by editing 3 files and writing less than 200 lines of code.
### The server part
Create a folder for the project and jump into it
```sh
❯ mkdir simple-chess && cd simple-chess
```
Create a folder for the backend and jump into it
```sh
❯ mkdir backend && cd backend
```
Start your go project (change your GitHub username accordingly)
```sh
❯ go mod init github.com/alvaronaschez/simple-chess
```
Install [Gorilla WebSocket](https://github.com/gorilla/websocket) dependency
```sh
❯ go get github.com/gorilla/websocket
```
Create the `main.go` file
<h5 align="right">backend/main.go</h5>
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
)
var upgrader = websocket.Upgrader{
ReadBufferSize: 2048,
WriteBufferSize: 2048,
}
var game *ChessGame
func wsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
upgrader.CheckOrigin = func(r *http.Request) bool { return true }
ws, err := upgrader.Upgrade(w, r, nil)
if err != nil {
log.Println(err)
}
if game == nil {
game = NewChessGame(ws)
} else {
game.Join(ws)
game = nil
}
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("Listening at port 5555")
http.HandleFunc("/ws", wsHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":5555", nil))
}
```
Create the `ChessGame` class
<h5 align="right">backend/game.go</h5>
```go
package main
import (
"errors"
"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
)
type ChessGame struct {
whiteWebsocket *websocket.Conn
blackWebsocket *websocket.Conn
}
type Message struct {
Type string `json:"type" validate:"required,oneof=start move error"`
Color string `json:"color" validate:"oneof=white black,required_if=Type start"`
From string `json:"from" validate:"required_if=Type move"`
To string `json:"to" validate:"required_if=Type move"`
Promotion string `json:"promotion" validate:"oneof=q r b k,required_if=Type move"`
}
func NewChessGame(ws *websocket.Conn) *ChessGame {
game := ChessGame{whiteWebsocket: ws}
return &game
}
var ErrCannotJoinStartedGame = errors.New("cannot join a started game")
func (game *ChessGame) Join(ws *websocket.Conn) error {
// you cannot join the same game twice
if game.blackWebsocket != nil {
return ErrCannotJoinStartedGame
}
game.blackWebsocket = ws
whiteChannel := make(chan Message)
blackChannel := make(chan Message)
go playChess(game.whiteWebsocket, game.blackWebsocket, whiteChannel, blackChannel)
go forwardFromWebsocketToChannel(game.whiteWebsocket, whiteChannel)
go forwardFromWebsocketToChannel(game.blackWebsocket, blackChannel)
return nil
}
func playChess(
whiteWebsocket, blackWebsocket *websocket.Conn,
whiteChannel, blackChannel <-chan Message,
) {
turnWhite := true
whiteWebsocket.WriteJSON(Message{Type: "start", Color: "white"})
blackWebsocket.WriteJSON(Message{Type: "start", Color: "black"})
for {
select {
case message := <-whiteChannel:
if message.Type == "error" {
return
}
if turnWhite {
blackWebsocket.WriteJSON(message)
turnWhite = false
}
case message := <-blackChannel:
if message.Type == "error" {
return
}
if !turnWhite {
whiteWebsocket.WriteJSON(message)
turnWhite = true
}
}
}
}
func forwardFromWebsocketToChannel(ws *websocket.Conn, ch chan<- Message) {
defer ws.Close()
for {
message := Message{}
err := ws.ReadJSON(&message)
if err != nil {
ch <- Message{Type: "error"}
return
}
ch <- message
}
}
```
Run `go mod tidy`
```sh
❯ go mod tidy
```
### The client part
Navigate to the project root folder
```sh
❯ cd ..
```
Create a new Vue project (add TypeScript support if you want to use the code snippet as it is)
```sh
❯ npm create vue@latest
Vue.js - The Progressive JavaScript Framework
✔ Project name: … frontend
✔ Add TypeScript? … No / [Yes]
...
```
Jump into the newly created subproject
```sh
❯ cd frontend
```
Install `vue3-chessboard` component
```sh
❯ npm i vue3-chessboard
```
Edit Vue project entry point `frontend/src/App.vue`
<h5 align="right">frontend/src/App.vue</h5>
```html
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref } from 'vue'
import { BoardApi, TheChessboard, type MoveEvent } from 'vue3-chessboard'
import 'vue3-chessboard/style.css'
let board: BoardApi
const color = ref()
const socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:5555/ws')
socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
const message = JSON.parse(event.data)
if (message.type === 'start') {
color.value = message.color
} else if (message.type === 'move') {
const { from, to, promotion } = message
board.move({ from, to, promotion })
}
})
function handleBoardCreated(boardApi: BoardApi) {
board = boardApi
}
function handleMove(move: MoveEvent) {
if (!color.value.startsWith(move.color)) {
return
}
const { from, to, promotion } = move
const message = JSON.stringify({ from, to, promotion, color: color.value, type: 'move' })
socket.send(message)
}
</script>
<template>
<TheChessboard
v-if="color"
@move="handleMove"
@board-created="handleBoardCreated"
:player-color="color"
:board-config="{ orientation: color }"
/>
<h1 v-else>Waiting for player 2</h1>
</template>
```
Run the backend
```sh
❯ (cd backend && go run .)
```
Open another terminal and run the frontend
```sh
❯ (cd frontend && npm run dev)
```
Open two clients in the browser at http://localhost:5173/ and enjoy the game!
Thanks for reading!
| alvaronaschez |
1,884,794 | Azure FinOps: Optimizing Cloud Financial Management | Introduction to Azure FinOps Azure FinOps, short for Financial Operations, is a framework designed to... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:46:20 | https://dev.to/unicloud/azure-finops-optimizing-cloud-financial-management-2me7 | azure, finops, cloud, management | **Introduction to Azure FinOps**
Azure FinOps, short for Financial Operations, is a framework designed to help organizations manage and optimize their cloud financials. As cloud adoption increases, businesses face the challenge of managing costs and ensuring they derive maximum value from their cloud investments. Azure FinOps provides the tools, practices, and methodologies needed to control costs, enhance efficiency, and improve financial visibility in the cloud.
**Key Benefits of Azure FinOps**
Implementing [Azure FinOps](https://unicloud.co/blog/enhancing-azure-roi-with-finops-balancing-costs-compliance-and-security/) offers numerous advantages to organizations leveraging Microsoft's cloud platform. Here are some of the key benefits:
**1. Cost Transparency:** Azure FinOps provides detailed insights into cloud spending, enabling organizations to understand where their money is going and identify cost-saving opportunities.
**2. Optimized Resource Utilization:** By analyzing usage patterns and performance data, Azure FinOps helps organizations optimize resource allocation and avoid over-provisioning.
**3. Budget Control:** With Azure FinOps, businesses can set budgets, track spending against them, and receive alerts when nearing limits, ensuring better financial control.
**4. Improved Decision-Making:** Enhanced visibility into cloud costs and usage patterns empowers organizations to make informed decisions about resource allocation and cost management.
**Best Practices for Implementing Azure FinOps**
To maximize the benefits of Azure FinOps, organizations should follow these best practices:
**1. Establish a FinOps Team:** Form a cross-functional team consisting of finance, operations, and technical stakeholders to manage and oversee cloud financial operations.
**2. Set Clear Objectives:** Define clear financial goals and objectives, such as reducing costs, improving efficiency, or enhancing cost visibility.
**3. Implement Cost Allocation:** Use tags, resource groups, and management groups to allocate costs accurately across different departments, projects, or business units.
**4. Monitor and Analyze Costs:** Regularly monitor cloud spending using Azure Cost Management and other FinOps tools to identify trends, anomalies, and areas for optimization.
**5. Automate Cost Optimization:** Leverage automation to enforce cost-saving policies, such as shutting down unused resources, resizing instances, and implementing auto-scaling.
**Essential Azure FinOps Tools**
Several tools and services within the Azure ecosystem support FinOps practices. Some of the essential Azure FinOps tools include:
**1. Azure Cost Management:** This tool provides comprehensive insights into cloud spending, helping organizations track costs, set budgets, and forecast future spending.
**2. Azure Advisor:** Azure Advisor offers personalized recommendations to optimize costs, improve performance, and enhance security.
**3. Azure Policy:** Azure Policy enables organizations to enforce cost-saving policies and ensure compliance with organizational standards.
**4. Azure Reservations:** By reserving instances in advance, organizations can achieve significant cost savings compared to on-demand pricing.
**5. Azure Pricing Calculator:** This tool allows businesses to estimate the cost of Azure services and plan their budgets accordingly.
**The Role of Automation in Azure FinOps**
Automation plays a crucial role in effective FinOps management. Here’s how automation enhances [Azure FinOps](https://unicloud.co/blog/enhancing-azure-roi-with-finops-balancing-costs-compliance-and-security/) practices:
**1. Automated Cost Monitoring:** Automation tools can continuously monitor cloud spending and usage, providing real-time alerts for any deviations from the budget.
**2. Resource Optimization:** Automated scripts and policies can identify and shut down unused or underutilized resources, ensuring optimal resource utilization.
**3. Budget Enforcement:** Automation can enforce budget limits by triggering actions, such as scaling down resources or stopping non-critical services when nearing budget thresholds.
**4. Reporting and Analytics:** Automated reporting tools generate regular cost and usage reports, providing insights for ongoing optimization efforts.
**Conclusion**
[Azure FinOps](https://unicloud.co/blog/enhancing-azure-roi-with-finops-balancing-costs-compliance-and-security/) is essential for organizations seeking to optimize their cloud financial management. By leveraging best practices, essential tools, and automation, businesses can achieve cost transparency, budget control, and resource optimization. Implementing Azure FinOps not only helps in managing cloud costs effectively but also empowers organizations to derive maximum value from their Azure investments.
| unicloud |
1,539,765 | AWS IoT Core Simplified - Part 1: Permissions | AWS IoT Core is an amazing (and often overlooked) service as I said before when comparing IoT Core to... | 27,687 | 2024-06-11T18:46:17 | https://dev.to/slootjes/aws-iot-core-simplified-part-1-permissions-k4d | aws, iot, serverless, mqtt | AWS IoT Core is an amazing (and often overlooked) service as I said before when [comparing IoT Core to API Gateway Websockets](https://dev.to/slootjes/api-gateway-websockets-vs-iot-core-1me5). To summarize, IoT Core manages it own connections, it has a powerful system of topics and rules, it scales well and, not unimportant, it's quite cheap.
However, IoT Core can also be intimidating and [difficult](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/iot/latest/developerguide/what-is-aws-iot.html) to start with because of _things_, _fleets_, _shadow devices_ and _certificates_. The good news is that those things are not at all mandatory to use this service. While maybe not obvious at first sight, there are ways to just connect some clients to IoT Core without first registering or managing them.
I will be posting a few articles to cover basic usage of IoT Core aimed at developers who are looking for an easy and flexible way of bi-directional communication between clients and server using websockets.
Part 1: Introduction & Permissions (this one!)
Part 2: Connect using a presigned url
Part 3: Connect using a custom authorizer
Part 4: Topic Rules
# What is IoT Core?
Simply put, _and maybe not giving enough credit_, IoT Core is an MQTT broker. MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe protocol. The MQTT broker acts as the central hub between connected clients that can send and reach messages to each other. Messages are sent over topics. A topic is a hierarchical string separated by slashes, for instance _sensor/temperature/room1_. A client can send temperature updates to this topic every minute and another client might be subscribed to this topic and receives all temperatures that are sent to do something with it.
MQTT has many advanced options and use cases that I won't cover here. If you want to know more about them I recommend reading more [here](https://www.hivemq.com/mqtt-essentials/). For the rest of this series, it's enough to know that there is a central broker (IoT Core) and clients (ie: a web browser) that can publish and receive messages.
## Topic Wildcards
In a [topic](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/iot/latest/developerguide/topics.html), a _+_ character can be used as a wildcard for one level while a _#_ character can be used for a multi level wildcard. It is possible to have more than 1 single level wildcard, like _sensor/+/+_ however it's not possible to have more than 1 multi level wildcard (which makes sense).
Looking at the previous example, if a client is interested in temperatures of all rooms, it can subscribe to _sensor/temperature/#_ where the # character is a wildcard in MQTT. This means that if a client wants the informations of _all_ sensors, it can listen to _sensor/#_. It is also possible to subscribe to _sensor/+/room1_ to receive all messages (temperature and others) of room1.
# Security
For simple use of IoT Core, there are 4 permissions that you need to know about. [Applying least-privilege permissions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html#grant-least-privilege) obviously also applies to IoT Core. In case a client performs an action that is not allowed by it's policy, the client will be disconnected by the server.
It's important to realize that [MQTT wildcards are treated as literal characters in IAM permissions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/iot/latest/developerguide/pub-sub-policy.html#pub-sub-policy-cert). This means that you can use the _?_, _*_, _+_ and _#_ in the IAM policy but the _?_ and _*_ will be treated only as wildcard for the IAM policy itself while _+_ and _#_ are treated as wildcards for topics in IoT Core. I will explain this using several examples.
# Permissions
## iot:Connect
First, your client needs to be able to connect to the server. The client ID must be _unique_ per region, otherwise the previously connected client with the same client ID will be disconnected.
**Examples**
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:client/*`
Allows to connect using _any_ client ID.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:client/sensor-123`
Allows to connect as _sensor-123_.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:client/sensor-???`
Allows to connect using any client ID as long as it starts with _sensor-_ and ends with 3 characters. This means that _sensor-123_, _sensor-foo_ will work, but _sensor_, _sensor-foobar_ and _sensor-123456_ won't work.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:client/sensor-*`
Allows to connect using any client ID as long as it starts with _sensor-_.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:client/user-????????-????-????-????-????????????`
Allows to connect using _user-{uuid}_.
## iot:Subscribe
Before a client can receive messages, the client must first subscribe to one or multiple topics.
**Examples**
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/updates`
Allows to subscribe to _updates_.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/updates/sensor-???`
Allows to subscribe to _updates/sensor-123_, _updates/sensor-foo_ and other variants as long as the topic starts with _updates/_ and then has a second level starting with _sensor-_ and then 3 characters. It won't accept updates/foo-123 or "updates/sensor-123/foo".
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/updates/sensor-*`
Allows to subscribe to _updates/sensor-123_, _updates/sensor-123/foo_, and/or "updates/sensor-123/foo/bar/baz" because the * allows for any level of depth in the topic.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/updates/sensor-*/???`
Allows to subscribe to _updates/sensor-123/foo_, _updates/sensor-12345678/bar_ and other variants as long as the topic starts with "updates/sensor-" and has a second level with exactly 3 characters. It won't accept _updates/sensor-1_ or _updates/sensor-12345/#_.
You can of course use the wildcards in MQTT too if you want.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/updates/+`
Allows to subscribe to _topic/updates/+_ only as the **+** is treated as a literal in the policy.
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/updates/#`
Allows to subscribe to _topic/updates/#_ only as the **#** is treated as a literal in the policy.
## iot:Receive & iot:Publish
iot:Receive allows the client to receive messages over the topics that it is subscribed to while iot:Publish allows the client to publish messages that can be received by other clients and/or topic rules.
The iot:Receive & iot:Publish permissions have the same structure as iot:Subscribe with the only difference that it uses "topic" instead of "topicfilter". Usually the iot:Subscribe and iot:Receive will be the same as it doesn't make sense to allow receiving on topics the client isn't allowed to subscribe on and vice versa.
**Examples**
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/updates`
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/updates/sensor-???`
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/updates/sensor-*`
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/updates/sensor-*/???`
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/updates/+`
`arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/updates/#`
# Creating a policy
Since the permissions and values have different formats, you can easily combine everything in a single policy:
```
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"iot:Connect",
"iot:Subscribe",
"iot:Receive"
],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:client/sensor-*",
"arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topicfilter/sensor-*/???",
"arn:aws:iot:{region}:{account-id}:topic/sensor-*/???"
]
}
]
}
```
In the next article I will explain how to connect to IoT Core using a presigned url.
| slootjes |
1,884,814 | Cursos De MySQL, Java, CSS E Outros Gratuitos Da Plataforma Cursa | Conheça a Plataforma Cursa, um recurso educacional que oferece centenas de cursos online gratuitos... | 0 | 2024-06-23T13:50:44 | https://guiadeti.com.br/cursos-mysql-java-css-plataforma-cursa/ | cursogratuito, azure, cloud, css | ---
title: Cursos De MySQL, Java, CSS E Outros Gratuitos Da Plataforma Cursa
published: true
date: 2024-06-11 18:45:56 UTC
tags: CursoGratuito,azure,cloud,css
canonical_url: https://guiadeti.com.br/cursos-mysql-java-css-plataforma-cursa/
---
Conheça a Plataforma Cursa, um recurso educacional que oferece centenas de cursos online gratuitos com certificado.
Tendo uma grande biblioteca que inclui mais de 100 cursos na área de tecnologia, incluindo MySQL, Python, Arduino, Java, Angular, Linguagem de Programação, PHP, entre outros, a Cursa permite que você comece a estudar em qualquer lugar e a qualquer hora.
Esta é uma excelente oportunidade para impulsionar sua carreira e ampliar seus conhecimentos sem custo algum. Não deixe passar a chance de aprender e evoluir profissionalmente. Comece a explorar os cursos disponíveis na Plataforma Cursa hoje mesmo!
## Cursos Plataforma Cursa
A Plataforma Cursa se destaca como um recurso educacional inovador, proporcionando acesso a centenas de cursos online gratuitos com certificado. Essa plataforma é uma ferramenta excepcional para quem busca desenvolvimento profissional sem custos adicionais.
_Imagem da página do curso_
### Diversidade de Cursos Disponíveis
A Cursa tem uma lista de mais de 100 cursos na área de tecnologia. Os cursos oferecidos incluem Python, Arduino, Java, Angular, Linguagem de Programação, PHP, e muitos outros.
Esta variedade garante que você possa encontrar cursos que atendam às suas necessidades e interesses específicos, permitindo um aprendizado focado e direcionado.
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Para que o progresso no curso seja oficialmente reconhecido e registrado em seu histórico, é essencial assistir todos os vídeos até o final. Esse requisito garante que o aprendizado seja efetivo e que o aluno esteja genuinamente engajado com o conteúdo apresentado.
### Flexibilidade de Aprendizado
Com a Cursa, o aprendizado pode acontecer em qualquer lugar e a qualquer hora, adaptando-se perfeitamente ao seu ritmo de vida e compromissos. A plataforma foi projetada para ser acessível, permitindo que você inicie e prossiga com seus estudos conforme sua disponibilidade.
### Processo de Certificação
Ao concluir um curso na Plataforma Cursa, tendo assistido 100% das aulas, você tem a oportunidade de obter um certificado, validando suas habilidades e conhecimentos adquiridos. Este certificado pode ser um grande diferencial no seu currículo, demonstrando seu comprometimento e dedicação ao desenvolvimento profissional.
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## MySQL
MySQL é um dos sistemas de gerenciamento de banco de dados relacional (RDBMS) mais populares do mundo, amplamente reconhecido por sua confiabilidade e eficiência.
É uma solução de código aberto, o que significa que usuários e desenvolvedores têm a liberdade de usá-lo, modificar e distribuir como parte de suas soluções de software.
Ideal para aplicações tanto pequenas quanto de grande escala, MySQL é a espinha dorsal de muitas infraestruturas de dados de empresas líderes, incluindo Facebook, Twitter e YouTube.
### Facilidade de Uso
MySQL é conhecido por sua simplicidade e facilidade de uso. Tendo uma configuração básica que permite aos usuários criar e operar um banco de dados rapidamente, é ideal para iniciantes e também para profissionais experientes. A sintaxe SQL é direta, tornando as operações de banco de dados compreensíveis e acessíveis.
### Performance e Escalabilidade
Quando se trata de performance, MySQL oferece capacidades de processamento de grandes volumes de dados, o que é fundamental para aplicações que exigem alta disponibilidade e desempenho.
Ele suporta uma grande quantidade de dados sem comprometer a velocidade, e pode ser escalado para lidar com incrementos de carga de trabalho, tanto vertical quanto horizontalmente.
### Segurança
MySQL possui um sólido sistema de segurança que inclui suporte para controle de acesso baseado em privilégios, autenticação e criptografia de dados segura. Essas características tornam o MySQL adequado para aplicações onde a segurança dos dados é primordial.
### Aplicações Web
MySQL é frequentemente usado como a base de dados para aplicações web devido à sua integração fácil com plataformas como PHP e Apache.
Essa combinação é popularmente conhecida como LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) e é uma das pilhas tecnológicas mais comuns para desenvolvimento de websites e aplicações web.
### Big Data e Analytics
MySQL também está se adaptando para lidar com análises e big data. Embora não seja um substituto para soluções especializadas de big data como Hadoop, MySQL pode ser integrado com essas tecnologias para fornecer uma camada de base de dados robusta e gerenciável.
## Plataforma Cursa
A Plataforma Cursa é um recurso educacional online que oferece uma lista grande de cursos gratuitos em áreas diversificadas como tecnologia, negócios, design e saúde.
O objetivo principal da plataforma é democratizar o acesso à educação de qualidade, eliminando barreiras geográficas e financeiras, e permitindo que pessoas de todos os cantos do mundo possam aprender e desenvolver novas habilidades.
### Instrução por Especialistas
Os cursos da Plataforma Cursa são ministrados por profissionais com experiência em suas respectivas áreas. Cada curso é cuidadosamente estruturado com vídeoaulas, exercícios práticos e materiais de apoio complementares para garantir uma experiência de aprendizado abrangente e eficaz.
### Interface Intuitiva e Flexibilidade de Aprendizado
A plataforma foi feita para ser intuitiva e fácil de usar, permitindo que os alunos estudem quando e onde quiserem, conforme sua conveniência. Isso é ideal para aqueles que precisam conciliar os estudos com outras responsabilidades, como trabalho e família.
## Link de inscrição ⬇️
As [inscrições para os cursos da Cursa](https://www.cursa.com.br/home/courses?category=all&price=free&level=all&language=&rating=all&sort_by=newest) devem ser realizadas na Plataforma Cursa.
## Compartilhe!
Gostou do conteúdo sobre os cursos da Plataforma Cursa? Então não deixe de compartilhar com os amigos!
O post [Cursos De MySQL, Java, CSS E Outros Gratuitos Da Plataforma Cursa](https://guiadeti.com.br/cursos-mysql-java-css-plataforma-cursa/) apareceu primeiro em [Guia de TI](https://guiadeti.com.br). | guiadeti |
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Email:dmhelpshop@gmail.com | jeson_roy_33a8cc590a9c5df | |
1,884,791 | The unspoken question: "Why do pointers exist?" | It's Really A Valid Question This is not the typical pointer-hater's question, but rather... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:45:00 | https://dev.to/ebbewertz/a-dangerous-question-why-do-pointers-exist-dkd | clang, cpp, c, gcc | ## It's Really A Valid Question
This is not the typical pointer-hater's question, but rather a very interesting one.
---
## Here's What I Mean
Pointers are a great powerfull concept, but that's what it is: a concept. So why was the C compiler invented with such an isolated piece of logic and syntax dedicated to pointers?
Don't get me wrong, I love the oppurtunities that pointers give us and their current syntax. They are an absolutely essential feature, having achieved the evolution of dynamic data structures, objects and classes, multithreaded memory sharing, object mutability, low-redundant value duplication and much more.
But if you imagine the event of the invention of C, the pointers as current-day seem a much more impressive idea then an intuitive first concept. Let's take a deeper look into what I mean.
---
## A Deeper Look
If you look at a pointer's structure it is basically an unsigned long (aka 4[32bit system] or 8 bytes in memory). The things that separate pointers from unsigned longs are the pointer-specific features.
### Syntax And Dereferencing Operator
A pointer has its own declaration syntax and has its propertary operator: the dereferencer.
```c
int a = 5;
int *ptr = &a; //declaration
int value = *ptr; //dereference
```
But let's imagine, that this was never invented. Then the following would just be easily possible if the dereferencing feature was just associated with any integer type:
```c
int a = 5;
unsigned long adress = &a;
int value = *adress;
```
In that case, you could even do things like this:
```c
int firstIntInMemory = *(0); //manually dereferences (4bytes at) adress 0`
```
Speaking of the parser, this is totally not a conflicting syntax since star as derefrencer is a unary operator while star as arithmetic multiplicator is always a binary operator.
This fictional dereferencing operator as I described above is really the raw essence the pointer concept. Comparing this to the current real implementation makes the head question so interesting to think about. There could have been so many outcomes.
### Pointer Arithmetic
The only special thing pointer arithmetic does is taking type sizes into accound with calculations. When I have an array, and I want to get the second element, I just add 1 to the pointer. If it is an int pointer, this wil implicitely actually add a value of 4 to the adress (if sizeof(int) == 4 on your system):
```c
int arr[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
int second = *(arr + 1);
```
But let's be honest, the following is actually much more logical if you think intuitively about memory:
```c
int arr[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
int second = *(arr + sizeof(int));
```
And this would just be standard integer arithmetic. If you look at it this way, there is not really a reason to have invented pointer arithmetic at all.
---
## That's Not All
Off course, the '*'-syntax makes intended usages much more clear. If you see it, you immeditately know that this variable is used for memory manipulation. Also every memory manupulation library function is designed for pointers.
But still, if it was never invented, and instead we had these dereferencable unsigned longs, people would have just come up with design- and naming conventions, like appending pointer variable identifiers with a '_p' suffix. And memory manipulation libraries would just have evolved around this.
---
## Final Word
So really, if you think about it, C could just have survived the same way as it lives right now if pointers were never invented as a feature of the language. They would just be invented as a concept by programmers, working the same as how they currently exist.
I find this an interesting story to investigate deeper into.
Why did C invent pointer?
Was it just the reason we expect: consistency, clarity and safety against misuse of derefrencing?
Or is there a deeper reason and a much more complex logic then how I covered pointers in this post, which makes them actually significantly more efficient than doing the same with general purpose integers? | ebbewertz |
1,884,790 | No Longer DEV's Community Manager, But Still Got Lotsa Love For Y'all! 💚 | Heyo folks! 👋 It's been about a month since I was let go from DEV (see the post here) and I wanted... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:44:33 | https://dev.to/michaeltharrington/no-longer-devs-community-manager-but-still-got-love-for-yall-3ocp | devto, career | Heyo folks! 👋
It's been about a month since I was let go from DEV (see the post [here](https://dev.to/devteam/dev-team-update-2age)) and I wanted to return to the community to give a few quick updates about myself and how I'm feeling:
**a.** First off, I'm getting on just fine! Been busy looking for new opportunities and am generally feeling optimistic. I'm continuously honing [my LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/michael-tharrington), resume, and [portfolio website](https://michael-tharrington-portfolio.my.canva.site/) all while keeping the job applications flowing. At the same time, I'd been working at DEV for 5.5 years straight, and while I had vacations, I was feeling a little more burnt out than I realized... so, I've also just been trying to chill out and enjoy a little bit of this downtime between jobs. On the whole, it's been a good mental reset, and I'm confident something will come along soon enough! 🙂
**b.** I've got nothing but love for the Forem organization, its founders, and the DEV Community. Same thing goes for all current & past Forem employees (or former Foremers as I like to call'em), plus the many mods whom I had the pleasure of working particularly closely with! So many cool folks have contributed their time, hearts, and minds to this community... I feel lucky to count myself among this crew. 💚
**c.** I'm sure this ain't the last you'll see of me on DEV, though I am taking a bit of a break and probs won't be a daily visitor — hey, I mean, I'm not a dev. Still, I've forged a lotta friendships here in this community and believe it to be a special place on the web. Because of DEV, I know so many kind, interesting folks (mostly devs! 😄) from all over the world... so big thank you to everybody I've had thoughtful interactions with here – it's really nice to have gotten to know you all. I absolutely wanna keep in touch, so please don't hesitate to connect with me... or if you have any opportunities that you think my professional background would be well-suited for, please send'em my way! 🙌
Thanks to everybody who has reached out to me during this transitional period! Whether you've suggested a job opportunity to me, given me a recommendation (or would like to give me one via [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/michael-tharrington) 😉😉), or simply sent me a supportive message, it all means a heckuva lot to me.
That's all for now. Hope everyone is well and see y'all around! ✌️ | michaeltharrington |
1,884,780 | Top 7 Featured DEV Posts of the Week | Welcome to this week's Top 7, where the DEV editorial team handpicks their favorite posts from the... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:33:57 | https://dev.to/devteam/top-7-featured-dev-posts-of-the-week-3dk1 | top7 | _Welcome to this week's Top 7, where the DEV editorial team handpicks their favorite posts from the previous week._
Congrats to all the authors that made it onto the list 👏
{% embed https://dev.to/glasskube/standout-as-a-junior-engineer-work-slower-to-grow-faster-4ac3 %}
Jake advises junior engineers to work more deliberately and methodically rather than quickly, emphasizing that a slower, more thoughtful approach leads to deeper learning and better skill development.
---
{% embed https://dev.to/thepassle/a-practical-guide-against-barrel-files-for-library-authors-118c %}
Pascal practical shares advice for library authors on dealing with barrel files.
---
{% embed https://dev.to/yordiverkroost/ditch-the-pixels-the-small-and-vectorized-web-1f4e %}
Yordi shows us how they've vectorized each section of their website, and why.
---
{% embed https://dev.to/codenameone/why-is-kubernetes-debugging-so-problematic-4feo %}
Shai takes us into a deep dive on debugging Kubernetes.
---
{% embed https://dev.to/martinhaeusler/so-i-tried-rust-for-the-first-time-4jdb %}
Martin details their initial experience with Rust and the pros and cons they're walking away with.
---
{% embed https://dev.to/martinbaun/resiliency-in-job-hunting-3149 %}
Martin provides strategies for maintaining resilience during the job hunting process, emphasizing the importance of staying motivated, handling rejection constructively, and continuously improving skills.
---
{% embed https://dev.to/aws-builders/does-serverless-still-matter-2jag %}
Ben walks us through the history of serverless and shares their perspective on the future of serverless.
---
_And that's a wrap for this week's Top 7 roundup! 🎬 We hope you enjoyed this eclectic mix of insights, stories, and tips from our talented authors. Keep coding, keep learning, and stay tuned to DEV for more captivating content and [make sure you’re opted in to our Weekly Newsletter] (https://dev.to/settings/notifications) 📩 for all the best articles, discussions, and updates._ | thepracticaldev |
1,884,788 | A "experiência" | Quando você começa a programar, acha que a coisa mais difícil do mundo é criar códigos, mas quando... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:32:36 | https://dev.to/hei-lima/a-experiencia-2hf6 | ledscommunity | Quando você começa a programar, acha que a coisa mais difícil do mundo é criar códigos, mas quando você começa a ver algo de DevOps, você chega a rápida conclusão de que a pior coisa do mundo é mexer com coisas que outras pessoas desenvolveram.
Estava precisando de alguma forma de manejar várias instâncias de máquinas virtuais em um server (para rodar aplicações e testes). Algo como o OpenStack, mas ele é uma ferramenta poderosa e complexa em proporções iguais, foi desenvolvida em conjunto com a NASA, afinal. Ou seja, é matar uma mosca com um canhão e ficava fora do escopo do projeto. Precisava de algo simples, uma infraestrutura de cloud interna que fosse simples, fácil de instalar e fácil de manter. Enfim, uma escolha legal seria um software chamado de OpenNebula, oferta uma infraestrutura de cloud simples e parecia bem fácil de se instalar (sempre parece, não?).
Primeiro, montar fisicamente um server, é pesado. Leva um dia. Vou instalar os softwares no dia seguinte.
Instalei o clássico Ubuntu Server, mas decidimos por trocar para o AlmaLinux (distro que é baseada em RHEL). Instalamos o AlmaLinux, muito promissor. Vamos instalar o OpenNebu-... Ops! O servidor quebrou, metade das rams deixaram de ser reconhecidas. _"What a shame!"_. Um dia foi perdido tentando resolver esse problema. Enfim, no fim do dia decidi apenas ignorá-lo. Isso dá pra resolver depois, não tenho tempo de ficar reiniciando o server (que leva uns 7 minutos para dar boot). Ao fim do dia, para não dizer que não havia feito nada, terminei a instalação do Alma.
Agora já era o terceiro dia. Com os problemas de hardware ignorados, vamos focar no que importa de verdade: software!
Isso não me daria qualquer dor de cabeça, estava seguindo o guia oficial do OpenNebula, a distro era recomendada, tudo nos conformes. Entrei os comandos no BASH. Opa, um erro de lib,... aparentemente eles pedem uma lib que já foi deprecada... vamos pesquisar na Internet... Ah, é um erro comum. É só adicionar outro repo. Tudo bem, vamos! Opa, o repo que eu adicionei tem outro erro de lib... E assim começa um grande ciclo de corrigir uma lib e ela pedir outra lib que já foi deprecada, e assim por diante. Enfim, desistimos. Um software que usa tantas libs deprecadas não pode ser muito bom para a produção. Aí foi mais um dia.
Quarto dia: Proxmox. SIM! Esse é bom, não é exatamente para Cloud, sim, com certeza. Mas dá para dar deploy em docker e em máquinas virtuais, serve perfeitamente para o escopo do nosso projeto. Ele é antigo, _reliable_, tem uma grande comunidade. Esse sim é o "du bão" (como minha família mineira costuma falar). Vai dar certo! (não deu).
Pen drive bootável criado, instalação começada... ué... travou? Deu erro? Deu. Hm... erro de escrita, acho que foi meu pen drive que está ruim, vou trocar ele.
Pen drive bootável criado, instalação começada... travou novamente.
Eu não sei contra qual deus pequei, mas ele veio me punindo a semana toda. Dessa vez ele decidiu que quebraria dois HDs do servidor.
Eu me sinto burro. Será que sou eu? Eu normalmente instalaria isso tudo em 15 minutos, literalmente. Mas já estava nessa simples tarefa fazia uma semana, sim! Uma semana. Enfim... um dia foi perdido resolvendo esse problema.
Era o quinto dia agora, iríamos trocar de servidor na segunda-feira. É isto, só esperar. Espero que acabe logo. Tentei resolver o problema do HD e da RAM sem sucesso.
Segunda-feira: Trocamos o servidor, instalamos tudo em menos de 15 minutos, testamos, todos saíram felizes. FIM.
No final, faria tudo novamente. Aprendi muitas coisas legais que vão me ajudar no futuro. | hei-lima |
1,884,493 | Stay Updated with Python/FastAPI/Django: Weekly News Summary (03/06/2024 - 09/06/2024) | Dive into the latest tech buzz with this weekly news summary, focusing on Python, FastAPI, and Django... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:30:00 | https://poovarasu.dev/python-fastapi-django-weekly-news-summary-03-06-2024-to-09-06-2024/ | python, django, fastapi, flask | Dive into the latest tech buzz with this weekly news summary, focusing on Python, FastAPI, and Django updates from June 3rd to June 9th, 2024. Stay ahead in the tech game with insights curated just for you!
This summary offers a concise overview of recent advancements in the Python/FastAPI/Django framework, providing valuable insights for developers and enthusiasts alike. Explore the full post for more in-depth coverage and stay updated on the latest in Python/FastAPI/Django development.
Check out the complete article here [https://poovarasu.dev/python-fastapi-django-weekly-news-summary-03-06-2024-to-09-06-2024/](https://poovarasu.dev/python-fastapi-django-weekly-news-summary-03-06-2024-to-09-06-2024/) | poovarasu |
1,884,787 | Episode 24/23: zoneless with Andrew Scott, dynamic Form Validators, toObservable() | Andrew Scott from the Angular team discussed Angular without zone.js. Various content authors... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:28:34 | https://dev.to/this-is-angular/episode-2423-zoneless-with-andrew-scott-dynamic-form-validators-toobservable-2dk8 | webdev, javascript, angular, programming | Andrew Scott from the Angular team discussed Angular without zone.js. Various content authors published videos about topics like Signals for forms.
{% embed https://youtu.be/ed470Lbf5m4 %}
## Andrew Scott on zoneless
TechStackNation runs sessions with members of the Angular team quite often. This time, it was Andrew Scott, and the discussion evolved around removing zone.js, which landed in Angular 18 in an experimental mode. Zone.js triggers the change detection where Angular updates the DOM.
Andrew told us a little about the trade-offs. On the one hand, zone.js does everything for us in terms of change detection and is reliable. On the other hand, it could be more performant. Signals are a very good fit here because they can trigger Change Detection and point it to the right components.
Some might ask if Signals should always be used when representing values in a template. We got a very clear answer.
Andrew also touched on zoneless testing. We should use the `whenStable()` function of the `ComponentFixture` and not rely on zone-based functions like `fakeAsync()`.
Another discussed topic was the relationship between the Angular and the TypeScript language server.
{% embed https://youtu.be/V3N9BT5MPHc?si=ylgJGxWBi2qM5LaL %}
## Misc. Content
Other than that, we got new videos from various content authors.
### Glitch-Free and `toObservable()`
Angular University explained the Signal's glitch-free effect and fixed a misunderstanding that `toObservable` could work around it.
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cam39UyVbpI %}
### Dynamic Form Validators
Dmytro Mezhenskyi, aka. Decoded Frontend, showed how to dynamically add but also remove validators from a form and what kind of pitfalls we have to be aware of.
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1Jm2IhCc6k %}
### Conflict Management in NPM
For those who constantly run into npm issues and are required to use force or with-legacy-peers, Francesco Borzi has an alternative that uses the override property in the package.json
{% embed https://javascript.plainenglish.io/how-to-avoid-using-force-and-legacy-peer-deps-when-running-npm-install-ci-612aa3288436 %} | ng_news |
1,881,832 | Laravel 11 + Inertia JS (VUE) CRUD Example: Part 2 | Hello Artisan, In the previous blog post, we saw how to set laravel + inertia js project to create a... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:27:41 | https://dev.to/snehalkadwe/laravel-11-inertia-js-vue-crud-example-part-2-493 | laravel, vue, php, womenintech | **Hello Artisan,**
In the previous blog post, we saw how to set laravel + inertia js project to create a crud operation. If you haven't read it yet, then you can read it here [Laravel 11 + Inertia JS (VUE) CRUD Example: Part 1](https://dev.to/snehalkadwe/laravel-11-inertia-js-vue-crud-example-part-1-18oc)
and configure a basic setup. In this part 2 series, we will build the frontend and backend logic and see how easily inertia seamlessly communicates with the laravel.
**Step 1:** Create an Event Controller and add the routes in web.php
```php
php artisan make:controller EventController
```
This route will used to create, read, update, delete events.
```php
// web.php
Route::get('/event', [EventManagementController::class, 'index'])
->name('event.index');
Route::get('/event/create', [EventManagementController::class, 'create'])
->name('event.create');
Route::post('/event/create', [EventManagementController::class, 'store'])
->name('event.store');
Route::get('/event/{event}', [EventManagementController::class, 'show'])
->name('event.show');
Route::get('/event/{event}/edit', [EventManagementController::class, 'edit'])
->name('event.edit');
Route::put('/event/{event}/update', [EventManagementController::class, 'update'])
->name('event.update');
Route::delete('/event/{event}/delete', [EventManagementController::class, 'delete'])
->name('event.delete');
```
**Step 2:** Create a frontend design to create an event using Inertia.
- Create a new folder and name it `EventManagement` in this given path `resources\js\Pages` and within that folder create a vue component as `Create.vue` and add the below code in that component.
```javascript
<script setup>
import AuthenticatedLayout from "@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout.vue";
import { Head, useForm } from "@inertiajs/vue3";
import VueDatePicker from "@vuepic/vue-datepicker";
const form = useForm({
name: "",
location: "",
startDate: "",
endDate: "",
});
const save = () => {
form.post(route("event.store"), {
onFinish: () => form.reset(),
});
};
</script>
<template>
<Head title="Event Management" />
<AuthenticatedLayout>
<template #header>
<h2 class="font-semibold text-xl text-gray-800 leading-tight">
Create Event
</h2>
</template>
<div class="p-12">
<div class="max-w-7xl mx-auto sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
<div class="bg-white overflow-hidden shadow-sm sm:rounded-lg">
<form @submit.prevent="save">
<div class="space-y-12 p-12">
<div class="border-b border-gray-900/10 pb-12">
<h2
class="text-base font-semibold leading-7 text-gray-900"
>
Event
</h2>
<p class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-600">
Add event details here
</p>
<div
class="mt-10 grid grid-cols-1 gap-x-6 gap-y-8 sm:grid-cols-6"
>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="name"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>Event name</label
>
<div class="mt-2">
<input
type="text"
v-model="form.name"
id="name"
autocomplete="event name"
class="block w-full rounded-md border-0 py-1.5 text-gray-900 shadow-sm ring-1 ring-inset ring-gray-300 placeholder:text-gray-400 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-indigo-600 sm:text-sm sm:leading-6"
/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="location"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>Location</label
>
<div class="mt-2">
<input
type="text"
v-model="form.location"
id="location"
autocomplete="location"
class="block w-full rounded-md border-0 py-1.5 text-gray-900 shadow-sm ring-1 ring-inset ring-gray-300 placeholder:text-gray-400 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-indigo-600 sm:text-sm sm:leading-6"
/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="start-date"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>Start Date</label
>
<VueDatePicker
v-model="form.startDate"
/>
</div>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="end-date"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>End date</label
>
<VueDatePicker v-model="form.endDate" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="mt-6 flex items-center justify-end gap-x-6"
>
<button
type="button"
class="text-sm font-semibold leading-6 text-gray-900"
>
Cancel
</button>
<button
type="submit"
class="rounded-md bg-indigo-600 px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-white shadow-sm hover:bg-indigo-500 focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-offset-2 focus-visible:outline-indigo-600"
>
Save
</button>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</AuthenticatedLayout>
</template>
```
- Add the backend code to `EventController` in the `store` method.
```php
public function store(Request $request)
{
$params = $request->all();
$data = [
'name' => $params['name'],
'from_datetime' => $params['startDate'],
'to_datetime' => $params['endDate'],
'location' => $params['location'],
];
Event::create($data);
return redirect()->route('event.index');
}
```
**Step 3:** Create a listing page to show the events. Create `Index.vue` component and add the code below.
```javascript
<script setup>
import AuthenticatedLayout from "@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout.vue";
import { Head, Link, useForm } from "@inertiajs/vue3";
import DangerButton from "@/Components/DangerButton.vue";
import moment from "moment-js";
defineProps({
events: {
type: Array,
},
});
const form = useForm({});
const deleteEvent = (id) => {
if (confirm("Are you sure you want to move this to trash")) {
form.delete(route("event.delete", { id: id }), {
preserveScroll: true,
});
}
};
const formatDate = (date) => {
return moment(date).format("MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm");
};
</script>
<template>
<Head title="Event Management" />
<AuthenticatedLayout>
<template #header>
<h2 class="font-semibold text-xl text-gray-800 leading-tight">
Event Management
</h2>
</template>
<div class="py-12">
<div class="max-w-7xl mx-auto sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
<div class="bg-white overflow-hidden shadow-sm sm:rounded-lg">
<div class="flex justify-between">
<div class="p-6 text-gray-900">List of events</div>
<div class="my-auto px-5">
<Link
:href="route('event.create')"
class="p-3 rounded my-auto text-white bg-blue-500"
>
Create Event
</Link>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flex flex-col p-6">
<div class="overflow-x-auto sm:-mx-6 lg:-mx-8">
<div
class="inline-block min-w-full py-2 sm:px-6 lg:px-8"
>
<div class="overflow-hidden">
<table
class="min-w-full border rounded text-left text-sm font-light text-surface dark:text-white"
>
<thead
class="border-b border-neutral-200 font-medium dark:border-white/10"
>
<tr>
<th
scope="col"
class="px-6 py-4"
>
#
</th>
<th
scope="col"
class="px-6 py-4"
>
Event Name
</th>
<th
scope="col"
class="px-6 py-4"
>
Location
</th>
<th
scope="col"
class="px-6 py-4"
>
Start Date
</th>
<th
scope="col"
class="px-6 py-4"
>
End Date
</th>
<th
scope="col"
class="px-6 py-4"
>
Action
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr
v-for="(event, index) in events"
:key="index"
class="border-b border-neutral-200 dark:border-white/10"
>
<td
class="whitespace-nowrap px-6 py-4"
>
{{ index + 1 }}
</td>
<td
class="whitespace-nowrap px-6 py-4"
>
{{ event.name }}
</td>
<td
class="whitespace-nowrap px-6 py-4"
>
{{ event.location }}
</td>
<td
class="whitespace-nowrap px-6 py-4"
>
{{
formatDate(
event.from_datetime
)
}}
</td>
<td
class="whitespace-nowrap px-6 py-4"
>
{{
formatDate(
event.to_datetime
)
}}
</td>
<td
class="whitespace-nowrap px-6 py-4"
>
<Link
:href="
route(
'event.show',
[event.id]
)
"
class="p-3 rounded my-auto text-white bg-green-600"
>
View
</Link>
<Link
:href="
route(
'event.edit',
{ id: event.id }
)
"
class="ml-2 p-3 rounded my-auto text-white bg-blue-500"
>
Edit
</Link>
<DangerButton
class="ml-2 py-3 rounded my-auto text-white bg-red-500"
@click="
deleteEvent(
event.id
)
"
>
Delete
</DangerButton>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</AuthenticatedLayout>
</template>
```
- Backend code to view all the events
```php
/**
* Show the all the event details
*/
public function index()
{
return Inertia::render('EventManagement/Index', [
'events' => Event::get()
]);
}
```
**Step 4:** Create a view page to show the event details. Create `View.vue` component and add the code below.
```javascript
<script setup>
import AuthenticatedLayout from "@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout.vue";
import moment from "moment-js";
import { Link } from "@inertiajs/vue3";
const props = defineProps({
event: Object,
});
const formatDate = (date) => {
return moment(date).format("MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm");
};
</script>
<template>
<Head :title="props.event.name" />
<AuthenticatedLayout>
<div class="py-12">
<div class="max-w-7xl mx-auto sm:px-6 lg:px-8 space-y-6">
<Link
class="py-3 px-5 m-2 rounded bg-blue-600 text-white float-end"
:href="route('event.index')"
>Back</Link
>
<div class="p-12 px-3 m-auto rounded-lg">
<div class="mt-12 bg-white py-5 px-3 rounded-lg">
<h1 class="text-2xl font-bold">
{{ props.event.name }}
</h1>
<div>
{{ props.event.location }}
</div>
<div class="text-sm">
{{ formatDate(props.event.from_datetime) }} -
{{ formatDate(props.event.to_datetime) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</AuthenticatedLayout>
</template>
```
**Step 5:** Create an edit page to edit the event. Create `Edit.vue` component and add the code below.
```javascript
<script setup>
import AuthenticatedLayout from "@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout.vue";
import { Head, useForm, usePage } from "@inertiajs/vue3";
import VueDatePicker from "@vuepic/vue-datepicker";
import PrimaryButton from "@/Components/PrimaryButton.vue";
const props = defineProps(["event"]);
const form = useForm({
id: props.event.id,
name: props.event.name,
location: props.event.location,
startDate: props.event.from_datetime,
endDate: props.event.to_datetime,
});
const update = () => {
form.put(route("event.update", props.event.id));
};
</script>
<template>
<Head title="Event Management" />
<AuthenticatedLayout>
<template #header>
<h2 class="font-semibold text-xl text-gray-800 leading-tight">
Edit Event
</h2>
</template>
<div class="p-12">
<div class="max-w-7xl mx-auto sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
<div class="bg-white overflow-hidden shadow-sm sm:rounded-lg">
<form @submit.prevent="update">
<div class="space-y-12 p-12">
<div class="border-b border-gray-900/10 pb-12">
<h2
class="text-base font-semibold leading-7 text-gray-900"
>
Event
</h2>
<p class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-600">
Update the event details here
</p>
<div
class="mt-10 grid grid-cols-1 gap-x-6 gap-y-8 sm:grid-cols-6"
>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="name"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>Event name</label
>
<div class="mt-2">
<input
type="text"
v-model="form.name"
id="name"
autocomplete="event name"
class="block w-full rounded-md border-0 py-1.5 text-gray-900 shadow-sm ring-1 ring-inset ring-gray-300 placeholder:text-gray-400 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-indigo-600 sm:text-sm sm:leading-6"
/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="location"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>Location</label
>
<div class="mt-2">
<input
type="text"
v-model="form.location"
id="location"
autocomplete="location"
class="block w-full rounded-md border-0 py-1.5 text-gray-900 shadow-sm ring-1 ring-inset ring-gray-300 placeholder:text-gray-400 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-inset focus:ring-indigo-600 sm:text-sm sm:leading-6"
/>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="start-date"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>Start Date</label
>
<VueDatePicker
v-model="form.startDate"
/>
</div>
<div class="sm:col-span-3">
<label
for="end-date"
class="block text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900"
>End date</label
>
<VueDatePicker v-model="form.endDate" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="mt-6 flex items-center justify-end gap-x-6"
>
<button
type="button"
class="text-sm font-semibold leading-6 text-gray-900"
>
Cancel
</button>
<PrimaryButton
class="bg-indigo-800 hover:bg-blue-500"
>Save</PrimaryButton
>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</AuthenticatedLayout>
</template>
```
- Add this backend code for show create event page, show event, edit, update, and delete an event.
```php
/**
* Show the form for creating a new event.
*/
public function create()
{
return Inertia::render('EventManagement/Create');
}
/**
* Show the event details
*/
public function show(Event $event)
{
return Inertia::render(
'EventManagement/View',
[
'event' => $event
]
);
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*/
public function edit(Event $event)
{
return Inertia::render(
'EventManagement/Edit',
[
'event' => $event
]
);
}
/**
* Update the event
*/
public function update(Request $request, Event $event)
{
$params = $request->all();
$data = [
'name' => $params['name'],
'from_datetime' => $params['startDate'],
'to_datetime' => $params['endDate'],
'location' => $params['location'],
];
$event->update($data);
return redirect()->route('event.index');
}
/**
* Delete event
*/
public function delete(Event $event)
{
$event->delete();
return redirect()->back();
}
```
You can download the code from the github repository here.
[Event Management Github](https://github.com/snehalkadwe/event-management-app)
Happy Coding!!!
Happy Reading!! :unicorn: :heart: | snehalkadwe |
1,884,784 | 1122. Relative Sort Array | 1122. Relative Sort Array Easy Given two arrays arr1 and arr2, the elements of arr2 are distinct,... | 27,523 | 2024-06-11T18:23:31 | https://dev.to/mdarifulhaque/1122-relative-sort-array-2lbd | php, leetcode, algorithms, programming | 1122\. Relative Sort Array
Easy
Given two arrays `arr1` and `arr2`, the elements of `arr2` are distinct, and all elements in `arr2` are also in `arr1`.
Sort the elements of `arr1` such that the relative ordering of items in `arr1` are the same as in `arr2`. Elements that do not appear in `arr2` should be placed at the end of `arr1` in **ascending** order.
**Example 1:**
- **Input:** arr1 = [2,3,1,3,2,4,6,7,9,2,19], arr2 = [2,1,4,3,9,6]
- **Output:** [2,2,2,1,4,3,3,9,6,7,19]
**Example 2:**
- **Input:** arr1 = [28,6,22,8,44,17], arr2 = [22,28,8,6]
- **Output:** [22,28,8,6,17,44]
**Constraints:**
- <code>1 <= arr1.length, arr2.length <= 1000</code>
- <code>0 <= arr1[i], arr2[i] <= 1000</code>
- All the elements of `arr2` are **distinct**.
- Each `arr2[i]` is in `arr1`.
**Solution:**
```
class Solution {
/**
* @param Integer[] $arr1
* @param Integer[] $arr2
* @return Integer[]
*/
function relativeSortArray($arr1, $arr2) {
$result = array();
for ($i = 0; $i < count($arr2); $i++) {
for ($j = 0; $j < count($arr1); $j++) {
if ($arr1[$j] == $arr2[$i]) {
array_push($result, $arr1[$j]);
$arr1[$j] = -1;
}
}
}
sort($arr1);
for ($i = 0; $i < count($arr1); $i++) {
if ($arr1[$i] != -1) {
array_push($result, $arr1[$i]);
}
}
return $result;
}
}
```
**Contact Links**
- **[LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/arifulhaque/)**
- **[GitHub](https://github.com/mah-shamim)**
| mdarifulhaque |
1,884,779 | Sarcasm Detection using Machine Learning. | I’ll walk you through the task of detecting sarcasm with machine learning using the Python... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:12:45 | https://dev.to/samagra07/sarcasm-detection-using-machine-learning-45go | python, ai, machinelearning, programming | I’ll walk you through the task of detecting sarcasm with machine learning using the Python programming language.
It reads a dataset of headlines labeled as sarcastic or non-sarcastic, processes the data to map the labels into human-readable form, and converts the text data into a matrix of token counts using the `CountVectorizer`.
The data is then split into training and testing sets, and a Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier is trained on the training set. The model's accuracy is evaluated on the test set, and it can also predict whether new user-inputted text is sarcastic or not.
```python
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
from sklearn.naive_bayes import BernoulliNB
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
```
These lines import the necessary libraries:
- `pandas` (pd) for data manipulation.
- `numpy` (np) for numerical operations.
- `CountVectorizer` from `sklearn` for converting text data into a matrix of token counts.
- `BernoulliNB` from `sklearn` for implementing the Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier.
- `train_test_split` from `sklearn` for splitting data into training and testing sets.
```python
data = pd.read_json("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/amankharwal/Website-data/master/Sarcasm.json", lines=True)
```
This line reads JSON data from the given URL into a pandas DataFrame. The `lines=True` argument specifies that each line in the file is a separate JSON object.
```python
data.head()
```
Displays the first few rows of the DataFrame to give an overview of the data.
```python
data.tail()
```
Displays the last few rows of the DataFrame to give another overview of the data.
```python
data.columns
```
Shows the column names of the DataFrame.
```python
data.shape
```
Displays the dimensions (number of rows and columns) of the DataFrame.
```python
data['is_sarcastic'] = data['is_sarcastic'].map({0:'No Sarcasm', 1: 'Sarcasm'})
```
Maps the values in the `is_sarcastic` column from 0 and 1 to 'No Sarcasm' and 'Sarcasm' respectively.
```python
data.head()
```
Displays the first few rows of the DataFrame again to show the updated `is_sarcastic` column.
```python
data = data[['headline', 'is_sarcastic']]
```
Selects only the `headline` and `is_sarcastic` columns from the DataFrame for further analysis.
```python
x = np.array(data['headline'])
y = np.array(data['is_sarcastic'])
```
Converts the `headline` and `is_sarcastic` columns to numpy arrays, assigning them to `x` and `y` respectively.
```python
cv = CountVectorizer()
```
Creates an instance of `CountVectorizer` to transform the text data into a matrix of token counts.
```python
X = cv.fit_transform(x)
```
Fits the `CountVectorizer` to the headlines and transforms them into a sparse matrix of token counts, assigned to `X`.
```python
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
```
Splits the data into training and testing sets. 80% of the data is used for training and 20% for testing. The `random_state=42` ensures reproducibility.
```python
model = BernoulliNB()
```
Creates an instance of the Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier.
```python
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
```
Trains the model using the training data (`X_train` and `y_train`).
```python
print(model.score(X_test, y_test))
```
Prints the accuracy of the model on the test data.
```python
user = input("Enter the text here")
```
Prompts the user to enter a piece of text for sarcasm detection.
```python
data = cv.transform([user]).toarray()
```
Transforms the user input text into the same format as the training data (a sparse matrix of token counts).
```python
output = model.predict(data)
```
Uses the trained model to predict whether the user input text is sarcastic or not.
```python
print(output)
```
Prints the prediction result.
You can find the dataset [_here_](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/amankharwal/Website-data/master/Sarcasm.json), and colab notebook [_here_](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1UyZgcO8fwN4j8lbUILWrl68Gro2cMru8?authuser=2#scrollTo=0t_OHNlrcH0r) also you can follow me on [_Github_](https://github.com/samagra44).
Happy Coding! | samagra07 |
1,884,778 | Mold Removal and Restoration Services By Carolina Duct And Crawl | Mold Removal and Restoration Services By Carolina Duct And Crawl** Mold Remediation & Mold... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:11:30 | https://dev.to/carolinaductandcrawll/mold-removal-and-restoration-services-by-carolina-duct-and-crawl-1cf1 | **[Mold Removal and Restoration Services By Carolina Duct And Crawl](https://carolinaductandcrawl.com/)****
Mold Remediation & Mold Removal
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**WHAT IS MOLD, and WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?**
The fungal mold can be found in humid and moist conditions and includes a variety of species. The mold spores that benefit the mold species to expand and reproduce, may be transferred to new places through water or air. The growth of mold occurs excellent in humid environments because of flooding, high humidity and slow leaks or damaged pipes. It is not able to thrive in the absence of humidity.
CAN YOU GET SICK LIVING IN A HOUSE WITH A MOLD INFESTATION?
Inhaling mold spores could aggravate asthma symptoms, lead to fatigue and irritation to the lungs and mucous membranes. Anyone suffering from allergies or an immune system that is weak should stay clear of exposure to mold. Black mold may cause symptoms similar to that of illnesses, including coughing.
Sneezing, watery eyes, itchy skin, and a swollen nose.
Make sure your home is protected and protects your health from the dangers of mold.
It's not a secret that mold is unpleasant. However, that's just part of the issue. Although it may cause harm to your house, it also poses a threat to the health of your family and you. To prevent serious harm to your home as well as your own health contact us immediately to speak to our expert mold inspectors and experts when you notice issues.
Mold can cause:
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Health issues can be characterized by skin irritation and headaches, as well as breathing issues, allergic reactions and a boost in asthma-related symptoms.
**Warning Signs of Mold in Your Home**
Do you think that there is mold in your home? Some of the indicators include:
There are black spots on your floors, walls or even on your ceiling.
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If water damage has occurred it is possible to smell or discolorations.
**Taking Mold Removal Measures**
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What Is the Procedure for Mold Remediation?
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We employ techniques for containment to stop mold from growing or infecting nearby areas. All cooling, fans or heating units are turned off to prevent the growth of mold from spreading. Our experts tackle the mold issue.
4. Air Purification
Our cutting-edge technology for filtration allows our technicians to take small micro-spores of mold from air. We utilize the most effective "air scrubbers" and HEPA vacuums to stop the spread of mold spores during the removal process.
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We utilize antifungal and antibacterial products to get rid of colonies of mold. If you need to eliminate significant mold growth this method involves removal and elimination of porous mold-infested substances like carpets, drywall and insulation.
6. Cleaning
Our experts will clean up the moldy structural components like flooring fixtures, frames, HVAC, as well as other mechanical parts. Our aim is to raise your Indoor atmosphere quality (IAQ). Other things, like drapes, décor, or even important documents, could require additional focus due to mold.
7. Restoration
Based on the extent of mold damage the subfloors, drywall and other building elements could be taken away. Small repairs, like replacing drywall, painting and laying new carpet are possible by restoring. There may be a need for extensive repairs, such as the reconstruction of different rooms or areas within your house.
Why Choose Carolina Duct and Crawl for Mold Removal and Remediation?
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Schedule an appointment to receive an estimate by contacting immediately. When you have Carolina Duct and Crawl with you and your home is safe, you can be sure that your home is safe and safe from mold.
| carolinaductandcrawll | |
1,884,776 | SOLID Principles for Android | In this article we will see the remaining Principles, if you haven't went through the first two... | 27,686 | 2024-06-11T18:07:45 | https://dev.to/rishi2062/solid-principles-for-android-2f5f | android, opensource, solidprinciples, oops | 
In this article we will see the remaining Principles,
if you haven't went through the first two principle
refer its first part.
> L - Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
This principle says that we need to ensure that subclasses can replace their base classes without altering the correctness of the program.
Here its objective is , whenever we use subclasses, it should be substitutable in a manner it should not give any error and ofcourse should work without changing the base class behaviour.
Let's take a real example - Say a store have generic payment system, having payment processed and refund processed category, now say store wants to include a new payment system Gift card, so here refund is not allowed, so if this giftCard throws exception on invoking refundProcess then it violates the LSP principle.
You can correct it as :
```
interface Payment{
fun paymentProcessed()
}
interface Refund{
fun refundProcessed()
}
class CashPayment : Payment,Refund {
override fun paymentProcessed() {
println("Cash Payment Processed")
}
override fun refundProcessed() {
println("Cash Refund Processed")
}
}
class GiftCardPayment : Payment,Refund {
override fun paymentProcessed() {
println("Gift Card Payment Processed")
}
override fun refundProcessed() {
println("Refund for GiftCard is Not Supported")
}
}
```
Here it may look like, we can avoid directly but in big scenario, we need to ensure the if there is any restriction for one of the subclasses, it should execute without any exception.
> I - Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
Probably the easiest principle to understand,
This principle says that, the methods that are declared in the interface should not be forced to implement, if its subclass doesn't requires it.
Lets say a person can do many jobs like engineer, doctor, Civil service, but treating a patient is not something engineers can do, so to adhere with ISP, we can create separate interfaces from person then we can use them.
```
interface Person {
fun engineer()
fun doctor()
fun teacher()
}
class Engineer : Person {
override fun engineer() {
println("Engineering")
}
}
```
here this code will give error, as engineer class should not implement other methods, but here it is forced to.
To fix this
```
interface Person {
fun engineer(){}
fun doctor(){}
fun teacher(){}
}
class Engineer : Person {
override fun engineer() {
println("Engineering")
}
}
```
Here this code is just an example on how you can adhere to ISP.
> D - Dependency Inversion Principle
This principle says that, for any implementations, we should depend on their abstractions and not on their concrete implementation.
For this i will give two examples,
first is, If you are following Android best practices, then you might have noticed that, if you have repository in your app then in your UI layer you were using repository abstraction and in data layer, you were using that repositoryImplementation, this is one example of DIP,
another example would be, say you are using authentication methods in your app, then instead of having a concrete extension, you can make it abstract and then use its function.
This helps in various ways, first your UI layer or whoever is using the abstraction will only know what is happening and how it is happening will be hidden. second when you use generic abstraction, it gives you a vast way of implementation on how that abstraction should work.
Let's see with the code,
```
class LoginMethod(
private val firebaseAuth: FirebaseAuth,
private val fieldValidator: FieldValidator,
private val errorHandler: ErrorHandler
) {
fun signIn(email: String, password: String) {
// Authentication
try {
firebaseAuth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(email, password)
println("Login successful")
} catch (e: Exception) {
// Error handling
errorHandler.handleError(e)
}
}
}
```
Here the Firebase Auth is concrete implementation, now it has two cons, first your subclass is also aware of how it is working second if you want to use other authentications, we are restricted to do so here.
Let's Fix it
```
class LoginMethod(
private val authentication: Authenticator,
private val fieldValidator: FieldValidator,
private val errorHandler: ErrorHandler
) {
fun signIn(email: String, password: String) {
// Authentication
try {
authentication.signInWithEmailAndPassword(email, password)
println("Login successful")
} catch (e: Exception) {
// Error handling
errorHandler.handleError(e)
}
}
}
interface Authenticator{
fun signInWithEmailAndPassword(email: String, password: String)
fun signInWithGoogle()
}
class AuthImpl(
private val firebaseAuth: FirebaseAuth
) : Authenticator {
override fun signInWithEmailAndPasswordWithFirebase(email: String, password: String) {
firebaseAuth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(email, password)
}
override fun signInWithGoogle() {
signInWithGoogle()
}
}
```
Hope till now, if you are with me, this article might have helped you in understanding these principles. But in order to make it muscle memory you need to start using these principles.
If you have any suggestions, open for any discussions.
| rishi2062 |
1,856,933 | A Smart solution to your USD problems? | If you're one of the people that opening a Foreign account has shown shege…..Then you're in the right... | 0 | 2024-06-11T18:03:07 | https://dev.to/hnkomuwa/a-smart-solution-to-your-usd-problems-44p5 | usd, fintech, finance, cleva |
If you're one of the people that opening a Foreign account has shown shege…..Then you're in the right place.
**<u>Meet your friends…
</u>**
<b>Meet Jesse.</b>
<Br>
**Jesse** is a Video editor who works with foreign Creators to create stunning videos. Jesse is well known for his amazing skills especially among his customers, but Jesse has a problem, a big problem.
<br>
He can't access his PayPal account anymore, and he has no way of receiving the money he just worked for.
Jesse begins to think of who he can call abroad…..
<hr>
<Br>
Then there's Cynthia.
<hr>
**Cynthia** recently won a Competition. An international competition Valued at $3000. The money would help her sort out her university bills, and other things.
<Br>
After sharing the good news with her family, and they had all rejoiced, then this issue showed itself.
<Br>
How was she going to Collect her winnings?
Surely she couldn't send her local GTB acc....
<Hr>
This story won't be complete without **Akpos**.
**Akpos** is a Sharp Guy.
While most of his mates marketed for the Nigerian space alone, Akpos saw the bigger picture, and so he marketed his skin care products in a way that he reached the foreign audience.
<Br>
He just got his first customer some minutes ago.
Now After constant convincing, he realized that his customer wants to wire the payment to him.
<Br>
Only to find out that the foreign banking app he uses doesn't accept Wire transfers....
<Br>
Now **Akpos** is Confused….He doesn't know what to do or who to call, because his customer has given him a few minutes.
<Hr>
<Br>
<Br>
Countless freelancers all around Nigeria have experienced something similar.
It's been a drag for Nigerians and Africans in general, to receive money from Foreign businesses.
<b>This is the problem Cleva solves.</b>
Cleva is a banking solution, that aims to help facilitate USD transactions for African Freelancers and business people.
> There was a time when the only choice for online Payments was PayPal, then eh, I dey fear like madd, because if them go block my account lasan….My own don finish”, Jerry The video editor said.
<i>Cleva does not just support **Wired Transfers** alone, but also supports **ACH transfers** ( for salary earners whose funds take 1-3 days to drop).</i>
<Br>
You can even request for a card..
Here's the best thing, This process doesn't take up to 5 minutes.
[You can read this article for More understanding](https://dev.to/hnkomuwa/how-to-open-a-usd-account-on-cleva-14n8)
-
I'll have you keep it in mind that Cleva is your best choice for receiving money in USD.
There is no app better.
<B>Open a Cleva account today</B>, and do things the smart way.
| hnkomuwa |
1,883,266 | Understanding Memory Management, Pointers, and Function Pointers in C | In C programming, efficient memory management and the use of pointers are crucial for creating robust... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:56:37 | https://dev.to/emanuelgustafzon/understanding-memory-management-pointers-and-function-pointers-in-c-8ld | pointers, functionpointers, memorymanagement, c | In C programming, efficient memory management and the use of pointers are crucial for creating robust and high-performance applications. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of different types of memory, pointers, references, dynamic memory allocation, and function pointers, complete with examples to help you master these concepts. Whether you are new to C or looking to deepen your understanding, this guide covers essential topics to enhance your coding skills.
# Different types of memory.
There is 5 different types of memory that you will encounter when programming in C.
<u>1. Text segment</u>
Your compiled code is stored here. The machine code instructions for your program. The text segment is read only so you cannot change any data but you can access it. Further down we’ll talk about function pointers. Those pointers point to a function in this segment.
<u>2. Initialized Data Segment</u>
Global and static variables are stored here, with specific values before the program runs and stay accessible throughout the program.
The difference between static and global variables is the scope, static variables is accessible in the function or block, it is defined but global variables can be accessed from anywhere in your program.
Normal variables are removed after a function is done executing while static variables remain.
<u>3. Unitialized Data Segment (BSS) </u>
Basically the same as initialized data segment but consists of variables without a specific value assigned to it. They have a value of 0 by default.
<u>4. Heap </u>
Here you have dynamic memory that you as a programmer can manage at run time. You can allocate memory and free memory with functions like malloc, calloc, realloc and free.
<u>5. Stack</u>
You are probably somewhat familiar with the stack. The stack memory manages function executions by storing local variables, arguments, and return values. The memory in the stack is removed after the function is done executing.
# Data types and amount of storage.
In C you have different data types and the most common is int, float, double and char. I will not talk much about data types but the important thing is to know how many bytes a specific data type have in memory. Here is a list, keep it in mind.
`Int: 4 bytes,
Float: 4 bytes,
Double: 8 bytes,
Char: 1 byte.
`
You can check the size of a data type with the `sizeof() method`.
# Pointers and References.
When you assign a variable like;
```
int number = 5;
```
The system will store the value of 5 in memory. But where in memory?
In memory there is actually addresses, and that’s how you can keep track of the values you have stored.
A `reference` is a variable’s address. Quite cool, right?
To access the reference of a variable use `&` followed by the variable name.
To print the reference to the console, we use the `p` format specifier.
```
int number = 5;
printf(“%d”, number);
// prints out 5
printf(“%p”, &number);
// prints out the ref: 0x7ffd8379a74c
```
You probably get another address printed out.
Now to keep track of that reference use a `pointer to store the reference.`
Create a pointer variable by using `*`.
```
int number;
int* pointer = &number;
printf(“%p”, pointer);
// 0x7ffd8379a74c
```
To get the value from a pointer you can use `dereference`. To derefernce a value you use `*` before the pointer. So `*` is used both to create a pointer and dereference it, but in different contexts.
```
int number = 5; // create variable.
int* pointer = &number //store the reference in the pointer
printf(“%p”, pointer); // print the reference
// 0x7ffd8379a74c
printf(“%d”, *pointer); // dereference the value.
// 5
```
This is powerful because with pointers you can pass values by reference and not copy values. This is memory efficient and performant.
When you pass values to a function as arguments in a high level language you copy the values but in C you can send a reference and manipulate the value directly in memory.
```
#include <stdio.h>
void flipValues(int *a, int *b) { // receives two pointers of type int
int temp = *a; // dereference pointer a and store it’s value in temp
*a = *b; // dereference pointer b and store in pointer a
*b = temp; // dereference b and change value to the value of temp
}
int main(void) {
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
flipValues(&a, &b); // pass the references of a and b
printf("a is now %d and b is %d", a, b);
// a is now 10 and b is 20
return 0;
}
```
A pointer can be declared as int* name; or int *name; both styles are correct and interchangeable.
# Allocate and Deallocate dynamic memory.
When you declare a variable like `int num = 5;` inside a function including the main function, that variable is stored in the stack, and when the function is done executing the variable is removed.
But now we will allocate memory dynamically in the heap. Then we have full control over how much memory we need, and it will persist until we deallocate it.
## Malloc and Calloc.
We can use the functions malloc or calloc to allocate memory.
Malloc takes one parameter representing the size of memory to allocate in bytes.
Calloc takes two parameters, the amount of items and how much memory in bytes each item occupies.
`malloc(size)`
`calloc(amount, size)`
calloc initializes all allocated memory to 0, while malloc leaves the memory uninitialized, making malloc slightly more efficient.
You can use sizeof to indicate how much memory you need. In the example we use malloc to allocate space for 4 integers.
```
int* data;
data = malloc(sizeof(int) * 4);
```
Here is a visualization:
Pointer->`[],[],[],[]` `[],[],[],[]` `[],[],[],[]` `[],[],[],[]`
1. Each bracket is a byte so here we see 16 bytes in memory.
2. The malloc function allocates 4 x 4 bytes in memory, resulting in 16 bytes.
3. int* data is a pointer of type int, so it points to the 4 first bytes in memory.
Therefore, pointer + 1 moves the pointer one step to the right, referring to the next integer in memory, which is 4 bytes away.
```
int* data;
data = malloc(sizeof(int) * 4);
*data = 10; // change first value to 10.
*(data + 1) = 20; // change second value to 20.
*(data + 2) = 30;
*(data + 3) = 40;
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
printf("%d\n", *(data + i));
}
```
This is how an array work!
When you declare an array, the array name is a pointer to its first element.
```
int numbers[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 };
printf("%p\n", &numbers);
printf("%p", &numbers[0]);
// 0x7ffe91c73c80
// 0x7ffe91c73c80
```
As shown, the address of the array name is the same as the address of its first element.
## Realloc
Sometimes you want to reallocate memory. A normal use case is when you need more memory then you initially allocated with malloc or calloc.
The `realloc` function takes 2 parameters. A pointer to where your data currently is located, and the size of memory you need.
```
int* pointer2 = realloc(*pointer1, size);
```
The realloc function will first check if the size of data can be stored at the current address and otherwise it will find another address to store it.
It’s unlikely but if there is not enough memory to reallocate the function will return null.
```
int *ptr1, *ptr2;
// Allocate memory
ptr1 = malloc(4);
// Attempt to resize the memory
ptr2 = realloc(ptr1, 8);
// Check whether realloc is able to resize the memory or not
if (ptr2 == NULL) {
// If reallocation fails
printf("Failed. Unable to resize memory");
} else {
// If reallocation is sucessful
printf("Success. 8 bytes reallocated at address %p \n", ptr2);
ptr1 = ptr2; // Update ptr1 to point to the newly allocated memory
}
```
## Free memory
After you have allocated memory and don’t use it anymore. Deallocate it with the `free()` function with a pointer to the data to be freed.
After that, it is considered good practice to set the pointer to null so that the address is no longer referenced so that you don’t accidentally use that pointer again.
```
int *ptr;
ptr = malloc(sizeof(*ptr));
free(ptr);
ptr = NULL;
```
Remember that the same memory is used in your whole program and other programs running on the computer.
If you don’t free the memory it’s called data leak and you occupy memory for nothing. And if you accidentally change a pointer you have freed you can delete data from another part of your program or another program.
## Create a Vector (dynamic array).
You can use your current knowledge to create a dynamic array.
As you may know, you can use structs to group data and are powerful to create data structures.
```
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct List {
int *data; // Pointer to the list data
int elements; // Number of elements in the list
int capacity; // How much memmory the list can hold
};
void append(struct List *myList, int item);
void print(struct List *myList);
void free_list(struct List *myList);
int main() {
struct List list;
// initialize the list with no elements and capazity of 5 elements
list.elements = 0;
list.capacity = 5;
list.data = malloc(list.capacity * sizeof(int));
// Error handeling for allocation data
if (list.data == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed");
return 1; // Exit the program with an error code
}
// append 10 elements
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
append(&list, i + 1);
};
// Print the list
print(&list);
// Free the list data
free_list(&list);
return 0;
}
// This function adds an item to a list
void append(struct List *list, int item) {
// If the list is full then resize the list with thedouble amount
if (list->elements == list->capacity) {
list->capacity *= 2;
list->data = realloc( list->data, list->capacity * sizeof(int) );
}
// Add the item to the end of the list
list->data[list->elements] = item;
list->elements++;
}
void print(struct List *list) {
for (int i = 0; i < list->elements; i++) {
printf("%d ", list->data[i]);
}
}
void free_list(struct List *list) {
free(list->data);
list->data = NULL;
}
```
# Static data
## Global variables.
When declaring a variable above the main function they are stored in the data segment and are allocated in memory before the program starts and persists throughout the program and is accessible from all functions and blocks.
```
#include <stdio.h>
int globalVar = 10; // Stored in initilized data segment
int unitilizedGlobalVar; // Stored in uninitialized data segment
int main() {
printf("global variable %d\n", globalVar); printf("global uninitilized variable %d", unitilizedGlobalVar);
// global variable 10
// global uninitilized variable 0
return 0;
}
```
## Static variables
They work the same as global ones but are defined in a certain block but they are also allocated before the program starts and persist throughout the program. This is a good way of keeping the state of a variable. Use the keyword `static` when declaring the variable.
Here is a silly example where you have a function keeping the state of how many fruits you find in a garden using a `static` variable.
```
#include <stdio.h>
void countingFruits(int n) {
// the variable is static and will remain through function calls and you can store the state of the variable
static int totalFruits;
totalFruits += n;
printf( "Total fruits: %d\n", totalFruits);
}
void pickingApples(int garden[], int size) {
// search for apples
int totalApples = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if(garden[i] == 1) {
totalApples++;
}
}
countingFruits(totalApples);
}
void pickingOranges(int garden[], int size) {
// search for oranges
int totalOranges = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if(garden[i] == 2) {
totalOranges++;
}
}
countingFruits(totalOranges);
}
int main() {
// A garden where you pick fruits, 0 is no fruit and 1 is apple and 2 is orange
int garden[] = {0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2,
2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1
};
// the length of the garden
int size = sizeof(garden) / sizeof(garden[0]);
pickingApples(garden, size);
// now the total fruits is 5
pickingOranges(garden, size);
// now the total fruits is 9
return 0;
}
```
# Understanding Function Pointers in C.
Function pointers are a powerful feature in C that allow you to store the address of a function and call that function through the pointer. They are particularly useful for implementing callback functions and passing functions as arguments to other functions.
Function pointers reference functions in the text segment of memory. The text segment is where the compiled machine code of your program is stored.
## Defining a Function Pointer
You define a function pointer by specifying the return type, followed by an asterisk * and the name of the pointer in parentheses, and finally the parameter types. This declaration specifies the signature of the function the pointer can point to.
```
int(*funcPointer)(int, int)
```
## Using a Function Pointer
To use a function pointer, you assign it the address of a function with a matching signature and then call the function through the pointer.
You can call a function of the same signature from the function pointer
```
#include <stdio.h>
void greet() {
printf("Hello!\n");
}
int main() {
// Declare a function pointer and initialize it to point to the 'greet' function
void (*funcPtr)();
funcPtr = greet;
// Call the function using the function pointer
funcPtr();
return 0;
}
```
## Passing Function Pointers as Parameters
Function pointers can be passed as parameters to other functions, allowing for flexible and reusable code. This is commonly used for callbacks.
```
#include <stdio.h>
// Callback 1
void add(int a, int b) {
int sum = a + b;
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, sum);
}
// Callback 2
void multiply(int a, int b) {
int sum = a * b;
printf("%d x %d = %d\n", a, b, sum);
}
// Math function recieving a callback
void math(int a, int b, void (*callback)(int, int)) {
// Call the callback function
callback(a, b);
}
int main() {
int a = 2;
int b = 3;
// Call math with add callback
math(a, b, add);
// Call math with multiply callback
math(a, b, multiply);
return 0;
}
```
## Explanation of the Callback Example
Callback Functions: Define two functions, add and multiply, that will be used as callbacks. Each function takes two integers as parameters and prints the result of their respective operations.
Math Function: Define a function math that takes two integers and a function pointer (callback) as parameters. This function calls the callback function with the provided integers.
Main Function: In the main function, call math with different callback functions (add and multiply) to demonstrate how different operations can be performed using the same math function.
The output of the program is:
```
2 + 3 = 5
2 x 3 = 6
```
Thanks for reading and happy coding!
| emanuelgustafzon |
1,884,773 | Tren Terbaru dalam Industri Judi Online yang Harus Anda Ketahui | Tren Terbaru dalam Industri Judi Online yang Harus Anda Ketahui Industri judi online... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:54:36 | https://dev.to/lanasalazar/tren-terbaru-dalam-industri-judi-online-yang-harus-anda-ketahui-38on | webdev, javascript, react, python | Tren Terbaru dalam Industri Judi Online yang Harus Anda Ketahui
===============================================================
Industri judi online terus berkembang pesat seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi dan perubahan preferensi konsumen. Bagi pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional, memahami tren terbaru dalam industri ini sangat penting untuk tetap relevan dan meraih kesuksesan. Artikel ini akan memberikan wawasan mendalam, statistik terbaru, dan contoh nyata tentang permainan judi online, dengan fokus pada tren terbaru. Gaya bahasa yang digunakan akan profesional dan informatif, mengarahkan pembaca kepada pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional.
Pertumbuhan Industri Judi Online
--------------------------------
Industri judi **[dewapoker](https://neon.ly/vgRW6)** online terus mengalami pertumbuhan yang signifikan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Menurut statistik terbaru, pendapatan global dari judi online diperkirakan mencapai angka sekitar $100 miliar pada tahun 2022. Kemudahan akses, inovasi teknologi, dan perubahan regulasi telah menjadi faktor utama dalam menyokong pertumbuhan industri judi online. Berkat perkembangan internet dan konektivitas yang semakin luas, pemain judi online sekarang dapat dengan mudah mengakses berbagai platform perjudian dari kenyamanan rumah mereka sendiri. Selain itu, inovasi teknologi seperti penggunaan kecerdasan buatan, blockchain, dan virtual reality telah menghadirkan pengalaman bermain yang lebih menarik dan imersif.
Perubahan regulasi juga memainkan peran penting dalam mengatur industri judi online. Banyak negara telah mengadopsi kerangka hukum yang baru atau memperbarui peraturan yang ada untuk memastikan praktik yang adil, transparansi, dan perlindungan bagi pemain. Pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional harus memahami tren ini dan mengambil langkah-langkah yang tepat untuk memanfaatkannya.
Bagi pemilik bisnis judi online, penting untuk memahami peraturan dan persyaratan yang berlaku di yurisdiksi mereka. Mereka harus memastikan bahwa platform mereka memenuhi standar keamanan dan keadilan yang ditetapkan oleh otoritas yang berwenang. Selain itu, pemilik bisnis juga harus memperhatikan tren teknologi terbaru dan mengadopsi inovasi yang relevan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna dan membedakan diri mereka dari pesaing.
Sementara itu, pemain judi online profesional harus memahami perubahan regulasi terkait dengan undang-undang perjudian di negara tempat mereka bermain. Mereka harus mencari platform yang berlisensi dan terpercaya yang mematuhi aturan yang ketat dalam hal keamanan dan keadilan permainan. Memahami tren teknologi juga penting bagi pemain judi online untuk memanfaatkan fitur-fitur terbaru yang meningkatkan peluang kemenangan dan memberikan pengalaman bermain yang lebih memuaskan.
Dalam rangka mengambil langkah-langkah yang tepat, pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional harus mengikuti perkembangan terbaru dalam industri ini. Mereka dapat mengikuti publikasi dan forum industri, menghadiri konferensi dan acara terkait judi online, serta menjalin kemitraan dengan ahli dan profesional lainnya. Dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan memahami tren terbaru, mereka dapat mengambil keputusan yang lebih cerdas dan memanfaatkan peluang yang ada.
Kesimpulannya, kemudahan akses, inovasi teknologi, dan perubahan regulasi telah menjadi faktor utama dalam mendukung pertumbuhan industri judi online. Pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional harus memahami tren ini dan mengambil langkah-langkah yang tepat untuk memanfaatkannya. Dengan menjaga diri mereka up-to-date dengan perubahan industri dan mengadopsi inovasi yang relevan, mereka dapat tetap kompetitif, memperoleh keunggulan, dan meraih kesuksesan dalam industri perjudian online yang kompetitif ini.
Perkembangan Mobile Gaming
--------------------------
Salah satu tren terbesar dalam industri judi **[poker88](https://neon.ly/mw4kD)** online adalah perkembangan mobile gaming. Dengan semakin banyaknya pengguna ponsel pintar di seluruh dunia, aksesibilitas permainan judi online melalui perangkat mobile menjadi sangat penting. Statistik menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2023, lebih dari 80% taruhan judi online akan dilakukan melalui perangkat mobile. Pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional harus memastikan bahwa platform mereka dioptimalkan untuk pengalaman bermain yang lancar dan responsif di perangkat mobile.
**Pertumbuhan E-Sports Betting**
E-Sports betting telah menjadi tren yang sangat populer dalam industri judi online. E-Sports, atau permainan video kompetitif, telah menjadi fenomena global dengan jutaan penggemar di seluruh dunia. Menurut statistik terbaru, pendapatan dari e-Sports betting diperkirakan mencapai angka sekitar $23 miliar pada tahun 2023. Pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional dapat memanfaatkan tren ini dengan menyediakan opsi taruhan e-Sports yang menarik dan mengikuti perkembangan kompetisi e-Sports terkini.
**Peningkatan Pengalaman Pengguna**
Peningkatan pengalaman pengguna telah menjadi fokus utama dalam industri judi online saat ini. Pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi **[dominobet](https://neon.ly/vkB8j)** online profesional harus mengutamakan desain antarmuka yang intuitif, kecepatan loading yang cepat, dan pengalaman bermain yang menarik. Pengguna mengharapkan layanan yang mudah digunakan dan responsif. Contoh nyata dari peningkatan pengalaman pengguna adalah implementasi teknologi kecerdasan buatan dan realitas virtual dalam permainan judi online. Ini memberikan interaksi yang lebih mendalam dan imersif bagi pemain.
**Keamanan dan Regulasi yang Ditingkatkan**
Keamanan dan regulasi dalam industri judi online semakin penting bagi pemilik bisnis dan pemain judi online profesional. Dalam upaya untuk melindungi pemain dan mencegah penipuan, banyak negara telah memperkuat peraturan dan persyaratan. Pemilik bisnis judi online harus memastikan bahwa platform mereka memenuhi standar keamanan yang ketat dan mematuhi regulasi yang berlaku. Pemain judi online profesional juga harus memilih platform yang terpercaya dan berlisensi untuk memastikan keamanan dan keadilan permainan.
### Kesimpulan Tren Terbaru dalam Industri Judi Online
Pemahaman tentang tren terbaru dalam industri judi **[domino88](https://neon.ly/N4Z7z)** online adalah kunci untuk meraih kesuksesan dalam lingkungan yang kompetitif. Pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional harus terus mengikuti perkembangan terbaru, termasuk pertumbuhan mobile gaming, e-Sports betting, peningkatan pengalaman pengguna, dan keamanan yang ditingkatkan. Dengan memanfataknolgi dan strategi yang tepat, mereka dapat memanfaatkan peluang yang ada dan meraih kesuksesan jangka panjang dalam industri judi online. Penting untuk selalu mematuhi peraturan dan regulasi yang berlaku serta memprioritaskan keamanan pengguna demi membangun reputasi yang kuat.
Dalam kesimpulan, tren terbaru dalam industri judi online memberikan peluang besar bagi pemilik bisnis judi online dan pemain judi online profesional. Pertumbuhan mobile gaming, e-Sports betting, peningkatan pengalaman pengguna, dan keamanan yang ditingkatkan adalah faktor-faktor utama yang harus diperhatikan. Dengan memanfaatkan tren ini dengan bijak dan mengikuti perkembangan terbaru, mereka dapat tetap relevan, meraih keuntungan yang signifikan, dan mencapai kesuksesan dalam industri perjudian online yang kompetitif ini. | lanasalazar |
1,884,772 | Creative HTML Accordion | Style 1 | This project showcases a stylish and functional HTML accordion, perfect for educational websites. The... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:52:38 | https://dev.to/creative_salahu/creative-html-accordion-style-1-4ml1 | codepen | This project showcases a stylish and functional HTML accordion, perfect for educational websites. The design includes an accordion with a clean and modern aesthetic, integrated with Font Awesome icons for visual appeal. It features:
A responsive layout that adapts seamlessly across devices
Smooth toggle animations for opening and closing accordion sections
A content area showcasing how this design can be used for educational purposes, with details about the Histudy course and support information
Technologies used:
HTML5
CSS3
jQuery
Font Awesome
Feel free to explore the code and see how you can integrate a similar accordion into your own projects!
{% codepen https://codepen.io/CreativeSalahu/pen/WNBZJRr %} | creative_salahu |
1,884,771 | Exploring Test Case Generators: Revolutionizing Software Testing | In the dynamic landscape of software development, quality assurance (QA) and testing are critical to... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:44:22 | https://dev.to/keploy/exploring-test-case-generators-revolutionizing-software-testing-7pe | testing, case, webdev, opensource |
In the dynamic landscape of software development, quality assurance (QA) and testing are critical to delivering reliable and efficient software products. An essential aspect of the QA process is the creation of test cases, which outline the conditions under which a system or application is evaluated. However, manually writing test cases can be time-consuming and error-prone. This is where [test case generator](https://keploy.io/test-case-generator) come into play, offering a solution that automates the generation of test cases, ensuring thorough and efficient testing. In this article, we will explore the concept of test case generator, their benefits, different types, best practices, and popular tools available in the market.
**What is a Test Case Generator?**
A test case generator is a software tool that automates the creation of test cases based on predefined criteria, requirements, or input data. These tools leverage algorithms and logic to produce test cases that cover various scenarios, including edge cases, functional requirements, and performance criteria. Test case generators can significantly reduce the effort required to write test cases manually, increase test coverage, and ensure that critical paths and scenarios are not overlooked.
**Benefits of Using Test Case Generators**
1. Efficiency and Speed
Test case generators automate the process of creating test cases, significantly reducing the time and effort required compared to manual methods. This allows QA teams to focus on other critical aspects of testing and development.
2. Increased Test Coverage
Automated test case generation ensures comprehensive coverage of various scenarios, including edge cases that might be missed during manual test case creation. This leads to more robust testing and higher quality software.
3. Consistency and Accuracy
By using predefined criteria and algorithms, test case generators produce consistent and accurate test cases, minimizing the risk of human error and ensuring that all critical scenarios are addressed.
4. Scalability
Test case generators can easily scale to handle large and complex applications, generating thousands of test cases quickly and efficiently. This scalability is essential for modern software development projects with extensive testing requirements.
5. Cost Savings
Automating test case generation can lead to significant cost savings by reducing the time and resources needed for manual test case creation and by identifying defects early in the development process, thus lowering the cost of fixing issues.
**Types of Test Case Generators**
1. Model-Based Test Case Generators
Model-based test case generators use models of the system under test to generate test cases. These models can be state diagrams, flowcharts, or UML diagrams that represent the functionality and behavior of the system. By analyzing these models, the generator can create test cases that cover different states and transitions.
2. Specification-Based Test Case Generators
These generators use formal specifications or requirements documents to generate test cases. The specifications define the expected behavior of the system, and the generator creates test cases that validate whether the system meets these requirements.
3. Random Test Case Generators
Random test case generators produce test cases based on random input data and scenarios. While these generators may not ensure comprehensive coverage, they can be useful for stress testing and identifying unexpected edge cases.
4. Data-Driven Test Case Generators
Data-driven test case generators create test cases based on input data sets. These generators are particularly useful for testing applications with various input combinations and conditions, ensuring that all possible data scenarios are covered.
5. Code-Based Test Case Generators
These generators analyze the source code of the application to produce test cases. By examining the code paths, logic, and conditions, they generate test cases that ensure the code is thoroughly tested.
**Best Practices for Using Test Case Generators**
1. Define Clear Objectives
Before using a test case generator, define clear objectives for what you aim to achieve with the generated test cases. Understand the scope, requirements, and critical areas of the application that need to be tested.
2. Select the Right Type of Generator
Choose the appropriate type of test case generator based on your testing needs. For instance, if you have a well-defined model of the system, a model-based generator might be the best choice. For testing various input combinations, a data-driven generator would be more suitable.
3. Validate Generated Test Cases
Always review and validate the test cases generated by the tool to ensure they meet your testing requirements and accurately reflect the system’s functionality. This step helps identify any gaps or inaccuracies in the generated test cases.
4. Integrate with Existing Tools
Integrate the test case generator with your existing testing and development tools to streamline the workflow. Many test case generators offer integrations with popular CI/CD pipelines, test management tools, and bug tracking systems.
5. Iterate and Improve
Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the generated test cases and make improvements as needed. Update the criteria, models, or input data to enhance the quality and coverage of the test cases.
6. Combine with Manual Testing
While test case generators can automate a significant portion of test case creation, it is essential to complement automated testing with manual testing. Manual testing can identify issues that automated tests might miss, such as usability and visual defects.
**Popular Test Case Generator Tools**
1. TestComplete
TestComplete by SmartBear is a comprehensive test automation tool that supports the generation of test cases for web, desktop, and mobile applications. It offers keyword-driven testing, data-driven testing, and robust integration capabilities.
2. Tosca Testsuite
Tosca Testsuite by Tricentis is a model-based test automation tool that generates test cases based on application models. It supports continuous testing and integration with various CI/CD tools, making it suitable for agile development environments.
3. TestGen
TestGen is an open-source test case generator that supports various test generation methods, including random, specification-based, and data-driven approaches. It is flexible and can be customized to meet specific testing needs.
4. Parasoft C/C++test
Parasoft C/C++test is a code-based test case generator that analyzes C and C++ code to produce comprehensive test cases. It integrates with development environments and supports static analysis, unit testing, and code coverage.
5. Spec Explorer
Spec Explorer by Microsoft is a model-based test case generator that creates test cases based on state machines and models. It is particularly useful for testing complex systems with multiple states and transitions.
**Conclusion**
Test case generators are revolutionizing the software testing landscape by automating the creation of test cases, improving test coverage, and enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of the QA process. By leveraging these tools, QA teams can ensure that their applications are thoroughly tested, reducing the risk of defects and improving the overall quality of the software. Whether you are using model-based, specification-based, or data-driven generators, following best practices and integrating these tools into your testing workflow can lead to significant improvements in your testing strategy. As the complexity and demands of software development continue to grow, test case generators will play an increasingly vital role in delivering high-quality software products.
| keploy |
1,884,768 | Imagine No More Info Chaos: we built the solution that keeps your work in perfect harmony | 🎶 Imagine All Your Work, In One Place 🎶 Picture this: a single, automatic hub for all your company’s... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:41:56 | https://dev.to/reich/imagine-no-more-info-chaos-we-built-the-solution-that-keeps-your-work-in-perfect-harmony-ea4 | productivity, saas, softwareforteams, ai | 🎶 Imagine All Your Work, In One Place 🎶
Picture this: a single, automatic hub for all your company’s activities. No more scattered files, missing links, or forgotten emails. Sense AI takes every bit of your data—tasks, presentations, documents, links, meetings, and more—and neatly organizes it into Self-organised Spaces. It’s like having a personal robot with a photographic memory, but way cooler.
🎸 Rock On With Seamless Integration 🎸
Integrating Sense with your existing apps is quicker than your favorite guitar solo. In just a few seconds, Sense becomes your central stage for accessing updates across the entire company. Whether it's project details or team member updates, everything you need is right where you want it—no need for endless searching, sharing, or manual organization.
🕺 Dance Through Your Day with Effortless Collaboration 🕺
Gone are the days of juggling multiple documents and isolated links. Sense AI identifies and maintains relationships between every piece of data—from emails to presentations—providing comprehensive background information, related resources, previous versions, and discussions.
🎤 Sing It Loud: Focus on What Matters 🎤
With Sense AI, your team can channel their inner rock stars, focusing on creating amazing work without the distraction of maintaining, searching, and gathering knowledge. Let Sense handle the nitty-gritty details, so you can stay in the zone and rock out on what truly matters.
🙌 Trust Sense: Your Ultimate Roadie 🙌
In the wild concert of work life, Sense AI is the ultimate roadie, keeping everything organized and ready for showtime.
If your team is ready to harmonize your work life with Sense, dive on https://www.senseapp.ai/ 🎶 | reich |
1,884,578 | What is an API? A Beginner's Guide | What is an API? A Beginner's Guide In today's interconnected digital world, APIs play a... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:40:24 | https://dev.to/codevicky/what-is-an-api-a-beginners-guide-5baa | api, postman, webdev, programming | ## What is an API? A Beginner's Guide
In today's interconnected digital world, APIs play a crucial role in how different software applications communicate with each other. Whether you're a developer, a business owner, or just a curious tech enthusiast, understanding APIs is essential. In this blog post, we'll dive into what an API is, how it works, and why it's important.
---
## What is an API?
**API stands for Application Programming Interface.** It's a set of rules and definitions that allows different software applications to communicate with each other. Think of an API as a translator that enables two different systems to interact and share information seamlessly.
### How Do APIs Work?
_At its core, an API acts as an intermediary between two applications._
**Here’s a simple analogy:**
imagine `you’re at a restaurant`. You (the client) `give your order to the waiter` (the API), `who then conveys your request to the kitchen` (the server). `The kitchen prepares your meal and the waiter delivers` it back to you.
_In the digital world, the process is quite similar:_
- **Request:** _An application (the client) sends a request to the API_.
- **Processing:** _The API processes the request and communicates with the server._
- **Response:** _The server sends the requested information or performs the desired action, and the API delivers this response back to the client._
---
### Types of APIs
APIs come in various types, each serving different purposes:
**- <u>Web APIs</u>**: These are the most common types, allowing interaction between web servers and clients. Examples include REST `(Representational State Transfer)` and SOAP `(Simple Object Access Protocol)` APIs.
**- <u>Operating System APIs</u>:** These APIs allow software applications to interact with the operating system. Examples include `Windows API and POSIX.`
**- <u>Database APIs:</u>** These APIs enable communication between applications and databases, allowing data retrieval, manipulation, and management.
**- <u>Library or Framework APIs:</u>** These provide a set of functions and routines that developers can use within their applications.
**- <u>.NET Framework API:</u>** These provide a set of functions and routines that developers can use within their applications. Examples include the Java API and the `.NET Framework API.`
### Why Are APIs Important?
APIs are vital for several reasons:
**1. <u>Interoperability:</u>** APIs enable different systems and applications to work together, regardless of their underlying technology.
**2. <u>Efficiency:</u>** By allowing applications to communicate directly, APIs streamline processes and reduce the need for manual intervention.
**3. <u>Innovation:</u>** APIs enable developers to build on existing technologies, fostering innovation and the creation of new services and applications.
**4. <u>Scalability:</u>** APIs make it easier to scale applications by allowing them to communicate with other services and resources seamlessly.
---
### Conclusion
APIs are the unsung heroes of modern technology, enabling seamless interaction between different software applications. By understanding what an API is and how it works, you can appreciate the critical role they play in our digital world. Whether you're a developer looking to integrate new features into your application or a business owner seeking to streamline operations, APIs offer a powerful solution to enhance functionality and drive innovation.
| codevicky |
1,884,766 | UI/UX | I’m more backend focused in my job function and have building a web app recently with JS/React. My... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:37:17 | https://dev.to/eaddeo/uiux-299l | help | I’m more backend focused in my job function and have building a web app recently with JS/React. My problem is, I have absolutely no eye for design… any recommendations for free UI inspiration? | eaddeo |
1,884,765 | FrontEndAI: Turn wireframe images into Code with 1 click | Welcome to the future of web development! We are thrilled to announce the launch of FrontEndAI, an... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:34:26 | https://dev.to/buildwebcrumbs/frontendai-turn-wireframe-images-into-code-with-1-click-571 | webdev, ai, news, javascript | **Welcome to the future of web development!**
We are thrilled to announce [the launch of FrontEndAI](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/), an innovative tool from Webcrumbs that transforms your design images into code.
[FrontEndAI](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/) is here to streamline your workflow and boost your productivity, getting you started faster!
---
## How It Works
[FrontEndAI](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/) is designed to be incredibly user-friendly and efficient. Here's how you can get started:
- **Upload Your Image:** Begin by uploading an image of your design, such as a wireframe.
- **Generate Code:** FrontEndAI processes the image and generates React code that mirrors your design.
- **Customize:** Tailor the generated code to your needs by adjusting themes, colors, font sizes, and more.
---
## Key Features
[FrontEndAI ](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/)is packed with features to help you create stunning web applications quickly and easily:
- **Code Generation:** The tool generates React components and CSS directly from your uploaded image.
- **Customizable Themes and Colors:** Easily switch between different themes and color schemes to match your design vision.
- **Font Size Customization:** Adjust font sizes to ensure your text looks perfect.
- **User-Friendly Interface:** The intuitive interface makes it easy for anyone to use, regardless of their coding experience.
---
## We Want Your Feedback!
Your feedback is everything to us.
We are committed to continuously improving [FrontEndAI](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/) and making it the best tool for developers.
**Please try it out and share your thoughts.**
Your input will help us enhance the tool and make it even better for all users.
[We have a special channel in our Community dedicated to this Feedback.](https://discord.gg/4PWXpPd8HQ)
---
## Try FrontEndAI Today
Unleash your creativity in web development with FrontEndAI.
Give it a try and see how it can transform your workflow.
[Have fun coding and building amazing projects with this tool!](https://tools.webcrumbs.org/)
Thank you for being a part of our journey.
Happy coding! 🚀
[Watch the Demo here ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjOAu9K92rQ) | pachicodes |
1,884,764 | Documenting my pin collection with Segment Anything: Part 2 | In a previous post I shared my desire to create an interactive display for my pin collection. In it,... | 27,656 | 2024-06-11T17:33:13 | https://blog.feregri.no/blog/documenting-my-pin-collection-with-segment-anything-part-2/ | imagesegmentation, segmentanything, python, machinelearning | In a previous post [I shared my desire to create an interactive display for my pin collection](https://dev.to/feregri_no/documenting-my-pin-collection-with-segment-anything-part-1-4k3o). In it, I decided to use Meta AI’s Segment Anything Model to extract cutouts from my crowded canvas:
But as I discovered, with such a crowded and detailed image, the automatic segmentator struggles with identifying all the pins individually.
Luckily for me, *segment anything*, has other ways of extracting masks from an image, via the use of prompts; there are two kinds of prompts: boxes and points.
In this post, I will show you these two features.
## Load the model and image
First thing, we load the model:
```python
import torch
from segment_anything import sam_model_registry
sam = sam_model_registry['vit_b'](checkpoint='sam_vit_b_01ec64.pth').to(device=torch.device('cpu'))
```
Next, we load the image that contains the pins. We use OpenCV for reading the image and convert it to RGB color space, as the model expects the input in this format:
```python
import cv2
image = cv2.imread('pins@high.jpg')
image_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
```
## Create a Segment Anything Model Predictor
Segment Anything offers a predictor that requires a model to be instantiated. Then we need to set an image using `set_image`, which will process the image to produce an image embedding; The predictor will store this embedding and will use it for subsequent mask prediction.
```python
from segment_anything import SamPredictor
mask_predictor = SamPredictor(sam)
mask_predictor.set_image(image_rgb)
```
## Prompting with a box
To prompt SAM with a bounding box it is necessary to define a NumPy array, where the order of the values is `x1,y1,x2,y2`, for example:
```python
box = np.array([759, 913, 1007, 1174])
```
The image is just an illustration, the model operates on the image alone with the box as a NumPy array
To prompt the model, one has to call the `predict` method on the `mask_predictor`:
```python
masks, scores, logits = mask_predictor.predict(
box=box,
multimask_output=True,
)
```
The result will be a triplet, with the following values:
- `masks`: The output masks in CxHxW format, where C is the number of masks, and (H, W) is the original image size.
- `scores`: An array of length C containing the model's predictions for the quality of each mask.
- `logits`: An array of shape CxHxW, where C is the number of masks and H=W=256. These low resolution logits can be passed to a subsequent iteration as mask input.
By the way, if you specify `multimask_output = True` you will get three masks for each prediction, I find this ability truly useful, as some of the generated masks are not usable, so I rather keep my options with multiple masks.
Ultimately, the result will be masks that when applied to the image, yield the following resit:
## Prompting with points
The input to the model is comprised of two arrays:
- `point_coords`: A Nx2 array of point prompts to the model. Each point is in (X,Y) in pixels
- `point_labels`: A length N array of labels for the point prompts. 1 indicates a foreground point and 0 indicates a background point.
```python
point_coords = np.array([
(box[0]+40, box[1]+50),
(box[0]+150, box[1]+160),
(box[0]+200, box[1]+80),
])
point_labels = np.array([1, 1, 1])
```
If we visualise the points, they look like this:
The call to `predict` looks like this:
```python
masks, scores, logits = mask_predictor.predict(
point_coords=point_coords,
point_labels=point_labels,
multimask_output=True,
)
```
And the results… well, they're not great:
## Speed
When prompted the model takes significantly less time (<1 second) when compared to my previous attempt using the automatic segmentator.
## Conclusion
For my pin collection, manual prompting with bounding boxes proved more effective than using point prompts.
In my [next entry](https://dev.to/feregri_no/documenting-my-pin-collection-with-segment-anything-part-3-4iam), I will demonstrate how I integrated this model into a custom web-based application, enhancing the interactive display of my collection. | feregri_no |
1,884,763 | Working Code Isn’t Enough | In A Philosophy of Software Design, John Ousterhout argues that striving only for working code is not... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:33:00 | https://codeblend.dev/working-code-isnt-enough | beginners, programming, design, career | In _A Philosophy of Software Design_, John Ousterhout argues that striving only for working code is not enough. The mindset of getting a future done as fast as possible is not ideal, he calls this approach _Tactical Programming_.
Tactical programming results in addition of too much unnecessary complexity since not enough time is spent on coming up with a well-designed solution for your problem. This approach seems reasonable since some developers have to perform in high-pressure environments. With the next deadline lurking around the corner aiming for working code as quickly as possible seems like a good idea. Unfortunately, achieving working code in a short period of time often involves taking shortcuts. Each little shortcut increases the complexity of our code which harms the quality of our software systems in the long run.
For Ousterhout the opposite of tactical programming is _Strategic Programming_ which requires more long-term thinking and a different mindset. A strategic developer doesn't sacrifice well-designed code for quicker delivery time. Ousterhout encourages us to come up with different solutions for a specific task and continue with the best design. Of course this approach costs more time but Ousterhout argues that it pays of in the long run and I think most of us would agree.
Working in a well-designed codebase with fewer complexities enables us to not only develop new features faster but will also lead to fewer bugs in our software systems.
Personally, I think it is very important to think about those two approaches when we are developing software. I believe that none of us adds complexity to a system on purpose but due to deadlines and external pressure we might tell ourselves that the little shortcuts we take are not too bad. Unfortunately, only time will reveal the amount of complexity caused by our shortcuts.
Let’s fight off complexity and avoid taking too many shortcuts for faster delivery times.
I'm convinced that I will pay off in the long run!
Cover photo by GR Stockss on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/de/fotos/grayscale-photo-of-person-holding-glass-Iq9SaJezkOE) | tobhai |
1,884,762 | How Long Can Dogs Go Without Food | Dogs are cherished members of our families, and it is essential to prioritize their well-being. One... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:32:00 | https://dev.to/stevedavis/how-long-can-dogs-go-without-food-1ldj | dog, pet | Dogs are cherished members of our families, and it is essential to prioritize their well-being. One common concern among pet owners is knowing the maximum time their furry companions can go without food. In this discussion, we will explore the nutritional requirements of [top dog food brands](https://dogfoodhouse.com/dog/brands) and the capabilities of our canine friends.
## Understanding a Dog's Nutritional Needs
Dogs, like humans, require a balanced diet to thrive. Essential nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals are crucial for their overall health and vitality. Knowing how long they can go without food is essential for responsible pet ownership.
## Factors Affecting Duration Without Food
Just as a dog's size and weight influence their nutritional needs, they also play a crucial role in selecting the best harness. Smaller breeds with higher metabolic rates may benefit from lightweight and comfortable harnesses, while larger breeds might require more robust options for better control and support.
### Health and Body Condition
Similar to how a dog's health affects their ability to go without food, it also impacts their comfort and tolerance for wearing a harness. Dogs that are sick or underweight may require harnesses that are adjustable and fit properly to ensure their well-being.
### Breed and Genetic Factors
Certain breeds have specific requirements or predispositions that should be considered when choosing a dog harness. These factors can include unique physical characteristics or sensitivities, which may necessitate harnessing features or materials tailored to their needs. Understanding these breed-specific factors is essential for selecting a harness that promotes comfort, safety, and overall health for your dog.
## Normal Feeding Patterns for Dogs
Most dogs follow a regular eating schedule, typically consuming one to two meals per day. However, individual preferences and dietary needs may vary.
### Recognizing Changes in Appetite
It's essential to monitor your dog's appetite and feeding habits regularly. Any significant changes in appetite or refusal to eat should be noted and investigated further.
### Importance of Consistent Nutrition
Consistency in feeding is crucial for maintaining your dog's health and well-being. Sudden changes in diet or feeding patterns can disrupt their digestive system and lead to gastrointestinal issues.
## Short-term Fast: What Happens When Dogs Don't Eat
Dogs have evolved to have efficient energy storage systems, allowing them to survive short periods without food. During fasting, the body utilizes stored fat and glycogen reserves to maintain essential bodily functions.
### Impact on Metabolism and Vital Organs
Prolonged fasting can lead to metabolic changes and potential organ damage. While dogs can survive without food for a few days, extended periods of fasting can have detrimental effects on their health.
### Behavioral Changes and Signs of Hunger
Dogs may exhibit behavioral changes when they are hungry, such as increased restlessness or scavenging behavior. It's essential to pay attention to these signs and address any underlying issues promptly.
## How Long Can Dogs Safely Go Without Food
As a general rule of thumb, healthy adult dogs can go without food for approximately three to five days. However, this timeline can vary depending on several factors, including the dog's size, health, and individual metabolism.
### Variables to Consider
It's essential to consider the specific circumstances and needs of each dog when assessing their ability to go without food. Factors such as age, breed, and underlying health conditions can influence their tolerance to fasting.
### Risks of Prolonged Fasting
While dogs can survive short periods without food, prolonged fasting can have serious consequences. Nutritional deficiencies, muscle wasting, and organ damage can occur if a dog is deprived of food for an extended period.
## Signs That a Dog Needs Immediate Medical Attention
If your dog consistently refuses to eat for more than 24 hours, it's essential to seek veterinary attention. Loss of appetite can be a sign of an underlying health issue that requires medical intervention.
### Dehydration Symptoms
Dehydration can occur rapidly in dogs that are not eating or drinking. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, dry gums, and lethargy. Immediate veterinary care is necessary to address dehydration and its underlying cause.
### Weakness and Lethargy
A dog that is weak or lethargic may be suffering from nutritional deficiencies or metabolic imbalances. Prompt medical attention is crucial to assess the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.
## Steps to Take if Your Dog Refuses Food
If your dog refuses to eat, it's essential to assess the situation carefully. Rule out any obvious causes such as spoiled food or stress before taking further action.
### Encouraging Appetite Stimulants
There are several strategies you can try to encourage your dog to eat, such as offering highly palatable foods or warming up their meals. However, if your dog continues to refuse food, it's essential to consult with a veterinarian.
### Seeking Veterinary Advice
If your dog's refusal to eat persists or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms, it's crucial to seek veterinary advice. A thorough physical examination and diagnostic tests may be necessary to identify any underlying health issues.
## Preventive Measures for Maintaining Healthy Eating Habits
Ensuring your dog gets a balanced diet is crucial for their health. Opt for quality commercial dog food or prepare homemade meals with [professional dog food guidance](https://dogfoodhouse.com) from a vet or nutritionist.
### Regular Exercise and Mental Stimulation
Regular exercise and mental stimulation are essential for keeping your dog healthy and happy. Physical activity helps maintain muscle tone and promotes a healthy metabolism, while mental stimulation prevents boredom and reduces stress.
### Monitoring Health and Behavior
Monitoring your dog's health and behavior is key to detecting any changes early on. Keep track of their appetite, energy levels, and bathroom habits, and consult with a veterinarian if you notice any abnormalities.
## Conclusion
While dogs can survive for short periods without food, it's essential to monitor their health closely and seek veterinary attention if they refuse to eat for an extended period or exhibit other concerning symptoms. Providing a balanced diet, regular exercise, and attentive care are vital for ensuring your dog's well-being.
| stevedavis |
1,884,760 | Mengapa BlackPanther77 menjadi Trendsetter Utama di tahun 2024 | Mengapa BlackPanther77 menjadi Trendsetter Utama di tahun 2024 Di dunia media sosial dan pengaruh... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:27:10 | https://dev.to/blackpanther77/mengapa-blackpanther77-menjadi-trendsetter-utama-di-tahun-2024-1mj9 | gamedev | Mengapa BlackPanther77 menjadi Trendsetter Utama di tahun 2024
Di dunia media sosial dan pengaruh digital yang terus berkembang, hanya sedikit orang yang berhasil secara konsisten menjadi yang terdepan dan menentukan tren yang membentuk budaya kita. Di antara kelompok elit ini berdiri [blackpanther77](https://blackpanther77mantap.com), sebuah nama yang identik dengan inovasi, kreativitas, dan pengaruh pada tahun 2024. Inilah mengapa BlackPanther77 menjadi trendsetter utama tahun ini.
1. Selera Fashion yang Tak Tertandingi
Pilihan fesyen BlackPanther77 sungguh revolusioner. Memadukan pakaian jalanan dengan fesyen kelas atas secara mulus, mereka menciptakan penampilan yang avant-garde dan mudah diakses. Gaya unik mereka tidak hanya memikat jutaan pengikut tetapi juga memengaruhi rumah mode dan desainer besar. Dengan secara konsisten menampilkan pakaian yang berani dan berani mengambil risiko, BlackPanther77 membuktikan bahwa mereka tidak hanya mengikuti tren—tetapi mereka juga menciptakannya.
2. Merintis Dunia Seni Digital
Pada tahun 2024, dunia seni digital sedang booming, dan BlackPanther77 menjadi yang terdepan. Dikenal karena penggunaan teknologinya yang inovatif, mereka telah menguasai seni menciptakan pengalaman digital yang imersif dan interaktif. Baik melalui NFT, pameran seni realitas virtual, atau instalasi digital, karya BlackPanther77 mendorong batas-batas dari apa yang mungkin terjadi di dunia seni. Kemampuan mereka untuk menggabungkan teknologi dan kreativitas membedakan mereka sebagai seorang visioner sejati.
3. Memperjuangkan Tujuan Sosial
Selain estetika dan seni, BlackPanther77 adalah pendukung kuat keadilan sosial dan kelestarian lingkungan. Mereka menggunakan platform mereka untuk meningkatkan kesadaran tentang isu-isu penting seperti perubahan iklim, kesetaraan ras, dan kesehatan mental. Dengan bermitra dengan organisasi nirlaba, meluncurkan kampanye, dan memanfaatkan pengaruh mereka untuk kebaikan, BlackPanther77 menunjukkan bahwa menjadi penentu tren berarti lebih dari sekadar menetapkan tren mode—tetapi juga memimpin perubahan positif di dunia.
4. Pembuatan Konten Inovatif
Pendekatan [blackPanther77](https://blackpanther77mantap.com) terhadap pembuatan konten sungguh inovatif. Memanfaatkan teknologi mutakhir seperti alat pengeditan berbasis AI, augmented reality, dan teknik penyampaian cerita yang mendalam, mereka menciptakan konten yang menarik dan tak terlupakan. Video, postingan, dan streaming langsung mereka bukan sekadar konten; itu adalah pengalaman yang memikat dan menginspirasi audiensnya. Pendekatan inovatif ini memastikan bahwa BlackPanther77 selalu selangkah lebih maju dalam permainan konten digital.
5. Merek Pribadi Asli
Di era di mana keaslian adalah hal yang terpenting, blackpanther77 bersinar dengan kepribadiannya yang asli dan menarik. Mereka tidak hanya berbagi kesuksesan mereka, tetapi juga perjuangan, kemenangan, dan kegagalan mereka. Transparansi ini sangat diterima oleh audiens mereka, membina komunitas yang kuat dan setia. Dengan menjadi diri mereka sendiri tanpa penyesalan, BlackPanther77 menetapkan standar baru untuk keaslian di era digital, membuktikan bahwa pengaruh sejati datang dari keberadaan yang nyata.
6. Kolaborasi dengan Top Brand
Pengaruh BlackPanther77 diakui oleh beberapa merek terbesar di dunia. Kolaborasi mereka berkisar dari label fesyen kelas atas hingga perusahaan teknologi inovatif, masing-masing kemitraan menghadirkan sesuatu yang baru dan menarik. Kolaborasi ini bukan sekadar dukungan; ini adalah upaya kreatif yang menunjukkan kemampuan BlackPanther77 untuk memadukan gaya unik mereka dengan esensi merek yang bekerja sama dengan mereka. Sinergi ini memperkuat pengaruh mereka dan memantapkan status mereka sebagai trendsetter.
7. Visi Masa Depan
Apa yang membedakan BlackPanther77 adalah visi mereka untuk masa depan. Mereka terus-menerus melihat ke depan, mengantisipasi hal besar berikutnya dan bersiap untuk tidak hanya berpartisipasi di dalamnya, namun juga memimpinnya. Baik melalui eksplorasi teknologi baru, advokasi untuk tujuan progresif, atau mendefinisikan ulang batasan seni dan mode, BlackPanther77 selalu menjadi yang terdepan. Pola pikir yang berpikiran maju ini memastikan bahwa mereka tetap menjadi tokoh kunci dalam membentuk tren masa depan.
Kesimpulan
Pada tahun 2024, BlackPanther77 berdiri sebagai trendsetter utama, mercusuar kreativitas, inovasi, dan pengaruh. Dampaknya terhadap fashion, seni digital, kegiatan sosial, pembuatan konten, keaslian, kolaborasi merek, dan visi masa depan tidak ada bandingannya. Saat kita menatap masa depan, satu hal yang jelas: BlackPanther77 akan terus memimpin, menginspirasi jutaan orang, dan menetapkan tren yang menentukan budaya kita
.Situs web : [https://blackpanther77mantap.com](https://blackpanther77mantap.com)
| blackpanther77 |
1,884,759 | lllkkjbghvh | A post by Jonatas Silva De Lima | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:26:46 | https://dev.to/jonatas_silvadelima_2a5/lllkkjbghvh-4ig4 | jonatas_silvadelima_2a5 | ||
1,884,758 | Corona Clicker: A Story of Redemption and Reinvention | In my previous article, "I Created Corona Clicker on Vue3 and Integrated It into a Telegram Web App,"... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:22:03 | https://dev.to/king_triton/corona-clicker-a-story-of-redemption-and-reinvention-3h83 | vue, api, gamedev, frontend | In my previous article, "I Created Corona Clicker on Vue3 and Integrated It into a Telegram Web App," I shared the journey of developing Corona Clicker and integrating it into a Telegram Web App. If you missed it, you can catch up [here](https://dev.to/king_triton/i-created-corona-clicker-on-vue3-and-integrated-it-into-a-telegram-web-app-172f).
Yesterday, while working on [Corona Clicker](https://t.me/CoronaClickerBot), I encountered a bit of a hiccup. I was trying to make some improvements to the code and reorganize things, but instead, I ended up breaking the whole project. Luckily, I had backups, so I managed to restore everything back to normal.
But this setback got me thinking. Instead of just fixing what was broken, I decided to take the opportunity to give Corona Clicker a fresh new look. With a clearer idea of what I wanted to achieve, I set out to redesign the entire application.
Now, after some intense coding sessions, I'm excited to unveil the new and improved Corona Clicker. I've completely revamped it with two new pages that I think you're going to love.
Oh, and a quick shoutout to [@CoronaClickerBot](https://t.me/CoronaClickerBot)! It's built entirely using Vue3, a cool framework for building web apps. And the magic behind the scenes? Well, that's thanks to an API I wrote myself using plain old PHP.
Also, I've recently created a Telegram channel where I'll be sharing updates and news about Corona Clicker. If you're interested, you can subscribe [here](https://t.me/+zYoeSgOD9dU1Mzhi).
I can't wait to share more about the inner workings of Corona Clicker and how Vue3 and PHP work together to make it all happen. But for now, stay tuned for updates and keep clicking away!
Cheers, [King Triton](https://t.me/king_triton) | king_triton |
1,884,757 | How Workday Integration Testing Ensures Seamless Business Operations | Workday is a well-known cloud-based application used by businesses to handle their HCM and... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:21:05 | https://www.leanstartuplife.com/2024/04/how-can-workday-integration-testing-ensure-business-seamless-operations.html | workday, integration, testing | 
Workday is a well-known cloud-based application used by businesses to handle their HCM and Financials module. Through analytics, it gives businesses the ability to connect other systems for more effective operation and provide useful data. Companies may automate tasks, expedite processes, and improve service delivery by connecting Workday with other essential systems.
Thorough testing is required to attain a seamless integration and guarantee that the capabilities and data interchange function as planned. This is where Workday integration testing comes into play. Workday test automation plays a crucial role in accelerating the testing process to validate that data exchange and functionalities work as intended.
**What If Organizations Don’t Properly Perform Workday Integration Testing**
Workday integrations that have not been thoroughly tested run the risk of malfunctioning, which could reveal private data and lead to compliance problems.
Let’s examine a few of the main challenges in further detail:
**System Failures**: The organization may experience operational disruptions and downtime as a result of system failures brought on by incomplete integration point testing.
**Data Breach**: Insufficient security testing raises the risk of data breaches, where hackers may exploit integration points to access personal information and incur penalties in terms of money and law.
**Issues With Compliance**: Inadequate testing increases the risk of compliance problems because organizations have to follow several laws and regulations, such as GDPR and HIPAA, which require robust data protection procedures.
**Benefits Of Workday Integration Testing**
● Smooth Operations And Early Bug Detection: Workday integration testing ensures your business processes run smoothly by identifying and fixing bugs before they impact real-world scenarios. This proactive approach minimizes errors, system failures, and data loss.
● Reliable Data Exchange And Functionality: Testing verifies seamless data exchange and functionality between Workday and other connected systems. This translates to accurate data and avoids disruptions in critical business workflows.
● Cost-Effectiveness And Efficiency: Workday test automation can streamline Workday integration testing, saving time and resources compared to manual testing. Early detection of issues minimizes the need for costly fixes later.
**The Power Of Automation In Workday Integration Testing**
**Quicker Testing Cycles And Simplified Processes**: Repeated tasks are a common part of manual testing, which can slow down the overall process. The time it takes to finish an extensive test cycle can be greatly decreased by using automation tools, which can handle these repetitive test cases much more quickly. This frees up your staff to work on more strategic projects like examining test findings and determining possible areas for development.
**Enhanced Test Coverage And Decreased Risk**: The number of scenarios that manual testing can efficiently cover may be constrained. However, automation tools are able to run a larger variety of test scenarios, which means that your Workday integration will be covered more thoroughly. By using a thorough testing approach, the chance of errors and system failures after deployment is ultimately decreased by identifying even subtle integration issues that manual testing can overlook.
**Improved Accuracy And Decreased Human Error**: Human error is a natural part of manual testing, and it can result in missed bugs and erroneous results. However, automation techniques eliminate this aspect of human fallibility by performing test cases exactly and consistently each and every time. This consistency guarantees accurate and consistent test findings, giving you more confidence to make well-informed decisions regarding the reliability of your Workday integration.
**Selecting The Appropriate Automation Platform For Testing Workday Integration**
Choosing the best Workday test automation tool for your Workday integration testing depends on a number of important considerations:
● Evaluate your team's technical skill, the quantity of test cases needed, and the complexity of your Workday integration.
● To avoid problems with compatibility, make sure the tool you have selected is appropriate for your particular version of Workday.
● Select a program whose intuitive user interface makes it easier for non-technical people to create and run automated tests.
● To make sure every test case has the right data, choose a technology that makes test data management easy.
● To obtain important insights from test results and pinpoint areas for development, use a solution with strong reporting and analytics features.
**Opkey: An Effective And User-Friendly Workday Automation Tool**
Opkey is a prominent player in the automation of Workday integration testing. It gives a codeless strategy first priority. It eliminates the need for in-depth programming knowledge and enables non-technical people. This includes business analysts and testers, to create and run automated tests.
● Pre-Built Test Accelerators: Opkey offers pre-built test accelerators for common Workday integration scenarios, reducing the time needed to create test cases. The amount of time needed to create test cases is greatly decreased by these pre-built components.
● End-To-End Testing: Opkey facilitates comprehensive end-to-end testing, covering the entire data flow between Workday and your integrated systems. This ensures a holistic view of your integration's functionality.
● Test Discovery: Opkey's test discovery functionality automatically identifies potential test cases based on your Workday configuration, simplifying the test creation process.
| rohitbhandari102 |
1,884,683 | ** De Desarrollador Junior a Senior: Ascendiendo al Trono de Hierro de Game of Thrones **🐉🏰👑 | ¡Hola Chiquis!👋🏻 ¿Sueñan con conquistar el trono de hierro del desarrollo de software y convertirse... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:18:31 | https://dev.to/orlidev/-de-desarrollador-junior-a-senior-ascendiendo-al-trono-de-hierro-de-game-of-thrones--29o9 | tutorial, webdev, beginners, programming | ¡Hola Chiquis!👋🏻 ¿Sueñan con conquistar el trono de hierro del desarrollo de software y convertirse en verdaderos "Desarrolladores Senior"? ⚔️
¡Prepárense para una aventura! En este viaje, cada paso los acercará a la cima del desarrollo, como verdaderos reyes del código. Aquí te muestro una guía para transformarte de un Desarrollador Junior en un valiente Desarrollador Senior, inspirada en la grandiosa saga de Game of Thrones.🤴🏻 ¡Comencemos nuestro viaje hacia el trono de hierro del desarrollo! ¿Sueñas con convertirte en un Desarrollador Senior, capaz de forjar software legendario y liderar ejércitos de código? ¡Tu viaje comienza aquí!
1. Domina las Herramientas de Colaboración: Tu Conclave Digital ⚔️
En el desarrollo de software, la comunicación es clave. Conviértete en un maestro de herramientas como Jira, Trello, Confluence, Slack, MS Teams o Zoom, y forja alianzas duraderas con tus compañeros. ¡Trabajen juntos cual concilio de mentes brillantes!
+ El Consejo Pequeño: Como en el Consejo Pequeño de King's Landing, debes aprender a colaborar y comunicarte eficazmente.
2. Elige tu Arma: Lenguajes de Programación ⚜️
Cada lenguaje de programación tiene su propia fuerza. Elige uno o dos para convertirlos en tu espada principal, ya sea Java, Python, JavaScript, C#, Go o el que tu corazón de desarrollador dicte. ¡Domina sus sintaxis y estructuras con la precisión de un espadachín! Elige tu Valyrian Steel en el mundo del código. Como las espadas forjadas con este metal mítico, tu lenguaje elegido será tu mejor aliado en las batallas por venir.
+ Las Casas Nobles: Cada casa noble tiene su propio idioma y cultura, al igual que los lenguajes de programación. Elije y domina uno o dos lenguajes de programación, como Java (House Stark), Python (House Targaryen), JavaScript (House Lannister), C# (House Baratheon), Go (House Tyrell), etc.
3. Desarrolla APIs: Puentes entre Reinos 👑
Las APIs son los puentes que conectan diferentes partes de tu software. Aprende los secretos de REST, GraphQL y gRPC, y conviértete en un maestro constructor de puentes, ¡permitiendo que la información fluya como un río caudaloso!, para que tus mensajes nunca se pierdan en el camino.
+ Los Cuervos: Llevan mensajes a través de los Siete Reinos, así como las APIs comunican datos entre servicios. Los cuervos son los mensajeros en Westeros, llevando mensajes (APIs) de un castillo a otro. Conoce los entresijos de los enfoques de desarrollo de API, como REST (cuervos negros), GraphQL (cuervos blancos) y gRPC (dragones).
4. Conquista Servidores y Nubes: Tu Dominio Digital 🛡️
Los servidores web y las plataformas en la nube son tu reino digital. Investiga AWS, Azure, GCP y Kubernetes, y aprende a gobernarlos con sabiduría. ¡Convierte tu infraestructura en una fortaleza inexpugnable!
+ Las Grandes Casas: Las Grandes Casas de Westeros tienen sus fortalezas; igualmente, debes conocer las fortalezas digitales. Estos servidores y plataformas en la nube serán tus castillos. Los castillos protegen a los habitantes de Westeros, al igual que los servidores web y las plataformas en la nube protegen nuestras aplicaciones. Conoce AWS (Winterfell), Azure (King's Landing), GCP (Castle Black) y Kubernetes (The Eyrie).
5. Protege tu Fortaleza: Autenticación y Pruebas 🗡️
Tus aplicaciones son tu castillo, ¡protégelas con las mejores armas! Aprende técnicas de autenticación como JWT y OAuth2, y conviértete en un guardián impenetrable. Domina las pruebas TDD, E2E y de rendimiento, ¡para que ningún error se infiltre en tu reino!
+ La Guardia de la Noche: Protege tus aplicaciones como la Guardia de la Noche protege el reino. Aprende técnicas de autenticación y domina las pruebas para mantener a raya a los Caminantes Blancos. Los Guardias de la Noche protegen el Muro, al igual que las técnicas de autenticación y pruebas protegen nuestras aplicaciones. Aprende técnicas como JWT (espadas de acero valyrio), OAuth2 (fuego de dragón), TDD (patrullas), pruebas E2E (exploradores) y pruebas de rendimiento (batallas).
6. Domina las Bases de Datos: Tesoros de Información 🔰
Las bases de datos son los tesoros de información de tu software. Aprende a trabajar con bases relacionales como Postgres, MySQL y SQLite, y no relacionales como MongoDB, Cassandra y Redis.
+ Los Archivos de la Ciudadela: Así como los maestres de la Ciudadela guardan conocimientos en sus vastos archivos, debes aprender a manejar bases de datos relacionales y no relacionales, que serán tus pergaminos y libros. Los maestres guardan el conocimiento en pergaminos, al igual que las bases de datos guardan nuestra información.
7. CI/CD: Integración y Entrega Continuas 🏰
CI/CD son tus aliados para optimizar tu proceso de desarrollo. Investiga herramientas como GitHub Actions, Jenkins o CircleCI, y automatiza la integración y entrega de tu código. ¡Produce software con la velocidad de un rayo!
+ Los Herreros de Volantis: Los herreros forjan armas sin descanso, al igual que las herramientas de CI/CD te permitirán desplegar y actualizar tu código continuamente, nos ayudan a integrar y entregar nuestro código. Elije herramientas como GitHub Actions (Gendry), Jenkins (Tobho Mott) o CircleCI (Mikken).
8. Estructuras de Datos y Algoritmos: Los Pilares de tu Fortaleza 🐎
Las estructuras de datos y algoritmos son los cimientos de tu software. Domina conceptos como notación Big O, clasificación, árboles y grafos. ¡Construye tu código con la solidez de una muralla!
+ Los Hijos del Bosque: Los antiguos Hijos del Bosque usaban magia poderosa, como tú usarás estructuras de datos y algoritmos. Domínalos para conjurar soluciones eficientes.
+ Las Batallas: Requieren estrategia y táctica, al igual que el dominio de las estructuras de datos y los algoritmos. Domina conceptos como notación Big O (estrategia), clasificación (formación de batalla), árboles (flanqueo) y gráficos (mapas de guerra).
9. Diseño del Sistema: La Arquitectura de tu Reino 🐉
Un buen diseño de sistema es la base de un software escalable y eficiente. Aprende sobre redes, almacenamiento en caché, CDN, microservicios, mensajería, equilibrio de carga, replicación, sistemas distribuidos y más. ¡Diseña tu arquitectura con la visión de un gran estratega!
+ Los Siete Reinos: Funcionan juntos como un sistema, al igual que los componentes de un sistema de software. Aprende conceptos como redes (caminos), almacenamiento en caché (graneros), CDN (puertos), microservicios (vasallos), mensajería (cuervos), equilibrio de carga (alianzas), replicación (herederos), sistemas distribuidos (reinos), etc.
10. Patrones de Diseño: Reutilización y Elegancia 👸🏼
Los patrones de diseño son soluciones probadas a problemas comunes de programación. Domina patrones como inyección de dependencia, fábrica, proxy, observadores y fachada. ¡Escribe código elegante y reutilizable, como un verdadero artesano!
+ Las Leyendas: Las leyendas de Westeros nos enseñan lecciones valiosas, al igual que los patrones de diseño en el software. Domina la aplicación de patrones como inyección de dependencia (Azor Ahai), fábrica (Valyrian Steel), proxy (Faceless Men), observadores (Greenseers) y fachada (The Iron Throne).
11. Herramientas de IA: Tu Aliado Futurista ❄️
Las herramientas de IA son la ola del futuro en el desarrollo de software. Investiga GitHub Copilot, ChatGPT, Langchain y Prompt Engineering, y aprende a aprovechar su poder. ¡Conviértete en un innovador y prepara tu carrera para el mañana!
+ Los Hechizos de Asshai: Prepara tu carrera para el futuro aprendiendo a usar las herramientas de inteligencia artificial que serán tus hechizos de Asshai.
+ Los Dragones: Son una fuerza poderosa en Game of Thrones, al igual que las herramientas de inteligencia artificial en el desarrollo de software. Aprende a aprovechar herramientas como GitHub Copilot (Drogon), ChatGPT (Rhaegal), Langchain (Viserion) y Prompt Engineering (Balerion).
Más Misiones para tu Aventura 🥶
- Contribuye a proyectos de código abierto: Gana experiencia real y colabora con otros desarrolladores.
- Participa en hackathones y eventos de la comunidad: Demuestra tus habilidades y amplía tu red de contactos.
- Mantente actualizado: El mundo del desarrollo cambia rápido, ¡aprende cosas nuevas constantemente!
- Construye tu propio portafolio: Desarrolla proyectos personales que muestren tus habilidades al mundo.
- Enseña a otros: Compartir tu conocimiento te ayudará a consolidarlo y a ser reconocido como un experto.
¡Conquista el Trono de Desarrollador Senior con estas 11 Espadas de Westeros!🐲
- Domina los fundamentos: Asegúrate de tener una comprensión sólida de HTML, CSS y JavaScript.
- Aprende un framework: React, Angular o Vue pueden ser buenas opciones para especializarte.
- Construye proyectos personales: Esto demuestra tu habilidad para llevar un proyecto desde la concepción hasta la finalización.
- Contribuye a proyectos de código abierto: Esto te ayudará a entender el trabajo en equipo y el uso de control de versiones como Git.
- Entiende los patrones de diseño y arquitectura de software: Aprende a escribir código mantenible y escalable.
- Automatiza pruebas: Aprende a escribir pruebas unitarias y de integración para tu código.
- Mejora el rendimiento de las aplicaciones: Entiende cómo optimizar el código y utilizar herramientas de profiling.
- Aprende sobre DevOps: Familiarízate con contenedores (como Docker), integración continua y despliegue continuo.
- Desarrolla habilidades blandas: La comunicación efectiva y el trabajo en equipo son esenciales para un desarrollador senior.
- Mantente actualizado: La tecnología cambia rápidamente, así que sigue aprendiendo y mantente al tanto de las nuevas tendencias.
- Encuentra un mentor: Alguien que pueda guiarte y proporcionarte feedback valioso sobre tu progreso.
¿Qué más agregarías a la hoja de ruta? Tal vez, ¿la importancia de la ética en la programación (El Código del Caballero)?. 🐉 O considera también, la importancia de la gestión del tiempo y el aprendizaje continuo. Como en Game of Thrones, el mundo del desarrollo está en constante cambio, y solo aquellos que se adaptan y aprenden podrán reclamar el trono de Hierro del Desarrollo Senior. ¡Espero que este post te haya parecido útil y entretenido! 🐉🏰👑
¡Que los Siete te guíen en tu viaje hacia la maestría del código! Recuerda, este viaje no es fácil, pero con dedicación y perseverancia, ¡alcanzarás la cima y te convertirás en el desarrollador que mereces ser!!
Referencia al post de Alex Xu: 11 steps to go from Junior to Senior Developer.
🚀 ¿Te ha gustado? Comparte tu opinión.
Artículo completo, visita: https://lnkd.in/ewtCN2Mn
https://lnkd.in/eAjM_Smy 👩💻 https://lnkd.in/eKvu-BHe
https://dev.to/orlidev ¡No te lo pierdas!
Referencias:
Imágenes creadas con: Copilot (microsoft.com)
##PorUnMillonDeAmigos #LinkedIn #Hiring #DesarrolloDeSoftware #Programacion #Networking #Tecnologia #Empleo #JuniorDeveloper #SeniorDeveloper #GameOfThrones
 | orlidev |
1,884,682 | How to use the new Ember theme for QUnit | The integrated web UI test runner in Ember is a convenient way to run your tests. If you've been... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:17:42 | https://blog.ignacemaes.com/how-to-use-the-new-ember-theme-for-qunit | javascript, testing, qunit, ember | The integrated web UI test runner in Ember is a convenient way to run your tests. If you've been using the default QUnit theme, it might not surprise you that it was designed over ten years ago.
As of the latest release of [`ember-qunit`](https://github.com/emberjs/ember-qunit/releases/tag/v8.1.0), support for theming has been added. The [`qunit-theme-ember`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/qunit-theme-ember), a modern theme based on the Ember styleguide, has been included as a built-in option. Here's how to enable it in your app:
First, create an Ember app if you haven't already.
```sh
npx ember-cli new example-app --embroider --pnpm
```
If you already have an app, make sure `ember-qunit` version `8.1.0` or above is used as dependency.
```sh
pnpm install -D ember-qunit@^8.1.0
```
Next, install [`@embroider/macros`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@embroider/macros) to be able to pass configuration options to `ember-qunit`.
```sh
pnpm install -D @embroider/macros
```
Now configuration options can be set in the `ember-cli-build.js` file. Add the following to the file:
```diff
module.exports = function (defaults) {
const app = new EmberApp(defaults, {
// Add options here
+ '@embroider/macros': {
+ setConfig: {
+ 'ember-qunit': {
+ theme: 'ember',
+ },
+ },
+ },
});
// ...
};
```
And that's it 🎉
Simply restart your dev server and go to `http://localhost:4200/tests` to see it in action. | ignace |
1,884,679 | Everything You Need to Know About CSS Backgrounds | We can do some cool things with CSS background property such as creating a hero image or using it to... | 27,561 | 2024-06-11T17:15:22 | https://dev.to/jitendrachoudhary/everything-you-need-to-know-about-css-backgrounds-3dle | webdev, beginners, css, codenewbie | We can do some cool things with CSS background property such as creating a hero image or using it to do some cool parallax effects. In this article, we'll pretty much everything you need to know about CSS background property.
## CSS Background-color Property
Below you have a simple box with the class "container"; you can directly set the background color of the container by applying `background-color: <any color you want, let's say violet>` to the container itself. That's it it's that simple to change the background color, however, you can use many different colors like rgb, rgba, hex, and hsl.
<!-- Codesandbox e.g. background-color property -->
{% codesandbox kd88nl %}
## CSS Background-image Property
Now you have to change the background image so you will set the background image of the container. You use `background-image: url(<paste the url of the image; assets/lion.png>)`. You can see the box has a background image but it is not what we expected. this is because the size of the image is much smaller than the size of the box or you can say the width and height of the box. So by default, it tends to fill up the space by repeating the same image vertically (on the y-axis) and horizontally (on the x-axis) until it covers the whole space.
<!-- Codesandbox e.g. background-image property -->
{% codesandbox 8kjpzw %}
## CSS Background-repeat Property
Like you expected to have a single image in the box and not allow the image to repeat; this can be achieved by using `background-repeat: no-repeat` here you have a bunch of options such as `background-repeat: repeat-x` and `background-repeat: repeat-y` which is pretty much self-explanatory.
### background-repeat: no-repeat
<!-- Codesandbox e.g. background-repeat property -->
{% codesandbox yd4rhv %}
### background-repeat: repeat-x
<!-- Codesandbox img e.g. background-repeat-x property -->
### background-repeat: repeat-y
<!-- Codesandbox img e.g. background-repeat-y property -->
## CSS Background-size Property
Now you see you have a image taking a small portion of the box but you want to make this image take up the space. CSS has a solution for this as well. You can use `background-size: <any pixel values, cover, contain>;` often `background-size: 150px;` is not preferred because you need to adjust the image size of every viewport.
### background-size: auto;
Scales the background image in the corresponding direction such that its intrinsic proportions are maintained.
<!-- Codesandbox img e.g. background-size-auto property -->
{% codesandbox dkwzf6 %}
- **background-size auto with repeat**
<!-- background-size auto img -->
- **background-size auto with no-repeat**
<!-- background-size auto img no repeat -->
### background-size: cover;
Scales the image (while preserving its ratio) to the smallest possible size to fill the container (that is: both its height and width completely cover the container), leaving no space. If the proportions of the background differ from the element, the image is cropped vertically or horizontally.
<!-- background-size cover img -->
### background-size: contain;
Scales the image as large as possible within its container without cropping or stretching it. If the container is larger than the image, this will result in image tiling, unless the background-repeat property is set to no-repeat.
<!-- background-size contain img -->
## CSS Background-position Property
The `background-position` property sets the initial position of the background image. The position is relative to the positioning layer set by `background-origin`. It is a shorthand property for `background-position-x` and `background-position-y`; the first value is positioning on the x-axis and the second on the y-axis.
```CSS
/* Keyword values */
background-position: top;
background-position: bottom;
background-position: left;
background-position: right;
background-position: center;
/* on the x-axis and y-axis */
background-position: center top;
background-position: left center;
```
<!-- Codesandbox e.g. background-position property -->
{% codesandbox lxkcp7 %}
### background-position-x;
It sets the initial horizontal position (on the x-axis) of the background image.
```css
/* Keyword values */
background-position-x: left;
background-position-x: center;
background-position-x: right;
```
<!-- background-size contain img -->
### background-position-y;
It sets the initial vertical position (on the y-axis) of the background image.
```css
/* Keyword values */
background-position-y: top;
background-position-y: center;
background-position-y: bottom;
```
<!-- background-size contain img -->
## CSS Background-attachment Property
The `background-attachment` property sets whether a background image's position is fixed within the viewport, or scrolls with its containing block. For this, you need to add text to the box to see the effect.
```css
/* Keyword values */
background-attachment: fixed;
background-attachment: local;
background-attachment: scroll;
```
### background-attachment: fixed;
The background is fixed relative to the viewport. Even if an element has a scrolling mechanism, the background doesn't move with the element. (This is not compatible with background-clip: text.)
<!-- Codesandbox e.g. background-attachment fixed 6 property -->
{% codesandbox spjcpn %}
### background-attachment: scroll;
The background is fixed relative to the element itself and does not scroll with its contents. (It is effectively attached to the element's border.)
<!-- Codesandbox e.g. background-attachment scroll 7 property -->
{% codesandbox zjz5kh %}
### background-attachment: local;
The background is fixed relative to the element's contents. If the element has a scrolling mechanism, the background scrolls with the element's contents and the background painting area and background positioning area are relative to the scrollable area of the element rather than to the border framing them.
## CSS Background-clip Property
The `background-clip` property is used to define how far the background image or color of an element should extend within the element. It determines whether the background should be drawn within the `border-box`, `padding-box`, or `content-box` of an element.
```css
/* keyword values */
background-clip: border-box;
background-clip: padding-box;
background-clip: content-box;
```
### background-clip: border-box;
The background extends to the outer edge of the border. This is the default value.
{% codesandbox zh22yl %}
### background-clip: padding-box;
The background extends to the outer edge of the padding. The border area is not covered.
{% codesandbox 5wddzl %}
### background-clip: content-box;
The background is clipped to the edge of the content box. The padding and border areas are not covered.
{% codesandbox lhf9kc %}
## CSS Background shorthand Property
The `background` shorthand property is a convenient way to set multiple background-related properties at once. This can include background color, image, position, size, repeat, origin, clip, and attachment. Using the shorthand property can help to make it more readable.
```css
background: [background-color]
[background-image]
[background-position] / [background-size]
[background-repeat]
[background-origin]
[background-clip]
[background-attachment]
[initial | inherit];
```
**When using the background shorthand, the values should be specified in the order outlined above. However, not all values need to be included. If a value is omitted, the default for that property will be applied.**
## Conclusion
Whether you're setting a simple background color or creating complex layered backgrounds with images, CSS provides the flexibility to achieve your desired design.
Mastering CSS `background` properties is essential for any web developer aiming to create engaging and visually captivating websites.
Thanks for reading this!! If you find this helpful; drop your reactions and share this piece with others.
You can also stay connected with me by following me here and on [X](https://x.com/jiitendraC), and [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/jiitendrachoudhary/).
| jitendrachoudhary |
1,884,678 | Notes on Types of Database: Part 1 | A post by Bhavya Kaushik | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:14:45 | https://dev.to/bkaush/notes-on-types-of-database-part-1-2cf7 | beginners, database, systemdesign, webdev |  | bkaush |
1,884,677 | Text Typing Effect in HTML CSS and Vanilla JavaScript | Have you ever come across that cool text typing effect on different websites where the words appear... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:12:48 | https://www.codingnepalweb.com/text-typing-effect-html-css-javascript/ | webdev, javascript, html, css | Have you ever come across that cool [text typing effect](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/text-typing-animation-using-only-html-css/) on different websites where the words appear as if they’re being typed out? If you’re a beginner web developer, you might wonder how to create such an eye-catching animation on your own. Well, it’s a simple yet impressive effect that can be achieved using just HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
In this blog post, I’ll guide you through the steps of creating this text-typing animation using [HTML, CSS](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/category/html-and-css/), and Vanilla [JavaScript](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/category/javascript/). This means we don’t rely on any external JavaScript libraries like typed.js. So you’ll gain a deep understanding of how this type of typing animation is created and how you can apply your skills to real-world web projects.
In this typing animation, each letter of the word appears after the other, creating a typewriter effect. There is also a blinking caret animation at the end of the word to make the effect more attractive. To know more about what our typing text animation looks like, you can watch the given YouTube video.
## Video Tutorial of Text Typing Effect HTML & JavaScript
{% embed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLs1X9T1GcY %}
If you enjoy learning through video tutorials, the above YouTube video is an excellent resource. In the video, I’ve explained each line of code and provided informative comments to make the process of creating your own [text-typing animation](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/multiple-typing-text-animation-javascript/) beginner-friendly and easy to follow.
However, if you like reading blog posts or want a step-by-step guide for creating this effect, you can continue reading this post. By the end of this post, you’ll have your own customizable text typing effect that you can easily use on your other projects.
## Steps to Create Text Typing Animation in HTML & JavaScript
To create a custom text typing effect using HTML, CSS, and vanilla JavaScript, follow these simple step-by-step instructions:
- Create a folder. You can name this folder whatever you want, and inside this folder, create the mentioned files.
- Create an `index.html` file. The file name must be index and its extension .html
- Create a `style.css` file. The file name must be style and its extension .css
- Create a `script.js` file. The file name must be script and its extension .js
To start, add the following HTML codes to your `index.html` file. This code includes essential HTML markup with `<h1>` and `<span>` tags, which we’ll use for the typing effect. Currently, the `<span>` element is empty, but using JavaScript, we’ll dynamically add the custom typing word.
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- Coding By CodingNepal - www.codingnepalweb.com -->
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Typing Text Effect | CodingNepal</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
<script src="script.js" defer></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Coding is <span></span></h1>
</body>
</html>
```
Next, add the following CSS codes to your `style.css` file to apply visual styling to your text like color, font, border, background, etc. Now, if you load the web page in your browser, you will see styled static text with blinking caret animation.
```css
/* Importing Google font - Inter */
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap');
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
font-family: "Inter", sans-serif;
}
body {
display: flex;
height: 100vh;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
background: #1D1E23;
}
h1 {
color: #fff;
font-size: 2rem;
font-weight: 600;
}
h1 span {
color: #BD53ED;
position: relative;
}
h1 span::before {
content: "";
height: 30px;
width: 2px;
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
right: -8px;
background: #BD53ED;
transform: translateY(-45%);
animation: blink 0.7s infinite;
}
h1 span.stop-blinking::before {
animation: none;
}
@keyframes blink {
50% { opacity: 0 }
}
```
Finally, add the following JavaScript code to your `script.js` file. These scripts include different JavaScript functions, variables, methods, and others that are responsible for creating the text-typing effect.
```javascript
const dynamicText = document.querySelector("h1 span");
const words = ["Love", "like Art", "the Future", "Everything"];
// Variables to track the position and deletion status of the word
let wordIndex = 0;
let charIndex = 0;
let isDeleting = false;
const typeEffect = () => {
const currentWord = words[wordIndex];
const currentChar = currentWord.substring(0, charIndex);
dynamicText.textContent = currentChar;
dynamicText.classList.add("stop-blinking");
if (!isDeleting && charIndex < currentWord.length) {
// If condition is true, type the next character
charIndex++;
setTimeout(typeEffect, 200);
} else if (isDeleting && charIndex > 0) {
// If condition is true, remove the previous character
charIndex--;
setTimeout(typeEffect, 100);
} else {
// If word is deleted then switch to the next word
isDeleting = !isDeleting;
dynamicText.classList.remove("stop-blinking");
wordIndex = !isDeleting ? (wordIndex + 1) % words.length : wordIndex;
setTimeout(typeEffect, 1200);
}
}
typeEffect();
```
In the above code, you can see there is a “words” array that contains a list of phrases used for the typing animation, some global variables used to track typing status, and a function with an if/else condition to initiate the typing and erasing effects. To understand JavaScript code better, I recommend watching the above video tutorial, paying close attention to the code comments, and experimenting with the code.
## Conclusion and Final words
In conclusion, creating a text-typing animation is a valuable and useful web project. I believe that by following the steps outlined in this blog post, you’ve successfully created your own text-typing effect using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
To further improve your web development skills, I recommend you try recreating the same [text-typing animation using only HTML and CSS](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/text-typing-animation-using-only-html-css/). By creating this effect, you’ll gain a better understanding of how CSS properties and animations are used to create cool text typing effects.
If you encounter any problems while creating your text-typing effect, you can download the source code files for this project for free by clicking the Download button. You can also view a live demo of it by clicking the View Live button.
[View Live Demo](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/demos/text-typing-effect-html-css-javascript/)
[Download Code Files](https://www.codingnepalweb.com/text-typing-effect-html-css-javascript/) | codingnepal |
1,884,676 | JavaScript forEach() array method | The forEach() method is used to execute a function for each of the items in an array. The callback... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:12:42 | https://dev.to/kemiowoyele1/javascript-foreach-array-method-36c2 | The forEach() method is used to execute a function for each of the items in an array. The callback function will normally contain some instructions that will be performed on each of the array items.
Syntax
`array.forEach(callbackFunction);`
The callback function accepts three arguments, the arguments are
1. CurrentItem: the methods iterate through the items in the array one after the other. This argument represents each individual item in the array.
2. Index: this argument represents the index number of the item in the array. It is useful for numbering the items. This argument is optional.
3. Array: the third argument is the array itself. It is used to access the entire content of the array. This argument is also optional.
In most cases though, only the first argument is used. You can use either function keyword or arrow function for the callback.
Syntax
```
array.forEach( (item, index, array) => {
// perform a task(s)
});
array.forEach( function(item, index, array){
// perform a task(s)
});
```
Example
```
const cities = ['Abuja', 'Cairo', 'London', 'Paris'];
const loopCities = cities.forEach((city) => {console.log(`I love ${city}`)})
```
Example with the three arguments
```
const cities = ['Abuja', 'Cairo', 'London', 'Paris'];
const loopCities = cities.forEach((city, index, array) =>
{console.log(`${index + 1}. ${city} is the best of these four cities (${array}) ` )
})
```
## The forEach method does not iterate empty values.
The commas in the array not preceded immediately by any value represented empty values. The forEach() completely ignores those cells.
## Iterating through array of objects with forEach
forEach() can be used to iterate through array of objects. The current object will be the current item, and you can then access the properties of the object.
```
const students = [
{name:'Ada', score:90},
{ name:'Ola', score: 89},
{name:'Tobi', score:45},
{name:'Eze', score: 55}
]
const result = students.forEach(student => {
console.log(`${student.name} scored ${student.score} marks`)
})
```
## Looping conditional statement with forEach()
```
const students = [
{name:'Ada', score:90},
{ name:'Ola', score: 89},
{name:'Tobi', score:45},
{name:'Eze', score: 55}
]
const result = students.forEach(student => {
if (student.score >= 86) {
console.log(`${student.name} scored ${student.score} marks: :) excellent`)
} else {
console.log(`${student.name} scored ${student.score} marks: :( you can do better`)
}
})
```
## Iterating NodeList with forEach
Although forEach is specifically designed for arrays, and does not work for other data types. However, NodeList and other array like objects are exempted. NodeList is a collection of node objects, which represent elements, attributes, texts and other parts of an HTML document.
Illustration
```
<body>
<ul>
<li></li>
<li></li>
<li></li>
<li></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<script>
const items = document.querySelectorAll('li');
items.forEach((item, index) => {
item.textContent = `this is the number ${index + 1} item`;
})
</script>
</body>
```
## forEach does not return a value.
The forEach method is a void method (it does not return a value). It is basically used to perform operations and cannot be used to create another array, or to mutilate or transform an existing array.
Illustration
```
const cities = ['Abuja', 'Cairo', 'London', 'Paris'];
const loopCities = cities.forEach((city) => {console.log(`I love ${city}`)})
```
As can be seen from the above illustration, the cities array remained unchanged. And the loopCities variable that the forEach method was assigned to returned undefined.
## Pros of using forEach for iteration
• The forEach loop has a simpler and easier to read syntax.
• Its predefined arguments make it easier to avoid mistake.
## Cons of using forEach for iteration
• Unlike for loop where you can terminate the iteration midway with the break or continue statement, with ForEach such option is not available.
• The forEach method does not return a value and cannot be used to modify or transform arrays.
• You can’t use forEach with async functions because forEach cannot handle dependencies between async operations.
• It is not as efficient in terms of performance when compared to other traditional looping alternatives.
## Best practices
• Avoid using forEach when working with asynchronous operations.
• Do not use forEach if you wish to transform an array or to create a new array.
• Keep the callback function simple, avoid multiple logic.
## Summary
• The forEach() method is used to execute a callback function for each of the items in an array.
• The callback function accepts three arguments; currentItem, indexNumber and the Array itself.
• In most cases, only the first argument is utilized
• Syntax for forEach is
```
array.forEach( (item, index, array) => {
// perform a task(s)
});
array.forEach( function(item, index, array){
// perform a task(s)
});
```
• forEach() can be used to iterate array of objects and nodeLists
• forEach() does not return a value hence cannot be used to create new arrays or transform existing arrays.
| kemiowoyele1 | |
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Trust your intuition; skepticism towards deals that appear overly advantageous or sellers who raise red flags is warranted. It is always wise to prioritize caution and explore alternative avenues if uncertainties arise.\n\nConclusion\nEnhance your online financial transactions with verified Cash App accounts, a secure and convenient option for all individuals. By purchasing these accounts, you can access exclusive features, benefit from higher transaction limits, and enjoy enhanced protection against fraudulent activities. Streamline your financial interactions and experience peace of mind knowing your transactions are secure and efficient with verified Cash App accounts.\n\nChoose a trusted provider when acquiring accounts to guarantee legitimacy and reliability. In an era where Cash App is increasingly favored for financial transactions, possessing a verified account offers users peace of mind and ease in managing their finances. Make informed decisions to safeguard your financial assets and streamline your personal transactions effectively.\n\nContact Us / 24 Hours Reply\nTelegram:dmhelpshop\nWhatsApp: +1 (980) 277-2786\nSkype:dmhelpshop\nEmail:dmhelpshop@gmail.com" | mihefad581 |
1,884,671 | Configure Firebase with React | What is Firebase Firebase is a comprehensive mobile and web application development platform... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:10:11 | https://dev.to/saransh_bhardwaj_ac201467/configure-firebase-with-react-2mmb | firebase, react, webdev, tutorial | What is Firebase
Firebase is a comprehensive mobile and web application development platform provided by Google. It offers a suite of services and tools that facilitate various aspects of app development, including database management, authentication, hosting, cloud functions, and more.
To set up the project. Let’s use the React boilerplate project — create-react-app.
`npx create-react-app react-with-firebase-auth`
To access the app in the browser, run the command
`npm start`
To begin with, we need to copy the configuration from our Firebase project’s dashboard on their website. The configuration should be pasted as a configuration object in a new file called firebase.js, located in our application’s src/components/Firebase/ directory.
```
const config = {
apiKey: YOUR_API_KEY,
authDomain: YOUR_AUTH_DOMAIN,
databaseURL: YOUR_DATABASE_URL,
projectId: YOUR_PROJECT_ID,
storageBucket: '',
messagingSenderId: YOUR_MESSAGING_SENDER_ID,
}
```
When using create-react-app to set up the application, we can use React environment variables, but we must prefix them with REACT_APP.
```
const config = {
apiKey: process.env.REACT_APP_API_KEY,
authDomain: process.env.REACT_APP_AUTH_DOMAIN,
databaseURL: process.env.REACT_APP_DATABASE_URL,
projectId: process.env.REACT_APP_PROJECT_ID,
storageBucket: process.env.REACT_APP_STORAGE_BUCKET,
messagingSenderId: process.env.REACT_APP_MESSAGING_SENDER_ID,
}
```
Now, we can have a `.env` file in the project’s root folder.
It is a good practice to add this file to `.gitignore`
`.env` file:
```
REACT_APP_API_KEY=*******
REACT_APP_AUTH_DOMAIN=********.firebaseapp.com
REACT_APP_DATABASE_URL=https://********.firebaseio.com
REACT_APP_PROJECT_ID=********
REACT_APP_STORAGE_BUCKET=********.appspot.com
REACT_APP_MESSAGING_SENDER_ID=********
The `Firebase/firebase.js` file would look like this:
import app from 'firebase/app';
const config = {
apiKey: process.env.REACT_APP_API_KEY,
authDomain: process.env.REACT_APP_AUTH_DOMAIN,
databaseURL: process.env.REACT_APP_DATABASE_URL,
projectId: process.env.REACT_APP_PROJECT_ID,
storageBucket: process.env.REACT_APP_STORAGE_BUCKET,
messagingSenderId: process.env.REACT_APP_MESSAGING_SENDER_ID,
};
class Firebase {
constructor() {
app.initializeApp(config);
}
}
export default Firebase
```
Note: We can have 2 Firebase projects on the Firebase website. One serves the dev environment, and the other serves the production environment.
In this case, we can have two `.env` files:
`.env.development` and `.env.production`
Firebase setup:
Sign up for an account on the Firebase side and create a project.
I have set up an app called BridgeCareApp .
We are creating a web app. So, we will click on the third icon above the text, “Add an app to get started.”
Once the app is created, the configuration file with APIKey, AuthDomain, etc, will be should. Copy it and save it in a secure location. We plug these values in the .env` files in the react app.
And that’s it. We have configured Firebase for our React application.
`Now, let’s connect Firebase with the react world.`
Firebase should be initialized once as a singleton. Exposing the Firebase class to every React component can lead to multiple Firebase instances.
We will use React’s Context API to provide a Firebase instance once at the top level of our application’s component hierarchy.
Create a new file named context.js inside the src/components/Firebase directory, and implement the code provided below.
```
import React from "react"
const FirebaseContext = React.createContext(null)
export default FirebaseContext
```
The `createContext()` function creates two components we can use in our React app. Firstly, the `FirebaseContext.Provider` component provides a Firebase instance at the top level of our React component tree. Secondly, the `FirebaseContext.Consumer` component retrieves the Firebase instance in any component if needed.
We will export all necessary functionalities, such as the Firebase class, Firebase context (for Consumer), and Provider components, in an index.js file located in our Firebase folder.
```
import FirebaseContext from './context'
import Firebase from './firebase'
export default Firebase
export { FirebaseContext }
```
Using the Firebase class, we can create a Firebase instance and pass it as a value prop to React’s Context.
`src/index.js`:
```
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import Firebase, { FirebaseContext } from './components/Firebase'
ReactDOM.render(
<FirebaseContext.Provider value={new Firebase()}>
<App />
</FirebaseContext.Provider>,
document.getElementById('root'),
)
```
Here is an example of using the Firebase instance in any component.
```
import React from 'react'
import { FirebaseContext } from '../Firebase'
const ChildComponent = () => (
<FirebaseContext.Consumer>
{firebase => {
return <div>I can access the firebase</div>
}}
</FirebaseContext.Consumer>
)
export default ChildComponent
```
Now, Firebase and React are connected! | saransh_bhardwaj_ac201467 |
1,883,351 | An advanced guide to Vitest testing and mocking | Written by Sebastian Weber ✏️ Testing is crucial in modern software development for ensuring code... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:09:05 | https://blog.logrocket.com/advanced-guide-vitest-testing-mocking | vitest, vue, webdev | **Written by [Sebastian Weber
](https://blog.logrocket.com/author/sebastianweber/)✏️**
Testing is crucial in modern software development for ensuring code quality, reliability, and maintainability. However, the complexity of testing can often feel overwhelming.
In this article, we will first delve into real-world use cases to demonstrate testing strategies using Vitest and its various APIs. We will also share a [cheat sheet with condensed Vitest examples](#vitest-cheat-sheet) that can serve as a useful resource for both aspiring testers and experienced developers.
Let’s get started!
## An introduction to testing
If you are new to testing, it is worth familiarizing yourself with some of its important terms and concepts:
* **Test doubles**: An umbrella term for the following concepts
* **Dummies**: Objects or primitive values that are passed around and sometimes not even used. They are typically used as function arguments (e.g., a hard-coded customer object)
* **Fakes**: Functions that have working implementations but take shortcuts that make them unsuitable for production, such as an in-memory database
* **Stubs**: Functions that provide ready-made answers to the calls made during the test and generally do not respond to anything that has not been programmed for the test
* **Spies**: Stubs that also record some information about how they are used, e.g., with which arguments a spied function is called
* **Mocks**: Pre-set functions designed to anticipate and specify the calls they should receive, helping in the verification of expected behavior
Because there are no official definitions, there are differing opinions on the differences between spies and mocks. This article defines spies as tools that do not change the original implementation of a module, using real actors to verify expected interactions. In contrast, mocks are fully or partly replaced modules with simplified functions to control tests. In your tests, you don't want to make actual network calls, so you have to replace the module responsible for it with a mock.
For a deeper dive into testing, check out this [guide to unit testing](https://blog.logrocket.com/product-management/unit-testing-guide/), [a guide to unit and integration testing for Node.js apps](https://blog.logrocket.com/unit-integration-testing-node-js-apps/), and a [Vitest tutorial for automated testing using Vue components](https://blog.logrocket.com/guide-vitest-automated-testing-vue-components/).
Now, let’s explore in detail how to write tests with Vitest.
## A deep dive into testing with Vitest
The goal of this article is to teach you how to use Vitest's API to write robust, readable, and maintainable tests. If you want to learn more about Vitest architecture, I recommend [Ben Holmes's video](https://youtu.be/rBdGDiwVyes?si=rvNLfAaUHuA9fqO9&t=666), which shows that Vitest features built-in modern design decisions (e.g., supporting ESM modules).
Before we delve into the code examples, let’s first set up a good test workflow.
### Setting up a testing workflow
Establishing a good testing workflow can greatly enhance productivity. By installing [Vitest’s official extension for VS Code](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=vitest.explorer), you can streamline your testing process. It’s a good addition to Vitest's CLI by providing a graphical interface for debugging tests as well as running and visualizing code coverage.
You can start debugging multiple test files or a single test by clicking on the play button with the bug icon:  You can further enhance your workflow by incorporating code coverage analysis. This provides insight into the effectiveness of your tests by indicating which parts of your codebase are covered by tests and which are not.
Before you start, you need to install a coverage provider. Depending on your preference, you can choose between the [v8](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@vitest/coverage-v8) or [istanbul](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@vitest/coverage-istanbul) packages:
```bash
$ npm i -D @vitest/coverage-v8
```
Then, you have to configure the coverage provider in `vitest.config.ts`:
```typescript
// ...
export default mergeConfig(
viteConfig,
defineConfig({
test: {
// ...
root: fileURLToPath(new URL("./", import.meta.url)),
coverage: {
provider: "v8",
},
},
}),
);
```
With your provider in place, you can run a test by clicking the **run test with coverage** button. The **Test Explorer** view provides a visual demonstration of this:  Alternatively, you can run tests with coverage from the terminal (`$ vitest run --coverage`):  Another good way to work on your tests is to run the Vitest CLI in `watch mode`:
```typescript
$ vitest # watch mode is the default
```
By pressing the `H` key, you can open the menu to run failed tests or all tests. Whenever you save a file, the containing tests are rerun: 
### Testing a service function performing a network call
Now, let's look at our first test. All the examples in this article are taken from the companion [GitHub project](https://github.com/doppelmutzi/companion-project-vitest-vue/tree/main/vitest-cheat-sheets). Consider the following service function, `fetchQuote`:
```typescript
// quote.service.ts
import type { Quote } from "./types/quote";
export async function fetchQuote() {
const response = await fetch("https://dummyjson.com/quotes/random");
const data: Quote = await response.json();
return data;
}
```
`fetchQuote` performs a network call by using the [global `fetch` method](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/fetch). The returned fetch response is of type `Quote`.
One approach is to create a spy to perform behavior verification after the test candidate, the `fetchQuote` function, is invoked. The spy tests whether the global fetch call has been called with the correct parameters. In addition, we can perform a state verification of the response:
```typescript
// quote.service.spy.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect, vi } from "vitest";
import { fetchQuote } from "./quote.service";
describe("fetchQuote", () => {
it("should return a valid quote", async () => {
const fetchSpy = vi.spyOn(globalThis, "fetch");
// invoke the test candidate
const response = await fetchQuote();
// behavior verification
expect(fetchSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
"https://dummyjson.com/quotes/random",
);
// state verification
expect(response.quote).toBeDefined();
});
});
```
As we've learned, a spy usually doesn’t alter the implementation, so a real network call is invoked. This isn’t ideal because it means that test runs are not deterministic. We can demonstrate this with a snapshot test by adding the following line:
```typescript
// ...
const response = await fetchQuote();
// ...
expect(response).toMatchSnapshot();
```
If you run the test twice, you’ll get a snapshot mismatch because the response object has different contents:  In addition, we can use a rudimentary state verification because we can only test for the existence of the `quote` object:
```typescript
expect(response.quote).toBeDefined();
```
Let's look at a better approach for this testing scenario by mocking the service:
```typescript
// quote.service.mock.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect, vi } from "vitest";
import { fetchQuote } from "./quote.service";
import type { Quote } from "./types/quote";
vi.mock("./quote.service");
describe("fetchQuote", () => {
it("should return a valid quote", async () => {
const dummyQuote: Quote = {
id: 1,
quote: "This is a dummy quote",
author: "Anonymous",
};
vi.mocked(fetchQuote).mockResolvedValue(dummyQuote);
expect(await fetchQuote()).toEqual(dummyQuote);
});
});
```
But wait — this isn’t a good test at all! It tests nothing because we replaced our test candidate with a mock. The test candidate has to be the unaltered original because we want to test its correct functionality. Let's mock the network call and define what should be returned by global `fetch`:
```typescript
// quote.service.mock.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect, vi } from "vitest";
import { fetchQuote } from "./quote.service";
import type { Quote } from "./types/quote";
describe("fetchQuote", () => {
it("should return a valid quote", async () => {
// just a dummy quote
const dummyQuote: Quote = {
id: 1,
quote: "This is a dummy quote",
author: "Anonymous",
};
// needs to contain the required properties
// https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response
const mockResponse = {
ok: true,
statusText: "OK",
json: async () => dummyQuote,
} as Response;
// this time mock global fetch instead of spying on it
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
// state verification
expect(await fetchQuote()).toEqual(dummyQuote);
});
});
```
This is an example of a state verification by checking whether `fetchQuote`'s return value matches the response of the network call initiated by `fetch`.
Don't worry — this test looks much more complicated than it is because we have to understand the signature of `fetch`. As you can see in the [documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/fetch), it returns a promise that resolves to the [`Response`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response) object representing the response to your request. This is the `fetch` interface:
```typescript
// node_modules/@types/node/globals.d.ts
// ...
function fetch(
input: string | URL | globalThis.Request,
init?: RequestInit,
): Promise<Response>;
// ...
```
In our case, we defined a dummy object representing an object of type `Quote`. We return this dummy in the JSON response when the promise gets resolved. Therefore, we need to use Vitest's [`mockResolvedValue`](https://vitest.dev/api/mock#mockresolvedvalue), which is available for test doubles such as mocks and spies:
```typescript
// ...
const mockResponse = {
// ...
json: async () => dummyQuote,
} as Response;
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
// ...
```
We can also refactor our previous test (`quote.service.spy.test.ts`) in a way that the spy returns our fake response:
```typescript
it("should return a valid quote by returning a fake response", async () => {
const fetchSpy = vi.spyOn(globalThis, "fetch").mockResolvedValue({
ok: true,
statusText: "OK",
json: async () => ({ quote: "Hello, World!" }),
} as Response);
const response = await fetchQuote();
expect(fetchSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
"https://dummyjson.com/quotes/random",
);
expect(response.quote).toBe("Hello, World!");
});
```
Besides looking into the documentation or the globals' types, we can also make use of debugging to find out the internals of external modules.
### Testing the correct rendering of a Vue component
Testing the correct rendering of the `App.vue` component is an example of white box testing:
```vue
<template>
<h1>My awesome dashboard</h1>
<img :src="imageUrl" :alt="imgAlt" />
<Counter />
<TodoFromStore />
<TodoFromComposable />
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
// hide imports
const dashboardStore = useDashboardStore();
const imageUrl = ref("");
const imgAlt = ref("");
onMounted(async () => {
const blob = await dashboardStore.createQuoteImageWithComposable();
if (blob) {
imageUrl.value = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
imgAlt.value = dashboardStore.shortenedQuote;
}
});
</script>
```
You will shortly find out that this component does not have a good design in terms of testability. This is how to test it:
```typescript
// App.test.ts
import { flushPromises, shallowMount } from "@vue/test-utils";
import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
import App from "./App.vue";
import { createPinia, defineStore } from "pinia";
describe("App", () => {
it("renders the image correctly", async () => {
// mock URL.createObjectURL since it is an internal of the onMounted hook
vi.stubGlobal("URL", { createObjectURL: () => "a nice URL" });
// Create a mock store
const useMockDashboardStore = defineStore("dashboard", () => ({
createQuoteImageWithComposable: async () => {
// Create a dummy blob
const dummyBlob = new Blob();
return Promise.resolve(dummyBlob);
},
shortenedQuote: "Dummy shortened quote",
}));
// init pinia and use the mock store
const pinia = createPinia();
useMockDashboardStore(pinia);
// shallow mount the App component
// only the first (component tree) level of Vue components are rendered
const wrapper = shallowMount(App);
// make sure to invoke onMounted lifecycle hook and resolve the promise
await flushPromises();
const imgEl = wrapper.find("img");
expect(imgEl.attributes().alt).toBe("Dummy shortened quote");
expect(imgEl.attributes().src).toBe("a nice URL");
// renders only first child level of App component: h1, img, tags of included Vue components
expect(wrapper.html()).toMatchSnapshot();
});
});
```
The above code is complex, so let's break it down. The first question is how to deal with Vue components. We will combine Vitest with [Vue Test Utils](https://blog.logrocket.com/testing-vue-js-components-vue-test-utils/), which is a library of helper functions to help users test their Vue components.
In this case, we can use either the [`mount`](https://test-utils.vuejs.org/api/#mount) or [`shallowMount`](https://test-utils.vuejs.org/api/#shallowMount) functions to mount the Vue component. We’ll opt for the latter because it stubs out all children of the `App` component.
Testing the `App` component in isolation shouldn’t include implementation details of child components like `Counter`. Without `shallowMount`, we open up another can of worms because we also have to mock the dependencies of the child components.
Switching from `shallowMount(App)` to `mount(App)` breaks our test because of the child component internals:  We also need to set up a mock Pinia store (`dashboard`) because the `App` component accesses an action (`createQuoteImageWithComposable`) and a getter (`shortenedQuote`) in the `onMounted` lifecycle Hook:
```typescript
// Create a mock store
const useMockDashboardStore = defineStore("dashboard", () => ({
createQuoteImageWithComposable: async () => {
const dummyBlob = new Blob();
return Promise.resolve(dummyBlob);
},
shortenedQuote: "Dummy shortened quote",
}));
const pinia = createPinia();
useMockDashboardStore(pinia);
const wrapper = shallowMount(App);
```
Providing a mock store for testing doesn’t require using Vitest's API functions — we can just create a store with `defineStore` that exposes the API that `App`'s component uses.
Inside the `onMounted` Hook, `store.createQuoteImageWithComposable()` needs to return a promise that resolves to a blob response, while `store.shortenedQuote` is just a string.
Due to an unfavorable implementation, we need to stub `URL.createObjectURL` as it generates a URL by the returned blob:
```typescript
vi.stubGlobal("URL", { createObjectURL: () => "a nice URL" })
```
In a minute, I’ll suggest how to improve the `App` component to simplify this test.
Because this component relies on a lifecycle hook, we need to utilize another API function of Vue Test Utils ([`flushPromises`](https://test-utils.vuejs.org/api/#flushPromises)). It is important to wait with asserting values until all DOM updates are done and all pending promises are resolved:
```typescript
await flushPromises();
```
This is why our test needs to be `async`:
```typescript
it("renders the image correctly", async () => {
// ...
});
```
Now we can make our assertions:
```typescript
const imgEl = wrapper.find("img");
expect(imgEl.attributes().alt).toBe("Dummy shortened quote");
expect(imgEl.attributes().src).toBe("a nice URL");
// renders only first child level of App component: h1, img, tags of included Vue components
expect(wrapper.html()).toMatchSnapshot();
```
Because we used `shallowMount`, the snapshot looks like this:
```typescript
// __snapshots__/App.test.ts.snap
exports[`App > renders the image correctly 1`] = `
"<h1>My awesome dashboard</h1>
<img src="a nice URL" alt="Dummy shortened quote">
<counter-stub></counter-stub>
<todo-from-store-stub></todo-from-store-stub>
<todo-from-composable-stub></todo-from-composable-stub>"
`;
```
### Improving testability
Let’s make our lives easier by refactoring the `onMounted` Hook:
```typescript
// see AppRefactored.vue
onMounted(async () => {
const image = await dashboardStore.createQuoteImageWithComposableRefactored();
if (image) {
imageUrl.value = image.url;
imgAlt.value = image.altText;
}
});
```
The `store` function is also refactored to provide an image URL and alt text right away:
```typescript
// return type of createQuoteImageWithComposableRefactored
type Image = { url: string; altText: string };
```
The improved signature of the `store` function makes the `App` component easier to test because of better separation of concerns. The store method is completely in charge of providing the data to render. This means that we can get rid of stubbing out of `URL.createObjectURL` because it was extracted into the store method.
### Testing store actions in isolation
If you place complex logic into store actions and invoke them from Vue components, you can test this logic in isolation. Let's look at the example action used in the `App` component:
```typescript
// store.ts
const createQuoteImageWithComposable = async () => {
const blob: Ref<Blob | null> = ref(null);
const jsonState = await useFetch<Quote>(
"https://dummyjson.com/quotes/random",
);
if (!jsonState.hasError) {
currentQuote.value = jsonState.data;
const blobState = await useFetch<Blob>(
`https://dummyjson.com/image/768x80/008080/ffffff?text=${jsonState.data?.quote}`,
{ responseType: "blob" },
);
if (!blobState.hasError) {
blob.value = blobState.data;
}
}
return toValue(blob);
};
```
This action makes two network calls with an imported module (`useFetch`) to get two different responses. The challenge is to mock this imported `useFetch` composable in a way that the first call returns JSON and the second one a blob response.
First, in order to mock the network calls in the arranging phase, we need to know the signature of the generic `useFetch` composable. We will look at the test of `useFetch` in a minute, but all we need to know right now is the signature:
```typescript
interface State<T> {
isLoading: boolean;
hasError: boolean;
error: Error | null;
data: T | null;
}
// signature of useFetch
function useFetch<T>(url: string, options?: {
responseType?: "json" | "blob";
}): Promise<State<T>>
```
Our mock implementation of `useFetch` can ignore the arguments but we need to make sure to receive the correct fetch state objects:
```typescript
// store.test.ts
import { useFetch } from "./composables/useFetch";
// ...
vi.mock("./composables/useFetch");
// ...
it("createQuoteImageWithComposable should create a quote image by calling useFetch twice", async () => {
// arrange
const dummyJsonState = {
data: { id: 1, quote: "Hello, World!", author: "Anonymous" },
hasError: false,
};
const dummyBlob = new Blob();
const mockedUseFetch = vi.mocked(useFetch) as Mock;
mockedUseFetch
.mockResolvedValueOnce(dummyJsonState)
.mockResolvedValueOnce({ data: dummyBlob, hasError: false });
// act / call the test candidate
const blob = await store.createQuoteImageWithComposable();
// state assertion
expect(blob).toBe(dummyBlob);
// behaviour assertions
// check the arguments of the first useFetch call
expect(mockedUseFetch.mock.calls\[0\][0]).toBe(
"https://dummyjson.com/quotes/random",
);
// check the arguments of the second useFetch call
expect(mockedUseFetch.mock.calls\[1\][0]).toBe(
`https://dummyjson.com/image/768x80/008080/ffffff?text=${dummyJsonState.data.quote}`,
);
});
```
The comments inside of the previous snippet emphasize the different phases of a test: arrange (initialization of test doubles), act (invoking the test candidate), and assert (verification of correct behavior or result of test candidate).
The approach used in the following test is to mock the whole module:
```typescript
vi.mock("./composables/useFetch")
```
[`vi.mock`](https://vitest.dev/api/vi.html#vi-mock) gets hoisted to the top of the file, so the position in the test file does not matter. In addition, we need to provide the actual import:
```typescript
import { useFetch } from "./composables/useFetch"`)
```
With that in place, we can create dummy return values that our mocked fetch calls should return:
```typescript
// arrange the test
const dummyJsonState = {
data: { id: 1, quote: "Hello, World!", author: "Anonymous" },
hasError: false,
};
const dummyBlob = new Blob();
const mockedUseFetch = vi.mocked(useFetch) as Mock;
mockedUseFetch
.mockResolvedValueOnce(dummyJsonState)
.mockResolvedValueOnce({ data: dummyBlob, hasError: false });
```
With [`vi.mocked`](https://vitest.dev/api/vi.html#vi-mocked), we get access to the mocked function and assign it to `mockedUseFetch`. With the help of [`mockResolvedValueOnce`](https://vitest.dev/api/mock.html#mockresolvedvalueonce), we can resolve the first promise with a JSON state and the second promise with a blob state.
Finally, we can make our assertions:
```typescript
// state assertion
expect(blob).toBe(dummyBlob);
// ...
// check the arguments of the second useFetch call
expect(mockedUseFetch.mock.calls\[1\][0]).toBe(
`https://dummyjson.com/image/768x80/008080/ffffff?text=${dummyJsonState.data.quote}`,
);
```
### Testing composables in isolation
In the previous test, we mocked `useFetch` because it constitutes an external dependency of the test candidate (store action `createQuoteImageWithComposable`). Next, we'll test `useFetch` in isolation:
```typescript
// useFetch.ts
export async function useFetch<T>(
url: string,
options: { responseType?: "json" | "blob" } = { responseType: "json" },
) {
const fetchState = reactive<State<T>>({
isLoading: false,
hasError: false,
error: null,
data: null,
});
try {
fetchState.isLoading = true;
const response = await fetch(url);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(response.statusText);
}
fetchState.data =
options.responseType === "json"
? await response.json()
: await response.blob();
} catch (err: unknown) {
fetchState.hasError = true;
fetchState.error = err as Error;
// throw new Error(fetchState.error.message);
} finally {
fetchState.isLoading = false;
}
return fetchState;
}
```
The challenge is to deal with the global `fetch` function that makes actual network calls. For test stability and efficiency reasons, we do not want to perform actual fetch calls so, we’ll substitute it with a mock.
The corresponding test shows one approach to mock global `fetch`, but there are multiple ways to do this as you will see in the cheat sheet section of this article. Let's look at the happy path first, where `useFetch` returns a JSON valid response, i.e., the network call is successful:
```typescript
// useFetch.test.ts
import { useFetch } from "./useFetch";
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn();
describe("useFetch", () => {
it("should fetch data successfully and return the response", async () => {
// arrange
const dummyData = { message: "Hello, World!" };
const mockResponse = {
ok: true,
statusText: "OK",
json: async () => dummyData,
} as Response;
vi.mocked(fetch).mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
// act
const response = await useFetch("https://api.example.com/data");
// state assertions
expect(response.isLoading).toBe(false);
expect(response.hasError).toBe(false);
expect(response.error).toBe(null);
expect(response.data).toEqual(dummyData);
// behavior assertions
expect(vi.mocked(fetch)).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
expect(vi.mocked(fetch)).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
"https://api.example.com/data",
);
});
// ...
});
```
We set the properties of the response mock object to represent a successful network call. Because we want to receive JSON data, we add a `json` property to the `mockResponse` object. We create a dummy data object that gets returned when the promise is resolved (`dummyData`). Finally, we order Vitest to return our `mockResponse` when a fetch call is made:
```typescript
vi.mocked(fetch).mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
```
In the acting phase, we will call the test candidate and store the mocked response in a variable:
```typescript
const response = await useFetch("https://api.example.com/data");
```
Finally, we make state and behavior assertions and test whether the fetch state looks as expected.
Next is an example of testing a failing network call with the help of the [`mockRejectedValue`](https://vitest.dev/api/mock.html#mockresolvedvalue) API function:
```typescript
// useFetch.test.ts
import { useFetch } from "./useFetch";
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn();
// ...
it("should set the error state correctly when fetch request gets rejected", async () => {
const errorMessage = "Network error";
vi.mocked(fetch).mockRejectedValue(new Error(errorMessage));
const response = await useFetch("https://api.example.com/data");
expect(response.isLoading).toBe(false);
expect(response.hasError).toBe(true);
expect(response.error!.message).toEqual(errorMessage);
expect(response.data).toBe(null);
});
```
### Testing timers
As the last example in this chapter, we’ll examine a rather complex composable, `useFetchTodoWithPolling`. The goal is to re-fetch to-dos at intervals after a defined number of milliseconds (parameter `pollingInterval`):
```typescript
// useFetchTodoWithPolling.ts
import { ref, type Ref } from "vue";
import { useFetch } from "./useFetch";
interface Todo {
id: number;
todo: string;
completed: boolean;
userId: number;
}
export const useFetchTodoWithPolling = (pollingInterval: number) => {
const todo: Ref<Todo | null> = ref(null);
const doPoll = ref(true);
const poll = async () => {
try {
if (doPoll.value) {
const fetchState = await useFetch<Todo>(
"https://dummyjson.com/todos/random",
);
todo.value = fetchState.data;
setTimeout(poll, pollingInterval);
}
} catch (err: unknown) {
console.error(err);
}
};
poll();
const togglePolling = () => {
doPoll.value = !doPoll.value;
if (doPoll.value) {
poll();
}
};
return { todo, togglePolling, isPolling: doPoll };
};
```
The `return` object contains the fetched to-dos and allows us to pause and continue polling:
```typescript
// signature
const useFetchTodoWithPolling: (pollingInterval: number) => {
todo: Ref<Todo | null>;
togglePolling: () => void;
isPolling: Ref<boolean>;
}
```
The following code snippets demonstrate a test that asserts the re-fetching functionality works as expected after five seconds and stops when `togglePolling` is called:
```typescript
// useFetchTodoWithPolling.test.ts
describe("useFetchTodoWithPolling", () => {
const todo = {
id: 1,
todo: "vitest",
completed: false,
userId: 1,
};
vi.mock("./useFetch");
const useFetchMocked = vi.mocked(useFetch);
beforeEach(() => {
// clear the mock to avoid side effects and start count with 0
vi.clearAllMocks();
});
beforeAll(() => {
vi.useFakeTimers();
});
afterAll(() => {
vi.useRealTimers();
});
it("should fetch the API every 5 seconds until polling is stopped", async () => {
useFetchMocked
.mockResolvedValueOnce({
isLoading: false,
hasError: false,
error: null,
data: todo,
})
.mockResolvedValueOnce({
isLoading: false,
hasError: false,
error: null,
data: { ...todo, todo: "rules" },
});
const response = useFetchTodoWithPolling(5000);
await flushPromises();
expect(response.todo.value?.todo).toEqual("vitest");
await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(50);
expect(response.todo.value?.todo).toEqual("vitest");
await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(4970);
expect(response.todo.value?.todo).toEqual("rules");
expect(useFetchMocked).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
response.togglePolling();
expect(useFetchMocked).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
```
Let's discuss what the arrange and act phases have to look like. Regarding arranging the test setup, we need to mock `useFetch` because this external module is used to fetch to-dos. We saw this in the previous section.
Another important aspect is how to handle the interval. Therefore, we utilize the Vitest API [`vi.useFakeTimers`](https://vitest.dev/api/vi.html#vi-usefaketimers) to work with fake timers in tests. Because we need fake timers for all tests in this test file, we put the code in a `beforeAll` Hook. It's also good practice to reset to real timers after all tests of the test suite and not rely on implicit resetting:
```typescript
beforeEach(() => {
// clear the mock to avoid side effects and start the count with 0 for every test
vi.clearAllMocks();
});
beforeAll(() => {
vi.useFakeTimers();
});
afterAll(() => {
vi.useRealTimers();
});
```
Clearing all mocks in `beforeEach` is also good practice to start every mock call count by `0` for every new test. In the end, tests are more semantic, easier to read, and less prone to errors.
Next, as part of the acting phase, we’ll invoke our test candidate:
```typescript
const response = useFetchTodoWithPolling(5000);
```
The asserting phase is a bit more complex. Let's break it down:
```typescript
// the fetch function is called immediately
await flushPromises();
expect(response.todo.value?.todo).toEqual("vitest");
// timer hasn't advanced enough yet
await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(50);
expect(response.todo.value?.todo).toEqual("vitest");
// timer has advanced more than 5 seconds now
await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(4970);
expect(response.todo.value?.todo).toEqual("rules");
expect(useFetchMocked).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
// stop polling
response.togglePolling();
// no fetching should happen now
expect(useFetchMocked).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
```
`flushPromises` is required because the composable makes a fetch call once before any timer interval starts. Then we utilize another Vitest utility with [`vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync`](https://vitest.dev/api/vi.html#vi-advancetimersbytimeasync). As you can see with the inline comments, now we establish different timer states and evaluate whether our fetch mock (`useFetchMocked`) has been called or not.
Then we "act" again and stop polling (`response.togglePolling()`). Afterward, we evaluate one last time that no more fetch calls have been done.
## Vitest cheat sheet
This section will provide examples of various Vitest use cases that you can use for future reference. Unlike the detailed discussion above, the focus of this section is to show how to use Vitest’s API through simplified code snippets.
Testing problems often have multiple solutions. The following examples will cover specific scenarios, such as mocking default imports, which can be challenging, especially for new developers. However, experienced developers familiar with other [testing libraries like Jest](https://blog.logrocket.com/jest-adoption-guide/) will also find this compilation useful.
### Default imports
The following examples demonstrate how to create test doubles of modules exposed as default exports:
```typescript
// default-func.ts
const getWithEmoji = (message: string) => {
return `${message} 😎`;
};
export default getWithEmoji;
// default-obj.ts
export default {
getWithEmoji: (message: string) => {
return `${message} 😎`;
},
};
// default-import.spec.ts
import { type Mock } from "vitest";
import getWithEmojiFunc from "./default-func";
import getWithEmojiObj from "./default-obj";
it("mock default function", () => {
vi.mock("./default-func", () => {
return {
default: vi.fn((message: string) => `${message} 🥳`),
};
});
expect(getWithEmojiFunc("hello world")).toEqual("hello world 🥳");
});
it("spy on default object's method", () => {
const getWithEmojiSpy = vi.spyOn(getWithEmojiObj, "getWithEmoji") as Mock;
const result = getWithEmojiSpy("spy kids");
expect(result).toEqual("spy kids 😎");
expect(getWithEmojiSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith("spy kids");
});
```
The following shows how to create spies of a function exposed as a default import:
```typescript
// spy-default-func.spec.ts
import { type Mock } from "vitest";
import * as exports from "./default-func";
it("spy on default function", () => {
const getWithEmojiSpy = vi.spyOn(exports, "default") as Mock;
const result = getWithEmojiSpy("spy kids");
expect(result).toEqual("spy kids 😎");
expect(getWithEmojiSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith("spy kids");
});
```
### Named imports
The next example shows how to create a spy of a function and a property, both exposed as named imports:
```typescript
// named-import-property.ts
export const magicNumber: number = 42;
// named-import-property.spec.ts
import * as exports from "./named-import-property";
it("mock property", () => {
vi.spyOn(exports, "magicNumber", "get").mockReturnValue(41);
expect(exports.magicNumber).toBe(41);
});
```
This next example demonstrates how to mock named imports:
```typescript
// named-import-func.ts
export const getWithEmoji = (message: string) => {
return `${message} 😎`;
};
// named-import-func.spec.ts
import { getWithEmoji } from "./named-import-func";
it("mock named import (function)", () => {
vi.mock("./named-import-func");
const dummyMessage = "Hello, world!";
const mockGetWithEmji = vi
.mocked(getWithEmoji)
.mockReturnValue(`${dummyMessage} 🤩`);
const result = mockGetWithEmji(dummyMessage);
expect(result).toBe(`${dummyMessage} 🤩`);
});
```
### Classes and prototypes
These examples demonstrate how to mock imported class modules (named and default imports):
```typescript
// default-class.ts
export default class Bike {
ride() {
return "original value";
}
}
// named-class.ts
export class Car {
drive() {
return "original value";
}
}
// class.spec.ts
import Bike from "./default-class";
import { Car } from "./named-class";
test("mock a method of a default import class", () => {
vi.mock("./default-class", () => {
const MyClass = vi.fn();
MyClass.prototype.ride = vi.fn();
return { default: MyClass };
});
const myMethodMock = vi.mocked(Bike.prototype.ride);
myMethodMock
.mockReturnValueOnce("mocked value")
.mockReturnValueOnce("another mocked value");
const myInstance = new Bike();
let result = myInstance.ride();
expect(result).toBe("mocked value");
result = Bike.prototype.ride();
expect(result).toBe("another mocked value");
expect(myMethodMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
test("mock a method of a named export class", () => {
vi.mock("./named-class", () => {
const MyClass = vi.fn();
MyClass.prototype.drive = vi.fn();
return { Car: MyClass };
});
const myMethodMock = vi.mocked(Car.prototype.drive);
myMethodMock
.mockReturnValueOnce("mocked value")
.mockReturnValueOnce("another mocked value");
const myInstance = new Car();
let result = myInstance.drive();
expect(result).toBe("mocked value");
result = Car.prototype.drive();
expect(result).toBe("another mocked value");
expect(myMethodMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
```
### Snapshot testing
[Snapshot testing](https://vitest.dev/api/expect.html#tomatchsnapshot) can be used for data objects. When a snapshot mismatch occurs and causes a test to fail, and if the mismatch is expected, you can press the `U` key to update the snapshot once:
```typescript
// data-snapshot.spec.ts
test("snapshot testing", () => {
const data = {
id: 1,
name: "John Doe",
email: "john.doe@example.com",
};
expect(data).toMatchSnapshot();
});
// Vitest snapshot example with an object like above but also a mocked function
test("snapshot testing with a mocked function", () => {
const person = {
id: 1,
name: "John Doe",
email: "john.doe@example.com",
contact: vi.fn(),
};
expect(person).toMatchSnapshot();
});
```
This example shows how to use snapshot testing to record the render output of Vue components. Consider the following component:
```vue
<!-- AwesomeComponent.vue -->
<template>
<h1 id="awesome-component">{{ greeting }}</h1>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { computed } from "vue";
const props = defineProps<{ name: string }>();
const greeting = computed(() => "Hello, " + props.name);
</script>
<style scoped>
#awesome-component {
color: red;
}
</style>
```
The following demonstrates how to use Vue Test Utils to initialize the Vue component with a prop and create an HTML snapshot:
```typescript
// component-snapshot.spec.ts
import { mount } from "@vue/test-utils";
import AwesomeComponent from "./AwesomeComponent.vue";
test("renders component correctly", () => {
const wrapper = mount(AwesomeComponent, {
props: {
name: "reader",
},
});
expect(wrapper.html()).toMatchSnapshot();
});
```
### Composables and the Composition API
This example demonstrates how to test composables using the Composition API. To trigger an effect (because of `watchEffect`), you can make use of Vue's `nextTick` API:
```typescript
// composition-api.spec.ts
import { ref, watchEffect, nextTick } from "vue";
export function useCounter() {
const count = ref(2);
watchEffect(() => {
if (count.value > 5) {
count.value = 0;
}
});
const increment = () => {
count.value++;
};
return {
count,
increment,
};
}
test("useCounter", async () => {
const { count, increment } = useCounter();
expect(count.value).toBe(2);
increment();
expect(count.value).toBe(3);
increment();
expect(count.value).toBe(4);
increment();
expect(count.value).toBe(5);
increment();
expect(count.value).toBe(6);
// wait for the watcher to update the count
await nextTick();
expect(count.value).toBe(0);
});
```
### Vue lifecycle hooks and the Composition API
The following example shows a composable (`useCounter`) using the Composition API (`ref`, `watchEffect`) and a lifecycle hook (`onMounted`). The Vue component utilizes the composable's interface to update a counter on button clicks:
```typescript
// useCounter.ts
import { onMounted, ref, watchEffect } from "vue";
export function useCounter() {
const count = ref(0);
onMounted(() => {
count.value = 2;
});
watchEffect(() => {
if (count.value > 3) {
count.value = 0;
}
});
const increment = () => {
count.value++;
};
return {
count,
increment,
};
}
```
```vue
<!-- Counter.vue -->
<template>
<div>count: {{ count }}</div>
<button @click="increment">Increment</button>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { useCounter } from "./useCounter";
const { count, increment } = useCounter();
</script>
```
The following snippet shows how to mount a component, fire button click events, and verify that the used composable works as expected:
```typescript
// Counter.spec.ts
import { mount } from "@vue/test-utils";
import Counter from "./Counter.vue";
import { nextTick } from "vue";
test("renders component correctly", async () => {
const wrapper = mount(Counter);
const div = wrapper.find("div");
expect(div.text()).toContain("count: 0");
// make sure onMounted() is called by waiting until the next DOM update
await nextTick();
expect(div.text()).toContain("count: 2");
const button = wrapper.find("button");
button.trigger("click");
button.trigger("click");
await nextTick();
expect(div.text()).toContain("count: 0");
});
```
### Partly mocked modules
The next example demonstrates how to mock only the relevant parts of an external module required for a test scenario (`getWithEmoji` function of `stringOperations` module). The other function (`log`) is irrelevant. Verification of the mock reveals that `log` is therefore not defined:
```typescript
// partly-mock-module.ts
const getWithEmoji = (message: string) => {
return `${message} 😎`;
};
export const stringOperations = {
log: (message: string) => console.log(message),
getWithEmoji,
};
// partly-mock-module.spec.ts
import { stringOperations } from "./partly-mock-module";
it("mock method of imported object", () => {
vi.mock("./partly-mock-module", () => {
return {
stringOperations: {
getWithEmoji: vi.fn().mockReturnValue("Hello world 🤩"),
},
};
});
const mockGetWithEmoji = vi.mocked(stringOperations.getWithEmoji);
const result = mockGetWithEmoji("Hello world");
expect(mockGetWithEmoji).toHaveBeenCalledWith("Hello world");
expect(result).toEqual("Hello world 🤩");
expect(vi.isMockFunction(mockGetWithEmoji)).toBe(true);
expect(stringOperations.log).not.toBeDefined();
});
```
This is an alternative variant providing both functions of `stringOperations`. The function `getWithEmoji` gets replaced by a mock implementation and `log` is kept in its original form:
```typescript
// partly-mock-module-restore-original.spec.ts
import { stringOperations } from "./partly-mock-module";
it("mock method of imported object and restore other original properties", () => {
vi.mock("./partly-mock-module", async (importOriginal) => {
const original =
(await importOriginal()) as typeof import("./partly-mock-module");
return {
stringOperations: {
log: original.stringOperations.log,
getWithEmoji: vi.fn().mockReturnValue("Hello world 🤩"),
},
};
});
const { getWithEmoji: mockGetWithEmoji, log } = vi.mocked(stringOperations);
const result = mockGetWithEmoji("Hello world");
expect(mockGetWithEmoji).toHaveBeenCalledWith("Hello world");
expect(result).toEqual("Hello world 🤩");
expect(vi.isMockFunction(mockGetWithEmoji)).toBe(true);
expect(log).toBeDefined();
expect(vi.isMockFunction(log)).toBe(false);
});
```
### Access to external variables within mock implementations
In contrast to `vi.mock`, `vi.doMock` isn't hoisted to the top of a file. It's useful when you need to incorporate external variables inside mock implementations:
```typescript
// someModule.ts
export function someFunction() {
return "original implementation";
}
// doMock.spec.ts
import { someFunction } from "./someModule";
it("original module", () => {
const result = someFunction();
expect(result).toEqual("original implementation");
});
it("doMock allows to use variables from scope", async () => {
const dummyText = "dummy text";
// vi.mock does not allow to use variables from the scope. It leads to errors like:
// Error: [vitest] There was an error when mocking a module. If you are using "vi.mock" factory, make sure there are no top level variables inside, since this call is hoisted to top of the file.
// vi.doMock does not get hoisted to the top instead of vi.mock
vi.doMock("./someModule", () => {
return {
someFunction: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(dummyText),
};
});
// dynamic import is required to get the mocked module with vi.docMock
const { someFunction: someFunctionMock } = await import("./someModule");
const result = someFunctionMock();
expect(someFunctionMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
expect(result).toEqual(dummyText);
});
```
### Clean up test doubles
The following examples highlight how to use `mockClear`, `mockReset`, and `mockRestore` to clean up your tests, especially by testing doubles to avoid side effects:
```typescript
// add.ts
export const add = (a, b) => a + b;
// cleanup-mocks.spec.ts
import { add } from "./add";
test("mockClear", () => {
const mockFunc = vi.fn();
mockFunc();
expect(mockFunc).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
// resets call history
mockFunc.mockClear();
mockFunc();
expect(mockFunc).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
test("mockReset vs mockRestore", async () => {
const mockAdd = vi.fn(add).mockImplementation((a, b) => 2 * a + 2 * b);
expect(vi.isMockFunction(mockAdd)).toBe(true);
expect(mockAdd(1, 1)).toBe(4);
expect(mockAdd).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
// resets call history and mock function returns undefined
mockAdd.mockReset();
expect(vi.isMockFunction(mockAdd)).toBe(true);
expect(mockAdd(1, 1)).toBeUndefined();
expect(mockAdd).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
// resets call history and mock function restores implementation to add
mockAdd.mockRestore();
expect(vi.isMockFunction(mockAdd)).toBe(true);
expect(mockAdd(1, 1)).toBe(2); // original implementation
expect(mockAdd).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
```
### Auto-mocking modules and global mocks
Storing test doubles in a dedicated folder (`__mocks__`) allows for automatic mocking. The following example shows how to mock `axios` globally:
```typescript
// <root-folder>/__mocks__/axios.ts
import { vi } from "vitest";
const mockAxios = {
get: vi.fn((url: string) =>
Promise.resolve({ data: { urlCharCount: url.length } }),
),
post: vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve({ data: {} })),
// Add other methods as needed
};
export default mockAxios;
// axios.auto-mocking.spec.ts
import axios from "axios";
vi.mock("axios");
// auto-mocking example with <root-folder>/__mocks__ folder
test("mocked axios", async () => {
const response = await axios.get("url");
expect(response.data.urlCharCount).toBe(3);
expect(axios.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith("url");
expect(axios.delete).toBeUndefined();
expect(vi.isMockFunction(axios.get)).toBe(true);
expect(vi.isMockFunction(axios.post)).toBe(true);
expect(vi.isMockFunction(axios.delete)).toBe(false);
});
// use actual axios in test
test("can get actual axios", async () => {
const ax = await vi.importActual<typeof axios>("axios");
expect(vi.isMockFunction(ax.get)).toBe(false);
});
```
The following example demonstrates how you can mock `axios` only for individual tests:
```typescript
// axios.spec.ts
import axios from "axios";
test("mocked axios", async () => {
const { default: ax } =
await vi.importMock<typeof import("axios")>("axios");
const response = await ax.get("url");
expect(ax.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith("url");
expect(response.data.urlCharCount).toEqual(3);
});
test("actual axios is not mocked", async () => {
expect(vi.isMockFunction(axios.get)).toBe(false);
});
```
### Date and time
Vitest provides the [`vi.setSystemTime`](https://vitest.dev/api/vi.html#vi-setsystemtime) method to fake the system time:
```typescript
// date-and-time.spec.ts
const getCurrentTime = () => new Date().toTimeString().slice(0, 5);
it("should return the correct system time", () => {
vi.setSystemTime(new Date("2024-04-04 15:17"));
expect(getCurrentTime()).toBe("15:17");
// cleanup
vi.useRealTimers();
});
```
### Rejected promises and errors
The following examples show how to verify thrown exceptions:
```typescript
// error.spec.ts
test("should throw an error", () => {
expect(() => {
throw new Error("Error message");
}).toThrow("Error message");
});
test("should throw an error after rejected fetch", async () => {
const errorMessage = "Network error";
vi.stubGlobal(
"fetch",
vi.fn(() => Promise.reject(new Error(errorMessage))),
);
await expect(fetch("https://api.example.com/data")).rejects.toThrow(
"Network error",
);
});
test("more sophisticated example of expecting error and resolved value", async () => {
const errorMessage = "Network error";
class MyError extends Error {
constructor(message: string) {
super(message);
this.name = "MyError";
}
}
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new MyError(errorMessage));
await expect(fetch("https://api.example.com/data")).rejects.toThrowError(
"Network error",
);
await expect(fetch("https://api.example.com/data")).rejects.toThrowError(
Error,
);
await expect(fetch("https://api.example.com/data")).rejects.toThrowError(
/Network/,
);
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue("success");
const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
expect(response).toBe("success");
});
```
### Replace global fetch
The following shows different methods for replacing global `fetch` with test doubles:
```typescript
// fetch.spec.ts
test("variant with globalThis.fetch", async () => {
const dummyData = { message: "hey" };
const mockResponse = {
ok: true,
statusText: "OK",
json: async () => dummyData,
} as Response;
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
const data = await response.json();
expect(data).toEqual(dummyData);
});
test("variant with globalThis.fetch and vi.mocked", async () => {
const dummyBlob = new Blob();
const mockResponse = {
ok: true,
statusText: "OK",
blob: async () => dummyBlob,
} as Response;
globalThis.fetch = vi.fn();
vi.mocked(fetch).mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
const data = await response.blob();
expect(response.blob).toBeDefined();
expect(data).toEqual(dummyBlob);
expect(response.json).not.toBeDefined();
});
test("variant with vi.stubGlobal", async () => {
const dummyData = { data: "hey" };
const dummyBlob = new Blob();
vi.stubGlobal(
"fetch",
vi.fn(() =>
Promise.resolve({
blob: async () => dummyBlob,
json: () => dummyData,
}),
),
);
const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
const data = await response.json();
const blob = await response.blob();
expect(response).toEqual({
json: expect.any(Function),
blob: expect.any(Function),
});
expect(data).toEqual(dummyData);
expect(blob).toEqual(dummyBlob);
});
test.todo("variant with rejected fetch", async () => {
// see error.spec.ts
});
```
### Parameterize tests
With Vitest's [`test.each`](https://vitest.dev/api/#test-each) API, you can pass a different set of data into tests:
```typescript
// run tests 3x with different string values
const inputs = ["Hello", "world", "!"];
test.each(inputs)("Testing string length", (input) => {
expect(input.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
test.each(inputs)("Testing string lengths of %s", (input) => {
expect(input.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
```
### Stub `globalThis` and `window` with `stubGlobal`
[`vi.stubGlobal`](https://vitest.dev/api/vi.html#vi-stubglobal) can be used to mock different global properties such as `console.log` or `fetch`. To stub `window` properties, you need to use [`jsdom` or `happy-dom`](https://vitest.dev/guide/environment#test-environment):
```typescript
test("Math example", () => {
vi.stubGlobal("Math", { random: () => 0.5 });
const result = Math.random();
expect(result).toBe(0.5);
});
test("Date example", () => {
vi.stubGlobal(
"Date",
class {
getTime() {
return 1000;
}
},
);
expect(new Date().getTime()).toBe(1000);
expect(new Date().getTime()).not.toBe(2000);
});
test("console example", () => {
vi.stubGlobal("console", {
log: vi.fn(),
error: vi.fn(),
});
console.log("Hello, World!");
console.error("An error occurred!");
const log = vi.mocked(console.log);
const error = vi.mocked(console.error);
expect(log).toHaveBeenCalledWith("Hello, World!");
expect(error).toHaveBeenCalledWith("An error occurred!");
expect(vi.isMockFunction(log)).toBe(true);
expect(vi.isMockFunction(error)).toBe(true);
});
test("window example", () => {
vi.stubGlobal("window", {
innerWidth: 1024,
innerHeight: 768,
});
expect(window.innerWidth).toBe(1024);
expect(window.innerHeight).toBe(768);
});
test.todo("fetch example", () => {
// see fetch.spec.ts
});
```
### Verification of test doubles
Vitest features many useful API functions to verify invocations of test doubles:
```typescript
test("verify return value of a mocked function", () => {
const mockFn = vi.fn();
// Set the return value of the mock function
mockFn.mockReturnValue("mocked value");
// Call the mock function
const result = mockFn();
// Verify that the return value has a particular value
expect(result).toBe("mocked value");
// Verify that the return value is of a particular type
expect(typeof result).toBe("string");
});
test("verify invocations of a mocked function with any argument", () => {
const mockFn = vi.fn();
// Call the mock function with different arguments
mockFn("arg1", 123);
mockFn("arg2", { key: "value" });
// Verify that the mock function was called with any string as the first argument
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.any(String), expect.anything());
// Verify that the mock function was called with any number as the second argument
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.anything(), expect.any(Number));
// Verify that the mock function was called with any object as the second argument
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.anything(), expect.any(Object));
});
test("verify invocations of a mocked function with calls array", () => {
const mockFn = vi.fn();
// Call the mock function with different arguments
mockFn("arg1", "arg2");
mockFn("arg3", "arg4");
// Verify that the mock function was called
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalled();
// Verify that the mock function was called exactly twice
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
// Verify that the mock function was called with specific arguments
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith("arg1", "arg2");
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith("arg3", "arg4");
// Verify the order of calls and their arguments using the mock array
expect(mockFn.mock.calls[0]).toEqual(["arg1", "arg2"]);
expect(mockFn.mock.calls[1]).toEqual(["arg3", "arg4"]);
// clear the mock call history
mockFn.mockClear();
// Verify that the mock function was not called after resetting
expect(mockFn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
// Call the mock function again with different arguments
mockFn("arg5", "arg6");
// Verify that the mock function was called once after resetting
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
// Verify that the mock function was called with specific arguments after resetting
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith("arg5", "arg6");
// Verify the order of calls and their arguments using the mock array after resetting
expect(mockFn.mock.calls[0]).toEqual(["arg5", "arg6"]);
});
test("verify invocations of a mocked function with a specific object", () => {
interface MyInterface {
key: string;
}
const mockFn = vi.fn();
// Call the mock function with an object that matches the MyInterface interface
mockFn({ key: "value", extraProp: "extra" });
// Verify that the mock function was called with an object containing a specific key-value pair
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
expect.objectContaining({ key: "value" } as MyInterface),
);
});
```
## Conclusion
While testing may require an upfront investment of time and effort, the long-term benefits it provides in terms of code quality, maintainability, and developer understanding make it an invaluable practice in software development. This is why you should invest your time in learning Vitest to improve the quality of your JavaScript project.
---
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| leemeganj |
1,884,674 | Bridging Linguistic Diversity: Evaluating and Advancing AI for Indian Languages | Bridging Linguistic Diversity: Evaluating and Advancing AI for Indian Languages ... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:07:33 | https://dev.to/aditi_baheti_f4a40487a091/bridging-linguistic-diversity-evaluating-and-advancing-ai-for-indian-languages-1pm0 | llm, benchmark, ai, indicmodels | ## Bridging Linguistic Diversity: Evaluating and Advancing AI for Indian Languages
### Introduction to Language Models and Their Benchmarks
Language models (LLMs) are at the heart of modern AI, enabling machines to understand and generate human language. The effectiveness of these models is gauged through benchmarks, which are standardized tests designed to evaluate their performance across various tasks. Benchmarks play a crucial role in identifying strengths, pinpointing weaknesses, and guiding improvements in LLMs.
Key Aspects of Language Models:
- **Scale:** The ability to process vast amounts of data efficiently.
- **Adaptability:** Flexibility to perform a range of tasks from translation to summarization.
- **Contextual Understanding:** Comprehension of context and subtleties in language.
### Benchmarks: What, Why, and How
**What Are Benchmarks?**
Benchmarks are standardized datasets and tasks used to assess the performance of language models. They provide a common ground for comparing different models.
**Why Are They Important?**
Benchmarks help in understanding how well models perform across different tasks, identifying areas for improvement, and driving the development of more capable AI systems.
**How Are They Conducted?**
Models are evaluated on predefined tasks using metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall. These tasks range from sentiment analysis to natural language inference.
### Key Benchmarks
**GLUE (General Language Understanding Evaluation):**
- **Purpose:** Evaluates general language understanding tasks.
- **Tasks:** Includes sentiment analysis, sentence similarity, and natural language inference.
- **Advantages:** Comprehensive evaluation of model capabilities.
- **Limitations:** Primarily focused on English, which limits its applicability to other languages.
**SUPERGLUE:**
- **Purpose:** Designed to challenge more advanced models beyond what GLUE offers.
- **Tasks:** Includes Boolean QA, commonsense reasoning, and coreference resolution.
- **Advantages:** Introduces more complex tasks requiring deeper understanding.
- **Limitations:** Resource-intensive and still centered on English.
**Hellaswag:**
- **Purpose:** Tests commonsense reasoning by predicting plausible continuations of events.
- **Data Source:** Derived from ActivityNet Captions and WikiHow.
- **Advantages:** Focuses on practical scenarios and everyday reasoning.
- **Limitations:** Primarily in English, specific to certain types of reasoning.
**MMLU (Massive Multitask Language Understanding):**
- **Purpose:** Evaluates the performance of models across a broad spectrum of subjects.
- **Tasks:** Includes questions from standardized tests and professional exams.
- **Advantages:** Broad coverage of subjects and real-world relevance.
- **Limitations:** Performance can vary significantly with small changes in test conditions, such as the order of answers or symbols.
### Developing and Evaluating LLMs for Indian Languages
**The Journey of IndicLLMs:**
The journey of IndicLLMs began with IndicBERT in 2020, focusing on Natural Language Understanding (NLU). IndicBERT has over 400K downloads on Hugging Face, highlighting its widespread use. IndicBART followed in 2021, targeting Natural Language Generation (NLG). These models were developed with support from EkStep Foundation and Nilekani Philanthropies, despite the limited data and model scale available.
With the introduction of large open models like Llama-2 and Mistral, the focus shifted towards adapting these models for Indic languages. Initiatives like OpenHathi (Base) and Airavata (Chat) have emerged, developing models tailored to different languages. These adaptations involve extending the tokenizer and embedding layer, followed by continual pretraining using data from existing multilingual corpora like mc4, OSCAR, and Roots.
**Challenges in Indic Language Models:**
- **Data Scarcity:** Limited high-quality datasets for many Indian languages.
- **Dialectal Variations:** Managing diverse dialects and regional nuances.
- **Technological Gaps:** Need for more computational resources and standardized tools for development and evaluation.
**Why Indic-Only Models Are Necessary:**
Despite the capabilities of models like GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, there are specific reasons why Indic-only models are essential:
- **Tokenization Efficiency:** Indic languages are not efficiently represented in English tokenizers, leading to inefficiencies.
- **Performance on Low-Resource Languages:** English models perform well with high-resource languages but struggle with low-to-medium resource languages like Oriya, Kashmiri, and Dogri.
- **Accuracy and Hallucinations:** Issues like hallucinations are more pronounced in Indic languages, significantly decreasing the accuracy of responses.
### Samanantar Dataset
**Overview:**
Samanantar is a large-scale parallel corpus collection designed to support machine translation and other NLP tasks. It contains 49.7 million sentence pairs between English and 11 Indic languages, representing two language families.
**Data Collection:**
The data for Samanantar was collected from various sources, including news articles, religious texts, and government documents. The process involved identifying parallel sentences, scoring their similarity, and post-processing to ensure quality.
**Creation Process:**
- **Parallel Sentences:** Identifying sentences that are translations of each other.
- **Scoring Function:** Using LaBSE embeddings to determine the likelihood of sentences being translation pairs.
- **Post-Processing:** Removing duplicates and ensuring high-quality sentence pairs.
**Challenges in Data Collection:**
The inherent noisiness of web-sourced data is a significant challenge. The quality of content varies, often containing unwanted content like poorly translated text. Ensuring high-quality, relevant content is crucial, which is why human verification plays a vital role in the data collection pipeline.
### Sangraha Corpus: The Foundation for Indian LLMs
**Components:**
- **Sangraha Verified:** Contains 48B tokens of high-quality, human-verified web crawled content in all 22 scheduled Indian languages.
- **Sangraha Synthetic:** Includes 90B tokens from translations of English Wikimedia into 14 Indian languages and 72B tokens from transliterations into Roman script.
- **Sangraha Unverified:** Adds 24B tokens of high-quality, unverified data from existing collections like CulturaX and MADLAD-400.
### IndicGLUE
**Overview:**
IndicGLUE focuses on core NLU tasks like sentiment analysis, NER, and QA. It covers 11 Indian languages and primarily uses machine translations for some datasets. However, it is not explicitly designed for zero-shot evaluation, which limits its applicability.
**Key Tasks:**
- **News Category Classification:** Classifying news articles into predefined categories.
- **Named Entity Recognition (NER):** Identifying and classifying proper nouns and entities.
- **Headline Prediction:** Generating headlines for given texts.
- **Question Answering (QA):** Answering questions based on given text passages.
### IndicXTREME
**Overview:**
IndicXTREME is a human-supervised benchmark designed to evaluate models on nine diverse NLU tasks across 20 Indian languages. It includes 105 evaluation sets, with 52 newly created for this benchmark, ensuring high quality and relevance.
**Key Features:**
- **Largest Monolingual Corpora:** IndicCorp with 20.9B tokens across 24 languages.
- **Human-Supervised Benchmark:** Emphasizes human-created or human-translated datasets.
- **Tasks:** Covers 9 diverse NLU tasks, including classification, structure prediction, QA, and text retrieval.
- **Zero-Shot Testing:** Designed to test the zero-shot multilingual capabilities of pretrained language models.
**Advantages Over IndicGLUE:**
- **Broader Coverage:** Evaluates more languages and tasks.
- **Higher Quality:** Human supervision ensures better accuracy.
- **Zero-Shot Capabilities:** Tests generalization without specific training data.
### OpenHathi and Airavata LLM Models
**OpenHathi:**
- **Developed By:** Sarvam AI and AI4Bharat.
- **Base Model:** Extended from Llama 2.
- **Focus:** Foundational model for Hindi.
- **Key Features:** Trained on diverse Hindi datasets, open source for community use.
**Airavata:**
- **Developed By:** AI4Bharat and Sarvam AI.
- **Base Model:** Fine-tuned from OpenHathi.
- **Focus:** Instruction-tuned model for assistive tasks in Hindi.
- **Key Features:** Uses IndicInstruct dataset, with 7B parameters, optimized for generating Hindi instructions.
### Issues with Machine Translations for Indian Languages
Machine translations play a crucial role in building datasets for Indic language models, but they come with significant challenges and limitations:
**Context Loss:**
- **Issue:** Machine translations often lose the nuanced meanings and context of the original text.
- **Example:** Idiomatic expressions or cultural references can be inaccurately translated, leading to a loss of intended meaning.
- **Impact:** This affects the comprehension and relevance of the translated text, which can mislead the language model during training.
**Partial Sentences:**
- **Issue:** Translating partial sentences or phrases can lead to ambiguities and incorrect interpretations.
- **Example:** A phrase in English might not have a direct counterpart in an Indic language, leading to incomplete or inaccurate translations.
- **Impact:** This can result in fragmented or nonsensical data that negatively impacts the model's learning process.
**Order and Format Changes:**
- **Issue:** Changes in the order of words or the format of sentences during translation can significantly alter the meaning.
- **Example:** The structure of questions and answers can be altered, leading to inconsistencies in the data.
- **Impact:** This inconsistency can cause models to perform poorly, as they struggle to interpret the translated text correctly.
**Bias Introduction:**
- **Issue:** Automated translation processes can introduce or amplify biases present in the source or target languages.
- **Example:** Gender biases or cultural biases might be exaggerated or incorrectly represented in translations.
- **Impact:** These biases can skew the training data, leading
to biased language models that do not perform equitably across different user groups.
**Cultural Nuances:**
- **Issue:** Capturing the cultural context and nuances specific to Indic languages is challenging for machine translations.
- **Example:** Cultural references, local customs, and regional dialects might not be accurately translated.
- **Impact:** This can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, reducing the effectiveness and relevance of the language model.
**Resource Intensity:**
- **Issue:** Ensuring high-quality translations requires significant computational and human resources.
- **Example:** Manual verification and correction of machine-translated data can be resource-intensive.
- **Impact:** The high cost and effort involved can limit the scalability and feasibility of creating large, high-quality datasets.
### Addressing These Challenges
To overcome these challenges, several strategies can be employed:
**Collaborative Translation Approach:**
- Combining machine translation with human validation to ensure accuracy and cultural relevance.
- Involving native speakers and linguists in the translation process to maintain context and nuance.
**Standardized Guidelines:**
- Developing clear guidelines for translators to maintain consistency and quality across translations.
- Training translators to understand the specific requirements and nuances of NLP tasks.
**Contextual Embedding Techniques:**
- Using advanced embedding techniques to preserve the context and meaning of sentences during translation.
- Implementing thresholding and post-processing steps to filter out low-quality translations.
**Multilingual Prompting Strategies:**
- Designing prompts that are suitable for multiple languages and contexts to improve model performance.
- Utilizing few-shot learning techniques to provide models with contextually relevant examples.
**Bias Mitigation:**
- Conducting regular bias audits on translated datasets to identify and address potential biases.
- Ensuring datasets include diverse sources and contexts to reduce the impact of any single bias.
**Resource Optimization:**
- Using efficient translation tools and APIs to handle large-scale translations without compromising quality.
- Optimizing computational resources to manage the high demands of translation processes.
By implementing these strategies, we can create more accurate, culturally relevant, and effective language models for Indian languages, ensuring they are robust and equitable for all users.
### Pariksha Benchmark
**Challenges with Existing Multilingual Benchmarks:**
- **Cross-Lingual Contamination:**
- Even if the multilingual version of a benchmark is not contaminated, the original English version might be. Models can use knowledge of the English benchmark through cross-lingual transfer, making the multilingual benchmark indirectly contaminated.
- **Loss of Cultural and Linguistic Nuances:**
- Direct translations of benchmarks created in English and in a Western context often lose crucial cultural and linguistic nuances. Specialized models need to be evaluated on these dimensions to ensure relevance and accuracy.
- **Unsuitability of Standard Metrics:**
- Standard metrics used in many benchmarks, such as exact match and word overlap, are not suitable for Indian languages due to non-standard spellings. This can unfairly penalize a model for using slightly different spellings than those in the benchmark reference data.
**Methodology:**
**Step-by-Step Process:**
1. **Curating Evaluation Prompts:**
- A diverse set of evaluation prompts is curated with the help of native speakers to ensure cultural and linguistic relevance.
2. **Generating Model Responses:**
- Responses to the curated prompts are generated from the models under consideration, capturing a wide range of linguistic behaviors and outputs.
3. **Evaluation Settings:**
- The generated responses are evaluated in two settings:
- **Individual Evaluation:** Each response is evaluated on its own.
- **Pairwise Comparison:** Responses are compared against each other to determine which one is better.
4. **Constructing Leaderboards:**
- Scores from the evaluations are used to construct leaderboards, providing a clear ranking of model performance.
**Introduction to ELO Rating System:**
The ELO rating system, widely used in competitive games like chess, measures the relative skill levels of players. In the Pariksha Benchmark, we adapt the ELO rating system to evaluate and compare the performance of AI models based on their responses to evaluation prompts. This system allows us to convert human preferences into ELO ratings, predicting the win rates between different models.
**Formulas and Explanation:**
**1. Expected Score (EA):**
- **Explanation:** This formula calculates the expected score for model A when compared to model B. \(R_A\) and \(R_B\) are the current ratings of models A and B, respectively. The expected score represents the probability of model A winning against model B.
**2. Rating Update Formula:**
- **Explanation:** This formula updates the rating of model A after a comparison. \(R_A\) is the current rating, \(R_A'\) is the new rating, \(K\) is a factor that determines the sensitivity of the rating system, \(S_A\) is the actual score (1 for a win, 0.5 for a draw, 0 for a loss), and \(E_A\) is the expected score calculated using the first formula. The rating is adjusted based on the difference between the expected outcome and the actual outcome, scaled by \(K\).
**3. Bradley-Terry Model:**
- **Explanation:** In the context of the Bradley-Terry model, which is used to estimate the log-likelihood of the underlying ELO, \(p_i\) and \(p_j\) are the performance parameters of models \(i\) and \(j\), respectively. This model assumes a fixed but unknown pairwise win-rate and estimates the probability that model \(i\) will outperform model \(j\).
**ELO Calculation Process:**
**Step-by-Step Process:**
1. **Pairwise Comparison:**
- For each prompt, responses from two models are compared.
- Human evaluators or an LLM decide which response is better.
2. **Expected Score Calculation:**
- The expected score \(E_A\) is calculated for model A against model B using the first formula.
- This gives the probability of model A winning against model B.
3. **Rating Update:**
- After the comparison, the actual score \(S_A\) is determined (1 for a win, 0.5 for a draw, 0 for a loss).
- The new rating \(R_A'\) is calculated using the second formula, updating model A’s rating based on its performance relative to the expectation.
4. **Bradley-Terry Model Application:**
- The Bradley-Terry model is used to estimate the fixed pairwise win-rate, ensuring that the order of comparisons does not affect the ratings.
- The probability of one model outperforming another is calculated to provide a robust comparison framework.
### Individual Metrics:
- **Linguistic Acceptability:**
- Measures if the text is in the correct language and grammatically correct. It is rated on a scale of 0-2.
- **Task Quality:**
- Assesses if the answer is of high quality and provides useful information. It is also rated on a scale of 0-2.
- **Hallucination:**
- Checks if the answer contains untrue or made-up facts. It is rated on a binary scale of 0-1.
### Inter-Rater Reliability Metrics:
- **Percentage Agreement (PA):**
- Calculates the percentage of items on which annotators agree, ranging from 0 (no agreement) to 1 (perfect agreement).
- **Fleiss Kappa (κ):**
- Measures inter-annotator agreement, accounting for the agreement occurring by chance.
- **Kendall’s Tau:**
- A correlation coefficient that measures the relationship between two columns of ranked data, used to compare leaderboards obtained through various evaluation techniques.
**Higher agreement scores among human annotators compared to human-LLM pairs suggest that while GPT-4 performs well, human evaluators still provide more reliable and consistent evaluations. The variation across languages could point to specific challenges in those languages, such as syntax complexity or cultural nuances that GPT-4 might not fully grasp.**
### Way Forward: Developing Truly "Indian" Language Models
**Vision:**
The goal is to develop models that go beyond multilingual capabilities to truly understand and generate culturally and contextually relevant content for all Indian users. This involves creating models that act as digital knowledge companions, comprehending cultural idioms, historical references, regional specifics, and diverse interaction styles.
**Key Strategies:**
- **High-Quality Data Curation:** Ensuring datasets are comprehensive, diverse, and of high quality.
- **Human Supervision:** Leveraging language experts for data annotation and translation.
- **Broad Evaluation:** Developing benchmarks like IndicXTREME to evaluate a wide range of tasks across multiple languages.
- **Continual Adaptation:** Updating and refining models to keep pace with linguistic and cultural changes.
### Conclusion
The development and evaluation of Indic language models are crucial for advancing AI in India. By focusing on comprehensive data curation, human supervision, and robust evaluation frameworks, we can create models that are not only multilingual but truly multicultural. Initiatives like IndicXTREME, OpenHathi, Airavata, and IndicMT Eval are paving the way for a future where AI can seamlessly interact with and understand the diverse linguistic landscape of India. As we continue to innovate and refine these models, we move closer to achieving truly inclusive and effective AI solutions for all Indian languages.
--- | aditi_baheti_f4a40487a091 |
1,884,673 | How to Identify Cloudflare Turnstile | By using CapSolver Extension | What is Cloudflare Turnstile? Cloudflare Turnstile is an alternative to traditional... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:06:26 | https://dev.to/retruw/how-to-identify-cloudflare-turnstile-by-using-capsolver-extension-g4k | turnstile, cloudflarechallenge |
# What is Cloudflare Turnstile?
Cloudflare Turnstile is an alternative to traditional CAPTCHA services, designed to verify user interactions without disrupting user experience. It offers a less intrusive method for websites to determine whether a visitor is a human or a bot.
Cloudflare offers **three types** of Turnstile integrations:
1. **Managed Challenge**:
- This is a no-interaction-required verification system that automatically determines if a user is a bot or human, often without the user needing to perform any tasks.
- It uses behavioral signals and browser characteristics to assess users.
2. **Interactive Challenge**:
- If the Managed Challenge is uncertain, an Interactive Challenge, which might involve simple tasks for the user, is presented.
- This is similar to traditional CAPTCHA but aims to be less intrusive.
3. **Invisible Turnstile:**
- Fully Background Operation: Functions entirely in the background without any required user action.
- Automated User Verification: Employs advanced algorithms to analyze user behavior seamlessly and decide on user authenticity.
- Non-Disruptive: Ensures security checks do not interfere with the user experience, maintaining smooth website interaction.
### Features of Cloudflare Turnstile include:
- **Ease of Integration**: It can be integrated with minimal changes to existing websites.
- **Improved User Experience**: It reduces the need for interactive tests, aiming to provide a seamless experience.
- **Accessibility**: Designed to be accessible to all users, including those with disabilities.
- **Flexibility**: Works across various platforms and devices.
- **Privacy-focused**: Does not rely on invasive personal data tracking.
Cloudflare Turnstile focuses on maintaining security and usability by leveraging advanced techniques like machine learning to minimize the need for active user interaction, making it a modern solution for preventing automated abuse.
## How to Identify if Cloudflare Turnstile is being used Using CapSolver Extension
### CAPTCHA Parameter Detection:
#### Identifiable Parameters for Cloudflare Turnstile:
* Website URL
* Site Key
* action
* cdata
Once the CAPTCHA parameters have been detected, CapSolver will return a JSON detailing how you should submit the captcha parameters to their service.
### How to Identify if Cloudflare Turnstile is being used:
2. **Open Developer Tools**:
Press `F12` to open the developer tools or right-click on the webpage and select "Inspect".
3. **Open the CapSolver Panel**:
Go to the Captcha Detector Panel
3. **Trigger the Cloudflare Turnstile**:
Perform the action that triggers the Cloudflare Turnstile on the webpage.
4. **Check the CapSolver Panel**:
Look at the CapSolver Captcha Detector tab in the developer tools.
If it's Cloudflare Turnstile , will appear like:
By following these steps, you can easily determine if the Cloudflare Turnstile on a website is being used.
### Conclusion:
Identifying whether a Cloudflare Turnstile is being used using the CapSolver extension is straightforward. CapSolver not only helps you find the site key but also other essential parameters like if Cloudflare Turnstile is being used. Always use such tools responsibly and ethically, respecting the terms of service of the websites you interact with. For more assistance, you can contact CapSolver via email at [support@capsolver.com](mailto:support@capsolver.com).
| retruw |
1,884,672 | A Comprehensive Guide to Automated Regression Testing | A Comprehensive Guide to Automated Regression Testing In the fast-paced world of software... | 0 | 2024-06-11T17:00:36 | https://happyeconews.com/a-comprehensive-guide-to-automated-regression-testing/ | automated, regression, testing | 
A Comprehensive Guide to Automated Regression Testing
In the fast-paced world of software development, ensuring that program updates maintain its functionality and stability is critical. Consequently, businesses perform regression testing, which is the procedure of verifying that the current features remain intact after modifications.
Manually performing regression tests can be a daunting task. It requires a lot of time and effort, which can be utilized in formulating new priority test cases. Opkey intervenes in such situations by providing innovative automated regression testing tools. Automated regression testing reduces the time and effort invested in conducting the testing procedure.
**Understanding the concept of Regression Testing**
Regression testing considers the re-running of functional and non-functional tests. These tests verify that previously designed and tested software continues to function as intended after a modification. Regression testing may be necessary for changes such as software improvements, bug repairs, configuration adjustments, and even hardware substitutions. The constant upgrades in ERP programs make regression testing particularly crucial.
**What Is ERP Regression Testing**?
Regression testing for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is essentially designed to test packaged applications. Few of the most popular enterprise applications include Workday, SAP, Oracle, Salesforce and more. Functional testing is usually done during the first ERP setup, however, as your application expands, you will need to use different regression testing methodologies. To get the most out of your ERP system, you will need to put up regular updates that require regression tests.
Regression testing is advised to be done whenever new additions or third-party program integrations are introduced after the product has been launched. The Capgemini World Quality Report from 2021–2022 highlights regression testing as a clear choice for automation despite estimates that only 15-20% of regression testing is actually automated.
**The Challenges faced by Manual Regression Testing**
After each code update, a suite of test cases is frequently manually rerun by using traditional regression testing techniques. This strategy has a number of shortcomings, such as:
**Time-consuming**: Manually carrying out a detailed series of tests can take a long time, which slows down development agility as well as release cycles.
**Prone to Errors**: Human error can occur during repetitive manual testing, which increases the risk of missing regressions or introducing new issues.
**Maintenance Burden**: In manual regression testing, testers have an increasing maintenance burden as test cases change along with the application. Due to this, they have to follow new procedures, and this increases their burden.
**The Power of Opkey Automated Regression Testing**
Businesses can overcome the difficulties associated with manual regression testing by utilizing Opkey’s automated regression testing tools. Here’s how Opkey changes the environment of regression testing:
**Streamlined Test Development**: Users can develop automated test cases using Opkey’s user-friendly interface without requiring substantial coding skills. Even for complicated workflows, its drag-and-drop capability and pre-built test components enable quick test design.
**Increased Productivity**: Opkey offers 30,000+ automated test cases for over 12 ERPs as pre-built test accelerators. This improves the coverage of your regression tests right away.
**Decreased Maintenance**: Opkey’s self-healing script technology automatically identifies and fixes broken tests caused by UI changes, drastically lowering the amount of maintenance work required from testers. This guarantees that your test suite is still applicable and working.
**Enhanced Accuracy**: Opkey guarantees consistent and dependable regression testing, which raises the ability of software that can be attained by removing human error from the testing process.
**When Should We Perform Regression Testing**?
Regression testing can be conducted at any time of the software development lifecycle. However, the following situations require the execution of the regression testing procedure:
**When a new function or feature is added**: The introduction of new features or functionality can negatively influence the current application after the Pre-existing integrations and modifications. Due to this, businesses need to perform regression testing.
**When the current application is modified**: Modifications of any size can have a disastrous effect on overall functionality. Regression testing can be beneficial in response to changes like the addition of a new field or small workflow modifications.
**When connecting with third-party apps**: New code integrations with these apps may fail or interfere with previously implemented features. So, regression testing is necessary when connecting with third-party apps.
**When there is a software update**: Continuous regression testing is necessary for frequent software updates to ensure that newer updates do not affect older functionality issued by ERP suppliers.
**When performance problems occur**: Regression testing is still a good idea even in the absence of any system modifications. It typically identifies the specific problem areas that are generating performance issues whenever they occur.
**Benefits of Opkey for Streamlined Regression Testing**:
There are various benefits of using Opkey’s automated regression testing tools:
**Faster Release Cycles**: Opkey automation features drastically cut down on the amount of time needed for regression testing, which speeds up releases and makes it possible to deploy more frequently.
**Decreased expenses**: Regression testing automation reduces overall testing expenses by saving time and resources.
**Enhanced Software Quality**: Opkey’s consistent and accurate automated testing reduces the possibility of regressions and gives consumers access to higher-quality software.
**Enhanced Team Productivity**: By relieving testers of time-consuming manual duties, Opkey enables them to concentrate on more strategic testing endeavors.
**Wrapping Up**
Businesses may enhance software quality, cut expenses, and gain more agility by using Opkey automated regression testing tools. Opkey is a priceless resource for contemporary development teams because of its intuitive interface, strong automation capabilities, and dedication to innovation. Opkey is positioned to stay at the forefront of regression testing going forward, enabling companies to confidently offer outstanding software experiences. | rohitbhandari102 |
1,884,670 | Global Supply Chain and Distribution Channels in the Steel Rebar Market | Steel rebar, short for “reinforcing bar,” is a common construction material used to reinforce... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:57:25 | https://dev.to/aryanbo91040102/global-supply-chain-and-distribution-channels-in-the-steel-rebar-market-51dn | news | Steel rebar, short for “reinforcing bar,” is a common construction material used to reinforce concrete structures. It is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in concrete to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression. The Steel Rebar Market is approximated to be USD 224.5 billion in 2022, and it is projected to reach USD 317.4 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 4.4%. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the market including steel rebars market size, trends, drivers and constraints, Competitive Aspects, and prospects for future growth.
Global Steel Rebars Market Report from MarketsandMarkets highlights deep analysis on market characteristics, sizing, estimates and growth by segmentation, regional breakdowns & country along with competitive landscape, player’s market shares, and strategies that are key in the market. The exploration provides a 360° view and insights, highlighting major outcomes of the industry. These insights help the business decision-makers to formulate better business plans and make informed decisions to improved profitability.
Download PDF Brochure: [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=176200687](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=176200687)
Browse 275 market data Tables and 56 Figures spread through 266 Pages and in-depth TOC on “Steel Rebar Market by Type (Deformed and Mild), Coating Type (Plain Carbon Steel Rebar, Galvanized Steel Rebar, Epoxy-Coated Steel Rebar), Process Type, Bar Size, End-use (Infrastructure, Housing, and Industrial) and Region – Global Forecast to 2030”
Composition and Types:
Steel rebar is typically made from carbon steel, although other alloys may be used in specialized applications.
It comes in various shapes and sizes, including round, square, and deformed, with deformations providing better adhesion to concrete.
Common types of steel rebar include black rebar, epoxy-coated rebar (to prevent corrosion), and stainless steel rebar (for corrosive environments).
Applications:
Steel rebar is primarily used in the construction industry to reinforce concrete structures such as buildings, bridges, highways, and other infrastructure projects.
It helps concrete withstand tensile forces, preventing it from cracking or collapsing under heavy loads or due to temperature changes.
Speak to Analyst: [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/speaktoanalystNew.asp?id=176200687](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/speaktoanalystNew.asp?id=176200687)
Industry Dynamics:
Market Demand: The demand for steel rebar is closely tied to the overall health of the construction and infrastructure sectors. Economic growth and urbanization drive demand for new buildings and infrastructure projects, which, in turn, boost the need for rebar.
Global Growth: Emerging economies, such as China and India, have witnessed significant construction booms, contributing to substantial global demand for steel rebar.
Regulations: Regulatory standards and codes often dictate the type and quality of steel rebar used in construction, especially for safety-critical structures. Compliance with these standards is crucial.
Price Volatility: The steel industry, including rebar, is susceptible to fluctuations in steel prices due to factors like raw material costs, trade policies, and global supply and demand dynamics.
Environmental Considerations: Environmental concerns have led to the development of eco-friendly alternatives, such as fiber-reinforced concrete, which may impact the demand for traditional steel rebar.
Innovation: Continuous research and development in the steel industry have led to the creation of high-strength rebar and advanced coatings to improve durability and reduce maintenance.
Corrosion Resistance: Corrosion is a significant concern for steel rebar in some environments. Therefore, the industry has seen advancements in corrosion-resistant coatings and materials.
Global Trade: The steel rebar market is influenced by global trade policies and tariffs, which can impact the availability and cost of steel rebar in different regions.
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In addition, the study helps venture or private players in understanding the companies in more detail to make better informed decisions.
Major Players in This Report Include
Nippon Steel Corporation (Japan)
ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg)
Tata Steel Limited (India)
Nucor Corporation (US)
NLMK Group (Russia)
Gerdau SA (Brazil)
Commercial Metals Company (US)
Steel Authority of India Limited (India)
Mechel PAO (Russia)
Steel Dynamics Inc. (US)
Market Drivers Increasing Demand of Steel Rebars due to Rising Funding from Government for Development of Transportation Infrastructure
Decreasing the Prices of Steel Rebars
Market Trend An Emergence of Advanced Thermo-Mechanical Technology for Improving Quality of Steel
Opportunities Upcoming Mega Projects such as The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, Beijing Daxing International Airport and others will grow market
Advanced Features such as ductility, high tension, offers perfect shaped beams, and columns
Increasing Research and Development Activities by Established Players
Challenges High Cost of Fabrication Used for Casting Limiting the Growth of the Market
To speak to our analyst for a discussion on the above findings, click Speak to Analyst
By End Use Industry, the Infrastructure segment accounted for the largest share in 2021
Demand for steel rebar is driven by increasing investment in major infrastructure projects across the world, especially in the Asia Pacific region. Infrastructure is a major end-user of steel rebar. This sector majorly includes projects such as roads, highways, bridge construction, sewage systems, airports, and stadiums, among others. Advancements in steel rebar coatings make it durable for various infrastructure construction
Asia Pacific accounted for the largest share of the Steel Rebar Market in 2021
Low-cost labor and cheap availability of lands in Asia Pacific region attract foreign investments further helping industrial sectors grow rapidly. Rapid economic growth, increasing urbanization, increasing investments by the government to setup new industries and high growth in the infrastructure sector will lead to the increase in construction activities, which helps to increase the demand for steel rebar. China was the region’s largest market for steel rebar in 2021, followed by Japan, India, and South Korea. Asia Pacific region is projected to witness a steady increase in consumption between 2022 and 2030.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION (Page No. - 36)
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.3 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS
TABLE 1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS
1.4 MARKET SCOPE
FIGURE 1 MARKET SEGMENTATION
1.4.1 REGIONS COVERED
1.4.2 YEARS CONSIDERED
1.5 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
1.6 UNITS CONSIDERED
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS
1.8 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
1.9 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Page No. - 41)
2.1 RESEARCH DATA
FIGURE 2 STEEL REBAR MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources
FIGURE 3 LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED AND BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
FIGURE 4 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
FIGURE 5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: TOP-DOWN APPROACH
FIGURE 6 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: SUPPLY SIDE
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
FIGURE 7 STEEL REBAR MARKET: DATA TRIANGULATION
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.5 LIMITATIONS
2.6 GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS/GROWTH FORECAST
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Page No. - 48)
FIGURE 8 BASIC OXYGEN STEELMAKING PROCESS TO LEAD STEEL REBAR MARKET IN 2021
FIGURE 9 ASIA PACIFIC: LARGEST STEEL REBAR MARKET IN 2021
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS (Page No. - 50)
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN STEEL REBAR MARKET
FIGURE 10 STEEL REBAR MARKET TO GROW AT MODEST RATE DURING FORECAST PERIOD
4.2 STEEL REBAR MARKET, BY END-USE SECTOR
FIGURE 11 INFRASTRUCTURE SEGMENT TO GROW AT HIGHEST RATE DURING FORECAST PERIOD
4.3 STEEL REBAR MARKET, BY PROCESS AND REGION
FIGURE 12 BASIC OXYGEN STEELMAKING PROCESS AND ASIA PACIFIC REGION LED STEEL REBAR MARKET IN 2021
4.4 STEEL REBAR MARKET, BY REGION
FIGURE 13 ASIA PACIFIC ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST SHARE OF STEEL REBAR MARKET IN 2021
5 MARKET OVERVIEW (Page No. - 52)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 14 DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES IN STEEL REBAR MARKET
5.2.1 DRIVERS
5.2.1.1 Rapid infrastructure development and urbanization
TABLE 2 URBANIZATION, BY REGION, 2021–2050 (IN MILLION)
5.2.1.2 Growth prospects in oil & gas industry
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
Continued... | aryanbo91040102 |
1,884,669 | IT Staff Augmentation vs. Outsourcing: Which is Better for Your Business? | In today's competitive and rapidly evolving tech landscape, businesses face crucial decisions when it... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:57:24 | https://dev.to/ulyana_mykhailiv_82896052/it-staff-augmentation-vs-outsourcing-which-is-better-for-your-business-4e0h | In today's competitive and rapidly evolving tech landscape, businesses face crucial decisions when it comes to managing their IT needs. Two popular models for enhancing IT capabilities are IT staff augmentation and outsourcing. Both approaches offer unique advantages and potential drawbacks, making it essential to understand their differences to determine which is better suited for your business.
## IT Staff Augmentation
Definition:
[Staff augmentation service](https://devbrother.com/services/staff-augmentation-service) involves supplementing your in-house team with external IT professionals on a temporary or project-specific basis. This model allows businesses to fill skill gaps, meet project deadlines, and adjust team sizes based on workload demands.
Advantages:
Flexibility: Companies can scale their workforce up or down quickly to align with project requirements and business needs.
Control: Businesses retain direct oversight and management of the augmented staff, ensuring alignment with internal processes and standards.
Cost-Effectiveness: By hiring on a temporary basis, companies avoid long-term employment costs such as benefits and training.
Access to Specialized Skills: IT staff augmentation provides access to professionals with specific expertise needed for particular projects.
Disadvantages:
Integration Challenges: Integrating temporary staff with existing teams can sometimes be challenging and may require additional time and resources.
Dependence on Vendors: Businesses may become reliant on external vendors to supply the necessary talent, potentially impacting continuity.
## Outsourcing
Definition:
Outsourcing involves delegating entire IT functions or projects to an external service provider. This model is often used for non-core activities, allowing the business to focus on its primary objectives while leveraging the expertise of the outsourced partner.
Advantages:
Cost Savings: Outsourcing can be more cost-effective by leveraging economies of scale and reducing overhead costs associated with in-house operations.
Focus on Core Business: By outsourcing non-core IT functions, businesses can concentrate on their primary activities and strategic goals.
Expertise and Innovation: Outsourcing providers often have deep industry knowledge and access to cutting-edge technologies, which can drive innovation and efficiency.
Risk Management: External providers can assume some of the risks associated with IT operations, such as cybersecurity threats and compliance issues.
Disadvantages:
Loss of Control: Outsourcing involves relinquishing some degree of control over IT functions, which can lead to concerns about quality, communication, and alignment with business objectives.
Hidden Costs: While outsourcing can be cost-effective, there can be hidden costs related to contract management, service level agreements, and potential misalignments.
Security Risks: Sharing sensitive data and systems with third-party providers introduces security risks that must be carefully managed.
## Choosing the Right Model for Your Business
The decision between IT staff augmentation and outsourcing depends on several factors, including:
1. Project Scope and Duration: For short-term projects requiring specific expertise, IT staff augmentation may be ideal. For ongoing, non-core functions, outsourcing could be more beneficial.
2. Control and Oversight Needs: If maintaining control and direct oversight is crucial, IT staff augmentation offers a better fit. Outsourcing is suitable for functions where close supervision is less critical.
3. Budget Constraints: Both models offer cost advantages, but businesses must consider hidden costs and long-term financial implications.
4. Risk Tolerance: Companies with a higher risk tolerance may prefer outsourcing, while those concerned about data security and process control might lean towards staff augmentation.
In conclusion, both IT staff augmentation and outsourcing have their place in modern business strategies. The best choice depends on your specific needs, goals, and resources. Carefully evaluating these factors will help you determine which model aligns best with your business objectives and enhances your IT capabilities effectively.
| ulyana_mykhailiv_82896052 | |
1,884,665 | Seeking a Type-Safe Ruby on Rails in TypeScript, I Started Developing an ORM | I am developing an ORM library for TypeScript called Accel Record. Recently, I published an article... | 27,598 | 2024-06-11T16:49:48 | https://dev.to/koyopro/seeking-a-type-safe-ruby-on-rails-in-typescript-i-started-developing-an-orm-1of5 | typescript, rails, orm, opensource | I am developing an ORM library for TypeScript called Accel Record. Recently, I published an article introducing this library, titled [Introduction to "Accel Record": A TypeScript ORM Using the Active Record Pattern](https://dev.to/koyopro/introduction-to-accel-record-a-typescript-orm-using-the-active-record-pattern-2oeh).
Next, I would like to explain why I decided to develop a new ORM for TypeScript.
## Initial Motivation
As someone who uses Ruby on Rails for server-side development and TypeScript for front-end development, I often find myself thinking the following:
- **I want a framework for TypeScript with development efficiency comparable to Ruby on Rails.**
This desire stems from wanting to use TypeScript for server-side development as well. The reasons are mainly as follows:
- I want to develop the server-side with type safety.
- I want to develop both the front-end and back-end in the same language to reduce context switching and learning costs.
This thought process seems common, and in fact, there are cases where TypeScript is adopted for server-side development for these reasons.
## What Kind of Framework Do I Want?
So, what does a framework with development efficiency comparable to Ruby on Rails look like?
The requirements may vary from person to person, but in my case, I thought as follows:
- It should be able to implement functionalities for common use cases in web application development with minimal code.
More specifically, I am looking for the following elements:
- Based on developing MPA with SSR (not SPA)
- Able to implement CRUD functions for RDB with minimal code
- A framework that covers the MVC domain on the server-side
If such a framework existed, I believe server-side development with TypeScript could be as efficient as, if not more efficient than, using Ruby on Rails.
## Existing Frameworks Were Not Satisfactory
I investigated whether a framework meeting the above requirements already existed.
The conclusion I reached was that there might not be a TypeScript framework that offers functionalities for server-side processes as efficiently and with as little code as Rails.
In general terms, existing TypeScript frameworks seem to focus more on routing and enhancing front-end/back-end integration. While they are rich in features related to View and Controller (in MVC terms), the Model part seems weaker compared to Rails.
## Do We Need an ORM Like Active Record?
In Rails, the ORM handling the Model role is Active Record.
Of course, TypeScript also has ORMs, but Rails’ Active Record is more than just an ORM. It provides various functionalities related to the corresponding domain model, not just operations on DB records.
Rails is characterized by its ability to implement common functionalities with minimal code. This is possible because the model classes provided by Active Record have many features. They are tightly integrated with other parts like routing and controllers, resulting in high development efficiency.
From this perspective, I thought that to achieve the goal, TypeScript needs a highly functional ORM similar to Rails’ Active Record.
## What Elements Should the ORM Have?
To provide an efficient development experience in TypeScript similar to Rails, I thought the ORM should have the following elements:
### 1. Active Record Pattern
It should adopt the Active Record pattern. This is because I want one class to handle not only operations on DB records but also features related to the corresponding domain model.
For instance, with an ORM adopting the Table Gateway pattern, the retrieved records are plain objects, making it difficult to attach methods related to the model.
Additionally, an Active Record pattern ORM would make it easier to integrate with features like routing and View as done in Rails.
### 2. Type Safety
Leveraging the advantages of TypeScript, the operations and query interface of the ORM should be type-safe.
The initial motivation was to develop the server-side with type safety, so sufficient type support is expected.
## No Existing ORM Met the Requirements
Given the above considerations, I investigated existing ORMs but could not find one that was type-safe and adopted the Active Record pattern.
For example, the increasingly popular [Prisma](https://www.prisma.io) has high type safety but adopts the Table Gateway pattern.
The closest fit was [TypeORM](https://typeorm.io), which uses the Active Record pattern, but its type support is weaker compared to recent ORMs, and its release frequency has been low recently.
## I Decided to Try Developing an ORM
Based on the above, I decided to start developing a type-safe ORM in TypeScript that adopts the Active Record pattern.
I wanted to try developing it to see if it was feasible and identify any potential challenges.
The subsequent development process will be detailed in another article, but ultimately, I published the new ORM as [Accel Record](https://www.npmjs.com/package/accel-record).
## Conclusion
In this article, I outlined why I decided to develop a new ORM for TypeScript.
The initial motivation was the desire for a framework in TypeScript with development efficiency comparable to Ruby on Rails. As I continued researching existing libraries, I realized the need for a type-safe ORM in TypeScript adopting the Active Record pattern.
Thus, I started development, and eventually released the library. To see what kind of ORM it has become, please check out [Introduction to "Accel Record": A TypeScript ORM Using the Active Record Pattern](https://dev.to/koyopro/introduction-to-accel-record-a-typescript-orm-using-the-active-record-pattern-2oeh) and the [README](https://github.com/koyopro/accella/blob/main/packages/accel-record/README.md).
| koyopro |
1,884,667 | ice-cream shop | Check out this Pen I made! | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:47:12 | https://dev.to/kemiowoyele1/ice-cream-shop-1l64 | codepen, css, cssart | Check out this Pen I made!
{% codepen https://codepen.io/frontend-magic/pen/KKVVvbN %} | kemiowoyele1 |
1,884,666 | End-User Analysis: Key Consumer Segments in the Chlor-Alkali Market | Chlor-Alkali Market Overview The chlor-alkali industry refers to the production of chlorine, sodium... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:45:10 | https://dev.to/aryanbo91040102/end-user-analysis-key-consumer-segments-in-the-chlor-alkali-market-20cd | news | Chlor-Alkali Market Overview
The chlor-alkali industry refers to the production of chlorine, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), and hydrogen by the electrolysis of brine (saltwater). This industry is important because these three chemicals are used in a wide range of applications, including the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and other plastics, pulp and paper manufacturing, water treatment, and many others.
The global Chlor-Alkali market size is estimated to be USD 63.2 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 77.4 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 4.1% between 2021 and 2026. As per the chlor-alkali market report by The Business Research Company, The growth of the chemical industry across the globe is expected to propel the growth of the chlor-alkali market going forward.
In terms of trends, the chlor-alkali industry has been experiencing a shift towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly production methods. For example, there has been a growing interest in using renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, to power the electrolysis process. Additionally, there has been a focus on reducing waste and emissions through the implementation of more efficient production processes and the use of new technologies.
Another trend in the industry is the consolidation of companies, with larger players acquiring smaller ones to gain market share and increase their overall efficiency. There has also been an increase in global competition, particularly from emerging economies, which has led to some shifts in production and distribution patterns.
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APAC accounted for the largest share in the global Chlor-Alkali market
Asia-Pacific (APAC) is the largest market for chlor-alkali globally, both in terms of production and consumption. The region accounts for more than half of the global demand for chlor-alkali and is expected to continue to see strong growth in the coming years.
Several factors are driving the demand for chlor-alkali in APAC, including the growth of various end-use industries, such as paper and pulp, textiles, and plastics. Additionally, the region’s expanding population and rising urbanization rates are fueling demand for water treatment and sanitation products, which also rely heavily on chlor-alkali chemicals.
China is the largest producer and consumer of chlor-alkali in APAC, followed by India, Japan, and South Korea. However, other countries in the region, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam, are also seeing significant growth in demand for chlor-alkali as they continue to develop and modernize their economies.
Overall, APAC is a key market for chlor-alkali, and its growth and development are expected to continue to drive demand for these chemicals in the coming years.
By application, Alumina account for the largest share for Caustic soda in the Chlor-Alkali market
Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is an important chemical used in a wide range of industries, including the production of alumina, which is the primary raw material used in the production of aluminum. In fact, alumina accounts for the largest share of caustic soda consumption in the chlor-alkali market.
In the alumina production process, bauxite ore is first refined into alumina using the Bayer process, which involves the use of caustic soda. The caustic soda helps to dissolve the aluminum-containing minerals in the bauxite ore, allowing the alumina to be separated and purified.
Other major applications of caustic soda include the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), pulp and paper manufacturing, and water treatment. However, the alumina industry remains the largest consumption of caustic soda in the chlor-alkali market.
Download PDF Brochure: [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=708
](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=708
)
By application, EDC/PVC accounts for the largest share of Chlorine in the Chlor-Alkali market
The largest application for chlorine in the chlor-alkali industry is the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), which is used to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Chlorine is used as a key raw material in the production of VCM through a process called the “chlorine route”.
In the chlorine route, chlorine is combined with ethylene to produce 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC), which is then heated to produce VCM. PVC is then produced by polymerizing VCM. Therefore, EDC/PVC accounts for the largest share of chlorine consumption in the chlor-alkali market.
Other important applications of chlorine include the production of solvents, disinfectants, and various other chemicals. However, the production of EDC/PVC remains the largest and most significant use of chlorine in the chlor-alkali industry.
By application, Glass account for the largest share for Soda Ash in the Chlor-Alkali market
Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is an important chemical used in a variety of industries, including glass manufacturing, where it accounts for the largest share of its consumption in the chlor-alkali market.
In glass production, soda ash is used as a fluxing agent, helping to lower the melting temperature of the glass mixture and improve its workability. Soda ash is also used as a key ingredient in the production of flat glass, container glass, and fiberglass.
Other major applications of soda ash include the production of detergents, chemicals, and various other industrial products. However, the glass industry remains the largest consumer of soda ash in the chlor-alkali market.
Inquire Before Buying: [https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=708
](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=708
)
Chlor-Alkali Market Key Players
Olin Corporation(US)
Westlake Chemical Corporation (US)
Tata Chemicals Limited (India)
Occidental Petroleum Corporation (US)
Formosa Plastics Corporation (Taiwan)
Solvay SA (Belgium)
Tosoh Corporation (Japan)
Hanwha Solutions Corporation (South Korea)
Nirma Limited (India)
AGC, Inc. (Japan)
Dow Inc. (US)
Xinjiang Zhongtai Chemical Co. Ltd. (China)
INOVYN (UK)
Ciner Resources Corporation (US)
Wanhua-Borsodchem (Hungary)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION (Page No. - 37)
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS
TABLE 1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS IN REPORT
1.3 MARKET SCOPE
FIGURE 1 CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET SEGMENTATION
1.3.1 REGIONS COVERED
1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
1.4 CURRENCY
1.5 PACKAGE SIZE
1.6 STAKEHOLDERS
1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Page No. - 42)
2.1 RESEARCH DATA
FIGURE 2 CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
2.1.1.1 Critical secondary inputs
2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
2.1.2.1 Critical primary inputs
2.1.2.2 Key data from primary sources
2.1.2.3 Key industry insights
2.1.2.4 Breakdown of primary interviews
2.1.2.5 List of participant industry experts
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION APPROACH
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: MARKET SIZE OF SEVERAL COUNTRIES AND ASCERTAINING THEIR SHARE TO ESTIMATE THE OVERALL DEMAND
FIGURE 3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION – DEMAND SIDE
2.2.2 ESTIMATING THE CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET SIZE FROM THE KEY SUPPLIERS’ MARKET SHARE
FIGURE 4 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
FIGURE 5 SPECIALTY CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET: DATA TRIANGULATION
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.5 LIMITATIONS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Page No. - 52)
FIGURE 6 CAUSTIC SODA SEGMENT ACCOUNTED FOR THE LARGEST SHARE IN 2020
FIGURE 7 EDC/PVC APPLICATION IN CHLORINE ACCOUNTED FOR THE LARGEST SHARE IN 2020
FIGURE 8 GLASS APPLICATION IN SODA ASH ACCOUNTED FOR THE LARGEST SHARE IN 2020
FIGURE 9 ALUMINA APPLICATION IN CAUSTIC SODA ACCOUNTED FOR THE LARGEST SHARE IN 2020
FIGURE 10 MARKET IN APAC PROJECTED TO GROW AT THE HIGHEST CAGR DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS (Page No. - 56)
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET
FIGURE 11 GROWTH OF CHEMICAL AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN EMERGING ECONOMIES EXPECTED TO DRIVE DEMAND FOR CHLOR-ALKALI
4.2 CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET IN APAC, BY PRODUCT TYPE AND COUNTRY
FIGURE 12 CHINA IS EXPECTED TO MAINTAIN ASCENDENCY IN THE APAC CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET
4.3 CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET, BY COUNTRY
FIGURE 13 INDIA AND CHINA TO GROW AT THE HIGHEST RATES DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
5 MARKET OVERVIEW (Page No. - 58)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 14 DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES IN THE CHLOR-ALKALI MARKET
5.2.1 DRIVERS
5.2.1.1 Steady growth of chemical industry across the globe to drive demand
TABLE 2 APPLICATIONS OF CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA CHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN VARIOUS SECTORS
5.2.1.2 Increased demand for water & wastewater treatment in various end-use industries
TABLE 3 INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR WATER, BY CONTINENT
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
5.2.2.1 Environmental impact of chlor-alkali products
5.2.2.2 Energy-intensive operations
5.2.2.3 Economic slowdown and impact of COVID-19 on the manufacturing sector
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
5.2.3.1 Emerging countries offer significant growth opportunities
5.2.3.2 Steady recovery of the automotive sector
5.2.4 CHALLENGES
Continued.... | aryanbo91040102 |
1,884,664 | Promoting your website for traffic | Promoting your website is a crucial step in driving traffic, gaining visibility, and building a... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:38:49 | https://dev.to/sh20raj/promoting-your-website-for-traffic-1emk | seo | Promoting your website is a crucial step in driving traffic, gaining visibility, and building a community. Various platforms offer unique opportunities for promotion, each with its own strengths and audience. Here's a comprehensive guide on some of the best websites where you can effectively promote your site:
### 1. Quora
**Audience**: General Public, Experts
**How to Use**:
- **Answer Questions**: Find questions relevant to your website’s niche and provide valuable, well-researched answers. Include links to your website when appropriate.
- **Ask Questions**: Pose questions that spark discussion and subtly reference your site.
**Benefits**:
- Builds authority and trust.
- Drives targeted traffic.
### 2. Medium
**Audience**: General Public, Writers, Professionals
**How to Use**:
- **Write Articles**: Publish high-quality articles that provide value to readers. Include links to your website within the content or at the end.
- **Join Publications**: Contribute to popular Medium publications to reach a broader audience.
**Benefits**:
- Large, engaged audience.
- Can repurpose blog content.
### 3. DEV Community
**Audience**: Developers, Tech Enthusiasts
**How to Use**:
- **Write Posts**: Share articles, tutorials, and experiences relevant to the tech community.
- **Engage with the Community**: Comment on other posts and participate in discussions to build relationships.
**Benefits**:
- Targeted towards developers and tech-savvy users.
- Great for technical content.
### 4. Reddit
**Audience**: General Public, Niche Communities
**How to Use**:
- **Join Subreddits**: Participate in subreddits related to your niche. Share your content in a way that adds value to the discussion.
- **AMAs (Ask Me Anything)**: Host an AMA to answer questions and share your expertise, subtly promoting your site.
**Benefits**:
- Highly engaged communities.
- Potential for viral traffic.
### 5. Stack Overflow
**Audience**: Developers, Programmers
**How to Use**:
- **Answer Questions**: Provide detailed and helpful answers to technical questions. Include links to your site if it directly solves the problem.
- **Ask Questions**: Pose insightful questions that can lead back to your website.
**Benefits**:
- Builds credibility in the tech community.
- High-quality, targeted traffic.
### 6. LinkedIn
**Audience**: Professionals, Businesses
**How to Use**:
- **Share Articles**: Post articles and updates about your industry, including links to your website.
- **Engage in Groups**: Participate in LinkedIn Groups related to your industry.
**Benefits**:
- Professional audience.
- Great for B2B promotion.
### 7. Twitter
**Audience**: General Public, Influencers, Industry Leaders
**How to Use**:
- **Tweet Regularly**: Share updates, articles, and engaging content with links to your website.
- **Engage with Others**: Retweet, reply, and participate in Twitter chats to increase your visibility.
**Benefits**:
- Real-time engagement.
- Broad audience reach.
### 8. Facebook
**Audience**: General Public
**How to Use**:
- **Create a Page**: Establish a Facebook Page for your website and share content regularly.
- **Join Groups**: Participate in Facebook Groups related to your niche.
**Benefits**:
- Wide user base.
- Potential for viral content.
### 9. Pinterest
**Audience**: Visual Content Consumers, Creatives
**How to Use**:
- **Create Pins**: Design visually appealing pins that link back to your website.
- **Join Group Boards**: Collaborate on group boards to reach a wider audience.
**Benefits**:
- Visual-driven traffic.
- Long-term traffic through evergreen content.
### 10. YouTube
**Audience**: General Public, Video Consumers
**How to Use**:
- **Create Videos**: Produce videos related to your niche and include links to your website in the description.
- **Engage with Viewers**: Respond to comments and engage with your audience.
**Benefits**:
- High engagement through video content.
- Opportunity for viral content.
### 11. GitHub
**Audience**: Developers, Open Source Community
**How to Use**:
- **Share Projects**: Upload and share your code repositories.
- **Contribute to Other Projects**: Engage with the community by contributing to other projects and include links to your website in your profile and repositories.
**Benefits**:
- Ideal for tech and developer communities.
- Builds credibility and showcases expertise.
### 12. Product Hunt
**Audience**: Tech Enthusiasts, Early Adopters
**How to Use**:
- **Launch Products**: Submit your website or product to Product Hunt to gain feedback and visibility.
- **Engage with Community**: Comment on other products and participate in discussions.
**Benefits**:
- Access to early adopters and influencers.
- Great for tech-related websites and startups.
### Conclusion
Promoting your website across multiple platforms can significantly boost your visibility and traffic. Each platform has its unique strengths and audience, allowing you to tailor your promotional strategies accordingly. By providing value and engaging authentically, you can build a strong online presence and drive sustained traffic to your website. | sh20raj |
1,884,663 | Finding the Best Digital Marketing Company in Varanasi | Unleash Your Business Potential: Finding the Digital Marketing Company In today's digital age, a... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:36:32 | https://dev.to/gagandeep13/finding-the-best-digital-marketing-company-in-varanasi-5bpc | <div class="markdown markdown-main-panel" dir="ltr">
<h2 data-sourcepos="1:1-1:90"><img class="wp-image-1503 aligncenter" src="https://digivaidya.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/1680082649665-300x157.png" alt="digital-marketing-company-in-varanasi" width="568" height="297" /></h2>
<h2 data-sourcepos="1:1-1:90">Unleash Your Business Potential: Finding the Digital Marketing Company</h2>
<p data-sourcepos="3:1-3:530"><span class="citation-0 entailed citation-end-0" role="button">In today's digital age, a strong online presence is no longer a luxury - it's a necessity.</span> <span class="citation-1 entailed citation-end-1" role="button">For businesses in Varanasi, partnering with the best <a href="https://digivaidya.com/how-to-select-best-digital-marketing-agency-in-varanasi-step-by-step-guide/"><strong>digital marketing company in Varanasi</strong></a> can be a game-changer.</span>With the ever-increasing importance of online visibility and audience engagement, choosing the right digital marketing partner is crucial for achieving success. But how do you navigate the plethora of digital marketing companies in Varanasi and find the one that's the perfect fit for your business?</p>
<p data-sourcepos="5:1-5:303">This comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and tools you need to make an informed decision. We'll explore the key factors to consider when searching for a <strong>best digital marketing agency in varanasi</strong>, along with valuable tips for evaluating their services and ensuring a successful partnership.</p>
<h3 data-sourcepos="7:1-7:53">Why Hire a Digital Marketing Company?</h3>
<p data-sourcepos="9:1-9:435"><span class="citation-2 entailed citation-end-2" role="button">Digital marketing has become an essential component of any thriving business strategy.</span> It offers a powerful way to reach a wider audience, build stronger customer relationships, and ultimately, drive conversions. However, navigating the complexities of the digital landscape can be daunting, especially for businesses lacking in-house expertise or resources. This is where a <strong>digital marketing company in Varanasi</strong> comes in.</p>
<p data-sourcepos="11:1-11:488">A top-tier digital marketing company in Varanasi brings together a team of specialists skilled in various digital marketing disciplines, including Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Social Media Marketing, content creation, and paid advertising. By outsourcing your digital marketing efforts to a reputable company in Varanasi, you gain access to their wealth of knowledge and experience, ensuring your business gains the online visibility it needs to thrive in today's competitive market.</p>
<p data-sourcepos="13:1-13:96">Here's a closer look at the benefits of partnering with a digital marketing company in Varanasi:</p>
<ul data-sourcepos="15:1-20:0">
<li data-sourcepos="15:1-16:0">
<p data-sourcepos="15:3-15:394"><strong><span class="citation-3 entailed" role="button">Focus on Your Core Business:</span></strong><span class="citation-3 entailed citation-end-3" role="button"> Hiring a digital marketing company in Varanasi allows you to focus on what you do best - running your business.</span> You can delegate the intricacies of digital marketing to seasoned professionals, freeing up your time and energy to invest in other crucial aspects of your operations, such as product development, customer service, or team management.</p>
</li>
<li data-sourcepos="17:1-18:0">
<p data-sourcepos="17:3-17:359"><strong>Expertise and Resources:</strong> A <strong>digital marketing company in Varanas</strong>i has the expertise and resources to develop and implement a comprehensive digital marketing strategy tailored to your specific business goals. Their data-driven approach ensures that your campaigns are optimized for maximum impact, leveraging the latest industry trends and best practices.</p>
</li>
<li data-sourcepos="19:1-20:0">
<p data-sourcepos="19:3-19:429"><strong>Measurable Results:</strong> The <strong>best digital marketing agency in varanasi</strong> prioritize delivering measurable results. They will track key performance indicators (KPIs) that align with your unique goals, such as website traffic, lead generation, or conversion rates. This data-driven approach allows you to measure the effectiveness of your campaigns and make adjustments as needed to ensure a positive return on investment (ROI).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 data-sourcepos="21:1-21:84">Choosing the Digital Marketing Company: Key Factors to Consider</h3>
<p data-sourcepos="23:1-23:184">With a multitude of digital marketing companies in Varanasi vying for your attention, selecting the right one requires careful consideration. Here are some key factors to keep in mind:</p>
<ul data-sourcepos="25:1-32:0">
<li data-sourcepos="25:1-26:0">
<p data-sourcepos="25:3-25:354"><strong>Experience and Expertise:</strong> When evaluating digital marketing companies in Varanasi, prioritize those with a proven track record of success. Look for agencies with a strong portfolio showcasing their work for satisfied clients in your industry. Ideally, the company should have experience working with businesses of a similar size and scope to yours.</p>
</li>
<li data-sourcepos="27:1-28:0">
<p data-sourcepos="27:3-27:337"><strong>Track Record and Results:</strong> Don't just take their word for it. Ask for case studies and testimonials from past clients. This will give you valuable insights into the company's ability to deliver results and achieve tangible outcomes for their clients. Look for case studies that showcase projects relevant to your industry and goals.</p>
</li>
<li data-sourcepos="29:1-30:0">
<p data-sourcepos="29:3-29:538"><strong>Services Offered:</strong> Not all digital marketing companies in Varanasi offer the same range of services. Identify your specific needs and choose a company that offers a comprehensive suite of services aligned with your goals. <span class="citation-4 entailed citation-end-4" role="button">Common services offered by digital marketing companies in Varanasi include SEO, Social Media Marketing, content marketing, paid advertising, and email marketing.</span> Consider whether you need a full-service agency or a company specializing in a specific area, such as SEO or social media management.</p>
</li>
<li data-sourcepos="31:1-32:0">
<p data-sourcepos="31:3-31:403"><strong>Industry Knowledge:</strong> In today's digital marketing landscape, a deep understanding of the nuances of your specific industry is crucial. The best <strong>digital marketing company in Varanasi</strong> for your business will have a thorough understanding of the Varanasi market and your target audience. This local market knowledge is essential for crafting targeted campaigns that resonate with your ideal customers.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-sourcepos="33:1-33:67"><strong>Additionally, consider these factors when making your decision:</strong></p>
<ul data-sourcepos="35:1-38:0">
<li data-sourcepos="35:1-36:0">
<p data-sourcepos="35:3-35:240"><strong>Company Culture and Values:</strong> Choose a digital marketing company in Varanasi whose culture and values align with your own. It's important to feel comfortable working with the team and confident that they understand your brand identity.</p>
</li>
<li data-sourcepos="37:1-38:0">
<p data-sourcepos="37:3-37:324"><strong>Pricing and Budget:</strong> <span class="citation-5 entailed citation-end-5" role="button">Digital marketing companies in Varanasi offer a variety of pricing structures. </span>Be upfront about your budget and ensure the agency offers transparent pricing that aligns with your expectations. Don't be afraid to negotiate and get quotes from multiple agencies before making a decision.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
 | gagandeep13 | |
1,884,662 | Day 15 of my progress as a vue dev | About today Today went as expected. I finally wrapped up my DSA visualizer project and ended up... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:31:07 | https://dev.to/zain725342/day-15-of-my-progress-as-a-vue-dev-43fj | webdev, vue, typescript, tailwindcss | **About today**
Today went as expected. I finally wrapped up my DSA visualizer project and ended up pushing it on my github. Also I was happy with the final version, I may come back to it in future to do more work and make it a little bit more robust and interactive but for now I think it is in a usable condition. Also, I did make sure I stick to my routine and do not skip my essential tasks throughout the day, despite many bumps in the road.
**What's next?**
My aim is to get started on the next project which includes laravel, and also give more time to develop it on daily basis compared to my previous project. I will be getting started on it from tomorrow and will be reporting my journey here.
**Improvements required**
I still lack in terms of that hardcore routine following and still miss my mark to do things on the time they are supposed to be done. Also, I need to seek knowledge about more advanced vue concepts and programming concepts in general and reflect that in my future work to keep things challenging and interesting.
Wish me luck! | zain725342 |
1,884,661 | Build multi-turn RAG Chatbots easily with Ragable! (Open-Source) | I have been building multi-turn chatbots and AI applications for a while now, and there are great... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:29:29 | https://dev.to/kwnaidoo/build-multi-turn-rag-chatbots-easily-with-ragable-open-source-5614 | ai, machinelearning, python, product | I have been building multi-turn chatbots and AI applications for a while now, and there are great libraries out there for this purpose, however, sometimes they are overkill.
If you are new to machine learning or simply want to build a multi-turn chatbot that can route between different functions to fetch data, then Ragable is for you!
## What is Ragable
Ragable is an ML library that makes building Agent-based multi-turn chatbots much easier.
It comes with most of the essentials you'll ever need such as:
- **Vector store integration**: easily with just a few lines of code ingest data from multiple sources and perform RAG-type searches.
- **Agent router**: The agent analyses the user's input and then intelligently figures out which function in your code to execute.
- **Pure Python Functions**: No Fanciness, simple Python functions that can have awareness of user data such as sessions, request objects, and just about anything else in your codebase. 100% safe as well, because Ragable does not use OpenAI functions, only the output of your function is sent to the LLM.
Here's a code example:
```python
from ragable.agent import get_openai_agent
from ragable.runnable import Runnable, runnable_from_func
from ragable.adapters.qdrant import QdrantAdapter
from ragable.embedders import StandardEmbedder
@runnable_from_func(
Name="All about php strings",
Instruction="When the human asks about php"
)
def php_strings(params):
response = """
str_replace('x', 'y', $z)
stripos($the_big_blob_of_text, $the_thing_to_search_for)
"""
return response
@runnable_from_func(
Name="All about legendary pokemon",
Instruction="When the human asks about legendary pokemon"
)
def legendary_pokemon(params):
context_data = ""
with open("./testdata/legendary_pokemon.txt", "r") as f:
txt = f.read()
return context_data
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Sets up an OpenAI powered agent.
# Agents can register multiple tasks and will intelligently route the LLM
# - to tasks based on the Runnable "Instruction" prompt.
agent = get_openai_agent()
# Easy integration with the Qdrant vector store (you will need Qdrant running locally)
# Pass in "dsn" and "api_key" for any other setup.
qdrant = QdrantAdapter("ragable_documents")
# The embedder Allows you to feed most common document types into the RAG system.
# Each document is chunked into LLM friendly chunks and vector embedded.
embedder = StandardEmbedder(qdrant)
# Path to your document. Optionally, you can also pass in a "doc_id".
# The doc_id can be an integer or uuid.
# Formats supported: txt, pdf, docx, odt, pptx, odp
embedder.train_from_document("./testdata/bulbasaur.txt")
# You can also embed and index regular strings.
# doc_id is required.
# embedder.train_from_text("some text", 1234)
# A none decorator verson of a Runnable.
bulbasaur_knowledge = Runnable(
Name="Information about bulbasaur",
Instruction="When the human asks about bulbasaur",
Func=qdrant
)
# Tell the agent which Runnable functions it's allowed to execute.
agent.add_tasks([
legendary_pokemon,
php_strings,
bulbasaur_knowledge
])
questions = [
"What is a legendary pokemon?",
"How to perform a string replace in PHP?",
"How to find a string in another string in PHP?",
"Which Pokemon are the evolved forms of bulbasaur?"
]
# Here you can feed the Agent any additional prompts as needed.
# For example, you can store the chat history in Redis or a local session and
# - then add each of the historical messages using this function.
# Supported message types: system, user, ai, assistant
agent.add_message("You are a useful informational bot.", "system")
for q in questions:
response = agent.invoke(q)
print(response)
```
You can get your copy of Ragable here: https://github.com/plexcorp-pty-ltd/ragable
> Ragable is still in BETA, and not available as a PIP package yet. So use with caution, the stable version will be released soon!
| kwnaidoo |
1,884,660 | Exposing an Amazon SageMaker Endpoint via a Custom Domain Name | Guide to Exposing an Amazon SageMaker Endpoint via a Custom Domain Name Introduction: Are you a... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:29:19 | https://dev.to/sammy_cloud/exposing-an-amazon-sagemaker-endpoint-via-a-custom-domain-name-3ai7 | **Guide to Exposing an Amazon SageMaker Endpoint via a Custom Domain Name**
**Introduction:**
Are you a DevOps or Cloud Engineer tasked with making an Amazon SageMaker endpoint accessible to the public without directly exposing the endpoint itself? This guide will walk you through creating a public-facing SageMaker endpoint accessible via a custom domain name using AWS services and Namecheap as your DNS manager.
**Prerequisites:**
- AWS Account
- IAM Administrator Access
- Amazon SageMaker
- API Gateway
- DNS Manager (Namecheap)
**Step-by-Step Instructions:**
### Step 1: Create an Execution Role for the REST API
1. **Create the Role:**
- Open the IAM console.
- Navigate to **Roles** and choose **Create Role**.
- Select **AWS Service** as the trusted entity and choose **API Gateway**.
- Continue to **Review**.
- Name the role (e.g., `APIGatewayAccessToSageMaker`) and create it.
2. **Add Permissions:**
- Find and select the role you just created.
- Choose **Add Inline Policy**.
- Create a policy with the following settings:
- **Service:** SageMaker
- **Action:** InvokeEndpoint
- **Resources:** Specify the ARN of your SageMaker endpoint.
- Name the policy (e.g., `SageMakerEndpointInvokeAccess`) and create it.
- Note the ARN of the role for later use.
### Step 2: Build an API Gateway Endpoint
1. **Create the API:**
- Open the API Gateway console.
- Choose **Create API** and select **REST**.
- Choose **New API** and name it (e.g., `Invocation-API`).
- Select **Regional** as the endpoint type and create the API.
2. **Create a Resource:**
- In the **Resources** section, choose **Create Resource**.
- Enter a resource name (e.g., `test-api`) and create it.
- Select the created resource.
3. **Create a GET Method:**
- Select the resource (`test-api`) and choose **Create Method**.
- Choose **GET** and confirm.
- Configure the method with the following settings:
- **Integration Type:** AWS Service
- **AWS Region:** Your region
- **AWS Service:** SageMaker Runtime
- **HTTP Method:** POST
- **Action Type:** Use Path Override
- **Path Override:** `endpoints/<sagemaker-endpoint-name>/invocations`
- **Execution Role:** Enter the ARN of the role created earlier
- **Content Handling:** Passthrough
- Save the method.
### Step 3: Deploy and Test the API
1. **Deploy the API:**
- In the **Resources** section, select your resource (`test-api`) and choose **Deploy API**.
- Select **[New Stage]**, name the stage (e.g., `test`), and deploy it.
- Note the invoke URL from the deployment.
2. **Test the API:**
- Use tools like Postman or `curl` to test the endpoint.
### Step 4: Create a Custom Domain Name in API Gateway
1. **Set Up the Custom Domain:**
- In the API Gateway console, navigate to **Custom domain names** and choose **Create Custom Domain Name**.
- Enter your custom domain name (e.g., `example.com`).
- Select the endpoint type (Edge-optimized, Regional, or Private).
- Choose or upload an SSL certificate from ACM.
### Step 5: Update DNS Settings in Namecheap
1. **Configure DNS in Namecheap:**
- Log in to Namecheap and navigate to **Domain List**.
- Select **Manage** next to your domain.
- Go to the **Advanced DNS** tab.
- Add a new CNAME record:
- **Type:** CNAME Record
- **Host:** (subdomain or root, e.g., `www`)
- **Value:** The domain name provided by API Gateway (e.g., `d-xxxxxxxxxx.execute-api.region.amazonaws.com`)
- **TTL:** Automatic
### Step 6: Map API Gateway Stage to the Custom Domain
1. **Configure API Mappings:**
- In the API Gateway console, select your custom domain name.
- Under **API mappings**, choose **Configure API mappings** and add a new mapping.
- Select the API and stage, and optionally specify a path.
### Step 7: Verify DNS Propagation and Test
1. **Verify DNS:**
- Use tools like `dig` or online DNS checkers to ensure your domain points to the API Gateway endpoint.
- Verify that requests to `https://test.example.com` are routed correctly.
### Summary
1. **Create Execution Role:**
- IAM Console -> Roles -> Create Role -> API Gateway -> Add Inline Policy -> SageMaker -> InvokeEndpoint
2. **Build API Gateway Endpoint:**
- API Gateway Console -> Create API -> REST -> New API -> Create Resource -> Create Method -> Configure Integration
3. **Deploy and Test API:**
- Resources -> Deploy API -> New Stage -> Deploy -> Test
4. **Create Custom Domain in API Gateway:**
- API Gateway Console -> Custom Domain Names -> Create Custom Domain Name -> SSL Certificate
5. **Update DNS in Namecheap:**
- Domain List -> Manage -> Advanced DNS -> Add CNAME Record
6. **Map API Gateway Stage:**
- Custom Domain Names -> Select Domain -> Configure API Mappings -> Add New Mapping
7. **Verify and Test:**
- Use `dig` and test with `curl` or Postman.
By following these steps, you can expose your Amazon SageMaker endpoint via a custom domain managed by Namecheap.
#Cloud #AWS #DevOps #SRE #AI #API #Automation | sammy_cloud | |
1,884,659 | Creativity Has Left the Chat: The Price of Debiasing Language Models | Creativity Has Left the Chat: The Price of Debiasing Language Models | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:28:42 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/creativity-has-left-chat-price-debiasing-language | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Creativity Has Left the Chat: The Price of Debiasing Language Models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/creativity-has-left-chat-price-debiasing-language). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, but they can also exhibit biases and generate toxic content.
- Alignment techniques like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) can reduce these issues, but their impact on the creativity of LLMs remains unexplored.
- This research investigates the unintended consequences of RLHF on the creativity of LLMs, using the Llama-2 series as a case study.
## Plain English Explanation
Large language models (LLMs) are powerful AI systems that can understand and generate human-like text. These models have transformed many industries, from [copywriting](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/characterising-creative-process-humans-large-language-models) to [customer persona generation](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/divergent-creativity-humans-large-language-models). However, LLMs can also exhibit biases and produce harmful or toxic content.
To address these issues, researchers have developed techniques like [Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/privately-aligning-language-models-reinforcement-learning), which train the models to follow human preferences and values. While these alignment methods reduce problematic outputs, the researchers in this study wanted to understand their impact on the creativity of LLMs.
Creativity is an essential quality for tasks like [copywriting, ad creation, and persona generation](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/more-rlhf-more-trust-impact-human-preference). The researchers used the Llama-2 series of LLMs to investigate how RLHF affects the diversity and uniqueness of the models' language outputs. Their findings suggest that aligned LLMs may exhibit less syntactic and semantic diversity, potentially limiting their creative potential.
## Technical Explanation
The researchers conducted three experiments to assess the impact of RLHF on the creativity of the Llama-2 series of LLMs:
1. **Token Prediction Entropy**: They measured the entropy (or uncertainty) of the models' token predictions, finding that aligned models had lower entropy, indicating a more limited range of possible outputs.
2. **Embedding Clustering**: The researchers analyzed the embeddings (numeric representations) of the models' outputs, observing that aligned models formed distinct clusters in the embedding space, suggesting a narrower range of generated text.
3. **Attractor States**: The study examined the tendency of the models to gravitate towards specific "attractor states" in their language generation, which was more pronounced in the aligned models, further indicating reduced diversity.
These findings suggest that while RLHF can improve the safety and alignment of LLMs, it may come at the cost of reduced creativity and output diversity. This trade-off is crucial for marketers and other professionals who rely on LLMs for tasks that require creative expression.
## Critical Analysis
The researchers acknowledge that their study is limited to the Llama-2 series and that further research is needed to understand the generalizability of their findings to other LLM architectures and alignment techniques.
Additionally, the paper does not explore the potential benefits of RLHF, such as improved [safety and reduced algorithmic biases](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/laissez-faire-harms-algorithmic-biases-generative-language), which may outweigh the impact on creativity in certain applications.
Future research could delve deeper into the specific creative tasks and use cases where the trade-off between consistency and creativity becomes most critical. The researchers also suggest exploring prompt engineering as a way to harness the creative potential of base LLMs, even when they have been aligned.
## Conclusion
This research highlights an important tension between the benefits of aligning LLMs to human preferences and the potential cost to their creative capabilities. As these models continue to be widely adopted, it will be crucial for developers, marketers, and other users to carefully consider the appropriate balance between consistency and creativity for their specific applications. Ongoing research and experimentation will be necessary to unlock the full potential of LLMs while mitigating their unintended consequences.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,884,658 | The Bayesian Learning Rule | The Bayesian Learning Rule | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:28:08 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/bayesian-learning-rule | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [The Bayesian Learning Rule](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/bayesian-learning-rule). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Many machine learning algorithms can be seen as specific instances of a single algorithm called the Bayesian learning rule.
- This rule, derived from Bayesian principles, can yield a wide range of algorithms from fields like optimization, deep learning, and graphical models.
- This includes classical algorithms like ridge regression, Newton's method, and Kalman filter, as well as modern deep learning algorithms like stochastic gradient descent, RMSprop, and Dropout.
- The key idea is to approximate the posterior using candidate distributions estimated by using natural gradients.
- Different candidate distributions result in different algorithms, and further approximations to natural gradients give rise to variants of those algorithms.
- This work not only unifies, generalizes, and improves existing algorithms, but also helps design new ones.
## Plain English Explanation
The provided paper shows that many machine learning algorithms, both classical and modern, can be seen as specific cases of a single, more general algorithm called the Bayesian learning rule. This rule is derived from Bayesian principles and can generate a wide variety of algorithms used in optimization, deep learning, and other fields.
For example, the paper demonstrates how algorithms like [ridge regression](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/more-flexible-pac-bayesian-meta-learning-by), [Newton's method](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/unified-theory-exact-inference-learning-exponential-family), and the [Kalman filter](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/scalable-bayesian-learning-posteriors) can be generated by the Bayesian learning rule, as well as more modern deep learning algorithms like [stochastic gradient descent](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/context-specific-refinements-bayesian-network-classifiers), RMSprop, and Dropout.
The key idea is to approximate the probability distribution of the model parameters (the "posterior") using candidate distributions that are estimated using natural gradients. Choosing different candidate distributions leads to different algorithms, and further approximations to the natural gradients give rise to variants of those algorithms.
This work is significant because it unifies and generalizes a wide range of existing machine learning algorithms, while also providing a framework for designing new ones. By understanding the underlying Bayesian principles, researchers can more easily develop and improve algorithms to tackle complex problems.
## Technical Explanation
The paper presents a unifying framework for deriving a wide range of machine learning algorithms from Bayesian principles. The authors show that many algorithms, both classical and modern, can be seen as specific instances of a single algorithm called the Bayesian learning rule.
This rule is derived by approximating the posterior distribution of the model parameters using candidate distributions estimated using natural gradients. Different choices of candidate distributions lead to different algorithms, such as [ridge regression](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/more-flexible-pac-bayesian-meta-learning-by), [Newton's method](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/unified-theory-exact-inference-learning-exponential-family), the [Kalman filter](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/scalable-bayesian-learning-posteriors), [stochastic gradient descent](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/context-specific-refinements-bayesian-network-classifiers), RMSprop, and Dropout.
Furthermore, the authors show that additional approximations to the natural gradients can give rise to variants of these algorithms. This unification not only helps to understand the relationships between different algorithms, but also provides a framework for designing new ones.
The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of their approach through experiments on a range of tasks, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The results show that the algorithms derived from the Bayesian learning rule can outperform or match the performance of existing state-of-the-art methods.
## Critical Analysis
The paper presents a compelling unification of a wide range of machine learning algorithms under the Bayesian learning rule framework. The authors have demonstrated the versatility of this approach by deriving classical algorithms like ridge regression and Kalman filter, as well as modern deep learning algorithms like stochastic gradient descent and Dropout.
One potential limitation of the work is that the derivation of the Bayesian learning rule and the corresponding algorithms may be mathematically complex for some readers. The authors have tried to address this by providing intuitive explanations, but the technical details may still be challenging for a general audience.
Additionally, the paper does not delve into the practical implications of this unification or how it might impact the development of new algorithms. While the authors mention the potential for designing new algorithms, they do not provide concrete examples or guidelines on how to do so.
Further research could explore the application of the Bayesian learning rule in specific domains or the development of more user-friendly tools and interfaces for practitioners to leverage this framework. Investigating the potential computational and memory efficiency gains of the unified algorithms could also be an interesting direction for future work.
Overall, the paper presents a valuable contribution to the field of machine learning, as it provides a deeper understanding of the underlying principles that govern a wide range of algorithms. This knowledge can inform the design of more effective and versatile machine learning models, ultimately advancing the state of the art in various applications.
## Conclusion
The provided paper demonstrates that many machine learning algorithms, both classical and modern, can be seen as specific instances of a single algorithm called the Bayesian learning rule. This rule, derived from Bayesian principles, can generate a wide range of algorithms used in optimization, deep learning, and other fields.
By unifying these algorithms under a common framework, the paper not only helps to understand the relationships between them, but also provides a foundation for designing new and improved algorithms. The authors have shown that the Bayesian learning rule can yield algorithms that match or outperform existing state-of-the-art methods, making this a significant contribution to the field of machine learning.
While the technical details may be challenging for some readers, the potential impact of this work is substantial. By understanding the underlying Bayesian principles that govern a wide range of machine learning algorithms, researchers and practitioners can develop more robust, flexible, and effective models to tackle complex problems in various domains, from [image recognition](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/from-learning-to-optimize-to-learning-optimization) to [natural language processing](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/unified-theory-exact-inference-learning-exponential-family) and beyond.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,884,657 | Artifacts or Abduction: How Do LLMs Answer Multiple-Choice Questions Without the Question? | Artifacts or Abduction: How Do LLMs Answer Multiple-Choice Questions Without the Question? | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:27:34 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/artifacts-or-abduction-how-do-llms-answer | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Artifacts or Abduction: How Do LLMs Answer Multiple-Choice Questions Without the Question?](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/artifacts-or-abduction-how-do-llms-answer). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) can answer multiple-choice questions without being given the actual question.
- The authors design experiments to test if LLMs are simply identifying artifacts in the answer choices or using genuine reasoning to arrive at the correct answer.
- The findings suggest that LLMs may be relying more on detecting patterns in the answer choices rather than truly understanding the question.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper explores an interesting phenomenon - the ability of LLMs to correctly answer multiple-choice questions without being given the actual question. This is a bit puzzling, as one would expect that understanding the question is a critical part of answering it correctly.
The researchers designed experiments to try to uncover how the LLMs are able to do this. [They wanted to see if the LLMs were simply identifying patterns or artifacts in the answer choices, rather than using genuine reasoning to arrive at the correct answer based on an understanding of the question.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/beyond-answers-reviewing-rationality-multiple-choice-question)
The key insight is that if the LLMs were truly reasoning about the questions, they should perform similarly well regardless of how the answer choices are presented. But if they are instead relying on identifying certain patterns or cues in the answer choices, then their performance may change depending on how those choices are structured.
[The experiments suggest that the LLMs may be doing more "pattern matching" than actual reasoning.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/can-multiple-choice-questions-really-be-useful) In other words, they seem to be detecting certain artifacts or clues in the answer choices that allow them to select the correct answer, without necessarily understanding the underlying question.
This raises some interesting questions about the nature of intelligence and reasoning in LLMs. While they are clearly capable of impressive feats, this study suggests that their abilities may be more narrow and superficial than we might have assumed.
## Technical Explanation
The paper presents a series of experiments designed to investigate how LLMs are able to answer multiple-choice questions without being given the actual question.
[The authors define a multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) task, where LLMs are provided with a set of answer choices and must select the correct one.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/multiple-choice-questions-large-languages-models-case) Crucially, the question itself is not provided - only the answer choices.
The key experimental manipulation is to alter the structure and presentation of the answer choices, to see if this affects the LLMs' performance. If the LLMs are truly reasoning about the question, then their performance should be consistent regardless of how the choices are presented.
[However, the results suggest that the LLMs' performance is highly sensitive to the structure of the answer choices.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/math-multiple-choice-question-generation-via-human) When certain patterns or artifacts are present in the choices, the LLMs are able to leverage these to select the correct answer. But when these cues are removed or obscured, the LLMs struggle.
This indicates that the LLMs may be relying more on detecting surface-level features in the answer choices, rather than engaging in deeper reasoning about the underlying question. [The authors refer to this as "abduction" - using the available information to infer the likely correct answer, rather than true deductive reasoning.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/exploring-automated-distractor-generation-math-multiple-choice)
## Critical Analysis
The paper raises some important caveats and limitations to the capabilities of current LLMs. While they are able to perform impressive feats on multiple-choice tasks, this study suggests that their abilities may be more narrow and superficial than we might have assumed.
One key limitation is that the LLMs appear to be relying heavily on detecting patterns and artifacts in the answer choices, rather than truly understanding the underlying question. This calls into question the depth of their reasoning abilities and the extent to which they can be trusted to make principled decisions.
Additionally, the authors note that the LLMs' performance is highly sensitive to the way the answer choices are structured and presented. This suggests that their capabilities may be more fragile and context-dependent than we might hope for in an intelligent system.
Further research is needed to better understand the nature of reasoning in LLMs, and to develop techniques to encourage more robust and principled decision-making. While these models continue to impress, this study highlights the importance of scrutinizing their capabilities and limitations.
## Conclusion
This paper presents a thought-provoking investigation into the abilities of large language models to answer multiple-choice questions without being given the actual question. The findings suggest that LLMs may be relying more on detecting patterns and artifacts in the answer choices, rather than engaging in true deductive reasoning about the underlying question.
This raises important questions about the nature of intelligence and reasoning in these models, and highlights the need for further research to better understand their capabilities and limitations. As LLMs continue to advance, it will be crucial to carefully evaluate their performance and ensure that they are not simply exploiting surface-level cues, but are truly capable of principled decision-making.
Overall, this paper contributes to a growing body of work that aims to critically examine the capabilities of large language models, with the goal of developing more robust and trustworthy AI systems.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,884,656 | Slider | // Slider const slider = function () { const slides = document.querySelectorAll('.slide'); const... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:27:14 | https://dev.to/kakimaru/slider-35fi | ```
// Slider
const slider = function () {
const slides = document.querySelectorAll('.slide');
const btnLeft = document.querySelector('.slider__btn--left');
const btnRight = document.querySelector('.slider__btn--right');
const dotContainer = document.querySelector('.dots');
let curSlide = 0;
const maxSlide = slides.length;
// Functions
const createDots = function () {
slides.forEach(function (_, i) {
dotContainer.insertAdjacentHTML(
'beforeend',
`<button class="dots__dot" data-slide="${i}"></button>`
);
});
};
const activateDot = function (slide) {
document
.querySelectorAll('.dots__dot')
.forEach(dot => dot.classList.remove('dots__dot--active'));
document
.querySelector(`.dots__dot[data-slide="${slide}"]`)
.classList.add('dots__dot--active');
};
const goToSlide = function (slide) {
slides.forEach(
(s, i) => (s.style.transform = `translateX(${100 * (i - slide)}%)`)
);
};
// Next slide
const nextSlide = function () {
if (curSlide === maxSlide - 1) {
curSlide = 0;
} else {
curSlide++;
}
goToSlide(curSlide);
activateDot(curSlide);
};
const prevSlide = function () {
if (curSlide === 0) {
curSlide = maxSlide - 1;
} else {
curSlide--;
}
goToSlide(curSlide);
activateDot(curSlide);
};
const init = function () {
goToSlide(0);
createDots();
activateDot(0);
};
init();
// Event handlers
btnRight.addEventListener('click', nextSlide);
btnLeft.addEventListener('click', prevSlide);
document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
if (e.key === 'ArrowLeft') prevSlide();
e.key === 'ArrowRight' && nextSlide();
});
dotContainer.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
if (e.target.classList.contains('dots__dot')) {
const { slide } = e.target.dataset;
goToSlide(slide);
activateDot(slide);
}
});
};
slider();
``` | kakimaru | |
1,884,655 | How does lock screen gaming concept impact gameplay design, particularly for action games? | The lock screen gaming concept, pioneered by Gaming Platform, throws a fascinating wrinkle into... | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:27:07 | https://dev.to/claywinston/how-does-lock-screen-gaming-concept-impact-gameplay-design-particularly-for-action-games-8nn | gamedev, mobilegames, androidgames, lockscreengames | The [lock screen gaming](https://medium.com/@adreeshelk/how-to-play-hundreds-of-games-on-your-lock-screen-without-downloading-anything-4f03e0173441?utm_source=referral&utm_medium=Medium&utm_campaign=Nostra) concept, pioneered by Gaming Platform, throws a fascinating wrinkle into traditional mobile gameplay design. While its full impact remains to be seen in the latest games, it has the potential to significantly alter how we approach [action gameplay](https://nostra.gg/articles/Unleash-Your-Inner-Gamer-Play-Free-Nostra-Games.html?utm_source=referral&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=Nostra) titles on our phones.
Concept forces developers to think of casual fun. Gameplay will likely become more streamlined, focusing on core mechanics and quick bursts of action perfectly suited for short, pick-up-and-play sessions. Imagine a streamlined combat system or a fast-paced runner where success hinges on quick swipes and taps – perfect for a quick go at the best action games on your phone between tasks.
On the best side, the accessibility and immediacy of lock screen gaming could lead to higher player engagement. Imagine a scenario where players can jump into a quick action fix throughout the day, keeping them constantly engaged with the latest gameplay.
Perhaps the most exciting aspect of [Gaming Platform](https://medium.com/@adreeshelk/publishing-on-a-robust-gaming-platform-key-considerations-for-developers-1c8888f80d91?utm_source=referral&utm_medium=Medium&utm_campaign=Nostra) is the potential for entirely new genres to emerge. The limitations of the lock screen could breed innovative gameplay mechanics and control schemes that wouldn't work on a full screen. We might see a resurgence of simpler, arcade-style action gameplay or the birth of entirely new genres of best action games that thrive on the unique constraints of the format. | claywinston |
1,884,654 | Thermodynamic Linear Algebra | Thermodynamic Linear Algebra | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:26:59 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/thermodynamic-linear-algebra | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Thermodynamic Linear Algebra](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/thermodynamic-linear-algebra). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Linear algebra is fundamental to many modern algorithms in engineering, science, and machine learning
- Accelerating linear algebra primitives with new hardware could have significant economic impact
- Quantum computing has been proposed, but the resource requirements are currently too high
- This paper explores an alternative approach using classical thermodynamics for near-term acceleration of linear algebra
## Plain English Explanation
Linear algebra is the foundation of many important algorithms used in fields like engineering, science, and [machine learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/comprehensive-library-variational-lse-solvers). If we could make these linear algebra calculations faster, it would have a huge positive impact on the economy. Quantum computing has been suggested as a way to speed up linear algebra, but the technology required is still a long way off.
Instead, this paper looks at using the principles of classical thermodynamics - the study of heat, temperature, and energy - as an alternative approach to accelerating linear algebra in the near future. At first, thermodynamics and linear algebra don't seem related at all. But the researchers show how solving linear algebra problems is connected to simulating the equilibrium state of a system of [coupled harmonic oscillators](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/dynamic-optimization-quantum-hardware-feasibility-process-industry), which are a fundamental model in thermodynamics.
The paper presents simple thermodynamic algorithms for performing key linear algebra operations like solving systems of linear equations, inverting matrices, computing determinants, and solving [Lyapunov equations](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/quantum-linear-algebra-is-all-you-need). They mathematically prove that these thermodynamic algorithms can achieve significant speedups over traditional digital methods, with the speedup growing as the size of the matrix increases.
## Technical Explanation
The researchers connect solving linear algebra problems to sampling from the thermodynamic equilibrium distribution of a system of coupled harmonic oscillators. They present four thermodynamic algorithms:
1. Solving linear systems of equations
2. Computing matrix inverses
3. Computing matrix determinants
4. Solving Lyapunov equations
Under reasonable assumptions, they rigorously establish that these algorithms can achieve asymptotic speedups that scale linearly with the matrix dimension, compared to traditional digital methods.
The key insight is that thermodynamic principles like ergodicity (systems explore all possible states), entropy (a measure of disorder), and equilibration (systems reach a stable state) can be leveraged to perform linear algebra operations efficiently. This highlights the deep connections between thermodynamics and linear algebra, opening up new opportunities for [thermodynamic computing hardware](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/temperature-machine-learning-systems) to accelerate these fundamental mathematical operations.
## Critical Analysis
The paper provides a compelling theoretical framework for using classical thermodynamics to accelerate linear algebra, with rigorous mathematical proofs of the potential speedups. However, the authors acknowledge that significant engineering challenges remain in realizing these thermodynamic algorithms in practical hardware.
Some key limitations and areas for further research include:
- Developing physical implementations of the required harmonic oscillator systems and ensuring they behave as assumed in the theoretical analysis
- Characterizing the practical accuracy, stability, and error bounds of the thermodynamic algorithms compared to digital methods
- Exploring the resource requirements and energy efficiency of thermodynamic linear algebra hardware versus traditional digital approaches
- Investigating the scalability of the thermodynamic algorithms and hardware as problem sizes grow very large
While the theoretical results are promising, readers should be cautious about overestimating the near-term feasibility and impact of this approach until these critical engineering challenges can be addressed through further research and development.
## Conclusion
This paper presents a novel approach to accelerating fundamental linear algebra primitives using classical thermodynamics. By connecting linear algebra problems to thermodynamic equilibrium sampling, the researchers devise simple algorithms that can provably achieve asymptotic speedups over digital methods.
These findings highlight the deep connections between seemingly disparate fields and open up new possibilities for [thermodynamic computing hardware](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/temperature-machine-learning-systems) to drive significant performance improvements in a wide range of applications relying on linear algebra, from [scientific computing](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/efficient-quantum-algorithm-linear-system-problem-tensor) to [machine learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/dynamic-optimization-quantum-hardware-feasibility-process-industry). While substantial engineering challenges remain, this work represents an important step toward realizing the potential of physics-based computing paradigms.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,884,643 | A Definition of Open-Ended Learning Problems for Goal-Conditioned Agents | A Definition of Open-Ended Learning Problems for Goal-Conditioned Agents | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:26:23 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/definition-open-ended-learning-problems-goal-conditioned | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [A Definition of Open-Ended Learning Problems for Goal-Conditioned Agents](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/definition-open-ended-learning-problems-goal-conditioned). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Recent machine learning research papers have focused on "open-ended learning," but there is little consensus on what the term actually means.
- This paper aims to provide a clear definition of open-ended learning and distinguish it from related concepts like continual learning and lifelong learning.
- The authors propose that the key property of open-ended learning is the ability to produce novel elements (observations, options, reward functions, and goals) over an infinite horizon.
- The paper focuses on open-ended goal-conditioned reinforcement learning, where agents can learn a growing repertoire of goal-driven skills.
## Plain English Explanation
Many recent machine learning papers have used the term "open-ended learning," but it's not always clear what that means. This paper tries to fix that by defining open-ended learning and explaining how it's different from similar ideas like [continual learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/approach-to-improve-agent-learning-via-guaranteeing) and [lifelong learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/towards-theory-out-distribution-learning).
The key idea is that open-ended learning is about an agent's ability to keep producing new and novel things - like observations, choices, rewards, or goals - over a very long period of time. This is different from systems that just try to learn a fixed set of skills or knowledge.
The paper focuses on a specific type of open-ended learning called "open-ended goal-conditioned reinforcement learning." In this setup, the agent can learn an ever-growing collection of skills that allow it to achieve different goals. This could be a step towards the kind of [artificial general intelligence](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/open-endedness-is-essential-artificial-superhuman-intelligence) that some researchers dream of, where machines can learn and adapt in truly open-ended ways.
However, the paper also points out that there's still a lot of work to be done to fully capture the complexity of open-ended learning as envisioned by AI researchers working on [developmental AI](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/emergence-collective-open-ended-exploration-from-decentralized) and [reinforcement learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/pontryagin-perspective-reinforcement-learning). The elementary definition provided in this paper is a starting point, but more work is needed to bridge the gap.
## Technical Explanation
The paper begins by highlighting the lack of consensus around the term "open-ended learning" in recent machine learning research. The authors illustrate the genealogy of the concept and outline more recent perspectives on what open-ended learning truly means.
They propose that the key elementary property of open-ended processes is the ability to produce novel elements (such as observations, options, reward functions, and goals) over an infinite horizon, from the perspective of an observer. This is in contrast with previous approaches that have treated open-ended learning as a more complex, composite notion.
The paper then focuses on the specific case of open-ended goal-conditioned reinforcement learning, where agents can learn a growing repertoire of goal-driven skills. This is presented as a potential step towards the kind of [artificial general intelligence](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/open-endedness-is-essential-artificial-superhuman-intelligence) envisioned by some researchers.
However, the authors acknowledge that their elementary definition of open-ended learning may not fully capture the more involved notions that developmental AI researchers have in mind. They highlight the need for further work to bridge this gap and more fully understand the complexities of open-ended learning.
## Critical Analysis
The paper makes a valuable contribution by providing a clear and concise definition of open-ended learning, which can help bring more clarity to this important concept in machine learning research. By isolating the key property of producing novel elements over an infinite horizon, the authors offer a useful starting point for further exploration and investigation.
That said, the authors rightfully acknowledge that their definition may not fully capture the more complex and nuanced understanding of open-ended learning held by researchers in the field of developmental AI. [More work is needed](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/emergence-collective-open-ended-exploration-from-decentralized) to bridge this gap and develop a more comprehensive theory of open-ended learning that can account for the diverse perspectives and goals in the AI research community.
Additionally, while the focus on open-ended goal-conditioned reinforcement learning is a promising direction, the paper does not provide a detailed analysis of the specific challenges and limitations of this approach. Further research may be needed to [identify and address the potential issues](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/approach-to-improve-agent-learning-via-guaranteeing) that may arise when attempting to scale open-ended learning to more complex and [open-ended environments](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/towards-theory-out-distribution-learning).
Overall, this paper represents a valuable step forward in the ongoing effort to define and understand the concept of open-ended learning. By providing a clear and concise starting point, the authors have laid the groundwork for further advancements in this important area of AI research.
## Conclusion
This paper aims to bring clarity to the concept of "open-ended learning" in machine learning research. The authors propose that the key property of open-ended learning is the ability to produce novel elements, such as observations, options, reward functions, and goals, over an infinite horizon.
The paper focuses on the specific case of open-ended goal-conditioned reinforcement learning, where agents can learn a growing repertoire of goal-driven skills. This is seen as a potential step towards the kind of artificial general intelligence that some researchers envision.
However, the authors acknowledge that their elementary definition may not fully capture the more complex and nuanced understanding of open-ended learning held by researchers in the field of developmental AI. Further work is needed to bridge this gap and develop a more comprehensive theory of open-ended learning that can account for the diverse perspectives and goals in the AI research community.
Overall, this paper represents a valuable contribution to the ongoing effort to define and understand the concept of open-ended learning, which is a critical component in the pursuit of more advanced and adaptable artificial intelligence systems.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,884,642 | Magicoder: Empowering Code Generation with OSS-Instruct | Magicoder: Empowering Code Generation with OSS-Instruct | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:25:49 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/magicoder-empowering-code-generation-oss-instruct | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Magicoder: Empowering Code Generation with OSS-Instruct](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/magicoder-empowering-code-generation-oss-instruct). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Magicoder is a series of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) for code that rival top code models while having just 7B parameters or fewer.
- The models are trained on 75K synthetic instruction data using OSS-Instruct, a novel approach that uses open-source code snippets to generate diverse training data.
- The goal is to mitigate bias in synthetic data by leveraging the wealth of open-source references to produce more realistic and controllable data.
- The Magicoder models, including the enhanced MagicoderS, substantially outperform state-of-the-art code models on a wide range of coding benchmarks, even surpassing ChatGPT on certain tasks.
- OSS-Instruct opens a new direction for creating diverse synthetic instruction data for code using open-source resources.
## Plain English Explanation
Magicoder is a collection of powerful AI models for writing code that are freely available for anyone to use. These models are trained on a large amount of synthetic (artificially created) data using a new approach called OSS-Instruct. OSS-Instruct taps into the wealth of open-source code snippets online to generate diverse and realistic training data for the models.
The key idea is to overcome the inherent biases that can creep into synthetic data generated by AI models. By drawing on the vast repository of real-world code examples, Magicoder models can learn to write code that is more natural and applicable to real-world problems.
Despite being smaller in size compared to other top code models, the Magicoder series, especially the enhanced MagicoderS, outperforms these larger models on a wide range of coding tasks. In fact, one of the Magicoder models even surpasses the well-known ChatGPT on certain benchmarks.
Overall, the Magicoder project demonstrates a new and promising way to create powerful AI assistants for coding by leveraging the abundance of open-source code available online. This could have significant implications for [improving the capabilities of code generation models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/wavecoder-widespread-versatile-enhancement-code-large-language) and [harmonizing the elicitation of code capabilities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/alchemistcoder-harmonizing-eliciting-code-capability-by-hindsight) in the future.
## Technical Explanation
The researchers introduce Magicoder, a series of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) for code that rival top code models while having no more than 7 billion parameters. These Magicoder models are trained on 75,000 synthetic instruction data using a novel approach called OSS-Instruct.
OSS-Instruct leverages the wealth of open-source code snippets available online to generate diverse and realistic training data for the models. This is in contrast to more traditional methods of generating synthetic data, which can sometimes lead to inherent biases. By drawing on real-world code examples, the Magicoder models can learn to generate code that is more applicable to practical problems.
The Magicoder series, including the enhanced MagicoderS, substantially outperform state-of-the-art code models on a wide range of coding benchmarks. Notably, the MagicoderS-CL-7B model, which is based on [CodeLLaMA](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/codeclm-aligning-language-models-tailored-synthetic-data), even surpasses the prominent ChatGPT on the HumanEval+ benchmark.
The researchers argue that OSS-Instruct opens a new direction for crafting diverse synthetic instruction data for code generation models. This approach could lead to further advancements in [training code language models with comprehensive semantics](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/semcoder-training-code-language-models-comprehensive-semantics) and [automating code adaptation through MLOps benchmarking](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/automating-code-adaptation-mlops-benchmarking-study-llms).
## Critical Analysis
The Magicoder research presents a promising approach to improving the performance of code generation models while reducing their size and parameters. The use of OSS-Instruct to leverage open-source code snippets is an innovative way to address the potential biases in synthetic data.
However, the paper does not delve deeply into the specific limitations of the Magicoder models or the OSS-Instruct approach. It would be helpful to understand the types of biases or inaccuracies that may still persist in the generated code, even with the use of open-source references.
Additionally, the researchers could explore the potential challenges in scaling the OSS-Instruct approach, such as the curation and processing of a vast amount of open-source code. This could provide valuable insights for the broader research community working on [improving code generation capabilities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/wavecoder-widespread-versatile-enhancement-code-large-language) and [harmonizing code elicitation](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/alchemistcoder-harmonizing-eliciting-code-capability-by-hindsight).
Overall, the Magicoder research represents an exciting step forward in the development of more accessible and capable code generation models. Continued exploration of this approach, along with a deeper analysis of its limitations and potential challenges, could lead to further advancements in the field.
## Conclusion
The Magicoder project introduces a series of open-source Large Language Models for code that rival top models in performance while being significantly smaller in size. By leveraging the wealth of open-source code snippets through the novel OSS-Instruct approach, the researchers have been able to mitigate the inherent biases in synthetic data and produce more realistic and controllable training data.
The Magicoder models, including the enhanced MagicoderS, have demonstrated impressive results on a wide range of coding benchmarks, even surpassing the well-known ChatGPT in certain tasks. This suggests that the OSS-Instruct approach holds promise for [advancing the capabilities of code generation models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/wavecoder-widespread-versatile-enhancement-code-large-language) and [harmonizing the elicitation of code capabilities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/alchemistcoder-harmonizing-eliciting-code-capability-by-hindsight) more broadly.
As the research community continues to explore the potential of large language models for coding, the Magicoder project serves as an inspiring example of how open-source resources can be leveraged to create powerful and accessible AI assistants for software development.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,884,641 | Teams of LLM Agents can Exploit Zero-Day Vulnerabilities | Teams of LLM Agents can Exploit Zero-Day Vulnerabilities | 0 | 2024-06-11T16:25:14 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/teams-llm-agents-can-exploit-zero-day | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Teams of LLM Agents can Exploit Zero-Day Vulnerabilities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/teams-llm-agents-can-exploit-zero-day). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Teams of large language model (LLM) agents can autonomously discover and exploit zero-day vulnerabilities, posing significant security risks.
- These agents can rapidly iterate through potential attack vectors, leveraging their language understanding and generation capabilities to craft effective exploits.
- The paper explores the potential of such teams to outperform human security researchers in discovering and mitigating zero-day vulnerabilities.
## Plain English Explanation
In the [paper](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/llm-agents-can-autonomously-exploit-one-day), the researchers show that teams of advanced AI language models, called large language model (LLM) agents, can autonomously find and take advantage of previously unknown security weaknesses, known as "zero-day vulnerabilities." These vulnerabilities can be very dangerous because they are not yet publicly known or patched, leaving systems open to attack.
The key insight is that these LLM agents can quickly try out different ways of exploiting a system, using their natural language understanding and generation abilities to craft effective attack strategies. This allows them to potentially outperform human security researchers in discovering and mitigating these zero-day vulnerabilities before they can be abused by malicious actors.
The implications of this research are significant, as it highlights the need to carefully consider the security risks posed by increasingly capable AI systems, and to prioritize safeguarding against such threats alongside efforts to unlock the potential benefits of advanced AI [as discussed in this related paper](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/prioritizing-safeguarding-over-autonomy-risks-llm-agents).
## Technical Explanation
The [paper](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/llm-agents-can-autonomously-exploit-one-day) presents a framework for teams of LLM agents to autonomously discover and exploit zero-day vulnerabilities. The agents leverage their natural language understanding and generation capabilities, as well as their ability to quickly iterate through potential attack vectors, to identify and craft effective exploits.
The researchers developed a multi-agent system where each agent specialized in a different aspect of the vulnerability discovery and exploitation process, such as [meta-task planning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/meta-task-planning-language-agents), [personal assistant-like capabilities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/personal-llm-agents-insights-survey-about-capability), and [collaborative problem-solving](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/real-world-deployment-hierarchical-uncertainty-aware-collaborative). By working together, the team of agents was able to outperform human security researchers in discovering and mitigating zero-day vulnerabilities.
The paper also discusses the potential for such teams of LLM agents to be deployed in the real world, and the importance of carefully considering the security implications of this technology.
## Critical Analysis
The paper provides a compelling demonstration of the potential security risks posed by teams of advanced AI systems, particularly in the context of zero-day vulnerabilities. However, it is important to note that the research was conducted in a controlled, simulated environment, and the real-world deployment of such systems would likely face significant challenges and require robust safeguards.
One key concern is the potential for these LLM agents to be used by malicious actors for nefarious purposes, such as targeting critical infrastructure or sensitive systems. The researchers acknowledge this risk and emphasize the need to prioritize safeguarding efforts alongside efforts to unlock the potential benefits of advanced AI.
Additionally, the paper does not address the potential for unintended consequences or cascading effects that could arise from the deployment of such systems. Further research is needed to understand the long-term implications and to develop appropriate governance frameworks to ensure the responsible development and use of these technologies.
## Conclusion
The [paper](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/llm-agents-can-autonomously-exploit-one-day) demonstrates the alarming potential for teams of LLM agents to autonomously discover and exploit zero-day vulnerabilities, posing significant security risks. While the research highlights the need to carefully consider the security implications of advanced AI systems, it also underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to prioritize safeguarding alongside the pursuit of AI's potential benefits.
As the field of AI continues to advance, it will be crucial for researchers, policymakers, and the broader public to engage in thoughtful, nuanced discussions about the responsible development and deployment of these powerful technologies, with a view to ensuring the long-term safety and wellbeing of society.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
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