Split (1)

train · 7.35M rows

title stringlengths 1 250 ⌀	triples list	description stringlengths 1 695 ⌀	text stringlengths 275 46.3k	alias list
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	as Julius Caesar as a model for the Fascists' rise to power and Augustus as a model for empire-building. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the Doctrine of Fascism (1932), ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini: Irredentism and expansionism Fascism emphasized the need for...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire and the Repub...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	in the Treaty of London of 1915 to have Dalmatia join Italy was revoked in 1919. The Fascist regime supported annexation of Yugoslavia's region of Slovenia into Italy that already held a portion of the Slovene population, whereby Slovenia would become an Italian province, resulting in a quarter of Slovene ethnic territ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	and Slavic language newspapers were shut down and geographical and family names in areas of German or Slavic languages were to be Italianized. This resulted in significant violence against South Slavs deemed to be resisting Italianization. The Fascist regime supported annexation of Albania, claimed that Albanians were ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	descent had been absorbed into society in southern Italy already—the incorporation of Albania was a reasonable measure that would unite people of Albanian descent into one state. The Fascist regime endorsed Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo and Epirus, particularly in Ch...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Fascist regime claimed the Ionian Islands as Italian territory on the basis that the islands had belonged to the Venetian Republic from the mid-14th until the late 18th century. To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of Corsica, Nice and Savoy held by France were Italian lands.Mussolini Unleash...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Emperor Napoleon III who indicated that France would oppose Italian unification unless France was given Nice and Savoy that were held by Piedmont-Sardinia, as France did not want a powerful state having control of all the passages of the Alps. As a result, Piedmont-Sardinia was pressured to concede Nice and Savoy to Fr...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	grounds. The Fascists quoted Medieval Italian scholar Petrarch who said: "The border of Italy is the Var; consequently Nice is a part of Italy". The Fascists quoted Italian national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi who said: "Corsica and Nice must not belong to France; there will come the day when an Italy mindful of its true w...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	from France, that would be followed by annexation of Corsica into Italy. To the north of Italy, the Fascist regime in the 1930s had designs on the largely Italian-populated region of Ticino and the Romansch-populated region of Graubünden in Switzerland (the Romansch are a people with a Latin-based language). In Novembe...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	also claimed because the region had belonged to the Duchy of Milan from the mid-fourteenth century until 1515, as well as being inhabited by Italian speakers of Italian ethnicity. Claim was also raised on the basis that areas now part of Graubünden in the Mesolcina valley and Hinterrhein were held by the Milanese Trivu...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	a response to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. Italian irredentists had claimed that territories on the coast of North Africa were Italy's Fourth Shore and used the historical Roman rule in North Africa as a precedent to justify the incorporation of such territories to Italian jurisdiction as being a "return" of Italy to ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	"Special Italian Citizenship" which required such people to be literate in the Italian language and confined this type of citizenship to be valid in Libya only. Tunisia that had been taken by France as a protectorate in 1881 had the highest concentration of Italians in North Africa and its seizure by France had been vi...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	France. To the south, the Fascist regime held an interest in expanding Italy's African colonial possessions. In the 1920s, Italy regarded Portugal as a weak country that was unbecoming of a colonial power due to its weak hold on its colonies and mismanagement of them and as such Italy desired to annexe Portugal's colon...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	a profound, perennial need of this our Aryan and Mediterranean race".Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 35 In this speech, Mussolini was referring to Italians as being the Mediterranean branch of the Aryan Race, Aryan in the meaning of people of an Indo-Europe...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	relevant factor in racial classification. He claimed that italianità had assimilatory capacity. It used spiritual and cultural conceptions of race to make land claims on Dalmatia and to justify an Italian sphere of influence in the Balkans based on then-present and historical Italian cultural influence in the Balkans. ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	colonies. It claimed that Fascism's colonial goals were to civilize the inferior races and defend the purity of Western civilization from racial miscegenation that it claimed would harm the intellectual qualities of the white race. It claimed that the white race needed to increase its natality in order to avoid being o...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	which plans for Italy's spazio vitale were being formalized by the regime. The Fascist regime considered Italians to be superior to other peoples of the Mediterranean region—including Latin, Slavic and Hellenic peoples—because only Italians had achieved racial unity and full political consciousness via the Fascist regi...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	The regime held an alliance with Japan within the Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan. Indian independence movement leader Mahatma Gandhi visited Italy in 1931 and was invited by Mussolini for a personal visit, providing Gandhi full diplomatic courtesy. Fascist official Italo Balbo during his transatlantic...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	as having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as blond hair and blue eyes. Nordicism was divisive because Italians – and especially southern Italians - had faced discrimination from Nordicist proponents in countries like the United States out of the view that non-Nordic southern Europeans were infe...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	in their view inferior. However, traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been depigmented from a darker skin, this theory has s...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Italy, such as stating that the art of Northern Italy was "nothing but pure German". In the aftermath of Austrian Nazis killing Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, an ally of Italy, Mussolini became enraged and responded by angrily denouncing Nazism. Mussolini rebuked Nazism's Nordicism, claiming that the N...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	his 1922 book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Racial Science of the German People), where Günther recognized Germans as being composed of five racial types, namely Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine and East Baltic while asserting that the Nordics were the highest in a racial hierarchy of the five types. By 1936,...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	as was commonly done by German Nordicists. Cogni had travelled to Germany where he had become impressed by Nazi racial theory and sought to create his own version of racial theory. On 11 September 1936, Cogni sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book Il Razzismo (1936). Cogni declared the racial affinity of the...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Italian Fascism did not recognize Nordic heritage within Italians, then the Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society. Therefore, in summer 1938 the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having Nordic heritage and being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent and in a meeting with PNF mem...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	the Italian community. After Article 7 of the Manifesto, the remainder claimed that peoples of the Oriental race, African races and Jews, as not belonging to the Italian race; and in Article 10 declared that the physical and psychological characteristics of the Italian people must not be altered by crossbreeding with n...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Rellini. Rellini rejected the notion of large scale invasions of Italy by Nordic Aryans in the Eneolithic age and claimed that Italians were an indigenous people descended from the Cro-Magnons. Rellini claimed that Mediterranean and later Nordic peoples arrived and peacefully intermixed in small numbers with the indige...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	well as with Mussolini becoming interested with Julius Evola's spiritual Nordicism in late 1941. Acerbo and the Mediterraneanists in his High Council on Demography and Race sought to bring the regime back to supporting Mediterraneanism by thoroughly denouncing the pro-Nordicist Manifesto of the Racial Scientists. The C...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	for "implicitly" crediting Germanic invaders of Italy in the guise of the Lombards for having "a formative influence on the Italian race in a disproportional degree to the number of invaders and to their biological predominance". The Council claimed that the obvious superiority of the ancient Greeks and Romans in compa...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	having caused havoc in ancient Rome. Although Mussolini held these negative attitudes, he was aware that Italian Jews were a deeply integrated and small community in Italy who were by and large perceived favourably in Italy for fighting valiantly for Italy in World War I. Of the 117 original members of the Fasci Italia...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	that had a substantial Jewish community that was accepted and antisemitic incidents were rare in the city. In response to his observation of large numbers of Jews amongst the Bolsheviks and claims (that were later confirmed to be true) that the Bolsheviks and Germany (that Italy was fighting in World War I) were politi...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	earlier accused of being a traitor during World War I. Another prominent Jewish Italian Fascist was Ettore Ovazza, who was a staunch Italian nationalist and an opponent of Zionism in Italy. 230 Italian Jews took part in the Fascists' March on Rome in 1922. In the early 1920s, Mussolini was cautious on topics of Italian...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	those practicing the religion of Judaism was affected by the Fascists' accommodation of the Catholic Church beginning in the early 1920s in which it sought to remove previous provisions of equality of faiths and impose state support of the supremacy of Catholicism. In 1928, frustration arose in the regime over Zionism ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Zionist Jews declared that there was no dispute between Zionism and said that all Italian Jews held patriotic respect for Italy. Upon these responses arriving, Mussolini declared that these revealed that a Jewish problem existed in terms of Jewish identity in Italy as a result of conflicting national loyalties amongst ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	though they were favourable to Zionists who opposed the British and sought Italy's support as their protector. In the early 1930s, Mussolini held discussions with Zionist leadership figures over proposals to encourage the emigration of Italian Jews to the mandate of Palestine, as Mussolini hoped that the presence of pr...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	more favourable to it and others less favourable. Two final compromises were adopted, creating the official stance of the Fascist International: In a discussion with President of the World Zionist Organization Chaim Weizmann over requests for Italy to provide refuge for Jews fleeing Nazi Germany, Mussolini agreed that ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Ethiopia and appealed to Zionists by offering them a solution to the Jewish question, in which Italy would set aside a certain amount of territory from conquered Ethiopia to be a homeland for Jews. Mussolini claimed that territory from conquered Ethiopia would make an ideal homeland for the Jews, noting that there were...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	enough for my Italians why isn't it good enough for you Jews?". Afterwards, Mussolini's relations with the Zionist movement cooled and became aggravated with his observation that many Jews opposed the Italo-Ethiopian War, to which he responded: In 1936, the Fascist regime began to promote racial antisemitism and Mussol...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	has been challenged by H. Stuart Hughes, who has claimed that direct Nazi pressure to adopt antisemitic policy had little or no impact on Mussolini's decision. Hughes notes that the Fascist version of antisemitism was based on spiritualist considerations while eschewing anthropological or biological arguments, unlike t...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	In 1938, Fascist Italy passed the Italian Racial Laws which forbid Jews from their citizenship and forbid sexual relations and marriages between Italians and Jews. The adoption of such racial laws was met with opposition from Fascist members including Balbo, who regarded antisemitism as having nothing to do with Fascis...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	responded by accepting that they were totalitarian, but presented totalitarianism from a positive viewpoint. Mussolini described totalitarianism as seeking to forge an authoritarian national state that would be capable of completing Risorgimento of the Italia Irredenta, forge a powerful modern Italy and create a new ki...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Italy's colonies Italian Fascism displayed extreme levels of violence. The deaths of one-tenth of the population of the Italian colony of Libya occurred during the Fascist era, including from the use of gassings, concentration camps, starvation and disease; and in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and afte...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	economics as a "Third Alternative" to capitalism and Marxism that Italian Fascism regarded as "obsolete doctrines". For instance, he said in 1935 that orthodox capitalism no longer existed in the country. Preliminary plans as of 1939 intended to divide the country into 22 corporations which would send representatives t...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	employers as illegal acts it deemed as prejudicial to the national community as a whole. Similar to the Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia, Mussolini nationalized all independent trade unions into one government-operated syndicate, the Confistrada, mandating union membership for every worker. Age and gender roles The Italian ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	denouncing what it considered deviant sexual behaviour. It condemned pornography, most forms of birth control and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the condom), homosexuality and prostitution as deviant sexual behaviour. Fascist Italy regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before puberty as the cau...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Mussolini perceived women's primary role to be childbearers while men were warriors, once saying that "war is to man what maternity is to the woman". In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families and initiated policies designed to reduce...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	of unemployment" and that for women working was "incompatible with childbearing". Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the "exodus of women from the work force". Although the initial Fascist Manifesto contained a reference to universal suffrage, this broad opposition to feminism meant ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	along with a commitment to a modernized Italy. In a famous speech in 1926, Mussolini called for Fascist art that was "traditionalist and at the same time modern, that looks to the past and at the same time to the future". Traditional symbols of Roman civilization were utilized by the Fascists, particularly the fasces t...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	fasces was adopted by the Fascist government of Italy as a symbol of the state. In that year, the Fascist government attempted to have the Italian national flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces on it. However, this attempt to incorporate the fasces on the flag was stopped by strong opposition to the proposal by Ita...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	founded by Mussolini and the Fascists did incorporate the fasces on the state's war flag, which was a variant of the Italian tricolour national flag. The issue of the rule of monarchy or republic in Italy was an issue that changed several times through the development of Italian Fascism, as initially Italian Fascism wa...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	III had become a popular ruler in the aftermath of Italy's gains after World War I and the army held close loyalty to the King, thus any idea of overthrowing the monarchy was discarded as foolhardy by the Fascists at this point. Importantly, Fascism's recognition of monarchy provided Fascism with a sense of historical ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	for being within a tradition of dictatorship in Italy that the Fascists declared that they emulated. However, this compromise with the monarchy did not yield a cordial relationship between the King and Mussolini. Although Mussolini had formally accepted the monarchy, he pursued and largely achieved reducing the power o...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	of Italy upon an Italian success in the then-anticipated major war about to erupt in Europe. After being removed from office and placed under arrest by the King in 1943, with the Kingdom of Italy's new non-fascist government switching sides from the Axis to the Allies, Italian Fascism returned to republicanism and cond...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Italy for betraying Italian Fascism. On the topic of the monarchy removing him from power and dismantling the Fascist regime, Mussolini stated: "It is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime" and that "When a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	entirety of its history and credited Victor Emmanuel II for his rejection of "scornfully dishonourable pacts" and denounced Victor Emmanuel III for betraying Victor Emmanuel II by entering a dishonourable pact with the Allies. The relationship between Italian Fascism and the Catholic Church was mixed, as originally the...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	the Lateran Treaty with the Holy See, a concordat between Italy and the Catholic Church that allowed for the creation of a small enclave known as Vatican City as a sovereign state representing the papacy. This ended years of perceived alienation between the Church and the Italian government after Italy annexed the Papa...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	regulation of the life of Jews in Christian lands. Jews were prohibited from holding any public office that would give them power over Christians and Jews were required to wear distinctive clothing to distinguish them from Christians. Doctrine The Doctrine of Fascism (La dottrina del fascismo, 1932) by the actualist ph...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	realm of humanity — beyond the quotidian constrictions of contemporary political trend, by rejecting "perpetual peace" as fantastical and accepting Man as a species continually at war; those who meet the challenge, achieve nobility. To wit, actual idealism generally accepted that conquerors were the men of historical c...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Roman Republic military-command title. Moreover, although Fascist Italy (1922–1943) is historically considered an authoritarian–totalitarian dictatorship, it retained the original "liberal democratic" government façade: the Grand Council of Fascism remained active as administrators; and King Victor Emmanuel III of Ital...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	a sort of a civil religion or political religion. La dottrina del fascismo states that Fascism is a "religious conception of life" and forms a "spiritual community" in contrast to bourgeois materialism. The slogan Credere Obbedire Combattere ("Believe, Obey, Fight") reflects the importance of political faith in Fascism...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	argued that Fascism billed itself "not only as an alternative, but also as the heir to socialism".La dottrina del fascismo proposed an Italy of greater living standards under a one-party Fascist system than under the multi-party liberal democratic government of 1920. As the leader of the National Fascist Party (PNF, Pa...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Baron Giacomo Acerbo, proposed—and the Italian Parliament approved—the Acerbo Law, changing the electoral system from proportional representation to majority representation. The party who received the most votes (provided they possessed at least 25 percent of cast votes) won two-thirds of the parliament; the remaining ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Victor Emmanuel III. Moreover, when the King supported Prime Minister Mussolini the socialists quit Parliament in protest, leaving the Fascists to govern unopposed. In that time, assassination was not yet the modus operandi norm and the Italian Fascist Duce usually disposed of opponents in the Imperial Roman way: polit...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	a "Great Power". Thenceforth, the PNF successfully exploited that "slight" to Italian nationalism in presenting Fascism as best-suited for governing the country by successfully claiming that democracy, socialism and liberalism were failed systems. The PNF assumed Italian government in 1922, consequent to the Fascist Le...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	(1915) it had concorded with the Triple Entente; wherein Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the enemy by declaring war against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in exchange for territories at war's end, upon which the Kingdom of Italy held claims (see Italia irredenta). In September 1919, the nationali...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	and left-wing anarchist, proto-fascist and democratic republican politics, which much influenced the politico-philosophic development of early Italian Fascism. Consequent to the Treaty of Rapallo (1920), the metropolitan Italian military deposed the Regency of Duce D'Annunzio on Christmas 1920. In the development of th...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	towards a form of revolutionary nationalism in an effort to "identify the 'communality' of man not with class, but with the nation". According to A. James Gregor, Mussolini came to believe that "Fascism was the only form of 'socialism' appropriate to the proletarian nations of the twentieth century" while he was in the...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	of the world. Nationalism is our socialism". Mussolini would come to use similar wording, for instance referring to Fascist Italy during World War II as the "proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats". Labor unrest Given Italian Fascism's pragmatic political amalgamations of left-wing and right-wing socio...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	"occupation of the factories" in the late summer of 1920 did fascism become really widespread. The industrialists began to throw their financial support behind Mussolini after he renamed his party and retracted his former support for Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Moreover, toward the end of 1920, fascism began to s...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	by Blackshirt squads of Fascists, armed with castor oil, blackjacks, and more lethal weapons. The era of squadrismo and nightly expeditions to burn Socialist and Catholic labor headquarters had begun. During this time period, Mussolini's fascist squads also engaged in violent attacks against the Church where "several p...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	formed a national organization in November 1918, the Associazione fra gli Arditi d'Italia, which by mid-1919 had about twenty thousand young men within it. Mussolini appealed to the Arditi and the Fascists' squadristi, developed after the war, were based upon the Arditi. World War I inflated Italy's economy with great ...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	7–10 November 1921. The Liberal government preferred Fascist class collaboration to the Communist Party of Italy's class conflict should they assume government as had Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks in the recent Russian Revolution of 1917, although Mussolini had originally praised Lenin's October Revolution and publicly r...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Facta and assume the government of Italy to restore nationalist pride, restart the economy, increase productivity with labor controls, remove economic business controls and impose law and order. On 28 October, whilst the "March" occurred, King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew his support of Prime Minister Facta and appoint...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	of Economics (1922–1925), Italy's coalition government was able to restart the economy and balanced the national budget. Stefani developed economic policies that were aligned with classical liberalism principles as inheritance, luxury and foreign capital taxes were abolished; and life insurance (1923) and the state com...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Banco di Roma (Bank of Rome), the Banco di Napoli (Bank of Naples) and the Banco di Sicilia (Bank of Sicily) also were state-financed. In 1924, a private business enterprise established Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI) as part of the Marconi company, to which the Italian Fascist Government granted official radio-broad...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	part of his economic "battles" for Land, the Lira and Grain. As Prime Minister, Mussolini physically participated with the workers in doing the work; the "politics as theatre" legacy of Gabriele D' Annunzio yielded great propaganda images of Il Duce as "Man of the People". A year after the creation of the IRI, Mussolin...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	not only of the three most important Italian banks, which were clearly too big to fail, but also of the lion's share of the Italian industries". During this period, Mussolini identified his economic policies with "state capitalism" and "state socialism", which later was described as "economic dirigisme", an economic sy...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	pig iron production and almost half that of steel". Relations with the Catholic Church In the 19th century, the forces of Risorgimento (1815–1871) had conquered Rome and taken control of it away from the Papacy, which saw itself henceforth as a prisoner in the Vatican. In February 1929, as Italian Head of Government, M...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions . Papacy used offshore tax havens to create £500m international portfolio, featuring real estate in UK, France and Switzerland. The Guardian, 21 January 2013 Not long after the Lateran Treaty was signed, Mussolini was almost "excommunicated" over his "in...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	appearance of being greatly favoured by the Pope" while simultaneously "subordinate to no one". Mussolini's widow attested in her 1974 book that her husband was "basically irreligious until the later years of his life". Influence outside Italy The Fascist government model was very influential beyond Italy. In the twent...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Italian Fascism was copied by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, the Russian Fascist Organization, the Romanian National Fascist Movement (the National Romanian Fascia, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement) and the Dutch fascists were based upon the Verbond van Actualisten journal of H. A. Sinclair de Rochemo...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	In Switzerland, pro-Nazi Colonel Arthur Fonjallaz of the National Front became an ardent Mussolini admirer after visiting Italy in 1932 and advocated the Italian annexation of Switzerland whilst receiving Fascist foreign aid. The country was host for two Italian politico-cultural activities: the International Centre fo...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	by Mussolini presiding an international Latin Roman Catholic empire. He then progressed to close associated with Falangism, leading to discarding the Spanish annexation to Italy. Italian Fascist intellectuals Benito Mussolini Massimo Bontempelli Giuseppe Bottai Enrico Corradini Carlo Costamagna Julius Evola Enrico Ferr...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Duce, a noi ("Duce, to us"). Mussolini ha sempre ragione ("Mussolini is always right"). Vincere, e vinceremo ("To win, and we shall win!"). See also Definitions of fascism Economy of Italy under fascism Fascism Fascist syndicalism Italian fascist states Kingdom of Italy (1922–1943; as a fascist state) Italian Social Re...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	on Violence. Further reading General De Felice, Renzo Interpretations of Fascism, translated by Brenda Huff Everett, Cambridge; London: Harvard University Press, 1977 . Eatwell, Roger. 1996. Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. Hughes, H. Stuart. 1953. The United States and Italy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Mass Psychology of Fascism. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Seldes, George. 1935. Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism. New York and London: Harper and Brothers. Alfred Sohn-Rethel Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism, London, CSE Bks, 1978 . Adler, Frank, and Danilo Breschi, eds., Sp...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Oxford University Press. . Gregor, A. James "Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought". Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2005. . Griffin, Roger. 2000. "Revolution from the Right: Fascism," chapter in David Parker (ed.) Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri. [1989] 1994. The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution., Trans. David Maisei. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. International fascism Coogan, Kevin. 1999. Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International. Brookl...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Italian Fascism	[ [ "Italian Fascism", "country of origin", "Italy" ], [ "Italian Fascism", "subclass of", "Fascism" ] ]	the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy	Revolution in the Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries. Wallace, Henry. "The Dangers of American Fascism". The New York Times'', Sunday, 9 April 1944. Trotsky, Leon. 1944 "Fascism, What it is and how to fight it" Pioneer Publishers (pa...	[ "fascism in Italy" ]
Betty Loren-Maltese	[ [ "Betty Loren-Maltese", "given name", "Betty" ], [ "Betty Loren-Maltese", "place of birth", "Baton Rouge, Louisiana" ] ]	American politician and criminal	Betty Loren-Maltese is the former town president of Cicero, Illinois. She is a member of the Republican Party and received national attention for her role in an insurance scam which robbed the town of $12 million. Biography Loren-Maltese was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, but she was raised in the Chicago area. After ...	[]
William Verbeck	[ [ "William Verbeck", "place of birth", "Nagasaki" ], [ "William Verbeck", "given name", "William" ], [ "William Verbeck", "father", "Guido Verbeck" ] ]	American military general	William Verbeck (January 18, 1861 - August 24, 1930) was a Dutch–American educator and soldier. He served as head of the St. John's Military Academy in New York. He also served as Adjutant General of New York, commander of the New York National Guard from June 1, 1910, to January 1, 1913, and was given the rank of Brig...	[]
Vanja Rupena	[ [ "Vanja Rupena", "place of birth", "Koper" ], [ "Vanja Rupena", "country of citizenship", "Croatia" ], [ "Vanja Rupena", "given name", "Vanja" ] ]	Fashion model and TV host	Vanja Rupena (born ) is a Croatian model. She won the 1996 Miss Croatia beauty pageant and represented Croatia in the Miss World 1996 pageant in Bangalore, India. She appeared on the cover of the Croatian edition of Elle magazine in July 2006, July 2009 and November 2010. In May 2010 she became host of RTL's reality do...	[]
Orona	[ [ "Orona", "country", "Kiribati" ], [ "Orona", "instance of", "Island" ], [ "Orona", "located in the administrative territorial entity", "Phoenix Islands" ], [ "Orona", "located on terrain feature", "Phoenix Islands" ] ]	island	Orona atoll, also known as Hull Island, is one of the Phoenix Islands in the Republic of Kiribati. It measures approximately by , and like Kanton, is a narrow ribbon of land surrounding a sizable lagoon with depths of . Numerous passages connect the lagoon to the surrounding ocean, only a couple of which will admit eve...	[]
Orona	[ [ "Orona", "instance of", "Island" ] ]	island	occupied at various times during the past, including as late as 2004, Orona is uninhabited today. Flora and fauna Like Manra, Orona is covered with coconut palms (mostly on the western side), towering above the surface. The remainder of the atoll is covered with scrub forest, herbs, and grasses, with a maximum height o...	[]
Orona	[ [ "Orona", "instance of", "Island" ] ]	island	insects. Turtles are also known to use the island as a nesting area. Unlike Manra, whose lagoon is too salty for marine life, Orona's lagoon teems with fish and giant clams. A survey of Orona carried out in 2006 did not detect rats. However, Polynesian rats were located on the island in 2009, as well as more than 20 ca...	[]
Orona	[ [ "Orona", "country", "Kiribati" ], [ "Orona", "instance of", "Island" ], [ "Orona", "located in the administrative territorial entity", "Phoenix Islands" ], [ "Orona", "located on terrain feature", "Phoenix Islands" ] ]	island	but history shows that it was named "Hull Island" in honor of Commodore Isaac Hull, USN by Commander Charles Wilkes of the USS Vincennes when he visited the island on 26 August 1840 in the United States Exploring Expedition. It continued to be generally known by this name until the Republic of Kiribati was granted inde...	[]
Orona	[ [ "Orona", "instance of", "Island" ], [ "Orona", "located in the administrative territorial entity", "Phoenix Islands" ], [ "Orona", "located on terrain feature", "Phoenix Islands" ] ]	island	11 July 1889, and the island became part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. Orona was leased in 1916 to a Captain Allen of the "Samoan Shipping and Trading Company", and became a copra plantation. Allen's lease was bought out by the British government in 1938. It was one of the islands involved in the Phoenix Is...	[]
Orona	[ [ "Orona", "country", "Kiribati" ], [ "Orona", "instance of", "Island" ] ]	island	1 January 1939 and closed around January 1964. After being abandoned, the island was reoccupied by American authorities in 1970 and administered from the Canton and Enderbury Islands Condominium. British and American claims to the island ended in 1979 with the independence of Kiribati from Great Britain and the signing...	[]
Duke of York's Royal Military School	[ [ "Duke of York's Royal Military School", "located in the administrative territorial entity", "Dover" ], [ "Duke of York's Royal Military School", "location", "Dover" ] ]	school in Kent, UK	The Duke of York’s Royal Military School, more commonly called the Duke of York’s, is a co-educational Academy (for students aged 11 to 18) with military traditions in Dover, Kent. Since becoming an Academy in 2010, the school is now sponsored by the MOD, and accepts applications from any student wishing to board. Befo...	[]
Duke of York's Royal Military School	[ [ "Duke of York's Royal Military School", "country", "United Kingdom" ], [ "Duke of York's Royal Military School", "instance of", "Boarding school" ] ]	school in Kent, UK	of decorated armed forces personnel. History Founded in 1803 by act of Royal Warrant dating from 1801, the school was until 1892 called the Royal Military Asylum. The school’s primary purpose was to educate the orphans of British servicemen killed in the Napoleonic Wars of 1793-1815. Between 1803 and 1909 the Royal Mil...	[]
Duke of York's Royal Military School	[ [ "Duke of York's Royal Military School", "located in the administrative territorial entity", "Dover" ], [ "Duke of York's Royal Military School", "location", "Dover" ] ]	school in Kent, UK	was highly unusual given the post was not an active command and his predecessors and successors were never promoted in post. In 1892, the Royal Military Asylum was renamed The Duke of York's Royal Military School and in the process became an all-boys school. In 1909, the school relocated to new premises constructed on ...	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.