url stringlengths 19 199 | title stringlengths 0 173 | institution stringclasses 19 values | author listlengths 0 19 | publish_date stringlengths 0 138 ⌀ | category listlengths 0 42 | state stringclasses 6 values | markdown stringlengths 0 366k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/coping-with-restructuring-or-sale-of-the-family-farm.html | Coping with Restructuring or Sale of the Family Farm - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Rodney Jones",
"Courtney Bir",
"Brent Ladd"
] | 2023-01-07 | [] | OK | ## Coping with Restructuring or Sale of the Family Farm
Published Jul. 2023 |
Id: AGEC-197
By Rodney Jones, Courtney Bir, Brent Ladd
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/agec/coping-withrestructuring-or-sale-of-thefamily-farm-agec-197-a.pdf)
A job search is difficult under any circumstances. For farms, financial stress may be caused by low commodity prices, high input prices, crop failures, natural disaster, disease, fluctuating asset values, loss of an off-farm job, injury or illness. It is important farm families recognize that these problems are felt to varying degrees by many farmers in several farming states at different times. It is also important that farm families recognize some factors affecting the farm situation are out of the family's control: monetary and fiscal policy, weather, export demands and creditor policies.
If after exploring your alternatives and seeking help from the appropriate professionals, your family decides to scale down your existing operation or discontinue farming, remember you are not alone in this decision. In 1972, there were 2.9 million farms averaging 382 acres in size. Today, there are two million farms averaging 446 acres in size. These figures emphasize that many other family farms have experienced the trauma of giving up all or part of their farm.
Leaving farming can be a traumatic event affecting the life of every member of the family. Adjustments have to be made in almost every facet of family life. Handling the stress of these changes is difficult. The stress can be minimized by understanding and preparing for those changes, preserving and learning from the past. Learning is a built-in process that we use to make sense out of an ever-changing world. To
survive, it is imperative to learn and grow in order to respond, adjust to circumstances, seek solutions and remain in control of your life.
Selling part or all of the family farm is a traumatic experience, which can cause sudden and unpleasant changes in a family's lifestyle. Other changes in the farming operation and/or family routine such as partial liquidation of equipment, renting part of the farmland for a period of time and adjusting to off-farm employment are among the many situations that may trigger feelings of loss, anxiety and stress. The feelings experienced during adjustment to these operational and/or family routines are very similar to those experienced by a farm family faced with the realization that they actually may have to sell part or all of their farm.
How well a family survives depends on how each member handles the crisis. This article addresses why families grieve when they lose part or all of their farm or face significant adjustments in their farm operation. It also lists positive ways of coping with the change.
## Emotions
Economic hardship produces many consequences. Emotional stress is one major consequence. This stress is rooted primarily in the added burden of financial difficulties. At the same time, linkages and communications deteriorate with traditional advisors and support groups such as lenders, farm supply merchants, machinery and equipment dealers, and other farm families.
An Iowa study on stress among farm families facing financial difficulties revealed that "in general, farm families facing severe financial difficulty appear to be a fairly emotionally healthy group of people whose major symptoms are linked to economic hardship and related trauma loss. Chronic exposure to these circumstances has worn down their coping devices and brought on anxiety, interpersonal problems and grief."
A family farm is more than just a business or place of employment. It provides the family not only with basic needs of food, shelter and income but with a shared profession, dreams and goals. The farm often links the family to past generations and is a legacy for future generations. When a farm fails as opposed to another type of business operation, a
farm fails as opposed to another type of business operation, a way of life comes to an end, as well as a business. One man who lost his farm had been laid off from a satisfactory job before he started farming. He noted the sharp differences between the two experiences:
"I've been laid off before. It was from a good job that I liked. Losing the job was hard for me to handle. It took me a while to feel good about myself again. But losing a farm is worse. You lose more than your job; you lose a way of life."
## Stages of Adaptation
A first step in reducing the destructive effects of stress triggered by the partial or complete loss of the farm is communication. Now is the time to work through possible feelings of denial or shock, confusion, anger, blame, guilt, depression and recovery. Associating the stages experienced in the grieving process to the stages experienced in the partial or complete loss of a farm helps in understanding the feelings and thoughts experienced during this time.
## Stage 1: Anticipation
This stage is the longest for most and is characterized by a gradual increase in tension, depression and worry. Persons sense that "all is not right" and "I might be affected." Often persons experience foreboding gloom, agitation or fear that conditions could worsen, yet also deny that conditions could have an immediate personal impact. Typical statements of persons at this stage are:
'Sure things are tough, but not that tough ... I don't think we are in as bad shape as a lot of others ... things could be worse.'
## Stage 2: Realization that Liquidation or Restructuring is Necessary
The anticipatory stage gradually merges into a realization that liquidation or restructuring is necessary. This stage is characterized by increased desperation, bargaining, signs of incapacitation, hopelessness. Often, people exhibit complaints such as sleeplessness, anxiety, stomach upset and other physical problems. Many feel that there is little they can do besides farming and construction of outlook is marked. Typical statements include:
"But all I know how to do is farm ... If only I can get a loan for one more year ... The government doesn't care about us."
This stage is similar to the stage of denial or shock associated with the grieving process. The thought of losing all or part of the farm is so frightening and overwhelming that family members often try to deny the severity of their problems. "Although my wife kept telling me that the books showed some serious problems and going out might be for us, I just couldn't even think about it. All I could think about was keeping the farm no matter what."
## Stage 3: Actual Liquidation or Restructuring Period
Leaving a family farm or partially reducing the size of a farm can be a great loss. Income may be lost but a greater loss may include shared family goals, a lifestyle and sometimes a home. A sense of loss may also be experienced by family members due to adjustments in their current farm operation or lifestyle that are significantly different from the way in which their operation and lifestyle functioned in the past.
Continuing operations on less farmland because some farmland had to be sold to pay existing debts or adjusting to working off the farm are examples of other circumstances,
which can trigger feelings of loss, anxiety and confusion. The feelings of loss may be similar to the grief one feels when a family member dies. Cattle, equipment and land can, in a sense, become part of the family.
When a farm family's financial situation dictates that cattle, equipment or land must be sold, feelings of loss are a normal emotional response. Family routines and roles which are abruptly changed, for example, when a spouse decides to seek off-farm employment, can cause feelings of uneasiness and uncertainty in the home.
"When those cows are gone and everything has stopped, you feel like someone in the family has died."
Being forced from a family farm or significantly change the farm operation in some way affects every facet of life. Adjustments have to be made to new jobs, new communities and new lifestyles, which can be very stressful.
Once the farm is partially or completely liquidated and life as farmers changes (often through dramatic operational changes), most people feel a sense of shock and numbness. People at this stage exhibit the most extreme symptoms and mixture of feelings. Often conflicting in nature, feelings range from angry outbursts to a sense of relief. They include grief, depression, guilt and a sense of failure. Statements associated with this stage might include: "How come I failed when my parents made it? ...I can't take it anymore." Family maladjustment and potential for suicide can be high at this stage, as are the greatest chances of substance abuse and acting out of frustration.
This stage is similar to the stages of confusion, anger, blame, guilt and depression associated with the grieving process. Confusion, often accompanied by shock, is common during this stage. Life on a farm is a predictable routine of chores and seasonal events, day after day, year after year. Once the farm ceases operation or is dramatically reduced in size, family members suddenly feel empty. Without a schedule to structure their activities, they feel out of touch with normal
life events. They feel a very uncertain sense of urgency to do something, yet they don't know where to go or what to do. Their anchor has been cut, leaving them drifting aimlessly.
With time, the shock and confusion diminish and it is easier to think more clearly. Typically, feelings of anger surface. Usually the anger is directed at a person or institution one can blame for the loss. Blaming gives the grievinger person something to hold onto at the time when his or her emotions and life are in turmoil. Misdirecting one's anger toward people to whom one is close is a common, normal reaction when it is impossible to vent the anger at the true source. Parents who bought the farm often accuse their children of losing the fam-ily's heritage. Children blame their parents for the decisions they made while farming. And, finally, communities may subtly blame the farmers for being "bad managers." This onslaught of blame can leave a husband and wife feeling completely responsible for their farm's financial problems.
Pointing a finger at this person or that institution as the cause of problems focuses farmers' energies on the problems, instead of finding solutions. Generally, there are many circumstances that contribute to an individual family's crisis. Unfortunately, few of these were under any single person's control. This makes it difficult to put the blame for one's circumstances on any specific individual. Blaming others does not solve the problems, and without solutions, it is very difficult to resume meaningful lives.
Once anger subsides, feelings of guilt take over. Thoughts of "I should have" and "if only" pervade the farmer's thinking, acting as constant reminders of presumed mistakes, misjudgments and failures. The guilt can become so overpowering that the farmer starts thinking of himself as a failure. Some feelings of guilt are normal, but it is important to recognize that many conditions are beyond the individual farmer's control.
Depression is common once the full weight of the loss is felt. Typically, people have little energy and withdraw from friends, family and activities. The mere fact that the operator and/or
spouse must seek off-farm employment, perhaps for the first time in their lives, can trigger not only the normal feelings of stress associated with job hunting, but may also trigger feelings of inadequacy on the part of the operator to provide for a family. Feelings of overwhelming sadness or numbness are common. In severe cases, people become restless and agitated. Putting one's life back in order and starting over seem impossible.
## Stage A: Realignment and Acceptance
During this phase, there is a growing sense that life goes on after the restructuring or liquidation. With this comes a gradual return of hope and sense of having something to live for. During this phase, new employment opportunities become possible, including returning to farming again at some point in the future, perhaps by slowly building back up to the size of farm operation you would ultimately prefer to manage.
This stage is similar to the stage of recovery in the grieving process. Wanting to talk about one's feelings and what has happened is the first step toward recovery and a sign that one is beginning to accept the loss. People in the recovery stage begin to plan their new lives and to feel that there is a "light at the end of the tunnel."
"I felt I was in a rut and couldn't get out. Half of me didn't want to open up to anyone. I think I was afraid people would think I wasn't able to solve my problems. The other half of me desperately needed someone to talk to who could help me work out losing the farm. When I finally opened up, I felt like a weight had been taken off my shoulders."
Being forced out of farming or forced to scale down your operation for financial reasons can be a crisis for a family. As with most crises, active and strong support from friends, family and community members helps facilitate recovery.
The recovery stage is a time of assessment when people often reorganize their priorities. As one former farmer described:
"Finding out what our priorities were helped us find a direction to our lives again. Our pastor helped us see this. He said we needed to find our foundation again and find out what was important to us. We discovered that our family was the most important thing in our lives. If we have that, it doesn't matter what house we live in, where we live or what type of job we have."
Feelings of anger and guilt and bouts of depression can recur. In time, however, these emotions are felt with less intensity and less often. Each person progresses through the stages of grief at their own pace. One person may move through a stage in a few weeks, whereas another may need several months or years. How quickly progress occurs depends on a person's personality, background and individual situation and efforts expended on accepting the loss.
## Understanding the Grief Process
## Helping Children Cope
Farm families with children during a major restructuring or transition off the farm may want to become familiar with a wide variety of techniques and ideas to help their children adjust. The following are a few suggestions. Be sure and seek assistance from the appropriate professionals as needed.
Recognize when a child is stressed. Be alert to changes in behavior, increased quarrels with friends and siblings, poor concentration, problems at school, etc. Do your own research on how to help your child work through this stressful period. Information is available at your county Extension office, libraries, online and from health professionals.
Demonstrate self-control and positive coping skills yourself. If parents exhibit exasperated, hiny and angry coping attitudes, children will adopt similar coping mechanisms. Evidence of your confidence or faith that things will work out
contributes to your children's effective coping. Try to explain your circumstances to the children. Often, they will imagine much worse problems than are occurring.
Enhance children's self-esteem wherever and whenever possible through encouragement and caring, focused attention. Acknowledge children's feelings and encourage verbal interaction. Help children learn that they are not alone in having uncomfortable feelings. Give them permission to feel scared, lonely or angry.
You may want to discuss the positive implications of your situation. Explain how the sale of some of your land or equipment will help in paying debts and may improve the profitability of your farm in the long run. Help them develop a positive outlook on the future.
## Recovery
Knowing the stages of grief and accepting each stage as natural and normal is critical. Farmers do not usually expect to experience guilt, blame, anger and depression when they lose their farms or otherwise seem to have "failed." When they do, they often think something is "wrong" and ignore or deny what they are experiencing. Such feeling of denial can seriously delay the process of resuming meaningful lives, and as mentioned above, lead to emotional problems months or years later.
Farmers often avoid seeking professional help because they consider it a sign of weakness, yet most would not hesitate to consult a lawyer for help in setting up a will or negotiating the sale of a property. Likewise, the family may need the help of a professional counselor in dealing with the stresses and grief of leaving farming. Sometimes people get "stuck" in one of the first stages described in this article. While each person will progress through this process at a different rate, for recovery, it is important that a person not remain indefinitely in one of these three stages. If you notice a family member or friend stuck in one of the pre-recovery stages, you may try talking with that person and helping them to a counseling expert.
Working through all the stages of grief is essential to recovery. If family members accept their feelings, talk about them and look for solutions to their problems, they are likely to emerge as well as or stronger than before. With understanding, perseverance, support from others and acceptance of the grief, everyone in the family can expect to resume a full and meaningful life.
## Recommended Books
The following books offer additional information on coping with losses and are available in most bookstores, libraries and college placement offices. They can also be ordered from the publisher.
Kushner, Harold. "When Bad Things Happen to Good People." New York: Anchor 2004.
Westberg, Granger. "Good Grief." Philadelphia: Forestress. 2019.
## Other OSU Fact Sheets in this series:
- . AGEC- (/fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-taking-charge-in-
```
stressful-times.html)
Taking Charge
```
- . AGEC- ( /fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-finding-a-new-
```
career.html)
```
Finding a New Career
- . AGEC-198(/fact-sheets/negotiation-strategies.html) Negotiation Strategies
- . AGEC- ( /fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-evaluating=
```
options-for-change.html)
```
Evaluating Options for Change
·
AGEC= ( /fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-farm-family-
decision-making.html)
Farm Family Decision-Making
## Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/agec/coping-withrestructuring-or-sale-of-thefami family-farm-agec-197a.pdf)
## Topics:
Disease Management ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutritionand-wellness/disease-management/)
Farm & Ranch Finances ( /topics/business-and-community/farm-and-ranchfinanc es/)
Health, Nutrition & Wellness ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health nutrition-and-wellness/)
Mental Health ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutrition and - wellness/disease-management/mental-health/)
Natural Disaster Recovery ( /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/weatherndisaster-preparedness/natural-disaster-recovery/)
Restructuring & Sales ( /topics/business-and-community/farm-and-ranch finances/restructuring-and-sales/)
Weather & Disaster Preparedness ( /topics/environment-and-natural resources/weather-and-disaster-preparedness/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2013/08/08/jamaica-bay-nyc-georgia-teens-as-planners/ | Jamaica Bay – NYC Georgia Teens As Planners | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2013-08-08 | [
"Children",
"Climate Change",
"community",
"Conservation",
"Environment",
"Extension",
"Family",
"Giving",
"National Parks",
"Neighborhoods",
"Sharing nature",
"Sustainability",
"Working Together"
] | GA | ## Jamaica Bay - NYC Georgia Teens As Planners
Written by
August 8, 2013
Pamela Turner
Get ready to feel really good about young people. This video is a snapshot of Teens As Planners (TAP) a service-learning and dropout prevention programing developed and implemented by UGA College of Family and Consumer Sciences. Through TAP youth have the opportunity to grow and become caring contributing members of society.
The teens in this youth development and community capacity building program are not the youth who are usually tapped to participate in efforts like this. These kids come from high poverty rural communities.
This video focuses on the first class of graduating seniors who have been participating in Teens As Planners since entering high school. Teens As Planners is funded by U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Posted in: Children, Climate Change, community, Conservation, Environment, Extension, Family, Giving, National Parks, Neighborhoods, Sharing nature, Sustainability, Working Together
Tags: Cooperative Extension, CYFAR, Georgia Youth, Hurricane cleanup, Hurricane Sandy, Jamaica Bay, Littoral Society, New York City, NYC, Teen volunteers, UGA, USDA, Volunteer, Wetlands, Youth volunteers
## Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
## Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
□ Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Post Comment
Previous: Energy Saving Idea: Connect your house & barn
Next: Got Mold?
Recent Posts
Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
## Recent Comments
Thank you for everything and for the valuable information.
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterer in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed…
These tips are really helpful! I never thought about putting my luggage on a stand or unpacking outside. It's good…
Check with you local county Extension Office to learn more about trees that grow well in your state. Find an…
## Categories
- · Allergies
- · Asthma
- · Australia
- · Blogging
- · community.
- o Challenge
- o Neighborhoods
- o Working Together
- · Conservation
- · Cultural Events
- · Disaster Planning
- o Fire
- · Disaster Recovery.
- o tornado
- · Earth Day.
- · Energy.
- o EnergyConservation
- o GeothermalEnergy.
- · Environment
- o Climate Change
Europe
- Austria
- Germany
- Spain
- Switzerland
- Extension
- Family
- Children
- flooding
- Food
- food safety
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Gardening & Farming
- gardening
- Giving
- Charitable Giving
- granite
- Green burials
- Healthy Children
- Healthy Housing
- Chemicals
- Lead
- Safety
- History
- Preservation
- Holidays
- home maintenance
- Housing
- hurricane
- indoor environment
- Mold
- pests
- Politics
- Radon
- Recycling
- eCycling
- Seniors
- Solar Eclipse
- St. Patrick's Day
- Sustainability.
Archives
Select Month |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/arthropod-pest-management-in-greenhouses-and-interiorscapes.html | Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Eric J. Rebek",
"Michael A. Schnelle"
] | 2017-01-04 | [] | OK | ## Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes
Print-friendly PDF sheets/printpublications/e/arthropod-pestmanagement-in-greenhouses-andinteriorscapes-e-1011.pdf)
```
JUMP TO: Aphids /
Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies /
Scale Insects and Mealybugs / Whiteflies /
Thrips / Mites / Leaf Miners / Caterpillars /
Springtails / Slugs and Snails /
General IPM Practices for Greenhouses and
Interiorscapes
/
Oklahoma Pest Control Supply Companies
```
Insects and their relatives cause major plant damage in commercial greenhouses and interiorscapes. Identification of key pests and an understanding of appropriate control measures are essential to guard against costly crop losses. With tightening regulations on conventional insecticides and increasing consumer sensitivity to their use in public spaces, growers must seek effective pest management alternatives to conventional chemical control. Management strategies centered around the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) can provide growers powerful tools for preventing pest problems before they occur or at least mitigate their ornamental/economic consequences. This circular describes
key arthropod pests encountered in Oklahoma greenhouses and interiorscapes and provides information on IPM practices for their control. Specific pesticide recommendations are not provided but can be found in Oklahoma Cooperative Extension publications CR-6718, Management of Insects and Mites in Greenhouse Floral Crops and E-832, OSU Extension Agents' Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control. This circular replaces E-909, Commercial Greenhouse Pests.
## Apidus
Aphids feed on a wide range of greenhouse crops. They are soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects with somewhat long legs and antennae. There are winged and wingless forms, varying from yellow-green to red or brown, depending on species, life stage, and reproductive stage. Regardless of species, aphids are normally 1/8 inch or less in length. Most have a pair of cornicles (structures resembling tailpipes) protruding from the upper surface of the rear end that can be seen easily using a hand lens.
Aphids feed on buds, leaves, stems, and roots by inserting their long, straw-like, piercing-sucking mouthparts (style's) and withdrawing plant sap. Expanding leaves from damaged buds may be curled or twisted and attacked leaves often display chloridic (yellow-white) speckles where cell contents have been removed. A secondary problem arises from sugary honeydew excreted by aphids. Leaves may appear shiny and become sticky from this material, which supports the growth of black soty mold (a common greenhouse fungus). Aphids are also notorious for their role as vectors of many viral diseases. However, of primary concern in the greenhouse is their direct feeding damage to plant tissues and overall reduction in aesthetic quality of plants.
Aphids have great reproductive potential and can achieve damaging numbers quickly. They typically give birth to female nymphs that can mature and begin reproducing in seven to ten days in greenhouse conditions. Each aphid gives birth to between 50 and 100 nymphs during a thirty-day period, which can all occur in the absence of mating.
Winged females appear when overcrowding occurs or food supplies become depleted. When cold weather is imminent, males and females appear outdoors and mate. Eggs are laid on vegetation and often overwinter successfully in Oklahoma. Under greenhouse conditions, however, activity is continuous and overwintering can occur in any life stage.
The most common aphid in greenhouses is the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Figure 1). Adults are light to dark green, although pink or orange individuals occasionally occur. Three very faint lines are visible running down the upper surface of the body and a dark spot can be seen on the abdomen. Using a hand lens, a distinguishing feature can be observed: a small indentation is present at the front and top of the head. Also, the antennae are long enough to reach the cornicles, and the base of each antenna bears an inwardly projecting bump (tubercle) that is only visible with a compound microscope. Green peach aphid feeds on more than 100 plant species, including a wide variety of vegetable and ornamental plants.
## Figure 1a . Green peach aphid winged adult
Key plants susceptible to aphids include: ageratum, alyssum, aster, celosia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, gerbera daisy, Easter lilies, fuchsia, hydrangea, impatiens, monarda, pansy, pepper,
tomato, verbena, viola, and zinnia. Virtually all greenhousegrown crops are susceptible in varying degrees to aphids.
## Integrated Pest Management Strategies
## Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Inspect all plants brought into the greenhouse from outdoors.
Aphids can also enter the greenhouse on clothing or through open doors and vents.
- · Weeds can harbor aphids, so control weeds growing under benches and outside around greenhouses to prevent recurring infestations.
- · Monitor aphid populations in floral crops weekly prior to flowering.
Thorough plant coverage with insecticides is more difficult to achieve when flowers are present, and some insecticides can be phytotoxic to flowers as well as other plant parts.
- · Place yellow sticky cards near doors and vents to detect adult aphids. Inspect randomly selected plants for nymphs and wingless adults. Be sure to examine lower leaf surfaces, stems, and buds. Look for white, cast skins (molts) and honeydew on upper leaf surfaces.
- · In some cases, high aphid mortality can be inflicted using a gentle stream of water to dislodge aphids from exposed plant surfaces.
## Biological Control
- · Natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) are commercially available and can be released in the greenhouse. Predators
include ladybugs such as Adalia bipunctata, the predatory midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, and green lacewings such as Chrysopa carnea. Parasitic wasps include Aphelinus addominalis, Aphidius colemani, and A. ervi.
## Chemical Control
- · Widespread resistance to insecticides has been reported for many common aphid pests in the greenhouse. However, several
products with novel modes of action are available that can be rotated to manage aphids, while minimizing development of resistance. Many insecticides are harmful to natural enemies, so if a biological control program is in place, choose narrow-spectrum insecticides that minimize negative effects on beneficial insects. For example, some products contain insect pathogens that specifically target the pest insect but cause only minimal harm to non-target organisms.
## Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies
Fungus gnats, Bradyysia spp. and Sciara spp., and shore flies, Scatella spp., were once considered minor nuisance pests in the greenhouse. Production systems that employ misting equipment or are otherwise heavily irrigated create a continuously wet soil environment favorable to fungus gnat development. Plants grown in soil rich in organic matter are also susceptible to fungus gnats. Damage is caused by the larvae, which feed on organic matter and attack bulbs, roots, and other fleshy plant parts. Larvae initially feed on root hairs and eventually tunnel into the plant stem. Delicate seedlings of many greenhouse species can be killed, with plants yellowing and often wilting rapidly before death. Adult fungus gnats and shore flies have been implicated in transmission of economically important plant pathogens including the oomycete, Pythium, and the fungi, Verticillium, Botrytis, and Fusarium. Fungal spores are typically carried from plant to plant on the bodies of adult flies, but may also be present in feces of fungus gnats. Fungus gnat larvae may also transmit Pythium, Verticillium, Fusarium, and Phoma.
Fungus gnats are delicate, dark gray to black flies with long legs and antennae (Figure 2). These insects reside on the soil surface and will fly about when pots are disturbed or watering occurs. Adults measure about 1/8 inch long and possess one pair of transparent wings. Females lay clusters of 20 to 30 eggs on moist soil surfaces, particularly soils high in organic
matter. Adults live for approximately ten days, but during that period females may lay 250 to 300 eggs. Eggs hatch five to six days after oviposition (egg laying). Larvae are translucent, legless, 1/4 inch long white maggots with shiny blackheads (Figure 2). They feed for 10 to 14 days before pupating in the soil. After another five to six days, adults emerge from their pupal cases, completing their life cycle within four weeks.
Shore fly adults measure approximately 1/4 inch long, have black bodies, reddish eyes, and gray wings that contain several clear spots (Figure 3). Though often mistaken for fungus gnats, shore flies have larger, more robust bodies and relatively shorter legs and antennae. Eggs are laid in areas of algal growth and larvae hatch within four to six days following oviposition. There are three larval stages; mature larvae measure about 1/4 inch long and are opaque, yellowish brown, and lack a head capsule. The life cycle is complete in 15 to 20 days, depending on temperature. Larvae feed primarily on algae and are not known to feed on plants, but adults deposit feces on leaves, causing a reduction in aesthetic quality. Additionally, adult shore flies are known to transmit black root rot and water-mold fungus in their feces, especially under wet conditions.
Figure 3 . Shore fly adult caught on a yellow sticky card. Note: clear spots on wings.
## Strategies
Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Avoid accumulation of water, organic matter, weeds, or debris on or under benches. Algal growth should be controlled to manage shore flies.
- · Use pasteurized soil (start with clean soil and do not store or stockpile soil outdoors or uncovered).
- · Inspect new plant materials carefully, especially the roots. Look for larvae, particularly in the upper inch of media in the container. It is cheaper to rogue a few plants than to control infestations later.
- · To monitor adults, place yellow sticky traps horizontally and directly above the soil surface for maximum effectiveness.
Fungus gnat larvae can be monitored by placing potato disks or wedges on the soil surface; wedges should be examined every two to three days for the presence of larvae.
- · Avoid excessive watering and keep soil slightly dry, especially when trying to control infestations.
## Biological Control
- · For fungus gnat control, use the predatory mite, Hypoaspis miles, and the parasitic nematode, Steinernema feltiae. Nematodes are
applied in water as a soil drench in pots or below the bench. The rove beetle, Atheta coriaria , is an effective predator of shore fly larvae.
## Chemical Control
- · Rotate insect growth regulators (IGR's) with other products to control fly pests. IGR's interfere with development and growth of immature fungus gnats and shore flies. Also, use formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti).
## Scale Insects and Mealybugs
Greenhouse plants can serve as hosts to a wide variety of scale insects. These pests are closely related to aphids and are highly variable in shape, color, and size, although most species are less than 1/4 inch long. Scales feed by inserting their long, needle-like mouthparts into plant tissue and extracting plant sap, resulting in reduced plant vigor, stunted growth, reduced photosynthesis, and dieback. Scales are highly specialized insects that most people misdiagnose as abnormal growths or disease symptoms due to their concealment within hardened bodies or beneath dome-like, waxy covers. Common greenhouse species in Oklahoma include black scale, Saisseta osteae, hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae, and brown soft scale, Coccus hhesperidum (Figure 4). These species belong to a family of scales called soft scales (Coccidae). Like aphids, soft scales excrete honeydew, which can accumulate on upper leaf surfaces and support the growth of black soyty mold. Other scale pests in the greenhouse include armored scales (Diaspidisae) and pit scales (Asterolecanidiidae).
While feeding, adults inject toxic saliva into the host plant, causing cellular damage within affected tissues. Adult females are sac-like, wingless, and typically legless. Adult males have legs and one pair of wings, but lack mouthparts and, thus, do not feed. As such, upon emergence they seek out and mate with available females, then die. In some species, males are rare or entirely lacking, and virgin females produce clones of themselves. Live young or eggs are produced under the female's body or waxy cover. First stage nymphs are called crawlers because they have legs and move about for one or two days in search of prime feeding areas on the plant. Crawlers then insert their mouthparts into plant tissue and settle, forming their waxy cover as they feed. Most species are
immobile for the remainder of their lives. Settled crawlers develop through several molts, losing their legs during the first molt. One to eight generations can occur within a year, depending on species and temperature.
Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) are soft-bodied insects that measure about 1/8 to 1/4 inch in length. All mealybugs are covered by a white granular or cottony layer of wax. Many species possess long, waxy filaments or shorter tufts projecting outward from the body. The life cycle of most species is similar with females laying 300 to 600 eggs in cottony sacs usually located beneath the female. Following oviposition, eggs hatch in seven to ten days into tiny yellowish nymphs (crawlers). The long-tailed mealybug is slightly different because females give birth to living young. Mealybugs injure plants by sucking sap from tender foliage, flowers, stems, fruits, and roots. Heavy infestations result in stunted and distorted new growth. Like soft scales, mealybugs excrete honeydew, which can give rise to black sooty mold. Depending on species and temperature, the complete life cycle can take six weeks to two months, though mealybugs can be found in the greenhouse year round.
Many species occur on greenhouse floral crops, but perhaps the most common is the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Figure 5). Citrus mealybugs have a white, powdery substance covering their bodies and white, waxy filaments projecting from the end of their abdomen. They also have shorter filaments of wax along the body margins and a faint, gray stripe running down the length of their body. This pest feeds on more than 27 families of host plants, including amaryllis, begonia, coleus, cyclamen, and dahlia.
## Integrated Pest Management Strategies
Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Monitor for scales and mealybugs by closely examining stems and both sides (especially undersides) of leaves at least once per week. Look for deposits of honeydew and black sooty mold on upper leaf surfaces.
- · Examine new plant material carefully for the presence of scales and mealybugs on stems and leaves.
## Biological Control
- · Soft scales are controlled with parasitic wasps released into the greenhouse. Many wasp species specialize on one or several scale insects, so be sure to properly match the biological control agent with its scale host. For instance, Metaphycus luteola is very effective at controlling brown soft scale, but M. helvulus is better suited to controlling hemispherical scale.
- · Various parasitic wasps for controlling mealybugs are available commercially. Citrus mealybug is effectively controlled using Leptomastix dactylopii in conjunction with the ladybug predator, Cryptoalemaus montrouzieri, known as mealybug destroyer.
## Chemical Control
- · Most scale species, especially soft scales, and mealybugs are effectively controlled with systemic insecticides. Armored scales can be controlled or at least suppressed with certain systemic insecticides, but horticultural oil can be used very effectively against armored scales.
- · Commercially available insecticidal soaps are also an effective option.
- · Minor mealybug infestations are often controlled with a 50/50 mixture of common rubbing alcohol and water.
Whiteflies are not true flies, but are close relatives of aphids and scales. They measure 1/16 inch long, have four wings, and are orange underneath. They resemble small white moths due to the white, waxy powder on top of their bodies (Figure 6). Whiteflies reside on the underside of leaves and will fly readily when disturbed. During heavy infestations, a "white cloud" appears during watering or when plants are disturbed. These insects feed through piercing-sucking mouthparts, sometimes causing stippling (small, discolored spots) on
leaves. Plants eventually lose vigor as essential nutrients are
withdrawn with the plant sap. Like their close relatives, whiteflies excrete honeydew, supporting the growth of black sooty mold on plant surfaces. Whiteflies are problematic for several reasons: they have high reproductive rates, rapidly develop resistance to insecticides, some can transmit plant viruses, and they attack a wide range of major ornamental crops. Poinsettia, chrysanthemum, fuchsia, many bedding plants, and tomatoes are particularly susceptible to whiteflies.
Despite the fact that they are tropical insects, whiteflies are found in greenhouses year round. They spread from greenhouse to greenhouse via transport of host plants and by attaching to workers' clothing. Yellow clothing should not be worn by workers as this color is particularly alluring to whiteflies. Several species are of economic importance to greenhouse production, including greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B (also known as silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii), and sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype Q. Biotypes B and Q of sweetpotato whitefly cannot be distinguished based on
physical traits, so only DNA tests can confirm their true identity. It is important to make the correct determination because biotype Q is resistant to several classes of insecticides. Contact your county Extension office to inquire about how to determine the predominant biotype present in your greenhouse.
Female whiteflies usually deposit eggs in a circular pattern and most frequently on the underside of younger, upper foliage. Adult females may lay as many as 150 to 250 eggs in their lifetime. Eggs are tiny, spindle shaped, and attached to the leaf surface by a thin stalk. Eggs appear creamy when laid but eventually darken. Newly hatched nymphs emerge from the eggs in five to ten days and seek feeding sites. After inserting their mouthparts into leaf tissue, they remain stationary for three weeks, during which three molts occur. All nymph stages are flat, transparent to yellow-green, and appear scale-like. At the end of this period, the whitefly transforms into a non-feeding, yellowish-green "pseudopupa" with two conspicuous eyes. About one week later, the winged adult emerges and begins laying eggs within a week. The entire life cycle is complete within four to five weeks, depending on temperature.
Sweetpotato whitefly holds its wings closer to the body and appears smaller than greenhouse whitefly. Damage is similar to that of greenhouse whitefly, but sweet potato whitefly can reproduce more aggressively, particularly because insecticide resistance is acquired rapidly with this species. Poinsettias are extremely susceptible to sweet potato whitefly. Because whitefly populations can increase quickly, it is essential to monitor their populations early in the production schedule. Early vigilance in poinsettia crops is also important, because plants are susceptible to pesticide damage once they begin showing color.
## Integrated Pest Management Strategies
## Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Monitor for sessile stages of whitefly and their eggs by closely examining undersides of leaves, especially early in the production cycle. Look for deposits of honeydew and black sooty mold on upper leaf surfaces.
- · Weeds can be an important source of whiteflies, so control weeds growing under benches to prevent recurring whitefly problems.
## Biological Control
- · Several parasitic wasps are commercially available for whitefly control. Encarsia formosa attacks greenhouse whitefly larvae and
Eretmocerus eremicus parasites both greenhouse,and silverleaf (current name for sweet potato) whitefly. Eretmocerus mundus specifically controls silverleaf whitefly and can survive under a variety of climatic conditions. This wasn cap been introduced into the greenhouse at any time, including early in the season. The predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii , feeds on whitefly eggs and larvae as well as thrips. This predator performs best when both prey items are available. Delphastus catalinae, a small black lady beetle, is also commercially obtainable.
## Chemical Control
- · Systemic and some contact insecticides have provided effective control of whiteflettes, but be sure to rotate among chemical classes to prevent the development of resistance. Contact insecticides should be directed at the underside of leaves and applied when first- and second-instar whitefly larvae are present.
## Thrips
Most thrips species measure no more than 1/8 inch long, have slender bodies, and have two pairs of stalk-like wings fringed with long hairs (Figure 7). Populations often proliferate on weeds growing around greenhouses during summer months and may be carried in by air currents through open vents or doors (especially during wheat harvest in Oklahoma). Thrips attack a wide range of crops and can be found in buds, on flower petals, and in axils of leaves. While adults can be seen without a hand lens, they usually hide in buds or flowers. Thrips can be detected by thorough visual inspection of plants and by tapping foliage, buds, or flowers over white paper. Adults can be yellow, brown, tan, or black, depending
Using their saw-like ovipositor, adult females lay their eggs in leaves and other plant tissue. In two to eight days, eggs hatch, and larvae immediately begin to feed. After feeding for ten to fourteen days, larvae burrow into the soil and pupate. Adults emerge about four days later. The life cycle is complete in as little as two weeks, though cooler temperatures may delay completion of the life cycle up to a month.
Thrips have rasping mouthparts that scrape tender leaves and petals, creating a wound allowing them to suck exuding plant sap. Thrips injury appears as white or silver streaks on affected plant parts, which turn tan or brown as cells die. In addition, thrips feeding on newly expanding leaves can distort tissue severely, resulting in cupping (curled leaf margins) or irregularly shaped leaves, buds, and flowers. A sign of an infestation is the presence of green to black fecal droppings on leaves and petals.
Adults and larvae transmit two important tospoviruses, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). The predominant vector of these important plant diseases is western flower thrips, Franklinella occidentalis. Male western flower thrips are pale yellow and have a narrow abdomen; whereas females are larger, yellow to dark brown, and have a more rounded abdomen. Each female may live up to six weeks, and may produce 150 to 250 eggs during her lifetime. Larvae develop through two instars and are yellow.
Thrips attack at least 300 species of plants. New Guinea impatiens, chrysanthemums, and gloxiinas are especially susceptible to tospoviruses, and symptoms vary with host plant from bulls-eye patterns on foliage to brown sap ooz ing from lesions on stems. Plants infected with TSWV or INSV must be destroyed because the diseases are incurable.
Therefore, controlling thrips is important in preventing transmission of these economically important diseases as well as reduced aesthetic quality due to feeding. Plants showing symptoms of disease can be submitted to the Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Lab at Oklahoma State University for evaluation. Instructions for preparation and submission of samples can be found at
Plant Disease and Insect (http://entoplp.okstate.edu/pddl/) Diag Lab (PDIDL)
## Integrated Pest Management Strategies
## Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Know your source of plants. Do not introduce new plants that may have the virus into a greenhouse containing healthy plants.
- Thrips can quickly spread the virus to epidemic levels.
- · Eliminate sources of thrips by removing weeds growing under benches and outside around greenhouses.
- · Exclude thrips from the greenhouse by installing vent/fan screens and double doors.
- · Monitor for adult thrips with blue or yellow sticky cards placed just above the plant canopy and check cards at least once per week. If adults are detected, closely examine plants around the sticky card for thrips and plant damage.
- · Thrips can also be detected by tapping foliage, buds, or flowers over white paper.
damaging levels. The soil-inhabiting mite, Hypoaspis miles, is available for release against thrips pupae, root-infesting aphids, and fungus gnat larvae. The parasitic nematode, Steinernema
- · Thrips are normally controlled with contact insecticides, but acceptable levels of control are often difficult to achieve because thrips inhabiting flowers are often well protected from sprays.
Systemic insecticides will not work against thrips feeding on flower buds or petals because the active ingredients cannot be transported to those tissues.
- · If a biological control program is in place, choose selective insecticides such as IGR's or products containing the insectkilling fungus, Beauveria bassiana, to minimize harmful effects on natural enemies, especially predatory mites.
## Mites
Mites are arachnids, not insects, and thus are more closely related to scorpions and spiders. Unlike insects, adult mites have four pairs of legs regardless of the species. However, immature mites can have three pairs of legs early in their life cycle, so be careful when trying to diagnose a pest problem.
Probably the most common mite in the greenhouse is the two-spotted spider mite, Tetrahychus urticape. This mite measures about 1/50 inch long, requiring at least a 10X hand lens to aid in its identification. Two-spotted spider mites may be yellow or green with two, and occasionally four, dark spots on their bodies (Figure 8). This mite feeds by piercing leaf tissue with its thin, whip-like mouthparts and sucking the plant sap exuded at the wound site. Feeding causes chlorotic stippling of leaves, giving the appearance of fine, yellowish to
white speckling on the foliage. Stippling is distinctive and is readily recognized by experienced growers. Spider mites are most likely to be found on the underside of leaves and in the flowers. As populations increase, spider mites often spin webbing over foliage and flowers (Figure 8).
Duration of the life cycle varies greatly with temperature in the greenhouse. But under hot, dry conditions, it may take as little as seven days for mites to develop from egg to adult. At 70°F the life cycle is twenty days but only half that when
temperatures are at 80°F. High temperatures and low relative humidity favor mite development. In two to five days, eggs hatch into six-legged larvae that feed for a short time. Larvae then develop into eight-legged nymphs that pass through two stages, the protonymph and deutonymph. Between each stage, larvae and nymphs enter an inactive resting stage that lasts a short time. The eight-legged adult finally emerges from the last resting stage. Because each female may deposit 100 eggs or more during her lifetime, there is a high potential for rapid population growth.
Cyclamen mites, Phytonemus pallidus, are only 1/100 inch long at maturity. These mites cannot be seen without high magnification and are translucent with a brownish tinge. Cyclamen mites attack a wide range of plants, feeding on buds and adjacent immature leaves. They attack growing points of plant tissue, which causes twisting and stunting of affected tissue, and new growth may appear purplish.
Damaged leaflets curl from outside inward because feeding causes small depressions to form in young leaves. Damaged flower buds may grow into distorted flowers or may not open at all.
High humidity (80 percent or more) with a cool temperature (60°F or less) favors their development. The life cycle from egg to adult can occur in only two weeks, with the female living up to four weeks and laying up to 100 eggs in her lifetime.
## Integrated Pest Management Strategies
## Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Monitor for mites by examining plants closely for stippling, webbing, and/or herbicide-like damage. Be especially vigilant
when ambient conditions are conducive to the development of spider mites (hot and dry) and cyclamen mites (cool and wet).
- · Like thrips, spider mites can be detected by careful visual inspection and by tapping foliage, buds, or flowers over white paper.
- · Highly susceptible plants can be used as indicator plants to a developing cyclamen mite problem. For example, African violets will not bloom, followed by the development of hairy, stunted leaves. Impatiens and petunias will exhibit distorted terminal growth.
## Biological Control
- · Amblyseius californicus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and Neoseiulus fallacis are predatory mites that can be used to control twospotted spider mites. A predatory midge, Feltiella acarisa , is also available for spider mite control. While relatively new, a small lady beetle, Stethorus punctillum , is now available and has the advantage of flying to its prey.
## Chemical Control
- · Several miticides are available for mite control, but be sure to check which life stages are controlled by each product. Resting stages tend to be more tolerant of miticides, but some newer products can kill eggs as well as other life stages.
- · Repeated applications of contact insecticides may be necessary when mites are abundant. However, care must be taken in choosing a product when biological control programs are in place.
- · During hot Oklahoma summers, it may be necessary to schedule pesticide applications as often as two days apart or to be as aggressive as the label permits.
## Leaf Miners
A variety of insects mine leaves in nature, but several species from a family of flies (Agromyzidae) are the primary leaf miner pests in greenhouses. Adult leaf miners are stocky flies that measure about 1/12 inch long (Figure 9). Using their ovipositor, females puncture the leaf surface and insert tiny eggs within the leaf. Each female can lay up to 100 eggs in her two- to three-week life span. These puncture wounds turn white shortly after oviposition, giving the leaf a speckled appearance following multiple attacks. In five to seven days, eggs hatch into white maggots that grow to 1/10 inch long at maturity. Larvae tunnel within leaves for about two weeks, then become pupae. Depending on species, pupation takes place in or on the soil, in leaf mines, or on leaf surfaces. About two weeks later, the adult fly emerges from the pupa, repeating the life cycle. Leaf miners can survive transport of cuttings in the egg, larval, or pupal stage, so infestations may result from shipment of infested material.
Tunneling maggots feed just under the outer cell layer of leaves, causing unsightly runs or mines as they feed. Damage causes reduced aesthetic quality, but tunneling usually does not kill the plant. Problematic greenhouse species include the serpentine leaf miner, Liromyza trifolii, and the chrysanthemum leaf miner, Phytomyza atricornis. Adult serpentine leaf miners have a black body with yellow markings, a yellow head, and brown eyes. As its name suggests, mines created by this species are serpentine in appearance. Adult chrysanthemum leaf miners are larger and grey to black with many hairs on their body. Their mines can appear blotchy as well as serpentine and tend to be found near the leaf mid-vein.
## Integrated Pest Management Strategies
## Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- Regularly monitor susceptible plants, including aster,
chrysanthemum, dahlia, and gerbera daisy. Remove mined leaves before adult flies emerge and be sure to destroy infested foliage.
## Biological Control
- Three parasitic wasps, Dacnusa sibirica, Opius pallipes, and Diglyphus isaea, have been used successfully for leaf miner control.
## Chemical Control
- Serpentine leaf miner is highly resistant to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides. In general, some systemic insecticides and IGR's can effectively control leaf miners.
## Caterpillars
Larvae of several species of moths (caterpillars) can attack greenhouse crops. Caterpillars vary in appearance, but all have chewing mouthparts, three pairs of segmented "true" legs on the first three body segments behind the head, and five or fewer pairs of fleshy, unssegmented, abdominal prolegs (Figure 10). These prolegs have tiny hook-like structures called crochets at the tips that allow the caterpillar to grip stems, petioles, and foliage.
Feeding damage occurs on leaves when the caterpillar chews holes or "skeletonizes" leaf tissue (feeding only on tissue between veins). A severe infestation of caterpillars can quickly defoliate entire plants. Injury may not be noticed when caterpillars are young, but damage becomes increasingly evident as these pests develop and grow. Caterpillars are particularly troublesome during the summer months when moths are active outdoors. Most moths are nocturnal and
attracted to lights, entering a greenhouse through open doors or vents. Mated female moths then proceed to lay eggs on greenhouse crops. Beet armyworm, corn earworm, European corn borer, and various cutworms, leaf tiers, and leaf rollers are a few of many caterpillars that can occasionally damage tender plants.
Control is similar for most caterpillar pests, with stomach poisons being commonly used. Control with Bacillus thuringiensis is often effective, but efficacy is greatest against young caterpillars. Repeat applications of this bacterium are necessary to keep new growth surfaces covered as plants grow. If caterpillars enter stems or buds, they become very difficult to control.
## Integrated Pest Management Tactics
## Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- · Exclude moths by installing vent screens and keeping doors closed at night.
- · Regularly monitor plants for symptoms of feeding damage and signs of caterpillars such as egg masses, cast skins, frass (solid waste), or the insects themselves.
- · Remove and destroy any caterpillars or foliage containing egg masses.
## Biological Control
- · Parasitic wasps in the genus Trichogramma are commercially available and will attack moth egg masses.
## Chemical Control
- · Reduced-risk "biopesticides" contain insect-killing pathogens that can be highly effective against caterpillar pests and are safe for greenhouse workers and natural enemies. Choose insecticides containing the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki, the fungus, Beauveria bassiana , or the active ingredient,
spinosad. These products are most effective against young caterpillars. Other insecticides can be used to control older larvae and adults.
## Springtails
Springtails are very small, white, gray, black, brown, or purple insects that lack wings (Figure 11). A specialized structure beneath the tip of the abdomen enables them to jump an inch or more into the air. Springtails prefer dark, damp areas high in organic matter. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, and decaying organic matter in growing media. However, feeding may occur on tender roots of some crops. Damage may occur to seedlings, but springtails rarely cause enough harm to be considered major pests. When large populations occur, they are easily found on the soil surface or can be seen "springing" about during watering or moving a crop. Springtails may be spread in unpasteurized potting soil, transported on clothing, via plant contact, or simply migrating indoors from nearby habitats.
## Integrated Pest Management Tactics
Sanitation and soil pasteurization are most helpful in preventing or controlling springtails. The predatory mite, Hypopsis mites, will feed on springtails as well as other soildwelling pests.
## Slugs and Snails
Slugs and snails are mollusks rather than insects and are related to clams and oysters. Whereas snails have a hard shell, slugs lack a shell (Figure 12). Both vary greatly in size, ranging from one-half to four inches in length. Clusters of 20 to 100 eggs are laid by slugs or snails in moist crevices in the soil or in containers. Eggs hatch in ten days or less, with maturity occurring within three months to one year. Using their rasping mouthparts, slugs and snails feed at night on tender seedlings and leaves. Feeding damage appears as irregularly shaped holes with smooth edges, and may be confused with injury caused by caterpillars. Seeding plants can be completely consumed. During the day, slugs and snails hide beneath pots, benches, plant debris, or other concealed locations. Both prefer moist areas, so greenhouses can be ideal environments for their growth and development. Slugs and snails exude a slippery liquid from a muscular "foot" as they travel. When this substance dries, a shiny track is left behind. Besides feeding damage, this track is usually the best way to detect the presence of these pests.
## Integrated Pest Management Tactics
Cultural/Mechanical Control and Monitoring
- Practice good sanitation and keep problematic areas as dry as possible.
- Inspect incoming plants and pots for slugs and snails.
- Eliminate sources of slugs and snails by removing weeds growing both inside and outside around greenhouses.
- Slugs avoid copper, so wrap copper tape around bench legs or install copper flashing around raised beds.
## Biological Control
- No predators or parasites are commercially available in the U.S., although research is ongoing in this area.
## Chemical Control
- Chemical baits are commercially available for slug control. Bafts are usually formulated in bran and must be eaten by slugs to be effective. Place baits in the evening when slugs are most active and irrigate prior to bait placement to draw out slugs, leading to more frequent contact with the bait.
## General IPM Practices for Greenhouses and Interiorscapes
- 1. Establish and maintain a thorough record-keeping system for all pest management practices.
- 2. Become familiar with each crop's potential pest problems.
- 3. Conduct a pre-crop inspection of production areas for potential pest problems.
- 4. Always inspect incoming plants for pests immediately upon arrival. Reject the shipment rather than treating or accepting "slight" infestations.
- 5. Inspect crops for signs and symptoms of pests on a regular basis.
- 6. Choose appropriate control methods carefully and know when to apply them.
- 7. Discard and destroy severely infested plants.
- 8. Physically exclude or confine pests.
- 9. Always pasteurize media that has soil as a component.
- 10. Consider using biological controls whenever possible.
## Oklahoma Pest Control Supply Companies
- · American Plant Products and Services, Inc. 9200 Northwest 10th Street Oklahoma City, OK 73127 405-787-4833 American Plant Products (https://americanplant.com/) and Services,Inc.
Winfield United(https://www.winfieldunited.com/)
```
1819 NW 5th St
Oklahoma City, OK 73106
405-232-2493
11391 East Tecumseh St.
Tulsa, OK 74116
918-234-0560
801 North 54th St.
Enid, OK 73701
580-234-8004
```
- · Trécé, Inc.
7569 Highway 28 West
Adair, OK 74330
918-785-3061
Trece, Incorporated(https://trece.com/)
## Other Companies Outside Oklahoma:
- · Alpha Scentes, Inc. 1089 Willamette Falls Drive
West Linn, OR 97068
(503) 342-8611
Alpha Scentes, Inc.
- · BioWorks
100 Rawson Road
Suite 205
Victor, NY 14564
800-877-9443
BioWorks,Inc.(https://www.bioworksinc.com/)
- · IPM Laboratories, Inc. Locke, NY 315-497-2063
IPM Labs(https://www.ipmlabs.com/)
- Hydro-Gardens 8765 Vollmer Rd
Colorado Springs, CO 80908
888-693-0578
Hydro-Gardens(https://hydro-gardens.com/)
Eric J. Rebek
Extension Entomologist/ Ornamental and Turfgrass Specialist
Michael A. Schnelle
Extension Ornamental/ Floriculture Specialist
Print-friendly PDF ( /fact sheets/print- publications/e/arthropod-pest management-in-greenhouses-andinteriorscapes-e-1011.pdf)
## Topics:
Gardening & Lawn Care ( /topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawn-care/)
Greenhouses & Indoor Gardening ( /topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and lawn-care/greenhouses-and-indoor-gardening/)
Insects, Pests, and Diseases ( /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-ands diseases/)
Lawn & Garden Insects, Pests, & Diseases ( /topics/plants-and-animals/inspects -pests-and-diseases/lawn-and-garden-insects-pests-ands-diseases/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://extension.okstate.edu/announcements/extension/doye-aplu-committee.html | Doye elected committee chair for national Extension Committee on Organization and Policy - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-10-12 | [] | OK | ## Doye elected committee chair for national Extension Committee on Organization and Policy
Thursday, October 12, 2023
Damona Doye will lead a committee for the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities that serves as the executive board and representative body of the Cooperative Extension System. (Photo by Todd Johnson, OSU Agriculture)
Damona Doye(https://experts.okstate.edu/damona.doye), associate vice president of Oklahoma State University Extension( /index.html ), has been elected chair of the Extension Committee on Organization and Policy for the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities.
Doye will begin her year of leadership service at the National Extension Directors Association meeting this month. The Extension Committee on Organization and Policy serves as the executive board and representative body of the Cooperative Extension System with a mission to strengthen Extension at national, state and local levels.
She will collaborate with her counterparts across the country to advance the collective Extension mission and achieve the following:
- · Develop policy and administrative guidance that facilitates system advancement.
- · Engage the Extension system and the public as partners to reflect priorities for the people it serves.
- · Actively communicate policy, functions and actions of the system.
- · Collaborate and communicate with external groups important to the system's mission.
- · Implement efficient and effective mechanisms to address Extension needs.
- · Support a mechanism by which members collaborate in program identification, development and delivery for access to audiences any time and any place.
- · Identify opportunities and coordinate efforts to expand resources available to Extension.
Learn more about the Extension Committee on organizationsection/ecop-members/) and Policy
in the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a-successful-calving-season/ | Managing a Successful Calving Season | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Taylor Gwynn",
"Soren Rodning",
"Michelle Elmore",
"Paul Dyce",
"Julie Gard Schnuelle",
"Misty Edmondson",
"Andrew Lovelady",
"B. J. Newcomer",
"Kim Mullenix"
] | 2018-09-19 | [
"Beef",
"Farming",
"Livestock"
] | AL | A successful calving season is the result of good planning and hard work. A defined calving season, or one restricted to a certain period of time, begins with a defined breeding season, allowing you to concentrate your efforts on successful calving management. Before the calving season begins, identify the areas where you plan to calve, make a list of the cows and heifers expected to calve, and procure all the supplies required for calving. Check fences and corrals to ensure that they are suitable for cows, heifers, and calves, and develop an emergency plan for family members and employees to follow.
Supplies you need for calf delivery are as follows:
- · Obstetrical (OB) chains for pulling on the calf's legs (fig. 1). OB chains are preferred over other devices designed for the same use because they can be easily disinfected after each use and they do not damage the hide.
- · OB handles for pulling on the OB chains.
- · Mechanical calf puller (calf-jack) that can exert substantial force on the cow or heifer and the calf. Use caution. If used improperly, the cow, heifer, and/or calf can be injured or killed.
- · OBD lubricants.
- · Plastic gloves.
- · Water buckets for cleaning and disinfecting.
- · Towels and paper towels.
- · Iodine or another appropriate disinfectant/drying agent for the calf's nauel.
## Calving Stages
Normal calving is divided into three stages: preparatory (dilation of the cervix), delivery of the calf, and expulsion of the placenta.
As the preparatory stage begins, the cow or heifer may become nervous and isolate herself from the rest of the herd. She may also have a decrease in appetite and be found lying down but not chewing her cud. During this stage, uterine contractions begin, the colostrum (first milk) drops into the teats, and the fluid-filled placental membranes (water sacre containing the calf appear in the cervix). The preparatory stage typically lasts 4 to 8 hours for cows and 6 to 12 hours for heifers. When the water sacre breaks, the next stage begins.
During the delivery stage, the cow or heifer begins actively straining. In normal partition, the calf's forelegs and head protrude first about 70 percent of the time, and the hind legs and tail come first about 30 percent of the time. This stage typically lasts less than an hour for cows and 1 to 24 hours for heifers. It is over when the calf is fully delivered.
In the final or expulsion stage, the straining decreases, but the uterine contractions continue in order for the placenta to be expelled. This stage may last up to 12 hours but should occur within the first few hours after delivery of the calf. If the placenta is not expelled soon after birth, do NOT manually remove the placenta by pulling it out. Contact your veterinarian. For more information about retained placenta and other complications that may occur during calving, refer to Extension publication ANR1404, "Complications Associated with Calving."
If parturition does not proceed as described, you may need to assist the cow or heifer with the birth or even seek assistance from a veterinarian or experienced cattle producer. Early intervention is the key to a successful outcome. Waiting too long unnecessarily risks the life of the cow or heifer and her calf.
## Cookie Notice |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2023/04/21/las-inundaciones-y-las-calidas-temperaturas-promueven-la-reproduccion-de-mosquitos-un-experto-de-uf-ifas-explica-que-esperar-y-como-protegerse/ | Un experto de UF/IFAS explica qué esperar y cómo protegerse cuando las inundaciones y las temperaturas cálidas promueven el crecimiento de las poblaciones de mosquitos | University of Florida | [
"Luz Bahder"
] | 2023-04-21 | [
"UF/IFAS",
"aedes aegypti",
"agua estancada",
"chikunguña",
"dengue",
"Español",
"Eva Buckner",
"fiebre amarilla",
"insecticidas",
"inundaciones",
"lluvias",
"mosquito",
"precipitaciones",
"Spanish",
"virus del Nilo Occidental",
"Zika"
] | FL | Home » News » Un Experto De UF/IFAS Explica Qué Esperar Y Cómo Protegerse Cuando Las Inundaciones Y Las Temperaturas Cálidas Promueven El Crecimiento De Las Poblaciones De Mosquitos
## Un experto de UF/IFAS explica qué esperar y cómo protegese cuando las inundaciones y las temperaturas cálidas promuye en el crecimiento de las poblaciones de mosquitos
Creado por Lourdes Mederos, gerente de relaciones públicas en español para el Departamento de Comunicaciones de UF/IFAS.
Las lluvias intensas, las inundaciones y los escrombos dispersos que retenen el agua pueden llevar al desarrollo de mosquitos.
"Se podría esperar un aumento en el número de mosquitos en las semanas posteriores a los extensos eventos de lluvia que tuvieron lugar en el sur de Florida la semana pasada", dijo Eva Buckner, profesora y entomóloga médica de University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS).
Buckner es una profesora y especialista de Extensión en el Laboratorio de Entomología Médica de UF/IFAS, localizado en vero Beach, que permanece en estrecho contacto con muchos de los más de 65 programas de control de mosquitos en Florida. Ellos brindan capacitación, soluciones e información sobre temas que incluyen resistencia a los insectcidas en mosquitos, las enfermedades que transmiten, su manejo integrado, entre otros. Es parte de su labor también educa al público sobre cómo evitar las picaduras de mosquitos.
Buckner ofrece la siguiente información y consejos para ayudar a evitar que los habitantes sufran de picaduras, sobre cómo eliminar los sitios de producción de mosquitos después de una inundación y a clarificar los mitos sobre las enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos.
## ¿Pueden las inundaciones promover el crecimiento de las poblaciones de mosquitos?
Sí. Las inundaciones pueden hacer que los huevos de mosquitos, los cuales habían sido depositados en el suelo durante inundaciones anteriores, eloscionen. Esta situación puede resultar en poblaciones muy grandes de mosquitos debido al agua de inundación. La mayoría de estos mosquitos se consideran molestos porque primeramente pueden picar, pero no transmitir virus a los seres humanos. Además, si las aguas de la inundación no retroceden, los mosquitos de agua estancada pueden comenzar a poner nuevos huevos en esta agua.
¿Algunos de estos mosquitos pueden transmitir virus como el Zika y el del Nilo Occidental?
En general, los mosquitos de las inundaciones se consideran solamente molestos y no peligrosos, excepto por Aedes aegypti , el mosquito de la fiebre amarilla. Esta especie puede transmitir el virus del chikungúa, Zika y dengue.
En Florida, esta especie puede encontrarse en zonas urbanas y suburbanas en el área peninsular del estado. En zonas con Aedes aegypti , el incremento de las precipitaciones puede resultar en un aumento de la ecolisón de sus huevos en recipientes y escombros que contienen agua.
Este año, no hemos tenido casos del virus del chikungúa o Zika relacionados con viajes, por lo que no se espera la transmisión de estos virus. Sin embargo, el riesgo de infectarse con el virus del dengue por Aedes aegypti puede aumentar levemente en areas donde esta especie de mosquito está presente y los casos de dengue asociados a viajes ocurren, como es el caso de Miami-Dade. Hasta la fecha, sesenta casos de dengue relacionados a viajes se han documentado en Miami-Dade este año.
Además, algunas especies de mosquitos de agua estancada pueden transmitir el virus del Nilo Occidental , por lo que debemos de protegernos de sus picaduras.
¿Qué medidas preventivas pueden tomar los habitantes para protegerse de las picaduras de mosquitos?
El consejo más importante que debe recordar es utilizar los repelentes registrados en la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA, por sus siglas en inglés) que contienen uno de los siguientes ingredientes activos: DEET, picaridina, IR3535, aceite de eucalipto limón (OLE, por sus siglas en inglés), paramentanodiol (PMD) o 2undecanona. Vestir camisas de manga larga y pantallones holgados también puede ayudarle a protegerse de las picaduras de los mosquitos.
¿Qué medidas pueden tomar los habitatantes para controlar los mosquitos en su propiedad?
Para reducir la producción de mosquitos, elimine el agua de recipientes que se encuentran comúnmente en su patio, como tazas para mascotas, jarrones, bebederos para aves, baldes, juguetes, platos que se colocan debajo de los maceteros y latas. Usted puede reducir el riesgo de contraer estas enfermedades con solo eliminar o darle tratamiento a esta agua estancada.
Utilice granulos o pastillas que contengan la subespecia de bacteria denominada Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) para matar a los mosquitos inmaduros en contenedores a los que no se les puede eliminar el agua fácilmente, como en el caso de los bebederos para aves o bromelias. El agua tratada con Bti es segura para el consumo animal. Productos con Bti se pueden comprar en ferreterías o en almacenes.
Para áreas de agua de mayor tamatoña, es mejor que el manejo de las poblaciones y el tratamiento del agua sean realizados por agencias de control de mosquitos. Comuniquese con su programa local de control de mosquitos para solicitar un tratamiento.
## ###
Traduciado al español por Luz Bahder luzdenia@ufl.edu
To access the English version,.please use this link
## ACERCA DE UF/IFAS
La misión de University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) es desarrollar conocimientos relevantes para los recursos agrícolas, humanos y naturales, así como hacer que este conocimiento esté disponible para mantener y mejorar la calidad de vida humana. UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences cuenta
con más de una docena de centros de investigación, 67 condados con oficinas de extensión, así como estudiantes y profesores galardonados. UF/IFAS orfrece soluciones basadas en la ciencia a las industrias agrícolas y de recursos naturales del estado, así como a todos los residentes de Florida.
## ifas.ufl.edu / @UF I FAS
O
by Luz Bahder
Posted: April 21, 2023
Category: UEF/IFAS
Tags: Aedes Aegypti, Agua Estancada, Chikunguña, Dengue,
Espanol, Eva Buckner, Fiebre Amarilla, Insecticidas, Inundaciones,
Lluvias, Mosquito, Precipitaciones, Spanish, Virus DelNilo
Occidental, Zika
## More From Blogs.IFAS
UF/IFAS Extension faculty produce videos to educate Latinx population during pandemic
Ayude a combatir la inseguridad alimentaria donando frascos de mantequilla de mani a su oficia loca... |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2015/07/21/malta-locally-grown-foods/ | Malta – Locally Grown Foods | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2015-07-21 | [
"Europe",
"Food",
"Gardening & Farming",
"Travel"
] | GA | ## Malta - Locally Grown Foods
Written by Pamela Turner
While in Malta I had the opportunity to see several locally grown foods. I visited an eco-friendly family farm that grew tomatoes in a greenhouse. After growing season they sterilized the soil by flooding the greenhouse and allowing the heat of the sun to kill the pests. This farm, like most farms in Malta, is small. Farms in Malta are often less than 2 hectares (4.9 acres), so they need to be very efficient and produce a variety of crops. The farm I visited also processed and sold products made from local produce, including lemon marmalade, olive oil, honey, fig jam, sundried tomatoes, and lemon liqueur. Their company is called Sunripe (https://www.maltasunripe.com/). In 2010, agriculture workers account for about 10.6% of the economically active population. In the United States less than 2% of the population are engaged in agriculture.
Since Malta is an island one would expect fishing to be a major employer. In reality, it comprises a rather small part of the economy. In 2004 there were 455 full-time professional fishers and 848 part - time, with less than 1% being females. The village of Marsaxlokk is home to most of the fishers. The traditional fishing vessel is the luzzu. It is pointed at both ends and painted bright colors. Boats have a pair of eyes painted on each side to protect the boat from danger and ward off evil spirits. They are referred to as the "Eye of Osiris or Horus."
A feature of the Maltese countryside is the Prickly Pear Cactus. It is native to the Americas and was brought to Europe by the Spanish. Prickly Pears are quite large and prickly, so they provide a natural barrier against intruders and the wind. They thrive in the hot, dry and sunny summers, producing fruit in August and September. The fruit can be eaten or fermented to produce bajtra, which is a popular Prickly Pear liqueur.
Gelato has less fat than ice cream. While ice cream is normally heavy on the cream and has a fat content of at least 10 percent, gelato uses more milk than cream, and generally also uses less egg yolks - if any.
- · Ice creams are churned faster and harder than gelato. Ice creams typically increase in volume (with air, through churning) by at least 25 and up to 90 percent. This makes them a little fluffier. Gelato is churned at a much slower pace, keeping it dense (and sometimes more flavorful).
WATCH FOR NEXT BLOG…. Recycling in Malta andEurope
Posted in: Europe, Food, Gardening & Farming, Travel
Tags: bajtra, fishing, locally grown, luzzu, Malta, Malta Sunripe, Marsaxlokk, prickly pear, tari tari
Sharon mS Gibson
July21,2015
Like this post
Sent from my iPhone
>
Reply
Kutch
April 29,2023
Great article, thank you
Reply
## Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
## Website
- Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Post Comment
Previous: Exploring Malta with IFHE
Next: Recycling in Malta , Europe & the U.S.
Recent Posts
Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
Recent Comments
Thank you for everything and for the valuable information.
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterter in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed…
These tips are really helpful! I never thought about putting my luggage on a stand or unpacking outside. It's good…
Check with you local county Extension Office to learn more about trees that grow well in your state. Find an….
## Categories
- · Allergies
- · Asthma
- · Australia
- · Blogging
- · community
- o Challenge
- o Neighborhoods
- o Working Together
- · Conservation
- · Cultural Events
- · Disaster Planning
- o Fire
- · Disaster Recovery
- o tornado
- · Earth Day
- · Energy
- o EnergyConservation
- o GeothermalEnergy
- · Environment
- o ClimateChange
- o Sharingnature
- · Europe
- o Austria
- o Germany
- o Spain
- o Switzerland
- · Extension
- · Family
- o Children
- · flooding
- · Food
- · food safety
- · FrankLloydWright
- · Gardening & Farming
- o gardening
- · Giving
- o CharitableGiving
Archives |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/update-on-beef-industry-alliances.html | Update on Beef Industry Alliances - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Clement E. Ward",
"Kellie Curry Raper"
] | 2017-01-03 | [] | OK | ## 'te on Beef Industry
Ices
lar. 2017
|
Id: AGEC-614
E. Ward,
Kellie Curry Raper
t-friendly PDF
sheets/print-
cations/
·industry-alliances-agec-
614.pdf)
, Definition and Essential Components /
of Beef Industry Alliances /
. for Alliances / Characteristics /
. ents / Production Requirements /
Required Producer Changes /
r y and Conclusions / References
,completed at Oklahoma State University in 1999,
xtension fact sheet on beef industry alliances.
,other studies have been completed, and several
, of data are available on various aspects of
, the beef industry. This fact sheet updates much
available about beef industry alliances.
, it addresses the extent of alliances, motivation
,em, common characteristics of many, what
may have to do to participate in them, and
if their success and impact.
> earlier fact sheet, an important source of n is Beef magazine's annual list of alliances, as the "Alliance Yellow Pages" (available at
6:00 p.m.
Coatl
(
https://calendai
Catlemen'strumbaEmbed=v
Meeting
Sat 4/5
12:00 p.m. Cleveland
Quality (https://calendar.
AssurancetrumbaEmbed=vie
BQA Training
JOSJ Cattle & Quarter Horses, 4100 48th Ave. NW., Norman, OK
TUE 4/8
8:00 a.m.
Calf (https://calendar.oksta
Boot (trumbaEmbed=view%3
Camp
Kingfisher County Fairgrounds
300 S 13th St, Kingfisher, OK
73750
THU 4/17
Oklahoma
Beef
Cattle
Summit
Pontotoc County Agri-Plex &
Convention Center
(HTTPS:// CALENDAR.OKS
fmagazine.com/markets/alliance-yellow-pages/). il list has enabled tracking and assessing selected alliances over time.
## nce Definition and ntial Components
it a universally agreed upon definition of an the essential components of an alliance. Here, it is n alliance consists of two or more firms in tages of the vertical cattle or beef supply chain, om cow-calf producers to retail or food service s, who agree to cooperate for their mutual benefit. y remains independent, but they share n necessary to jointly coordinate the flow of cattle etween sellers and buyers.
s or organizations call their coordinated effort an strategic alliance, but others may refer to s as a partnership, cooperative or program. More than the term used to describe their organization :se arrangements are attempting to accomplish :heir mutual benefit and how they do it.
orts have been made to place alliances into tegories. Two such efforts are similar: p-based alliances versus equity-based alliances and Chaddad, 2005); and equity and non-equity ;rocheder and Kovanda 2003). In both cases, :ed alliances require a substantial investment in cilities or management. Participants have an t stake in the success of the alliance organization. Id argue the investment requirement increases tment by participating individuals and firms. Nonnces typically only require a fee, usually on a perfor ns for services provided by the alliance .n. Relationship-based alliances and non-equity re similar in organization and operation. They developing relationships, which improve vertical
on among supply chain firms. Coordination is y the exchange of information, which enables quality, quantity, time, and location of the physical : of cattle and beef through the supply chain.
## nt of Beef Industry nces
e of the 1990s was a major development period industry alliances. About two-thirds of those n 2008, and reported by Beef magazine, were in the 1990s. The earliest alliance in the Beef ist for 2008 dates back to 1978, and the most once the list was organized in 2004.
data exists on the volume of cattle marketed liance-type programs. Using Beef magazine's about 3.3 million cattle were marketed through i 2000 and that number has increased to nearly 4 d based on the 2008 data. Again, it should be e are rough estimates. However, it suggests 15 more of fed cattle that are marketed annually gh some type of alliance organization.
ices are quite small and primarily local in nature, s involve large cattle operations and are national lost published lists by magazines or industry to account for the many local community or ances that exist throughout the U.S. These ore localized alliances may consist of several beef providing beef to local restaurants, retail grocers to consumers. While each such alliance may not used on either number of producers or number of / can have a positive influence on the local r beef, beef quality and producer returns.
## 'ves for Alliances
tion for organizing alliances varies and involves ide motives in some cases and individual producer y motives in others. Industry wide, alliances are help reduce a two-decade decline in U.S. beef / enabling producers to respond better and more changes in beef demand. This could be
quality components of beef products, such as ity grade, yield grade and tenderness. Premium might arise from a specific production process, inducing natural beef, for which demand appears asing. Additionally, price premiums may result export marketing programs, such as source and ation programs.
gh ranking motive is higher producer profits from enterprise. These may occur from premium prices, needs to be recognized that to get some price higher costs of production may be required. For o improve herd quality, a producer may have to utter quality heifer replacements and breeding ceive a price premium for natural beef, producers gnize the higher cost of producing natural beef with producing conventional beef because erformance is lower without such practices as plants. There also are costs associated with g source and age records for verification. in some cases, more than cover the added t and added costs. However, producers need to d that receiving "a" premium does not ensure fits, depending on the higher costs incurred to > premium.
an contribute to profits for some producers in s. Rather than seeking premiums, alliances may be uce cost duplication in areas such as animal cinations at the cow-calf, stocker and feedlot me transportation and transaction costs may be so, which can reduce coordination costs between buyers. Rust (1996) estimated these savings to per head.
to citing higher prices, added value and improved y as key motives for forming alliances, several cited quality-related motivations (Raper et al., ances are expected to assist producers in cattle quality and improving quality consistency. s of doing this is by gaining access through
'carcass data, which producers can use to guide vement and management decisions. Direct production and carcass performance data and n, enables producers to respond more quickly and to demand signals, thereby more rapidly cattle quality and ultimately improving supply dination.
## 'acteristics
stics of alliances could be categorized in several , we discuss alignments or cooperating stages, i requirements, and marketing and pricing
## iments
ion we chose for an alliance indicates firms at two ages of the vertical supply chain work together for al benefit. In some cases, an alliance may consist f producers and one or more cattle feeders. In s, it may be cattle feeders and a beef packer. > alliances involve just two stages in the vertical in. A few alliances include partners or ts at virtually all stages from the production stage, stage, which is retailers and food service s. However, nearly all alliances involve some sort ng arrangement with a beef packer.
ices involving producers, feeders and packers are development and growth of branded beef :hough some still involve marketing cattle largely odity. Those alliances that involve the final stage ]ly chain typically are marketing branded-beef n those instances, the concept is to target a segment with branded beef from the beginning of ng program and at each stage through the supply es.
## l uction i r e m e n t s
n
ing or participating in an alliance, involves re equired production practices. These range fic genetic requirements to size of operation. cars that we have had access to information 'industry alliances, there has been a noticeable rfis specifying genetics to participate in a given the first research on alliances (Estrada 1999), one-half of the alliances in the study specified
tic requirements. In the 2008 Beef magazine list, alliances indicated some specific genetic nts. Exactly how genetics are specifi ed differs. of genetic requirements include: 50 percent or gus; 100 percent British; less than 25 percent Bos jh percentage Continental; and Wagyu. The most plication for beef producers as potential alliance ts is the need to match their production system, in 'eeding program, with a specific alliance.
'ration is important, also. About one-third of all i the 2008 Beef magazine list speci fi ed no i size or just one head. These could be called size cause they are open to smaller producers, as well roducers. Another one-third of the list indicated im size is one or more truckloads, or equivalent ' cattle. Usually, this minimum also will mean single-sex of cattle in truckload size lots. The i is pretty clear for beef producers: many smaller are excluded from these alliances. A cowherd size i cows would be required to market a truckload ex cattle from a feedlot. Even larger cow numbers y be required to ensure a uniform lot of cattle in je, weight and carcass characteristics.
ate in alliances requiring larger numbers of similar jucers need to give consideration to commingling neighbors or others with like cattle. Some local producers have been organized to coordinate the
rogram, both bull genetics and breeding timing, : more uniform calves that can be commingled for ce specifies a target or standard for carcass stics. Most still target Choice quality grade, yield rcases weighshing 600 to 900 pounds. Several
arget yield grades 1 and 2 carcasses, and a very 'yield grade 4 carcasses. Some alliances allow lity grade carcasses with Choice carcasses, and a Select carcasses. Carcass weights may be as .000 pounds in some cases and as light as 550 others. Producers need to know how their cattle arcess form to the standards or target stics of the alliance.
'he number of alliances listing no specific i practices has declined in the past several years. practices include weaning calves a specified days before marketing, following a nning protocol, and source verification. Typically, ifcation entails age verification and some specify a third-party certification requirement. 'elated to weaning and preconditioning improve Ith and performance, reduce costs and improve tributes (Lalman and Smith 2002).
'oup of specified practices are required when arget the natural beef market. In these cases, oecify never using implants, other growth s, antibiotics or feeding animal byproducts. More y, producers need to be aware of these required i practices. Many of these practices not only entail jduction costs but also added marketing benefits. must compare the expected added benefits from e to the expected added costs, then answer the Do added benefits exceed added costs?"
'very alliance uses grid pricing, and most alliances a quality grade grid and a yield grade grid. Quality s put more emphasis, or larger premiums, on
lity grade cattle, which is Choice or above. This :urs with some minimum yield grade standard. ¾ grids put more emphasis on cattle with better ½s of one or two. This usually occurs with some quality grade standard. Some alliances initially i ther higher quality grade or better yield grade r time, most alliances moved toward accepting a y of cattle quality by using different grids for arcass characteristics. Producers need to know : and how they perform in carcass evaluations.
able information for producers to make necessary ¾ their breeding, management and marketing ¾ or the alliance they are considering.
## S
articipating, in most alliances, are small if g out-of-pocket membership fees. Other types of ¼h may be substantially higher, are discussed ¾mber, equity alliances have a substantially higher e case, $3,000, and potentially higher in other vever, about one-half of the alliances in the 2008 ¾ciciated there are no costs to participating. A few ¾ cified a cost of $5 per head or less. Thus, for many ¾ membership costs should not be a constraint. ¾ j factor for many would be something else, such ¾ enetics, cattle quality, production practices or size ¾n.
## jired Producer 1ges
dvice given to producers who are considering ¾ alliance is to first understand your specific ¾ system. Producers need to develop a sustainable ¾ system that fits the natural resources and ¾resources they have available. It also is advised ¾ cers know the quality of calves and beef ¾ being produced, to know where breeding and
„nt changes are needed. Ultimately, producers ¦ a choice between two alternatives. A producer t look for an alliance that matches his or her ¦ duction system, or a producer must change the ¦ system to match a specific alliance. Regardless, ¦ agement changes are likely necessary. But for the ¦ e, those changes could be very significant and ¦ f producers by Raper et al. (2005) asked what ¦ roducers had to make to participate in an alliance. ts for most frequent changes required are listed ¦ anked in most frequently noted by producers. Of ¦ ing these changes, some practices were more of a ¦ for producers to implement than others; some ¦ serious impediments to participating in the ¦ an others. However, producers were able to get ¦ lle assistance from the alliance organization. ¦ ated highly as challenges or impediments are ¦ ble 1, as well as those practices receiving the most ¦ during on-ranch implementation. Responses for ¦ assistance ranged from 50 percent to 94 percent.
¦ serious impediments to participating in the ¦ an others. However, producers were able to get ¦ lle assistance from the alliance organization. ¦ ated highly as challenges or impediments are ¦ ble 1, as well as those practices receiving the most ¦ during on-ranch implementation. Responses for ¦ assistance ranged from 50 percent to 94 percent.
should ask questions about the alliances they are ¦ g. They also should study the business plan, ¦ nt team, past operating experience, potential ¦ o financial risk, current and past members' ¦ is and satisfaction, and compatibility with their ¦ and long-term farm or ranch objectives.
oducer responses to production changes ¦ ) participate in alliances
| Most Frequent Changes Required | Greatest Challenges | Gre: Imp |
|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|-------------|
| Animal health practices | Sorting Methods | Anim Pract |
| Cattle Tracking/Information Systems | Cattle Tracking/Information Systems | Sortii |
$^{ }$
## Most Frequent
Changes Required
Greatest Challenges
Gre Imp
Marketing Schedule
Marketing Schedule
Mark
Feeding Methods
Feeding Methods
Feed
Type of performance data collected
Type of performance data collected
Type data
New genetics
New genetics
track syste
Sorting methods
Practices
nges are listed in order of most frequent changes
## nce Performance eence
ons can be asked about beef industry alliances. ey worth the effort for producers? Second, have industry wide improvements as originally Øsome evidence exists regarding the first question, Øers must be careful about using or interpreting stry-reported data. Evidence to answer the latter Øhard to find and may be more difficult to attribute alliances.
ance organizations report average premiums paid 1 by alliance members for Beef magazineÕs annual Øst. Care must be exercised in relying on these nd comparing them across alliance organizations. alliance computes their average premium may Øasionally, an average premium is reported that
New
e organization reported its first-year average aid/earned at $6.19 per head in 1998. Since then, d premium has trended upward, reaching a high 2008 of $27.42 per head. Unlike some other his organization requires a substantial investment embers. Market value or appreciation of the initial sis not included in the annual reported Our purpose in citing this one case is to illustrate ss of an alliance may be tied to long-term nt. It often takes time to penetrate markets, build g infrastructure, and develop buyer confidence as supplier.
joint should be made. Success is not guaranteed. ances on the Beef magazine list in early years are present in 2008 as the same organization. Some ed with others to gain efficiencies or to just me have changed their name and purpose, and :failed. Whipple and Frankel (2000) report that a nining factor of alliance success is participants' benefits of the relationship. Raper, Black, and I8) reported 59 percent of alliance participants perceived their alliance was "successful," given lefinied success.
ef industry changed appreciably as the result of Many analysts would say yes. However, hard ; difficult to document, especially finding a direct ßces. Anecdotal evidence suggests coordination
red with the increased exchange of information, ferings in the meat case have better matched preferences, and some adversarial relationships uyers and sellers seem to have moderated.
## mary and
'leet updates information about alliances that was based on earlier research. There are several r organizing alliances. Most important to is adding value to cattle and receiving price for their efforts. Volume marketed through ontinues to increase slowly, but growth of new ns has slowed sharply. Most alliances operating in ve a beef packer but considerable variation exists hain levels involved in alliance organizations.
there appears to be a slow trend toward more requirements to participate in alliances. One the move toward more specific genetics nts. However, costs of joining an alliance and size nts have not changed appreciably.
ucers accomplished their primary motivation? The uld appear to be yes. Average premiums reported s easily outweigh the added cost of belonging to . Although, a producer must recognize that our it does not consider what might have to be change genetics or the added cost of using management practices. Success is not assured. ral alliance organizations appear to be thriving, can be found of those no longer in operation.
## rences
inya. "Analysis of Strategic Alliances and Vertical in the Beef Industry." Unpublished master of esis, Oklahoma State University, 1999.
ivid, and Robert Smith. "Effects of Preconditioning Performance and Prices of Weaned Calves." State University, Extension Fact Sheet, AFS-3529,
e Curry, J.Roy Black, Michael Hogberg, and James Assessing Bottlenecks in Vertically Organized Beef Journal of Food Distribution Research :151-155.
e Curry, J. Roy Black, and James H. Hilker. ns of Vertical Marketing Arrangement ce: Cow/Calf Producers versus Multiple 1 Level Operators." Selected Paper presentation at Agricultural Economics Association annual irlando, Florida, July 2008.
- a. "Retained ownership- How much will it save?" tate University, Animal Science Paper 341, 1996.
. Ted C. and Joseph Kovanda. "Befc Alliances: s, Extent, and Future Prospects." Stephen R. . The Veterinary Clinics of North America Food actice, July 2003.
M. and R. Frankel. "Strategic Alliance Success journal of Supply Chain Management 36(Summer 30.
Ward
Emeritus
r Raper
Professor and Extension Economist
```
t-friendly PDF (/fact- sheets/print- cations/agec/update-on-
```
·industry-alliances-agecBeef Cat614pdfants-and-animals/livestock/beef-cattle/) Strategy & Marketing ( /topics/business-and-community/businessstrategy-and-marketing/) topics/plants-and-animals/livestock/)
## Nas this information helpful?
YES
NO |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/common-insect-pests-of-ash-in-north-carolina | Common Insect Pests of Ash in North Carolina | NC State Extension | [
"Rebecca Eshleman",
"Kelly Oten"
] | null | [] | NC | ## Common Insect Pests of Ash in North Carolina
Emerald Ash Borer
The emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis) is a devastating pest of all ash species in North Carolina: white ash (Fraxinus americana), green ash (F. pennsylvanica), pumpkin ash (F. profunda), and Carolina ash (F. caroliniana). The insect was introduced from Asia via wood packing materials and was first detected in the U.S in 2002 near Detroit. It has since spread to many states, including North Carolina, where it was detected in 2013. Since its introduction, EAB has killed tens of millions of ash trees. When EAB is introduced to an area, adult beetles will fly to ash trees and lay eggs. The eggs will hatch, and the immature insects will feed in the inner bark (phloem) and outer wood (xylem). This results in a thinning canopy, branch dieback, and epicomnic branching from the tree's trunk. Distinct signs of EAB include D-shaped exit holes (%' inch) and galleries (serpentine tunnels) under the bark. Trees usually die within five years of infestation, or two years from symptom onset. High-value trees may be treated with insecticides. More information about EAB in North Carolina is available from NC State Extension.
Adult EAB insects are metallic green and are about ½ inch long. Their bodies underneath their wings are purplish-red.
Attribution: David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
## Redheaded Ash Borer
The redheaded ash borer ( Neoclytus acuminatus ) primarily targets newly planted, stressed, and dying trees. They attack several species of dead and dying hardwoods, but appear to favor ash, oak, hickory, hackberry, and persimmon. The larvae as they feed in both the sapwood and heartwood, damaging transportation tissues beneath the bark, which leads to branch dieback and eventually tree death. The "tunnels" (called galleries) often follow the direction of the wood and are packed with insect frass, or excrement. In young trees, the larvae move both vertically and horizontally through the trunk. Once the redheaded ash borer is inside a tree, there is not a recommended control method. The best method is prevention; keeping trees healthy can prevent infestation altogether. More information about the redheaded ash borer is available from NC State Extension.
Redheaded ash borer adults are beetles with reddish heads and four yellow bands across the thorax/ The two middle bands are chevron- shaped.
Attribution: Howard Ensign Evans, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
The redheaded ash borer leaves round exit holes when it emerges from the tree.
Attribution: James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
## Clearwing Borers (Lilac Borer and Banded Ash Clearing Borer)
The lilac borer (also known as the ash borer; Podosesia syringae ) and the banded ash clearing borer (Podosesia aurecincta ) are clearing moths that infest ash trees. The banded ash clearring broer attacks ash trees exclusively while the lilac borer also attacks other plants, including lilac (Syringa vulgaris ) and privet ( Ligustrum ). Larvae tunnel into trunks and lower branches of trees and shrubs, causing wounds under the bark. This causes foliage wilting, branch breakage, and swelling/cracking of infested areas due to invasion of the sapwood. Additionally, the wounds create a path of entry for a wood-destroying fungus ( Polyporus verticolor ) to invade. The borers pupate inside the tree close to the surface and emerge as adults via round exit holes roughly ¼ inch in diameter. It is common to see pupal skins right outside the bark during this phase. The lilac borer emerges as an adult early in the season and the banded ash clearing borer emerges in the fall or early winter. Control includes destroying infested branches and stems and sometimes insecticides such as permethrin. More information about the lilac/ash borer is available from NC State Extension.
Galleries of the ash bark beetle are generally perpendicular to the trunk or infested branch.
Attribution: James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood org.
Attribution: Bob Parks, Museum Collections: Coleoptera, USDA APHIS PQ, Bugwood.org.
## Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
The flatheaded apple tree borer ( Chrysobothris femorata ) attacks several deciduous trees, including apple, oak, maple, ash, hawthorn, and dogwood. Weakened and damaged trees are most susceptible. The larvae damage the tree by forming tunnels (galleries) in the camblium tissue and feeding in the phloem and outer sapwood. The metallic adult beetles lay orange/red-brown eggs in bark crevices or under bark scales. The flatheaded apple tree borer is considered a minor pest since it infests stressed or dying trees; however, tropere tree care can help prevent damage. This insect is often confused with emerald ash borer (EAB) due to their similar D-shaped exit holes. Flatheaded apple tree borer exit holes are much larger than EAB exit holes (EAB exit holes are 1/8"). More information about the flatheaded apple tree borer is available from NC State Extension.
## Ash Flower Gall Mites
Ash flower gall mites ( Eriophysa xifaxiflora ) are small, carrot-shaped mites with two pairs of legs. Female mites feed upon and lay eggs in male flowers, causing % to 1 inch indiameter galls to form. Galls are lumpy, round, and green and often accompanied by leaf distortion. Though the galls can be unsightly and cause strained branches during large infestations, the damage is generally not serious and does not impact the health of the tree. If treatment is deemed to be necessary, oils or other chemicals may be sprayed shortly before bud break. More information about ash flower gall mites is available from the University of Wisconsin Division of Extension.
Galls and distortion on stamineate ash flowers.
Attribution : Steven Katovich, Bugwood.org.
## Oystershell Scale
Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) is a damaging insect that affects over 125 species of plants, including ash, maple, willow, poplar, and ilac. They are armored scales, with a hard shell (called a "test") covering and protecting the insect. Eggs are laid beneath the test and hatch in early spring. Emerging first-stage nymphs (also referred to as 'crawlers') find a place to settle on the bark, where they insert their mouthparts to feed, retrieving nutrients. Females remain in this position for the remainder of their lives; males remain in this position until the adult stage, when they emerge as a winged insect and seek out females. Oystershell scales can accumulate in alarming numbers, causing twig and branch dieback. Heavy populations are capable of killing entire trees. Management strategies include pruning out heavily infested branches, physical removal of insects with a scrubber, or insecticides during the crawler stage. More information about oystersshell scale is available from NC State Extension.
Female oystersshell scale coverings resemble oyster shells. They are gray to brown in color with a series of ridges along the back.
Attribution: U.S National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Distorted flowers often persist on the tree through the winter, even after all of the leaves have fallen.
Attribution: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org.
Female oystersshell scale surrounded by tiny, yellow nymphs.
Attribution: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org.
## Cankerworms
Spring cankerworms ( Palaecirta vernata ) and fall cankerworms ( Alosphila pometaria ) are abundant defoliators of many species of hardwood trees, including maple, oak, beech, elm, ash, dogwood, and cherry. The female insects emerge in the spring (spring cankerworm) or fall (fall cankerworm) and lay eggs on the twigs in clusters. In the spring, the eggs of both species hatch and young caterpillars skeletonize the leaves, often leaving only the midrib. The caterpillars are sometimes called "inchworms" since they have a gap between their two sets of legs that gives them the appearance of "inching" as they crawl. Depending on the age of the caterpillar, they can be green with pale stripes or green with dark stripes. Adult moths are gray. Females are flightless and must crawl up the tree truck to lay eggs, a behavior that is taken advantage of for management purposes. Management strategies may include banding the trees with sticky material to intercept female trunk ascension and applications of pesticides. In severe infestations, municipalities may spray large areas. More information about spring-cankerworms and fall-cankerworms is available from NC State Extension.
Young fall cankerworm.
Attribution: Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org.
## References
Ash Bark Beetle . (n.d.). USDA Forest Service.
Baker, J. (2018, November 15). Flatheaded Appletree Borer. NC State Extension.
Baker, J. (2013, April 4). Lilac Borer/Ash Clearing Borer, NC State Extension.
Baker, J. (2017, August 7). Oystershell Scale Insect on Ornamental Plants. NC State Extension.
Baker, J. (2017, September 29). Redheaded Ash Borer. NC State Extension.
Cranshaw, W. S. (2014, May). Lilac/Ash Borer: A Common Wood Borer of Colorado's Street Trees. Colorado State Extension.
Cranshaw, W. S. (n.d.). Recognizing Wood Boring Insects of Ash Trees in Colorado. Colorado State
Extension.
Emerald Ash Borer Beetle. (n.d.). USDAAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Emerald Ash Borer Frequently Asked Questions. (n.d.). NC Forest Service.
Frank, S., Baker, J., & Bambara, S. (2013, March 27). FallCankernowm. NC State Extension.
Oten, K. (2020, December 16).\_Emerald Ash Borer. NC State Extension.
Oystershell Scale. (n.d.). USDA Forest Service.
Pellitteri, P. (2012, August 6). Ash Flower Gall. Wisconsin Horticulture Division of Extension.
## Authors
Rebecca Eshelman
Student Research Assistant Forestry and Environmental Resources
Kelly Oten
Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist Forestry and Environmental Resources
Publication date: May 16, 2022
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-soybean-production-guide/soybean-variety-selection | Variety Selection | NC State Extension | [
"Katherine Drake Stowe",
"Ryan Heiniger"
] | null | [
"Soybean Production",
"Agriculture",
"Crop Management"
] | NC | ## Variety Selection
Proper variety selection is one of the first steps in producing a high-yielding, healthy crop. Choosing an appropriate variety is one of the most important decisions a soybean producer will make and one of the hardest because there are so many varieties available. Each variety has specific strengths and weaknesses that make it more - or less-suited for a given environment. Maturity group, yield potential, disease tolerance, and herbicide technology are all important to consider when selecting a variety.
## Maturity Group
One of the first steps in variety selection is to choose the relative maturity. Even if you plan to plant a range of maturities, focus on one relative maturity at a time to help reduce the list of options. Understanding and selecting the appropriate maturity for a given area are critical to maximizing soybean yield. A variety is classified based on the geographical range where it utilizes the available growing season but still reaches physiological maturity before the first frost. We recommend selecting a variety that maximizes growth prior to entering reproductive stages but still flowers early enough to reach physiologically maturity before the first killing frost.
## Herbicide Tolerance Technology
The next step in choosing a variety is to select the herbicide tolerance trait(s) you plan to use. The majority of soybeans grown in the United States contain at least one genetically engineered herbicide-tolerance trait. Herbicide tolerant classes include Roundup Ready (RR), Roundup Ready 2 Yield (RR2), Liberty Link (LL), sulfonylurea-tolerant soybeans (STS), Xtend, and 2,4-D (Table 4-1). The RR, RR2, LL, Xtend, and 2,4-D traits are genetically modified, while the STS trait was developed using conventional methods and is not considered genetically modified. In addition, many of these herbicide traits are now being stacked to allow for multiple modes of action for weed control (XtendFlex and LibertyLink GT27).
| Seed | Traits | Herbicide Chemistry | Approval Status |
|----------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Enlist TM Soybeans | Tolerance to 2,4-D choline, glyphosate, and glyphosinate | 2,4-D choline and glyphosate | Approved for use in United States. |
| Roundup Ready 2 Xtend® | Tolerance to glyphosate & dicamba | Dicamba and glyphosate | Approved for use in United States. |
| LibertyLink® | Tolerance to glyphositate | Glufosinate | Approved for use in United States. |
| Roundup Ready® or Genuity® Roundup Ready 2 Yield® | Tolerance to glyphosate | Glyphosate | Approved for use in United States. |
| XtendFlex | Tolerance to glyphoslate, dicamba, and glyphosinate | Dicamba, glyphosate, and glyphosinate | Approved for use in United States. |
| LibertyLink GT27 | Tolerance to glyphositate, glyphoslate, and HPPD/Group 27 herbicides | Glufosinate, glyphosate, and glyphosate, and HPPD/Group 27 herbicides | Trait approved for use in United States. HPPD/Group 27 herbicide pending approval. |
The herbicide tolerance technology used should be based on the most problematic weeds present in a field and more important, on what kind of resistance those weeds possess. In fields with glyphosate resistant weeds, switching to the Liberty Link, dicamba, or 2,4-D technology may help combat those weeds.
## Disease Tolerance
Tolerance or resistance to disease is another important factor to consider when selecting a soybean variety. Genetic resistance is probably the most cost-effective way to manage disease. A wide range of environmental conditions occur across the state of North Carolina during the growing season, and these conditions often influence the occurrence and severity of soybean diseases. While no single soybean variety can provide complete protection against all the diseases that may occur, knowing
the history of disease in a particular field will help select a variety with the most appropriate disease resistance package. Fields with a history of disease are likely to have those diseases again; therefore, resistant soybean varieties should be chosen for those fields.
Common diseases occurring in North Carolina for which genetic resistant varieties are available include frogeye leaf spot (FLS), sudden death syndrome (SDS), and stem canker (SC). Information on which varieties possess resistance to which of these three diseases is available in the North Carolina Soybean Variety Information book. In addition, the disease resistance package of a variety is available from your seed dealer.
Nematodes are pests that can also cause significant yield losses to North Carolina soybean growers. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is likely the most serious disease problem in North Carolina and is found in fields across the state. Other common nematodes, such as root knot nematode, can also significantly reduce producers' yields. Many varieties possess resistance to some nematodes, and that information is available from your seed dealer or the North Carolina Soybean Variety Information book.
## Yield Potential
Finally, once you have narrowed down the list of varieties, yield can be considered. Yield potential is probably the most important factor when selecting soybean varieties. Selecting a variety that is high yielding is important, but yield stability across multiple locations and years is an even more important consideration.
Yield potential is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, so multi-year, multi-location data will provide the most accurate indications of a given variety's "true" performance. It is an natural tendency to want relative yield data from close to home, on similar soils, and with similar weather. Since there's no way to forecast next year's weather, the more environments the data encompass, the better. Next year's yield in county X is better predicted by the statewide averages from last year than by the county X results from last year.
To provide unbiased, sound estimates of soybean variety yield, NC State Extension conducts official variety testing (OVT) each year and compiles this information on both the NC State Extension OVT website and the Variety Selection Tool . This is a valuable source of multi-environment data that can be used to aid in variety selection. Using the Variety Selection Tool, you can filter and search for soybean variety characteristics that are important for your specific operation and that will maximize your yield potential. A video overview of how to use this tool can is available at the NC OVT Variety Selection Tool Webinar. In addition, training on this tool is held each December coinciding with release of the current year's data. Data reports from the tool are also provided on the NC State Extension OVT website for anyone unable to access the Variety Selection Tool.
## Other Factors
If you still have more than one variety on your list of possibilities after considering the above characteristics, consider price. See is a significant expense, but there is a limited range of prices among varieties. If two varieties differ enough in yield that you can tell the difference, the yield difference probably contributes more to profits than seed price does.
Some varieties shatter more readily than others, but this is not nearly as big a problem as it used to be. It might still be worth considering if you anticipate that harvest may be very late (for example, after Thanksgiving) or if you are planting an earlier maturing variety.
Some varieties lodge (fall down) more readily than others, especially at higher populations. It makes more sense to reduce the population with these varieties than to refuse to use them.
Some varieties grow taller than others, but unless the soybeans are being grown for forage, this trait is of little consequence. It seems logical that relative height would be a useful characteristic for double-crop situations, but examining which varieties yielded relatively higher with late planting dates is probably a more useful approach.
Within the range of seed sizes that seed dealers are willing to put on the market, seed size is of almost no consequence. Larger seed requires more energy to pull the larger seed out of the soil, but it has more energy in the larger seed to tackle the greater task.
Flower color (purple or white), pusecence color (gray or brown ['tawny']), hilum color (black, brown, buff, or variable), and pod wall color (tan, brown, or black) appear to be of no consequence in how a variety performs. While you may have a personal preference, these should not factor into your decision for selecting the most appropriate varieties for your farm.
## Resources Available
The key to determining the best variety for a field depends upon individual production systems. Before selecting a variety, you must understand the type of variety needed to maximize yield. Recording information about each field allows you to understand its history related to pests and pathogens and what specific needs it has. This will allow you to select the best variety for each environment.
Data can be obtained at the NC State Extension QVT website and via the Variety Selection Tool . The Variety Selection Tool also contains links to technical sheets on specific varieties. Spending time and effort reviewing these resources to select the right variety is a good investment. For more on how to use the Variety Selection Tool, including information on upcoming training opportunities, please contact Ryan Heiniger.
## Authors
Katherine Drake Stowe
Research Coordinator North Carolina Soybean Producers Association
Ryan Heiniger
Official Variety Testing Program Director Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Jan. 6, 2022 AG-835
## Other Publications in North Carolina Soybean Production Guide
The Soybean Plant
Soybean Production and Marketing in North Carolina
Rotational Considerations
Variety Selection
Planting Decisions
Fertilization and Nutrient Management
Weed Management
Disease and Nematode Management
Insect Management
Key Management Strategies to Increase North Carolina Soybean Yield: What We Have
Learned From 877 Soybean Yield Contest Entries
Harvesting, Drying, and Storage
Soybean Facts
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/2024/08/27/blueberry-root-flush-research/ | Blueberry Root Flush Research | University of Florida | [
"IFAS Communications Video"
] | 2024-08-27 | [
"Agriculture",
"Change Category",
"Crops",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"blueberries",
"blueberry research"
] | FL | ## Blueberry Root Flush Research
UF/IFAS researchers are continuously searching for ways to support the Florida blueberry industry. One example of research has been by UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences researcher Dr. Gerardo Nunez and Lauren Goldsby, a graduate student in the Small Fruit Horticulture Lab. Their research project was to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency in blueberry farms in the Southeast.
Nitrogen is a chemical element, and it is a component of all the proteins in plants, in humans, and in animals. Plants take up nitrogen from their fertilizer, so nitrogen is very important for plant nutrition. There are two forms of nitrogen used in fertilizers: Ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Blueberries prefer ammoniacal nitrogen, but ammoniacal nitrogen can be converted to nitrates in the soil. Dr. Nunez relayed that
" Nitrates are particularly problematic because they don't stick around in the soil. So when we fertilize with excess nitrogen fertilizer, those nitrates can leach deeper than the plant and end up in water sources. When nitrogen leaves the farm, it's going to lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In addition,
degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In addition, nitrogen fertilizer is expensive, so leached nitrogen leads to higher expenses for growers."
Nunez continued, "Roots are the plant organ that specialize in nutrient uptake, so learning more about roots allows us to make better fertilization decisions. We started investigating root flushes, which would be a period of root growth because we didn't have any information about that for Southern Highbush Blueberries. Root flushes are periods where there's more abundant roots. And in the time when there's more roots, there's more nutrient uptake. Therefore, we think that the root flushes represent an opportunity for efficient fertilization in Florida and beyond."
Goldsby explained the research process: "A root flush is essentially a growth spurt for the plant. We observed root flushes by using root observation boxes, which we built for this experiment in order to see the roots under the surface. These boxes have two acrylic windows which face either side of the plant that they're placed in between. These windows allow us to observe what the roots are doing over time.
By taking photos of these windows at different periods throughout the experiment, we were able to analyze them using image trace software in order to create quantitative data that we can use to compare the root lengths."
From this research, they were able to determine there were root flush periods in the late Spring and in the Fall. And once they knew when these root flashes were occurring, they observed nitrogen uptake before and during this root flush period.
By using isotopes, a chemical tracer, they were able to measure nitrogen uptake during and after the root flush period. After two years of research, Nunez and Goldsby found that blueberries, like other plants, are going to have root flushes. And that during these root flushes, nutrient uptake is greater than when the plants are not in the root flush. By using this information, the researchers will be able to inform decisions on the timing of fertilizer applications in Southern Highbush Blueberry production.
Funding for this project was provided by the USDA Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
Video production: Kat Anutes
o
by IFAS Communications Video
Posted: August 27, 2024
Category: AGRICULTURE , Crops, UE/IFAS Extension, UF/IFAS
Extension, UF/IFAS Research
Tags: Blueberries, Blueberry Research
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · DISTRICT VIII 4-H CITRIUS PROGRAM WEBSITE - ONE-STOP SHOP FOR FAMILIES
- · Aquatic Weed Control Short Course
- · THE COST OF MARKETING, IS IT WORTH IT?
- · Building Belonging While Social Distancing: 4-H Drive Through Awards Night |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/sampson-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Sampson County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Sampson County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 13, 2020
Authors
Rajan Para¸uli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
☐ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=sampson - county-forestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/economic-contribution-new-broiler-house-mississippi | Economic Contribution of a New Broiler House in Mississippi | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Alan Barefield",
"Thaddeus A. Webb",
"Tom Tabler",
"Mark Leggett"
] | null | [
"Agricultural Economics",
"Poultry"
] | MS | Home
## Content Not Found
We apologize, but the content or page you are looking for cannot be found. It's possible that the content was out of date and has been removed.
Also, with the transition from msucares.com to the new extension.msstate.edu site, older links no longer work. The content may be on the site in a different location.
Please, use the search bar in the header to find the new link to the content or to find other related material. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/wheat-research-and-extension/varieties-characteristics/smiths-gold.html | Smith's Gold - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-04-27 | [] | OK | ## SMITH'S GOLD
A solid dual-purpose variety, Smith's Gold features excellent yield potential with strong greenbug and Hessian fly resistance as well as protection against stripe rust earlier in the spring and after flowering in the adult-plant stages. Its parentage includes Gallagher, a popular variety also developed by OSU. The first Gallagher progeny with better canopy hygiene, later pull-off, and improved baking quality affirmed by Wheat Quality Council. This variety exhibits exceptional baking and milling qualities.
Below are some benefits of Smith's Gold:
- · First Gallagher progreny with better leaf hygiene, later pull-off date and improved baking quality as verified by Wheat Quality Council
- · Resistant to Hessian fly
- · Resistant to greenbug
- · Improved resistance to stripe rust over Gallagher
| Grain-only yield | Yield |
|--------------------|-------------------------|
| Dual-purpose yield | Forage yield |
| Test weight | Leaf rust |
| Disease | Stripe rust |
| Powdery mildew | SB/SS complex |
| Hessian fly | Shattering |
| Other traits | Standability |
| Acid soils | Kernel size |
| Bread baking | Average or intermediate | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/renova-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Renova COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s Renova COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Renova COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3480-303 | |
| View as PDF: P3480-303.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Bolivar County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| Your Extension Experts | |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/row-cover-crop-soils/about-cover-crops/ | About Cover Crops | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-07-30 | [
"Cover Crops",
"Farming",
"Healthy Soils"
] | AL | Properly managed cover crops protect the soil surface from water/wind erosion and remediate soil compaction. Growing plants feed the soil ecosystem by exuding compounds from their roots-sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and more. These materials also glue soil particles together into aggregates, improving soil structure. Decomposed plant residue becomes
soil organic matter that provides food for soil organisms bacteria, fungi, arthropods, and others--and increases the water storage capacity of the soil.
Cover crops can improve soil fertility in several ways. Unused nutrients from the previous crop are taken up by the cover crop, reducing leaching and volatilization losses. Similarly, legumes and their associated bacteria produce nitrogen that can become available to subsequent crops as plant residue decomposes. Deep-rooted cover crops also scavenge nutrients from deep in the soil. These nutrients become available to crops the next growing season as the residue decomposes.
Cover crops often affect pest pressures in the cropping system. Thick plant residue suppresses weed growth on the soil surface, which blocks sunlight and physically slows weed seedling growth. Some covers produce allelopathic chemicals that hinder weed seedling growth; others suppress nematode activity by repelling, confusing, or starving the nematodes. However, some cover crops provide support for diseases and nematodes that are harmful to following crops. Producers must choose a cover crop carefully in order to support the desired cash crop. |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/fortress-isoxaben-dithiopyr | Fortress (isoxaben + dithiopyr) Herbicide Information Factsheets | NC State Extension | [
"Joe Neal"
] | null | [
"Weed Management",
"Turf",
"Nursery Crop",
"Lawn",
"Pesticide"
] | NC | ## Fortress or Crew (isoxaben + dithiopyr)
Herbicide Information Factsheets
## Introduction
| | Trade Name: Fortress Common Name: isoxaben + dithiopyr | Formulations: 0.75GR (0.5 + |
|-----|----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Use | Sales | 0.25% |
Fortress and Crew are used for preemergence control of many annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in woody and herbaceous ornamentals. Fortress is labeled for used in container or field grown nursery crops, and some field grown cut flower plantings. Crew is labeled for use in landscape plantings and turfgrass. May be used on many woody and herbaceous ornamental species, but few bedding plant species. Check the label for the safety of specific species / varieties.
| | Amount of Active Ingredient | Amount by Formulation* |
|-----------------|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| | 0.5% isoaxen + 0.25% dithiopyr | 0.75GR |
| Per Acre | 1.125 lb (0.75 lb isoaxen + 0.375 dithiopyr) | 150 lb |
| Per 1,000 sq ft | 3.44 lb | |
## Major Weeds Controlled
Broad spectrum control of annual broadleaf and grass weeds including bittercress, spurge, chickweed, henbit, groundsel, annual bluegrass, crabgrass, carpetweed, and many others.
## Major Weeds Not Controlled
Perennials and established weeds. Weak on dogfennel, eclipta, phyllanthus, doveweed, morningglory and rice flat sedge. Does not control nutsedge.
## For Best Results
Apply to dry foliage and shake plants to remove granules from growing points. In newly potted or planted crops, the soil or substrate should be settled by irrigation before herbicide application. In established container crops, hand weed before treatment and irrigate immediately after application.
## Cautions and Precautions
Do not apply to new transplants until soil has settled and there are no cracks. Do not apply to nursery seedbeds or transplant beds or to unrooted liners or cuttings. Delay applications to bare-root transplants for three weeks. Do not use in enclosed structures (such as greenhouses, poly-covered overwintering houses, or similar). Do not apply more than a total of 300 lb per acre per year. Use is prohibited on several species, check label for details and additional precautions.
## Residual Activity
Duration of weed control varies with management practices and prevailing weather conditions. In cool climates or seasons, longer residual is expected than in warm climates or seasons. In containers, residual weed control rarely lasts more than 60 days in the southeastern United States. Shorter residual is to be expected in mid-summer, longer residual in cooler weather. Somewhat longer residual weed control is expected in field or landscape uses.
## Volatility and Leaching Potential
Isoxaben is nonvolatile. Dithiopyr is somewhat volatile; therefore, the herbicide should be incorporated by irrigation or rainfall soon after application. Isoxaben leaches very little; dithiopyr leaching is negligible.
## Symptoms and Mode of Action
Isoxaben inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and appears to disrupt root and hypocotyl development. Mode of action group 29
Dithiopyr affects root growth by inhibiting cell division. Mode of action group 3
## Additional Information
| Worker Protection | Worker Protection |
|------------------------------|---------------------|
| Standards | Standards |
| Manufacturers: OHP / Corteva | |
## Author
Joe Neal
Professor of Weed Science, Extension Specialist & Department Extension Leader Horticultural
Science
Publication date: May 22, 2019
Reviewed/Revised: Feb. 13, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2022/03/18/invasive-hitchhikers/ | Invasive Hitchhikers | University of Florida | [
"Rick O'Connor"
] | 2022-03-18 | [
"Invasive Species",
"Natural Resources"
] | FL | ## Invasive Hitchhikers
It is that time of year. The time of year when many head to their favorite nurseries to do their spring landscaping and gardening. Many of the plants sold at these locations are actually grown in more southern climates, where there are numerous invasive species of all sorts. Many of these invasive species have not made their way to the Florida panhandle but can hitchhiker on these plants when they are shipped up this way. Care should be taken when purchasing to make sure you are not bringing anything home other than the plant you want.
The best management tool for invasive species is prevention. Across the country, particularly out west, there are survey stations at public lakes and reservoirs where state officials inspect boats and trailers when they arrive and when they leave the lake. There are hiking boot brushes at the entrance and exists to trails and active machine cleaning efforts after working in the field. Here in Florida, we do not pay as close attention to this. Machinery, boats, and plants are moved with little or no inspection. On any shipped plant could be an insect, slug, lizard, or frog that could eventually cause trouble for us. We are sure this is how the brown anode was introduced and we now getting reports of Cuban treefrogs in the panhandle.
Potential threats as EDRR species to our area include channeled apple snails, Cuban treffrogs, and greenhouse treefrog. With pond plants we need to be on the watch for several including Eurasian milfoil, water hyacinth, giant salvinia, and hydrilla. We also want to avoid purchasing and planting beach vitex, calery pear, coral ardisia, guinea grass, natalgrass, skunk vine, and swamp morning glory since they are all considered potential threats to the western panhandle.
If you have a question as whether a specific plant is invasive or not, you can visit the University of Florida's Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plant website - https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/.
The University of Florida IFAS Assessment website - https://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu/.
Or contact your county extension office.
1
by Rick O'Connor Posted: March 18, 2022
Category: Invasive Species, Natural Resources Tags: Invasive Species
Weekly 'What is It'?: Whelk Egg Cases
- The World Of Worms - Part 3 Roundworms
- The Changing Climate, Part 4 (The Florida Rainhandle)
Our Environment: Part 4 - Life On Land |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2012/07/15/travelsmart/ | TravelSmart! | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2012-07-15 | [
"Uncategorized"
] | GA | ## TravelSmart!
Written by
July 15, 2012
Pamela Turner
The City of Gosnells , located in western Australia, uses TravelSmart to become healthier in their travel choices and reduce the impact on the environment.
TravelSmart is "a successful Western Australian community-based program that encourages people to use alternatives to traveling in their private car." When we educate people about other forms of transportation, we give people options for their life, and their future.
Learn more about the TravelSmart initiative and make good, green choices when you get up and go!
Posted in: Uncategorized
Tags: alternatives, Australia, City of Gosnells, green, transportation, travel, TravelSmart, UGA, UGA GreenWay, University of Georgia
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
## Email *
Website
- Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Post Comment
Previous: Underkastelsen - Submission
Next: China Works Towards Renewable Energy
Recent Posts
Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
Recent Comments
Thank you for everything and for the valuable information.
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterter in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed…
These tips are really helpful! I never thought about putting my luggage on a stand or unpacking outside. It's good…
Check with you local county Extension Office to learn more about trees that grow well in your state. Find an…
## Categories
- · Allergies
- · Asthma
- · Australia
- · Blogging
- · community
- o Challenge
- o Neighborhoods
- o Working Together
- · Conservation
- · Cultural Events
- · Disaster Planning
- o Fire
- · Disaster Recovery
- o tornado
- · Earth Day
- · Energy
- o Energy-Conservation
- o Geothermal Energy
- · Environment
- o Climate Change
- o Sharing nature
- · Europe
- o Austria
- o Germany.
- o Spain
- o Switzerland
- · Extension
- · Family
- o Children
- · flooding
Archives
Select Month |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/acorn-weevil | Acorn Weevil | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic"
] | NC | ## Acorn Weevil
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The acorns of various oak trees are often infested by acorn weevil grubs , Curculio glandium . These 3/g inch-long acorn weevils have very long, slender snouts called rostrums. The rostrum of females is longer than those of males. These weevils are brown and variously patterned. Females use the chewing mouthparts at the end of their rostrums to bore holes into acorns while still on the tree during the summer. They then lay one or more eggs in the kernel of the acorn. From the eggs hatch pale grubs that are legless, short, and cylindrical with brown heads. Grubs use ridges on the underside of the body to move about. Acorn weevil grubs are curved, fatter in the middle, and grow to about 3'/g inch long. The grubs feed inside the acorn until fall when the acorns drop to the ground. Then in late fall or early winter, grubs bore circular 1'g inch holes through which they escape. Grubs then tunnel into the soil where they remain for one to two years before pupating and emerging as a new adult weevil to repeat the wheel of existence. (One of the best places to see Curculio grubs chewing out of nuts is at the North Carolina State Fair produce display of Chinese chestnuts. Usually by the second week of the fair you can see the grubs of Curculio caryatrys writhing around among the nuts. The grubs of the many species of Curculio are amazingly similar in appearance.)
## Host Plants
Acorn weevil infests the acorns of most oak species. It is unclear whether this species also infests hickory nuts. Grubs consume the entire inside of acorns killing them completely, but they do not otherwise damage their host trees. Squirrels leave infested acorns behind so that it may appear that almost all acorns are infested.
## Residential Recommendations
There is no practical way to control acorn weevils with insecticides because they emerge from the soil throughout the summer. If you are trying to collect acorns for seed, collect them just as soon as they fall and refrigerate them to slow grub development, then freeze the acorns to kill the grubs.
Another method can also protect infested acorns; soak them for 20 minutes in water heated to 120° Fahrenheit (you can use higher temperatures if you are not concerned with using the acorns for seed.) Heating kills the grubs before the grubs kill the acorn. (This hot water treatment successfully kills the the very similar chestnut sweetvil is a serious pest of Chinese chestnuts. African violet and hosta growers also use hot water treatment to kill broad mites and foliar nematodes without harm to the plants.)
## References
- The Dark Side of Collecting Acorns . Jesse, L. No Date. News, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
- Growing Chinese Chestnuts in Missouri . Hunt, K. et al. 2012. University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry.
The overwintering biology of the acorn weevil . Curculio glandium in southwestern Ontario . Udaka, H., and B. J. Sinclair. 2014. Journal of Thermal Biology 44: 103-109.
- NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications
- NC State Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension center.
This factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: March 16, 2017 Reviewed/Revised: Dec. 22, 2021
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/martinco/2022/01/19/licensing-certification-for-the-green-industry-professional/ | Licensing & Certification for the Green Industry Professional | University of Florida | [
"Yvette Goodiel"
] | 2022-01-19 | [
"Agribusiness",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Horticulture",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"agribusiness",
"commercial horticulture digest",
"green industry",
"Martin County",
"pesticides"
] | FL | ## Licensing & Certification for the Green Industry Professional
Green industry professionals work on residential and commercial landscapes, in garden centers and production nurseries, and more. The work can be varied and involve specialized skills in pruning, mowing, irrigation maintenance/installation, pesticide and fertilizer application, etc. Sometimes what begins as a lawn-mowing business can evolve into a more full-service landscaping service. As businesses grow, it isn't always easy to know which licenses may be required for new services. The decision to add services needs to be made carefully, weighing in the costs of any required licensing and the value of optional professional certification. This article will discuss some benefits of licensing, steps to become licensed, and resources to learn more about voluntary professional certifications. First, let's look at when a license is required for green industry landscaping professionals working in the state of Florida.
## Do I need a license?
Did you know that in order to apply fertilizers or pesticides (including herbicides) commercially (for-hire), you must be licensed in the state of Florida? Commercial pesticide and fertilizer applicators must be licensed.
Per Chapter 482 of the Florida Statutes, commercial (for-hire) fertilizer applicators must have a valid Limited Urban Commercial Fertilizer Applicator Certificate, issued by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS). Commercial personnel applying pesticides in yards and other landscaped areas around buildings must either work under the supervision of a licensed Lawn and Ornamental Pest Control Operator, or they must carry their own FDACS Limited Certification as either:
- • Lawn & Ornamental, making applications at their own business or their employer's property; or
Please note that pesticide applicators holding Limited Certifications cannot supervise unlicensed applicators. Unless they are working under the supervision of a licensed Lawn and Ornamental Pest Control Operator, the person actually making the pesticide or fertilizer application must be licensed.
Applicators working with restricted-use pesticides on golf courses, upland preserves, right-of-ways, wetlands, or lakes are governed by Chapter 487 of the Florida Statutes. They must hold a FDACS 487 license applicable to the sites in which they work. Alternatively, they may work under the supervision of a 487 license-holder.
## What is the value of licensing?
By taking the steps to obtain required licensing, you are investing in your career as a green industry professional and expanding the services you can offer. The average hourly wage in Florida for pest control workers and pesticide handlers/applicators ($17.61) was substantially higher than for regular landscaping and groundskeeping workers ($14.53), based on 2020 estimates available from the Florida Agency for Workforce Innovation. The wage difference also exists for entry-level and experienced workers. Assuming an average of 2,000 hours worked yearly, the average wage differential ($3.08) would represent about $6,160 greater annual income ($3.08/hr x 2,000 hrs/year) for the licensed pesticide applicators, compared to the regular landscaping workers.
Licensing demonstrates to your clientele that you are a responsible and knowledgeable professional. In a 2020 study by UF/IFAS Extension Martin County, the majority of our survey respondents valued licensing, as well as certifications. Licensed commercial lawn and ornamental pesticide applicators must carry insurance, a layer of protection for clientele and your business. Licensed applicators have demonstrated knowledge of best practices to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of misapplied fertilizers and pesticides. After obtaining their license, green industry professionals (i.e., landscapes, pesticide/fertilizer applicators, etc.) are required to stay current with research, through continuing education. Professionals continually develop their skills to:
- · Use pesticides and fertilizers safely;
## How can I get licensed?
First, consult the publication, Finding the Correct Pesticide Applicator License in Florida. This handy guide can help you determine which license applies to your work, find out what is needed in order to qualify for the license, determine which exams are required, and locate exam study materials. You can also reach out to your local UF/IFAS Extension office or the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services for assistance. Once you have determined which license you need, you can use the guide or other resources to:
- · Check for license prerequisites, including any required work experience, and take the steps needed to meet the prerequisites.
- · Determine which study materials are recommended for your license. Most study guides can be purchased through the UF/IFAS Bookstore.
- · See if training is listed as a prerequisite to your license. Whether you are seeking required or optional exam prep training, reach out to your local UF/IFAS Extension office for help finding a class.
- · Determine which exam(s) are required for your license. Then, use the statewide online Pesticide Certification Exam system to apply for and schedule the required exam(s). Available exam sites and upcoming dates are posted on the website under "Testing Centers and Schedules". Some exam prep classes will also offer an opportunity for attendees to take the exam after class. Your Extension Agent will be able to provide details on available classes.
## What about voluntary professional certifications?
Many landscape professionals choose to expand their credentials through professional certifications offered by the Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ Program, FNGLA, International Society of Arborists, Irrigation Association, and other industry organizations. To learn more about the certifications, who they are for, and what they require, check out the links provided above.
## O
by Vette Goodiel
Posted: January 19, 2022
Category: Agribusiness, Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Home
Landscapes, Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Agribusiness, Commercial Horticulture Digest, Florida Friendly
Landscaping, Green Industry, Martin County, Pesticides, UF/IFAS
Extension
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · COVID-19 Testing For Agribusinesses In And Around Martin County
- · COVID-19 And UF/IFAS Extension
- · A Survey Of Hurricane Ian Impacts To Martin County Agriculture
- · Health Insurance For Farmers And Farmworkers |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/onehealth/2022/03/30/one-health-through-genomic-studies/ | One Health through genomic studies | University of Florida | [
"One Health Center of Excellence"
] | 2022-03-30 | [
"Uncategorized",
"genomes",
"genomic studies",
"One Health",
"One Health at UF"
] | FL | ## One Health through genomic studies
Over the past two months, two studies that say a lot about the linkages between different compartments in our world have been published in the scientific journal Science . They both investigated a large number of genomes. In one case the authors built a genealogical tree using thousands of human genomes from all over the world in an attempt to map all human genetic relationships. The endeavor resulted in the world's largest family tree. The research has not only given an interesting view of humanity's history but also showed how, if we go back in time enough, everyone is connected. Going back in time first one can see how one person's tree merges with someone else's , going a bit further into the past clans start merging as well, then clades, to finally end up with one tree representing all of humanity.
In the second case, the authors investigated thousands of white clovers' genomes across 160 cities comparing them to their rural counterparts. The study suggests that urban flora has adapted to living in these human-made environments. In other words, that human factors are also a driver in the evolution of life.
The studies underline the links between humans and between humans and the natural environment of which we are a part. Therefore, they emphasize the connections and the need to be aware of this. We are part of a complex system that is more than just the sum of its parts.
By Olga Muñoz, One Health Graduate Assistant
O
by One Health Center of Excellence
Posted: March 30, 2022
Category:
Tags: Genomes, Genomic Studies, One Health, One Health At UF
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Exploring Gender And Sexuality In Ancient Medicine Part 2: Sexing The Body
- Fulbright Scholars Meet With One Health Center
- Plastics And Earth's Ocean: Part 2
- Preparing For One Health Day 2021 |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/dairy-cattle/gutter-grate-design | Gutter Grate Design | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Jessica Halfen"
] | null | [
"Dairy",
"Publications",
"Agriculture"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Dairy-Cattle » Gutter Grate Design
## Gutter Grate Design
DAIRY CATTLE
Publication Number: 6299
View as PDF: 6299.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
APRIL 4, 2024
Bird flu health risks to public remain low despite human case
FEBRUARY 28, 2023
Northeast Miss. producers discuss educational needs
JUNE 3, 2022
High costs and low prices stress state dairy industry
Related Publications
Filed Under: Dairy
4-H Dairy Poster Contest
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4069
Environmental Enrichment for Dairy Cattle: Music
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4065
Environmental Enrichment for Dairy Cattle: Hair Brushing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3814-3
2024 Mississippi State Fair and 2025 Dixie National Junior Round-Up: Dairy Cattle Division
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2357
Arthropod Management Guidelines for Dairy Cattle and Dairies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_ |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/florence-retail-analysis | Florence Retail Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Florence Retail Analysis
## Florence Retail Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2945-93 | |
| View as PDF: P2945-93.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Rankin County | |
| Print PDF | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor |
| Associate Extension Professor Related News | Associate Extension Professor Related News |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/developing-food-recall-plan | Developing a Food Recall Plan | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"J. Byron Williams",
"Courtney A. Crist",
"Elizabeth Canales",
"Carley C. Morrison"
] | null | [
"Agricultural Economics",
"Local Food System Economies",
"Disaster Preparedness",
"Food Safety"
] | MS | " Publications " Developing a Food Recall Plan
## Developing a Food Recall Plan
Filed Under: Agricultural Economics, Local Food System Economies, Disaster Preparedness, Food Safety.
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3542
View as PDF: P3542.pdf
Mississippi is home to many local food and agriculture-based businesses. Because the agriculture and food sectors can be subject to a variety of disasters, natural or manmade, disaster planning and preparedness is important. The goal of the Disaster Preparedness for Food Businesses program is to help new and existing producers and processors identify and reduce potential risks associated with operating agriculture-based food businesses.
One component of risk reduction is having a recall plan in place. In the event of a recall, recall and traceability plans and actions are implemented to trace products through the supply and distribution chains and stop the spread of potentially hazardous food products in a timely manner and remove them from the marketplace. The goal of this publication is to provide information to help Mississippi producers and food business owners mitigate risks and minimize losses so they can recover after a disaster and return to normal operations.
## Recall
A recall is the voluntary and/or mandatory action of removing a product from retail or distribution. Some possible events that could cause a recall include natural disasters (flood, tornado, fire), accidents, mistakes, power outages, bacterial or viral contamination, pandemic situations, and manmade disasters (intentional contamination, improper labeling, allergen mislabeling). The primary objectives in a recall event are to -
- eliminate or reduce potential deaths, illness, or injury
- effectively communicate and coordinate
- reduce economic losses
- restore consumer confidence
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have the authority to issue a mandatory recall. USDA mandates that companies have a recall plan in place. More recently, the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) gave the FDA mandatory recall authority.
All establishments, including farm businesses or small processors/entities, should assess their vulnerabilities to natural and manmade disasters to assist with food defense and business survivability. Remember that recall and traceability plans ultimately help mitigate risks. Most business operations want to avoid any negative publicity associated with federally mandated actions and recalls. Businesses that are proactive generally benefit from their prompt response and communication in recall situations.
Unforeseen events or disasters can create food safety risks that could impact different aspects of the food supply chain and multiple companies. Disasters that impact agricultural and food production operations can occur on very different scales:
- Large-scale - Affects many business entities in the supply chain. Examples: ingredient contamination due to flooding, improper storage, improper handling/processing.
- Small-scale - Affects a smaller area (e.g., one county or one facility). Examples: warehouse contamination due to tornado damage, roof leak, temperature abuse.
- Variable-scale - Intentional, unknown at time, or other manmade disaster. Examples: allergen contamination, product mislabeling, foreign material (e.g., plastic, metal, chemicals) intentionally placed into product.
Recalls are divided into three classes:
- Class I - Dangerous or defective products that predictably could cause serious health problems or death. Examples: Clostridium botulinum toxin, E. coli 0157:H7 or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STECs), undeclared allergens, hazardous chemicals or toxic substances.
- Class II - May cause a temporary health problem or pose only a slight threat of a serious nature. Examples: spoilage microorganisms, extraneous materials, drug residues, unauthorized substances, etc.
- Class III - Products that are unlikely to cause any adverse health reaction but violate federal (USDA) labeling or manufacturing regulations. Examples: mislabeling, undeclared ingredients (non-allergenic), improper weight.
Internal intentional contamination is a serious concern for food businesses and should be included in recall plans. The impact of intentional contamination could be large (depending on the size and scale of the operation), and the responsible individual would likely go to great lengths to conceal the
sources of contamination. This type of intentional contamination and harm could be the actions of a disgruntled employee.
Intentional food product contamination usually is intended to affect a large number of people (consumers). Intentional contamination substances could be highly toxic chemicals or pathogenic microorganisms intentionally added to multiple food sources. If multiple products were contaminated simultaneously, this would add confusion and increase the impact.
## Essential Components of a Recall Plan
## Introduction
- · Identify the business
- · Background information on products and processes
- · Information about scheduled reviews of the recall plan
## Identification of Recall Committee
- Names
- Multiple means of contact information for each member
## How to Determine if a Recall is Necessary
- · Necessary questions and answers: what, when, where, product ID info, class of recall, packaging, other available information
## Scope of Recall
- · Specifics of what, where, how much of the product in marketplace, remaining inventory
## Records
- Production, maintenance, product identification, distribution/shipping records, sanitation
## Depth of Recall
- Level of the supply chain where recall needs to occur: retail, wholesale, consumer, food service, all levels
## Recall Communications
- Basic guidelines and specifics to include: name, brand, lot, code, risk level, reason, means of communication, company contact info
## Responsibility of Recipient
- What customers should do upon recall notification
## Public Notification
- If significant recall is warranted, may need to extend to public and mass public announcement
## Effectiveness Checks
- Contact all consignees; direct contact to customers via phone, email, letter, personal visit, text, and document
- Coordinate mock recalls periodically but at least annually
## Records
- Keep for all communications
## Product Return Logistics and Disposition
- Means for product return, holding, disposition; use very secure means (separate location from operations if possible)
## Steps to Develop a Recall Plan
- Select a recall coordinator. This person should-
- prepare for and coordinate all activities related to recalls.
- be knowledgeable about every aspect of the firm's operations.
- authorized to make decisions in carrying out a recall.
- Build a recall team. This team should include personnel from all parts of the business (sales, production, shipping, technical, top management, public relations/HR, legal counsel, consumer representative, maintenance).
- Determine the methods for traceability, both forward (customers of your products) and backward (suppliers of raw materials) from your operation, and write procedures necessary to locate products from either direction.
- Pre-write all necessary forms/announcements for the media, customers, regulatory agencies. For guidance, see MSU Extension Publication 3498 Preparing to Respond: Four Steps to Developing a Crisis Communication Plan.
- Contact a third-party expert or process authority who can evaluate your recall plan for completeness and effectiveness.
- Fully conduct periodic mock recalls and modify your plan based on areas needing improvement.
## Appendix: Recall Documents and Recall Letter Examples
Source: United States Department of Agriculture - Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS). How to Develop a Meat and Poultry Product Recall Plan.
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/RecallPlanBooklet\_0513.pdf
## RECALL PLAN
Establishment name:
Establishment location:
FSIS establishment number:
Date:
Recall Coordinator (person responsible for coordinating recalls at this firm):
Name:
Phone:
Fax:
E-mail:
## Recall Team/Contacts
| Name | Contact information (company, address, phone number, fax number, e-mail address) | Role (in plant, supplier, distributor, customer, District Office) |
|--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | | |
## Procedures for Determining a Recall
Health Hazard Evaluation
- Is there an undeclared allergen in the plant's product?
Yes
No
If yes, describe the details.
Was product underprocessed?
Yes
No
If yes, describe the details.
Has product tested positive for a pathogen?
Yes
No
If yes, describe the details.
Are there reports of disease or injury occurring due to product?
Yes
No
If yes, describe the details.
## Records
What system of records will be used to manage and track the recall?
- Product identification, product coding, product lots
- Distribution records
- Consignee records
Other details related to records:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Include a copy of all records used for this recall as an Appendix to this plan.
## Recall Depth
Check all levels that the recall includes.
Wholesale (warehouse, storage)
Retail
Hotels, restaurants, and institutions
Consumer
Other (describe) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
## SAMPLE RECALL NOTICE: May Contain GLASS, PLASTIC, ETC.
[STATE] FIRM RECALLS [PRODUCT] THAT MAY CONTAN IN [GLASS, PLASTIC, ETC.]
[CITY], [DATE]-[COMPANY], an [CITY, STATE], establishment, is recalling approximately [AMOUNT] pounds of [PRODUCT] that may contain pieces of [SPECIFY MATERIAL], [FRM NAME].
The following products are subject to recall:
[IDENTIFYING INFO: TYPE OF CONTAINER, WEIGHT, "BRAND NAME AND OTHER LABEL INFORMATION," ESTABLISHMENT NUMBER, CASE AND/OR DATE CODES]
The products were produced on/from [DATE] and distributed to [LEVEL OF DISTRIBUTION, i.e., RETAIL ESTABLISHMENTS, INSTITUTIONS, ETC.] in [STATES].
The problem was discovered through [SPECIFY HOW PROBLEM WAS DISCOVERED]. There have been # or NO] reports of injury from the consumption of these products. Anyone concerned about an injury from the consumption of the products should contact a physician.
Consumers with questions about the recall may contact [CONTACT TITLE AND NAME] at [TELEPHONE NUMBER]. Media with questions about the recall may contact [CONTACT TITLE AND NAME] at [TELEPHONE NUMBER].
Date of last recall simulation:
## References and Resources
Conference for Food Protection. Emergency Action Plan for Retail Food Establishment, Second Edition
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 CFR 7, Subpart C (Voluntary Recall Guidelines). April 2019
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidance for Industry: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance for Food Producers, Processors, and Transporters
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Protect Food and Water During Hurricanes and Other Storms
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Food Defense and Emergency Response for Retail Food
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidance for Industry: Questions and Answers Regarding Mandatory Food Recalls.(21 CFR 423 of FD&C as added by section 206 of FSMA)
Institute of Food Technologists (IFT). Global Food Traceability Center
United States Department of Agriculture -Food Safety and Inspection Service(USDA-FSIS).Food Defense Plan: Security Measures for Food Defense
United States Department of Agriculture -Food Safety and Inspection Service(USDA-FSIS).Emergency Response
United States Department of Agriculture -Food Safety and Inspection Service(USDA-FSIS).Emergency Preparedness
United States Department of Agriculture -Food Safety and Inspection Service(USDA-FSIS).A Consumer's Guide to Food Safety; Severe Storms and Hurricanes
United States Department of Agriculture -Food Safety and Inspection Service(USDA-FSIS).How to Develop a Meat and Poultry Product Recall Plan
United States Department of Agriculture -Food Safety and Inspection Service(USDA-FSIS).Recalls.9 CFR 418
## MSU Extension Service Publications
P3497 Disaster Preparedness for Food Businesses: An Overview
P3498 Preparing to Respond: Four Steps to Developing a Crisis Communication Plan
This material is based upon work supported by USDA/NIFA under Award Number 2018-70027-28585.
Publication 3542 (10-23)
By J. Byron Williams, PhD, PAS, Associate Extension Professor, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion; Courtney A. Crist, PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion; Elizabeth Canales, Assistant Professor, Agricultural Economics; Carley C. Morrison, PhD, Assistant Professor, Human Sciences.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Dr. Courtney Crist
Associate Extension Professor Food Safety, Food Science, Food Processing, Home Food Preservation, ServSafe
Your Extension Experts
Mr. Tom Ball
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4102 Crop Insurance Basics
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3606 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Freezer Tips
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3607
HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Refrigerator Tips
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3970
Small Business Finances: A Guide for Youth
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
MISSISSPIPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners
MISSISSPIPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers
MISSISSPIPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 2 / The Changing Demographic Profiles of U.S. Water Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation Workers and Owners
MISSISSPIPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 1 / The Changing Demographic Profiles of U.S. Commercial Fishermen
MISSISSPIPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 14, No. 12 / Direct Losses on Mississippi Saltwater Recreational Fishing Licenses Sold to
Fishermen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_ |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/irrec/2023/02/10/john-santiagos-passion-for-microbiology/ | John Santiago’s passion for microbiology | University of Florida | [
"Robin Koestoyo"
] | 2023-02-10 | [
"Agribusiness",
"Agriculture",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"Uncategorized",
"ashs",
"John Santiago",
"microbiology",
"Plant Root Biology"
] | FL | ## John Santiago's passion for microbiology
Ask John Santiago about beneficial soil microbes, and his eyes dazzle. He will tell you that scientists are about to uncover microbes that protect plants from disease. Santiago aspires to be one of the scientists who will make these breakthroughs.
Santiago is about to complete a Ph.D. in Horticultural Sciences, specializing in plant root biology. He aims to improve crop
production with microbiology. Soil
plant species, he said. In the Plant Root Biology Laboratory at the UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC), Santiago investigates beneficial bacteria in soil samples he collects around citrus crop tree roots. He wears a starchy lab coat and extracts the bacteria and fungi DNA from his soil samples.
microbiology is about identifying microscopic organisms and examining interactions that these organisms share with different
In the Plant Root Biology Laboratory at the UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC), Santiago investigates beneficial bacteria in soil samples he collects around citrus crop tree roots. He wears a starchy lab coat and extracts the bacteria and fungi DNA from his soil samples.
"My graduate research focuses on the rhizosphere, or the soil area surrounding plant roots. In the soil area, the trees are influenced by microbial and chemical interactions that impact growth, respiration, and nutrient exchange in the trees," said Santiago.
'John Santiago's work is for soils around citrus trees infected with a plant disease associated with an invasive insect,' said Lorenzo Rossi, assistant professor of plant root biology at IRREC. "Santiago studies
citrus roots and their interactions with the soil microbial community. The insect is the Asian citrus psyllid "
Because there is so much international trade and transportation available, insects that do not belong in Florida can get transported unintentionally. The psyllid is believed to have arrived in a crate of imported nursery plants in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, about 15 years ago. Today, all the citrus trees in Florida are infected with citrus greening, a disease that shortens the life of the trees and compromises the fruit they produce, said Santiago.
Santiago evaluates the rhizosphere after applying different soil treatments using the experimental and commercial trees. A first soil treatment involves fertilizers. The second application to the soil is a fabric mulch ground cover, or a layer of black plastic "mulch" across the area immediately under the trees. Groundcovers have been found to help soils retain moisture and reduce unwanted weeds around crop trees. Santiago's third treatment for the experimental earth is hardwood oak mulch. Anecdotal reports made by heritage citrus growers are that citrus trees that stand within the dripline of oak trees do not become infected with citrus greening.
"The hypothesis is that more beneficial bacteria will be found in the soil where organic amendments were added," Santiago said.
Microbiology is the field in which scientists learn to treat and prevent disease. The study of microbiology encompasses viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Santiago explains what microbiology can do for people everywhere.
Santiago's interests as a graduate student and researcher are specific to the soil that surrounds citrus tree roots. The first step in his work is to collect soil samples. His soil collection tools include a sterilized metal spade, brown paper bags, and alcohol to sterilize the spade each time a soil sample is collected. Every time.
'I collect and extract the DNA from soil and roots and later sequence the microbiome data,' said Santiago. "What that means is that I use specific instrumentations to identify microbes associated with beneficial functions to plant health and determine how their abundances differs across treatments."
He stores the bagged soil samples in a freezer-at minus 80 degrees Celsius. On a day when Santiago extracts DNA from the samples, he does so using various materials that include pipettes, a centrifuge, and reagents.
The following steps involve a nanodrop machine to quantify the quality of the extracted DNA. The DNA samples can also be plated onto an agarose gel matrix. The electrophoresis equipment applies an electric field to the agarose gel. He can see his work and the charged molecules on a screen that resemble white-light bars aligned next to each other. Some are shorter than others, depending on the quality of the DNA
"At this point, we send the DNA samples out for sequencing," said Santiago. "Once the sequencing data returns, it is processed in our statistical analyses to determine significant differences in diversity, abundance, and health of the rhizosphere microbiome."
Citrus was once Florida's signature crop, with high-quality fresh fruit shipped as far away as Japan, where Indian River grapefruit is a delicacy for the Japanese, Koreans, and Europeans. Citrus offers growers and agricultural production regions high economic value and nutritious food for consumers, so efforts to save Florida's crop are important to us, said Santiago.
"There is so much yet undiscovered in soils that could support food crops," Santiago says. He smiles, and the look in his eyes is evident in amazement.
'There are a large quantity of soil microbes that scientists have yet to discover, notably those at the taxonomic levels of genus and species, that can have impacts on plant health,' said Santiago. "We believe beneficial bacteria exist in the soils that can help citrus trees uptake essential nutrients, even if the trees are diseased with citrus greening, which may be critical to fruit yield.'
by Robin Koestoyo Posted: February 10, 2023 by Robin Koestoyo
Category: Agribusiness, Agriculture, UF/IFAS Research,
Tags: ASHS, John Santiago, Microbiology, Plant Root Biology,
UE/IFEAS Research
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · UF/IFAS Professor Selected For American Society For Horticultural Science Leadership Academy
- · Coping With Hurricane Debby: Essential Tips For Florida Farmers And Landowners
- · UF Graduate Student Stribes To Help Crops Thrive Against Disease
- · Fungal Pathogen Effective Control For Insect Associated With Citrus Greening |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/farmhouse | Farmhouse | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Farmhouse
## Farmhouse
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 5054
View as PDF: 5054.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/hornets-in-turf | Hornets in Turf | NC State Extension | [
"Rick Brandenburg"
] | null | [
"Pest Management",
"Insect",
"Insect Pest",
"Turfgrass Pest",
"Hornet"
] | NC | ## Hornets in Turf
Turffiles
## Description
The term "hornet" is often used to refer to many of the wasps that build large paper nests. The most notable paper wasp was the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata , and several species of yellowjackets ( Vespula sp.), which are really wasps. In actuality the only true hornet found in the United States is the European hornet, Vespa crabro L .
Baldfaced hornets may be best described as large, black and white, heavy-bodied wasps about ¾ inch long. They typically build exposed, muddled grey nests in trees or shrubs. Occasionally, the wasps will build nests under roof overhangs, in attics, crawshipspaces and wall voids, or under decks or porches. The nests are constructed of a paper-like martial formed from chewed wood. The nests are often described as "football shaped," but they may exceed a basketball in diameter.
Yellow jackets are house fly-sized wasps with distinct yellow and black markings and a few hairs. They construct a similar type of paper nest; however, it will be tan in color, much smaller in size compared to the hornet nest, and is usually found in an underground cavity. Common locations for nests are in lawns, particularly in sandy exposed areas, as well as at the base of trees or shrubs. Occasionally, yellow jackets will nest in attices or walls voids of houses or storage buildings.
## Cultural Control
The first decision to make is whether control is actually necessary. Two points to remember:
- · In spite of their reputations, hornets and yellow jackets are actually beneficial because they prey on many insects that we consider to be pests. They also serve as food for bears, skunks, birds, and other insects.
- · Unlike honey bees, hornet and yellow jacket colonies die out each year.
If a hornet nest is built high in a tree, you may choose to simply wait until the colony dies out in late fall or early winter. The nest will slowly deteriorate from weather or from attack by hungry birds.
## Chemical Control
If a nest is located where people may be stung or if you (or others) are hypersensitive to bee / wasp stings, then colony destruction may be appropriate. Here are some points to consider as you decide how to approach the problem:
- · Control is best achieved by applying a pesticide directly into the nest opening. This can be done at anytime of the day, but near dusk, most of the wasps are more likely to be inside the nest. You can use any of the aerosol "Wasp & Hornet" sprays that propel insecticide in a stream about 10-12 feet. Direct the spray into the nest opening and then move away from the area in case any of the wasps emerge from the nest. You may need to be repeat the treatment on the following evening.
- · Long sleeved shirt and long pants may be worn when spraying to make the applicator feel more at ease.
If the nest is in a wall void or other inaccessible area in your home, you may consider hiring a pest control company to do the work for you. If the nest is in a wall, it may be desirable to remove it if convenient after spraying to avoid attracting carpet beetles that can invade the home and attack garments made wool, silk or fur. Yellow jacket traps (commercial or otherwise) have not shown to be of any value in reducing a yellow jacket problem. In trash disposal or recycling areas, closed containers and the use of PDB (paradichlorobenzene) blocks may help repel some insects.
## References
- · Common name: yellowjackets and hornets\_scientific name: Vespula and Dolichovespula spp.(Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae).Grissell , E.E. and T.R. Fusako. 2013 (revised). Featured Creatures, Entomology & Dermatology. FDACS/DPI, EDIS, UF|IFAS. Publication Number: EENY-81.
- · Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico . Akre, R. D., et al. 1980. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 552, 102 pp.
- · 2018 Pest Control for Professional Turgrass Managers . Bowman, D. et al. 2017. NC State Extension Publication AG-408. 81 pp.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension Center
## Author
Rick Brandenburg Extension Specialist (Peanuts & Turf) & Department Extension Leader Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Oct. 25, 2017
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/tailwater-recovery-and-farm-storage-reservoir-water-savings | Tailwater Recovery and On-Farm Storage Reservoir: Water Savings | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Austin Omer, PhD",
"Beth Baker, PhD"
] | null | [
"Environment",
"Water"
] | MS | ## Tailwater Recovery and On-Farm Storage Reservoir: Water Savings
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Environment, Water
Publication Number: P3272
View as PDF: P3272.pdf
## Why Save Water Using TWR Systems?
Row-crop irrigation is the primary use of groundwater in the Mississippi Delta region. Currently, withdrawals of water from the aquifer by irrigators is greater than the amount that is recharged (YMD, 2010). Figure 1 shows the Mississippi Delta region and magnitude of aquifer levels above mean sea level. The groundwater levels range from more groundwater (blue and light blue) to less groundwater (red and orange). Water levels in the aquifer under Sunflower and Leflore Counties are denoted with red because agricultural withdrawal is much greater than recharge. The annual groundwater deficit is estimated to be approximately 150,750 acre-feet (YMD, 2010; Barlow and Clark, 2011).
Several options are available for irrigators to reduce groundwater use. First, they can improve the efficiency of their water use, also known as "at-the-tap conservation" or "more crop per drop." They can achieve this by using technologies including soil-moisture meters, center-pivot irrigation with drop lines and improved nozzles, or furrow irrigation with pipe planner programs with variable-hole size selection and surge valves. Second, irrigators can use surface water. This can be done by installing a pump on an existing surface water source or by installing a tailwater recovery (TWR) system.
## Water Budgets
Irrigators can use surface water from TWR systems as an alternative to groundwater. Data from eight locations in the Mississippi Delta region indicate that TWR systems 1) store surface water from October through May; 2) supply irrigators with water from June through July; and 3) lose considerable water to evaporation from August through September.
## TWR System Water Budget Results
Currently installed TWR systems have the capacity to offset aquifer depletion by 23,301 acre-feet a year by providing irrigators with an alternative to groundwater. Assuming each of the current TWR systems is installed on an individual farm, 2 percent of the farms in the Mississippi Delta region would reduce the groundwater deficit by 15 percent.
## For More Information
Consult your county USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service agent for more details on conservation practices.
## References
Omer, A. R., Dyer, J., Prince Czarnecki, J. M., Kroger, R., & Allen, P. J. (2017). Development of water budget for tailwater recovery systems in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 144(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001302
Barlow, J. R., & Clark, B. R. (2011). Simulation of water-use conservation scenarios for the Mississippi Delta using an existing regional groundwater flow model. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
YMD (Yazoo Mississippi Delta Joint Water Management District). (2010). Estimated 2010 groundwater use from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer. Stoneville, MS: YMD.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
## Publication 3272 (POD-05-23)
By Austin Omer, PhD, former Extension Associate, and Beth Baker , PhD, Associate Extension Professor, Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture.
Department: Wildlife, Fisheries & Aquaculture
Print PDF
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
| SELECT A COUNTY | |
| Authors | | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/kids-healthy-numbers-to-live-by/ | Kids: Healthy Numbers To Live By | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2018-07-25 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Kids"
] | AL | LIVE WELL ALBAAMA Follow Live Well Alabama:
F
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda nondiscrimination-statement)
(?post\_type=aces\_content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true)
Cookie Notice |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/catawba-county | Catawba County Forestry Impacts | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"James Jeuck",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel",
"Corey Sugerik"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Extension Publications"
] | NC | ## Catawba County Forestry Impacts 2012
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2014
Authors
James Jeuck
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
Corey Sugerik
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=catawbacounty#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/blackleg-and-other-clostridial-diseases-in-cattle/ | Blackleg and Other Clostridial Diseases in Cattle | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Soren P. Rodning",
"W. F. Owsley",
"Misty A. Edmondson",
"Julie A. Gard",
"Andrew S. Lovelady"
] | 2018-09-05 | [
"Beef",
"Livestock",
"Animal Health"
] | AL | ## Blackleg and Other Clostridial Diseases in Cattle
## What is blackleg?
Blackleg has been recognized as a livestock disease since before medieval times, and today we often use the term loosely to describe several diseases caused by organisms in the Clostridium class of bacteria. However, there are more than 60 different types of Clostridium bacteria, and not all cause disease.
What we commonly call blackleg is a highly fatal infection caused by Clostridium chauvoi , resulting in a gas gangenzyme the muscle of young cattle, usually occurring between 4 months and 2 years of age. Blackleg seldom affects cattle older than 2 years of age, most likely due to immunity induced by vaccines or natural exposure. However, sporadic cases do occur in cattle older than 2 years and are often associated with the reuse of needles for multiple injections. Blackleg can also be a problem in cattle less than 4 months old that do not receive adequate passive immunity through colostrum. Some of the other clostridial diseases are not as restricted to younger animals as is seen with blackleg.
## What are other clostridial diseases?
Some diseases caused by other clostridial bacteria include lockjaw (tetanus), botulism, enterotoxemia, red water (bacillary hemoglobinuria), and malignant edema. The type of disease depends on the particular type of Clostridium and the type and location of stock photo@ Notice
In a ccase of tetanus caused by Clostridium tetanii , the toxins from bacteria growing in contaminated wounds cause uncontrollable wmscspaswm .unbehud/administration/oaeprivacy.php?id=clostrimuinilum , the ingestion of oxnills in contaminated food or water causes paralysis, a profound weakness, and
death. In enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens , the organisms in a young animal's gut overgrow the normal microflora and form toxins that cause severe poisoning and death. In the case of red water, the spores of Clostridium hemolyticum grow in the animal's liver, usually in areas damaged by liver fluke parasites. These spores sometimes cause the animal to pass dark red urine and may cause severe sickness and death. With malignant edema, caused by a number of different clostridial bacteria, muscle or skin is infected with bacteria, toxins are produced, and death can result. Malignant edema is very similar to blackleg in that it results in gas production in the muscle, followed by severe swelling in body tissues.
How are clostridial bacteria transmitted?
Clostridial bacteria are found in the soil virtually everywhere that livestock have been kept. In the presence of oxygen, the bacteria form spores that allow them to resist environmental changes and survive in the soil in a dormant state for years.
Animals are infected by ingesting feed or pasture contaminated with clostridial spores.
Certain environmental conditions can aid transmission of clostridial bacteria. Animals that die from blackleg or other clostridial diseases can seed the environment with clostridial spores; therefore, these animal carcasses should be burned or buried deep in pits. Blackleg and clostridial disease outbreaks are often associated with land excavation or flooding that causes large amounts of spores to resurface.
## What are the signs of blackleg in a calf?
The exact disease process of blackleg is not completely understood, but it often occurs in calves growing rapidly on a high plane of nutrition. Once ingested, the bacterium sometimes passes through the intestinal wall, entheteodok bloodstream, and be deposited in muscles or other tissus. Under certain conditions, the bacteria proliferate rapidly, producing toxins that cause muscle death and eventually death of the animal. Blackleg often occurs with no history of open wounds, although bruising or excessive activity precipitate cases due to the resulting muscle damage. The muscle damage creates an environment that is devoid of oxygen and conducive
"A calf with blackleg will often be depressed and have swelling of a muscle or group of muscles. The skin will sometimes be discolored and may "crackle" when it is touched. If the muscle is cut into, it will contain dark areas, hence the name blackleg.
The cut tissue will often contain a foul-smelling liquid and gas, which is formed by the clostridial bacteria in the muscles. Sometimes the animal will appear lame on the affected leg before any other sign is noticed. The infection can occur in areas other than leg muscle, such as in the tongue, diaphragm, udger, or brisket. Because the disease develops over a short period of time (12 to 48 hours), calves with blackleg are often found dead without any prior signs of trouble.
## How can you tell that blackleg is the cause of disease?
If an animal dies suddenly, your veterinarian should conduct a necropsy to attempt to determine the cause. With blackleg, an on-farm necropsy may often be enough to establish a diagnosis. However, this is not always true, and a more complete necropsy is sometimes necessary. Muscles such as the tongue and diaphragm may be the site of the infection, and unless a thorough necropsy exam is conducted, these muscles may be overlooked. Laboratory work such as microscopic examination of organs, at a veterinary diagnostic lab, may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of clostridial disease. A veterinarian is not readily available to conduct a necropsy, submit the animal directly to one of the four Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories located in Auburn, Boaz, Elba, or Hanceville:
- · Auburn 3344-4498
- · Boaz 256-593-2995
- · Elba 334-897-6340
- · Hanceville 256-352-8036
## Can blackleg be treated?
Some calves may recover if treated very early in the course of blackleg with appropriate doses of an antibiotic, such as penicillin. However, since blackleg develop so rapidly, most affected animals are not able to be treated at all, and those that do receive treatment are often too debilitating to recover, so treatment is rarely successful. The best approach by far is to ensure that cattle are vaccinated against blackleg and the other major clostridial diseases that occur in a particular area.
## How can you prevent blackleg from becoming a problem in your herd?
It is not possible to prevent clostridial bacteria from being present in the soil; but it is possible to vacinate animals to prevent the occurrence of the disease. Clostridal vaccines are very effective if given to young, healthy animals in time for them to increase their immunity following challenge by the Cookie Notice
disease. Read and follow the instructions on the label of the vaccine to be sure that you store the vaccine properly and that you administer it to the correct animals at the correct time and in the correct manner. Because all blackleg vaccines are killed, or inactivated, it is critical that animals receive the initial primary and booster vaccination according to label directions. A single blackleg vaccination will not provide adequate protection. If blackleg has been a problem on a farm, a veterinarian may recommend vaccinations of newborn calves, but this is typically not necessary on most farms.
Up until 3 to 4 months of age, calves are protected if they absorbed adequate colostrum from their dams within a few hours after birth. However, when they are 3 to 4 months old, they become susceptible to the disease, so all calves should be vaccinated for blackleg by 4 months of age. Arveacinuation 3 to 6 weeks later according to product label directions is necessary to provide the best protection. Delaying vaccination until a calf is older can be inviting disaster, and even if a newborn calf was vaccinated for blackleg, it will need to be revacinaded at 3 to 4 months of age.
In the southeastern United States, all calves should be vaccinated against Clostridium chauveoi, Clostridium septicum , Clostridium novyi , Clostridium sordellii , and Clostridium perfringens types C and D, which are the seven organisms found in 7-way blackleg vaccines. Whichever blackleg vaccine you use, make sure that you check the label to be sure that it protects against at least these types of clostridial organisms. Do not rely only on a trade name, but check the label to be sure that you are getting the protection that is necessary. Some 8-way vaccines may also contain Clostridium hemolyticum , which is recommended in areas where liver flukes are prevalent.
Intramuscular injection of clostridial vaccines causes significant muscle damage and, therefore, clostridial vaccines must be injected under the skin (subcutaneously or SQ) in the neck area. This will prevent injection-site damage to high-value cuts of meat. Good injection practices will prevent most injection- site damage. Even a negative reaction to an SQ vaccination will not harm underlying muscle. However, subcutaneous knots resulting from the injection of clostridial vaccines are an indication of either a negative vaccine reaction or improper injection techniques, neither of which is normal.
Consult your veterinarian for advice on all vaccinations and treatments in your herd.
Soren P. Rodning, Extension Veterinarian, Assistant Professor, and W.F. Owsley, Extension Animal Scientist, Associate Professor, both in Animal Sciences at Auburn University; and Misty A. Edmondson, Veterinarian, Assistant Professor, Julie A. Gard, Veterinarian, Associate Professor; and Andrew S. Lovelady, Veterinarian, all in Clinical Sciences at Auburn University
Reviewed October 2021, Blackleg and Other Clostridial Diseases in Cattle, ANR-0888
## Download this article as a PDF
□ (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0888\_REV .3.pdf) Blackleg and Other Clostridial Diseases in Cattle. ANR-0888 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0888\_REV\_\_3.pdf) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/green-apple-aphid-spirea-aphid | Green Apple Aphid / Spirea Aphid | NC State Extension | [
"Jim Walgenbach"
] | null | [
"Pest Management",
"Entomology",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Green Apple Aphid / Spirea Aphid
Green apple aphid ( Apphis pomi ; GAA) and spirea aphid ( Apphis spireola ; SPA) are both widely distributed species that look and behave similarly, and management for both species is the same. GAA and SPA infest young trees, water sprouts, and vigorous terminals on apple, pear, quince, and hawthorn in the spring and early summer. Unlike rosy apple aphids, which spend part of their life cycle on plantain, GAA and SPA remain on apple year-round. Wingless aphids have green bodies, pale brown heads, and are about 1/12 inch (2mm) long. Wings, when present, are transparent, and eggs are glossy black.
Attribution: J. F. Walgenbach file
Apids on apple leaf.
Attribution: Steve Schoof, NCSU
## Life history
GAA and SPA overwinter as eggs on the rough areas (leaf and pruning scars, terminals, and spurs) of the bark of the previous season's growth. Around silver tip, eggs begin to hatch with early spring nymphs, which are all females and are called "stem mothers." As stem mothers mature, they feed on new buds and leaves before giving birth to live nymphs. This occurs without mating as part of a
process called parthenogenesis. The new nymphs feed, mature, and produce another generation of live nymphs. Eventually, winged aphids ("alates") appear, and for the duration of the summer the population consists of both winged and wingless parthenogenetic females producing live nymphs. Finally the winged aphids disperse to different apple trees or other host plants and produce nymphs that develop into true sexual forms. After mating with males, females lay overwintering eggs that hatch the following spring.
Aphid giving birth.
Attribution: J. F. Walgenbach file
## Damage
Apids suck sap out of leaves, particularly near the newest part of the tips. Developing foliage may become curled and discolored by heavy feeding, and younger or weaker trees may experience a reduction in growth. A more extensive problem results when honeydew collects below leaves with high aphid populations, leading to a sooty-mold fungal infection that can cause discolored, lowquality fruit. Aphids may also feed directly on immature apples, which causes stunted growth and deformation, and on mature apples, which causes russeting.
Attribution: Steve Schoof, NCSU
## Monitoring and Control
GAA and SPA are very common in North Carolina. High GAA/SPA populations do not usually affect fruit quality or yield on mature trees, but stricter control may be necessary on young trees. To prevent populations from reaching damaging levels, sample 10 new shoots (water sprouts) from each of 10 sample trees beginning at the first cover spray and continuing through the middle of July. When at least half the terminals are found to be infested with one or more wingless aphids, implement control measures. Lady beetles, syrphid flies, and lacewing larvae ("aphid lions") are all important beneficial insects that help keep aphid populations below damaging levels.
See the "Pest and Orchard Management Program" section of the Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast for the most current control guidelines. |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SC100 | Effects of Harvest Method on Microclimate in Florida Sugarcane | University of Florida | [
"Hardev Sandhu",
"Maninder Singh",
"Robert Gilbert",
"Kelly Morgan",
"Ronald Rice",
"Leslie Baucum",
"James Shine Jr.",
"Mike Irey"
] | 2018-07-05 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Effects of Harvest Method on Microclimate in Florida Sugarcane
Hardev Sandhu, Maninder Singh, Robert Gilbert, Kelly Morgan, Ronald Rice, Leslie Bucum, James Shine Jr., and Mike Irey
The production systems for sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) include either green cane or burnt cane harvesting operations. In burnt cane harvesting, sugarcane fields are set on fire in order to burn off leafy material before harvesting in order to reduce transportation costs to the mill, improve harvesting efficiencies, and enhance sugar recoveries at the mill. In green cane harvesting, sugarcane is harvested without burning, and a thick leafy residue (commonly called "trash blanket" or trash) remains on the soil surface.
Sugarcane trash blanket has both negative and positive effects on the emergence and growth of the next sugarcane crop (i.e., ration crop). Common negative effects are lower soil temperatures (Oliveira et al. 2001) that delay regrowth onto cane and put young regrowth at risk during subsurface events. Trash blanket also interferes with tillage operations and fertilizer applications. In contrast, positive effects of mulch made from burned unbrushed tain include increased soil cost (Samuels and Lopes 1952), and conserved soil water (Balloccio et al. 1993).
Sugarcane in Florida is typically harvested with burnt cane mechanical harvesting. Nonetheless, there is a growing interest to better understand the effects of trash blanket on microclimate conditions for sugarcane growing on both mixed organic (soil oak with >80% organic matter) and sand (mineral soil) with
## Trash (Harvest Residue)
The amount of trash declined during the multi-year crop cycle, whereby plant had the greatest trash followed by progressively less trash for the first ratoon and second ratoon crops (Fig. 1). As expected, green cane harvesting produced much more trash than burnt cane harvesting. The average amount of green cane trash on muck soil (7.7 tons/acre) was comparatively greater than sand (7.2 Tarc, which is attributed to higher sugarcane yields on muck soils. Burning prior to harvest did not completely remove all leafy material and still left some trash on the ground.
## Soil Temperature during Pre-Harvest Burning
Increases in soil temperature during pre-harvest burning was different in muck soil than sand, and also varied with soil depth. Increase in soil temperature during burning was higher in shallow (3¼ inch) than deep (4 inch) soil (Fig. 2). Also, the increase in soil temperature during burning was higher in sand (10F-14°F) than in muck soils (5FT-8°F) at 3¼ inch soil depth. At 4-inch soil depth, soil temperatures increased by less than 3°F in muck and by 3°F-7°F in sand soil. This increase indicates that pre-harvest burning of sugarcane may have greater effect on soil microorganisms near the soil surface in sand than in muck soils.
Figure 2. Mean soil temperatures during burning in burnt cane harvested plots, and comparison with concurrently recorded soil temperatures in green cane harvested plots, at 3.4-inch and 4 inches of soil depth in mucus and brown burnt cane. Time after burning (hours)
Figure 3. Temperature changes between green cane and burnt cane harvesting systems is important when assessing microclimate effects on sugarcane regrowth. Air temperatures were recorded at 4 inches above the soil surface to determine if trash had an effect on young emerging sugarcane plant canopies during freezing or near-freezing temperatures. For cold nights where air temperatures were greater than near or below freezing, minimum air temperatures were lower in green cane than in burnt cane plots. Across these different chilly nightings, the green cane harvest plots recorded average air temperatures that were colder by 2.2°F in mck and by 2.8°F in sand. These consistent observations indicate that the presence of thick trash blanket with green cane harvest results in colder (and potentially frost-damaging) air temperatures surrounding young sugarcane canopies. Further research needs to be done to determine the effects of different depths of trash layer (created by partially removing the trash) on air temperature near the plant canopy.
Air Temperature
## Air Temperature
Understanding air temperature differences between green cane and burnt cane harvesting systems is important when assessing microclimate effects on sugarcane regrowth. Air temperatures were recorded at 4 inches above the soil surface to determine if trash had an effect on young emerging sugarcane plant canopies during freezing or near-freezing temperatures. For cold nights where air temperatures were greater than near or below freezing, minimum air temperatures were lower in green cane than in burnt cane plots. Across these different chilly nightings, the green cane harvest plots recorded average air temperatures that were colder by 2.2°F in mck and by 2.8°F in sand. These consistent observations indicate that the presence of thick trash blanket with green cane harvest results in colder (and potentially frost-damaging) air temperatures surrounding young sugarcane canopies. Further research needs to be done to determine the effects of different depths of trash layer (created by partially removing the trash) on air temperature near the plant canopy.
Lengths of freeze events ranged from as short as one hour as long as 12 hours. Air temperatures are grown in green and burnt cane were similar when ambient temperatures were above 40°F, but divergent as ambient temperatures dropped below 35°F. This pattern was consistent across multiple freeze events and soil types, suggesting that the effect of trash on canopy air temperatures is noticeable only when ambient air temperatures are close to freezing (i.e., less than 35°F).
## Durian Soil Temperature
During early-season growth (April), there was greater diurnal (24-hour) variation in soil temperature (6-inch depth) in both soil types (muck, Fig 3a; sand, Fig. 3c) for burnt cane harvesting. In April, maximum daily soil temperatures were considerably lower in green cane harvest than in burnt cane. However, minimum daily soil temperature differences between green cane and burnt cane treatments were small. These diurnal temperature trends were still evident during the late-growth season (August), but differences between burnt and green cane treatments for diurnal maximum and minimum soil temperatures were appreciably reduced. The insulating effects of crop residues observed during early-season growth in green cane harvest plots were later minimized during late-season growth because of trash decomposition and shading of soil surface by the larger sugarcane crop canopy.
In summary, the soil temperature increases that occurred with burning were higher in sand soil than in muck, and this effect dampened with soil depth. Transient (short-lived) soil temperature increases that occurred during the field burning events were smaller than the naturally occurring diurnal soil temperature swings that occurred throughout the growing season. This observation indicates that burn events likely have minimal impacts on soil microflora and microfauna. Young shoots emerging through the green cane harvest trash blanket during winter months will encounter colder air temperatures. This consistent microclimate effect will either delay growth or, in some cases, lead to frost damage, which translates to a loss in seasonal yield potential. Crop canopy damage by frost is more likely to occur with green cane harvest than with traditional burnt cane harvest. Therefore, switching from traditional burnt cane harvest to green cane may have trade-off value for the growers. In the long term, green cane harvest may add organic matter in the soil (important in sand) and reduce soil loss (important in muck). However, there may be some short-term yield losses through delayed growth and forest damage in young plants. The proper management of the
excessive trash may reduce the negative effects of trash blanket on sugarcane growth and yield. The ongoing research on trash management includes the evaluation of trash incorporation into the soil through disking, through rakings of trash from the row and leaving it in the inter-row space, and through partial removing of trash from the field.
## References
BallCoelho, B., H. Tissen, J. W. B. Stewart, I. H. Salcedo, and E. V. S. B. Sampaio. 1993. "Residue management effects on sugarcane yield and soil properties in Northeastern Brazil." Agron. J. 85 : 1004 -1005 .
- Oliveira, J. M. C., L. M. T. Timminga, T. T. Dominga, A. F. Camassaro, K. Reichardt, O. O. S. Bacchi, D. Dourado-Neto, and G. M. de S. Camara. 2001. "Soil temperature in a sugar-cane crop as a function of the management system." Plant Soil. 230 : 61 -66.
Samuels, G., and M. A. Lopes. 1952. "Influence of handling sugar cane trash on yields and properties." Soil Sci. 74 : 207 -215.
- Sandhu, H. S., R. A. Gilbert, G. Kingston, J. F. Subiroas, K. Morgan, R. W. Rice, L. Baucum, J. M. Shine, Jr., and L. Davis. 2013. "Effects of sugarcane harvest method on microclimate in Florida and Costa Rica." AgroForest. Meteorol. 177 : 101 -109.
Publication #SSAGR-385
Release Date:
July, 6, 2018
Reviewed At:
January 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32374/edis-sec100-2015
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Hardev Sandhu
About this Publication
This document is SSAGR-385, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date April 2015. Revised July 2018. Visit the EDIS website at https://dis.ais.ufi.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Hardev Sandhu, assistant professor, UF/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, FL; Maninder Singh, former assistant scientist, UF/IFAS Everglades REC, Belle Glade, FL; Robert Gilbert, Professor, Agronomy Department; Kelly Morgan, associate professor, UF/IFAS Southwest Florida REC, Immokalee, FL; Ronald Rice, Extension director, UF/IFAS Extension Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach, FL; Leslie Baucum, UF/IFAS Extension specialist, UF/IFAS Extension Hendry County, La Belle, FL; James Shine Jr., Vice President--Agriculture Division, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, FL; and Mike Irey, Director of Ag Research and Development, US Sugar Corp., Clewiston, FL; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Agronomy
Everglades REC |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/hidden-salt-high-sodium-foods | NA | NA | [] | null | [] | MS | Home
» Publications »
Information Sheets
» Hidden Salt: High Sodium
in Foods
## Hidden Salt: High Sodium in Foods
INFORMATION SHEETS
Filed Under: Food and Health
Publication Number: IS1686
View as PDF: IS1686.pdf
One of the first steps to controlling high blood pressure is to reduce the extra sodium in your diet. Two grams (2,000 mg/milliongrams; 2 g) or less each day is the usual recommendation for people who have high blood pressure.
Regularly eating high-sodium foods will often cause you to consume more than 2,000 mg per day, even if you don't add extra salt. Use this list of common foods and products to see if too much sodium might be part of your high blood pressure problem. If so, ask a registered dietitian or your Extension agent to help you learn more about reading food labels and making substitutions for high - sodium foods.
## Foods High in Sodium
- Table salt(1 teaspoon provides about 2,000 mg of sodium)
- Seasonings that contain salt (examples: celery salt, garlic salt, onion salt, season-all, "lite salt")
- Sauerkraft or other vegetables prepared in brine (pickled)
- Regular canned soups
- Breads and rolls with salted toppings
- Potato chips, corn chips, pretzels, saltines, salty crackers, salted popcorn
- Salty or smoked meats (examples: bacon, bologna, chipped or corned beef, frankfurters, ham, meats koshered by salting, luncheon meats, salt pork, sausage, smoked tongue, canned or pickled meats)
- Salty or smoked fish (examples: anchovies, caviar, salted and dried cod, herring, sardines)
- Processed cheese, cheeses spreads, or high-sodium cheeses like Roquefort, Camembert, Gorgonzola, and Parmesan
- Salted nuts, olives, bacon, bacon fat
- Regular peanut butter
- Bouillon, ketchup, chili sauces, meat extracts, meat sauces, meat tenderers, monosodium glutamate, prepared mustard, relishes, soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce
- Antacids containing sodium (example: Alka-Seltzer)
- Toothpastes containing baking soda
- Fast foods and prepaged foods
- Canned or frozen entrees (many times they lower the fat and increase the salt)
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
Distributed in Mississippi by David Buys, PhD, MSPH, CPH, Assistant Professor and State Health Specialist, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion.
Copyright 2020 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Department: Food Science,Nutrition and Health Promotion
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Related News | |
| FEBRUARY 7, 2025 Lack of sleep impacts productivity, driving | |
| FEBRUARY 4, 2025 Summer scholars program recruits for medicine, science | |
| JANUARY 15, 2025 Extension instructor receives Nutritionist of the Year award | |
| JANUARY 3, 2025 Heed safety precautions when using heaters | |
| DECEMBER 9, 2024 Safety practices prevent spread of H5N1 | |
| related Publications | related Publications |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4046 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Pears | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4046 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Pears |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4045 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Peaches | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4045 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Peaches |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4044 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Kiwi | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4044 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Kiwi |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4047 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4047 |
HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Oranges
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4040 | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Apricots | |
| Recent Issues | |
| BUC'S EYE VIEW | |
| Spinybacked Orbweaver, Vol. 4, No. 31 | |
| BUC'S EYE VIEW | |
| Southern Devil Scorpion, Vol. 4, No. 30 | |
| BUC'S EYE VIEW | |
| Bug's Eye View, Chironomid Midge, Vol. 4, No. 18 | |
| MISSISSIPPI MARKETMAKER | |
| Vol. 5, Issue 14 - Looking for Locally-Grown Turkeys for Thanksgiving? | | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/tobacco-copper-deficiency | Tobacco - Copper (Cu) Deficiency | NC State Extension | [
"Matthew Vann",
"Josh Henry",
"Paul Cockson",
"Brian Whipker"
] | null | [
"Tobacco",
"Agriculture",
"Nutrient Deficiency"
] | NC | ## Tobacco - Copper (Cu) Deficiency
Tobacco Nutrient Information
## Problem
Nutritional disorder - copper (Cu) deficiency.
## Symptoms
Copper (Cu) deficiency is extremely rare, consequently it is not normally seen in field conditions. To help with the diagnosis and treatment of copper deficiency, we induced copper stress under controlled greenhouse studies.
In NC State University trials, symptoms first developed in the middle part of the plant. The middle region of the leaf developed brown veins, which quickly turned black (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4). The tissue surrounding the veins became chlorotic. Symptoms progress up the plant to the younger leaves.
(Descriptions based on the book, Hunger Signs of Crops, 3 rd Edition, edited by H.B. Sprague.) Under controlled greenhouse conditions, tobacco plants are stunted when Cu is limited. The upper foliage of the plant may also have a wilted appearance. The upper part of the plant lacks rigidity and when flowering the stalk will bend over. In ornamental tobacco (Nicotiana alata), the initial symptoms were an overall yellowing of the foliage in conjunction with overall dwarfing. Advanced symptoms can be seen in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
EXTENSION
Attribution: ©2017 Forensic Floriculture
## Similar Problems
None reported.
## Additional Information
Copper is required is very low concentrations, so deficiencies under field conditions is unlikely. If you suspect a copper deficiency, take a sample for analysis.
## Diagnostic Tips
The sufficiency range for copper is between 5 and 10 ppm for burley tobacco. A slight refinement of the range is available for flue cured tobacco, with 5 to 10 ppm copper being recommended from planting until maturity, and a lower range of 4 to 10 ppm recommended at harvest for the middle leaves or 3 to 10 ppm for the lower leaves.
## Corrective Measures
Provide copper with your fertilization program.
## Management
Provide copper with your fertilization program.
## Useful Resources
Elu-Cured Tobacco Guide
Tobacco Growers Information portal
## Funding Source
Funding was provided in part by the North Carolina Tobacco Foundation.
## Project Team
Josh Henry (NC State M.S. student in Horticultural Science), Paul Cockson (NC State B.S. student in Agroecology), Ingram McCall (Research Technician in Horticultural Science), Rhonda Conlon (Extension IT at NC State), Matthew Vann (Tobacco Extension Specialist, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences), and Brian Whiper (Professor of Floriculture and Plant Nutrition in Horticultural Science).
## Authors
Matthew Vann
Assistant Professor & Tobacco Extension Specialist Crop and Soil Sciences
Josh Henry
Graduate Student Horticultural Science
Paul Cockson
Undergraduate Researcher Horticultural Science
Brian Whipper
Professor: Commercial Floriculture Production Horticultural Science
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2017
NC Cooperative Extension prohíbe la discriminación por raza, color, nacionalidad, edad, sexo (incluyendo el embarazo), discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual, identidad de género, información genética, afliciación política, y estatus de veteran.
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/wheel-bug-1 | Wheel Bug | NC State Extension | [
"Steven Frank",
"James Baker",
"Stephen Bambara"
] | null | [
"Tree Pest",
"Shrub Pest",
"Insect Pest",
"Ornamental Pest",
"Wheel Bug"
] | NC | ## Wheel Bug
Entomology Insect Notes
## General Information
Wheel bugs are large (up to 1% inches), brown to gray bugs with a dark, shining area of the wings over the rear of the body. Antennae are thin and rusty brown. A conspicuous raised half "cogwheel" on the thorax distinguishes this bug from all others. Adults are striking red when they first molt, but soon take on the cryptic gray coloration. The eggs are dark brown and about 1% inch long with a tan rim around the top. The top has a dark brown center. The egg is bottle shaped and is glued down in a mass of 42 to 182 eggs in an irregular, raised patch. Young bug nymphs are bright red with black markings, whereas older nymphs are colored like adults. Nymphs grow from about 1% to 1 inch.
## Biology
Wheel bugs occur throughout North Carolina. They feed voraciously on caterpillars, such as the fall webworm and imported cabbageworm. Wheel bugs have been reported to feed on locust borer adults on goldenrod, Japanese beetles, eleven-spotted cucumber beetles, leafmining beetle larvae inside the leaf and other insects. Female wheel bugs sometimes kill and feed on male wheel bugs after mating. Wheel bug nymphs feed on aphids and other small insects.
Wheel bugs feed by piercing the host and injecting a potent saliva into the prey. The saliva contains enzymes that quickly subdue the prey and then digest the tissues inside. The wheel bug then sucks this digested liquid from the prey as it shrivels up. If handled carelessly, wheel bugs may inflict a painful bite on people. Such a bite has been described as "much more powerful than a hornet or wasp sting". Injury from a wheel bug bite takes about 10 days to heal and leaves a small scar.
Female wheel bugs lay masses of 42 to 182 eggs by gluing them to bark or some object. Wheel bugs overwinter as eggs. Tiny wheel bug nymphs hatch in April and May and begin to feed on aphids and other small insects. As nymphs develop through five instars (stages), they become larger and thus capable of attacking larger prey. Adult wheel bugs can feed on large hornworm caterpillars. We have one generation per year. Wheel bugs are not extremely abundant because, when prey is scarce, wheel bugs feed on other wheel bugs, and female wheel bugs commonly feed on male wheel bugs after mating. Because of their large size and bizarre half "cogwheel" on the thorax, wheel bugs are often noticed by the public. Fortunately most amateur collectors are sufficiently impressed by the ferocious appearance of wheel bugs to avoid being bitten.
## Control
Because wheel bugs prey upon plant pests and because wheel bug numbers are usually low, chemical control of wheel bugs is not warranted. Direct handling of wheel bugs should be avoided as they can inflict a painful bite. If these bugs are a nuisance, they can be safely dislodged with a stick, brush or some other object, trampled underfoot, or relocated.
## Other Resources
- · Common name: wheel bug, scientific name: Arilus cristatus (Linnaeus).(Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduvidae). Mead, F. W. 1999 (revised 2014). Featured Creatures. Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS.
- · Studies on biology of the Reduvidae of America north of Mexico. Readio, PA. 1927. University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 17, 291 pp.
- · The Wheel Bug. Bessin, R. 2003. Entomology, University of Kentucky ENTfact 426.
- · NC State Extension Plant Pathology. Publications
- · NC State Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center.
## Authors
Steven Frank
Professor and Extension Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology & Plant Pathology
Stephen Bambara
Retired Extension Specialist (Home Ornamentals/Turf) Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: May 1, 1997
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 18, 2019
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2024/10/03/uf-researchers-use-ai-lasers-to-pioneer-precision-spraying-to-combat-mosquitoes/ | UF researchers use AI, lasers to pioneer precision spraying to combat mosquitoes | University of Florida | [
"Meredith Bauer"
] | 2024-10-03 | [
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Research"
] | FL | ## UF researchers use Al, lasers to pioneer precision spraying to combat mosquitoes
Researchers from the UF/IFAS Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory (FMEL) and the Florida Museum of Natural History are working to revolutionize mosquito control by using artificial intelligence to improve the precision of mosquito control. Their research aims to make it easier to apply larvicide effectively but in targeted areas, meaning less larvicide gets used where it isn't needed, benefitting mosquito control programs through costsavings and environmental protection.
Assistant Professor Lindsay Campbell of FMEL and Professor Robert Guralnick, the Curator of Biodiversity Informatics at the Florida Museum of Natural History, are researching the development of precision larvicide applications, using AI and advanced geospatial technologies such as LiDAR as a new tool to help target mosquitob breeding areas with more accuracy than current methods, Campbell said.
"Precision larvicide application is about combining knowledge from mosquito control programs about high-producing larval habitats with geospatial technologies and AI to pinpoint areas where larvicides can be applied more effectively," Campbell said. "By doing so, we can help reduce costs for mosquito control programs, slow the development of insecticide resistance and minimize environmental impact."
The project uses AI to model mosquito larval distributions and predict optimal locations for larvicide applications.
'Recent advances in AI allow us to create models that are adept at filtering out noise and outliers, making them highly effective in predicting mosquito habitats,' Guralnick said. "These models can reveal complex relationships between preferred larval habitat and environmental factors that were previously difficult to detect.'
A key part of the research involves inputting hydrological data derived from LiDAR into the AI models to get detailed insights into how water collects on Florida's coasts. The goal of using this information in the model is to predict with high accuracy where mosquito breeding sites are located.
Their plan is to create a dashboard for mosquito control programs to be able to access detailed hydrological data in their areas and to use model outputs as a tool to help plan their future mosquito control applications, she said. A $55,000 grant from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) is supporting the creation of the dashboard to make the valuable data accessible.
"Our goal is to provide an accessible tool that improves decisionmaking for mosquito control," Campbell said. "By predicting areas with higher larval production, mosquito control programs can use this information to apply larvicides more strategically, which will help to protect sensitive environments like mangroves while reducing costs to programs."
Guralnick said the project is not only about saving mosquito control districts tax-payer funding, but it's about protecting Florida's essential environmental resources.
'This research not only helps us make better decisions about where to apply larvicides but also protects the vital ecosystem functions of our coastal areas,' he said. 'It's about giving state officials and control programs the tools they need to do their jobs effectively while safeguarding the environment.'
This interdisciplinary collaboration between UF/IFAS and the Florida Museum underscores the importance of combining expertise from various fields to advance scientific research and address pressing public health challenges, like mosquito control.
```
###
```
## ABOUT UF/IFAS
The mission of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) is to develop knowledge relevant to agricultural, human and natural resources and to make that knowledge available to sustain and enhance the quality of human
life. With more than a dozen research facilities, 67 county Extension offices, and award-winning students and faculty in the UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, UF/IFAS brings science-based solutions to the state's agricultural and natural resources industries, and all Florida residents.
## ifas.ufl.edu | @UF IFAS
O by Meredith Bauer Posted: October 3, 2024
Category: UE/IFAS, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Research
## More From Blogs.IFAS
From a small town in China, engineer helps lead UF/IFAS AI programs to new heights |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/natural-capital-exchanges-former-forest-carbon-credit-programs-mississippi | Natural Capital Exchange's Former Forest Carbon Credit Programs in Mississippi | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Curtis L. VanderSchaaf",
"Dr. Donald Grebner",
"Dr. Brady Self"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Carbon Credits",
"Environmental Policy"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications »
Natural Capital Exchange's Former Forest Carbon Credit Programs in Mississippi
## Natural Capital Exchange's Former Forest Carbon Credit Programs in Mississippi
| PUBLICATIONS | |
|---------------------------|----|
| Publication Number: P3738 | |
## Preface
Operating as a voluntary market where neither the buyers nor the sellers had to participate, Natural Capital Exchange (NCX), was a different type of forest carbon program. The program directly catered to smaller scale private forest landowners such as family forest landowners (FFL) by allowing them to sell carbon offsets based on 1-year harvest deferrals, or harvest deferral credits (HDC), and with no fees to participate. Beyond that, NCX was highly advantageous to FFLs because of annual contract commitments and because minimum acreages to participate in the market were around 5 to 20 acres depending on forest type and site productivity levels-a landowner needed at least 5 HDCs to participate. These required minimum acreage were low compared to many other programs. Thus, NCX was attractive and applied to many FELs in the southeastern United States.
Unfortunately, like the defunct Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), NCX was not able to continue its 1 year HDC carbon project. Essentially, throughout the entire HDC program when landowners could enroll (Spring 2021 to Fall 2022), there was talk about whether the 1-year HDC project, based on the tonne-year accounting concept, was truly additional and whether it would be registered and verified as such.
Nonprofit organization Verra was essentially tasked with determining the validity of NCX's 1-year HDC project. In carbon credit terminology, Verra is a registry. The role of registries is to provide a set of standards for carbon projects, including carbon measurement and methodology and the review and regulation of the project to ensure it is certified. Unfortunately, on June 22, 2022, Verra stated:
V erra will not move forward with incorporating tonne-year accounting into the VCS [Verified Carbon Standard] Program at this time. Verra reserves the right to revisit this decision in the future, after another consultation on this subject that considers feedback received during the most recent consultation (February-April 2022).
As a result, in November 2022, NCX announced that they had reduced their workforce by 40 percent and that they were not offering any 1-year HDC program cycles in the near future.
This publication focuses solely on NCX as it was previously a very viable voluntary carbon program available to small Mississippi landowners. Additional information on subsequent programs will be shared as they become available.
The future of NCX and their particular tonne-year accounting methodology is not entirely closed for discussion, but for the foreseeable future, this 1-year HDC carbon program will no longer be offered. Nonetheless, due to the popularity of the carbon program, this Extension publication, originally written near the beginning of NCX and its HDC program's popularity, provides a reference to those interested in the protocols of this program.
## Seeking to Mitigate Forest Carbon Emissions
Forests are useful in mitigating global temperature increases because they sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transform it into biomass through the photosynthetic process. This sequestration counteracts the warming effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that, through the "greenhouse effect," can negatively impact living creatures in water and on land.
This is a public benefit provided by private forest landowners, but, in the U.S., there are no federal incentives (payment programs) to encourage forest carbon sequestration by forest landowners. However, there are several state and regional programs designed to mitigate carbon emissions, such as the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Qualifying for enrollment as of 2021 is difficult, so opportunities for forest owners to engage in these programs is limited. Eligibility requires a relatively large timberland base where qualifying management actions (afforestation, conservation, and limiting harvesting operations over specified periods and forests) are actively practiced.
Besides regulated markets, there are also voluntary carbon markets that seek to offset emissions. In a voluntary market, consumers (individuals, companies, or governments) who are not required to offset their carbon emissions buy carbon offsets to counteract carbon dioxide released by their activities. Programs like Finite Carbon, Blue Source, and Working Woodslands (The Nature Conservancy) focus on landowners who own more than 2,000 acres. However, there are other programs that focus on smaller forests. These include but are not limited to Finite Carbon's Core Carbon Program, Cold Hollow Carbon Project, Green Trees Carbon Program (afforestation only), and Forest Carbon Works.
Every program has unique features, and, depending on your objectives, another program may be more appropriate. Before signing up for any carbon program, be sure you evaluate the program to ensure that it lines up with your management goals and land ethic. It is also recommended that you consult with forestry and legal professionals to discuss the far-reaching forest-management implications of these programs.
While the previously mentioned programs require longer time commitments from forest landowners (generally 20 years or more), NCX offered essentially a 1-year rental that could be renewed for successive years. This was attractive to some forest owners due to the limited time required to fulfill a contract.
## NCX Enrollment
NCX had a straightforward process for enrollment. You or a consultant working on your behalf could sign up at https://landowners.ncx.com/sign-up . Then, you could use NCX's mapping system to submit information about your property. This included shape files that illustrate the applicant's property on the map. Hand-drawn or hard-copy maps were also accepted, but this caused delays in the application process.
## How Did It Work?
NCX remotely assessed the tract's "harvest risk"-the possibility of harvest. If the property's timber was not a likely candidate for harvesting, it did not qualify. Consider a 4-year-old pine stand. Since there was no danger of harvesting non-merchantable timber, this property would have been deemed ineligible. The more volume in a stand and the higher the "risk of harvest," the more eligible carbon you had on the stand.
NCX conducted these calculations remotely through satellite imaging and growth and yield modeling to determine what was physically on the ground. NCX then returned an eligibility report that showed how many HDCs were on the property. These HDCs were not on a per-or per-acre basis. Prior to 2022, 1 HDC equaled roughly 25 green tons, but an NCX document for the 2022 winter cycle indicated that generating a verified carbon credit required a larger volume of harvest deferrals. Thus, all things equal, your property would likely have fewer HDCs because of this change in the green tons to HDC ratio.
Then, the landowner would determine how much harvest they were willing to defer to hold that eligible carbon (all or a portion of the total amount) for 1 year. The holding year would begin at a designated quarterly start period, and the contract would expire after 365 days of enrollment. The landowner would determine their sale prices; some of the carbon units would be sold for one price and other units for a different price, or all the credits could be sold for a single price.
Keep in mind, though, other landowners were selling, as well. NCX used a blind auction process. All bids -from both buyers and sellers -determined the market price for that quarter's auction. This was then applied to all participants who bid at or below the market price. If you bid above the market price for all your credits, you would not be eligible to participate for that quarter, but you could bid in the following quarter.
This style of market often depressed prices compared to alternative styles. Prices fluctuated from quarter to quarter and generally ranged from $8 to $12 per credit, but that was not a guarantee of what prices could do in the future.
## After the Contract Ends
## Could you participate in other programs after your contract with NCX ended?
While there was no option to enroll simultaneously, there had been confusion about subsequent participation in other programs. The short answer was to assume that you could not. Particularly with NCX, the tonne-year methodology involved discounting carbon held in the future with carbon deferral credits assigned when you enrolled in the program. So you would be paid for the carbon the timber stand would sequester over the longer term despite the 1-year agreement. If you were to enroll in another program after your NCX contract ended, this would qualify as double-counting the carbon you were sequestering in separate programs (assuming you enrolled all your possible deferral units).
How long would you have to wait to enroll in another carbon offset program after your NCX contract ended?
The answer is currently unknown. If you were interested in pursuing longer-term programs subsequent to your contract expiration with NCX, you would need to discuss the rules with an NCX representative. Alternatively, according to NCX representatives, enrolling in NCX after being in one of the other programs was not subject to any limitations.
Galik, C.S., Murray, B.C., & Mercer, D.E.(2013). Where is the carbon? Carbon sequestration potential from private forestland in the southern United States. Journal of Forestry 111(1), 17-25.
Malmsheimer, R.W., Heffernan, P., Brink, S., Randall, D., Deneke, F., Galik, C., Gee, E., Helms, J.A., McClure, N., Mortimer, M., Ruddell, S., Smith, M., & Stewart, J. (2008). Forest management solutions for mitigating climate change in the United States. Journal of Forestry 106(3), 115-171.
Tanger, S.M., da Silva, B., & McDill, M. (2021). Cut or wait decision-making for landowners. Mississippi State University Extension Publication 3593.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
## Publication 3738 (POD-05-24)
Revised by Curtis Vander Schaaf , PhD, Assistant Professor, Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center, from an earlier edition by Shaun Tanger, PhD, former Assistant Professor, Coastal Research and Extension Center, and Calvin Norman, Forestry and Wildlife Extension Educator, Penn State Extension .
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| SELECT A COUNTY | SELECT A COUNTY |
| Authors Dr. Curtis L. VanderSchaaf Assistant Professor | Authors Dr. Curtis L. VanderSchaaf Assistant Professor |
| Dr. Donald Grebner Professor and Head | |
| Dr Brady Self | Dr Brady Self |
## Related News
FEBRUARY 24, 2025
North Miss. producers share feedback at PAC meeting
FEBRUARY 24, 2025
MSU representatives hear client needs, concerns
FEBRUARY 12, 2025
Take steps to protect property from wildfire
JANUARY 27, 2025
Game bird workshop teaches management
JANUARY 22, 2025
Clients share needs with MSU agents, specialists
Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4082
How to Raise Your Google Business Profile to Attract More Customers
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4086
How to Boost Your Sales Leads with Email Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4075
Crafting Social Media Messages Your Customers Can't Ignore
How to Reach Your Audience and Boost Sales with Content Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3264
Herbicide Options for Mixed Pine-Hardwood Management
| Recent Issues | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next_ last_ > |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| THE OVERSTORY Volume 11, Issue 1, February 2022 | The OVERSTORY Volume 10, Issue 4, November 2021 |
| THESEOVERSTORY The OVERSTORY Volume 10, Issue 3, August 2021 | the OVERSTORY Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2021 |
| THE OVERSTORY Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2021 | the OVERSTORY Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2021 |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next_ last_ > | the OVERSTORY Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2021 | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/smart-irrigation-technology-controllers-and-sensors.html | Smart Irrigation Technology: Controllers and Sensors - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Malarie Gotcher",
"Saleh Taghvaeian",
"Justin Quetone Moss"
] | 2017-01-02 | [] | OK | ## Smart Irrigation Technology: Controllers and Sensors
Published Feb. 2017 |
Id: HLA-6445
By Justin Quetone Moss, Malarie Gotcher, Saleh Taghvaeian
Print-friendly PDF (/fact sheets/print-publications/hla/smartirrigation-technology-controllersand-sensors-hla-6445.pdf)
```
JUMP TO: Introduction /
Smart Irrigation Technology: New Controllers /
Smart Irrigation Technology: Add-on Sensors /
Wind Sensors / References
```
## Introduction
Rainfall in Oklahoma is variable across the state and fluctuates by year. During dry periods, irrigation may be needed to preserve landscape quality. Over- or under-irrigating a landscape can possibly increase disease incidence, waste water and decrease overall landscape condition. Irrigation system efficiency is dependent upon several factors including design, installation and specific site conditions. Water applied to a landscape can account for a significant portion of a property's
water use. In Oklahoma, outdoor water use accounts for approximately 30 percent to 50 percent of household water use. A substantial amount of water is lost to evaporation, wind and runoff as a consequence of improper watering methods. Reducing or eliminating this loss decreases utility bills and creates a more water efficient, healthy landscape.
Outdoor water savings can be achieved using smart irrigation technologies. Smart irrigation controllers and sensors have been developed to reduce outdoor water use by irrigating based on plant water need compared to traditional automatic system
timers, which irrigate on a user-determined fixed schedule. This technology exists as a complete controller or as a sensor that can be added to an existing irrigation timer to create a smart controller. Smart irrigation technology uses weather data or soil moisture data to determine the irrigation need of the landscape. Smart irrigation technology includes:
These products maximize irrigation efficiency by reducing water waste, while maintaining plant health and quality. Incorporating smart irrigation technology in the landscape can potentially reduce outdoor water consumption. This technology is appropriate for small, residential landscapes as well as large, managed landscapes. The following sections describe how each product functions and the advantages and disadvantages of each product. Irrigation managers and homeowners should be aware that smart irrigation technology will need to be periodically adjusted and maintained for maximum water savings.
## Smart Irrigation Technology: New
There is a broad spectrum of smart irrigation technology that consumers can benefit from utilizing. Choosing the correct technology for the situation is essential to achieve potential water savings. Watering restrictions exist in some areas of Oklahoma, so the irrigation timer may be adjusted for allowed watering days. Irrigation controllers can be separated into two main categories: Climate based controllers and soil moisture based controllers.
## Climate-Based Controllers
Climate-based controllers also referred to as evapotranspiration (ET) controllers use local weather data to adjust irrigation schedules (Figure 1). Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by plant materials. These climate-based controllers gather local weather information and make irrigation run-time adjustments so the landscape only receives the appropriate amount of water.
There are three basic types of ET controllers:
- · Signal-based controllers use meteorological data from a publicly available source and the ET value is calculated for a grass surface at the site. The ET data is then sent to the controller by a wireless connection.
- · Historic ET controllers use a pre-programmed water use curve, based on historic water use in different regions. The curve can be adjusted for temperature and solar radiation.
- · On-site weather measurement controllers use weather data collected on-site to calculate continuous ET measurements and water accordingly.
Evapotranspiration controllers have been shown to reduce outdoor water use. In Las Vegas, Nev., homes with ET based controllers saw an average of 20 percent irrigation reduction
compared to homes with homeowner-scheduled irrigation (Devitt et al., 2008). Additionally, a study conducted on St. Augustine turfgrass showed an average irrigation savings of 43 percent in the summer compared to homeowner-scheduled irrigation, with no reduction in turfgrass quality (Davis et al., 2009). The accuracy of ET controllers depends on the equation parameters. Most ET controllers cost between $250 and $900.
## Soil Moisture Sensor Controllers
The second type of smart irrigation controllers includes soil moisture sensor controllers (Figure 2). Instead of using weather data, soil moisture sensor controllers utilize a soil moisture sensor placed belowground in the root zone of lawns to determine water need. The soil moisture sensor estimates the soil volumetric water content. Volumetric water content represents the portion of the total volume of soil occupied by water. The controllers can be adjusted to open the valves and start irrigation once the volumetric water content reaches a user-defined threshold. The appropriate threshold value depends on soil and vegetation type and usually ranges from about 10 percent to 40 percent. Soil moisture sensors must be installed in a representative area of the turf; far enough from sprinkler heads, tree roots, sidewalks and walls (Figure 3).
Similar to ET controllers, soil moisture controllers have been shown to reduce irrigation, while maintaining turfgrass quality. Compared to homeowner irrigation schedules, soil moisture controllers had an average 72 percent irrigation savings and a 34 percent water savings during drought conditions (CardenasLaihaer et al., 2010; Cardenas-Laihacer et al., 2008). In some cases, studies have shown smart controllers will increase water use at sites that typically use less than the theoretical irrigation requirement (Mayer and Deorebo, 2010). Typically, soil moisture sensor controllers range from $280 to $1,800. Difference in pricing depends on product manufacturer and end user, either residential or commercial customers.
## Smart Irrigation Technology: Add-on Sensors
In many cases, a scheduling irrigation controller is already in use on a property and upgrading to a smart controller is impractical. To increase efficiency of automatic irrigation systems a soil moisture, rain, wind or freeze sensor can be added to upgrade the existing system. Some manufacturers produce devices capable of measuring multiple environmental elements using one apparatus. Many sensors are compatible with existing systems, easy to install and produce similar results to smart
irrigation controllers. The add-on sensors are generally more affordable than smart irrigation controllers, assuming a compatible irrigation timer is already installed on site.
## Soil Moisture Sensors
Soil moisture sensors can be connected to an existing irrigation system controller. The sensor measures the soil moisture content in the root zone before a scheduled irrigation event and bypasses the cycle if the soil moisture is above a specific threshold. Different types of soil moisture sensors are available and the consumer should ensure system compatibility before purchasing a sensor. Some soil moisture sensors include a soil freeze sensor that will interrupt the irrigation cycle if temperatures fall below 32 F. Soil moisture sensors are available as wired or wireless systems. Typical cost for a soil moisture sensor can range from $99 to $165.
## Rain and Freeze Sensors
Although these sensors are not considered smart technology, rain and freeze sensors interrupt the irrigation cycle during a rain or freeze event when irrigation is unnecessary. Watering during the rain wastes water, money and causes unnecessary runoff. Three different types of rain sensors are available and each function is based on separate concepts.
- · The original type of rain sensor still in use today works with a small cup or basin that collects water, once a pre-determined amount is collected, the weight of the cup interrupts the irrigation cycle (Figure 4). Debris in the cup can also interrupt the irrigation cycle and
should be checked and cleared of litter periodically.
- · The second type of rain sensor uses a dish with two electrodes that are a specific distance from the bottom of the cup. The distance can be adjusted to allow for small rain events and similar to the first type of rain sensor, debris can reduce accuracy by displacing water in the cup. When the water reaches the electrodes, the irrigation cycle is interrupted.
- · The third type of rain sensor does not have a rain catch cup, which makes it low maintenance and reliable. Instead, the sensor uses several disks that expand as they get wet (Figure 5). The expanded disks trigger the switch and interrupt the cycle. The system will resume the scheduled cycles once the disks dry out. The disks should be checked at least once a year to determine if they need to be replaced. All of the devices should be mounted in an open area where they will receive rainfall.
Potential water savings depends on the amount of rainfall in any given year. During years with average to above average rainfall, water savings are more significant than during dry years. Rain sensors have shown payback periods of less than a year, but should be monitored for optimum performance (CardenasLaihaacar and Dukes, 2008).
As an example, if a homeowner's irrigation system waters a ¼acre yard and applies 1 inch of water each irrigation cycle, then each cycle applies 6,789 gallons of water. If water costs $5.00 per 1,000 gallons, the monetary savings will be $33.95 each time
the irrigation cycle is interrupted during a rainfall event. Considering each rainfall event, the homeowner could expect substantial water and money savings. Most wireless rain sensors are more expensive and range from $120 to $200, while wired rain sensors cost approximately $30 to $50.
Freeze sensors interrupt an irrigation cycle when air temperatures fall below 32 F. Eliminating irrigation during freezing temperatures can potentially extend irrigation system life and prevent sidewalks and streets from icing over, causing dangerous situations. Many rain sensors include a freeze sensor and homeowners should account for sensor capability when considering price.
Figure 4. Rain sensor with a small basin to collect rainfall.
Figure 5. Rain sensor attached to a gutter (top) and the inside of an expanding disc rain sensor (bottom). Photos courtesy of Hunter Industries.
## Wind Sensors
Oklahoma has an average wind speed of 16 miles per hour (mph) with wind gusts from 20 mph to 30 mph. Watering during windy conditions reduces irrigation distribution uniformity across the landscape and decreases the amount of water infiltrating into the soil profile (Figure 6). Wind sensors interrupt the irrigation cycle if wind speed exceeds a specific threshold (Figure 7).
Smart irrigation technology may help reduce water waste, while also providing a healthy, attractive landscape. Irrigation system owners should provide regular maintenance and ensure the irrigation system is only watering the landscape when needed. Many wind sensors are around $80 to $100 dollars or are packaged with other sensors.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created performance criteria for irrigation technology manufacturers under the WaterSense program. For more information go to: www.epa.gov/watersense/(https://www.epa.gov/watersense). Often, it depends on consumer preference when deciding which irrigation controller or add-on sensor is appropriate for the end user. Many local irrigation distributors have smart irrigation technology available for customers.
Figure 7. Example wind sensor for use in the landscape. Photo courtesy of Hunter Industries.
## References
Cardenas-Lailhacar, B., M. D. Dukes, and G. L. Miller. 2008. Sensor-based automation of irrigation on bermudagrass, during wet weather conditions. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering . 134(2): 120-128.
Cardenas-Lailhacar, B. and M. D. Dukes. 2008. Expanding disk rain sensor performance and potential savings. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering . 134(1):67-73.
Cardenas-Lailhacar, B., M. D. Dukes, and G. L. Miller. 2010. Sensor-based automation of irrigation on bermudagrass, during dry weather conditions. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering . 136(3): 184-193.
Davis, S. L., M. D. Dukes, and G. L. Miller. 2009. Landscape irrigation by evapotranspiration-based controllers under dry conditions in southwest Florida. Agriculture Water Mgmt. 96(12): 1828-1836.
Devitt, D. A., K. Carstensen, and R. L. Morris. 2008. Residential water savings associated with satellite-based ET irrigation controllers. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering . 134(1): 74-82.
Mayer, P.W. and Deoreo, W.B. 2010. Improving urban irrigation efficiency by using weather-based "smart" controllers. American Water Works Association . 102(2):86.
Malarie Gotcher Extension Associate
Saleh Taghvaeian Irrigation Extension Specialist
Justin Quetone Moss Turfgrass Research and Extension
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print-publications/ha/smartirrigation-technology-controllersand-sensors-hla-6445.pdf)
## Topics:
Drought /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/weather-and-disasterpreparedness/drought/) Home & Garden Water Issues ( topics/environment-and-natural resources/water/home-and-garden-water-issues/)
Irrigation /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/water/irrigation/)
Water & Environmental Issues ( topics/environment-and-naturalresources/water/water-and-environmental-issues/)
Water Conservation /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/water/home-and garden-water-issue/conservation/)
Water /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/water/)
Weather & Disaster Preparedness /topics/environment-and-naturalresources/weather-and-disaster-preparedness/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/beef-cattle-research-updates/site-files/docs/beef-cattle-research-update-november-2020-1.pdf | Microsoft Word - OSU Beef Cattle Research Update November 2020.docx | Oklahoma State University | [
"Britt"
] | Error: time data "D:20201130142508-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Error 404
Let's see if we can help you find what you're looking for through our site search:
Some other helpful tools:
- > A-Z (https://go.okstate.edu/aboutsite osu/a-z-index.html) list
- > Directory(https://directory.okstate.edu
- > Maps(https://go.okstate.edu/maps/) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/content/county-health-economics-profile-congressional-district-2 | County Health Economics Profile Congressional District 2 | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » County Health Economics Profile Congressional District 2
## County Health Economics Profile Congressional District 2
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2978-85 | |
| View as PDF: P2978-85.pdf | |
| Publication File: | |
| congressional district_2 county health presentation.pdf | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | |
| Select A COUNTY | |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistent Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
lasst> |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/levyco/2021/03/22/water-quality-monitoring-commences-in-the-newly-established-nature-coast-aquatic-preserve/ | Water quality monitoring commences in the newly established Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve | University of Florida | [
"Savanna Barry"
] | 2021-03-22 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Water",
"coastal habitat",
"coastal systems",
"FDEP",
"Florida Department of Environmental Protection",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"InsideNatureCoast",
"Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve",
"recreation",
"seagrass",
"water quality"
] | FL | Home » UF/IFAS Extension Levy County » Water Quality Monitoring Commences In The Newly Established Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve
## Water quality monitoring commences in the newly established Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve
## Florida's Aquatic Preserve System
The Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection oversees the Aquatic Preserve system. The goal of the Aquatic Preserves is to protect the best of Florida's submerged areas so current and future generations can enjoy them. There are more than 40 Aquatic Preserves in Florida, and the newest one is the Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve, covering waters off of Citrus, Hernando, and Pasco Counties.
## How do managers preserve our resources?
A biologist deploys a water quality sensor. Source: FDEP.
Decades of land development, population
population
growth, and climate change have made it impossible to achieve a truly "pristine" state in most aquatic systems. However, to preserve systems in the most natural state possible, managers need information about the status and trends of key aspects of the environment. In Florida's aquatic environments, some of the most important things to track are nutrient levels, light levels, and seagrass populations.
Shallow, nearshore systems like those in the Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve (NCAP) are sensitive to changes in the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrients) in the water. This is because nutrient levels act in large part to determine the amount of microalgae that can grow. This, in turn, influences the amount of light available for seagrasses that form the basis of habitats that support fisheries and recreation.
## How do we track environmental trends?
The Chassahowitzka River.
Our best tool when it comes to tracking the
environment is consistent and standardized monitoring data. Monitoring programs aim to visit sites repeatedly over time and collect samples that define conditions in the target system. In the case of the Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve (NCAP), we collect a long list of water quality information at 90 stations on a monthly basis. Our first sampling event occurred last week on March 17th in the Chassahowitzka estuary. In addition, seagrasses will be monitored annually at 100 stations starting this summer. We catalog all of the information in publicly available databases for managers and
researchers to access. The UF team will make comparisons between new data and historical information about the waterbodies along the Nature Coast.
These monitoring programs are funded by DEP and a donation from the Pew Charitable Trusts. A team of four people at the University of Florida carry out the work. The team consists of two biologists (Morgan Edwards and Jamie Hammond) as well as two faculty (Dr. Laura Reynolds and myself). Dr. Reynolds' staff and students are
also a big part of the field team. In addition, we are grateful to the entire staff of the UF/IFAS LAKEWATCH Lab, where water quality grab samples are analyzed, and our partners at DEP.
## What else is going on with the Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve?
In addition to environmental monitoring, the Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve team is also working on a draft management plan. Writing a management plan for an Aquatic Preserve is a multi-year process. Researcher Dr. Hannah Brown is leading the effort to draft most of the chapters of the management plan in 2021. She is working with Corina Guevara, a GIS specialist in Florida Sea Grant, to produce a series of draft maps that catalog surrounding land use, resources, and point of interest that are relevant to NCAP. In future years, a series of stakeholder workshops and review panels will refine and finalize the draft management plan.
Stay tuned for more about how you can participate! You can also find out more about related water quality programs with UF/IAFS and Florida Sea Grant if you want to get involved now. Feel free to comment below with questions about this exciting new aquatic protected area.
o
by Savanna Barry
Posted: March 22, 2021
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources, UF/IFAS Extension,
Water
Tags: Coastal Habitat, Coastal Systems, EDEP, Florida Department Of
Environmental Protection, Florida Sea Grant, InsideNatureCoast,
Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve, Recreation, Seagrass, Water Quality
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Managing Stress Unique To Your Situation
- · UF Institute Of Food And Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Extension @ Yanketown Seafood Festival
- · Tree Of The Month, January
- · Watermelons |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/t/journey-through-health-mouth-teeth-and-gums-t-3207.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20210402155402-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EXTENSION
Janice Hermann Extension Nutrition Specialist
Seung Eun Jung Assistant Professor
## Age-Related Mouth, Teeth, and Gum
## Changes
Several oral problems tend to increase with age including dry mouth, tooth decay, gum disease, tooth loss, and oral cancer. Many of these are associated with decreased saliva production which tends to occur with age and use of certain medications.
## Diet and Mouth, Teeth, and Gum Health
Oral health and good nutrition are interrelated. Good oral health promotes good nutri tion. For example, older adults with good oral health tend to consume more fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and meats. Likewise, good nutrition promotes good oral health.
Dry mouth. Decreased saliva and certain medications can result in dry mouth. Dry mouth can make it hard to taste, chew, and swallow. Sipping water or other sugarless drinks can help keep the mouth moist. In addition, chewing sugarless gum may help to promote saliva. Furthermore, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol and caffeine may also help because these can dry out the mouth.
Tooth decay. Poor dental hygiene is the main cause of tooth decay. However, diet can have an indirect role in tooth decay. Bacteria
## Journey through Health: Mouth, Teeth and Gums
April 2021
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at extension.okstate.edu
in plaque ferment carbohydrates, especially sugars, and produce acids which can cause tooth decay. Carbohydrate foods that tend to stick to the teethcan particularlypromote decay. In addition, frequently eating and drinking sugary foods and beverages provides a constant source of food for bacteria. Limiting intake of sugary foods and beverages, especially between meals, can help reduce tooth decay.
Saliva helps to protect against tooth decay in many ways. Saliva helps to keep the teeth clean, contains antibacterial agents, and helps to buffer acids produced by bacteria. However, because saliva production tends to decrease with age, and the use of certain medications, the risk of tooth decay is increased.
Gum disease. Plaque can build up along and under the gum line. Bacteria in plaque can lead to infections of the gums and bones that hold the teeth. Infection of the gums is called gingivitis. Gingivitis can make the gums tender and bleed easily. If the infection extends into the bone this is called periodontitis. Periodontitis can damage the bone and tissues that support the teeth, which can lead to tooth loss.
Although bacterial infection is the cause of gum disease, many health conditions including diabetes, poor nutrition, and a weakened immune system can increase the rate and severity of the disease. Tobacco use can also promote gum disease. Overall good nutrition is needed to support the body's immune system, fight infections, and help wounds heal.
Tooth loss . Tooth decay and gum disease are leading causes of tooth loss. Tooth loss can make chewing difficult. In addition, dentures are not as effective for chewing as natural teeth. As a result, people who have lost teeth often choose foods that are soft and easy to chew. This can result in increased intake of refined carbohydrates (which tend to be higher in fat, added sugar, and calories) and decreased intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and meats. Over time, limited food choices can lead to a poor quality diet.
Oral cancer. Oral cancers tend to increase with age. Risk factors for oral cancers include
## Sources
American Dietetic Association.
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Oral Health and Nutrition. J Am Diet Assoc.
Bernstein M, Luggen A.S. Nutrition for the Older Adult. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett publishers; 2010.
Brown JE. Nutrition in Older Adults. In: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle 4° ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning; 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. Oral health for older Americans. 2006.
Chernoff R. Geriatric Nutrition, 3 rd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett publishers; 2006.
National Institute on Aging. AgePage: Taking Care of Your Teeth and Mouth. 2011.
United States Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.
United States Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov. Accessed at www.choosemyplate.gov
Oklahoma State University, as an equal opportunity employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding non-discrimination and affirmative action. Oklahoma State University is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all individuals and does not discriminate and affirmative action. Oklahoma State University expression, disability, or veteran status with regard to employment, educational programs and activities, and/or admissions. For more information, visit https://eoeco.kstate.edu/.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. Revised 0417 GH.
tobacco and alcohol use, sunlight exposure (lip cancer), and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. A diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of oral cancers. Fruits and vegetables are a good source of many antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids), which may help lower the risk of oral cancers.
## MyPlate Messages Promoting Mouth, Teeth and Gum Health
Several of the MyPlate messages can help promote oral health.
## Build a Healthy Plate
- · Make half your plate fruits and vegetables
- · Drink adequate fluid each day.
## Cut Back on Foods High in Saturated Fats, Added Sugars, and Salt
- · Choose foods and drinks with little or no added sugar.
Eat the Right Amount of Calories for You
- · If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so sensibly.
## Additional Recommendations for Mouth, Teeth, and Gum Health
- · Practice good oral hygiene.
- · Have regular dental exams.
- · Avoid tobacco. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/soil-descriptions-and-plant-selections-for-hale-county/ | Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Hale County | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Charles C. Mitchell",
"Donn Rodekohr",
"Willie Datcher"
] | 2018-08-14 | [
"Landscaping",
"Soil Descriptions",
"Plant Selections"
] | AL | ## Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Hale County
Hale County contains a wide variety of soil types, providing a challenge to homeowners selecting landscape plants: Soil types in Hale include clayey, alkaline Black Belt soils; sandy, well-drained coastal plain soils; volcanic black bedrock river terracos and wetland ( https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacphive\_Aigic\_Black\_Belt\_Soils )
This contains detailed descriptions of each soil type and a colored map of the county and also includes tips for tree and plant selection.
Homes are found throughout rural Hale County on a diversity of soils unlike any other region of the South. South of Greensboro, the soils are mostly alkaline and acidic, clayey soils of the Alabama Black Belt prairie region (26%). North of Greensboro are the sandy and lowland uplands of the Upper Coastal Plain (46%). Alluvial terraces and floodplains are along rivers and creeks (7%). The rest of the county is in wetlands (18%) or water (3.5%).
New residents in homes on these soils may find challenges when selecting landscape plants that will do well on their particular soil. This map and plant selection information may help homeowners and gardeners select the best landscape plants for their site and soil. It will also alert homeowners to challenges such as poor drainage, potential septic tank failures, and home foundation cracking.
## Clayey, Alkaline Black Belt Soils (18.8%)
Soils in this group have a surface soil pH above 7.0. They may have a shallow, dark, olive gray, clayey topsoil overlying Selma chalk. Selma chalk is a soft limestone containing calcium carbonate and clay. Runoff can be very rapid on slopes, resulting in a high erosion hazard. These soils have moderately slow to slow infiltration and permeability and moderately high capacity for holding available moisture. They swell when wet and shrink when dry, resulting in large cracks forming during dry periods. This presents problems for home foundations. Septic tank filter fields may need special attention because the soils percolate water very slowly. However, the soils are very good for small pond construction.
Native vegetation includes grasses, deciduous shrubs, red cedars (juniper), and mixed hardwood trees.
Trees other than red cedars do poorly on sites where the chalk is within 12 inches of the surface. Pines do not grow well on these soils. Trees that do well include eastern cedar, live oak, white oak, pecan, ash, hbackberry, crappapple, redbud, and crapermyte. Bermudagrass is an excellent lawn grass for sunny areas. Zoysia and St. Augustine will tolerate some shade. In the landscape, avoid acid-loving plants such as azalur, bluebryon, hydrangea, gardenia, camellana, and centipedeggs. st. klqscap , plants that do well include most junipers, oram natal grasses Chinese hollies, yaupoon holliies, nandinaus, euonymuses, ligustrums, wax myrtles, oleanders, eleagnuses, buddleias, and winter honeysuckles. Raised beds aid drainage and prevent drowning of young plants during wet weather.
These soils have a natural surface pH below 7.0. There may be several feet of acidey, clayey soil overlying alkaline Selma chalk bedrock. For garden vegetables and some ornamentals, ground agricultural limestone may be needed if the soil pH is below 5.5. These soils have slow water infiltration and slow permeability, but a high water-holding capacity. They may be very sticky during wet weather. Like the claye-alkaline soils, they may swell in wet weather and shrink in dry weather, forming large cracks. These soils present problems for septic tank filter fields and structural foundations, but are well suited to pond construction.
Plants such as azalea and blueberries that have a shallow root system and require well-drained soils do not grow well on these soils. All warm-season, perennial turfgrasses grow well. Pine trees grow well on the better-drained sites, but live oaks, white oaks, red oak oaks, pecans, and other deciduous trees make better landscape trees. Most landscape plants and gardens benefit from raised beds.
Care should be taken when setting out new landscape plants grown in containers. Avoid digging a hole and putting the new plant in it. This can create what is known as the bathtub effect. The hole can fill with water, which will not drain, and the new plant will die. Mix amendments with the clayey soil and take care to spread the roots of the container-grown plant. Plant high and mulch well. Keep new plants watered in dry weather.
Cultivation may be difficult because of the plastic-like nature of these soils. They dry out slowly and become very hard when dry. Spring tillage is often difficult because of wet soils. Therefore, use a minimum amount of tillage once raised beds are formed. Lots of organic amendments help drainage. Don't add sand as this only makes these soils more concrete-like in dry weather.
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oapbipivacyopph) lritatiaon or snali srlcturvins, streets, landscaping, and sepuc tank filter fields.
## Sandy, Well-Drained, Coastal Plain Soils (46%)
These soils are naturally acidic and will require ground limestone and fertilizing according to a soil test for most landscape plants and garden crops. A reddish orange subsoil color is one indication of a well-drained soil.
Surface soils could be very sandy, loamy, or clayey, but all are low in soil organic matter and benefit from generous and frequent applications of organic matter, compost, and mulches. Frequent cultivation or tilling can actually destroy surface soil structure so that hard crust forms after a rain. Plow pans or traffic pans can form at 8 inches deep, which prevent roots from growing deeply and can perch water during wet weather. Farmers use subsoiling to break up these hard pans. Gardeners can use a spade to cut slits into the subsoil or double digging to break through these dense hard pans. Raised beds are not necessary if these soils drain well. If raised beds are used, additional irrigation during dry weather will be needed.
E:osion maya be a high risk if the kard iis chedgared and cultivated because many of these soils are on slopes. Soils have no lriktions for small riktiunstures, streets, landscaping, and sepuc tank filter fields.
Most landscape, orchard and garden plants associated with the southern United States will grow well if properly cultivated. Acid -loving plants requiring a well-drained soil do well with reasonable management. These plants include azalea, blueberry, camellia, gardenia, hydrangea, centipedegrass, magnolia, and pine trees.
## River Terraces and Soils That May Flood (6.8%)
These soils are mostly level and may range from sandy to clayey. They can be saturated for long periods of time and may have a risk of flooding. Most are in the flood plains of major rivers and streams. Excessive wetness limits the use of these soils, but they provide excellent forests and habitat for wildlife. Drainage is required for most uses other than woodland and wildlife habitat. Some of the better drained river terrace soils have been used for crop production. Most of these soils are unsuitable for home construction due to wetness, flooding, and septic tank failures. Try to protect riparian areas near streams in order to prevent stream bank erosion and to protect water quality.
## Wetlands and Other Soils (17.8%)
These are small areas with mixed soils of the first four groups, poorly drained, floodplain soil, wetlands, or disturbed areas. The nature of a soil at any location may be identified by digging a hole about 3 feet deep and observing changes in the soil horizons (layers).
A simple percolation test for internal drainage can be done by filling the hole with water and observing how fast the water drains out of the hole. Sites where water moves down an inch or more per hour is a well-drained soil. A surface soil test will determine if the soil acidic (pH lower than 7.0) or alkaline (pH higher than 7.0).
Consulting a detailed soil map of Hale County will be helpful for large tracts of land.
## Double Digging
Double digging is a technique used to break up hard, compacted soils, relieve hardpans, and create a deep rooting environment in sandy loam soils. Double digging is ideal for creating small beds or for working up of garden crops for sandy or loamy soils. This technique is not necessary for
The technique consists of digging a trench the depth of the shovel where the row is to be and placing the topsoil from the trench to one side of the row. Once the trench is dug, add ground limestone to the bottom of the trench, usually about 2 rounds per 20 feet of trench, if needed. In the bottom of the trench, force the shovel into the subsoil as deep as possible and turn this subsoil over in the trench. Continue doing this the length of the trench. This is the double dig. Now place the original topsoil back into the trench.
Use this opportunity to build a raised bed on top of the trench if needed. Smooth the bed, and set out plants or plant seed. Depending upon the final width of the bed and crop to be grown, one or two rows can be planted on top of the same trench.
## Print "Plant Selection & Soil Types" table from our website.
Charles C. Mitchell, Extension Specialist, Professor, Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Don Rodekohr, Advisor Natural Resource Program, and Willie Datcher, Regional Extension Agent, Home Grounds. Photos courtesy of Joey Shaw , Alumni Professor, Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University
Reviewed October 2021, Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Hale County , ANR-1376
## Download this article as a PDF
[\_https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ANR-1376.REV\_.pdf] Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Hale County, ANR-1376 .( https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ANR-1376.REV\_.2pdf)
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/preemergence-herbicides-for-herbaceous-ornamentals | Preemergence Herbicides for Herbaceous Ornamentals | NC State Extension | [
"Joe Neal",
"Andrew Senesac"
] | null | [
"Weed Management",
"Ornamental Horticulture",
"Herbicides"
] | NC | ## Preemergence Herbicides for Herbaceous Ornamentalst
Department
Horticultural Science
Publication Date
May 11, 2016
Authors
Joe Neal
Andrew Senesac
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?
in\_frame=true&slug=preemergence-herbicides-for-herbaceous-ornamentals#zoom-page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page
EXTENSION |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/kemper-county-economic-contribution-agricultural-sales | Kemper County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication" Kemp er County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
## Kemper County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3389-36
View as PDF: P3389-36.pdf
Publication File:
kemper\_county\_ag\_sales\_presentation.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes
Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter
Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills
Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
Related News
OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Postpost Business recognition
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_ |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-gardening/recipes/roasted-potato-and-cucumber-salad.html | Roasted Potato and Cucumber Salad - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-08-24 | [] | OK | ## ROASTED POTATO AND CUCUMBER SALAD
Combine roasted red potatoes to a homemade cucumber salad to make a delicious, fresh tasting side dish for any meal.
## Ingredients
- · 2 pounds small or medium red potatoes, scrubbed, dried and halved or quartered if large
- · 2 tablespoons olive oil
- · 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt
- · 1/2 teaspoon black pepper
- · 1/3 cup mayonnaise
- · 2 tablespoons red wine vinegar
- · 2 teaspoons sugar
- · 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard
- · 1 teaspoon celery seeds
- · 1 clove garlic, minced
- · 1/4 cup olive oil
## Directions
- 1. Preheat oven to 425°F. On a large rimmed baking sheet or large
- bowl, toss potatoes with 2 tablespoon olive oil. Season with salt
- and pepper. Arrange potatoes on baking sheet in a single layer,
- cut side down. Roast on the bottom rack of the oven 30 minutes, or until potatoes are browned and tender. Allow to cool slightly.
- 2. While potatoes cool, whisk together mayonnaise, vinegar, sugar, mustard, celery seed and garlic in a large bowl. Gradually add and whisk in 1/4 cup oil. Stir in crushed red pepper, oregano and 1 teaspoon minced parsley.
- 3. If necessary, cut potatoes into bite-sized pieces. Add potatoes to bowl with dressing and stir gently. Add cucumber, red onion and remaining parsley and stir again.
Serves 10
## Nutrition Facts
| Serving Size: 1 |
|-------------------------|
| Servings per Recipe: 10 |
| |
| Amounts per Serving |
| Calories: 208 |
Nutrition Facts
| Total Fat: 15 g | 22% |
|--------------------------|-------|
| Saturated Fat: 2 g | 10% |
| Cholesterol: 3 mg | 1% |
| Sodium: 150 mg | 6% |
| Total Carbohydrate: 19 g | 6% |
| Dietary Fiber: 2 g | 8% |
| Protein: 3 g | |
| Vitamin A | 2% |
| Vitamin C | 40% |
| Calcium | 2% |
| Iron | 6% |
*The Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet, so your values may change depending on your calorie needs. The values here may not be 100% accurate because the recipes have not been professionally evaluated nor have they been evaluated by the U.S. FDA. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/soil-health-in-alabama/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"Soil Health",
"Agriculture",
"Farming"
] | AL | ## Properties of a Healthy Soil
- · High organic matter content
## The Role of Soil Organic Matter
Soil consists of four components: minerals, air, water, and organic matter. Organic matter is comprised of carboncontaining compounds from dead and living plant and animal materials. Organic matter performs many functions that support soil health, such as increasing the amount of plant-available nutrients and water a soil can hold. It also improves soil structure and decreases risk of soil compaction. Soil organic matter is a source of "food" for microorganisms. One handful of soil contains more microorganisms than there are people on earth. These microorganisms in soils are important for recycling nutrients for plant growth, purifying water, and controlling pathogens.
## Cookie Notice
Many soils in Alabama are depleted in soil organic matter due to the wem climate. coarse-textured soils, and intensive farming practiccs historically used in the 'etate. it is important to rebuild soil https://www.baurburr.edu/administration/administration/
generations. Practices such as reduced tillage and cover cropping can increase organic matter and improve soil health in Alabama.
## Practices to Improve Soil Health
Provide a cover to the soil. Soil that is left bare is susceptible to water and wind erosion. Planting cover crops protects soil from erosion and helps to build soil organic matter when cash crops are not actively growing. Cover crops can also supply plant nutrients, regulate soil temperature, improve soil structure, and suppress weeds
Disturb soil less. Tillage disrupts soil aggregates and increases risk of soil compaction, which can hinder root growth and decrease production on agricultural soils. Tillage also speeds up the process of soil organic matter decomposition. Reducing tillage helps prevent runoff, increase soil organic matter, and reduce erosion.
Increase plant diversity. Different plants can provide diverse benefits to the soil. As an example, consider a cover crop mixture of rye, clover, and radish. Rye produces a high biomass that can increase soil organic matter storage. Clover uses a biological process to convert nitrogen from the air to forms of nitrogen that can use rain. Radishes have deep taproots that can often break through soil compaction layers.
Increasing plant diversity through crop rotation can also help break pest cycles.
Keep an active crop growing. Actively growing plants secrete sugars, organics acids, and other compounds that provide a
food source for soil microorganisms. The area around plant roots is called the rhizosphere, and this area contains the highest concentration of microorganisms in the soil. BOLKepin an actively growing crop in the soil, microorganisms can receive nutrients to promote healthy soil.
## Can Soil Health Be Measured?
Changes in soil health occur slowly, and measuring soil health is practically available.
· Soil aggregation . Stable soil aggregates increase water infiltration into the soil and are good indicators of soil health.
Download PDF of Soil Health in Alabama, ANR-2464.(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR2464\_SoilHealthinAlabama\_03818.pdf) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1979/rr79_52.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090121165632-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Effect of Sour Colostrum on Survival of Staphylococcus Aureus
P. B. Barto, L. J. Bush and G. D. Adams
## Story in Brief
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bovine mastitis. This preliminary study was designed to determine the effects of sour colostrum on the survival of this organism and factors which are responsible for its destruction.
Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus , isolated from cases of bovine mastitis, were inoculated into pooled colostrum of two heifers. The samples were incubated at 22, 30 and 37 C. Daily cultures and pH determinations were made.
Different lengths of time were required for the destruction of the Staph . aureus in the fermenting colostrum. Factors influencing their destruction were temperature of incubation, pH and probably antibacterial substances generated by the fermenting bacteria.
Given a sufficient period of time at a temperature permitting fermentation to occur, sour colostrum will destroy Staph . aureus and can be fed safely to calves.
## Introduction
Feeding colostrum to calves after it has sourced is a common practice on dairy farms. It is estimated that 35 to 61 kg (77 to 134 lb) of colostrum are produced by each freshening cow during the first six milikgs (Keys et al., 1976). This is sufficient to feed a 40 kg (88 lb) calf for 11 to 19 days. This practice offers a substantial saving in feed costs.
Normal bacteria present in colostrum are responsible for the souring process. Undesirable pathogenic bacteria can be present in colostrum from infected udders or can gain entrance from the environment. Wray and Callow (1974) showed that Salmonella typhimurium and S. dublin survived in colostrum for various periods of time. A number of factors were responsible for their destruction. Storage temperature affected the length of survival. Survival time varied in the colostrum of different cows which the authors attributed to natural antibacterial substances. The fall in pH also contributed to the death of the Salmonella, and antibacterial substances released by the fermenting bacteria exerted an additional killing effect. Salmonella were completely destroyed at various periods of time during the fermenting process; however, Escherichia coli were not affected. They were viable throughout the 40 day experiment.
Contamination of colostrum from the environment with Salmonella spp, E. coli and other pathogens can be reasonably controlled by employing the same hygienic procedures as are used for collecting and storing grade A quality milk. However, this is not the case for colostrum from infected udders since the pathogenic organisms are already in the colostrum before it is removed from the cow.
There is little evidence that common mastic organisations cause illness in calves. Schalm (1942) reported that Streptococcus agalactiae contaminated milk consumed by heifer calves may contribute to an increased incidence of Strep. agalactiae mastitis in these heifers when they freshen. No similar evidence has been reported for Stap. aureus. It is contrary to the principles of masquitis control and eradication programs to feed fresh
March Report
| Days of Incubation | pH Control | Inoc.1 | Culture | Control | pH Inoc. | Culture | Control pH Inoc. | Culture |
|----------------------|--------------|----------|-----------|-----------|------------|-----------|--------------------|-----------|
| 0 | 6.36 | 6.36 | +3 | 6.34 | 6.36 | + | 6.34 | + |
| 1 | 5.2 | 5.27 | + | 5.07 | 5.17 | + | 4.81 | 4.84 |
| 2 | 4.77 | 4.73 | + | 4.98 | 4.87 | + | 4.29 | 4.19 |
| 3 | 4.77 | 4.72 | + | 4.62 | 4.49 | + | 3.89 | 3.74 |
| 4 | 4.68 | 4.65 | + | 4.12 | 4.24 | + | 3.8 | 3.56 |
| 5 | 4.88 | 4.62 | + | 3.97 | 4.09 | + | 3.88 | 3.49 |
| 6 | 4.65 | 4.76 | + | 4.08 | 3.96 | - - | 4 | 3.62 |
| 7 | 4.71 | 4.43 | - - | 4.37 | 3.94 | - - | 4.05 | 3.82 |
| 8 | 5.12 | 4.52 | -- | 4.73 | 3.95 | - - | 4.29 | 3.94 |
| Days of Incubation | pH | 22°C | 22°C | 30°C pH | 30°C pH | Control | pH | 37°C | 37°C |
|----------------------|---------|--------|---------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---------|--------|---------|
| | control | Inoc.1 | Culture | Control | Inoc. | Culture | Control | Inoc. | Culture |
| 0 | 6.20 | 6.26 | +3 | 6.23 | 6.27 | + | 6.26 | 6.25 | + |
| 1 | 5.40 | 5.50 | + | 5.15 | 5.22 | + | 4.90 | 4.93 | + |
| 2 | 5.08 | 5.07 | + | 4.72 | 4.63 | + | 4.39 | 4.33 | + |
| 4 | 4.90 | 4.82 | + | 4.61 | 4.48 | + | 3.92 | 3.90 | + |
| 4.79 | 4.80 | + | 4.26 | 4.30 | + | 3.96 | 3.90 | 3.90 | + |
| 5.59 | 4.54 | + | 3.86 | 4.06 | - - | 3.67 | 3.77 | - - | - - |
| 6 | 4.63 | 4.71 | + | 3.82 | 4.10 | - - | 3.56 | 3.81 | - - |
| 7 | 4.65 | - | -4.8 | 3.85 | 4.03 | - - | 3.78 | 3.98 | - - |
$^{Staph, aureus strain }$$\_{strain 563 was inoculated to give a final concentration of }$$\_{244,000 organisms per ml of }$$\_{colostrum.}$
colostrum containing these mastitis organisms. The feeding of fresh colostrum from infected udders serves to contaminate utensils and equipment with these organisms which in turn may find their way to the udders of the milking herd.
This is a report on a preliminary study of the effect of sour (fermenting) colostrum on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus , a common uder pathogen.
## Materials and Methods
Colostrum was collected from two heifers for the first six milkings. Quarter samples were collected and cultured. At the end of the collection, the pooled colostrum was cultured. All cultures were negative for Staph. aureus and the mastitis group of Streptococci.
The colostrum was thoroughly mixed and poured into clean plastic gallon containers and frozen. As needed a gallon was thawed and following mixing, 100 ml quantities were poured into sterile bottles and refrozen.
For each experiment, six bottles were thawed. Three were inoculated with Staph. aureus and three served as controls. Incubation temperatures were 22, 30 and 37 C. Daily pH readings were made on all the samples. Only the inoculated bottles were cultured.
Indirect culture procedures were employed which consisted of inoculating 0.1 ml of colostrum into 6 ml of heart infusion broth containing 6.5 percent NaCl. After 18 to 24 hr incubation, gram stains were made and tube coagulase tests were conducted to confirm the presence of Staph. aureus . All cultures were incubated at 37 C.
## Results and Discussion
Tables 1 and 2 show the daily changes in pH and the results of culturing for Staph. aureus . No great differences in pH occurred between the inoculated sample and corresponding control. In previous experiments attempts to determine the numbers of Staph. aureus per ml of colostrum at various stages of incubation were unsuccessful. Additional experiments are necessary to determine if the inoculated Staph. aureus increase in numbers during incubation and if they influence the pH values.
Staph. aureus is not recoverable in sour colostrum after a given period of time. Staph. aureus survived for longer periods of time at the lower temperature of incubation than at the higher temperature. The pH of the colostrum also appears to have some destructive effect; however, these experiments did not indicate a pH value below which all the Staph. aureus would be killed.
The two mastitis strains of Staph. aureus had almost identical survival times for each of the three incubation temperatures, even though 40 percent more organisms of strain 563 were inoculated into the colostrum than Strain N305.
The results of these experiments are similar to those of Wray and Callow (1974) who reported that the length of survival time of Salmonella dublin and S. typhimurium in fermenting colostrum was influenced by incubation temperature, pH and probably antibacterial substances generated by the fermenting organisms.
## Literature Cited
Keys, J. E., R. E. Pearson and L. A. Fulton. 1976. Fermentation of masticitic milk from antibiotic treated cows. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1746-1751.
Schalm, O. W. 1942. Streptococcus agalactiae in udders of heifers at parturition traced to suckling among calves. Cornell Vet. 32:49.
Wray, C. and R. J. Callow. 1974. Studies on the Survival of Salmonella dublin, S. typhimurium and E. coli in stored bovine colostrum. Vet. Record. 94:407-412. | |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1462 | Achachairu—a Potential Fruit Crop for Florida | University of Florida | [
"Sergio Gutierrez",
"Tatiana Sanchez",
"Zhaohui Tong",
"Guodong Liu"
] | 2023-08-07 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Achachairu-a Potential Fruit Crop for Florida
Sergio Gutierrez, Tatiana Sanchez, Zhohui Tong, and Guidong Liu
## Introduction
Garcinia humilis , commonly known as achachaira (ah-cha-chy-ROO), is a tropical/fruit bearing crop that is emerging in south Florida. Though native to the Amazon rainforest, achachaira also grows widely in the Caribbean and South and Central America (Oliver et al., 2018; USDA 2020). Its genus, Gaurintia, falls under the Chitesaceae family -formerly known as Guttiferae -and includes several tropical and sub-tropical fruit species. The fruits have attracted certain US markets because achachaira is rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and many other nutrients. Achachairu'a current use is limited and localized. This publication provides an overview of growth of achachairu growth in Florida to help Extension faculty, growers, crop consultants, certified crop advisors, environmentalists, agricultural-policy makers, and students to better understand the potential of achachariu (G. humilis ).
early spring (https://www.trees.com/bachacaii-trengres); Golden Floridian fruit markets make the teardown-shaped fruit available from October through January, given natural growth conditions. The fruits of Garnichia h. range from 2.5 to 3 inches (Figures 1) and have orange skin (USDA 1990) and white, sweet pulp (Barbooza da Silva et al. 2018).
Achachairu leaves are glossy, dark green, coriaceous (leathery in texture), and opposite (Figures 2 and 3) (Duarte 2011; Joyner 2000). Monoecious -i.e. having both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower (Duarte and Paul 2015)-Garcinha h. grows creamy white flowers (Marintho 2019).
Credit: (A) Alejandro Guerra, Instagram, Miami, Florida; (B) Chang Chieh Min, PingTung, Taiwan, China
The tree adapts well to warm climates (Winterstein 2016) and moderately acidic to moderately alkaline soils. Optimal pH levels in soil range from 4.7 to 6.6 (Joyner 2000); grown in central Florida, achachaira thrives in well-drained alluvial soil with sufficient moisture (Lim 2012). Garcinia h. can reach a height of 20 to 50 feet (Figure 3) (Duarte 2011; Joyner 2000), There is a 7-acre farm in south Florida that sells achachairu online at https://manifruit.org/products/bachachaichachainbaix .
## Growing Achachairu
Mature anchachiurei seeds are typically brown, cylindrical, recalcitrant (intolerant to dry conditions or temperatures lower than 50°F), and apomnistic (reproducing asexually but by different propagation from cuttings; apomnically produced plants are genetically identical to the parent plant) (Duarte and Paul 2015). Immature seeds are lighter in color and softer than mature ones. The average anchachiura has fewer seeds per fruit (I-2 (Duarte and Paul 2015)) than its close relative, the Malabar lamarrind (Garcıına cambogia ), which carries 6-8 seeds per fruit (Rasha et al. 2015). (Native to Southeast Asia, the Malabar tamarin is widely cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Africa [Rasha et al. 2015]. As a fruit crop, the G.camboga is not classified as invasive.) Achachaira-seed germination can be problematic due to the seed recalcitrancey but improveable by seed coat removal or by applying gibberellic acid (Duarte and Paul 2015).
Direct seeding and grafting are both suitable for propagating anchilia. The seedlings may be transplanted once they reach a size of 16-20 inches (figur 4). Achachaira rings are grafted onto 3-to 4-year-old occo (Garcıına madrūno (Kunth) Hammel) at the rootstocks, 10-12 inches above the soil surface (Duarte and Paul 2015; Joyner 2000). Grafting is the preferred method; graffled plants can be harvested earlier for a better market price. Over-irrigation is detrimental, increasing the risk of root disease. In the orchard, achachairu plants should be spaced at 26-33 feet (SNV 2019). Achachaira trees can tolerate partial shade during the early growth stage (Paul and Duarte 2011) and can be intercropped with maize, bell peppers, eggplants, tomatoes, other fruit crops, and even vegetable crops (Figure 5).
Figure 4. New Achachairui seedlings. Credit: (A) and (B) Sergio Gonzalez, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala
Figure 5. Achachairui plant intercropped with cucumber.
Credit: Chang Chieh Min, PingTung, Taiwan, China
There is no fertilizer recommendation available for commercial achachairu production in Florida. Achachairu growers may use the recommendations for litchi production (https://edis.fla.ufe/education/MGOS1) for the time being because these two fruit-crops are similar in size and productivity in Florida. Pruning can make harvesting simpler and easier. Achachairu fruit species can be pruned in the early growth stage. Pruning older trees should be primarily limited to the damaged branches or those close to soil (Diurte and Paul 2015).
Generally, achachaira are most affected by fruit flies (Duarte 2011). Leaf and fruit anthracnose is the main disease (Diurte and Paul 2015). If you see pests or disease symptoms, contact your local UF/IFAS Extension office for a diagnosis and recommendations.
## Achachairu Consumption
Achachairu have diverse applications. The trees can be grown as ornamentals (Joyner 2000). The achachairu rind can be used for winemaking (Lim 2012), and natural extracts of dry leaves have shown antibacterial properties (Osorro, Londoño, and Bastida 2013). Achachairu fruit can be consumed raw or incorporated into juices, pastries, sorbets, ice-cream, desserts, jams, or jellies (Winterstein 2016; Marino 2019).
## Summary
Achachairu may turn a profit in Florida. This fruit crop can diversify Florida's farming systems, fruit markets, and food supply. strengthening Florida's fruit industry. Florida's unique climatic conditions present many advantages for commercial achachairu production.
## Acknowledgements
## References and Further Reading
Abreu, N. C., S. M. Barsoba, E. S. C. Gurgel, and W. V. Carvalho. 2017. "Morphoanometry of Garcinia madruo (Kunth) Harmmel (Clusiacae) under Waterlogged Conditions." Revista Braziliaire de Fructifrutada 39, no. 5-1. -8. https://dx.org/doi/10.1590/0010-29452017012
Duarte, O. I. 2011. "Achachaira (Garcinia hilmus) Vahl. C. D. Adamy." In Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, edited by E. Yahia, 48-54. Sawston: Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092762-2764.
Duarte, O. R. and E. Pauli. 2015. Exotic Fruits and Nuts of the New World. United Kingdom: CABI. https://books.google.com/bucks?q=
Xidub-UgolaAA&PQ&p=PA9Jpg+PEAD49&pc=adhacalhusture-durat\_2011&source=sbtcofscYadvaS&sg=ACt[3]f(eng)oxRizHshWZAvMkjv3jV3Oa&hl=en&sn=X&vc=2abh
Joyner, G. 2000. "The Madrono." UF/IFAS Palm Beach County Cooperative Extension Service. Accessed July 1, 2020. http://www.quisqualis.com/28madjoy.html.
Lerner, B. R., and P. Hirst. 2002. "Plaintonization of Fruit Trees and Nuts." Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service. Accessed June 10, 2020.
https://www.purdue.edu/sciasites/yardandgreenwp-contentuploads/sites/2021/10/10-174.pdf
Lim, K. T., 2012. "Garcinina humilis" in Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. https://doi.org/10.1079/978-0-747-160-9
Marinho, L. C., 2019. "A New Combination in Garcinia (Cirsacciae) Based on Rhedcia martini," a Tree Species from Suriname." Harvard Papers in Botany 24, no. 2: 127129: https://doi.org/10.3301phbbsvx22019.n7
Olivier, D. J. S., Wanyoniyou, P. Moutt, S. K. Panchaledi, and L. Brown. 2018. "Achachus (Garcinia humilis) Rind improves Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Diet Induced Metabolic Syndrome." Nutrients Journal 10, https://doi.org/10.3301ynl101425.
Osorio, E. J., Londono, and J. Bastida. 2013. "Low-Density Lipoprotein (DL)-Antioxidant Bilavonoids from Garcinia madrumo." Molecules 18, no. 5: 6092-6100.
https://doi.org/10.3301ymocules18050926
Paul, R. E. and O. Duarte. 2011. "Tropical Fruits". Accessed May 25, 2023. https://books.google.com/books?about/Tropical\_Fruits.htm%2d-%YIHJsuOAcx.
Rasha, H. M., A. Issa, A. Thana, and Z. Zhazar. 2015. "The Biological Importance of Garcinia cambylari a: Review." Journal of Nutrition and Food Science S5, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.41725/1255-9600.S00.
Silva, B. L., B. E. Costa, F. F. Sibino, C. G. Benet, and G. A. Silva. 2018. "Growth and Quality of Garcinia humilis Seedslings as a Function of Substrate and Shading Level." Pegasus Agricultura Tropical 48, no. 4: 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1590/1891-4063-2018-453018.
SNV Netherlands Development Organization. 2019. "Fruit Crops Production and Management." Accessed June 3, 2020.
http://services.cnmssite.filespecialrelease.download.net/fhir\_cropa\_production\_and\_management\_student.pdf
USDA. 2020. "National Plant Germplasm System Garcia madrumo (Kunthy Hammel)." Accessed July 1, 2020. https://ngspaxgh.arch.gov/gewingloballotaxonomydetail.aspx? id=411002.
USDA. 1990. "Plant Inventory N19 Part II." Accessed May 26, 2020. https://www.agr-grin.gov.prins.pi.co/books/scan/ip192p.pdf.
Winterstein, M., 2016. "Fruit of the Month--Achachaiuri (Bolivian Manogosteen). Bonita Springs Tropical Fruit Club Newsletterer,
http://bsfc.org/blastcf/lu/BSTFC newsletter\_07\_2016.pdf
Release Date:
August 8, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-HS1462-2023
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprise
Contacts: David Liu
Related Pages
'
View PDF
About this Publication
This document is HIS1462, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://eds.ifs.uf.esul.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Sergio Gutierrez, former student intern, Horticultural Sciences Department; Tatiana Sanchez, Extension agent II, commercial horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension Alachua County; Zachohui Tong, former associate professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; and Guodong Liu, associate professor, Horticultural Sciences Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
## Related Pages
Horticultural Sciences |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/burke-county-forestry-impacts-2014 | Burke County Forestry Impacts 2014 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Burke County Forestry Impacts 2014
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 8, 2018
Authors
Laurel Kays
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=burkecounty-forestry-impacts-2014#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page
EXTENSION |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-pecan-management/2024-course-lectures/index.html | 2024 Oklahoma Pecan Management - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-11-27 | [] | OK | ## 2024 OKLAHOMA PECAN MANAGEMENT
## Course Concept
The course is intended to provide an indepth experience in the classroom and orchard for current and prospective pecan growers. A new add-on is Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry's Continuing Education Units have been requested for categories 1A and 10 as well as private applicators.
## Contact
Becky. (https://experts.okstate.edu/becky.carroll) Carroll
Senior Extension Specialist
Horticulture and Landscape (https://agriculture.oksstate.edu/departments- Architecture programs/hla/)
(405)744-6139(tel:4057446139)
becky.carroll@oksstate.edu(mailto:becky.carroll@oksstate.edu?
subject=2024%20Pecan%20Management%20Course)
## Additional Pecan Info
Oklahoma Pecan
(programs/oklahoma-pecanmanagement/index.html)
Oklahoma Pecan
(https://www.okpecangrowers.com/)
Growers
Oklahoma Pecan
( https://www.okpecangrowers.com/ )
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
Oklahoma Pecan
dmore, OK
r , OK
ersity,
na State
rr , OK Iwater, OK
tillwater, OK
University,
„ма State
anager,
jghby
pecialist for
& Becky
illwater, OK
ersity, |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/fapc-food-and-agricultural-products-center/solar-dehydrator-construction-plans-fapc-207.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20170623084011-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center
## FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET Adding Value to OKLAHOMA
405-744-6071 · www.fapc.biz · fapc@okstate.edu
June 2017
## Solar Dehydrator Construction Plans
Timothy Bowser Food Process Engineer
## Introduction
A solar dehydrator collects energy from the sun to heat air, which in turn, is used to dehydrate food and agricultural products. Dehydrated foods have a low moisture content, which helps to make them shelf stable and lightweight. Nutritional properties and health benefits of dehydrated foods are mostly retained compared to fresh. Dehydrated foods span a broad range of products from fruits to vegetables to nuts and meats. Popular dehydrated foods include beef, grapes, apples, prunes, peanuts, coffee and carrots. Dehydrated agricultural products include wood, flowers, hay, plants and insects. The objective of this fact sheet is to provide construction plans for a large-scale, home-use, solar dehydrator for foods and agricultural products.
## Implementation
The solar dehydrator construction plans are intended to serve as a guideline for construction, rather than as a rigid instruction set. Available materials, intended use, capacity, skills of the builder and other factors should be considered in plan implementation. For example, the dehydrator could be set on wheels to facilitate movement to sun-exposed areas, metal or fiberglass might be sub- stituted for some or all of the wood structure, and size of the dehydrator may be increased or decreased.
Some photos of the dehydrator under construction and after completion are provided in the construction plans to help the builder to visualize the process. Page 6 of the construction plans describes how the solar collector should be angled to face the sun to capture the most rays. An example angle (measured from vertical)
of 77 degrees is shown. Online solar angle calculators are available to compute the angle, based on the site location and the time(s) of year the dehydrator may be used. A solar angle calculator may be found at http://solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-angle-calculator.html . The optimum angle for a solar collector used primarily in the spring and fall at Stillwater, Oklahoma, is 54 degrees (measured counterclockwise from the 6 o'clock, or vertical, position).
The builder should consider personal safety while constructing the dehydrator. Follow safety instructions and good manufacturing practices for the tools and materials selected. Organize tools, supplies and instructions to decrease opportunities for mistakes. Secure and protect the job site to prevent accidents from trip and slip hazards, trash and debris, electrical cords and unexpected visitors.
## Food Safety
Food safety is a top priority for dehydration of edible materials. Dehydration naturally protects food products but will not inactivate all bacteria, spores, eggs, toxins or chemicals. Cleaning and maintaining clean food products is the best means to producing high-quality, safe, dehydrated foods. Wash and sanitize foods prior to preparation for dehydration. Wash hands thoroughly prior to handling food and frequently during processing. Clean and sanitize all utensils and food contact surfaces prior to use. Keep food products covered and protected from flies and other insects at all times. Store dehydrated foods in airtight containers in a cool place that is not exposed to the sun.
## SOLAR DEHYDRATOR PLANS
by: Timothy J. Bowser, Ph.D, P.E.
Professor, Food Engineering
Biosystems & Ag. Engineering Dept.
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74078
brows@okstate.edu
Built and tested in classrooms in rural Nicaragua, 2016
© Copyright. Tim Bowser. 2017. May be used for educational purposes without written permission, but with a citation to this source.
Food & Agricultural Products Center
## TRAY WITH FOAM STRIP
| WOOD MATERIALS | WOOD MATERIALS | WOOD MATERIALS | WOOD MATERIALS |
|------------------|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| | ITEM | QTY. | DESCRIPTION |
| 17 | 1 | 1 X 4 X 60 cm board (19 x 89 x 600 mm) trays & collector | EXTENSION |
| 2 | 2 | 1 X 8 X 80 cm board (19 x 184 x 800 mm) for base | EXTENSION |
| 3 | 2 | 1 X 8 X 60 cm board (19 x 184 x 600 mm) for base | FALLING |
| 4 | 2 | 1 X 8 x 2.4 m board (19 x 184 x 2,440 mm), collector | EXTENSION |
| 5 | 4 | 2 X 4 X TBD board (38 x 89 x TBD mm) base legs | FALLING |
| 6 | 2 | 2 X 4 x 17 cm board (38 x 89 x 170 mm) for base | FALLING |
| 7 | 2 | 2 X 4 x TBD board (38 x 89 x TBD mm) collector legs | FALLING |
| 8 | 1 | 6.3 mm x 60 x 64 cm plywood board for base | FALLING |
| 9 | 1 | 6.3 mm x 60 x 240 cm plywood board for collector | FALLING |
| 10 | 1 | 6.3 mm x 64 x 60 cm plywood board for fixed lid | FALLING |
| 11 | 1 | 6.3 mm x 44 x 38 cm plywood board for sliding lid cover | FALLING |
| OTHER MATERIALS | OTHER MATERIALS | OTHER MATERIALS | OTHER MATERIALS |
| ITEM QTY. | DESCRIP TION | OTHER MATERIALS | |
| 1 | 4 | Mesh screen (cut to size, approximately 60 x 64 cm) for trays | FALLING |
| 2 | 1 | Mesh to cover air intake (approx 12 x 60 cm) for collector | FALLING |
| 3 | 1 | Mesh screen (cut to size, approximately 40 x 40 cm) for lid | FALLING |
| 4 | 960 cm | Foam strip (cut to size), self-adhesive or other, for trays | FALLING |
| 5 | TBD | Duct tape or other material to seal joints in base | FALLING |
| 6 | 4 | 58 x 235 cm metal lath or screen, painted black | FALLING |
| 7 | Roll | Reflective insulation, approx. 1 x 2.5 m, trim to fit collector | FALLING |
| 8 | 1 | U.V. stable 6-mil plastic sheet (approx. 0.6 x 2.5 m), collector | FALLING |
| 9 | TBD | Nails, 6 d or similar for trays, base and other, about ½ lb. | FALLING |
| 10 | TBD | Nails, 2 d or similar for plywood, about ¼ lb. | FALLING |
| 11 | 10 | Nails, roofing or similar with wide head, for lid | FALLING |
| 12 | TBD | Staples tacks or brads to fasten mesh screen & foam | FALLING |
| 13 | 4 | Metal lath or screen 58 x 235 cm, painted black | FALLING |
ALTERNATIVE A: TWO PLYWOOD SHEET CUT PLAN
## ALTERNATIVE B: SINGLE PLYWOOD SHEET CUT PLAN
COLLECTOR TROUGH PART C, 60 x 40 cm
COLLECTOR TROUGH 60 x 40 cm
PLAN VIEW
## MATERIALS
| | QTY. | QTY. |
|------|--------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| ITEM | 16 | DESCRIPTION |
| ITEM | 24 | Nails, 6d or similar |
| ITEM | 3 | Mesh screen (cut to size, approximately 60 x 64 cm) |
| ITEM | 4 | Foam strip (cut to size), self-adhesive or other |
| ITEM | 5 | Staples tacks or brads to fasten mesh screen & foam |
0.60
Dehydrator trays are stacked on the base and hold product during the dehydration process.
PLAN VIEW
| ITEM | QTY. | MATERIALS | MATERIALS |
|--------|----------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| 1 | 2 | 1 x 8 x 2.4 m board (19 x 184 x 2,440 mm) | |
| 2 | 2 | 2 x 4 x 17 cm board (38 x 89 x 170 mm) | |
| 3 | 2 | 2 x 4 x TBD board (38 x 89 x TBD mm) | |
| 4 | 1 | 6.3 mm x 60 x 240 cm plywood board | |
| 5 | 4 | Metal lath or screen 58 x 235 cm, painted black | |
| 6 | Roll | Reflective insulation, approximately 1 x 2.5 m | |
| 7 | TBD | Nails, and 2d or similar | |
| 8 | TBD | Staples or similar fasteners for plastic sheeting | |
| 9 | 1 | U.V. stable 6 mil plastic sheeting (approx 0.6 x 2.5 m) | |
| 10 | Mesh to cover air intake (approx 12 x 60 cm) | | |
Note: metal lath, plastic and insulation not shown on side and plan views
## PLAN VIEW
| MATERIALS | MATERIALS |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
| ITEM | QTY. DESCRIPTION |
| 1 | 1 6.3 mm x 64 x 60 cm plywood board |
| 2 | 1 6.3 mm x 44 x 38 cm plywood board |
| 3 | 1 Mesh screen (cut to size, approximately 40 x 40 cm) |
| 4 | 10 Roofing nails, or similar, to retain sliding cover |
| 5 | TBD Staples or similar fastener for mesh screen |
Set vent opening size using a thermometer to measure air temperature. Typical air temperatures do not exceed 57 °C . | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/wayne-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Wayne County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Infographics",
"Local Food"
] | NC | ## Wayne County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/other-drosophila-species-in-strawberries | Other Drosophila Species in Strawberries | NC State Extension | [
"Hannah Burrack"
] | null | [
"Strawberry",
"Fruit",
"Entomology",
"Pest",
"Small Fruit",
"Fruit Insect"
] | NC | ## Other Drosophila Species in Strawberries
Strawberry Insects
## Biology
While spotted wing drosophila is a primary pest of strawberries and other soft skinned fruits, meaning it attacks otherwise undamaged fruit, many species of native, non-pest Drosophila may feed on fruit that has been previously damaged. Other Drosophila species are unable to penetrate the surface of sound fruits and must wait until the fruit rot or are damaged by other causes, such as pathogens, mechanical injury, or other insects.
Drosophila larvae in banana.
Attribution: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University/ Bugwood.org
Drosophila melanogaster adult. Note that this fly lacks spots on its wings and has no large, serrated ovipositor.
Attribution: Mohammed El Damir, Pest Management, Bugwood.org
## Damage in Strawberry
Drosophila larvae feed and pupate internally in damaged strawberries.
Drosophila pupae on banana.
Attribution: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
## Scouting and Thresholds
Non-spotted wing drosophila Drosophila larvae are typically present in fruit that have already been damaged. Because these fruit have already been damaged by some other cause, there is no management threshold.
## Management Options
Cultural control, specifically thorough, removal of damaged fruit, is the best and only recommended means to control native, non pest Drosophila .
## Author
Hannah Burrack
Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Entomology
Publication date: July 9, 2014
Reviewed/Revised: Jan. 2, 2025
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/entnemdept/2023/05/04/prevention-is-the-key-to-keeping-rodents-out-of-your-home/ | Prevention Is The Key To Keeping Rodents Out Of Your Home | University of Florida | [
"Robert Annis"
] | 2023-05-04 | [
"Pests & Disease",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Bobby Corrigan",
"Integrated Pest Management",
"pest management",
"pest management university",
"Pests",
"PMU",
"urban pest management"
] | FL | ## Prevention Is The Key To Keeping Rodents Out Of Your Home
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure - especially when it comes to pests. Urban Rodentologist Dr. Bobby Corrigan says this includes mice and rats. A mouse only needs one-quarter of a inch to find its way into your home. Once inside, it can survive on one-tenth of an ounce of food a day. That one crumb from your morning bagel is three square meals for a mouse. While you may see them as a deadbeat roommate, a house mouse is the second most successful mammal on earth. Mice and rats have the ability to make decisions and regret wrong decisions - make the right decision and rodent proof your home.
4
by Robert Annis
Posted: May 4, 2023
Category: Pests & Disease, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: BobbyCorrigan, Integrated Pest Management, Pest Management, Pest Management University, Pests, PMU, Urban Pest Management
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Florida Beekeeping Management Calendar: August
- Keeping Pests Out Of Firewood
- World Mosquito Day
- Florida Beekeeping Calendar: September 2020 |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/ipm-farming/greenhouse-vegetable-ipm-101-basic-insect-pest-scouting-methods/ | Greenhouse Vegetable IPM 101: Basic Insect Pest Scouting Methods | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ayanava Majumdar"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Integrated Pest Management",
"Farming",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | extension
## Greenhouse Vegetable IPM 101: Basic Insect Pest Scouting Methods
This video introduces the topic of integrated pest management to new and experienced specialty crop producers. This video focuses on basic insect pest identification along with information on pest monitoring and scouting systems. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/scots-pine/index.html | Scots Pine - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-03-17 | [] | OK | ## SCOTS PINE
Common Name: Scots Pine
Species Name: Pinus sylvestris
Family Name: Pinaceae
Plant Facts
| Origin | Asia |
|----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Sun Preference | Full Sun |
| Susceptibility | Diplodia tip blight, pine wood nematode, pine wilt fungus, needle blight |
## ID Characteristics
Leaf and Stem Characteristics
+
| Habitat/Ecology | |
|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Soil Preference | Well-drained, adapted to many soil conditions |
| USDA Cold | 3* |
| Hardiness Zone | |
| Notes | Most widespread pine in the world, used for Christmas trees; transplants easily, drought tolerant but pine wood nematode causing serious problems |
Topics: |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/pss/estimating-wheat-grain-yield-potential-pss-2149.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20100119155549-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Estimating Wheat Grain Yield Potential
Jeff Edwards Small Grains Extension Specialist
Wheat grain yield is the product of heads per square foot, seeds per head and seed weight. Using estimates of these parameters, farmers can derive an estimated grain yield potential. These estimates are generally more accurate as the season progresses. An estimate of the number of heads per square foot in the late spring, for example, will be much more accurate than one made in the fall. It is also important to note that any estimate is an estimate , and nothing more, until the crop is harvested.
## Heads per Square Foot
| Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| http://osufacts.okstate.edu |
| Tillers per foot of row | Row Spacing in Inches |
|---------------------------|-------------------------|
| 6 | 7.5 9 |
| 10 | 20 16 13 |
| 12 | 24 19 16 |
| 14 | 28 22 19 |
| 16 | 32 26 21 |
| 18 | 36 29 24 |
| 20 | 40 32 27 |
| 22 | 44 35 29 |
| 24 | 48 38 32 |
| 26 | 52 42 35 |
| 28 | 56 45 37 |
| 30 | 60 48 40 |
| 32 | 64 51 43 |
| 34 | 68 54 45 |
| 36 | 72 58 48 |
| 38 | 76 61 51 |
| 40 | 80 64 53 |
| 42 | 84 67 56 |
| 44 | 88 70 59 |
| 46 | 92 74 61 |
| 48 | 96 77 64 |
| 50 | 100 80 67 |
foot target when sown at 60 lbs/A.
Potential heads per square foot can be estimated in field by counting tillers in one linear foot of row and using Equation 1 to calculate the number of tillers per square foot. These calculations have been performed for various row spacings and tiller counts in Table 1. It is important to count only tillers with at least three unfolded leaves. It is also important to keep in mind that these are tills that can produce grain heads; environmental conditions could still cause the plant to abort some of these tillers. The closer to harvest that these counts are made, the more accurate the estimate will be.
## Seeds per Head
Seeds per head is simply the product of the number of seeds per spikelet and the total number of spikelets per head. Oklahoma wheat averages between 2 grains and 2.5 grains per spikelet and from 8 spikelets to 12 spikelets per head for a total of 20 grains to 30 grains per head. This is the "typical" range and actual grains per head can deviate greatly from this range. Factors such as variety, emergence time, grazing, tiller population density, fertility, foliar disease, insect infestations, weed control and moisture availability will affect the final number of seeds per head.
## Equation 1
tillers per sq. ft. = tillers per ft. of row X 12 row spacing in inches
If a yield estimate is being calculated during or after grain fill, seeds per head can be estimated very precisely by counting seeds in random head samples from across the field. Estimates of seeds per head earlier in the year will be less reliable, as they rely upon several assumptions that may or may not prove to be correct as the crop year progresses. It is also important not to count seeds that are shriveled or light, as these will likely not make it to the combine tank and will not contribute much to yield if they do.
## Seed Weight
The list of factors that can influence seeds per head also influence seed weight. Within a given environment, however, variety probably has the largest effect on seed size. Even though seed size influences final grain yield, it is important to note that small-seeded varieties frequently compensate
| | 14,000 seeds per pound | 14,000 seeds per pound | 14,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | 15,000 seeds per pound | | | | |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|----|----|----|----|
| Heads per square foot | Seeds per head | Seeds per head | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 26 | 28 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 28 | | |
| grain yield estimate (bu/A) | grain yield estimate (bu/A) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 20 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 29 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 18 | 20 | 22 | | |
| 22 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 21 | 23 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 22 | 24 | | |
| 24 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 35 | 23 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 24 | 22 | 26 | | |
| 26 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 35 | 24 | 26 | 28 | | |
| 28 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 35 | 38 | 25 | 28 | 30 | | |
| 30 | 31 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 27 | 30 | 33 | | |
| 32 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 43 | 46 | 31 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 43 | 29 | 32 | 35 | | |
| 34 | 35 | 39 | 42 | 46 | 49 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 43 | 46 | 31 | 34 | 37 | | |
| 36 | 37 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 52 | 35 | 38 | 42 | 45 | 49 | 33 | 36 | 39 | | |
| 38 | 39 | 43 | 47 | 51 | 55 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 51 | 34 | 38 | 41 | | |
| 40 | 41 | 46 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 39 | 43 | 46 | 50 | 54 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 47 | |
| 42 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 57 | 61 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 53 | 57 | 38 | 42 | 46 | | |
| 44 | 46 | 50 | 55 | 59 | 64 | 43 | 47 | 51 | 55 | 60 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 52 | |
| 46 | 48 | 52 | 57 | 62 | 67 | 45 | 49 | 53 | 58 | 62 | 42 | 46 | 50 | 54 | |
| 48 | 50 | 52 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 66 | 65 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 57 | |
| 50 | 52 | 57 | 62 | 67 | 73 | 48 | 53 | 58 | 63 | 68 | 45 | 50 | 54 | 69 | |
| 52 | 54 | 59 | 65 | 70 | 76 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 47 | 52 | 61 | 66 | |
| 54 | 56 | 67 | 73 | 68 | 73 | 56 | 63 | 68 | 73 | 68 | 59 | 64 | 59 | 64 | |
| 56 | 58 | 64 | 70 | 76 | 81 | 54 | 65 | 65 | 70 | 76 | 51 | 54 | 61 | 66 | |
| 58 | 60 | 66 | 72 | 78 | 54 | 56 | 67 | 63 | 73 | 68 | 58 | 68 | 74 | 74 | |
| 60 | 62 | 68 | 75 | 81 | 87 | 58 | 64 | 70 | 76 | 81 | 54 | 60 | 65 | 71 | |
| 62 | 64 | 71 | 77 | 84 | 70 | 66 | 62 | 72 | 78 | 84 | 56 | 62 | 68 | 73 | 79 |
| 64 | 66 | 78 | 80 | 93 | 62 | 68 | 74 | 81 | 87 | 84 | 58 | 64 | 70 | 76 | 81 |
| 66 | 68 | 75 | 82 | 89 | 96 | 64 | 70 | 77 | 83 | 89 | 60 | 66 | 72 | 84 | |
| 68 | 71 | 78 | 85 | 92 | 99 | 66 | 72 | 79 | 86 | 92 | 62 | 68 | 74 | 80 | |
| 70 | 73 | 80 | 87 | 94 | 102 | 68 | 75 | 81 | 88 | 95 | 64 | 70 | 76 | 83 | 89 |
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VII and Vll and of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11248 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices, or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May B and June 30, 1914, in distribution with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and has been prepared at a cost of 20 cents per copy. 0309
by producing more heads and more seeds per head than larger-seeded varieties. Given these caveats, most hard red winter wheat produced in Oklahoma will have between 13,000 and 16,000 seeds per pound. It is also important to note that seeds per pound will generally be larger in noncleaned wheat because small seeds are removed during the cleaning process.
Equation 2 estimated grain yield (bu/A) = heads per sq.ft. × grains per head × 726 seeds per pound
## Calculating the estimate
Once estimates of the number of heads per square foot, seeds per head and seed weight have been established, they can be combined using Equation 2 to produce an estimated yield potential. The '726' value in Equation 2 is a constant that results from simplifying the equation. The results of Equation 2 using several possible combinations have been calculated in Table 2 . | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2023/12/18/veteran-uf-ifas-scientist-named-interim-chair-of-environmental-horticulture/ | Veteran UF/IFAS scientist named interim chair of environmental horticulture | University of Florida | [
"Brad Buck"
] | 2023-12-18 | [
"UF/IFAS",
"Dean Kopsell",
"environmental horticulture",
"interim chair",
"micropropagation",
"NASA",
"Robert Gilbert",
"Tropical Research and Education Center",
"Wagner Vendrame"
] | FL | ## Veteran UF/IFAS scientist named interim chair of environmental horticulture
Wagner Vendrame, a 22-year veteran of UF/IFAS, has been named interim chair of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, effective Jan. 1.
fluency in four languages. He recently formalized a relationship with a research institute in Colombia to arrange for student exchanges.
"Dr. Vendrame has already shown exceptional leadership in mentoring department faculty, strengthening relationships with stakeholders like the green industry and securing research funding from non-traditional sources such as NASA," said Rob Gilbert, UF's interim senior vice president for agriculture and natural resources. "He knows the faculty, staff, facilities and stakeholders well, so he can immediately continue to advance the department as its interim leader."
Vendrame came to Gainesville three years ago at the request of current Chair Dean Kopsell -a classmate of his in a Ph.D. program at the University of Georgia -to run the department's
micropropagation laboratory. Kopsell soon thereafter asked him to serve as associate chair
Vendrame has demonstrated his leadership through service on the UF Faculty Senate and as a past member of the UF/IFAS Dean for Research Advisory Committee. He also showed great leadership as one of several faculty members who recruited Kopsell to come to UF/IFAS.
Kopsell recently accepted a position as an associate dean at UGA. His last day on campus will be Friday, Dec. 22.
In his six-and-a-half years as chair, Kopsell hired about a third of the 28 departmental tenured and tenure-track faculty in Gainesville and six research and education centers.
"Please join me in congratulating Wagner and wishing him successful moonshots as both unit leader and in his continuing participation in the NASA Artemis program to return humans to the moon. Please also join me in thanking Dean for his service to UF/IFAS," Gilbert said.
## ###
## ABOUT UF/IFAS
The mission of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) is to develop knowledge relevant to agricultural, human and natural resources and to make that knowledge available to sustain and enhance the quality of human life. With more than a dozen research facilities, 67 county Extension offices, and award-winning students and faculty in the UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, UF/IFAS brings science-based solutions to the state's agricultural and natural resources industries, and all Florida residents.
ifas.ufl.edu | @UF IFAS
```
```
Category: UF/IFEAS
Tags: Dean Kopsell, Environmental Horticulture, Interim Chair, Micropropagation, NASA, Robert Gilbert, Tropical Research And Education Center, Wagner Vendrame
More From Blogs.IFAS
UF/IFAS Florida Sea Grant survey seeks boater input on existing and needed resources
Free Youth Fishing Clinic set, August 5, let your B- to 14year-old get hooked with skills
UF/IFAS faculty appointed to national committee |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/pesticide-safety-education/practical-workshop-and-re-certification-dates/site-files/documents/2020/september-29-2020-fumigation-registration-form.pdf | The information given herein is for educational purposes only | Oklahoma State University | [
"Kevin Shelton"
] | Error: time data "D:20200717092249-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## 2020 Fumigation Applicator Practical September 29th, 2020
PESTICIDE SAFETY EDUCATION PROGRAM
OSU Extension
| | Stillwater | Stillwater | Stillwater | HW 1717 |
|-----------------|--------------|--------------------|--------------|-------------|
| Range | Sangre | Western Washington | Highway 177 | Lakeview |
| County Club Rd. | Sangre | Boomer Rd. | McElroy | Main Street |
September 29th: 8:00 am -5:00 pm
Directions: GPS Coordinates
N 36° 07' 10.50" N 36.119584
W 97º 08' 24.35" or W 97.140103
Directions:
From the intersection of Highway 51 and Range Road, go 1/4 mile north on Range Road, turn east into second drive way.
Registration Fee:
$200.00 per person
$175.00 for OARA/OGFA members/employees
The registration fees for this workshop include final testing. OARA/OGFA members must provide proof of membership to get the reduced rate.
Maps: Directions to the Stored Product Research Education Center are also available on our web site.
Lodging: Lodging is available at several local motels in the Stillwater area. Please make your own registrations as early as possible to insure that you have a room. http://www.visitstillwater.org/visitors/Lodging
Lunch and refreshments will be provided, if you have health related dietary concerns, please call Agriculture Conferences prior to the registration cutoff date.
Class starts at 8:00 am. on September 29th. You must attend the entire class. Be on time.
For more information concerning registration or other workshop information contact
Pesticide Safety Education Program
Phone: 405-744-5531
## REGISTRATION INFORMATION
Pesticide Safety Education Program Fumigation Applicator Practical Date: September 29th, 2020
Deadline: You must pre-register by September 22nd, 2020, to attend this class.
CLASS SIZE IS LIMITED Please register early to reserve a space in the workshop
## YOU MUST HAVE PASSED THE CODE AND FUMIGATION WRITTEN EXAMS BEFORE ENROLLING IN THE PRACTICAL
Registration Fee: (NO REFUNDS) $200.00 per person, $175.00 for OARA/OGFA members or their employees. Proof of membership is required. Registration includes the ODAFF testing fee for the practical exam.
To register on-line, go to the following website and follow instructions for registration: http://pested.okstate.edu/html/practical.htm
You cannot register by mail. We are unable to accept checks at this time. All registrations must be online by credit card until further notice.
All participants must wear masks while inside the classroom as per OSU guidelines.
If you have a fever or are not feeling well, please stay home and reschedule.
If you have been to areas with high numbers of Covid-19 cases, please wait 14 days before attending a practical.
If you are over 65 and/or in a high risk group, please consider waiting for a later practical. Masks will be provided or you may bring your own.
Lunch and refreshments are provided, if you have health related dietary concerns, please call Agriculture Conferences prior to the registration cutoff date.
For more information concerning registration or other workshop information contact
OSU Pesticide Safety Education Program Phone: 405-744-5531 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/monoxido-decarbono | Monoxido de carbono | NC State Extension | [
"Sarah Kirby"
] | null | [
"Carbon Monoxide",
"Home Ownership",
"Monoxido De Carbono",
"Healthy Home"
] | NC | ## Monoxido de carbono Monóxido de carbono
El monóxido de carbono es un gas invisible, inodoro, y sin color. A pesar que no puede verlo u olerlo, el respirar concentraciones altas lo puede matar y a sus queridos en minutos. Hasta en niveles bajos, el monóxido de carbono puede causar enfermedades.
## Fuentes de monóxido de carbono
Los artefactos de cocina que consumen combustibles (también llamado proceso de combustión) emiten monóxido de carbono. Estos artefactos de conciina incluyen hornos de gas o aceite y calentadores portátiles, secadores de gas, calentadores de agua a gas, generadores, estufas y chimeñas de madera. El humo de los vehículos también es un fuente de monóxido de carbono.
Cantidades pequeñas de dióxido de carbono también son producidas cuando los combustibles fósiles como gas, aceite, kerosene, carbón, y madera son quemados. Cuando esos combustibles se queman eficientemente y son usados apropiadamente, el monóxido de carbono no es un problema. La preocupación es cuando el quemado es incompleto y/o expulsado inapropiadamente y el monóxido de carbono se escapa en su casa.
## Síntomas de intoxicación de monóxido de carbono
Los síntomas de intoxicación de monóxido de carbono incluyen mareos, dolores de cabeza, fatiga, confusión, nauseas, y falta de aire. Esos síntomas también son similares a los de la influenza y otras enfermedades comunes, entonces puede ser difícil diagnosticar la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono sin un examen de sangre. Se debe sopechear una intoxicación leve de monóxido de carbono si esos tipos de síntomas desaparecen cuando sale de se su casa y vuelven cuando se regresa.
Cuando respira monóxido de carbono, este entra al torrente sanguineño rápidamente y evita el envío de oxígeno que su cuerpo necesista para funcionar. Las personas con anemia, problemas de corazón o pulmones, niños y bebes no nacidos son particularmente susceptibles a los efectos fatales. No tome ningún chance si estos síntomas aparecen rápidamente y hay cualquier razón para sospechar que tiene intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. La duda pueda resultar en la perdida de consencia y la muerte. Si sospecha de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono, apaque los artefactos de cocina a combustión y salgan todos al aire fresco inmediatamente. Después, vaya a una sala de emergencia y diga a los profesionales de medicina que usted cree que ha estado expuesto a monóxido de carbono. Antes de regresar a su casa, aseguríese de contactar a un trabajador calificado para revisar sus artefactos de cocina a combustión.
## Filtración de gases
A veces, cuando un artefacto de cocina a combustión está operando al mismo tiempo que una rejilla de ventilación poderosa, los gases combustibles pueden ser succionados por el aparato o tubo y entrar a la casa. Eso se llama filtración de gases. Para proteger a su familia de la filtración de aire, haga que un profesional de inspección de calentadores entrenado realice una inspección de
seguridad a todos sus artefactos a combustión.
El trabajador debe asegurarse de que:
- · Todos los artefactos de cocina están instalados apropiadamente y están operando correctamente.
- · Todos los quemadores reciben suficiente aire de afuera/ fresco para que la combustión sea completa.
- · Ningún artefacto produce niveles peligrosos de monóxido carbono.
- · Todos los tiros, chimeneas y ductos están despejados y conectados correctamente.
## La prevención , detección , y inspección
Mientras que la prevención de monóxido de carbono debe ser su primera prioridad, debe instalar detectores digitales de monóxido de carbono. Detectores que se enchufan y a batería son diseñados para que se active una alarma cuando se detectan niveles dañinos de monóxido de carbono. Aseguírese de que los detectores que compra cumplen con los requisitos de la Asociación de Gas Americana (American Gas Association) y Underwriters Laboratories (UL2034) y úselos como segunda manera de prevención, no como sustituito de las inspeciones anuales de artefactos de cocina y mantenimiento. Cuando ussted compre un detector, note lea the expectativa de vida del sensor ubicado adentro del detector. Puede ser que el detector no dure para siempre y necesite ser reemplazado según los recomendaciones del productor. Si su detecto es a bateria, debe revisar la batería mensualmente, y reemplaza llarana alimentate (igual como los detectores de humo). Instale detectores de monóxido de carbono según las instrucciones del productor y ubicaciones
Cuando esté usando los artefactos que usan combustibles fósiles, busque las siguientes señales:
- · Una flama amarilla en un artefacto de gas (debe producir una flam azul) .
- · Acumulación de hollín encima o alrededor de su artefacto.
- · Manchas de óxido y corrosión en los tiros o chimeneas.
- · Un aumento de la condensación en las ventanas.
- · Calefacción con peor funcionamiento o un horno de larga duración.
- · Olores o sonidos extraíos provenientes de los artefactos.
Mientras que algunos detectores de monóxido de carbono pueden ser similares a los detectores de humo, su función es completamente diferente. Para que su hogar sea seguro, usted debe tener detectores de humo y monóxido de carbono.
## Preocupación de la eficiencia del uso de energía
Si su hogar es enerGLYPHgicamente eficiente y se encuentra bien aislado y sellado de aire con calafateo y sellado tØrmico, usted debe ser mÆs cuidadosoporque los niveles de CO pueden aumentar rÆpidamente en un hogar cerrado. EstØ seguro que todos los aparatos a combustión estØn operando correctamente.
## Otros consejos de seguridad
- · Nunca use un horno o estufa como un calentador portatil.
- · Nunca deje el carro prendido en un garage que estØ junto a la casa.
- · Nunca use un calentador sin ventilaciGLYPH al menos que tenga un sensor de depleciGLYPH de oxigeno y tenga aire de combustiGLYPH adecuado.
- · Nunca duerma en un cuarto con un calentador ambiental a gas o kerosene sin ventilaciGLYPH.
- · Siempre asegœrese de que los calentadores ambientales sin ventilaciGLYPH operan en cuartos con ventanasun poco abiertas y la puerta abierta.(¿Mejor veite usarlos completamentel)
- · Siempre siga las instrucciones de cómo operar y mantener los artefactos a combustiGLYPH .
- · Nunca use aparatos que utilizan gasolina (generadores, moterosiras, etc.) dentro de espacios cerrados.
- · Nunca use una parilla a carbGLYPH dentro de la casa.
## Author
Sarah Kirby
Professor and Department Extension Leader Agricultural and Human Sciences
Publication date: Sept. 4, 2015
Reviewed/Revised: June 11, 2020
There is an alternate English language version of this document here: Carbon Monoxide
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ffgs/2024/12/18/florida-land-steward-update-december-18-2024/ | Florida Land Steward Update, December 18, 2024 | University of Florida | [
"Chris Demers"
] | 2024-12-18 | [
"Conservation",
"Forests",
"Invasive Species",
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"SFYL Hot Topic",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"2025 calendar",
"Christmas Trees",
"conservation easements",
"family forest",
"Florida Land Steward Program",
"forest management",
"hurricane recovery",
"longleaf pine",
"online course",
"prescribed fires",
"School of Forest Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences",
"tree farm"
] | FL | ## Florida Land Steward Update, December 18, 2024
## SEASON'S GREETINGS!
On behalf of all the Florida Land Steward partners we wish you and yours a very festive, peaceful, and safe Holiday season. A huge THANKS to all the partners and landowners who participated in the many events taking place around the state and beyond in 2024, and we look forward to seeing many of you at events in the works for 2025. Cheers!
## LAST CALL TO APPLY FOR USDA NRCS
## HURRICANE DISASTER ASSISTANCE BY
## DECEMBER 20
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in Florida reminds agricultural producers and landowners it is accepting applications for disaster assistance funding through the Emergency Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) through December 20, 2024 . EQIP provides technical and financial assistance to assist in recovery from agricultural damages caused by hurricanes Debby, Helene, and Milton. Approximately $26 million has been made available for EQIP disaster assistance. For more information contact Bianca Diaz Deliz, State EQIP Specialist, at (352) 338-3413 (office); (352) 810-1093 (mobile) or email bianca.diaz.deliz@usda.gov
## 2024 ANNUAL SAND PINE CHRISTMAS TREE SALE AT LAKE WALES RIDGE STATE FOREST
If you still want a Christmas tree you can cut your own Florida native sand pine Christmas tree on Lake Wales Ridge State Forest Arbuckle Tract. Dates for cutting ends this week. The last day to cut a tree is Family Fun Day on Dec. 21 at the McLean Cabin Day Use Area from 10 am to 2 pm ET. Cost is just $10 (exact cash onsite) for a permit.
Bring your own hand saw (no power saws allowed). Obtain a tree cutting permit at the office on School Bus Road in Frostproof, FL from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm ET.
Click on the flyer to the right or call (863) 589-0545 for more information. You can order trees and pay electronically by emailing XmasTreeLWRSF@fdacs.gov and you'll be sent a payment link and details.
## 2025 FLORIDA LAND STEWARD WALL CALENDARS
your calendar by sending an email to cdemers@ufl.edu with your mailing address. These are first come, first serve to interested landowners, while supplies last. Calendars requested after Thursday December 19 will likely be sent after Christmas. Requested calendars to date have been sent or will be sent before the end of this week.
Did you enjoy and use the 2024 Florida Land Steward wall calendar? Please share your feedback with us. Your feedback is important! In order to continue this annual tradition, we need to know if and how the Florida Land Steward Calendar is being used. Please share your feedback on the 2024 edition here. Won't take but a couple minutes!
Want to contribute to future editions? If you would like to contribute to the production of future editions of the Florida Land Steward Calendar, you can donate at https://wildlifelorida.org/wildlife/. Click the "Donate" button on the top right. In the field where you can write a note, please indicate "Private Lands Fund". Thank you!
## SIGN UP OPEN FOR USDA NRCS AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION EASEMENT PROGRAM (ACEP)
Apply by December 20, 2024
Florida landowners and eligible entities may apply at any time, but to be considered for the FY 2025 funding opportunities, applications must be received by December 20, 2024 for both Wetland Reserve Easements (WRE) and Agricultural Land Easements (ALE).
ACEP protects the agricultural viability and related conservation values of eligible land by limiting non-agricultural uses which negatively affect agricultural uses and conservation values. ACEP protects grazing uses and related conservation values by restoring or conserving grazing land, as well as protecting, restoring, and enhancing wetlands. See this USDA NRCS ACCEP news release for more details about these easement opportunities.
Applications are available at your local USDA Service Center or online on the Get Started with NRCS web page.
CHECK OUT A NEW UF/IFAS EXTENSION PUBLICATION:
RESOURCES FOR PRESECRIBED FIRE ON PRIVATE LANDS
This publication connects Florida landowners with the resources available for prescribed burning, including resources for local, boots-on-the-ground help, as well as training and regional information. Prescribed Fires on Private Lands here .
## GULF COASTAL PLAIN ECOSYSTEM PARTNERSHIP (GCGPEP) LONGLEAF PINE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
The GCFPEP Longleaf Assistance Program includes incentives for longleaf establishment, stand improvement, and prescribed fire. It is available to landowners within the GCPEP project area. This includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, and Holmes Counties west of the Choctawhatchee River in Florida; and Baldwin, Escambia, Covington, Conecuht, Coffee, Geneva, and Dale Counties west of the Choctawhatchee River in Alabama. Habitat improvements must be within existing longleaf stands, mixed stands, or to establish new longleaf forests. Incentives can cover up to $100/ac. for establishment, up to $50/ac. for stand improvement, or
$15/ac. for prescribed fire, not to exceed 50% of landowner costs. For more information contact the Program Coordinator: Jacob Barrett, jacob@longleafalliance.org, (478) 230-4761.
## ENROLL IN THE ONLINE FOREST LANDOWNER ACADEMY
Need a good self-paced primer on forestry and forest stewardship? Don't have time to attend workshops and other events? The UF/IFAS School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Science's online Forest Landowner Academy is for you. The direct link to enroll is https://ifas-sfrc-for.catalog.instructure.com/courses/for-fla .
Questions about the course can be directed to Chris Demers, cdemers@ufl.edu, (352) 846-2375; or Michael Andreu, mandreu@ufl.edu.
## GET FLORIDA LAND STEWARD EMAIL UPDATES
Don't miss out on news and events! Sign up for the regular email updates! Send an email to Chris at cdemers@ufl.edu to be added to the email listserv. Florida Land Steward email updates are sent once a week or every other week and include the latest calendar of workshops, tours and other events; a link to the current issue of the quarterly Florida Land Steward newsletter; updates on cost-share and other assistance programs, opportunities, and resources; and other stewardship related news and information.
## UPCOMING EVENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
## ACCESS THE QUARTERLY
## FLORIDA LAND STEWARD NEWSLETTER ONLINE
Access the current and back issues of the quarterly Florida Land Steward newsletter here.
## HAVE AN EVENT OR RELATED NEWS TO SHARE?
Drop a line with the details and link(s) to Chris at cdemers@ufl.edu.
## CONSIDER A GIFT IN SUPPORT OF THE UF/IFAS FLORIDA LAND STEWARD PROGRAM
The mission of the UF/IFAS Florida Land Steward Program is to help and encourage private landowners to actively manage their land resources for long-term environmental, economic, and social benefits. This program is largely supported by partners and donors. If this program has made a difference in your land stewardship efforts, please consider a gift. Support the UF/IFAS Florida Land Steward Program here. Thanks!
1
by Chris Demers
Posted: December 18, 2024
Category: Conservation, Forests, Invasive Species, Natural
Resources, Recreation, SFYL Hot Topic, UF/IFAS Extension, Water,
Wildlife
Tags: 2025 Calendar, Christmas Trees, Conservation Easements,
Family Forest, Florida Land Steward Program, Forest Management,
Hurricane Recovery, Longleaf Pine, Online Course, Prescribed Fires,
School Of Forest Fisheries And Geomatics Sciences, Tree Farm
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Behind The Scenes: How UF/IFAS Risk Assessments Sustain Florida's $191M Aquaculture Industry
- · Florida Land Steward Update, January 29, 2025
- · Tall Timbers, A Forest Of Possibilities
- · Forest Landowner Academy: Enroll At Any Time |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/edgecombe-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Edgecombe County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Edgecombe County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 10, 2020
Authors
Rajan Para¸uli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
☐ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=edgecombecounty-forestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/the-economic-contributions-forestry-and-forest-products-lee-county | The Economic Contributions of Forestry and Forest Products - Lee County | Mississippi State University | [
"Shaun M. Tanger, PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Forestry",
"Marcus K. Measells, MS, Senior Extension Associate, Forestry",
"James E. Henderson, PhD, Extension Professor and Head, Coastal Research and Extension Center",
"Ian A. Munn, PhD, Associate Dean and Professor, Forestry"
] | null | [
"Forest Economics",
"Forestry Impacts",
"Miscellaneous"
] | MS | " Publications » Miscellaneous »
The Economic Contributions of Forestry and Forest Products - Lee County
## The Economic Contributions of Forestry and Forest Products
## Lee County
MISCELLANEOUS
Filed Under: Forest Economics, Forestry Impacts
Publication Number: M1677
## Lee County
Forestry and forest products are a major component of Lee County's economy. Forest-related economic sectors generate value not only within the forest-related sectors but also in other sectors of the economy. The economic contributions of forest-related sectors and their contributions on other sectors can be estimated using input-output analysis. Using 2018 data, this study estimates the total economic contributions of forestry and the forest products industry to Lee County, Mississippi.
## Employment and Income Contributions
Forest-related economic activity in Lee County during 2018 generated 5,260 jobs and over $256.7 million in income. That's about 6.3% of jobs and 6.7% of income in the county. Employment is the number of full- and part-time jobs in all sectors of the economy. Income includes all forms of employment income, including employee compensation (wages and benefits) and proprietor income, also referred to as labor income.
## Total Output and Value Added Contributions
Forestry and the forest products industry generated over $1.1 billion, or about 6.9% of economic output in Lee County. Forest-related value added amounted to over $396.5 million, or about 5.9% of all value added in the county. The value of all goods and services produced is defined as total output. Value added is a portion of total output and represents the creation of new wealth.
## Tax Contributions
Forest-related economic activity contributed an estimated $74.12 million in tax revenue for federal, state, and local governments. This represents an estimated tax revenue of $47.88 million for federal and $26.24 million for state and local governments.
Contributions from forest-related sectors on employment and income in Lee County, Mississippi , 2018.
| | Number of Jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors |
| Misc. Forest Products | Misc. Forest Products | 1 | 0.00 | 51,289 |
| | Number of jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Logging | 9 | 0.01 | 17,028 | 0.00 |
| Solid Wood Products | 103 | 0.12 | 7,420,096 | 0.19 |
| Wood Furniture | 2,802 | 3.35 | 125,333,595 | 3.27 |
| Pulp & Paper | 368 | 0.44 | 27,951,613 | 0.73 |
| Subtotal | 3,283 | 3.92 | 160,773,621 | 4.19 |
| Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors |
| Wholesale & Retail Trade | 500 | 0.60 | 26,999,991 | 0.70 |
| Misc. Manufacturing | 382 | 0.46 | 16,783,448 | 0.44 |
| Misc. Services | 352 | 0.42 | 11,493,321 | 0.30 |
| Transport. & Comm. Services | 199 | 0.24 | 10,825,341 | 0.28 |
| Financial & Real Estate | 197 | 0.24 | 7,605,042 | 0.20 |
| Health Services | 167 | 0.20 | 14,107,580 | 0.37 |
| Petroleum & Chemicals | 39 | 0.05 | 1,642,819 | 0.04 |
| Domestic Services | 30 | 0.04 | 1,829,345 | 0.05 |
| Recreation & Amusement | 23 | 0.03 | 436,481 | 0.01 |
| | Number of jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------|------------------|---------------|--------------|---------------|
| Education | 23 | 0.03 | 265,487 | 0.01 |
| Utility Services | 20 | 0.02 | 1,402,602 | 0.04 |
| Construction | 20 | 0.02 | 786,967 | 0.02 |
| Government | 19 | 0.02 | 1,603,693 | 0.04 |
| Agricultural Products | 2 | 0 | 4,471 | 0 |
| Metal Industries | 2 | 0 | 78,334 | 0 |
| Resource Services | 1 | 0 | 15,985 | 0 |
| Transportation Equipment | 1 | 0 | 64,467 | 0 |
| Glass, Stone, & Clay | 0 | 0 | 32,835 | 0 |
| Mining | 0 | 0 | 18,276 | 0 |
| Food Processing | 0 | 0 | 8,736 | 0 |
| Machinery & Equipment | 0 | 0 | 44,434 | 0 |
| Agricultural Processing | 0 | 0 | 1,834 | 0 |
| Farm Inputs & Machinery | 0 | 0 | 735 | 0 |
| Fabric Mills & Leather | 0 | 0 | 456 | 0 |
| | Number of jobs | % of County | Income ($) | % of County |
|-----------------------|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| Technology Industries | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
| Subtotal | 1,977 | 2.36 | 96,012,730 | 2.5 |
| TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS | 5,260 | 6.29 | 256,786,351 | 6.7 |
| Rest of County | 78,411 | 93.71 | 3,578,108,859 | 93.3 |
| Total in County | 83,671 | 100 | 3,834,895,210 | 100 |
Contributions from forest-related sectors on total output and value added in Lee County, Mississippi, 2018.
| | Output ($) | % of County | Value Added ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors | Direct Contributions from Forest-Related Sectors |
| Misc. Forest Products | 72,419 | 0.00 | 51,744 | 0.00 |
| Logging | 318,574 | 0.00 | 31,435 | 0.00 |
| Solid Wood Products | 63,313,020 | 0.39 | 26,913,691 | 0.40 |
| Wood Furniture | 544,056,111 | 3.39 | 163,439,790 | 2.43 |
| Pulp & Paper | 178,171,189 | 1.11 | 41,584,490 | 0.62 |
| Subtotal | 785,931,311 | 4.90 | 232,021,151 | 3.45 |
| Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors | Indirect and Induced Contributions on Sectors |
| | Output (%) | % of County | Value Added (%) | % of County |
|-----------------------------|--------------|---------------|-------------------|---------------|
| Wholesale & Retail Trade | 86,077,171 | 0.54 | 47,930,128 | 0.71 |
| Misc. Manufacturing | 35,533,148 | 0.22 | 20,104,217 | 0.3 |
| Misc. Services | 32,390,137 | 0.2 | 18,496,396 | 0.28 |
| Transport. & Comm. Services | 32,219,662 | 0.2 | 14,141,651 | 0.21 |
| Financial & Real Estate | 56,167,176 | 0.35 | 29,983,687 | 0.45 |
| Health Services | 26,713,113 | 0.17 | 16,110,647 | 0.24 |
| Petroleum & Chemicals | 14,621,189 | 0.09 | 3,620,310 | 0.05 |
| Domestic Services | 10,900,443 | 0.07 | 4,769,152 | 0.07 |
| Recreation & Amusement | 1,895,482 | 0.01 | 789,527 | 0.01 |
| Education | 727,197 | 0 | 258,911 | 0 |
| Utility Services | 11,170,482 | 0.07 | 4,218,317 | 0.06 |
| Construction | 3,466,923 | 0.02 | 1,099,273 | 0.02 |
| Government | 6,401,475 | 0.04 | 2,640,201 | 0.04 |
| Agricultural Products | 54,470 | 0 | 14,383 | 0 |
| Metal Industries | 431,846 | 0 | 114,581 | 0 |
| | Output ($) | % of County | Value Added ($) | % of County |
|--------------------------|----------------|---------------|-------------------|---------------|
| Resource Services | 23,666 | 0 | 15,347 | 0 |
| Transportation Equipment | 460,600 | 0 | 86,662 | 0 |
| Glass, Stone, & Clay | 150,493 | 0 | 52,958 | 0 |
| Mining | 133,668 | 0 | 22,753 | 0 |
| Food Processing | 27,484 | 0 | 10,955 | 0 |
| Machinery & Equipment | 25,688 | 0 | 7,618 | 0 |
| Agricultural Processing | 28,274 | 0 | 5,609 | 0 |
| Farm Inputs & Machinery | 9,400 | 0 | 1,388 | 0 |
| Fabric Mills & Leather | 2,736 | 0 | 971 | 0 |
| Technology Industries | 153 | 0 | 55 | 0 |
| Subtotal | 319,632,074 | 1.99 | 164,495,697 | 2.45 |
| TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS | 1.105,563,385 | 6.89 | 396,516,847 | 5.9 |
| Rest of County | 14,950,133,542 | 93.11 | 6,320,943,655 | 94.1 |
| Total in County | 16,055,696,927 | 100 | 6,717,460,502 | 100 |
Economic contributions developed using 2018 IMPLAN® software and data (reported in 2020 dollars).
| Total forestland acres, 2018 | 95,461 |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Private ownership acres | 95,461 |
| Public ownership acres | 0 |
| Forestland assessed value, 2018 | $5,556,835 |
| Ad valorem tax collections from forestland, 2018 | $606,473 |
| Value of standing timber, 2018 | $188,345,496 |
| Value of timber harvested, 2019 | $1,449,846 |
| Timber severance tax collections (100%), 2019 | $4,580 |
| Tax to Forest Resource Development Program (80%) | $3,664 |
| Tax returned to county government (20%) | $916 |
Sources: Forestland ownership, acreage, and timber volumes were estimated using the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, Forest Inventory EVALDator web application Version 1.8.0.01. Tax collections according to Mississippi Tax Commission and Mississippi Department of Revenue. Timber harvest values according to the Mississippi Harvest of Forest Products Report.
## M1677 (100-11-20)
By Shaun M. Tanger , PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Forestry; Marcus K. Measells, MS, Senior Extension Associate, Forestry; James E. Henderson , PhD, Extension Professor and Head, Coastal Research and Extension Center; and Ian A. Munn , PhD, Associate Dean and Professor, Forestry.
Copyright 2020 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Produced by Agricultural Communications.
Mississippi State University is an equal opportunity institution. Discrimination in university employment, programs, or activities based on race, color, ethnicity, sex, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability, age, sexual orientation, genetic information, status as a U.S. veteran, or any other status protected by applicable law is prohibited. Questions about equal opportunity programs or compliance should be directed to the Office of Compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, P.O. 6044, Mississippi State, MS 39762, (662) 325-5839.
Extension Service of Mississippi State University, cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published in furtherance of Acts of Congress, May 8 and June 30, 1914. GARY B. JACKSON, Director Department: MSU Extension-Lee County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Authors Dr. James Emery Henderson Professor and Head Forest Economics and Management |
| November 19, 2024 Analysis: Ag, forestry vital to Miss. economy |
| DECEMBER 19, 2023 Timber value ranks third with increased harvest |
APRIL 28, 2023
Trying to salvage timber? Call a forestry specialist
MARCH 6, 2023
Consider temps, soil makeup when planting loblolly pines
FEBRUARY 17, 2023
Timberland upkeep can help lower tax bills
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 next\_ last2
Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4082
How to Raise Your Google Business Profile to Attract More Customers
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4086
How to Boost Your Sales Leads with Email Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4075
Crafting Social Media Messages Your Customers Can't Ignore
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4083
How to Reach Your Audience and Boost Sales with Content Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2893
Southern Pine Density Management for a Healthier Forest
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
Recent Issues
THE OVERSTORY Volume 11, Issue 1, February 2022
THE OVERSTORY
Volume 10, Issue 4, November 2021
THE OVERSTORY
Volume 10, Issue 3, August 2021
THE OVERSTORY
Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2021
THE OVERSTORY
Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2021
1
2
next\_
last\_
2 |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS243 | Citrus Sudden Death in Brazil | University of Florida | [
"S. H. Futch",
"M. J. Beretta",
"K. S. Derrick"
] | 2020-10-26 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Citrus Sudden Death in Brazil
S. H. Futch, M. J. Beretta, and K. S. Derrick
Citrus sudden death is a relatively new disease to Brazil, first confirmed as a problem in 1999. The disease was first reported in the northern part of the citrus production area located in the state of Minas Gerais and has since spread into the northern part of Sao Paulo State, which is the largest citrus-producing state in Brazil. This northern citrus production region has a hotter climate and is subject to greater moisture stress than the majority of Sao Paulo State. The cause of the disease is presently unknown, but it appears to be an infectious disease that affects trees budded on Rangpur lime with limited reports on Volkamer lemon being infected.
Trees affected with sudden death decline rapidly within weeks of initial visual symptoms, and the disease has been give the name 'sudden death' or in Portuguese 'morte subita dos citróxa' (Figure 1). To date millions of trees have been reported lost due to the disease.
At the present time, sudden death appears to affect only trees on Rangpur lime and to a lesser extent on Volkamer lemon. As a large part of Brazil's citrus industry planted on Rangpur lime rootstock, this poses a significant threat to their industry.
Sudden death causes a general but usually quick decline of the tree with a significant reduction in fibrous roots and a yellow stain in the bark (Figure 2) when thinly sliced from the lower trunk portion of the tree. The yellow stain is located in the phloem of the bark. Trees infested with sudden death will have fruit of normal size as compared to other diseases that cause fruit to be smaller than normal. Some have suggested that, based upon the spread pattern, an insect vector may be involved in the movement of the disease, but this has not been proven.
## Strategies To Combat Citrus Sudden Death
Since it appears that the disease mainly affects trees on Rangpur lime, citrus growers are switching to rootstocks that appear to tolerate the disease currently infested locations. Tolerant rootstocks currently being used include Swingle citrus, Cleopatra mandarin, Sunki mandarin and trifoliate orange. However, the problem with switching to other rootstocks is that these alternative rootstocks are not as tolerant of the extreme drought conditions that appear in the fall and winter seasons in Brazil. With the movement to other rootstocks, growers are increasingly being forced to use irrigation to minimize the drought effects. This adoption of irrigation increases their grove establishment costs as well as the annual production costs. Water is limited and expensive due to expenses associated with irrigation well drilling depths.
An additional method of coping with the disease is the use of inarching with a tolerant rootstock on trees less than three to five years old and planted on Rangpur lime rootstock. Inarching is a process whereby a small seedling is planted near the trunk of the tree and grafted into the established tree above the budunion (Figure 3). Over a period of time, this new tolerant rootstock will grow and aid in replacing the old root system being affected by the sudden death. While inarching has shown some success, it is mainly limited to trees less than three to five years old that are free of visible disease problems. Trees greater than five years of age have died when inarched with a tolerant rootstock even when the trees were apparently free of the disease at the time of inarching. Inarching does add an additional cost of approximately $1.00 to $1.40 per inarch tree, and since it is suggested to place two inarchings per tree, the total added cost for this process comes to $1.00 to $2.80 per tree. Inarching is most successful when done during Brazil's rainy season to aid in the establishing of the new root system of the new tree.
Another recommendation is to use budwood grown in areas free of sudden death. Additionally, nursery trees are required to be produced in enclosed structures to control citrus variegated chlorosis, which may limit the spread of sudden death.
## Publication #HIS997
## Release Date:
October 27, 2020
## Reviewed At:
January 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/eds-bis.h243-2005
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: shf
View PDF
## About this Publication
his document is HIS997, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2005. Revised February 2017. Visit the EDIS website at https://fsis.edu.lsf.edu.lt for the currently supported version of this publication. This research was supported by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and approved for publication as Journal Series No. T-006586.
## About the Authors
S. II. Fuchs, Extension agent IV emergent; M. J. Beretta, research associate (retired), Plant Pathology Department; and K. S. Derrick, professor (retired), Plant Pathology Department; UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL.33850.
## Related Pages |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/specialty-cover-crops-soils/cover-crop-selection-legumes/ | Cover Crops: Legumes | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2020-09-18 | [
"Cover Crops",
"Agriculture",
"Legumes"
] | AL | ## Cover Crops: Legumes
## Winter Pea
Pisum sativum : Producers should plant winter pea in September. Winter pea grows on a vine, similar to vetch. This cold-hardy annual legume can provide lots of residue, but may decompose quickly because of the high nitrogen content. Winter pea can provide up to 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre. This legume provides very good erosion control and forage quality. It is also a great cover crop to help attract beneficial insects.
Download a PDF to learn more about winter pea, (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04f.pdf)
## Iron Clay Cowpea
Vigna unguiculata L. cv. ' Iron Clay': Cowpeas originated in Africa and have been bred by farmers for thousands of years for different uses and situations. Producers should plant cowpea when soil temperatures reach 65 degrees Fahrenheit, 9 weeks before the first frost. The 'Iron Clay' cowpea, a summer annual, is a common southeastern cover crop. The Iron Clay Cowpea is heat-tolerant and handles drought well. It can grow in poor soils or moderate shade. Iron Clay Cowpea provides excellent weed and erosion control. It is also a very good attractor of beneficial insect.
Download a PDF to learn more about Iron Clay Cowpea. ( https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04p )
## Crimson Clover
Trifolium incarnatum : Crimson clover is a winter annual legume in the Southeast and can accumulate up to 5,500 pounds of residue if planted early. Producers should plant crimson clover in August and September. Crimson clover provides excellent forage quality. It is also very good at providing weed and erosion control.
Download a PDF to learn more about crimson clover. ( https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04e )
## Hairy Vetch
Vicia villosa : Hairy vetch is a winter legume that provides heavy residue to protect the soil and choke out weeds. Plant hairy vetch 15 to 45 days before the killing frost. This legume produces about 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Hairy vetch is an excellent cover crop for attracting beneficial insects. It is also a good cover crop for weed and erosion control.
Find more information on hairy vetch in a downloadable PDF. ( https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04g )
## Sun Hemp
Crotalaria juncea : Sun hemp is a summer legume that is native to India and Pakistan. Plant sun hump are at least 9 weeks before the average frost. This summer legume can produce 120 pounds of nitrogen per acre in two to three months. It is an excellent cover crop for compaction reduction and weed and nematode control. Sun hump is a very good cover crop for erosion control.
Find more information on sun hump in a downloadable PDF. ( https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04h ) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/greenhouses/plant-growth-chamber-24-x-49 | Plant Growth Chamber (24 x 49) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Shaun Robert Broderick",
"Dr. Alan Henn",
"Dr. James Dewey McCurdy",
"Mr. Pawel Miroslaw Orlinski",
"Dr. Barry R. Stewart"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Lawn and Garden",
"Greenhouses"
] | MS | " Publications " Building & Construction Plans Archive " Greenhouse
Plant Growth Chamber (24 x 49)
## Plant Growth Chamber (24 x 49)
| GREENHOUSES | Filed Under: Agriculture, Lawn and Garden |
|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: 5980 | |
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
## Your Extension Experts
Dr. Shaun Robert Broderick
ASSOc Extensions/Research Prof
Dr. Alan Henn Extension Professor
Dr. James Dewey McCurdy Associate Professor
Mr. Pawel Miroslaw Orlinski Instructor I
Dr. Barry R Stewart Professor
Related News
| Related Publications | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4082 How to Raise Your GLYPH(cmap:df00)oogle Business Profile to Attract More Customers | |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4086 How to Boost Your Sales Leads with Email Marketing | |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4076 How to Organize a Hands-On Workshop for the Master Floral Designer | |
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4075
## Crafting Social Media Messages Your Customers Can't Ignore
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4083 How to Reach Your Audience and Boost Sales with Content Marketing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
Recent Issues
4H ANIMAL LINES NEWSLETTERS March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines
MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners
DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes
MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and
Workers
DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
Crafting Social Media Messages Your Customers Can't Ignore |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/spend-less-save-more-at-the-grocery-store/ | Spend Less and Save More at the Grocery Store | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2024-03-01 | [
"Nutrition",
"Grocery Shopping",
"Budgeting"
] | AL | ## Plan Your Meals
- · Take time on the weekend to plan your snacks and meals for the week.
- · Make a grocery list of the foods you will need for your weekly snacks and meals.
- · Check your cupboards and refrigerator as you make your grocery list.
- · Plan your menu around store specials, coupons, and inseason fruits and vegetables.
## Shop Wisely
- · Eat before you shop so you are not hungry.
- · Only buy the foods on your grocery list.
- · Compare prices of different brands and sizes.
- · Buy generic or store brands to save money.
- · Check for the expiration dates and use-by dates.
- · Remember that convenience items save time but not money.
- · Use the nutrition label to help make wise food choices.
- · Check out your local farmers market and compare prices.
## Don't Forget
Take your groceries home and put them away as quickly as possible.
- Make sure you store groceries properly to prevent foods from spoiling.
- Eat sensible portions.
- Use leftovers for another meal.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda nondiscrimination-statement/)
(2 post type=acces\_content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true)
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/outdoor-fireplaces | Outdoor Fireplaces | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive
» Outdoor Fireplaces
## Outdoor Fireplaces
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6261
View as PDF: 6261.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/marketing-puzzle-futures-option-contracts.html | Marketing Puzzle: Futures Option Contracts - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Kim Anderson"
] | 2017-01-05 | [] | OK | ## Marketing Puzzle: Futures Option Contracts
Published May. 2017 |
Id: AGEC-549
By Kim Anderson
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/printpublications/agec/marketingpuzzle-futures-option-contracts agec-549.pdf)
```
JUMP TO: Futures Option Contracts /
Option Terminology. / Option Contracts /
Put Option Contracts / Call Option Contracts /
Summary.
```
The cash price received for most agricultural commodities traded on futures exchanges is determined by the underlying futures contracts. The following equation may be used to determine the cash price (OSU Facts Sheet # 548): cash price = futures contract price + basis . The appropriate futures contract price directly impacts the cash price.
The equation, cash price = futures price + basis is a key to understanding how to use pricing tools (Figure 1). Each tool and cash price may be thought of as a piece of a puzzle. Just as each pricing tool is connected, each puzzle piece is connected indirectly to every other piece of the puzzle.
For example, the puzzle piece cash price does not change unless either the futures price or basis changes. If the futures price increases 5 cents per bushel and the basis does not change, the cash price increases 5 cents per bushel. Conversely, if the futures price decreases 5 cents per bushel and the basis does not change, the cash price decreases 5 cents per bushel.
In grain markets, the basis is relatively stable. Major changes in the cash price are mostly caused by changes in the futures contract price. There are many futures contracts. For hard red winter wheat, there are five contracts; March, May, July, September, and December. The cash price is determined by the next contract to expire before the expiration month.
For example, during December, January, and February, the Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT) March contract is used to determine the cash price. During March and April, the KCBT May contract is used. During May and June, the KCBT July contract is used. During July and August, the KCBT September contract is used. And during September, October, and November, the KCBT December contract is used to determine the cash price.
A key to understanding the market is to understand this simple principle: The equality, cash price = prices + basis must hold. Any change in the futures contract price will cause the cash price to change. If the futures price changes, either cash price or basis must change. Producers who own cash commodities (wheat, corn, soybeans, cattle, hogs, etc.) normally lose when futures contract price declines. Producers who must buy cash commodities normally lose when futures contract price increases. Futures option contracts may be used to insure against these losses.
## Futures Option Contracts
Agricultural commodity option contracts traded on the Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT), the Chicago Board of Trade (CBT), and the Chicago Merchant Exchange (CME) were introduced in 1988. Their purpose is to provide agricultural commodity producers and merchandisers price risk management tools.
A futures option contract is a contract which gives the contract buyer the right (option) to either buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specified futures contract at a contracted price. Assume a KCBT December $4 wheat Put option
contract has been bought for 20 cents per bushel. The buyer of the Put has the option to sell a KCBT December contract for $4. Now assume that the December wheat futures contract price goes to $3.75 per bushel. The buyer of the $4 Put option contract has the option to sell the KCBT December contract for $4 and then buy it back for $3.75, netting a profit of 25 cents. After subtracting the original 20 cents costs, the actual profit from the trade is 5 cents.
In this example, the buyer "exercised" the option to buy the futures contract. Very few option contracts are converted to a futures position (exercised). Most option contracts, which have value, are sold. For example, if a $4 wheat Put option has been bought and the underlying futures contract is $3.75,
The value of futures option contracts changes as the underlying futures contract price changes. Buyers of futures option contracts may use the contracts to insure against changes in futures contract or cash prices. Futures option contracts are price risk management tools which impact the net price received through futures contracts. In most cases, profit from buying or selling option contracts goes directly to the buyer or seller.
Futures option contracts provide agricultural producers with a price risk management alternative for no potential loss, but with unlimited gain. If having an alternative with "no potential loss" sounds too good to be true, it is. Buyers of options must pay someone to take the price risk. The payment or premium is paid to the buyer when the option is purchased.
## Option Terminology
Understanding option terminology is not essential to knowing how to use options, but it is important to know the terms when options are incorporated into the marketing plan. Full understanding will come with use. For this fact sheet, you may refer to the following terms.
Buyer- The person who purchases the contract. The buyer is the only person who has the choice of whether or not to use the contract.
Seller-The person who sells the contract to the buyer. The sellers receive the premium (see premium below) and in turn must take the opposite position if and when the option is exercised.
Put-An option contract which gives the buyer the right to sell (short) a specific futures contract at a specified price. If requested, the seller of the put must buy from the buyer of the put option the specified futures contract at the contracted price.
Call-An option contract which gives the buyer of the call option contract the right to buy (long) a specific futures contract at a specified price. If requested, the seller of the call option must sell to the call option buyer the specified futures contract at the contracted price.
Underlying Contract-The specific futures contract (i.e. KCBT December wheat) which the buyer has the right to, in case of a Put sell, or in case of a Call buy.
Strike Price-The underlying futures contract price at which the buyer of the option contract has the right to accept a sold position (Put) or bought position (Call). Strike prices are in 10c increments for wheat and corn, and 25c increments for soybeans.
Premium-The "price"of an option. The money the option contract buyer pays the option contact seller. The "premium" is the maximum amount the option buyer can lose. The "premium" is the maximum amount the seller can gain.
Expiration Date-The last day on which a option can be exercised. Options, except CME feeder cattle, expire about the 20th of the month before the underlying futures contract expires.
Exercise- The action taken by the buyer (and only the buyer) to obtain the contracted position in the underlying futures contract at the specified price.
## Option Contracts
The following Put and Call Option contract discussions pertain to buying Puts or Calls and the buyers rights and responsibilities. There are many terms associated with option contracts. Some of these terms are presented above, but they are only important when options are actually used.
Before options are implemented into the marketing plan, the important thing to know is the price impact of buying a Put or a Call Option. The Premium is the cost of the contract. For example, a KCBT $4 July wheat Put Option contract may cost $0.15 per bushel or $750 for one 5,000 bushel futures contract.
The Strike Price is the "starting point" for establishing the option contract value. Assume a KCBT July $4 Put Option contract is bought (strike price is $4). The Put Option contract value will depend on whether the KCBT July wheat contract price is above or below the $4 strike price.
The buyer chooses the strike price. Each strike has a different value and will depend on the price level of the underlying futures contract. It would be easy to get "tied up" with terminology, but don't. The key is to learn two basic principles. Put Option value increases when futures contract price declines and Call Option value increases as futures contract price increases. These two principles are the most important points to remember about Options.
## Put Option Contracts
Note that Put Option contracts impact Price through the futures contract and futures contract price (Figure 1). The single most important thing to remember about Put Option Contracts is that the Put Option Contract's value increases as the underlying futures contract price declines. The
single most important thing to remember about the futures contract price is as the futures contract price declines, the cash price declines.
## Figure 1. The Marketing Puzzle.
Visualize a Futures Contract and a Put Option Contract as two connected tanks of water. If the water level in the Futures Contract tank declines, the water level in the Put Option tank increases. If the water level in the Futures Contract tank increases, the water level in the Put Option tank declines until the Put tank is empty. The Put Option water level can not get any lower than zero.
If a commodity (wheat, corn, cattle, hogs, etc.) is owned and the underlying futures price increases without a change in the basis, the cash price increases. This could be good. If a commodity is owned and the underlying futures price decreases without a change in the basis, the cash price decreases. This could be bad. If a Put Option contract has been purchased on the underlying contract, it is OK to have declining prices.
Assume wheat is growing in the field, the KCBT July wheat contract price is $4, the expected basis is minus $0.25, and a $4 July Put Option contract premium (cost) is $0.15 per bushel. Wheat may be hedged or forward contracted for
$3.75 per bushel ($4 - $0.25). An alternative to forward contracting or hedging is to buy a $4 KCBT July put option contract. The minimum expected price from buying the Put Option contract would be $3.60 ($4 - $0.25 - $0.15). This is the $4 futures contract price plus the expected basis (-$0.25) and minus the Put Option premium ($0.15).
A graphic representation of the price impact from buying Put Option contracts is shown in Figure 2. The diagonal or dashed/solid line represents the relationship between the futures contract price and the cash price. Assuming the basis is a minus $0.25, the cash price is always 25c less than the futures price. If the futures price is $3, the cash price will be $2.75. If the futures price is $4, the cash price will be $3.75. If the futures price is $5, the cash price will be $4.75.
In Figure 2, the solid line represents the relationship between the futures price, a put option contract, and the price received without considering the put option's premium. Assume a KCBT $4 July Put Option contract had been purchased in April. If the KCBT July contract price is $5, the local cash price would be $4.75 ($5 - $0.25). Since the futures contract price is greater than the Put Option strike price of $4, it is not logical to use the put to sell for $4 when the futures contract price is $5; therefore, the KCBT $4 July Put Option contract will have no value. The cash price plus any profit from the Put $0 would be $4.75 (Note: premium is being ignored).
Figure 2. Net price received from buying a $4 KCBT July Put Option contract with a minus $0.25 basis.
Now assume that a KCBT $4 July Put Option contract had been purchased in April. If at harvest the KCBT July contract price is $4, the local cash price would be $3.75. The KCBT $4 July Put Option Contract would have little or no value. And the Price would be $3.75.
Again, assume that a KCBT $4 July Put Option contract had been purchased in April. If at harvest the KCBT July contract price is $3.50, the local cash price would be $3.25. The KCBT $4 July Put Option Contract would be worth at least $0.50 per bushel ($4 - $3.50). The Price would be $3.75 ($3.25 cash price plus $0.50 final value of the Put Option).
When the futures price is less than $4, the value of the Put Option contract increases and offsets the lower futures price. This in effect creates a "price floor" at a price level determined by adding the basis of $-0.25 to the strike price. The minimum price is $3.75. Above $4, the Put Option has little or no value, but the cash price increases as the futures price increases.
Now take into consideration the $0.15 premium (dashed line in
Figure 2). The premium shifts the net Price down by the
amount of the premium. Assume a KCBT $4 July Put Option contract had been purchased for $0.15 per bushel or $750 for a 5,000 bushel contract in April. Then if the KCBT July contract price is $5, the local cash price would be $4.75 ($5 - $0.25). The KCBT $4 July Put Option contract will have no value. The cash price plus any profit from the Put of $0, would be $4.75. Subtracting the $0.15 cent premium creates a net price of $4.60 per bushel. This is the $4.75 cash price minus the $0.15 KCBT July Put Option premium.
## Call Option Contracts
Call Option contracts impact Price through the futures contract (Figure 1). As the futures contract price increases, the value of Call Option contracts increases. As the futures contract price declines, the value of the Call Option contract declines until the futures contract price is equal to or less than the Call Option "Strike" price, then the value of the Call Option is zero.
Since Call Option contract values move in the same direction as the underlying futures contract price, Call Option contracts by themselves can not be used to protect against lower prices. Call Option contracts are used to protect against higher prices. Call Option contracts are used in combination with other marketing tools.
Producers may want to buy Call Option contracts after the wheat or cattle have been sold. The sale may be through a cash sale (wheat at harvest),after forward contracting (planted wheat or stockers on pasture, cattle in the feed lot), or after hedging. Cash sales, forward contracts, or hedges all lock in the futures price. Cash sales and forward contracts also lock in the basis. Buying a Call Option captures any futures contract price increase above the Call Option "strike" price.
Assume wheat is growing in the field, the KCBT July wheat contract price is $4, the expected harvest basis is minus $0.25, and a $4 July Call Option contract premium (costs) is $0.15 per bushel. Wheat may be hedged or forward contracted for $3.75 per bushel ($4 - $0.25). Forward contracting for $3.75 per bushel locks in both the futures price at $4 and the basis at minus $0.25. After forward contracting, neither a decline nor an increase in the KCBT July futures contract price will impact the Price received (Figure
$4 and the basis at minus $0.25. After forward contracting, neither a decline nor an increase in the KCBT July 3). Note that forward contracting or selling "locks" in the price and may be represented by a horizontal line at the forward contract price, which is $3.75 in this example.
Producers do not like missing the opportunity to receive higher prices. Buying Call Option contracts after the commodity has been sold allows producers to receive any increase in futures contract prices.
Assume wheat is forward contracted for $3.75 per bushel and a $4 KCBT July Call option contract is bought for $0.15 per bushel (Figure 3). The minimum price would be $3.60 ($3.75 - $0.15). This is the $3.75 forward contracted price minus the Call Option premium ($0.15). It is represented by a horizontal, dashed line at $3.60 until the futures price reaches the strike price, which is $4 in this example.
If the futures price is less than the strike price, $4 in this
example, the Call Option may not have any value. If the futures contract price is above the strike price, $4 in this example, gains in the futures are not received because the commodity has already been sold. If a Call Option contract had been bought, the value of the Call Option increases as the futures contract price increases. The forward contracted price plus the increased value of the Call Option allows the price to increase at the same rate as the futures price.
Assume that a KCBT July Call Option contract was purchased for $0.15 per bushel or $750 for a 5,000 bushel contract in April. Then if the KCBT July contract price is $5, when the wheat is delivered in June, the local cash price would be $4.75. The wheat would be delivered for the forward contracted $3.75. The KCBT $4 July Call Option contract will have a value of $1.00 ($5 - $4). The Price would be $4.60 per bushel ($3.75 + $1.00 - $0.15). This is the $3.75 forward contracted price, plus the $1.00 Call Option value, minus the $0.15 KCBT July Call Option premium.
Again, assume that a KCBT $4 July Call Option contract was purchased for $0.15 per bushel in April and the wheat was forward contracted for $3.75. If when the wheat is delivered in June and the KCBT July contract price is $3.50, the local cash price would be $3.25. The wheat would be delivered for $3.75, the KCBT $4 July Call Option Contract would not have a value ($4 > $3.50 >= 0), and the Price would be $3.60 ($3.75 forward contract price minus $0.15 premium).
Another use of Call Option contracts is to sell wheat at harvest and buy Call Option contracts to protect against higher prices. If wheat is to be stored and sold later in the marketing year, carrying costs are incurred. Selling wheat at harvest removes these costs.
Assume wheat is to be stored until December 15 and carrying costs are $0.30 per bushel. If the wheat is sold, KCBT March Call Option contracts could be bought to protect against higher prices. A KCBT March contract would be purchased rather than a December contract because the December Call Option expires in late-November.
"Strike Price" to buy may be complicated. Rather than confuse the matter, follow the example and do not worry about the underlying prices.
Assume that wheat is sold in June for $3.50 per bushel. At the time the wheat is sold, the KCBT March wheat futures contract price is $4 per bushel and a KCBT March $4 Call Option contract may be bought for $0.30 per bushel. The minimum Price received for the wheat will be $3.20 ($3.50 - $0.30).
If the wheat was going to be stored until December 15, storage and interest costs would have been $0.30 per bushel (about the same as the costs of the KCBT March Call Option contract). Carrying costs have been used to pay for nearly all the call option contract and any increase in the KCBT March futures contract price will be captured by an increase in the value of the Call Option contract.
## Summary
Commodity futures option contracts are relatively easy to use. Care must be made to not get caught up in the terminology. Just concentrate on two simple facts. The first is that the value of a put option contract increases as the underlying futures contract price declines. The second fact is that the value of a call option contract increases as the underlying futures contract price increases.
Based on these two simple rules, use put option contracts when the commodity is owned and lower prices will reduce the price received. For example, when wheat is in the field or livestock are on wheat pasture or in the feed lot. Use call
option contracts when the commodity has been sold or priced (forward contracted) and there might be an opportunity to get a higher net price by taking advantage of increasing futures contract prices.
## Kim Anderson
Extension Agricultural Economist
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/agec/marketingpuzzle-futures-option-contracts agec-549.pdf)
## Topics:
Business Strategy & Marketing ( /topics/business-and-community/businessstrategy-and-marketing/)
Marketing Strategy & Tactics ( /topics/business-and-community/business strategy-and-marketing/marketing-strategy-and-tactics/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/holmesco/2023/10/19/hunting-conservation-and-mentorship-building-skills-for-life/ | Hunting, Conservation, and Mentorship: Building Skills For Life | University of Florida | [
"Chris Lauen"
] | 2023-10-19 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"Wildlife"
] | FL | ## Hunting, Conservation, and Mentorship: Building Skills For Life
Hunting, when approached responsibly, can be a rewarding and educational experience for young individuals. As a 4-H agent dedicated to fostering a love for the outdoors, I recognize the importance of instilling a strong foundation of ethics and safety when introducing youth to the world of hunting. To ensure a positive and educational introduction to this amazing tradition, several key considerations should be considered.
- 1. Safety Training and Ethical Hunting Practices:
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) offers comprehensive safety resources, emphasizing the importance of proper firearm handling, wildlife identification, and safe hunting practices. Educating your hunters about the critical role of safety protocols ensures a secure and enjoyable experience in the field.
There are a variety of hunter safety courses available. Visit the Which Hunter Safety Course Is Right For You? | FWC (myfwc.com) webpage to find out what course to see what may work best for your family. If you have completed an online course and have a certificate, you can participate in the upcoming Field Day on November 18, 2023 at West Pittman Baptist Church in Holmes County. Visit the Hunter Safety Registration (site.com) webpage to register or find other courses in your area on a different date.
## 2. First Shot Fundamentals:
Holmes County 4-H has been awarded several grants from the The National Rifle Association (NRA) Foundation. Our Holmes County 4H Shooting Sports Program includes archery, rifle, and shotgun disciplines. Youth members learn "first shot fundamentals" that will translate to important life skills as they may choose to ultimately participate in hunting opportunities. Emphasizing the values of fair
chase, respect for wildlife, and the importance of humane and responsible harvesting helps instill a deep appreciation for the natural world and ecosystem.
## 3. Conservation Education:
Collaborating with 4-H programs that incorporate conservation education can help young hunters understand the vital role they play in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation. Teaching the principles of sustainable hunting and the importance of maintaining ecological balance contributes to the development of environmentally conscious and responsible hunters. This also includes ongoing education and research related to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Holmes County and the surrounding region to learn what we, as hunters, can do to help.
## 4. Mentorship Programs:
The Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission often organizes mentorship programs that pair experienced hunters with newcomers. These programs, align with 4-H's emphasis on positive youth development and foster a supportive learning environment. Mentors follow the guidance outlined in mentorship materials to provide hands-on training, impart valuable skills, and promote the development of strong ethical values in young hunters. Visit the Mentored Hunts Registration (site.com) webpage to find upcoming opportunities across the state of Florida.
## 5. Legal Compliance and Regulations:
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) provides up-to-date information on hunting regulations, licensing requirements, and seasonal restrictions. Educating youth about these regulations instills a sense of responsibility and legal compliance, contributing to the cultivation of law-abiding and conscientious hunters.
By integrating these considerations into the process of introducing youth to hunting, we can ensure that they develop not only a passion for the sport, but also a respect for wildlife and the natural world. Together, we can foster the next generation of responsible and ethical hunters who prioritize safety, conservation, and ethical hunting practices in their outdoor adventures. For more information about how your youth can get involved with Holmes County 4-H, visit the Holmes County 4-H (holmescounty4h.com) webpage.
Miah, daughter of the Holmes 4-H Agent, enjoys the opportunity to harvest her first deer at age 6.
Holmes County 4-H Agent, Chris Lauen, introduces his children to a Holmes County whitetail buck.
o
by Chris Lauen
Posted: October 19, 2023
Category: 4-H & Youth, Natural Resources, Recreation, Wildlife
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · 2022 Outdoor Adventure Camp - (Day Two) - Holmes County 4-H Journeys To St. George Island
- · Holmes County 4-H Sewing Supported By JOANN Fabric And Craft
- · Holmes County 4-H Announces Summer Day Camps For 2022
- · Holmes County 4-H Garden Club - Growing Plants And Positivity |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/browardco/2025/01/15/dream-design-do-4-h-exhibits-at-the-south-florida-fair/ | Dream, Design, Do: 4-H Exhibits at the South Florida Fair | University of Florida | [
"Kenan Bridges"
] | 2025-01-15 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Clubs & Volunteers",
"Uncategorized"
] | FL | ## Dream, Design, Do: 4-H Exhibits at the South Florida Fair
Each year, the South Florida Fair becomes a beacon of creativity and excitement for youth in our community. From January 17th to February 2nd, 2025, 4-H members from Palm Beach and Broward Counties showcased their talents and hard work through a diverse array of projects, earning recognition and fostering personal growth in the process. These events demonstrate not only the breadth of skills grown in 4-H programs but also the invaluable role these experiences play in shaping future leaders and innovators.
## 4-H Project Categories
The fair highlighted the incredible range of 4-H project areas, including:
- · Horticulture :
Cultivating green
thumbs while
learning sustainable
practices.
- Natural Sciences :
Encouraging
curiosity about the
world around us.
- STEM : Inspiring innovation and technological exploration.
- Clothing & Textiles : Fostering creativity and practical skills in design and sewing.
- Personal Development & Leadership : Building confidence, communication, and leadership capabilities.
- Photography : Encouraging artistic expression and storytelling through the lens.
## The Judging Process: A Platform for Skill Development
A key aspect of the fair experience is the judging process, where
youth demonstrate a variety of essential life skills:
- · Planning and Organization : Preparing their projects for submission requires careful planning, attention to detail, and time management.
- · Critical Thinking : As they polish their projects, youth must evaluate their work critically and make improvements to ensure
the best possible presentation.
- · Public Speaking and Self-Motivation : Presenting their projects to a panel of judges phones their communication skills and builds their confidence in expressing themselves.
Judges utilize the Danish judging system , which evaluates participants based on their individual merit rather than comparing them to others. This approach fosters a supportive environment where each youth's effort and personal growth are recognized and celebrated.
## By the Numbers: 2025 Achievements
Throughout the year, 4-H members dedicate countless hours to perfecting their projects. Their efforts culminate in entries submitted to the South Florida Fair, and the results this year were nothing short of extraordinary:
56 4-H members from Palm Beach and Broward Counties entered over 250
exhibits.
Achievements included:
- · 58 Grand Champion ribbons (purple)
- · 161 first-place ribbon (blue)
- · 8 second-place ribbons (red)
A total of $2,323 was awarded in student premiums, generously provided by the South Florida Fair and its partners.
## Why Events Like These Matter
Participation in events like the South Florida Fair offers youth more than just ribbons and prizes. It provides a platform to:
- · Showcase their talents : Youth gain recognition for their skills and hard work, boosting their confidence.
- · Develop real-world skills : Through project preparation and presentations, 4-H members hone critical thinking, problem-
solving, and public speaking skills.
- · Build a sense of community: Interacting with peers and mentors fosters collaboration and networking.
- · Encourage future pursuits: Exposure to diverse project areas can spark lifelong interests and career aspirations.
## A Future Full of Promise
The 4-H exhibits at the South Florida Fair embody the organization's motto: "To Make the Best Better." The achievements of 4-H members in 2025 remind us of the importance of investing in programs that empower youth. As they dream, design, and do, these young leaders are shaping a brighter future for themselves and their communities.
Let's continue to celebrate and support their journey-because the future truly starts here.
Broward County 4-H
Palm Beach County 4-H
(954) 756-8519
(561) 233-1731
broward4h@ifas.ufl.edu
fourh@pbc.gov
## 1
## by Kenan Bridges
Posted: January 15, 2025
Category: 4-H & Youth, Clubs & Volunteers.
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Orange Juice Is One Good Source Of Vitamin C
- · A Gentle Plea For Chaos In The Garden
- · Heat, Hydration, And Dehydration: Know The Signs And Symptoms
- · Broward 4-H Youth Place At State Events |
https://extension.okstate.edu/highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza.html | Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-05-06 | [] | OK | ## HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA
## About HPAI
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a rapidly spreading viral disease that affects wild birds, backyard chickens and commercial flocks. In domestic poultry, HPAI is very contagious and causes illness and death. Poultry producers must be aware and understand the importance of safe biosecurity to prevent HPAI. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/seminoleco/2020/12/07/water-wednesdays-recap-what-is-urban-agriculture/ | Water Wednesdays Recap – What is Urban Agriculture? | University of Florida | [
"Yilin"
] | 2020-12-07 | [
"Agriculture",
"Water",
"community food systems",
"UF IFAS Extension Water Agents",
"urban agriculture",
"urbanization",
"Water RSA",
"Water Wednesdays",
"yilin zhuang"
] | FL | ## Water Wednesdays Recap What is Urban Agriculture?
Water Wednesdays in December will focus on Urban Agriculture.
Last Water Wednesdays, Dr. Catherine Campbell gave an overview
and discussed the benefits and risks of urban agriculture.
## What is Urban Agriculture?
There is no standard definition in the literature. Definitions differ depending on region, country, and field of study. Generally speaking, urban agriculture is food production (or animal husbandry) in urban or peri-urban areas, including commercial, non-commercial, and hybrid operations. It can a home, community, and institutional garden, bee keeping, aquaculture, hydroponics, or aquaponics.
## Florida: Increasing Population & Urbanization
Florida has 20.5 million residents. 2 million people are added in the last decade. 44 of 67 Florida counties are classified as urban. 32 Florida counties became more urban in the last decade according to United States Department of Agriculture. 10 counties changed from a rural to an urban classification.
## Benefits and Limitations
Urban agriculture provides opportunities for community interaction and increases social connections. It creates employment/workforce training opportunities, particularly for low-income and socially excluded populations. Research also indicates that property values increase surrounding community gardens, particularly in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Urban agriculture, however, is often initiated, implemented, and managed by groups from outside the community. It can alienating because outsiders are coming in to "fix" them or their community.
Watch the video to learn more about the benefits and limitations. Dr. Campbell discussed the benefits and limitations of urban agriculture from four perspectives: social & cultural impacts, economic & community development, health & wellbeing, and environment.
o
by Yilin
Posted: December 7, 2020
Category: Agribusiness, AGRICULTURE, Water
Tags: Community Food Systems, UF IFAS Extension Water Agents,
Urban Agriculture, Urbanization, Water RSA, Water Wednesdays,
Yilin Zhuang
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Water Wednesday Recap - All About Your Toilet
- Irrigation In The Home Landscape
- Water Wednesdays Recap - Manure Management
- A Recap Of The 2023 Seminole County Farm Tour |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/orangeco/2021/08/18/leading-with-gratitude-part-2/ | Leading with Gratitude (Part 2) | University of Florida | [
"Kevin Camm"
] | 2021-08-18 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Agriculture",
"Home Landscapes",
"Natural Resources",
"Professional Development",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Work & Life",
"Communication",
"community resource development",
"Conflict Management",
"Gratitude",
"leadership",
"ocextension"
] | FL | ## Leading with Gratitude (Part 2)
To recap last week's blog. As leaders, we need to stop and look back at how we got to where we are quite often. We need to shake off the discomfort and say "thank you" to the folks that helped along the way, whether they shared a talent, gave their time, or walked us through a process. We stop, say "thank you," and everyone wins.
When I was younger, I attended 4-H Camp in Appomattox, VA, at Holiday Lake 4-H Educational Center. Right after the US and Virginia flags were lowered, we engaged in a really popular activity: Mail Call. Outside of swimming in the pool, this was one of our most popular activities. Our name would be called (in front of 230 other campers), and we would have to run to the middle of the human horsese and grab mail, our mail, from friends and loved ones. I cherished the letters that I received because it made me happy that someone reached out to me (and took the time to do it!). That feeling continues to this day when someone takes the time to connect personally. In this case of gratitude, we leaders get to take the lead in initiating the gratitude by sending along a note, a card, or another way to acknowledge a member of the team.
So how do we do that…and do it effectively? There are three things to keep in mind when you share gratitude:
- · Be Specific - Be detailed on why you are thankful and what they did. A lot of leaders do not know what their team members contribute only that it gets done. Know it and reflect on that.
- · Be Honest - Be sincere and do not generalize things. Reflect on what they did do, not what you think that they did.
- · Be LOUD - When you publicly share your gratitude, it is so powerful. It also shows that you are watching their work.
Have you given gratitude liberally? If you must think on that, then my challenge to you is to ramp it up and make your gratitude substantial. Order some thank you cards and keep them in your desk or make some of your own. Make time in your schedule to
acknowledge the people that you need to thank. Set the tone! Take the time to look back and say two of the most important words - Thank You.
## 3
by Kevin Camm
Posted: August 18, 2021
Category: 4-H&Youth, AGRICULTURE, HOMELANDSCAPES, Natural
Resources, Professional Development, UF/IFAS Extension, WORK &
LIKE
Tags: Communication, Community Resource Development, Conflict
Management, Gratitude, Leadership, Ocextension, Professional
Development
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Water Wednesdays Recap - Hydroponics
- Adopt-A-Tree 2025
- Summertime Tips To Maintain A Healthy Home
- Use The Fall Festivities To Teach Children Money Saving Tips |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-tasty-tacos/ | Live Well Recipe: Tasty Tacos | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe: Tasty Tacos
Tasty Tacos are a weeknight favorite! Cook extra chicken and freeze leftovers for later. Serves 8.
## Ingredients
1 cup cooked chicken, shredded
1 can corn, 14 ounces, drained
1 can black beans, 14 ounces drained and rinsed
1 cup salsa + extra for serving
8 taco shells
1/2 cups cheese, shredded
2 cups lettuce, shredded
Download the recipe here; Printable Tasty Tacos (https://www.aces.edu/wp content/uploads/2018/07/FCS\_2196 LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards\_TastyTac 1.pdf)
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. ( https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda nondiscrimination-statement/)
(https://www.aces.edu?
post type=aces\_content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true)
Cookie Notice |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/ | Growing Roses | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Lucy Edwards",
"Bethany O’Rear",
"Katharine Musso",
"Rita Moore",
"J. Raymond Kessler",
"Dave Williams",
"Bridget Behe",
"Patricia Cobb",
"Austin Hagan",
"Kim Sheffer",
"Ron Shumack",
"George Stritikus"
] | 2021-07-14 | [
"Landscaping",
"Gardening",
"Horticulture"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>Growing Roses - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Growing roses can be a rewarding hobby, providing color and beauty for a gardener’s landscape from spring through fall, depending on the cultivars a gardener chooses to grow. Growing roses can also be a challenge as roses are prone to attract various insects and diseases. Knowing how to plant and care for roses, however, gives the gardener the upper hand, making a spectacular rose garden a well-earned reality." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Growing Roses - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Growing roses can be a rewarding hobby, providing color and beauty for a gardener’s landscape from spring through fall, depending on the cultivars a gardener chooses to grow. Growing roses can also be a challenge as roses are prone to attract various insects and diseases. Knowing how to plant and care for roses, however, gives the gardener the upper hand, making a spectacular rose garden a well-earned reality." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-10T14:24:26+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1264367803-scaled.jpeg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="2048" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1365" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="22 minutes" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/","name":"Growing Roses - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1264367803-scaled.jpeg","datePublished":"2021-07-14T21:00:42+00:00","dateModified":"2024-07-10T14:24:26+00:00","description":"Growing roses can be a rewarding hobby, providing color and beauty for a gardener’s landscape from spring through fall, depending on the cultivars a gardener chooses to grow. Growing roses can also be a challenge as roses are prone to attract various insects and diseases. Knowing how to plant and care for roses, however, gives the gardener the upper hand, making a spectacular rose garden a well-earned reality.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1264367803-scaled.jpeg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1264367803-scaled.jpeg","width":2048,"height":1365,"caption":"Rambling Roses in a Domestic Garden"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Growing Roses"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=6340' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["landscaping","lawn-garden"],"pageAttributes":["anr-0157","growing-roses","landscaping"],"pagePostAuthor":"Justin Miller"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-6340 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-12901328"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-66855996"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-landscaping"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/landscaping/">Landscaping</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">Lawn & Garden</a></li><li>Landscaping</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-6340" class="post-6340 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-landscaping category-lawn-garden tag-anr-0157 tag-growing-roses tag-landscaping first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Growing Roses">
<div class="row">
<div class="row row-print">
<div class="post-info-header-category">
<h1>Landscaping</h1>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="post-info-header-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-10 col-md-9 col-sm-8">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
Growing Roses </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>July 14, 2021</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Lucy Edwards, Bethany O’Rear, Katharine Musso, Rita Moore, J. Raymond Kessler, Dave Williams, Bridget Behe, Patricia Cobb, Austin Hagan, Kim Sheffer, Ron Shumack, and George Stritikus</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/landscaping/">Landscaping</a>
</li>
<li class="aces-print"> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0157_GrowingRoses_071321L-G.pdf" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0157_GrowingRoses_071321L-G.pdf" target="_blank">PDF Download<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--JMH line break on mobile 2019-04-26-->
<br class="byline-mobile-line-break">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 col-sm-4">
<!--div class="pull-center small read-time" JMH 2019-04-26 -->
<div class="read-time">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<hr aria-hidden="true" style="margin: 1px;">
<span>
15 min read
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-print"><!-- 2019-03-07 RFF added for print. Update content-print CSS -->
<div class="post-media">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="Rambling Roses in a Domestic Garden" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1264367803-scaled.jpeg">
</div>
</div>
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/"></div><p>Growing roses can be a rewarding hobby, providing color and beauty for a gardener’s landscape from spring through fall, depending on the cultivars a gardener chooses to grow. Growing roses can also be a challenge as roses are prone to attract various insects and diseases. Knowing how to plant and care for roses, however, gives the gardener the upper hand, making a spectacular rose garden a well-earned reality.</p>
<p>Roses are treasured by gardeners for a variety of reasons. For some, the wide palette of colors is the primary appeal; others appreciate roses that bloom throughout the season, while others admire a once- blooming rose that rewards with rosehips in the fall. Some roses perfume the air; others bloom reliably until frost but with little scent. Rose shows attract gardeners who pay careful attention to the quality and size of the bloom. With thousands of cultivars of roses to choose from, the home gardener should prioritize the attributes that matter most.<br />
Gardeners should consider the following when selecting rose plants:</p>
<ul>
<li>Flower form, petals, foliage, and thorns</li>
<li>Color</li>
<li>Once-blooming or repeat-blooming</li>
<li>Landscape planting or cut blooms</li>
<li>Fragrance</li>
<li>Growth habit (height, spread, need for support)</li>
<li>Disease resistance</li>
<li>Pruning requirements</li>
<li>Suitability for Alabama climate</li>
<li>Grafted or own-root</li>
</ul>
<p>When you have selected your roses, the following general guidelines apply.</p>
<p><strong>Select a planting site</strong> that receives a minimum of 6 hours of sunshine daily.</p>
<p><strong>Have a soil test performed</strong> several weeks before planting to determine fertilizer and pH needs of the planting area.</p>
<p><strong>Plant roses</strong> in a well-prepared bed of garden soil liberally mixed with organic matter (well-composted animal manure, peat moss, decayed leaves, alfalfa pellets, or milorganite) and modified according to soil- test recommendations.</p>
<p><strong>Water</strong> established roses with at least 1 inch of water each week from rain or irrigation applied during the early morning hours. New plantings require additional watering, and established plants may require additional watering during times of heat stress.</p>
<p><strong>Regularly inspect</strong> plants to prevent insect or disease damage, and treat as needed.</p>
<p><strong>Mulch</strong> plants to conserve soil moisture and suppress weeds.</p>
<h1>Rose Classifications</h1>
<p>Roses are classified in three main groupings: species roses; old garden, or heirloom, roses, which are rose classes in existence before 1867; and modern roses, which are rose classes developed after 1867.</p>
<h2>Species Roses</h2>
<p>Species roses are often referred to as wild roses. They are typically single-petaled and bloom only once a season. Species roses range in size from small 18- inch bushes to sprawling 20-foot plants. The species rose category includes <em>Rosa banksiae</em> (Lady Banks Rose) and Rosa <em>laevigata</em> (the Cherokee Rose). The latter is sometimes regarded as invasive.</p>
<h2>Old Garden Roses</h2>
<p>Old garden, or heirloom, roses include a wide range of roses in cultivation before 1867 including Alba, Bourbon, Boursault, Centifolia, China, Damask, Gallica, hybrid perpetual, Moss, Noisette, and Tea roses. There are many other old garden rose types but not all are well- suited to cultivation in the south.</p>
<p><strong>Bourbon</strong> is one of the first repeat-blooming, or remontant, types of roses bred. ‘Zephrine Drouhin’ is a classic southern favorite. It is very fragrant, nearly thornless with a climbing habit, and covered in pink blooms.</p>
<p><strong><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignright wp-image-81294" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1181809170-600x432.jpeg" alt="Tangerine Orange Rose" width="450" height="324" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1181809170-600x432.jpeg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1181809170-768x553.jpeg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1181809170-1536x1106.jpeg 1536w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1181809170.jpeg 2041w" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" />China</strong> is a popular variety noted for its remontant plants with relatively few thorns. Favorites include ‘Mutabilis’, the butterfly rose, whose five single petals transform from yellow to pink to bronze as they mature.</p>
<p><strong>Hybrid perpetual</strong> blooms are full and spectacularly large. Hybrid perpetual roses bloom more frequently than do older shrub rose types. This type was most popular before the development of modern hybrid teas. If given proper care, hybrid perpetuals develop into large, vigorous bushes. Favorites include ‘Paul Neyron’ and ‘Marchesa Boccella’.</p>
<p><strong>Noisette</strong> roses were hybridized in South Carolina 200 years ago and ever since have demonstrated their suitability to southern conditions. Expansive, fragrant, and typically reblooming roses, ‘Champney’s Pink Cluster’ and ‘Perle d’Or’ are popular pink and yellow cultivars.</p>
<p><strong>Tea</strong> roses have gorgeous blooms that can be enjoyed through the group Cochet: ‘Maman Cochet’ and all of her red, yellow, pink, blush, and white offspring. Teas and climbing teas are considered old garden roses by the American Rose Society and are distinct from hybrid teas, which are categorized as modern roses.</p>
<h2>Modern Roses</h2>
<p>Modern roses are those that follow the introduction of ‘La France’ in 1867. The first hybrid tea, ‘La France’, was a cross between the old garden tea and hybrid perpetual. Modern roses are grouped primarily according to their flowering habit: hybrid tea, floribunda, grandiflora, polyantha, shrub , miniature, miniflora, and Earth Kind.</p>
<p><strong>Hybrid teas</strong> usually have a single bloom that develops on a robust stem. Flowers of hybrid teas are most often used as cut flowers. Hybrid teas are a cross between the heirloom tea rose and cultivars in the group hybrid perpetuals. Hybrid teas are continuous bloomers from April until frost, often having notable fragrance. Probably the most famous hybrid tea is ‘Peace’, a large-flowered yellow rose with petals edged in pink. The rose was developed by the famous French nursery Meilland in the late 1930s. Cuttings of the plant were shipped from France to safety before the country was occupied. ‘Peace’ received the American Rose Society Award in 1946. The most popular hybrid tea rose is ‘Veteran’s Honor’. Hybrid teas are distinguished by stiff upright stems that support their large blooms.</p>
<p><strong>Floribundas</strong> are usually smaller plants with smaller blooms that tend to flower in clusters. Floribundas tolerate more neglect than any kind of rose except shrub roses. For color throughout the summer, floribundas may be used in flower borders and mass plantings and as informal hedges. Examples include ‘Julia Child’ and ‘French Lace’. Floribundas are repeat bloomers, and many types are notably fragrant.</p>
<p><strong>Grandifloras</strong> resemble hybrid teas in their hardiness and type of bloom. The grandifloras have a larger bush but more abundant, somewhat smaller blooms than the hybrid teas. Examples are ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Gold Medal’.</p>
<p><strong>Polyantha</strong> flowers are borne in large clusters, and the individual flowers are smaller than grandifloras. Polyanthas are closely related to climbing roses. They are excellent for borders with perennials or for mass plantings.</p>
<p><strong>Miniature</strong> roses are smaller in bush, foliage, and bloom size, ranging from 10 to 24 inches in height. They are well-suited for containers, typically own-root, and are extremely hardy. Examples are ‘Joy’, ‘Fairhope’, and ‘Irresistible’.</p>
<p><strong>Miniflora</strong> roses are larger in plant and bloom size than miniatures but smaller than hybrid tea or floribunda roses. Examples are ‘Tiffany Lynn’, ‘Whirlaway’, and ‘Autumn Splendor’.</p>
<p><strong>Earth Kind</strong> is a special label to distinguish roses that grow in a landscape with minimal care. These roses require no special spraying programs and minimal fertilizer and water. They perform well in varying soil types and have superior heat and drought tolerance. Examples are ‘Carefree Beauty’, ‘Caldwell Pink’, and ‘Cecile Brunner’.</p>
<h1>Popular Rose Forms (Old Garden and Modern)</h1>
<p><strong><img decoding="async" class=" wp-image-81295 alignright" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1185042078-400x600.jpeg" alt="White Rose" width="311" height="453" />Climber</strong> roses are usually trained on trellises, posts, or some other type of support and may require heavy annual pruning to keep them manageable. Under ideal growing conditions, the flowers are rather large and may be useful for cutting. Most varieties bloom best when the canes are trained horizontally.</p>
<p><strong>Shrub rose</strong> (old garden and modern) is a catch-all group for roses that do not fit into a specific class and is the most diverse of all classes. Shrub roses typically have a sprawling habit and are popular in landscape settings. The Knockout rose is widely planted because it does not require deadheading to retain a neat appearance. Another popular modern shrub rose is the English roses series from breeder David Austin. English roses are bred to look like heirloom roses but with modern disease resistance. Most shrub roses are pruned in early spring with an overall trim.</p>
<h1>Buying Rose Plants</h1>
<p>Rose plants should be purchased from reputable sources, whether through a local garden center or online. Get the best quality plants you can find— cheap, inferior rose plants will not be worth the trouble or expense of planting and care.</p>
<p>Roses are sold in many forms, each with its own advantages and drawbacks. Many modern roses are sold in local garden centers in plastic bags in bare-root form with canes pruned quite short. Buy plants that have green growth and no signs of disease, and avoid waxed canes as they are not suitable for growth in Alabama heat.</p>
<p>Rose plants are also available locally in containers ranging from a quart to several gallons. Bare-root plants or small potted sizes called bands are also available online or from catalogs. Plants should always be free of signs of disease. Plants shipped from out of state should be accompanied by agricultural inspection paperwork indicating that the product was found to be disease-free before shipment.</p>
<h1>Planting Bare-Root Roses</h1>
<div id="attachment_9114" style="width: 366px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-9114" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-9114" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Untitled-1-2.jpg" alt="Spread roots over a mound of soil to assure proper drainage for plants. Apply water when filling soil around mound." width="356" height="288" /><p id="caption-attachment-9114" class="wp-caption-text">Spread roots over a mound of soil to assure proper drainage for plants. Apply water when filling soil around mound.</p></div>
<p>Before planting, remove the wrappings and place the roots in a bucket of warm water, where they may remain for up to 24 hours before planting. This process helps them begin taking up water. Bushes to be planted should not be left out in the open overnight when freezing weather is expected. The combination of freezing temperatures and drying wind is especially lethal to roses. If planting must be delayed for a few days, place them in a cool, dark area or heel them in by making a trench and covering the roots with organic material. Before planting, prune off any damaged stems or roots of bare-root roses. Hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, and climbers should have the tops pruned back to 12 to 15 inches.</p>
<p>Spread the roots over a mound of soil to ensure proper drainage. Apply water when filling soil around the mound.</p>
<p>When ready to plant, mix two parts soil with one part organic material such as leaf or manure compost, peat moss, or composted pine bark. Mix fertilizer and lime into the bed according to soil test recommendations. Avoid poorly drained soils, since roses will not survive wet feet conditions. Eliminate hardpans by deep tilling or spading. Prepare the bed at least 6 inches deeper than the depth at which you plan to plant the roses. To prevent the spread of disease through poor air movement and impaired sunlight, plant roses at least 3 feet apart.</p>
<p>Set plants in the hole on top of a mound made of the soil mix so that the first root closest to the main stem is just below ground level after the soil settles. If you are not sure about the ground level, lay a stick across the hole to determine ground level. Place soil around the roots, firm the soil by hand, and water thoroughly.</p>
<h1>Planting Potted Roses</h1>
<p>Remove the plastic or paper-mache container, being sure to keep the root ball intact. Dig a hole twice the diameter of the root ball and 6 inches deeper than the depth at which you plan to plant the roses. Place soil in the hole around the root ball. Water thoroughly immediately to firm the soil around the roots. Do not tamp the soil after watering, but ensure that all organic material and soil are thoroughly soaked and no air pockets remain.</p>
<h1>Mulching</h1>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="alignright wp-image-81296" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1191589297-600x400.jpeg" alt="Light pink rose" width="450" height="300" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1191589297-600x400.jpeg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1191589297-scaled.jpeg 2048w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1191589297-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1191589297-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" />Mulches aid in controlling weeds, conserving moisture, and adding fertility. Some effective mulching materials are pine straw, ground corncobs, pine bark, and well- rotted compost. Apply mulches to a depth of 3 inches soon after planting but avoiding the immediate vicinity of the plant base. Reapply organic mulches annually, and remove mulch from prior seasons if there is evidence of disease or pests.</p>
<h1>Watering</h1>
<p>Roses need large amounts of water. Occasional watering may be necessary even when rainfall is plentiful. Water early in the morning, and avoid wetting the foliage as this will promote disease. Soak the soil thoroughly to a depth of 8 to 10 inches, using a soaker hose or directing a small, slow-moving stream of water around the bases of the plants. In clay soil, this can usually be accomplished with 1 inch of water applied weekly.</p>
<h1>Fertilizing</h1>
<p>Test your soil before applying fertilizer. Your local Extension agent can provide soil testing information and advise on adjusting the pH or correcting any nutritional disorders. The elements most often lacking in soils of existing rose beds are nitrogen and potassium. Avoid excessive phosphorous because it will burn the feeder roots. The amount of fertilizer to use should be based on soil test results. Many rose types are heavy feeders during their blooming season.</p>
<h1>Pruning Modern Roses</h1>
<div id="attachment_9115" style="width: 242px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-9115" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-9115" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Untitled-2-2.jpg" alt="For most rose buds, cuts should be made below the third true leaf. For occasional longer stems, stems may be cut above the first true leaf above the break. First year plants should be cut higher (at or near the first true leaf) to allow more leaves to remain on the plant and produce food." width="232" height="294" /><p id="caption-attachment-9115" class="wp-caption-text">For most rose buds, cuts should be made below the third true leaf. For occasional longer stems, stems may be cut above the first true leaf above the break. First year plants should be cut higher (at or near the first true leaf) to allow more leaves to remain on the plant and produce food.</p></div>
<p>Pruning modern roses, especially hybrid tea roses, improves the size, quality, and color of blooms. As soon as the danger of frost is over, get ready to prune. Select three to five vigorous, disease-free canes to be left to produce flowers. The amount of pruning varies with the variety of rose; however, the first pruning should remove dead, damaged, or weak growth.</p>
<p>Pruning can also regulate the number of flowers produced. Leave longer canes if more flowers are desired. If large, show-type blooms are desired, cut back to a few canes and head the remaining ones back to 12 to 14 inches above the ground. Prune bush roses (grandifloras, hybrid teas, floribundas) in early spring when buds begin to swell, after the last frost. Mid- February is a good rule of thumb, but timing will vary depending on your location in the state.</p>
<h1>Pruning Hybrid Teas, Miniatures, and Minifloras</h1>
<p>Remove canes killed by cold, diseases, and insects first. Next, remove all suckers growing below the graft union. Cut all the remaining canes back to 15 to 18 inches above ground or to a bud 1 inch below any damaged part of the cane. Be aware of any cold damage or disease cankers. Cold damage will appear as a browning of the stem and, most often, a brown pith or center of the cane. Make cuts 1⁄4 inch above a bud and at a 45-degree angle. On most varieties, cut to an outside bud to encourage growth away from the center of the bush. Open the centers of hybrid teas, floribundas, and grandifloras to allow more light into the plant.</p>
<p>Varieties that tend to spread will grow more erect if the canes are cut back to an inside bud. Do not cut until plants are well established. Growth can also be controlled by rubbing off new and weak shoots not needed for blooms. Only two or three of the strongest buds per cane should remain.</p>
<h1>Pruning Floribundas, Grandifloras, Shrubs, and Old Garden Roses</h1>
<p>Do not prune these roses as heavily as hybrid teas. These roses often grow to a considerable height and produce more blooms. When pruning, cut the cane back an inch below any diseased or dead wood so that only healthy, green growth remains. Remove the entire branch if it is badly diseased or dead. Leave only three to five strong, healthy canes. Next, remove any canes having weak growth or those growing toward the center of the plant.</p>
<style type="text/css">
#gallery-1 {
margin: auto;
}
#gallery-1 .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 50%;
}
#gallery-1 img {
border: 2px solid #ffffff;
}
#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */
</style>
<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-6340 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/untitled-4-3/'><img width="186" height="208" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Untitled-4-2.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="After each flowering, prune climbing roses back as shown. Prune weak, diseased, or dead stems back anytime they are observed. Do not allow climbers to become overgrown, with thick, dense growth of branches." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-9117" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-9117'>
After each flowering, prune climbing roses back as shown. Prune weak, diseased, or dead stems back anytime they are observed. Do not allow climbers to become overgrown, with thick, dense growth of branches.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/untitled-3-3/'><img width="278" height="202" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Untitled-3-2.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Floribundas and grandifloras should be opened up so as to allow more light in to the plant." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-9116" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-9116'>
Floribundas and grandifloras should be opened up so as to allow more light in to the plant.
</dd></dl><br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<h1>Pruning Climbing Roses</h1>
<p>For many modern cultivars, new canes that have developed should be left since these will produce flowers the next year. Some varieties of climbers will continue to bloom throughout the growing season. These varieties produce new canes from old canes rather than from the base of the plant. Not all climbing roses are the same— it is important that the care and maintenance be based on the cultivar type, not just its growth habit. Old garden rose or modern? Single blooming or reblooming? These are the factors that determine pruning requirements.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 5">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h1>Controlling Pests</h1>
<p>Pest control is a requirement for all rose gardeners. Insects, diseases, and nematodes can quickly make a beautiful plant unsightly and unhealthy. The following sections give general information about common rose pest problems. For more specific treatment recommendations, contact your local Extension agent.</p>
<h2>Insects</h2>
<p><strong><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="alignright wp-image-81297" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-646879762-600x429.jpeg" alt="Yellow Rose" width="450" height="321" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-646879762-600x429.jpeg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-646879762-768x549.jpeg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-646879762-1536x1097.jpeg 1536w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-646879762.jpeg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" />Aphids</strong> can appear in early spring on the first buds, stems, and leaves. Occasionally they may become a pest during the summer but usually appear in heavier numbers again in the fall. Smaller or deformed blooms may result from aphids sucking the plant juices and stunting the plants. Heavy infestations of aphids result in the secretion of honeydew from their bodies. Honeydew makes leaves sticky and shiny and provides a starting place for sooty mold. Begin treatment when aphids build up on plants early in the spring. Inspect plants regularly. Treat in the fall to reduce the number of aphids that may produce overwintering eggs.</p>
<p><strong>Caterpillars</strong> including corn earworms, armyworms, rose slugs, and other caterpillars may feed on blossoms, buds, and leaves. Rose slugs, also called rose sawfly larva, are a particularly virulent pest in early spring. Rather than using insecticides as a preventive, it is best to use insecticides only when larvae and caterpillars are seen on the plant. Removing caterpillars by hand is an alternative to using chemicals.</p>
<p><strong>Spider mites</strong> attack the undersides of leaves. Infested leaves develop a yellow flecking or stippling, turn brown, curl, and drop off. In severe infestations, webbing is present. Spider mites are extremely small and can be examined closely only by using a microscope or hand lens.</p>
<p>Some spider mites are green with two spots; others are red. Spider mites increase in number as the temperature increases, and they often reach the most damaging levels during midsummer. To control spider mites, keep the rose bed and surrounding areas free of weeds. Direct insecticidal soap to the undersides of leaves in the cooler morning or evening hours. Hot, dry weather is ideal for an infestation of spider mites.</p>
<p><strong>Thrips</strong> are tiny yellow or straw-colored insects that injure rose petals. Thrips rasp slits in petals and cause blooms to become brown-flecked in appearance. Blooms damaged by thrips often fail to open properly. Shake an infested flower over a sheet of paper or pull back petals of blooms to see these tiny insects. Be sure to destroy all old blossoms. Thrips can be managed by introducing beneficial insects such as lacewings. Pesticides may be necessary as a last step in managing thrips.</p>
<h2>Diseases</h2>
<p>Because of Alabama’s long growing season, high annual rainfall, high temperatures, heavy dews, and relatively mild winters, roses are subject to prolonged attack by several plant diseases. Control measures are available for some but not all of these, making careful choice of cultivars even more important. The American Rose Society lists cultivar guidelines on its website as does The Heritage Rose Foundation.</p>
<div id="attachment_81301" style="width: 366px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-81301" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-81301" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Screen-Shot-2021-07-14-at-5.19.32-PM-600x579.png" alt="Life Cycle of Black Spot Disease" width="356" height="344" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Screen-Shot-2021-07-14-at-5.19.32-PM-600x579.png 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Screen-Shot-2021-07-14-at-5.19.32-PM-768x741.png 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Screen-Shot-2021-07-14-at-5.19.32-PM.png 1096w" sizes="(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px" /><p id="caption-attachment-81301" class="wp-caption-text">Life Cycle of Black Spot Disease</p></div>
<p><strong>Black spot</strong> (<em>Diplocarpon rosae</em>) is one of the more damaging diseases in Alabama. Symptoms consist of circular black spots with jagged margins appearing on the leaves. Frequently, the spots are surrounded by a yellow halo. Infected leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely. When the attack is severe and allowed to continue, repeated defoliation will occur, resulting in a weakened plant. The fungal spores are spread primarily by splashing rain or water. Black spot thrives during hot, humid summers.</p>
<p>After choosing disease-resistant cultivars, sanitation is the most important step in controlling both black spot and powdery mildew (discussed below). Remove and dispose of leaves (either attached or on the ground) that appear to be infected. Continue this practice throughout the flowering season. Because the fungus overwinters on diseased leaves and canes, this practice should be intensified near the end of the growing season. Sometimes it is necessary to prune canes severely in the spring before new growth. In addition, remove and replace mulch beneath diseased plants. Regularly applying both systemic and contact fungicide will also help control the disease. When spring pruning is completed, apply a fungicide to the rose canes and surrounding ground area.</p>
<p><strong>Crown gall</strong> (<em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em>) causes a gradual decline of the rose bush. The bacterium that causes this disease is usually introduced into an area through contaminated nursery stock. Once present, it can survive for several years, even in the absence of a host plant. The bacterium enters the plant through wounds made during planting, cultivating, or grafting, as well as those made from chewing insects and rodents. Galls are spherical, woody growths with rough surfaces and may exceed 6 inches in diameter. Crown gall reduces plant vitality, causes stunting, and inhibits blossom development. Aboveground symptoms are like those caused by nematodes.</p>
<p>There are no effective chemical controls for existing crown gall infections. Diseased plants should be removed and destroyed. Infested areas may be replanted after fumigation or solarization. Transplants should be free of galls and handled carefully to avoid root injury. Use root dips when planting susceptible plants.</p>
<p><strong>Powdery mildew</strong> (<em>Sphaerotheca pannose</em>) is a fungal disease that occurs in Alabama during the spring and fall. It is less of a problem during the midsummer months when black spot is at its worst. Frequent rains and temperatures above 80 degrees inhibit powdery mildew. The presence of the powdery mildew fungus is confirmed by the white powdery masses of spores on young leaves, shoots, and buds. Symptoms consist of distorted foliage and stunted shoots. Powdery mildew spores spread easily by wind. Under conditions of relatively high humidity, these spores germinate, and infection occurs.</p>
<p>Sanitation is the first step in controlling both black spot and powdery mildew. Remove and dispose of leaves (either attached or on the ground) that appear to be infected. This practice should be continued throughout the flowering season. Because the fungus overwinters on diseased leaves and canes, this practice should be intensified near the end of the growing season. Dormant spray treatments using lime-sulfur can be effective for control. Sometimes it is necessary to prune canes severely in the spring prior to new growth. In addition, remove and replace mulch beneath diseased plants. Preventative treatments of chlorothanlonil, sulfur, or copper-based fungicides also provide good control of black spot and powdery mildew.</p>
<p><strong><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="alignright wp-image-81298" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1198566659-600x400.jpeg" alt="Dark pink roses" width="450" height="300" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1198566659-600x400.jpeg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1198566659-scaled.jpeg 2048w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1198566659-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1198566659-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" />Rose rosette disease</strong> (RRD) is characterized by red witches’-broom-like growths, hyper-thorny canes, and blighted cane-end growth. RRD is caused by the <em>Rose rosette virus</em>, of the genus <em>Emaravirus</em>. The disease is transmitted by the eriophyid mite, <em>Phyllocoptes fructiphilus</em>. The virus is not soilborne, but if infected root pieces remain in the soil after infected plants are removed, they could potentially infect new plants.<br />
Eriophyid mites are microscopic mites, so small that they can be transported by wind. RRD is transmitted by the mite feeding on infected roses and then traveling via wind, clothing, or landscape tools to a healthy plant, where the mites feed and introduce the virus. The disease moves easily to any new rose plant it can find. For that reason, it is important for gardeners to inspect mass landscape plantings particularly carefully for signs of disease.</p>
<p>The mites hide in buds, on open flowers and sepals, or at the base of shoots and leaf axils during the winter. The virus appears on emerging foliage in the spring as red growth soon followed by the disfiguring appearances of witches’ brooms, flattened canes, and blighted leaves. Once diagnosed, the entire RRD-infected plant should be destroyed, including the roots. To avoid the spread of the disease, bag and dispose of all clippings, and if possible, shroud or bag the entire plant at the base of the cane before removing it. It is not recommended to replant roses in the same area.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that new cane growth can have a reddish appearance resembling RRD. Similarly, herbicide drift can cause cane blight or disfiguration; therefore, gardeners should have a little patience before diagnosing RRD because of these similarities but also should not wait until full-blown infestation before removing afflicted bushes. Red growth that does not quickly turn to green or distinctive witches’ brooms growths are almost certain indicators of the disease.</p>
<p><strong>Stem canker and cane blight</strong> (<em>Botrytis blight</em>) may be caused by one of several fungi. These fungi, however, usually attack weakened or damaged plants. Infection may indicate the presence of a more serious problem such as crown gall or low soil fertility. Symptoms may consist of dark brown to black, sunken lesions on canes. Terminal stems die when canes are completely girdled.</p>
<p>Follow sanitation practices suggested for black spot and powdery mildew. Fungicides that are effective in controlling black spot will also control most stem and cane diseases. A regular spray program throughout the growing season is advisable.</p>
<h2><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="alignright wp-image-81300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Screen-Shot-2021-07-14-at-5.12.00-PM-574x600.png" alt="Black and white illustration of a rose." width="292" height="311" />Nematodes</h2>
<p>Nematodes are microscopic, wormlike animals. Several species are parasitic to the roots of roses. Symptoms of nematode injury vary with plant type and age, kind of nematode, and degree of infestation. They include lack of vigor, premature leaf fall, yellow foliage, stunting, and twig and branch dieback. Roots infected by the root- knot nematode (<em>Meloidogyne</em> sp.) have obvious galls (usually less than 1⁄4 inch in diameter). Other nematodes that may damage roses include lesion, spiral, and stunt nematodes. Roots attacked by these nematodes are usually rough, discolored, decayed, and without galls. Nematode damage is often mistaken for lack of fertilizer or poor soil conditions. Aboveground symptoms are similar to those caused by crown gall. When purchasing roses, inspect roots for nematode damage. Avoid moving soil from known nematode-infested areas in your yard to healthy areas. If you live in an area with sandy soils or an area otherwise susceptible to nematode infestation, consider purchasing plants grafted onto Fortuniana rootstock, which is resistant to nematodes.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-46702 alignleft" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Peer-Review-e1623271002323.jpg" alt="Peer Review" width="175" height="117" />Revised by <strong>Lucy Edwards</strong>, <em>Regional Extension Agent</em>, Home Grounds, Gardens, and Home Pests, <strong>Bethany O’Rear</strong>, <em>Regional Extension Agent</em>, Home Grounds, Gardens, and Home Pests, <strong>Katharine Musso</strong>, TES Administrative Support, and <strong>Rita Moore</strong>, Extension Master Gardener. Originally written by <strong>J. Raymond Kessler</strong>, Professor Emeritus, and <strong>Dave Williams</strong>, Professor Emeritus. Other former authors and revisers include <strong>Bridget Behe</strong>, former <em>Extension Horticulturist</em>, <strong>Patricia Cobb</strong>, former <em>Extension Entomologist</em>, <strong>Austin Hagan</strong>, Professor Emeritus, <strong>Kim Sheffer</strong>, former Horticulturist; <strong>Ron Shumack</strong>, former <em>Extension Horticulturist</em>, and <strong>George Stritikus</strong>, former <em>Extension Agent</em>.</p>
<p>Revised July 2021, <strong>Growing Roses</strong>, ANR-0157</p>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<h2>Download this article as a PDF</h2>
<ul class="attach-list pdf-actions">
<li>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0157_GrowingRoses_071321L-G.pdf" target="_blank">
<i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0157_GrowingRoses_071321L-G.pdf" target="_blank">Growing Roses, ANR-0157</a>
<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/anr-0157">ANR-0157</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/growing-roses">growing roses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/landscaping">landscaping</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Related Articles</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="North Alabama Native Plant Symposium">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/lawn-garden/north-alabama-native-plant-symposium/">
<img alt="North Alabama Native Plant Symposium" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Native-Plants-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/lawn-garden/north-alabama-native-plant-symposium/">
North Alabama Native Plant Symposium </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Mar 11, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="The Culture of Camellias: The State Flower of Alabama">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/the-culture-of-camellias-the-state-flower-of-alabama/">
<img alt="Several red camellias." src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-1139543157-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/the-culture-of-camellias-the-state-flower-of-alabama/">
The Culture of Camellias: The State Flower of Alabama </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Nov 08, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Beneficial Long-Legged Flies in Gardens & Yards">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/beneficial-long-legged-flies-in-gardens-yards/">
<img alt="Figure 4. Long-legged flies hold their wings away from their bodies." src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/LongLeggedFly-IN5454429-CharlesRay-ForestryImages-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/beneficial-long-legged-flies-in-gardens-yards/">
Beneficial Long-Legged Flies in Gardens & Yards </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Jul 31, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
</article><!-- #post-6340 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">State Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Duncan Hall<br />
Auburn University,
AL 36849 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 844-4444" style="color:#fff;">(334) 844-4444</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/state">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact the State Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '17747',
office: 'State Office',
captcha: 'fa61cfe579'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-landscaping {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/noun_260149_ffffff-300x300.png');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/landscaping\/growing-roses\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/landscaping\/growing-roses\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses&text=Growing%20Roses","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses","email":"mailto:?subject=Growing%20Roses&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Flandscaping%2Fgrowing-roses"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"6340","page_slug":"blog-topics-landscaping-growing-roses","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"e8aa05419f"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'6340',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "6340" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_12901328-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['12901328'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-12901328","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="12901328" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_66855996-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['66855996'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-66855996","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/landscaping/growing-roses/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="66855996" defer></script> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 0.57679986953735 seconds, on 26-03-25 14:03:54 --> |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/stlucieco/2020/08/21/vanilla-is-coming-to-our-homes/ | Vanilla is coming to our homes! | University of Florida | [
"Amir Rezazadeh"
] | 2020-08-21 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Agriculture",
"Home Landscapes",
"Natural Resources",
"Wildlife",
"Work & Life"
] | FL | ## Vanilla is coming to our homes!
Vanilla planifolia is the plant responsible for natural vanilla flavor. These vanilla orchids grow as vines in south Florida, USDA Hardiness zones 10a to 11a. They are found climbing up host trees and flowering in the branches. The leaves are oval shaped, bright green, and range in length from 3 to 24 inches. The bell-shaped blooms come in white, yellow, or pink.
Today, Madagascar and Indonesia produce most of our planet's vanilla. There, growers cut, cure, and ship the beans around the world. The cost of shipping is part of what makes this edible so expensive. Theft and waste also reduce the amount available. Some vanilla is grown in Hawaii and Puerto Rico but moving production to the continental US would lower the price and make the supply more sustainable.
Good news for Florida growers: Vanilla production may be coming home soon! The UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC) has begun working with vanilla. Dr. Alan Chambers and his TREC team are trialing multiple species. Their goal is to provide Florida growers with varieties designed for large-scale production.
There has been tremendous interest in growing vanilla by homeowners. As a result, Alan's team have created a brief survey in order to facilitate communication and identify suitable candidates for the program. If you are interested to receive vanilla plants and grow it in your property, you can find a link to the survey below. It should take about 2 minutes to complete.
https://ufl.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV\_3r7iNH9PWIs1HZ
Also, please review our vanilla growing guide using the link below. The growing guide is freely available through UF EDIS and contains basic information for Florida vanilla growers.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1348
https://gardeningsolutions.ifs.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/vegetables/va nilla.html
by Amir Rezazadeh
Posted: August 21, 2020
Category: 4-H & Youth, Agriculture, Home Landscapes, NATURAL RESOURCES, Wildlife, Work & Life
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Roseate Spoonbill In Florida
- Growing Mangosteen In Florida
- · 2023 Water Ambassador Webinar Series
- My Passion Fruit Vine Does Not Make Any Fruit. Why? |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/pesticideinformation/2024/07/26/on-the-road-again-where-was-the-pio/ | On The Road Again, Where Was The PIO? | University of Florida | [
"Dr. Brett Bultemeier"
] | 2024-07-26 | [
"Agriculture",
"Home Landscapes",
"Natural Resources",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"AAPSE",
"American Association Of Pesticide Safety Educators",
"APMS",
"aquatic plant management society",
"Brett Bultemeier",
"Pesticide Information Office",
"PIO"
] | FL | ## On The Road Again, Where Was The PIO?
It has been a whirlwind month for me and the PIO.I think I have been in hotel or guest beds more than my own, but it's all worth it. Aside from my own vacation I have
truly been On The Road Again , find out Where Was the PIO?
## APMS
Immediately after getting back from much needed time with family over the 4 th of July, it was off to St. Petersburg for APMS. This is the Aquatic Plant Management Society and was my primary society for almost 20 years. Those that don't know my career started in the field managing aquatic species as an applicator. I then did my master's and PhD in invasive aquatic plant management, then worked in the industry for a while. Needless to say, this was my home for a long time. The new job has kept me from attending for a few years. It was amazing to see many good friends again. I was asked to give a presentation about PULAs and BLTs, something you all know about! It was also great to see so many UF graduate students do AMAZING presentations and posters. I am sure that the CAIP blog will have a write up all about it. GO GATORS! This society truly is doing cutting edge research and bringing a very diverse group together to help improve our waterbodies.
## AAPSE
A quick turnaround saw me flying out to Wyoming (yes, I avoided the travel chaos) for AAPSE , my new professional home. This is the American Association of Pesticide Safety Educators a society dedicated to protecting human health and the environment through education. Yours truly help co-lead two panels all about translating training materials into languages other than English. We heard directly from EPA on several issues, watched spectacular line dancing, crowned a rock paper scissor champion (alas, scissors put me out round 1), and discussed the best ways to keep people safe. These are my people by the way, with their dedication to theming, great jokes, and having fun while doing serious work. Believe it or not we even discussed how ALCan help/hurt our endeavors. It was a wonderful roundup of the best in the business.
## HOME
After seemingly being out of the office more than I have been in it lately, I am looking forward to a few weeks being in the office. This will let me take what I have learned and put some great new publications together, write more terrible blogs, catch up on a mountain of email, and work for the best pesticide applicators in the world, right here in Florida. It will be a while before I am On the Road Again. Where is the PIO? Right here at home\_in Florida!
## Click to Subscribe
Application error: a client-side exception has occurred (see the browser console for more information).
```
o
by Dr. Brett Butlemeier
Posted: July 26, 2024
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category: Agriculture, Blog Community, HOME LANDSCAPES,
NATURAL RESOURCES, UF/IFAS Extension, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: AAPSCE, American Association Of Pesticide Safety Educators,
APMS, Aquatic Plant Management Society, Brett Butlemeier,
Pesticide Information Office, PIO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More From Blogs.IFAS
· Can Pest Management Be Sustainable?
· Mixologist: How To Properly Tank Mix
· Parts Of A Label 3...What If It Gets On Me?
· Not All Who Wander Are Lost
``` |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/give/2023/10/31/florida-youth-benefit-from-agr-philanthropy-event/ | Florida youth to benefit from Alpha Gamma Rho philanthropy event | University of Florida | [
"Caylin Hilton"
] | 2023-10-31 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"4-H",
"4-H alumni",
"4-H Youth Development",
"Agriculture",
"Florida 4-H Foundation"
] | FL | ## Florida youth to benefit from Alpha Gamma Rho philanthropy event
On November 16 the Alpha Gamma Rho Fraternity at the University of Florida will host the 28th annual Buck-Offphilanthropy event . Since 1995, this mechanical bull riding competition for Greek organizations and student clubs on campus has generously supported several charitable organizations.
## This year's event will support youth in 4-H
and FFA. The chapter has set a goal of $50,000. Funds will directly impact youth agricultural projects and programs.
Recognizing the financial commitment required to participate in many of these projects, the brothers of AGR aim to make these valuable agricultural experiences accessible for youth across the state through project grants.
Wesley Freeman, chair of this year's event, shared , "4-H and FFA had a significant impact in my life, and I know they have done the same for many brothers and leaders in today's agriculture industry and beyond. We want to help shape the next generation by supporting their educational and career outlook, and fueling their passion for agriculture."
generation by helping introduce youth from all backgrounds to the importance of agriculture, and the world of opportunities it offers.
Alpha Gamma Rho is accepting sponsorships and donations through CrowdChange at uf.crowdhchange.co/34592 . For sponsorship information please contact agrbuckoffu@gmail.com.
UF campus organizations interested in participating should contact agrbuckoffu@gmail.com.
## About Alpha Gamma Rho at the University of
## Florida
The Alpha Gamma Chapter was founded at UF in 1924 when agriculture students decided there needed to be a fraternity focused on agriculture. AGR is the largest social-professional fraternity in the world, and is dedicated to cultivating leaders in agriculture.
```
O
by Caylin Hilton
Posted: October 31, 2023
```
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Legacy Planning Virtual Seminar: Gift Planning Basics To Maximize Charitable Impact
- How It Happened: UF/IAFS Flavors Of Florida
- New 4-H Scholarship Honors Hal Porter Of Citrus County
- Friends Honor Memory Of Teki Hinton Ericson With New Florida 4-H Scholarship Endowment |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-super-slurper/ | In Schools | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-17 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Education"
] | AL | LIVE WELL ALBAMA Follow Live Well Alabama
OK
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/bovine-trichomoniasis/ | Bovine Trichomoniasis | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Soren P. Rodning"
] | 2024-02-12 | [
"Beef",
"Livestock",
"Animal Health"
] | AL | Trichomoniasis is a bovine venereal disease that can cause substantial reproductive and economic losses in cow-calp operations that use natural service. The disease caused by the protozoan Triticimonas foetus (T. foetus) and is commonly referred to as "Trich." Bulls can become chronic, asymptomatic carriers of T. foetus because the organism can live in the microscopic folds of a bull's penis and produce. Infections in cows, however, can result in early embryonic death, abortion, pyometra (pus-filled uterus detected at pregnancy examination), or infertility, influencing the reproductive performance and economic profitability of a cow-calf operation.
## How Does Trichomoniasis Affect a Cattle Herd?
Some indications that your herd may be experiencing a problem with trichomoniasis:
- · Repeated breeding that results in long, drawn-out breeding and calving seasons.
- · A high percentage of open cows at pregnancy examination, or detection of a wide range of gestational ages. Most embryonic/fetal losses occur during the first trimester; lateterm abortions are not common with trichomoniasis. Therefore, most reproductive losses are detected during pregnancy examination or the calving season.
- · Pyometra(s) detected at pregnancy examination; this typically occurs in less than 5 percent of animals.
- · Bulls show no clinical signs but can be overcome chronic carriers.
- · Cows and heifers will rarely show a very mild vaginal discharge, but this is usually never noticed. Therefore, like the bull, there are typically no initial clinical signs that a cow or heifer is infected with T. foetus .
- · Cows and heifers can usually clear the infection in 2 to 6 months (sometimes longer), but usually not before sustaining some type of reproductive loss,
With so few noticeable clinical signs of trichomoniasis, it is important to view a herd's overall reproductive performance to look for any indication of a problem. Trichomoniasis should be suspected, aiding with many other pubic, anytime hera (https://www.aburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php)
reproductive performance declines in a natural service herd. In herds with new infections, the results can be devastating, with a long, drawn-out calving season and only a 50 to 70 percent calf crop. In herds where trichomoniasis has gone undetected for a long time, the results may be less dramatic because of temporary herd immunity. In such cases, the calf crop may only be reduced 5 to 10 percent; however, this loss is still enough to have a substantial economic impact.
## Economic Impact
The economic impact of trichomoniasis is primarily due to three factors:
- · Loss of calf crop due to early embryonic loss or abortion
- · Loss of income due to lighter weaning weights resulting from delayed conception and late calving (since calves are born later in the season and then sold at lighter weights)
- · Culling of open cows and infected bulls, and the costs associated with replacing valuable breeding stock
## Risk Factors Associated With Trichomoniasis
Some factors that put a herd at risk for acquiring and maintaining trichomoniasis:
- · Natural service
- · Using leased or borrowed bulls, or introducing any "nonvirgin" bulls into a herd without prior testing
- · Large herd size (smaller herd size decreases exposure potential)
## Transmission
Tritichomonas foetus is transmitted when an infected bull breeds a susceptible cow or heifer, or when a sceptible bull breeds an infected cow or heifer. Very rarely is transmitted by contaminated semen or artificial animal specimen, especially if semen is purchased from reputable Al studs and used with hygienic AI techniques. Reputable AI studs have strict biosafety and quality control measures in place to ensure that their bull semen is not contaminated with T. foetus .
So, Ai using hygienic techniques with bull semen from a reputable source is an excellent way to prevent the introduction of 1. footus . However, AI may not be practical in larger herds.
## Treatment
Trichomoniasis is usually self-limiting in cows and heifers (they will usually clear the infection in 2 to 6 months), as opposed to bulls that typically become chronically infected. Unfortunately, one of the complicating factors associated with trichomoniasis is that there are currently no effective treatments with Food and Drug Administration approval. Therefore, infected bulls must be culled.
## Prevention of Trichomoniasis
Some recommended practices to prevent the introduction of T. footus into a cattle herd include:
- · Utilize artificial insemination.
## Download this article as a PDF
[ ] (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ANR-1333\_BovineTrichomoniasis\_013124L-G.pdf) Bovine Trichomoniasis, ANR-1333 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ANR-1333\_BovineTrichomoniasis\_013124L-G.pdf)
· Have your veterinarian test new non-virgin bulls at least once, along with a breeding soundness evaluation. This includes leased and borrowed bulls.
- · Purchase replacement animals from reputable sources, and test appropriate animals prior to introducing them to the herd.
Talk to your regional Animal Science and Forages Extension agent and your veterinarian about trichomoniasis. If you suspect trichomoniasis in your herd, contact your veterinarian for a thorough investigation.
Soren P. Rodning , Extension Veterinarian, Professor, Animal Sciences, Auburn University
Revised January 2024, Bovine Trichomoniasis, ANR-1333 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/natures-footprints | Nature's Footprints | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"NA"
] | null | [
"Youth Wildlife Projects",
"Wildlife",
"Outdoor Recreation",
"4-H"
] | NC | ## Nature's Footprints
Youth Wildlife Projects
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Youth Wildlife Projects
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2001
Authors
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=natures- footprints#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/combination-farrowing-nursing-house-gable-roof-0 | Combination Farrowing & Nursing House, Gable Roof | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications " Building & Construction Plans Archive "
Combination Farrowing & Nursing House, Gable Roof
## Combination Farrowing & Nursing House, Gable Roof
BUILDING&CONSTRUCTION PLANSARCHIVE
Publication Number: 5993-A
View as PDF: 5993-A.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1999/1999-2-wheeler.pdf | SUPPLEMENTAL DEGRADABLE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT FOR CATTLE FED STOCKPILED BERMUDAGRASS FORAGE | Oklahoma State University | [
"Kari Hart"
] | Error: time data "D:20100111160111-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## SUPPLEMENTAL DEGRADABLE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT FOR CATTLE FED STOCKPILED BERMUDAGRASS FORAGE
1999 Animal Science Research Report
Pages 96-99
Authors :
Page s 96-99
J.S. Wheeler, DL. Stockpiled bermudagrass forage intake and apparent digestibility was Lalman, S. Jannoo determined for steers fed increasing levels of supplemental degradable protein (DIP). Four crossbred steers (807 ± 8.1 lb) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Forage was fed ad libitum and contained 10.3% CP, 54.3% DIP, and 45% ADF. Treatments were: 1) no supplement (C); 2) .06 g of DIP/lb BW (L); 3) 13 g of DIP/lb BW (M); 4) .20 g of DIP/lb BW (H); and were fed at a rate of 1.39 lb of dry matter/day. Forage Intake increased 18% and digestibility increased 7% in supplemented steers. Total energy intake was greater in supplemented steers. Calculated DIP supplied by forage was adequate to meet all steers[ DIP requirements. Improved digestion and intake of supplemented steers was due to the combination of energy and DIP supplied in the supplements. Supplemental energy may have increased passage rates and improved microbial efficiency.
Key Words: Beef Cattle, Protein Supplementation, Bermudagrass
## Introduction
In 1996, the National Research Council adopted the metabolizable protein system for beef cattle. This system requires knowledge of forage and supplemental protein degradationability in the rumen. Degradable protein (DIP) requirements have been reported to range from 8 to 10% of TDN intake. Little information is available regarding the protein characteristics of bermudagrass forage stockpiled for fall and winter grazing. Wheeler et al. (1998) found that weight and body condition loss was minimized when cows grazing stockpiled bermudagrass were supplemented with 2 lb of a mixture of soybean hulls and soybean meal. In a similar study, Wheeler et al. (1999) found DIP supplied by forage alone was adequate and by providing 2 lb of supplement, gain was maximized and body condition loss was minimized. Dietary energy supplied in the form of soybean hulls improved cow performance. The objective of this experiment was to determine the amount of DIP needed to maximize utilization of stockpiled bermudagrass hay harvested in December.
## Materials and Methods
Bermudagrass pasture was grazed heavily during August to remove excess standing forage. On August 21, 1997, residual forage was clipped to a 2-in stubble height and 50 lb of actual N fertilizer per acre was applied on
August 22, 1997. Forage to be harvested as hay was not grazed. First killing frost occurred on November 4, 1997. One inch of rainfall was received between November 4 and December 6. On December 6, 1997, forage was swathed, baled, and stored in a barn.
Four crossbred steers (807 ± 8.1 lb) were used in a Latin Square design to determine the effects of protein supplementation on intake and apparent digestibility of stockpiled bermudagrass hay. Treatments were: 1) no supplement (C); 2) .06 g of DIP/lb B, (L); 3) .13 g of DIP/lb BW (M); 4) .20 g of DIP/lb BW (H); and were fed at a rate of 1.39 lb of dry matter/day. Supplement composition is shown in Table 1. Each period consisted of a 14-d adaptation followed by a 5-d collection. Steers were fed 130% of the previous day's hay intake, and daily hay intake, refusal, and fecal output were measured directly. Hay, supplement, orts, and feces were composited by steer for each period. Thirty grams of composite was sub-sampled, weighed, dried at 55° C for 48 h and re-weighed to determine dry matter. Dried sub-samples were ground through a 2 mm screen and analyzed for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), ash, and in vivo organic matter digestibility (OMD). Forage and supplement protein degradability was determined using the protease method described by Krishnamoorthy et al. (1983).
Model One of the Beef Cattle NRC (1996) was used to estimate DIP balance of steers within each treatment. Measured values for weight, forage intake, forage digestibility (TDN), and supplemental protein characteristics were used. Microbial efficiency was assumed to be 10% of TDN.
Data were analyzed by general linear model procedures of SAS for a Latin Square design (SAS, 1985). Means were tested for differences in supplemented versus non-supplemented treatments. Supplemented treatments were tested for linear and quadratic effects.
## Results and Discussion
Stockpiled hay nutritive value is shown in Table 2. Protein degradability in this hay harvested in December was similar (54.3%) to that reported by Mathis et al. (1998) (58.6% DIP) for bermudagrass hay harvested during the summer (8.2% CP). Dietary intake and digestibility values are shown in Table 3. Forage intake increased 18% and organic matter digestibility increased 7% in supplemented steers compared with non-supplemented steers (P
protein digestibility of 80%, hay apparent digestibility of crude protein increased by 29% in H-fed steers compared with control steers.
Degradable protein balance was 31, 67, 168, and 234 for C, L, M, and H treatments, respectively. Cochran et al. (1995) concluded that maximum DOM intake occurs when DIP composes 10% of DOM intake (or TDN). In this study, maximum energy intake did not appear to be related to total DIP intake and may be due to the fact that DIP was adequate in nonsupplemented steers (Table 3).
Protein supplementation had little influence on forage intake or digestion. However, supplementing energy, in the form of soybean hulls, resulted in a dramatic improvement in hav y utilization.
## Literature Cited
Cochran, R.C. 1995. Research Progress Report. p 58. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan.
Krishnamoorthy, U. et al. 1983. Br. J. of Nutr. 50:555.
Mathis, C.P. et al. 1998. J. Anim. Sci. 76(Suppl. 1): 205.
NRC. 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7$^{th}$ Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
SAS. 1985. SAS User's Guide: Statistics (Version 5 Ed.) SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Wheeler, J.S. et al. 1998. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. P-965:54.
Wheeler, J.S. et al. 1999. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. P-973:
## Acknowledgements
Appreciation is expressed to Steve Welty, Clay Lents and David Vargas for their invaluable assistance.
| Table 1. | Supplement composition and nutrients supplied. | Supplement composition and nutrients supplied. | Supplement composition and nutrients supplied. |
|---------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| | % dry matter | % dry matter | % dry matter |
| Item | L | M | H |
| Soybean hulls | 92.9 | 61.3 | 31.2 |
| Soybean meal | 0.0 | 31.7 | 61.9 |
| Molasses | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|
| Dical phosphate | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.2 |
| CaCO$_{3}$ | .5 | 1.2 | 2.5 |
| KCl | .5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| CP%, actual | 12.1 | 23.2 | 35.0 |
| Nutrients supplied per day | Nutrients supplied per day | Nutrients supplied per day | Nutrients supplied per day |
| CP, calculated, g | 59 | 137 | 211 |
| DIP, calculated, g | 49 | 108 | 156 |
| CP, actual, g | 77 | 145 | 222 |
| DIP, actual, g | 37 | 113 | 191 |
| Calcium, g | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Phosphorus, g | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Potassium, g | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Mcal NEm | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| | | |
|--------------------------------------|------|------|
| Item | % DM | % CP |
| Crude protein | 10.3 | - |
| Neutral detergent fiber | 75.4 | - |
| Acid detergent fiber | 44.7 | - |
| Organic matter | 94.0 | - |
| Organic matter 'digestibility | 47.6 | - |
| Lignin | 8.6 | - |
| Ether extract | 1.7 | - |
| Degradable intake protein | 5.6 | 54.3 |
| Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen | 1.6 | 15.5 |
| Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen | 5.1 | 49.5 |
| Table 3. and | Daily intake of dietary components, lb of organic matter | Daily intake of dietary components, lb of organic matter | Daily intake of dietary components, lb of organic matter | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | apparent digestibility of dietary components. | apparent digestibility of dietary components. | apparent digestibility of dietary components. | |
| | Treatments | Treatments | Treatments | |
| Item | C | L | M | H |
| Hay DM intakea | 9.5 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 11.0 |
| Supplement | 0.0 | 1.39 | 1.39 | - |
| Total a | 9.5 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 12.3 |
| DOM a | 4.6 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| DIP, g/d | 238 | 308 | 397 | 473 |
| DIP/DOM | 10.9 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 14.7 |
| | | | Apparent Digestibility----- | |
| Organic matter b | 48.8 | 54.8 | 55.4 | 57.4 |
| CP a | 48.0 | 57.1 | 62.4 | 69.2 |
| ADF | 49.2 | 52.4 | 51.9 | 53.8 |
| NDF | 54.4 | 55.5 | 55.5 | 58.3 |
| ADIN | 11.5 | 12.2 | 14.5 | 16.4 |
| $^{c}$Treatment differs from supplemented treatments P | | | | |
| $^{b}$c treatment differs from supplemented treatments P=.08. | $^{b}$c treatment differs from supplemented treatments P=.08. | $^{b}$c treatment differs from supplemented treatments P=.08. | $^{b}$c treatment differs from supplemented treatments P=.08. | $^{b}$c treatment differs from supplemented treatments P=.08. | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/animalsciencesdept/2023/01/31/uf-ifas-animal-sciences-mentor-month-antonio-faciola/ | UF/IFAS Animal Sciences’ Mentor Month: Antonio Faciola | University of Florida | [
"Jessica Czipulis"
] | 2023-01-31 | [
"Agriculture",
"Change Category",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"UF/IFAS Teaching",
"advising",
"animal research",
"Animal Science",
"graduate",
"mentor",
"UF Animal Sciences",
"undergraduate"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS Animal Sciences' Mentor Month: Antonio Faciola
January is National Mentoring Month! This month serves as a time to recognize the many faculty members, like Antonio Faciola, UE/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences (ANS) Associate Professor, who serve as mentors to our graduate and undergraduate students. These individuals have a significant influence on students' experience before and after graduation.
Faciola oversees eight graduate students in the Faciola Lab focused on livestock nutrition. He currently teaches two graduate courses, one undergraduate course, and organizes a study-abroad program. Faciola advises both graduate and undergraduate students through his roles as Graduate Coordinator, advisor for the Ruminant Nutrition Journal Club, and the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) Honors Program in Animal Sciences coordinator.
Mikayla Johnson completed her master's thesis, "Effects of trace mineral and diet type on ruminal fermentation, mineral solubility, digestibility, N utilization and the ruminal microbiome," under Faciola in 2022. Johnson is continuing her academic career under Faciola's mentorship with her Ph.D. program. She said Faciola inspires his students to work hard and explore opportunities for professional development while also showing compassion for them.
Faciola with his graduate students during the 2022 UF Animal Sciences Graduate Symposium.
"He does this by always prioritizing their mental health and consistently doing anything in his power to make sure they are well taken care of.," said Johnson. "He always makes sure that all of his students have the tools that they need to be successful academically and professionally."
Efstathios Sarmikasoglou, another Ph.D. student under Faciola, has worked with him for four years. He has been studying the ruminal bacteria associated with acidosis. Under Faciola's mentorship, Sarmikasoglou has developed critical thinking skills that aid him in an independent research role.
"Dr. Faciola allowed for autonomy when it came to the projects I worked on during my experience as his mentee," said Sarmikasoglou.
Faciola is known to have a hands-off approach with his graduate students. He states Faciola's mentorship has pushed Sarmikasoglou to be inquisitive and think outside of the box. Through Faciola's mentorship, Sarmikasoglou has published four research papers over the past two years.
"He's been supportive in the sense that he welcomed my ideas of integrating novel techniques while exploring my research interests," said Sarmikasoglou.
To connect with Dr. Antonio Faciola or learn more about him, visit his faculty profile on the ANS website.
Find more information about the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences events on our website. Stay in touch with us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Any questions or inquiries regarding this piece should be directed toward Shelby Thomas at soesterreicher@ufl.edu. Read more stories like this one here: http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/animalsciencesdept/.
```
```
Category: Agriculture , UE/IFAS Research, UE/IFAS Teaching Tags: Advising, Animal Research, Animal Science, Graduate, Mentor, UF Animal Sciences, Undergraduate |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/dairy-cattle/double-4-herringbone-milking-barn | Double 4 Herringbone Milking Barn | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Jessica Halfen"
] | null | [
"Dairy",
"Agriculture",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Dairy-Cattle »
Double 4 Herringbone Milking Barn
## Double 4 Herringbone Milking Barn
DAIRY CATILE
Publication Number: 5868-B
View as PDF: 5868-B,pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-22262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
\
## Your Extension Experts
APRIL 4, 2024
Bird flu health risks to public remain low despite human case
FEBRUARY 28, 2023
Northeast Miss. producers discuss educational needs
JUNE 3, 2022
High costs and low prices stress state dairy industry
Dr. Jessica Halfen Asst Extensions/Research Prof
Related News
DECEMBER 9, 2024
Safety practices prevent spread of H5N1
JUNE 27, 2024
Dairy demand, prices help offset high input costs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next ↓ last ↓2
Filed Under: Dairy .
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P799 4-H Dairy Poster Contest
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4069 Environmental Enrichment for Dairy Cattle: Music
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4065 Environmental Enrichment for Dairy Cattle: Hair Brushing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3814-3
2024 Mississippi State Fair and 2025 Dixie National Junior Round-Up: Dairy Cattle Division
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2357
Arthropod Management Guidelines for Dairy Cattle and Dairies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_v
last\_z |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/haywood-county-forestry-impacts-2020 | Haywood County Forestry Impacts 2020 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Suzanne Teague",
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Haywood County Forestry Impacts 2020
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Aug. 9, 2022
Authors
Stephanie Chizmar
Suzanne Teague
Rajan Parauli
Robert Bardon
[ ] View/Download PDF http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=haywoodcounty-forestry-impacts-2020#zoom=page-fit N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/northern-two-striped-walkingstick | Northern Twostriped Walkingstick | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"PDIC"
] | NC | ## Northern Twostriped Walkingstick
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The northern twrostriped walking stick, Anisomorpha ferruginea , is a somewhat chunky walkingstick insect that matures and lays its eggs in the fall. Females are brown and about 4 inches long. Males are skinnier and smaller (1½ inches long). These walkingsticks have been called devil's riding horses, prairie alligators, stick bugs, witch's horses, devil's darning needles, scorpions, and especially in the case of the northern two-striped walkingstick, musk mares and spitting devils. These walkingsticks feed on various trees and shrubs including landscape shrubs. This species often occurs in copula, with the relatively small, slender male riding on the back of a larger, stouter female. The eggs are laid in a dense mass on bark and other objects. One unpleasant feature of this species is its ability to squirt out a irritating defensive secretion when they are disturbed. Do not examine them closely as the secretion is very irritating to the eyes. They can squirit their irritating fluid up to a foot. Although northern twrostriped walkingsticks are not common in North Carolina, when they do occur they can be numerous and damaging. A second, even less common large walkingstick here in North Carolina is the twrostriped walkingstick, Anisomorpha biprestoides . It has somewhat to much more distinct parallel stripes along the back.
## Host Plants
Anisomorpha walkingsticks have been reported feeding on trees and shrubs including azalea, crapermytle, lyonia or staggerbush, oak, privet, and roses.
## Residential Recommendations
In late fall (when adults are most abundant and conspicuous), Anisomorpha walking sticks are fairly difficult to control because the cool weather slows the activity of pesticides down and the insects are apparently capable of metabolizing the pesticides before they perish. It is a good idea to use a tablespoon of liquid hand dish-washing detergent in each gallon of spray along with a contact
insecticide such as Orthene or a pyrethroid to increase the penetration of the pesticide through the integument. When used as directed , pyrethroids are very toxic to insects but are not particularly hazardous to humans and pets (other than fish-avoid using pyrethroids around pools, ponds, and streams). Most ornamentals are sufficiently hardened off in the fall so that the soap will not damage the foliage. Spraying should be done in the warmest part of the day, preferably on a warm fall day.
## References
- Anisomorpha ferruginea , Northern Two-striped Walkingstick . Anonymous. No Date. EOL, Encyclopedia of Life.
- Common name: twostripped walkingstick , scientific name: Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll) (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae). Thomas, M. C. 2014 (reviewed). Featured Creatures, Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS. Publication Number: EENY-314.
- Northern Two-striped Walkingstick (Musk Mare), Anisomorpha ferruginea , Anonymous, No Date. Missouri Department of Conservation.
- NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications
- NC State Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension center.
This factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker Professor Emeritus Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Aug. 29, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 7, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A.TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local NC. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/charlotteco/2024/11/12/color-for-the-fall-pink-muhly-grass/ | Color for the Fall – Pink Muhly Grass | University of Florida | [
"Ralph Mitchell"
] | 2024-11-12 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Muhlenbergia capillaris",
"Muhly grass",
"ornamental grass",
"rain garden"
] | FL | ## Color for the Fall - Pink Muhly Grass
I have written about this ornamental grass several times in the recent past but wanted to alert everyone of the fall show provided by this native plant. Despite the hurricanes, if you have seen a pinkish hue in area landscapes you are probably witnessing the fluffy, purple-pink flower heads of muhly grass. This attractive native plant has successfully made its transition into the horticultural market capturing the attention of local gardeners with its wonderful ornamental characteristics. A standard in many planting beds, the soft grassy foliage blends into the background for most the year. Fall triggers this popular ornamental grass to bloom with flower heads exploding into soft, pastel color catching the appreciative and envious eyes of passersby everywhere.
Muhly grass is native from Florida up the east coast to Massachusetts and west and south into Texas and Mexico. Very resilient in the many habitats from marshy to well-drained, this ornamental grass, Muhlenbergia capillaris, is just one species of many muhly grasses. Noted for its two to three-foot long, thin blades arranged in a large clump with fall/winter hazy purple-pink flower heads, the pink muhly grass is a natural for a Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ yard. For a different look, there is a white flowerhead cultivar called 'White Cloud' - identical in all the features to the pink version. Planted in mass beds around four feet apart, the wind moves the delicate inflorescences in sweeping wind-blown drifts of color. Highly drought-tolerant once established, this grass has good salt tolerance and can be used in coastal landscapes.
One specialty garden especially well-suited for muhly grass is what is called a "rain garden". Rain gardens take advantage of low spots in the landscape that catch and hold seasonal rains for a period of time. The rain garden collects rainwater and filters out any contaminants before draining down through the soil profile essentially cleaning the run-off stormwater. Key to the success of a rain garden are plants that can adapt to seasonally wet and seasonally dry landscapes - muhly grass fits the bill in both categories, and it looks good too!
In the spring, cut back any old winter foliage to rejuvenate the appearance of the clump. Propagation is as simple as dividing old clumps into multiple sections and resetting these pieces back into the landscape.
Over the years muhly grass has become a standard item in many of our landscape plant palettes. Muhly grass garners new fans every day - it is popular and successful for a reason - it is beautiful! For more information on ornamental grasses suitable for area, or to ask a question, you can also call the Master Gardener Volunteer Helpdesk on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 1 to 4 pm at 764-4340 for gardening help and insight into their role as an Extension volunteer. Ralph E. Mitchell is the Director/Horticulture
Agent for UF/IFAS Extension - Charlotte County. He can be reached at 941-764-4344 or ralph.mitchell@charlottecountylf.gov. Connect with us on social media. Like us on
Facebook @CharlotteCountyExtension and follow us on
Instagram @ifascharco.
## Resources:
Ellis, A. & Hecker, F. (2023) Plants at Their Peak: Magical Muhly! The
University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS - Sarasota County.
Gilman, E. F., Klein, R. W. & Hansen, G. (2023) Muhlenbergia capillaries,
Muhly Grass. The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS.
The Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ Guide to Plant Selection &
Landscape Design. (2022) The University of Florida Extension
Service, IFAS.
Fraser, W. B. Muhlenbergia capillaris: White Muhly Grass Clemson
University - College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences
Missouri Botanical Garden (2024) Muhlenbergia capillaris 'White
Cloud'.
Thetford, M. & Salinas, M. (2023) Considerations for Selection and
Use of Ornamental Grasses. The University of Florida Extension
Service, IFAS.
Salinas, M. (2018) Florida Native: Muhly Grass Muhlenbergia capillaris . The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS - Santa Rosa County.
UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions (2024) Rain Gardens. The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS.
## O
by Ralph Mitchell
Posted: November 12, 2024
Category: Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Home Landscapes
Tags: Muhlenbergia Capillaris, Muhly Grass., Ornamental Grass, Rain
Garden
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Raphiolepis - Nice And Low In The Landscape
- · There Are Good Stink Bugs
- · Join The 40th Annual Master Gardener Volunteer Training Class In 2023
- · Not To Brag, But My Brazillian Red Cloak Is Looking Great! |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/wecdept/2025/01/21/florida-master-naturalist-program-highlights-from-2024/ | Florida Master Naturalist Program Highlights from 2024 | University of Florida | [
"martinmain"
] | 2025-01-21 | [
"Natural Resources",
"department of wildlife ecology and conservation",
"Florida Master Naturalist Program",
"FMNP",
"FMNP Blog"
] | FL | ## Florida Master Naturalist Program Highlights from 2024
As we enter a new year, it is often worthwhile to reflect on challenges and successes from the previous year while also looking forward to the opportunities that lie ahead. During 2024, the Florida Master Naturalist Program (FMNP) completed 73 courses with a total of 1,155 graduates. This was a strong showing despite having 10 courses cancelled, mostly due to the impacts of the three hurricanes (Debby, Helene, Milton) that struck Florida last year. Even after suffering the impacts and challenges associated with hurricane damage, several FMNP instructors and their students found ways to complete their courses, which is an amazing accomplishment (see blog: FMNP in Sarasota: Uplands Course Survives Hurricane Motion!).
Florida Master Naturalist Program courses taught and graduates during 2001-2024.
Hurricanes and the pandemic during the last few years have been a strain for the FMNP, but we have managed to endure and strengthen the program. The FMNP offers 11 different courses in three modalities: 100% online (self-directed field trips), 100% in-person, and hybrid (online presentations, in-person field trips). The FMNP core courses (Coastal, Freshwater, and Upland Systems) have all been revised and updated during the last three years with the new Upland Systems course being the last, which was released in November. If you previously completed a core FMNP course and would like to purchase an updated color manual, you can do so at this LINK . Our special topics courses continue to increase in popularity and represented 36% of the courses taught during 2024. The FMNP Instructor network also continues to grow, with 159
certified instructors representing 65 teams during 2024. We also awarded 27 scholarships during 2024 and encourage teachers and others to review the FNMNP scholarship webpage for opportunities.
During 2024 we conducted a survey of FMNP graduates and some highlights from that survey revealed:
- · 98% of respondents indicated they were satisfied with the FMNP as an investment of time and money
- · 99% of respondents indicated they would recommend taking
FMNP courses to others
- · A subsample of 306 FMNP graduates who actively volunteer
revealed -85,520 volunteer hours were contributed at a value of
$2,864,000.00
- · 38% of a subsample of 296 FMNP graduates who took FMNP courses for professional development indicated that the FMNP helped them obtain a new job, promotion, or establish/expand a business
- · 86% of FMNP graduates who are teachers indicated they use FMNP information in their classes
- · Our demographics are including younger audiences: 18-25 years= 8%, 26-40 years= 27%, 41-55 years= 18%, >55 years= 45%.
The FMNP Endowment Fund grew substantially over the holidays and is now at $105,527. Thanks to everyone who has contributed to the FMNP endowment, which we are establishing to ensure the future of the FMNP.
The new year is off to a great start. There are already 20 FMNP courses listed on the FMNP current courses and registration webpage, and more are being scheduled every week. We are also in the process of reviewing new FMNP instructor applications for the FMNP Advisory Board to vote on in February at our first quarterly meeting. So our statewide network of FMNP instructors continues to be robust. Work is also being done on a new, Upland Restoration course that we hope to release in the Fall or early in 2026, which will be the 25th-year anniversary of the FMNP. So we have a lot going on as we continue to grow and strengthen the FMNP.
We're excited about this next year and hope many of you consider participating in an FMNP course during 2025, which is both an adventure in learning and an opportunity to make new friends. Come join us!
Dr. Martin Main, FMNP Founder and Program Leader Ms. Caitlin Robison, FMNP Program Coordinator (fmnpcordinator@gmail.com)
## o
## by martinmain
Posted: January 21, 2025
## Category: Natural Resources
Tags: Department Of Wildlife Ecology And Conservation, Florida
Master Naturalist Program, FMNP, FNMP Blog
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Nathaniel Owenby Learns Wildlife Damage Practices Through USDA Wildlife Service Internship And Job
- · Florida Master Naturalist Program Online - Coastal Shoreline Restoration
- · Meet NATA's New Training Coordinator: Hannah Wheatcraft
- · COVID-19 And UF/IFAS Extension |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/microdochium-patch-in-turf | Microdochium Patch in Turf | NC State Extension | [
"Lee Butler",
"Jim Kerns"
] | null | [
"Turf Disease",
"Turfgrass",
"Plant Pathology",
"Microdochium Patch",
"Snow",
"Pink Snow Mold"
] | NC | ## Microdochium Patch in Turf
Turffiles
## Symptoms
Pink snow mold develops during periods of snow cover, with symptoms of the disease becoming evident as the snow melts. The disease appears in roughly circular patches from 2 inches to 1 foot in diameter that are white or light tan in color. A ring of salmon or pink-colored growth is present on the outer edge of patches when the disease is actively developing. The infected leaves within the patches are usually collapsed and matted down upon themselves.
## Development Factors
Disease activity is most severe when snow falls on unfrozen ground; however, activity can occur without snow cover during cool (less than 60°F) wet weather. Excessive foliar growth and thatch buildup are the most important factors encouraging development of pink snow mold and Microdochium patch. Restricted air movement, poor soil drainage, inadequate levels of potassium, and heavy traffic can also enhance the disease. The disease may also develop under tree leaves that remain on the turf for long periods during cold, wet weather.
## Cultural Control
Do not apply nitrogen when cold weather is expected or before the first expected prolonged snow cover. Continue mowing in the fall until foliar growth stops completely. These steps will prevent a buildup of lush foliage that is highly prone to pink snow mold or Microdochium path.
Improve surface drainage, control traffic patterns, reduce thatch accumulations, and aerify regularly in areas that have been severely affected by the disease in the past. Prune trees and remove unwanted vegetation that impedes air movement. Frequently remove leaves and other debris during autumn and winter from turf that is not covered with snow.
In regions where heavy snow is anticipated, take steps to minimize the duration of snow cover. Erect snow fences or plant landscape plants in strategic locations to prevent excess snow accumulation. Prevent traffic on snow-covered turf, as compacted snow will melt more slowly and increase damage from pink snow mold.
## Chemical Control
Fungicides are effective for control of Microdochium patch (aka pink snow mold). In the case of pink snow mold, apply fungicides before snow cover to prevent disease development. Mapping and spottreatment of areas where pink snow mold is most severe can significantly reduce fungicide expenditures. In regions where prolonged snow cover does not occur, apply fungicides when symptoms of Microdochium patch are first observed.
| Fungicide and Formulation1 | Amount of Formulation2 | Application Interval (Days)3 | Efficacy Rating | Resistance Risk | FRAC Code4 |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------|--------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| azoxystrobin (Heritage) | 0.4 | + | Medium | 11 | |
| WG | 2 | 10 to 28 | + | TLC | WG |
| TL | 4 lbs | 10 to 28 | + | TLC | GT |
| G | 0.4 | refer to label | ++ | Medium | 11/P01 |
| acibenzolar-S- methyl (Heritage Action)* | 2.5 to 4.5 | 14 to 21 | ++ | Low | 11/M5 |
| azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil (Renown)* | 0.5 to 1.2 | 14 to 28 | ++ | Medium | 11/3 |
| azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Briskway)* | 0.5 to 1.2 | 14 to 28 | ++ | Medium | 11/3 |
| azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Headway) | 1.5 to 3 5.25 | 10 to 28 1 to 24 14 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 11/3 |
| EC | 2 to 4 lbs | application 1 | ++++ | GA | GC |
| g | 1.3 to 2.6 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 11/3 |
| propiconazole (Compendium) | 0.75 to 1.5 | 14 to 21 | ++++ | medium | 11/3 |
| azoxystrobin + tebuconazole (Strobe T)* | 2.4 | 1 | ++++ | applicaion | bencovindiflupyr + difenoconazole (Ascernity)* |
| chlorothalonil + acibenzolar-S- methyl (Daconil Action)* | | 21 to 28 | ++ | Low | M5/P01 |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|------------|------|--------|----------|
| chlorothalonil + fluoxastrobin (Fame C)* | 3 to 5.9 | 28 | ++ | Medium | M5/11 |
| chlorothalonil + iprodione + thiophanate-methyl + tebuconazole (Enclave)* | 7 to 8 | 28 | ++++ | Low | M5/2/1/3 |
| chlorothalonil + propiconazole (Concert II)* | 8.3 | 14 to 28 | ++++ | Low | M5/3 |
| chlorothalonil + propiconazole + fludioxonil (Instrata)* | 5 to 11 | late fall | ++++ | Low | M5/3/12 |
| chlorothalonil + thiophanate-methyl (Spectro)* | 3.72 to 5.76 | 7 to 14 | ++++ | Medium | M5/1 |
| fluazinam (Secure)* | 0.5 | late fall | ++++ | Low | 29 |
| fluazinam + acibenzolar-S- methyl (Secure Action)* | 0.5 | late fall | ++++ | Low | 29/P01 |
| fluzanim + tebuconazole (Traction)* | 1.3 | late fall | ++++ | Low | 29/3 |
| fluodoxoni (Medallion) | 1 to 2 | 7 to 14 | ++++ | Low | 12 |
| fluopyram + trifloxystrobin (Exteris Stressgard) | 4.1 to 6 | 10 to 14 | ++++ | Medium | 7/11 |
| fluoxastrobin (Fame) | 0.2 to 0.4 2.3 to 4.6 lbs | 14 to 28 14 to 28 | + | Medium | 11 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------|------|----------|------|
| SC G | 0.45 to 0.9 | 21 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 11/3 |
| fluxastrobin + tebuconazole (Fame T)* | | | | | |
| fluxapyroxad (Xzemplar) | 0.26 | 14 to 28 | ++ | Medium | 7 |
| flutolanil + thiophanate-methyl (SysStar) | 4 to 6.12 | 1 application | +++ | Medium | 7/1 |
| iprodione (26GT)* | 4 to 8 | 1 to 2 applications | +++ | Medium | 2 |
| iprodione + thiophanate-methyl (26/36)* | 1 to 4 4 to 8 | 14 to 21 1 application | ++++ | Medium | 2/1 |
| iprodione + trifloxystrobin (Interface)* | 4 to 7 | 14 to 21 | +++ | Medium | 2/11 |
| isofetamid + tebuconazole (Tekken)* | 3 oz | 14 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 7/3 |
| mancozeb (Fore)* | 6 to 8 6 to 8 | 14 to 42 14 to 42 | + | Low | M3 |
| mefentrifluconazole (+ pyraclotrobin (Navicon)* | 0.7 to 0.85 | 14 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 3/11 |
| metconazole (Turney) | 0.37 to 0.44 | late fall | +++ | Medium | 3 |
| mineral oil (Civitas) + proprietary pigment (Civitas Harmonizer)* | (8 to 32) + (1 | to 21 | +++ | Low | -- |
| myclobutanil (Eagle) | 1.2 to 2.4 | prior to snow cover | ++ | Medium | 3 |
| propiconazole (Banner MAXX II) | 2 to 4 | fall to early spring | +++++ | Medium | 3 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|---------|----------|--------|
| prothiconazole (Densicor)* | 0.196 | 14 to 21 | +++++ | Medium | 3 |
| pydiflumetofen (Posterity)* | 0.08 to 0.16 | 14 to 28 | ? | Medium | 7 |
| pydiflumetofen + azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Posterity XT)* | 1.5 to 3 | 14 to 28 | +++++ | Medium | 7/11/3 |
| pyracolostrobin (Insignia) WG SC | 0.5 to 0.9 0.7 | 14 to 28 14 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 11 |
| pyacrolostrobin + boscalid (Honor)* | 0.55 to 1.1 | 14 to 28 | ++++ | Medium | 11/7 |
| pyracolostrobin + fluxapyroxad (Lexicon Intrinsic) | 0.47 | 14 to 28 | ++++ | Medium | 11/7 |
| pyracolostrobin + triticonazole (Pillar G) | 3 lbs | 28 | + | Medium | 11/3 |
| tebuconazole (Torque)* (Mirage Stressgard)* | 0.6 to 1.1 1 to 2 | prior to snowfall 10 to 28 | +++ | Medium | 3 |
| thiophanate-methyl (3336) (3336 Plus) | 2 to 4 2 to 4 1.5 to 6 lbs | 14 14 to 28 14 | ++++ | Medium | 1 |
| trifloxystrobin (Compass) | 0.2 to 0.25 | fall to early spring | +++ | Medium | 11 |
| trifloxystrobin + triadimefon (Armada) (Tartan)* | 1.2 to 1.5 2 | fall to early spring fall to early spring | ++++ | Medium | 11/3 |
| triticonazole (Tritinyl) | 1 to 2 | 10 to 14 | +++ Medium |
|----------------------------|-------------|------------|--------------|
| (Triton Flo) | 0.28 to 1.1 | 10 to 14 | +++ |
$^{1}$ Other trade names with the same active ingredients are labeled for use on turfgrasses and can be used according to label directions.
- $^{2}$ Units are oz, fl oz, or lb depending on formulation. Apply fungicides in 2 to 5 gallons of water per 1,000 square feet according to label directions. Use lower rates for preventive and higher rates for curative applications.
- $^{3}$ Use shorter intervals when conditions are very favorable for disease.
$^{4}$ Fungicide Resistance Action Committee code. Products with same code have the same mode of action and are in the same chemical class.
- * Products marked with an asterisk are not labeled for home lawn use.
## Efficacy Rating
## Species Data
- · HOST SPECIES
- · bentgrass, bermudagrass, bluegrasses
- · MONTHS WITH SYMPTOMS
- · November to March
- · STAND SYMPTOMS
- · spots, circles, patches (4 to 12 inches)
blighting of entire leaves
- FOLIAR SYMPTOMS COLOR
- pink, white, tan
## ROOT / CROWN SYMPTOMS
- none
## FUNGAL SIGNS
- mycelium , jelly-like spore-masses
## Authors
Lee Butler
Extension Coordinator Entomology & Plant Pathology
## Jim Kerns
Associate Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Nov. 15, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Dec. 16, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/ipm-farming/snails-and-slugs-in-peanuts/ | Integrated Pest Management (IPM) | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ayanava Majumdar"
] | 2018-08-17 | [
"Integrated Pest Management",
"Farming",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | ## Snails and Slugs in Peanuts
Row crop producers often have issues with snail and slug issues. Snails (with a hard shell) and slugs (without a shell) can cause direct crop damage and contamination in severe cases. Snails produce an acidic material from their foot that dissolves calcium in the soil and allows production of the shell. Below are management recommendations, which are limited in row crops because of the high cost of materials.
## Favorable Conditions for Snails and Slugs
## · Frequent rainfall
- · High organic matter and debris on soil - this allows snails/slugs to hide during the day.
- · Dense crop foliage provides shelter and makes it easy for the pest to move between plants.
- · Excessive foliage also hinders treatment applications and product effectiveness.
## Cultural Control Tactics
Tillage is a common practice that disturbs soil and kills snails and slugs. Heavily infested fields may be tilled before planting successive crops to prevent pest buildup. However, this may not be an option for producers using conservation tillage systems. There is not much in research information in terms of snail/slug control in peanuts.
## Commercial Products
It is a good idea to check with company representatives for purchasing snail and slug control products, as they are different from insecticides. Note: insecticides will not control snails/slugs.
- · Bug-N-Sluggo (https://www.certususa.com/hubfs/4809084/Label%20SDS/pdflabels/Bug-N-Sluggo\_label.pdf)
- · OMRI approved commercial bait with iron phosphate & spinosad, manufactured by Ceritis USA
- · Works against field and garden slugs, cutworms, earwigs, and other ground pests
- · Has peanuts on the label
- · Use rate 20 to 44 pounds per acre with 14 d PHI, no more than three applications per season
- · Deadline M-P(s (mini pellets, http://www.amvachemical.com/Product-Details/pid=152) http://www.amvacchemical.com/Product-Details/pid=152 ) has corn and
- soybean label, but not on peanuts.
- · Manufactured by AMVAC Chemical Corporation
- · Has 4% metaldehyde
## More Information
Below are a few publications that may help producers understand the basic biology and identification characteristics for snails and slugs. Growers can also contact the Extension agent in their area for help with identification.
- · Terrestrial snails (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda) affecting plants in Florida" (http://eis.ifas.ufl.edu/n893) by John Cappierana and Jodi White, UF/IFAS Extension
- *As crops emerge,.slug calls start" (http://www.mississippiricrops.com/2015/04/16/as-crops-emerg-slug-calls-start)" by Dr. Angus Catchot and Jeff Core, MSU Extension
- *Snails have invaded the Western Panhandle" (http://wdinstrict.ifs.ufl.edu/phag/2017/07/14/snail-hasinvaded-the-western-panhandler") by Michael Donahoe,
UF/IFAS Extension
Cookie Notice |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/what-do-we-teach-animal-science/ | About 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2018-08-21 | [
"4-H",
"Animal Science",
"Youth Development"
] | AL | ## What Do We Teach? Animal Science
The Alabama 4-H animal science curriculum grid provides a snapshot of what we teach. Please note, not all programs are available in every county.
Growing Alabama's Future: Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and our world. Alabama 4-H will reflect the population
demographics, vulnerable populations, diverse needs, and social conditions of the state.
## Grid Key
Delivery Modes: CL=Clubs, I=Independent
## Print "4-H Curriculum-Animals" table from our website.
Animal Events: State 4-H Livestock Quiz Bowl and Skillathon, State 4-H Avian Bowl, State 4-H Poultry Judging Contest, State 4-H Golden Egg Contest, State 4-H Poultry Que Contest, State 4-H Egg Cookery Contest, Small Animal Showmanship and Dog Show, State 4-H Horse Show, Alabama National Fair, 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl, 4-H Dairy Judging Contest, Alabama Junior Beef Expo, Senior Achievement: Animal Production and Equine Science
See National 4-H Curriculum Resources (https://www.acs.edu/blog/topics/about-4-hnational-4-hcurriculum-resources/) for additional resources.
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/meal-preparation-and-food-safety-after-a-power-failure | Meal Preparation and Food Safety After a Power Outage | NC State Extension | [
"Benjamin Chapman"
] | null | [
"Food Safety",
"Disaster Preparedness",
"Power Outage",
"Winter Weather",
"Tornado",
"Hurricane"
] | NC | ## Meal Preparation and Food Safety After a Power outage
Disaster Preparedness
After a power failure, you might not have heat, refrigeration or water. To prepare food when you have no power, follow these guidelines:
## Little or no heat or electricity?
- · If you have limited heat for cooking, choose foods that cook quickly.
- · Do not cook frozen foods because they require much more cooking time and heat than canned goods.
- · Eat commercially canned foods straight from the can.
## If you can't use your stove, you can use a:
- · Fireplace
- · Candle warmer, such as a founde pot. Do not use a candle warmer to cook raw meats, fish, poultry, and eggs.
- · An outside camp stove, grill and charcoal burner. Never use a fuel-burning camp stove or charcoal burner inside your home, even in a fireplace. Fumes from these stoves can be deadly.
## Little or no refrigeration?
- · If you are without refrigeration, open only enough cans or jars of food for one meal. Leftover food in jars and cans cannot be saved.
- · If necessary, substitute canned and powdered milk for fresh milk.
- · Prepare and eat foods in their original containers, if possible.
With the door closed, food in most freezers will stay below 41°F for up to 3 days, even in summer. Thawing rate depends on:
- · The amount of food in the freezer.
- · The kind of food.
- · The temperature of the food.
- · The freezer.
You may safely re-freeze foods that still contain ice crystals or that have been kept at 41°F or below.
## Little or no safe water?
If water sources are compromised, treat with the following methods:
- · Water can be brought to a rolling boil for 1 minute and cooled before use OR
- · Water can be treated by adding unscented bleach that has not been opened for more than 30 days
- Clear water: add 1/8 teaspoon bleach per gallon Cloudy water: add 1/4 teaspoon bleach per gallon
- Wait 30 minutes before drinking or using
## Caregiver to young children?
- It is important to keep human milk, prepared infant formula, opened or homemade baby food purees and prepared cereals at or below 41°F. These items should be thrown away if above 41°F for over two hours.
- Use bottled or treated water to heat bottles, mix formula and prepare dry cereal.
- Use canned, prepared formula and commercially packaged baby food in cans, jars or pouches if possible.
## For More Information
For more information on disaster preparedness and recovery visit the NC Disaster Information Center.
Materials adapted from University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences' Disaster Handbook.
## Author
Benjamin Chapman
Extension Food Safety Specialist and Associate Professor Agricultural & Human Sciences
Publication date: Oct. 20, 2016
Reviewed/Revised: Aug. 4, 2021
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/ | Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Rusty Wright"
] | 2024-05-15 | [
"Fish",
"Water",
"Agriculture",
"Extension"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity (less than 20 mg/l) can greatly increase productivity. Lime affects the system in several ways." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity (less than 20 mg/l) can greatly increase productivity. Lime affects the system in several ways." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-05-15T19:31:41+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-scaled.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1122" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="746" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="11 minutes" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/","name":"Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-scaled.jpg","datePublished":"2024-05-15T19:00:43+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-15T19:31:41+00:00","description":"Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity (less than 20 mg/l) can greatly increase productivity. Lime affects the system in several ways.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-scaled.jpg","width":1122,"height":746,"caption":"Figure 1. Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity can change the chemistry of the water and pond soils."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='footable_styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/ninja-tables/assets/css/ninjatables-public.css?ver=5.0.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=5976' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["fish-water","fisheries"],"pageAttributes":["adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","anr-0232","fisheries"],"pagePostAuthor":"Justin Miller"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style id='ninja_table_custom_css_6091' type='text/css'>
#footable_6091 {
font-family: ;
font-size: px;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-5976 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-11842029"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-67320409"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-fish-water"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">Fish & Water</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li>Fish & Water</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-5976" class="post-5976 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-fish-water category-fisheries tag-adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds tag-anr-0232 tag-fisheries first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds">
<div class="row">
<div class="row row-print">
<div class="post-info-header-category">
<h1>Fish & Water</h1>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="post-info-header-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-10 col-md-9 col-sm-8">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>May 15, 2024</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Rusty Wright</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">Fish & Water</a>
</li>
<li class="aces-print"> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-0232_AddingAgriculturalLimeRoRecreationalFishingPonds-_050224aL-G.pdf" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-0232_AddingAgriculturalLimeRoRecreationalFishingPonds-_050224aL-G.pdf" target="_blank">PDF Download<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--JMH line break on mobile 2019-04-26-->
<br class="byline-mobile-line-break">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 col-sm-4">
<!--div class="pull-center small read-time" JMH 2019-04-26 -->
<div class="read-time">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<hr aria-hidden="true" style="margin: 1px;">
<span>
8 min read
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-print"><!-- 2019-03-07 RFF added for print. Update content-print CSS -->
<div class="post-media">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="Figure 1. Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity can change the chemistry of the water and pond soils." src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-scaled.jpg">
</div>
</div>
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/"></div><p>Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity (less than 20 mg/l) can greatly increase productivity. Lime affects the system in several ways. It acts as a buffer maintaining the pH between 7 and 8.5. Broader swings in pH can be very stressful to the organisms in the pond.</p>
<p>Adding agricultural lime to fishing ponds with low alkalinity and hardness (less than 20 mg/l) can significantly increase the productivity of these systems. Lime affects the system in several ways. Agricultural lime is mostly calcium and magnesium carbonate, and it is the carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub> <sup>—</sup> ) that acts as a buffer, maintaining the pH between 7 and 8.5, which is just above neutral (neither acidic nor basic). Broad swings in pH can be very stressful to the organisms in the pond. Lime also changes the chemistry of the water and pond soils making nutrients more available to aquatic organisms, especially algae, increasing hardness that can help clear clay from the water, and adding many important nutrients to the system.</p>
<p>Agricultural lime is simply crushed limestone formed in the bottoms of ancient oceans and wetlands. Limestone is mainly calcium and magnesium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub> and MgCO<sub>3</sub>) from the deposited shells of ancient organisms and the result of a chemical reaction that can cause it to rain down on the bottom in warm, productive seas.</p>
<div id="attachment_132399" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-132399" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="wp-image-132399" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-1122x746.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity can change the chemistry of the water and pond soils." width="400" height="266" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-scaled.jpg 1122w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-1-picture-of-a-pond-for-context-Wright-1536x1022.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-132399" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. Adding agricultural lime to ponds with low alkalinity can change the chemistry of the water and pond soils.</p></div>
<p>Many ponds in Alabama collect water from watersheds with soils of very low alkalinity, the ability to neutralize acid. Exceptions of low alkalinity soils are in areas of the state with significant limestone, including the Black Belt region, where the soils are derived from weathered limestone. Ponds with low alkalinity (less than 20 mg/l) typically respond poorly to the addition of fertilizer. Either the algae bloom never becomes dense, leaving the water clear even after adding fertilizer, or the bloom is short lived. Unless a pond is clouded with clay turbidity (i.e., muddy water), low-alkalinity ponds tend to have very clear water. A disk lowered into the water is visible to depths greater than 24 inches (Secchi disk depth). Sometimes, the water is brown stained as well. Without productive algae, there is not enough food in these low alkalinity ponds for the small animals that are food for fish. These low alkalinity ponds are also more prone to dissolved oxygen depletions because the algae die off in mass. Low alkalinity reduces the amount of copper-containing chemicals that can be safely used to control nuisance algae, such as mat-forming filamentous species. Adding lime can raise the alkalinity so controlling algae with these products can be done with less risk of killing fish in the pond.</p>
<p>Adding lime to a pond also increases the hardness of the pond water. Hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) in the water. In our homes, hardness is what tends to create soap scum in showers. Magnesium and calcium tend to cause clay particles, which are suspended in the water making the pond muddy, stick together and sink to the bottom, thus clearing the water. Ponds that are not clouded with clay are more attractive and more productive. Suspended clay shades the algae, reducing photosynthesis and binding phosphorus, making this nutrient unavailable to the algae. This binding by clay can also reduce the effectiveness of certain herbicides.</p>
<p>Beyond providing a buffer to changes in pH and increasing hardness, lime has all the elements that fell to the bottom of that ancient ocean, some of which can be important nutrients. Calcium from the lime is a valuable nutrient for many organisms in the pond, including snails and other animals that are important food for fishes. Calcium is also critical to the teeth, bones, and metabolism of fishes. Magnesium is a major part of dolomitic lime and is a critical element for chlorophyll production in plants and algae. The carbonate in lime can be a source of carbon to highly productive algae. The other elements include molybdenum, copper, iron, manganese, boron, potassium, and others that can be important to algae, plants, and animals.</p>
<h1>Testing for Lime Requirements</h1>
<p>Water from ponds in areas of Alabama without alkaline soils—the majority of the state—should be tested for alkalinity routinely, perhaps every other year. A small sample of water, a pint or so, taken from the surface is adequate for the test (figure 2). The sample should not contain mud from the pond bottom or large amounts of plant material; a few plant fragments will not affect the test. County Extension personnel or regional Extension agents can either test the sample or provide an appropriate contact for the test. For a small fee, the Auburn University Soil, Forage, and Water Testing Laboratory can test pond water or bottom soils to determine the amount of lime needed. For a soil test, take several samples (6 to 10 per acre for ponds less than 5 acres and 2 to 3 per acre for larger ponds) from different areas of the pond bottom, including the deep, shallow, and upstream areas as well as near the dam. Mud from deep areas of the pond can be sampled using a can attached to the end of a pole (figures 3a and 3b).</p>
<style type="text/css">
#gallery-1 {
margin: auto;
}
#gallery-1 .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
#gallery-1 img {
border: 2px solid #ffffff;
}
#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */
</style>
<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-5976 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/2221164-figure-2-water-alkalinity-test-wright/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-2-water-alkalinity-test-Wright-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 2. A small sample of water is needed to test for alkalinity." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-132400" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-132400'>
Figure 2. A small sample of water is needed to test for alkalinity.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/2221164-figure-3-bottom-panel-wright/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-3-bottom-panel-Wright-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 3a. Attach a can to a long pole for sampling deep areas of the pond." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-132401" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-132401'>
Figure 3a. Attach a can to a long pole for sampling deep areas of the pond.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/2221164-figure-3-top-panel-wright/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-3-top-panel-Wright-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 3b. A long pole with a can attached to the end can be used to reach deep areas of the pond." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-132402" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-132402'>
Figure 3b. A long pole with a can attached to the end can be used to reach deep areas of the pond.
</dd></dl><br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<p>Samples should be thoroughly mixed together and allowed to dry completely. Place the dried, combined sample in a sample box available from your county Extension agent or the Auburn University Soil, Forage & Water Testing Laboratory. Mail to the <strong>Soil, Forage & Water Testing Laboratory, ALFA Building, 961 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn University, AL 36849-5411.</strong> Clearly mark the sample box as “fishpond lime requirement.” A schedule of charges for the test can be obtained from the lab at (334) 844-3958. The soil analysis will provide a recommendation for lime in tons per acre. This amount should be considered the minimum recommended application rate. If a pond does not respond well to a liming (i.e., the alkalinity and hardness of the water do not increase significantly), then having the soil tested is an important next step. If the soil test does not indicate a need for more lime, then it is likely that the pond has excess low alkalinity water flowing through it; that is, the watershed is too large or a stream or spring is flowing into the pond flushing out the dissolved lime and other nutrients as well. In this case, if the flushing cannot be reduced, liming will not be practical. For information on controlling the amount of water flushing through a pond, see Alabama Extension publication ANR-1114, “Pond Building: A Guide to Planning, Constructing, and Maintaining Recreational Ponds,” at www.aces.edu.</p>
<h1>Types of Liming Materials</h1>
<p>The term <em>lime</em> is applied to a variety of substances containing one or more active ingredients in different forms. These can vary greatly in their influence on pond chemistry (table 1). Active ingredients include agricultural ground limestone in the form of either calcitic lime, primarily calcium carbonate, or dolomitic lime, a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonate, burnt lime or quicklime (CaO), slaked or hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). Except for a few special situations, ground agricultural limestone is, by far, the best choice of liming material for ponds.</p>
<div id="footable_parent_6091"
class=" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent bootstrap3 ">
<h3 class="table_title footable_title">Table 1. Types of Liming Materials</h3>
<table data-ninja_table_instance="ninja_table_instance_0" data-footable_id="6091" data-filter-delay="1000" aria-label="Table 1. Types of Liming Materials" id="footable_6091"
data-unique_identifier="ninja_table_unique_id_1163007085_6091"
class=" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_6091 ninja_table_unique_id_1163007085_6091 table nt_type_legacy_table table-striped table-bordered table-hover vertical_centered footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro">
<colgroup>
<col class="ninja_column_0 ">
<col class="ninja_column_1 ">
<col class="ninja_column_2 ">
<col class="ninja_column_3 ">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="footable-header">
<th scope="col" class="ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_lime_type ">Lime Type</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_active_ingredients ">Active Ingredients</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_application_rates ">Application Rates</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_3 ninja_clmn_nm_recommendation ">Recommendation</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr data-row_id="6771" class="ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_6771">
<td>Calcitic lime</td><td>CaCO<sub>3</sub></td><td>At least 2 tons per acre</td><td>Recommended.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6770" class="ninja_table_row_1 nt_row_id_6770">
<td>Dolomitic lime</td><td>CaCO<sub>3</sub>, MgCO<sub>3</sub></td><td>At least 2 tons per acre</td><td>Recommended.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6769" class="ninja_table_row_2 nt_row_id_6769">
<td>Crushed oyster shells</td><td>CaCO<sub>3</sub></td><td>At least 2 tons per acre</td><td>Recommended.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6768" class="ninja_table_row_3 nt_row_id_6768">
<td>Pelletized lime</td><td>CaCO<sub>3</sub>, MgCO<sub>3</sub></td><td>At least 2 tons per acre</td><td>Not recommended due to high cost and potential problems with the binder.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6765" class="ninja_table_row_4 nt_row_id_6765">
<td>Fluid lime</td><td>CaCO<sub>3</sub>, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> in some formulations</td><td>Depends on formulation</td><td>Not recommended due to high cost and the potential to raise pH to toxic levels.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6764" class="ninja_table_row_5 nt_row_id_6764">
<td>Lime wastes</td><td>CaCO<sub>3</sub>, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></td><td>The smaller of either 200 lb/acre or the amount required to deliver 50 lb/acre of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></td><td>Not generally recommended; this material could raise pH to toxic levels.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6763" class="ninja_table_row_6 nt_row_id_6763">
<td>Quicklime, burnt lime</td><td>CaO</td><td>Less than 50 lb/acre</td><td>Not recommended; this material could raise pH to toxic levels with only short-term effectiveness.</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="6762" class="ninja_table_row_7 nt_row_id_6762">
<td>Hydrated lime, slaked lime, builders lime</td><td>Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></td><td>50 to 100 lb/acre</td><td>Not generally recommended (see exception in the text); this material could raise pH to toxic levels with only short-term effectiveness.</td> </tr>
</tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->
</table>
</div>
<p>Both quicklime and hydrated lime dissolve rapidly in water and can dramatically raise the pH of ponds to levels toxic to fish. Quicklime, in fact, reacts violently with water releasing a tremendous amount of heat in the process. Quicklime is hazardous and is not recommended for use in ponds. Hydrated lime can be used in ponds when alkalinity must be raised quickly although the effect on both the alkalinity and pH is relatively short lived because the materials are rapidly flushed from the system. Examples would be to reverse a toxic level of copper sulfate used in algae control or to reduce the level of dissolved carbon dioxide in a period of low oxygen. Under these conditions, no more than 50 to 100 pounds per acre should be applied. Hydrated lime can be applied in ponds where it is impractical to apply agricultural lime or to temporarily increase alkalinity and hardness in the summer at 50 to 100 pounds per acre when adding two or more tons of agricultural lime per acre might cause an oxygen depletion. Hydrated lime can be spread as powder or mixed with water to make a slurry first. The slurry is safer to apply as powder can blow back on to the person spreading the lime. Precautions including wearing protective clothing (gloves, dust mask or respirator, eye protection, long-sleeved shirt, and long pants) should be taken to protect skin, eyes, and lungs from this caustic material.</p>
<p>Lime waste, byproducts of several industries, including paper production has also been used as a liming product for agricultural fields, and has been suggested for use in ponds. Lime wastes contain primarily calcium carbonate; however, there can be variable amounts of hydrated lime mixed with this product. While lime waste can be used safely, it should be applied in relatively small amounts to avoid raising the pH to toxic levels. Because small amounts of lime waste are applied, multiple applications per year may be needed to adequately raise alkalinity. Ideally, lime waste should be analyzed to determine the percent of hydrated lime so the total application to the pond can be controlled. Other industry alkaline byproducts include boiler wood ash and basic slag. These products should be tested by the Auburn University Soil, Forage & Water Testing Laboratory before being applied to ponds. Silicate slags should not be used in fishponds.</p>
<p>Agricultural lime is the type of lime recommended for ponds to safely provide long-term increases in alkalinity and hardness. Unlike quicklime and hydrated lime, ground agricultural limestone is not very soluble. Because it dissolves more slowly, more agricultural lime should be added to the pond to achieve an effect on its chemistry. Two or more tons of agricultural limestone per acre are generally needed to treat low-alkalinity ponds. When limestone is added under normal conditions and during the cooler months, it is impossible to add too much to ponds. Adding more limestone to the pond simply increases the time until lime is needed again.</p>
<p>Agricultural lime is available in ground, fluid, and pelletized forms. Fluid lime is more expensive than dry products and may contain hydrated lime. If the active ingredient in the fluid lime is calcium carbonate, about twice as much fluid lime must be applied to achieve the same long-term effect as finely ground agricultural limestone. Because fluid lime is so finely ground, it will stay suspended longer and dissolve more quickly than dry lime; however, the difference in cost is prohibitive. Pelletized lime is calcitic or dolomitic limestone mixed with a binding agent that breaks up quickly in water. Pelletized lime is much cleaner and easier to apply than ground limestone. However, pelletized lime is far more expensive than ground lime, and the binding agent can cause a brown stain in ponds. While not directly toxic, this brown stain can increase the demand for oxygen in the pond and shade the oxygen-producing algae, thereby reducing the available dissolved oxygen for fish. Ground agricultural limestone is relatively inexpensive, safe for both the applicator and fish, and provides a long-term increase in alkalinity. Agricultural lime is made by finely grinding various types of limestone or mollusk shells (oysters, clams, mussels). The source of the limestone may affect the cost, depending on local availability. All sources are equally effective if ground to equivalent fineness.</p>
<h1>Methods of Application</h1>
<div id="attachment_132403" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-132403" decoding="async" class="wp-image-132403" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-4-applying-lime-Wright-1122x842.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Applying lime from a barge." width="400" height="300" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-4-applying-lime-Wright-scaled.jpg 1122w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-4-applying-lime-Wright-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2221164-figure-4-applying-lime-Wright-1536x1152.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-132403" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 4. Applying lime from a barge.</p></div>
<p>The difficulty of application is the primary drawback to using agricultural limestone in ponds. Application of two tons or more per acre to full ponds requires that the lime be spread from a barge in all but the smallest ponds (figure 4). Without the aid of a liming barge and loader, spreading enough lime to fully neutralize the soils of the pond bottom can be backbreaking work. Many private pond consultants have the proper equipment to treat large ponds for a reasonable fee. For small ponds, less than about 3 acres, lime can be spread from the shore if the power spreader can approach the pond at several points around the shoreline so the lime will contact most of the pond bottom.</p>
<p>The easiest time to lime a pond is before the pond fills with water. With the pond dry, a spreader truck can easily apply large amounts of lime to the pond bottom and, hopefully, eliminate the need to add lime for several years. Of course, first the soil should be tested to make sure that the pond will benefit from liming.</p>
<h1>Time of Application</h1>
<p>Late fall and winter are the best times to lime a pond to correct the alkalinity and hardness so the water can support the maximum productivity in the following growing season. Applying lime in the winter allows adequate time for it to dissolve. Adding lime during the growing season also can disrupt the algae bloom by removing nutrients and algae from the water, temporarily reducing productivity and dissolved oxygen. Liming with agricultural lime in the summer can create a fish kill by causing oxygen depletion.</p>
<h1>References</h1>
<ul>
<li>Boyd, C.E., and C.A. Boyd. 2012. Physiochemical characteristics of ponds. Pages 49–80 in J.W. Neal and D.W. Willis, editors. Small Impoundment management in North America. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.</li>
<li>Hargreaves, J.A. 1999. Control of clay turbidity in ponds. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication 460.</li>
<li>Wright, R., C. Hyde, and P. Oakes. 2023. Pond building: a guide to planning, constructing and maintaining recreational ponds. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Publication ANR-1114.</li>
<li>Wurts, W.A. and M.P. Masser. 2013. Liming ponds of aquaculture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication 4100.</li>
<li>Wurts, W. A. and R. M. Durborow. 1992. Interactions of pH, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and hardness in fish ponds. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication 464.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-112893 alignleft" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/MicrosoftTeams-image-1.png" alt="Peer Review mark" width="160" height="110" />Rusty Wright</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist</em>, Associate Professor, Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University</p>
<p>Revised April 2024, <strong>Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds</strong>, ANR-0232</p>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<h2>Download this article as a PDF</h2>
<ul class="attach-list pdf-actions">
<li>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-0232_AddingAgriculturalLimeRoRecreationalFishingPonds-_050224aL-G.pdf" target="_blank">
<i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-0232_AddingAgriculturalLimeRoRecreationalFishingPonds-_050224aL-G.pdf" target="_blank">Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds, ANR-0232</a>
<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds">Adding Agricultural Lime to Recreational Fishing Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/anr-0232">ANR-0232</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/fisheries">fisheries</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Related Articles</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Making Informed Catfish Purchases">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/making-informed-catfish-purchases/">
<img alt="Alabama Catfish gumbo over rice" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AlabamaCatfishGumbo-1-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/making-informed-catfish-purchases/">
Making Informed Catfish Purchases </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Feb 14, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Grass Carp (White Amur) Producers and Dealers">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/grass-carp-white-amur-producers-and-dealers/">
<img alt="Amur fish (grass carp)" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/GettyImages-807198842-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/grass-carp-white-amur-producers-and-dealers/">
Grass Carp (White Amur) Producers and Dealers </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>May 03, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Trout Producers and Dealers">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/trout-producers-and-dealers/">
<img alt="A rainbow trout swimming along the bottom" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/GettyImages-610336678-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/trout-producers-and-dealers/">
Trout Producers and Dealers </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>May 03, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
</article><!-- #post-5976 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">State Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Duncan Hall<br />
Auburn University,
AL 36849 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 844-4444" style="color:#fff;">(334) 844-4444</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/state">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact the State Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '17747',
office: 'State Office',
captcha: 'fa61cfe579'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-fish-water {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/globe.svg');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
window['ninja_table_instance_0'] = {"table_id":"6091","title":"Table 1. Types of Liming Materials","caption":"","columns":[{"name":"lime_type","key":"lime_type","title":"Lime Type","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_0","ninja_clmn_nm_lime_type"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"lime_type","name":"Lime Type","breakpoints":""}},{"name":"active_ingredients","key":"active_ingredients","title":"Active Ingredients","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_1","ninja_clmn_nm_active_ingredients"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"active_ingredients","name":"Active Ingredients","breakpoints":""}},{"name":"application_rates","key":"application_rates","title":"Application Rates","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_2","ninja_clmn_nm_application_rates"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"application_rates","name":"Application Rates","breakpoints":""}},{"name":"recommendation","key":"recommendation","title":"Recommendation","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_3","ninja_clmn_nm_recommendation"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"recommendation","name":"Recommendation","breakpoints":""}}],"original_columns":[{"key":"lime_type","name":"Lime Type","breakpoints":""},{"key":"active_ingredients","name":"Active Ingredients","breakpoints":""},{"key":"application_rates","name":"Application Rates","breakpoints":""},{"key":"recommendation","name":"Recommendation","breakpoints":""}],"settings":{"filtering":"","togglePosition":"first","paging":false,"pager":false,"page_sizes":["10","20","50","100"],"sorting":true,"default_sorting":"manual_sort","defualt_filter":false,"defualt_filter_column":null,"expandFirst":false,"expandAll":false,"i18n":{"search_in":"Search in","search":"Search","no_result_text":"No Result Found"},"shouldNotCache":false,"skip_rows":0,"limit_rows":0,"use_parent_width":false,"info":"","enable_html_cache":null,"html_caching_minutes":null,"extra_css_class":"","disable_sticky_on_mobile":null,"has_formula":"no","filter_selects":[]},"render_type":"legacy_table","custom_css":{"ninja_column_0":[],"ninja_column_1":[],"ninja_column_2":[],"ninja_column_3":[]},"instance_name":"ninja_table_instance_0","table_version":"5.0.17","provider":"default","uniqueID":"ninja_table_unique_id_1163007085_6091","editing":{"enabled":false,"editing":false,"check_editing":"no","deleting":false,"alwaysShow":false,"own_data_only":null,"addText":"New Row","hideText":"Cancel","showText":"Edit Rows","position":"right","addModalLabel":"Add Data","editModalLabel":"Edit Data","defaultValues":[]},"table_buttons":{"csv":{"status":"no","label":"CSV","all_rows":"no","bg_color":"rgb(0,0,0)","text_color":"rgb(255,255,255)"},"print":{"status":"yes","label":"Print Table","all_rows":"no","bg_color":"","text_color":""},"button_position":"after_table","button_alignment":"ninja_buttons_left"},"init_config":{"toggleColumn":"first","cascade":true,"useParentWidth":false,"columns":[{"name":"lime_type","key":"lime_type","title":"Lime Type","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_0","ninja_clmn_nm_lime_type"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"lime_type","name":"Lime Type","breakpoints":""}},{"name":"active_ingredients","key":"active_ingredients","title":"Active Ingredients","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_1","ninja_clmn_nm_active_ingredients"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"active_ingredients","name":"Active Ingredients","breakpoints":""}},{"name":"application_rates","key":"application_rates","title":"Application Rates","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_2","ninja_clmn_nm_application_rates"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"application_rates","name":"Application Rates","breakpoints":""}},{"name":"recommendation","key":"recommendation","title":"Recommendation","breakpoints":"","type":"text","visible":true,"classes":["ninja_column_3","ninja_clmn_nm_recommendation"],"filterable":true,"sortable":false,"original":{"key":"recommendation","name":"Recommendation","breakpoints":""}}],"expandFirst":false,"expandAll":false,"empty":"No Result Found","sorting":{"enabled":true},"filtering":{"enabled":false,"delay":1,"dropdownTitle":"Search in","placeholder":"Search","connectors":false,"ignoreCase":true},"paging":{"enabled":false,"position":"right","size":false,"container":"#footable_parent_6091 .paging-ui-container","countFormat":""}}} </script>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/fish-water\/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/fish-water\/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds&text=Adding%20Agricultural%20Lime%20to%20Recreational%20Fishing%20Ponds","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","email":"mailto:?subject=Adding%20Agricultural%20Lime%20to%20Recreational%20Fishing%20Ponds&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Ffish-water%2Fadding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"5976","page_slug":"blog-topics-fish-water-adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"e8aa05419f"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'5976',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "5976" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_11842029-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['11842029'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-11842029","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="11842029" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_67320409-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['67320409'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-67320409","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/fish-water/adding-agricultural-lime-to-recreational-fishing-ponds/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="67320409" defer></script><script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/ninja-tables/assets/libs/footable/js/footable.min.js?ver=3.1.5' id='footable-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='footable_init-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var ninja_footables = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","tables":[],"ninja_version":"5.0.17","i18n":{"search_in":"Search in","search":"Search","empty_text":"No Result Found","clear_all":"Clear All","caption_format":"Selected","pikaday":{"previousMonth":"Previous Month","nextMonth":"Next Month","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"weekdaysShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"]}},"ninja_table_public_nonce":"1699f2f347","site_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu","delay":"0","pro_version":"5.0.16"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/ninja-tables/assets/js/ninja-tables-footable.js?ver=5.0.17' id='footable_init-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/ninja-tables-pro/assets/js/ninja-tables-pro.js?ver=5.0.16' id='ninja-tables-pro-js'></script>
<script id="ninja-tables-pro-js-after" type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).on('click', '.nt_force_download', function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
const url = jQuery(this).attr('href');
const requestURL = window.ninja_footables.ajax_url + '?action=ninja_table_force_download&url=' + url + '&ninja_table_public_nonce=' + window.ninja_footables.ninja_table_public_nonce;
window.location.href = requestURL;
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 0.50599408149719 seconds, on 26-03-25 17:02:16 --> |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/ | Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Bence Carter",
"Jim Armstrong"
] | 2021-06-08 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Pest Control"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Damage to your property may be caused by moles or voles. Knowing the difference between the two animals is essential to controlling the problem." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Damage to your property may be caused by moles or voles. Knowing the difference between the two animals is essential to controlling the problem." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-09-28T16:44:49+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock-503489968.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="2048" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1366" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="7 minutes" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/","name":"Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock-503489968.jpg","datePublished":"2021-06-08T21:45:57+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-28T16:44:49+00:00","description":"Damage to your property may be caused by moles or voles. Knowing the difference between the two animals is essential to controlling the problem.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock-503489968.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock-503489968.jpg","width":2048,"height":1366,"caption":"Common Vole"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=3938' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["forestry-wildlife","wildlife"],"pageAttributes":["anr-2412","controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","wildlife"],"pagePostAuthor":"Kelly Knowles"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3938 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-20494128"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-11821006"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-forestry-wildlife"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">Forestry & Wildlife</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li>Forestry & Wildlife</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-3938" class="post-3938 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-forestry-wildlife category-wildlife tag-anr-2412 tag-controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles tag-wildlife first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles">
<div class="row">
<div class="row row-print">
<div class="post-info-header-category">
<h1>Forestry & Wildlife</h1>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="post-info-header-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-10 col-md-9 col-sm-8">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>June 8, 2021</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Bence Carter and Jim Armstrong</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">Forestry & Wildlife</a>
</li>
<li class="aces-print"> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-2412_MolesandVoles_052621L-G.pdf" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-2412_MolesandVoles_052621L-G.pdf" target="_blank">PDF Download<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--JMH line break on mobile 2019-04-26-->
<br class="byline-mobile-line-break">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 col-sm-4">
<!--div class="pull-center small read-time" JMH 2019-04-26 -->
<div class="read-time">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<hr aria-hidden="true" style="margin: 1px;">
<span>
5 min read
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-print"><!-- 2019-03-07 RFF added for print. Update content-print CSS -->
<div class="post-media">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="Common Vole" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock-503489968.jpg">
</div>
</div>
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/"></div><div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>Damage to your property may be caused by moles or voles. Knowing the difference between the two animals is essential to controlling the problem.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>Moles and voles, while both tunnel makers, are distinct in behavior and in the type of damage they cause to lawns, gardens, and agriculture. Because of this, the techniques used to control their activities are not the same. Before acting, you must know who your opponent is.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h1>Distinguishing Characteristics</h1>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div id="attachment_11503" style="width: 529px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-11503" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class=" wp-image-11503" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ANR-2412figure1-600x332.png" alt="Figure 1. The mole (a) is related to the shrew. It has a long nose and webbed front feet with sharp claws for digging. The vole (b), in the rodent family, is smaller and has a short tail and legs." width="519" height="283" /><p id="caption-attachment-11503" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. The mole (a) is related to the shrew. It has a long nose and webbed front feet with sharp claws for digging. The vole (b), in the rodent family, is smaller and has a short tail and legs.</p></div>
<h2>Moles and voles are physically different.</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Southern moles (<em>Scalopus</em> aquaticus) are between 6 and 7 inches long and weigh between 3 and 4 ounces They have small eye and ear openings and a pointed nose that protrudes about one-half inch beyond the mouth. Their large front feet are webbed and have sharp claws to aid in digging (figure 1a).</p>
<p>Voles are 4 to 6 inches long and have short legs and tails, and small eyes and ears. There are two species native to Alabama. The most common is the pine or woodland vole (<em>Microtus</em> pinetorum), which is found statewide in woodlands (figure 1b). The second is the prairie vole (<em>Microtus</em> ochrogaster), found only in the northern one-third of the state.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h2>Moles are carnivores; voles are herbivores.</h2>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>Moles eat white grubs, earthworms, beetles, and assorted larvae. They may actually benefit plants by feeding on grubs and worms that damage plants. Voles feed on grasses, forbs, and occasionally tree bark.</p>
<h2>Moles and voles have different habitats.</h2>
<p>Moles make the familiar raised tunnel system in lawns. They are usually solitary, although females and the young may share the same burrow. They construct feeding tunnels and nesting burrows in dry, warmer soil under trees or solid structures. They seem to prefer cool, moist soil (the same preferred by grubs and earthworms).</p>
<p>Voles have underground tunnel systems. They search for food in a home range of about one-quarter acre and seldom venture into exposed places. Their preferred habitat is areas with heavy ground cover, such as natural environments, orchards, fields, and gardens.</p>
<h2>Voles produce more offspring.</h2>
<p>Voles breed throughout the year. They may have up to five litters of six offspring. Vole life-spans are only 2 to 16 months. Populations tend to peak every 2 to 5 years. During these times, densities of voles may become quite high, and areas that had no damage may suddenly experience severe damage. Moles breed in March and April. Gestation is approximately 5 weeks, and litter sizes range from two to five offspring. Because of moles’ solitary nature, you may find only five or six moles per acre.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h2>Voles kill plants; moles usually do not.</h2>
<p>People experiencing vole damage generally describe these types of scenarios: One day my small tree appeared healthy, the next day it was dead. Or, One day my flower garden was beautiful, the next day the plants were wilted and dying. Closer inspection reveals tiny teeth marks around the plant at ground level or that the root system is gone.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h1>Mole Versus Vole Damage</h1>
<p>Moles seldom cause extensive damage to plants. Their tunneling activities, however, can disfigure lawns and gardens (fig. 2 and fig. 3). The greatest risk is from burrows that wash out during heavy rains, posing a safety hazard. The most obvious sign of damage by voles is a dead or dying plant. Vegetable gardens, ornamental plantings, and young forest stock are all susceptible. Voles may tunnel adjacent to root systems, eating the roots and chewing or “girdling” the main stem just above the ground.</p>
<style type="text/css">
#gallery-1 {
margin: auto;
}
#gallery-1 .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
#gallery-1 img {
border: 2px solid #ffffff;
}
#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */
</style>
<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3938 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/photo-apr-29-10-31-21-am_aces-cropped/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Photo-Apr-29-10-31-21-AM_ACES-cropped-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 2. The washed out burrow of moles can disfugure lawns." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-11505" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11505'>
Figure 2. The washed out burrow of moles can disfugure lawns.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/photo-apr-29-10-41-26-am_aces/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Photo-Apr-29-10-41-26-AM_ACES-e1623188974524-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 3. This line of bare ground is where a mole has tunneled through the yard." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-11507" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11507'>
Figure 3. This line of bare ground is where a mole has tunneled through the yard.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/anr-2412-figure4/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ANR-2412.figure4-300x300.png" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 4. The trunk of a small dogwood with all of the root structure eaten by voles. The homeowner reported that the tree was fine one day; the next day, the leaves were wilting. And on the next day, the homeowner effortlessly pulled the tree out of the ground, and this was all that was left." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-1-11508" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11508'>
Figure 4. The trunk of a small dogwood with all of the root structure eaten by voles. The homeowner reported that the tree was fine one day; the next day, the leaves were wilting. And on the next day, the homeowner effortlessly pulled the tree out of the ground, and this was all that was left.
</dd></dl><br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<p>Damage by voles may be confused with damage by rabbits. To determine the culprit, look at the gnawing or chewing pattern. Voles have small teeth that leave small, irregular gnaw marks at various angles on the plant (fig. 4). Rabbits have wider teeth that leave wider marks. In addition, rabbits often will cut the plant in two with a uniform 45-degree angle cut.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h1>Control Techniques for Moles</h1>
<p>Repellents and toxicants are generally ineffective for controlling mole damage. One difficulty with toxicants is getting the moles to accept the bait. Lethal or biological control efforts are the most effective.</p>
<h2>Traps</h2>
<p>Lethal traps are usually of three types: harpoon (fig. 6), scissor-jawed (fig. 8), and choker. Any of these work well if set properly, but soil type can impact effectiveness. Harpoon traps are more effective in sandy soils, while scissor-jawed and choker traps are more effective in loamy soils, or soils with a higher clay content.</p>
<p>Before setting your traps, you must determine which mole tunnels, or runs, are being used most frequently. To find out, flatten tunnels either by stepping on them or using a lawn roller. The next day, see which ones have popped back up. Put the traps on these new tunnels.</p>
<p>If using a harpoon trap, allow the trap to spring into the ground several times before making the final set. This ensures that the harpoons can travel through to the tunnel unimpeded.</p>
<style type="text/css">
#gallery-2 {
margin: auto;
}
#gallery-2 .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
#gallery-2 img {
border: 2px solid #ffffff;
}
#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */
</style>
<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-3938 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/img_1074/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IMG_1074-rotated-e1623189706694-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 5 Harpoon traps, left, are effective in sandy soils, and scissor-jawed traps, right, are effective in loamy soils." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-2-79719" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-79719'>
Figure 5 Harpoon traps, left, are effective in sandy soils, and scissor-jawed traps, right, are effective in loamy soils.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/harpoon-8/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Harpoon-8-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 6. This harpoon trap is set and ready to be placed in the mole tunnel." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-2-79720" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-79720'>
Figure 6. This harpoon trap is set and ready to be placed in the mole tunnel.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/photo-may-18-9-56-05-am-1-aces/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Photo-May-18-9-56-05-AM-1-ACES-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 7. When setting a scissor-jawed trap, dig out a portion of soil around the tunnel." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-2-79721" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-79721'>
Figure 7. When setting a scissor-jawed trap, dig out a portion of soil around the tunnel.
</dd></dl><br style="clear: both" /><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/black-clamp_aces/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/BLACK-CLAMP_ACES-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 8. This scissor-jawed trap is set and ready to be placed in the mole tunnel." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-2-79722" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-79722'>
Figure 8. This scissor-jawed trap is set and ready to be placed in the mole tunnel.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/photo-may-18-9-59-30-am-aces/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Photo-May-18-9-59-30-AM-ACES-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 9. Place the trap so that the jaws will slice through the tunnel and kill the mole." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-2-79723" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-79723'>
Figure 9. Place the trap so that the jaws will slice through the tunnel and kill
the mole.
</dd></dl><dl class='gallery-item'>
<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>
<a href='https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/scissor-cover-1/'><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Scissor-Cover-1-300x300.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Figure 10. Use the dug soil or leaves to refill areas of the hole. The key is to make sure that no sunlight penetrates into the burrow." decoding="async" aria-describedby="gallery-2-79724" loading="lazy" /></a>
</dt>
<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-79724'>
Figure 10. Use the dug soil or leaves to refill areas of the hole. The key is to make sure that no sunlight penetrates into the burrow.
</dd></dl><br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>When setting scissor-jawed or choker traps, dig out a portion of soil around the tunnel and place the trap in the hole (figs. 7, 8, and 9). Fill the hole back in with the soil (fig. 10), making sure no light penetrates into the tunnel. It is recommended that you wear rubber or latex gloves to prevent your scent from getting on the trap. After setting the trap, be sure not to walk on or disturb other portions of the tunnels.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 4">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>Traps can sometimes be triggered without catching the mole, so check traps daily and reset if needed. If the mole doesn’t use the tunnel with the trap after a few days, relocate the trap to another tunnel. Once the trap is in place, be sure to remove the safety catch.</p>
<h2>Biological controls</h2>
<p>To achieve nonlethal mole control, you must eliminate the food source. This involves applying insecticides to control grub populations. White grubs may be controlled naturally by introducing milky spore disease into the soil. While these techniques may be effective, they are not quick. It may take some time before the food supply is reduced enough to impact the mole population.</p>
</div>
<div class="column">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<h1>Control Techniques for Voles</h1>
<p>Voles generally do not venture into open territory; therefore, modifying the habitat by eliminating ground cover can be effective in reducing damage.</p>
<h2>Traps</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>Trapping of voles in large-scale operations is not cost- effective, but it may be useful in flower gardens or small vegetable gardens. Place mouse-sized snap traps at the entrance to tunnels/runways. Bait the traps with a mixture of peanut butter and oatmeal or sliced apples. Place traps so that the trigger faces the tunnel mouth.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Biological controls</h2>
<p>Keep lawns adjacent to flower gardens mowed to a short height to discourage voles from moving into gardens to feed. Also minimize the amount of mulch in flower gardens and turn the mulch frequently to deter them from establishing tunnel systems. Clear back mulch rings or mounds a minimum of 3 feet from the base of trees. In agricultural settings, tilling the soil destroys the tunnel systems. This helps to reduce vole populations and subsequent damage.</p>
<p>Snakes, hawks, owls, and other predators feed on voles if afforded the opportunity. Voles have extremely high reproductive potentials, however, so it is doubtful that predators alone could prevent damage.</p>
<h1>Conclusion</h1>
<p>Even though moles may be beneficial in controlling lawn insects, many people find them destructive to landscaping and want them removed. Trapping and biological control are the two most promising methods of managing mole damage.</p>
<p>Damage from voles may vary in severity from year to year as populations increase and decrease in number. The harm to ornamental and vegetable gardens by voles may warrant control by habitat modification and trapping. A combination of control methods usually produces the best control results.</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-112893 alignleft" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/MicrosoftTeams-image-1.png" alt="Peer Review mark" width="160" height="110" />Bence Carter</strong>, <em>Regional Extension Agent</em>, Forestry Wildlife, and Natural Resources, and <strong>Jim Armstrong</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist</em>, Professor, Forestry and Wildlife Science, Auburn University</p>
<p>Reviewed September 2023, <strong>Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles</strong>, ANR-2412</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<h2>Download this article as a PDF</h2>
<ul class="attach-list pdf-actions">
<li>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-2412_MolesandVoles_052621L-G.pdf" target="_blank">
<i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-2412_MolesandVoles_052621L-G.pdf" target="_blank">Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles, ANR-2412</a>
<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/anr-2412">ANR-2412</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles">Controlling Damage from Moles and Voles</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/wildlife">wildlife</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Related Articles</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Meet the Team – Forestry, Wildlife & Natural Resources">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/meet-the-team-forestry-wildlife-natural-resources-extension/">
<img alt="a forest stream" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/iStock-478296202_UESEP-e1568140537637-1-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/meet-the-team-forestry-wildlife-natural-resources-extension/">
Meet the Team – Forestry, Wildlife & Natural Resources </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Mar 14, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Forestry, Wildlife & Natural Resources Webinars">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/forestry-wildlife-natural-resources-webinars/">
<img alt="The cool water of Cane Creek flows through the lush forest of the Nature Preserve located in Northwest Alabama. The preserve is a great place to come and lose yourself in the beauty of nature." src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GettyImages-1142043728-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/forestry-wildlife-natural-resources-webinars/">
Forestry, Wildlife & Natural Resources Webinars </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Feb 19, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Natural Resources Webinar Series">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/natural-resources-webinar-series/">
<img alt="Natural Resources Webinar Series" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/webheader-1-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/natural-resources-webinar-series/">
Natural Resources Webinar Series </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Jan 21, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
</article><!-- #post-3938 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">State Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Duncan Hall<br />
Auburn University,
AL 36849 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 844-4444" style="color:#fff;">(334) 844-4444</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/state">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact the State Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '17747',
office: 'State Office',
captcha: 'fa61cfe579'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-forestry-wildlife {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/noun_86692_ffffff-300x300.png');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/forestry-wildlife\/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/forestry-wildlife\/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles&text=Controlling%20Damage%20from%20Moles%20and%20Voles","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","email":"mailto:?subject=Controlling%20Damage%20from%20Moles%20and%20Voles&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fforestry-wildlife%2Fcontrolling-damage-from-moles-and-voles"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"3938","page_slug":"blog-topics-forestry-wildlife-controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"e8aa05419f"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'3938',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "3938" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_20494128-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['20494128'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-20494128","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="20494128" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_11821006-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['11821006'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-11821006","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/controlling-damage-from-moles-and-voles/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="11821006" defer></script> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 0.50671887397766 seconds, on 26-03-25 21:56:32 --> |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/epp-entomology-and-plant-pathologhy/fungicide-resistance-management-epp-7663.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20140225115320-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## OKLAHOMA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
## Fungicide Resistance Management
John Damicone Extension Plant Pathologist
Fungicides are important tools for managing diseases in many crops. Unlike insecticides and some herbicides which kill established insects or weeds, fungicides are most commonly applied to protect healthy plants from infection by fungal plant pathogens. To be effective, fungicides must be applied before infections become established and in a sufficient spray volume to achieve thorough coverage of the plant or treated area. Protection from fungicides is temporary because they are subject to weathering and breakdown over time. They also must be reapplied to protect new growth when disease threatens. Poor disease control with fungicides can result from several causes including insufficient application rate, inherently low effectiveness of the fungicide on the target pathogen, improper timing or application method, and excessive rainfall. Resistance (lack of sensitivity) to fungicides in fungal pathogens is another cause of poor disease control. The development of fungicide resistance is influenced by complex interactions factors such as the mode of action of the fungicide (hology the active ingredient inhibits the fungus), the biology of the pathogen, fungicide use pattern, and the cropping system. Understanding the biology of fungicide resistance, how it develops, and how it can be managed is crucial for insuring sustainable disease control with fungicides.
The problem of fungicide resistance became apparent following the registration and widespread use of the systemic fungicide (see fungicide mobility below) benomyl (Benalte)in the early 1970's. Prior to the registration of benomyl, growers routinely applied a protective fungicide (see fungicide morbidity below) such as maneb, mancozeb, or copper to control dis eases without experiencing resistance problems. A distinct advantage of benomyl over the protect fungi caused its systemic activity. In addition to protecting plants from infection, systemic activity conferred rainfastness and provided disease controlwhen applied after the early stages of infection. Superior disease control was often achieved with benomyl compared to the protective diethiocarbamate. However, benomyl differed from the diothiocardamates in its site-specific mode of action (see Fungicide Groups and Mode of Action below) which was readily overcome by several fungal pathogens. Resistance problems appeared a few years after benomyl was introduced where the fungicide was used intensively. Sudden control failures occurred with diseases such as powdery mildew, peanut leaf spot, and apple scab.
Many of the fungicides developed and registered since the introduction of benomyl also are systemic, have a sitepecificmodeofaction,andareat increasedriskforresistance problems(Table 1). Fungicide resistance is now a widespread problem in global agriculture. Fungicide resistance problems
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
in the field have been documented for nearly 200 diseases (crop -pathogen combinations), and within about half of the known fungicide groups. Many more cases of resistance are suspected but have not been documented. While resistance risks with many of fungicides may not be as great as with benomyl, strategies to manage the resistance risk have been developed and implemented to avoid unexpected control failures and sustain the usefulness of new products. As a result of resistance management strategies, fungicides within all mode of action groups remain useful disease management tools in at least some cropping systems. The purpose of this bulletin is to describe the resistance phenomenon, identify resistance risks in the different fungicide groups, and to provide general guidelines for managing resistance. Since this fact sheet was first written, many new fungicides have been registered, and mode of action groups and specific resistance management strategies are now specified on fungicide labels. The listing of fungicides by mode of action group here (Table 1) is useful for identifying appropriate fungicides for use in tank mixtures and application schedules as part of the recommended resistance management programs.
## Fungicide Mobility
Understanding the mobility of fungicideson and in t edated plants, and how various fungicides are classified based on mobility is important when making decisions pertaining to the selection of the best of fungicide for a particular disease and its optimal application timing. Fungicides can be classified into two basic mobility groups: protectant or penetrant. Regardless of its mobility characteristics, no fungicide will be highly effective after the development of disease symptoms and pathogen reproduction (spore production). Fungicides can slow or stop the development of new symptoms if applied in a timely fashion, but fungicides will not cure existing disease symptoms. Therefore, understanding fungicide mobility, fungicide mode of action, and the biology of the target pathogen are important so that fungicide applications are made before the disease becomes established and more difficult to control.
Protectant fungicides are active on the plant surfaces where they remain after application. There is no movement of the fungicide into the plant. Because they remain on the plant surface, protectant fungicides loose activity after being washed off the plant and must be re-applied to new growth thatdevelops after application. Protectant fungicides typically prevent spore germination, therefore they must be applied
prior to infection and have no effect once the fungus grows into the plant resulting in infection.
Penetrant fungicides are absorbed into plants following application. Because these fungicides are absorbedinto plants, they are generally considered systemic fungicides. However, penetrant fungicides have different degrees of systemic movement once inside the plant. Some fungicides are 'locally systemic', only moving a short distance such as through a few layers of plant cells. Fungicides that move from one side of a leaf to other have 'translaminar' movement. Translaminar and locally systemic fungicides are not transported throughout the plant. Highly mobile fungicides are either 'xylem-mobile' or 'true systemics'. Xylem-mobile fungicides move upward in plants and outward to the periphery of leaves with water through the xylem, the water conducting tissue of the plant. True systemic fungicides move both upward through the xylem, and downward through the phleom , the food conducting tissue of the plant. Few if any fungicides are fully systemic. Unlike protectant fungicides, penetrant fungicides are rain fast within a few hours of application and may require less thorough application coverage to be effective. In addition, many penetrant fungicides inhibit fungal growth and sporula -tion and can be effective when applied after the early stages of infection. Regardless of the level of systemic movement, penetrant fungicides have limited 'curative' ability. Generally they only stop or slow infections within the first 24 to 72 hour period following fungal penetration into the plant. Therefore, penetrant fungicides must be applied before or shortly after infection, and are ineffective on existing symptoms. Both protectant and penetrant fungicides provide good disease control when applied before infection and are best applied on a preventive schedule.
## Development of fungicide Resistance
Resistance is a genetic adjustment by a fungus that results in reduced sensitivity to a fungicide. Reduced sensitivity is thought to be a result of genetic mutations which occur at low frequencies (one in a million or less) or naturally occurring sub-populations of resistant individuals. Individuals in a fungal population may consist of the mycelium (the body of a fungus), sclerotia (large survival structures), spores (small reproductive structures), or the nucleus of single cells capable of reproduction and spread. The resistance trait may result from single gene or multiple gene mutations (see build-up of resistance below). Single-gene mutations that confer resistance to site-specific fungicides are more likely to develop than the simultaneous occurrence of mutations in multiple genes needed to confer resistance to multi-site inhibiting fungicides. Mechanisms of resistance differ depending on the mode of action, but include alteration of the target site, reduced fungicide uptake, active export of the fungicide outside fungal cells, and detoxification or breakdown of the fungicide.
The level of resistance to a fungicide can be measured in the laboratory by exposing a collection of members of a field population to the fungicide and measuring toxicity response. Toxicity responses are usually measured as inhibition of fungus growth, spore germination, or actual plant infection in cases where the fungus cannot be cultured. The effective concentration which inhibits growth, germination, or infection by 50% (EC50) is then calculated for each sampled individual much in the same way an LD50 (50% lethal dose) is calcu -lated for assessing the acute toxicity of a pesticide to rats or
mice. Where many members of a population are sampled and screened, a range of sensitivity (or resistance) to the fungicide is usually observed. The frequency distribution of the sensitivity of individuals in the population is usually normal or bell-shaped, typical of many biological responses in nature (Figure 1). Where the fungicide is newly introduced or where the risk of resistance is low, the population is distributed over a sensitive range. However, a distribution consisting of two distinct sub-populations also may occur where a small subpopulation of resistant strains is present along with a larger sub-population of sensitive strains (Figure 1A).
## Build-up of Resistance
Resistance in a population becomes important when the frequency of resistant strains builds up to dominate the population. The build-up of resistant strains is caused by repeated use of the fungicide which exerts selection pressure on the population. The fungicide selectively inhibits sensitive strains, but allows the increase of resistant strains. This shift toward resistance occurs at different rates depending on the number of genes conferring resistance. When single gene mutations confer resistance, a rapid shift toward resistance may occur, leading to a population that is predominantly resistant and where control is abruptly lost (Figure 1A). When multiple genes are involved, the shift toward resistance progresses slowly, leading to a reduced sensitivity of the entire population (Figure 1B). The gradual shift with the multiple gene effect may result in reduced fungicide activity between sprays, but the risk of sudden and complete loss of control is low. It is difficult to clearly distinguish between sensitive and resistant sub-populations with field sampling during the early shifts
A) Abrupt (qualitative) resistance development where an initially small, subpopulation of resistant strains is present before fungicide usage or develops as a result of a single gene mutation occurring at low frequency (solid line). Following selection pressure of fungicide use, the frequency of resistant individuals (broken line) becomes predominant and disease control is rapidly lost. B) Gradual (quantitative) resistance development arising from an accumulation of mutations in multiple genes that leads to reduced sensitivity. The initial population (solid line) is sensitive, but gradually shifts towards reduced sensitivity under the selection pressure of fungicide use (broken line).
towards reduced sensitivity because sensitivity responses overlap. Large numbers of individuals must be tested to identify the gradual type of resistance .
## Assessing Resistance Risk
Many factors affect the development of resistance and its build-up in the field, which makes it difficult to predict the resistance risk for new fungicides. Despite resistance problems that have been identified following the introduction of some new fungicides, many examples can be cited where their use continues to be effective. Factors that must all be considered in assessing resistance risk include the properties of the fungicide, the biology of the pathogen, and the crop production system where the fungicide is used.
## Fungicide Groups and Mode of Action
Fungicides are grouped by similarities in chemical structure and mode of action (Table 1). Site-specific fungicides disrupt single metabolic processes or structural sites of the target fungus. These include cell division, sterol synthesis, or nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) synthesis. The activity of sitespecific fungicides may be reduced by single or multiple-gene mutations. The MBC (benzimidazole), PA (phenylamide), and Qol (stroblirubin) groups are subject to single-gene resistance and carry a high risk of resistance problems. Other groups with site-specific modes of action include the Dicarboximides and DMIs (sterol demethylation inhibitors), but resistance to these fungicides appears to involve slower shifts toward insensitivity because of multiple-gene involvement. Many of the site-specific fungicides also have systemic mobility. However, systemic mobility is not necessary for resistance development. Resistance problems have developed in the dicarboximide group and with dodine which are protectant fungicides.
Multi-site fungicides interfere with many metabolic processes of the fungus and are usually protant fungi. Once taken up by fungal cells, multisite inhibitors act on processes such as general enzyme activity that disrupt numerous function cells functions. Numerous mutations affecting many sites in the fungus would be necessary for resistance to develop. Typically these fungicides inhibit spermination and must be applied before infection occurs. Multi-site fungicides form a chemical barrier between the plant and fungus. The risk of resistance to these fungicides is low.
There are two codes currently used to classify fungicides by mode of action (Table 1). The mode of action group (A, B, etc.) refers to the general target site in the pathogen such as nucleic acid synthesis, cell wall synthesis, respiration, etc. Sub-groups (A1, A2, etc.) within a mode of action group refer to specific biochemical target sites of fungicide activity. The FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) code is used on most fungicide labels. The FRAC code refers to fungicides that have same site-specific mode of action and share the same resistance problems across members of the group (cross-resistance). FRAC groups are currently numbered from 1 to 46 in order of their introduction to the marketplace. FRAC groups and mode of action subgroups are mostly the same.
## Fitness of Resistant Strains
Fitness is the ability to compete and survive in nature. Strains of pathogens resistant to some fungicides compete equally well with sensitive strains and are still present after the fungicide in question is no longer in use. For example, strains of Cercospora arachidicola which cause early leaf spot of peanut are still established in the southeastern U.S. where benomyl resistance was a problem over 20 years ago. Therefore, fungicides with resistance problems cannot be successfully reintroduced into areas where resistant strains are highly fit. Fortunately, resistant strains are sometimes less fit than wild-type sensitive strains. This has been true for DMI resistance in powdery mildews and for dicarboximide resistance in Botrytis diseases. Unit strains only compete well under the selection pressure of the fungicide. Thus, the resistance is at least partially reversible when the selection pressure of the fungicide is removed or minimized by using resistance management.
## Fungicide Use Pattern
Frequent and exclusive usage of at-risk fungicides increases the risk of resistance problems. Selection pressure is increased where repeated applications are required for disease control as with many foliar diseases. Selection pressure and the risk of resistance are low for seed treatments and for many soilborne diseases which require only one or two applications per season. The method and rate of application may also impact resistance development. Poor disease control resulting from causes such as improper application timing or inadequate spray coverage may result in a need for a more intensive spray program and the exposure of more individuals to the fungicide. Using adequate rates in a manner that produces good disease control reduces the reproductive capacity of fungal pathogens, thus reducing selection pressure. Similarly, a preventive spray program is less risky than a rescue program because selection pressure is applied to fewer individuals. Finally, an increase in selection pressure results from an excessive number of applications where a real need is not justified.
## Pathogen Biology
Fungal pathogens with high rates of reproduction are most prone to develop fungicide resistance. Because many individuals (usually spores) are produced by these fungi, more individuals are exposed to selection pressure and there is a greater probability of mutations that lead to reduced fungicide sensitivity. Foliar diseases produce thousands of spores on the surface of an individual leafspot. Furthermore, these diseases typically have several reproductive cycles per season. Under selection pressure of a fungicide, resistant individuals may increase rapidly and dominate the population after several cycles of infection and reproduction.
Diseases with low reproduction rates generally complete only one life cycle per season. Soilborne pathogens produce fewer offspring per season than their foliar counterparts. Some soilborne diseases reproduce by forming seed-like survival structures called sclerotia. There may be fewer than a hundred sclerotia formed per plant. Where an at-risk fungicide is used for soilborne disease control, resistance development is likely to be slow because comparatively few individuals are exposed to selection pressure.
| Mode of action | Group 1 | Group name | Common name | Trade namesa | Mobility 2 | Uses 3 | Risk 5 | |
|----------------------------|-----------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|-------------------|---------------|
| Nucleic acid synthesis | A1 (4) | PA | metalaxyl meflenoxam or metalaxyl-M | Allegiance, MetaStar Ridomil Gold, Apron XL, Subdue, Ultra Flourish | S | ST, F, S | H | |
| Mitosis and cell division | B1 (1) | MBC | thiabendazole thiophanate- methyl | Mectert Topsin M, Cleary's 3336, OHP 6672 | S | ST, PH | H | |
| | | | benzamide | Gavel (pre-mix) | S | F | M | |
| | B3 (22) | Benzamides | zoxamide | Gavel (pre-mix) | S | F | M | |
| | B5 (43) | Benzamide | fluopicolide | Presidio, Adorn | S | F, S | M | |
| Respiration | C2 (7) | SDHI | boscalid carboxin flutolanil fluopyram fluxapyroxad | Endura, Emerald Vitavax Moncut, ProStar Propulse, Luna (pre-mixes) Acceleron DX612, Praixor, Merivin (pre-mixes) EverGoI (pre-mixes) Fontelis, Velista, Vertisan Vibrance | S | F, S | M-H L M-H F, S | M-H M-H M-H |
| | | | penflufen penthipyrad sedexane | Abound, Heritage, Quadris, Dynasty Tanos (pre-mix) | S | S | L M-H ST | M-H L |
| | C3 (11) | Stroblirulin (QoI) | azoxystrobin | About, Heritage, Quadris, Dynasty | S | F, S, ST | H H H | |
| | | | famoxicidone fenamidone fluoxastrobin kresoxim-methyl picroxystrobin | Reason, Fenstop, Idol Aftershock, Evito, Disarm Cygnus, Sovran Approach | S | F, ST | H H H F | S H H F H |
| | | | pyracrolostrobin | Cabrio, Insignia, Headline, Acceleron DX109 Flint, Compass, Gem, Trelix | S | F, S, ST | H H F, S, ST | M |
| | C4 (21) | Dl | cyazofamid | Rannan, Segway | S | F | M | M |
| | C5 (29) | Dinitroaniline | fluazinam | Omega, Secure | P | F, S | L | L |
| | C6 (30) | Organo tin | triphenyl tin hydroxide Super Tin, Agri Tin | Orego, Zampro (pre-mixes) | P | F | F | L |
| | C8 (45) | Qxl | ametocradin | Vanguard; Switch, Inspire | P | F, S | M-H | M-H |
| Amino acids and proteins | D1 (9) | AP | cyprodinil | Super, Palladium (pre-mixes) | S | F | M | M |
| | | | pyrimethanil | Scala | S | F | M | M |
| | D4 (25) | Antibiotic (bactericide) streptomycin | Agri-Mycin, Firewall | Pyriform | P | F, ST | H | |
| | D5 (41) | Antibiotic (bactericide) oxytetracycline | Mycoshield, Fireline | P | F | F | H | M |
| Signaling | E1 (13) | Azaza-naphthalenes | quinoxyrien | Quintec | P | F | M | M |
| | E2 (12) | FP | fluidioxonil | Maxim, Scholar, Medallion | P | ST, F, PH | L-M | L-M |
| | E3 (2) | Dicarboximide | iprodione vinclozolin | Rovral, Chipco 26019, 26GT Curalan | P | F, S | M-H | M-H |
| Lipids and membranes | F3 (14) | Aromatic Hydrocarbon dichloran | PCNB etridiazole | Botran Terracrallo, Turfdecide, Blocker Terrazole, Terramaster, Truban | P | F, S, PH, ST | L-M L | L-M |
| | F4 (28) | Carbamate | propamocarb HC1 | Prevcur Flex, Banol | S | F, S | L-M | L-M |
Signalling
E1 (13)
Azaza-naphthalenes
quinoxyen
qlintec
Guintec
P
F
$^{ }$
EP
(12)
FF
(13)
Aza-naphthalenes
quinoxyren
p
Min
P
F
$^{ }$
ED
(2)
PP
Fludioxonil
Fluodioxonil
Maxim,
Scholar,
Medallion
P
FT
$^{ }$
EP
(2)
BB
(2)
IProdione
rovcal
Chipp
K
PG
FS
Lipids and
F3
(14)
Aromatic Hydrocarbon dichloran
botran
P
F
S
membranes
F3
(14)
Aromatic Hydrocarbon dichloran
CPNB
T
P
F
$^{ }$
EP
(2)
BP
Terracator
Turcfide
Blocker
P
S
P
S
$^{ }$
F4
(28)
Carbamate
ropamocarb
HC1
Pan
terrazolo
T
P
S
and proteins
D1 (9)
AP
C
(9)
cryptonin
Zarate
S
P
S
F
$^{ }$
DF (25)
AD
(25)
Argi-
Micyn
Firewall
P
S
F
S
$^{ }$
| Mode of action | Group$^{I}$ | Group name | Common name | Trade names$^{2}$ | Mobility$^{a}$ | Uses$^{4}$ | Risk$^{c}$ | |
|--------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|--------------|--------------|----|
| Sterol synthesis | G1 (3) | DMI (SBI: Class I) | cyproconazole fenarimol imazalil difenoconazole | Alto Rubigan | S | F | M | |
| | | | finbuconazole iponacazole myclobutanil metconazole | Raxil,Vibrance (pre-mixes) Inspire Super MP, Top MP, Dividend and other pre-mixes Enable, Indar Rancoa, various pre-mixes Rally, Eagle, Laredo, Spera Caramba, Quash, Metlock, Tourney | S | ST | L | |
| | | | propiconazole | Tilt, Orbit, Banner Maxx, various generic brands and pre-mixes | S | ST, F, S | L-M | |
| | | | protichoconazole | Proline; Prosovar, Provost, and EverGo premixes | S | F, S | M | |
| | | | tebuconazole | Folicur, Elite, Raxil numerous generics and pre-mixes | S | ST, F, S | L-M | |
| | | | tetracanozole triadimefon triadimenol triflumizole triticonazole | Domark, Eminent Bayleton | S | F, S, ST | L-M | |
| | | | generics and pre-mixes | Bavilon | S | F, S | M | |
| | | | triflumozile Charter, Trinity, Trinito | Trlex (pre-mix) | S | ST | L | |
| | | | fenhexamid | Elevate, Decree | P | F | L-M | |
| Cell wall synthesis | H4 (19) | Polyoxin | polyoxin | Affirm, Endorse, Ph-D, Veranda | S | F, S | M | |
| | H5 (40) | CAA | dimethomorph mandipropamid | Forum, Stature, premipes Revus, Micora, Revus Top (pre-mix) | S | F, S | L-M | |
| Plant defense activator | P1 (P1) | BTH | acicbenzolar-S-methyl Actigard | S | F | L | L | |
| Unknown | U1 (27) | Cyanoacetamideoxide cymoxanil | Curzate, Tanos (pre-mix) | S | F | M | L | |
| Unknown | U2 (33) | Phosphonate | fosetyl-AL phosphorous acid | Aliette, Signature Agri-Fos, Alude, Appear, Fospithy, KPhye, Phostrol, Propthy, Rampart, Vital | S | F | L | |
| Unknown | | | erylmide | vivando | F | L | L | |
| Unknown | UB (U8) | Ayryl-phenyl-ketone | metrafenone | Vivando | S | F | M | |
| Unknown | U12 (U12) | Guanadine | dodine | Syllit | P | F | M | |
| Multi-site activity | M1 (M1) | Inorganic | copper salts | Kocide, Cuprofix, Champ, Nu-Cop, Cuproxat | P | F | L | |
| Multi-site activity | | | sulfur | Microthiol, Sulfur | P | F | L | |
| Multi-site activity | M2 (M2) | Inorganic | ferban | Ferram Biancozeb, Dithane, Penncozeb, Manzate, Fore metriambar thiram Thiram, Defiant, Signet, Spotrete Ziram | P | F | L | L |
| Multi-site activity | | | | | P | F, ST | L | L |
| Multi-site activity | M4 (M4) | Pthalimide | captan | Captan, Captec | P | F, ST | L | L |
| Multi-site activity | MS (M5) | Chloronitrile | chlorothalonii | Bravo, Daconil, numerous generics and premixes | P | F, S | L | L |
Multisite activity
M1 (M1)
Inorganic
copper salts
Kocide, Cuprofix, Champ, Nu-Cop, Cuproxat
P
F
L
L
M2 (M2) Inorganic
sulfur
Microthiol, Sulfur
P
F
L
M3 (M3) Diathornicarbamate
ferban
Dithane, Penncozeb,
P
F
L
L
miram teriam thiram ziram
faribram
Manzate, Fore
P
F
L
L
M4 (M4) phthalimide
capitan
Captan, Captec
P
F
L
L
M5 (M5) Chloronitrile
chlorothalonil
Bravo, Daconil, numerous generics and premixes
P
F
L
## Crop Production Practices
Production practices that favor increased disease pressure also promote resistance development by increasing the number of individuals exposed to selection pressure. Pathogens reproduce at higher rates on susceptible varieties compared to resistant or partially resistant varieties. Selection pressure may be reduced for resistant varieties because fewer applications should be needed for effective disease control. Inadequate or excessive fertilization with nitrogen may increase disease incidence in some crops. For example, early blight of potato and tomato and dollar spot of turfgrass are favored by nitrogen deficiency. Alternatively, the severity of spring dead spot of bermudagrass and some foliar diseases of wheat is increased with intensive nitrogen fertilization. Excessive irrigation or frequent irrigation with small amounts of water increases the incidence of many diseases by promoting disease spread, extended periods of leaf wetness, and high soil moisture.
Continuous cropping and poor sanitation practices promote severe early-season disease development. Closed cropping systems such as greenhouses are particularly prone to resistance problems because plants are grown in crowded conditions that may favor severe disease development, rapid spread, and high selection pressure. Permanently established plantings of perennial crops such as orchards, nurseries, and vineyards are also prone to resistanceproblems. Unlike annual crops where crop rotation can be practiced, many pathogens survive from year to year on plants and crop debris within permanent plantings resulting in a local pathogen population exposed to yearly selection pressures.
## Resistance Management Strategies
Strategies for managing fungicide resistance are aimed at delaying its development. Therefore, a management strategy should be implemented before resistance becomes a problem. The only way to absolutely prevent resistance is to not use an at-risk fungicide. This is not a practical solution because many of the modern fungicides that are at risk for resistance problems provide highly effective, broad-spectrum disease control. By delaying resistance and keeping its level under control, resistance can be prevented from becoming economically important. Because practical research in the area of fungicide resistance management has been limited, many of the strategies devised are based in the theory of expected responses of a pathogen population to selection pressure. For the most part, evaluations of the effectiveness of these strategies have not been based on research, but rather on observations made where the fungicides have been used commercially on a large scale.
Specific strategies for resistance management vary for the different fungicide groups, the target pathogen(s), and the crop. However, some strategies are generally effective. Resistance management should include cultural practices and optimum fungicide use patterns. The desired result is to minimize selection pressure through a reduction in time of exposure or the size of the population exposed to the at-risk fungicide. Probably the most important aspect of optimizing use patterns is the deployment of tank mixtures and alternating sprays of the at-risk fungicide with a fungicide from a different mode of action group. The comparative merits of tank-mixing compared to alternating sprays have been debated. Some
theorize that tank-mixing reduces selectionpressure only when the partner fungicide is highly effective and good coverage is achieved. Alternating fungicides is thought to act by reducing the time of exposure. In practice, examples can be cited for the effectiveness of both approaches. Both practices are more effective when cultural practices are implemented to reduce disease pressure. The alternation of blocks of more than one spray is probably less effective in resistance management than the other use patterns. For example, a block of four continuous sprays of the DMI fungicide tebuconazole is recommended at mid-season for peanut disease control. Despite the use of at least one application of a non-DMI fungicide before and after the 4-spray block, resistance to tebuconazole in both early and late leaf spot diseases became a widespread problem in less than 10 years.
The proper choice of a partner fungicide in a resistance management program is critical. Generally, good partner fungicides are multi-site inhibitors that have a low resistance risk (e.g. chlorothaloni, mancozeb, etc.) and are highly effective against the target pathogen. However, the use of an unrelated at-risk fungicide with no potentialfor cross-resistance problems also may be effective. Numerous fungicides are now marketed as pre-mixtures of two or more fungicide groups. These are convenient for resistance management, but users should be mindful of the fungicide groups in the pre-mix, so an at-risk group is not over-extended. Characteristics of important fungicide groups and their resistance risks are discussed below.
## MBCs (FRAC Group 1; Mode of Action Sub-Group B1)
MBC (Methyl Benzimidazole Caramate) fungicides are site-specific fungicides which interfere with cell division. They have systemic mobility and have activity on many pathogens except water molds (e.g. Pythium and Phytophthora) and darkly pigmented fungi (e.g. Alternaria). Research has demonstrated that benzimidazole resistant strains may be present at low frequencies in nature, even in the absence of fungicide exposure. Under selection pressure, resistance development is abrupt and rapid (Figure 1A). Resistant strains cannot be controlled by increasing the application rate or by shortening the spray interval. Resistant strains are often fit and competitive in nature even without selection pressure. Therefore, some populations have remained resistant where benzimidazole use has been discontinued for 10 years. Resistance to benzimodazoles has been documented for over 70 diseases and cross-resistance exists within this fungicide group. Benzimidazole resistance has received less recent attention because the fungicide benzomyl is no longer registered in the U.S. However, resistance management remains important for thiophanate-methyl, the other widely used benzimidazole fungicide. In spite of the numerous resistance problems with benzimidazoles, there are also many examples where benzimidazoles have remained effective for over 30 years with judicial use.
## Strobilurins (FRAC Group 11; Mode of Action Sub-Group C3)
Strobilurin fungicides, also know as quinoine-outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, are synthetic analogues of a naturally occurring compound produced by a wood rotting fungus. Strobilurins inhibit respiration in fungal cells by targeting a
protein (cytochrome bc-1) that is encoded by a gene in the mitochondria . The fungicides are broad-spectrum with activity against all the major types of fungal pathogens. Strobillurin fungicides penetrate plant leaves and move from one side of the leaf to the other. This translaminar mobility makes them rain-fast, but they lack true systemic movement in the plant compared to some other fungicide groups. Strobilurins act on a broad range of fungal processes including spore germination, fungal growth, and reproduction (sporulation). Strobilurin fungicides have been registered on numerous crops because of their broad-spectrum activity and excellent human and environmental safety profiles. However, like the benzimadozes, resistance developed shortly after their introduction in the late 1990's. Three different single-gene mutations have been identified that abruptly confer resistance (Figure 1A) that has been documented for more than 50 diseases. Resistance has been documented for diseases such as Septoria leaf spot on wheat; gummy stem blight, downy mildew, and powdery mildew on cucurbit s, and frogeye leaf spot on soybeans. Resistant isolates are cross-resistant to all other stroblirulin fungicides, but not to other mode of action groups including the closely related Qil (Group C4 or 21) fungicides. Several stroblirulin fungicides are marketed in pre-mixtures with non-stroblirulin fungicides for use on certain crops.
## Dicarboximides (FRAC Group 2; Mode of Action Sub-Group E3)
Dicarboximides inhibit both spore germination and fungal growth. Resistance is thought to arise by mutations. The frequency of resistant individuals and their level of resistance increase gradually with prolonged selection pressure (Figure 1B). Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides has been identified for more than 15 diseases including brown rot of stone fruits, gray mold (Botrytis) on several crops, and important turf grass diseases. Dicarboximide resistant strains of some pathogens are less fit to survive than sensitive strains. Reduced exposure of resistant strains to dicarboximide fungicides results in a decrease in the frequency of resistant strains and possibly an overall shift of the population back toward sensitivity. Thus, it has been possible to reintroduce dicarboximides into problem situations where resistance management has been implemented.
## DMIs (FRAC Group 3; Mode of Action Sub-Group G1)
Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides are site-specific fungicides that disrupt the synthesis of sterols. Sterols are compounds required for growth of many plant pathogenic fungi. DMIs are large group of systemic fungicides that have a broad range of activity against many types of foliar and soilborne diseases except for those caused by the water molds. Typically, resistance develops gradually as a result of an accumulation of several mutations (polygenic resistance) and is at first difficult to detect (Figure 1B). Resistant strains are thought to have reduced fitness; therefore, reduced selection pressure through the use resistance management strategies may partially shift the resistant populations back toward sensitivity. DMI resistance has been documented for over 30 diseases including apple scab, powdery mildews, gray mold, and brown rot of stone fruit.
Pre-mixtures of DMIfugicides with stroblirulin or protectant fungicides are being markedeted for many crops to improve the
spectrum of diseases controlled and to comply with resistance management guidelines.
## PAS (FRAC Group 4; Mode of Action Sub-Group A1)
PA (Phenylamide) fungicides are water soluble, highly systemic fungicides specifically used to control diseases caused by water molds. Such diseases include damping off and root and lower stem roots caused Pythium and Phytophthora , and foliar diseases such as late blight, downy mildew, and white rust. PA fungicides inhibit fungal growth by disrupting RNA synthesis. Resistance problems with PAs, specifically metalaxyl, were observed shortly after their introduction where they were used exclusively and disease pressure was high. Resistance, how confirmed for over 30 diseases, is governed by one or two genes and a low frequency of resistant individuals may exist in wild populations prior to use of these fungicides. Resistance cancance increase rapidly through selection of the naturally occurring strains (Figure 1A). Cross resistance occurs with other PA fungicides, but not with fungicides from other mode of action groups. Both resistant and sensitive strains survive in the absence of PA fungicide use and their levels tend to equilibrate over time. Resistance management is critical to limit the proportion of resistant strains in a population. The manufacturerofmetalaxlY-Marketspremixeswithmancozeb, copper, and chlorothalonil for use against foliar pathogens. The marketing of pre-mixes of metalaxyL-M with non-related protectant fungicides ensures compliance with a resistance management strategy.
## SDHIs (FRAC Group 7; Mode of Action Sub-Group C2)
SDHI (Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor) fungicides inhibit respiration in fungal pathogens by blocking an important enzyme in mitochondrial respiration. SDHI fungicides are systemic and control a broad spectrum of disease. While the fungicide carboxin has been registered for over 40 years, several newer generation SDHI fungicides have been recently registered for use on a wide range of crops. SDHI fungicides are used as seed treatments as well as foiliar applied treatments. They have activity on a range of foliar diseases (rusts, powdery mildews, leaf spots) and soilborne diseases cause by Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia . Resistance development, caused by several point mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase gene, has been documented for over 10 diseases such as gummy stem blight and powdery mildew on cucumbers, and grey mold on grapes and strawberries. Despite the few cases of documented resistance, the group has a moderate to high resistance risk and resistance management should be implemented for disease management programs that require multiple applications.
## Conclusions
Fungicide resistance is one of several possible causes of poor disease control. Fungicide resistance not only threatens the usefulness of individual fungicides, but also the farm economy because of potential yield losses from poor disease control. Unfortunately, registrations are being lost for older broad-spectrum fungicides that have a low resistance risk. Many of the newer replacement fungicides are more selective in the number and types of diseases controlled and
have site-specific modes of action making them more prone to resistance problems. Maintaining an array of effective fungicides is critical. Resistance management strategies should be recommended by crop advisors and implemented by growers to prolong the active life of at-risk fungicides. Fungicide groups have different levels of resistance risk. Risk assessment is critically newly developed fungicides. Mode of action group and resistance management strategies are now clearly included on the registration labels of most site-specific fungicides. However, it is difficult to predict the actual risk of resistance because of many interacting factors. Experience with fungicide resistance indicates that resistance problems are often manageable. Monitoring resistance levels in pathogen
populations is essential for assessing risk and evaluating management practices. Unfortunately, there is no coordinated monitoring effort in place and growers will generally have to rely on proven methods of resistance management.
## References
- 1) Beckerman, J. 2008. Understanding fungicide mobility. Purdue Extension BP-70-W.
- 2) Lyr, H. 1995. Modern selective fungicides: properties, applications, mechanisms of action. Jena, New York; Gustav Fischer, Deerfield Beach, Fla.; 595 p.
- 3) Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (http://www. frac.info). |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.