url stringlengths 19 199 | title stringlengths 0 173 | institution stringclasses 19 values | author listlengths 0 19 | publish_date stringlengths 0 138 ⌀ | category listlengths 0 42 | state stringclasses 6 values | markdown stringlengths 0 366k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/what-do-we-teach-science-and-technology/ | About 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"4-H",
"About 4-H",
"Curriculum",
"Science",
"Technology"
] | AL | ## What Do We Teach? Science and Technology
The Alabama 4-H science and technology curriculum grid provides a snapshot of what we teach. Please note, not all programs are available in every county.
Growing Alabama's Future: Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and our world. Alabama 4-H will reflect the population
demographics, vulnerable populations, diverse needs, and social conditions of the state.
## Grid Key
Delivery Modes: CL=Clubs, IS=In School, E=Enrichment, I=Independent, CP=Camping
Print "4-H Curriculum-Science and Technology" table from our website.
Science and Technology Events: STEM Camp, National Youth Science Day, 4-H Day at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, Senior Achievement: At Large, and National 4-H Youth Science Day-Code Your World
Click here to view additional national 4-H curriculum resources.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/national-4-h- curriculum-resources/) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/specialty-cover-crops-soils/no-till-vegetable-cover-crops/ | No-till Vegetable Cover Crops | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-01 | [] | AL | extension
## No-till Vegetable Cover Crops
There are several different management options for vegetables, like cantaloupe. One option is to use a roller/crimper and terminate the cover crop without cutting the stems. Producers can also terminate cover crops by mowing. Mowing, however, can present problems like cover crop re-growth and loose residue interference.
More information about growing cantaloupes in high-residue cropping systems is available in a downloadable PDF. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS12. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/ranchers-thursday-lunchtime-series/site-files/docs/sire-selection-2020.pdf | Establishing a Purebred Seedstock Beef Cattle Program | Oklahoma State University | [
"Mark Johnson"
] | Error: time data "D:20210107141717-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Sire Selection to Minimize Dystocia and Improve Performance
Mark Z. Johnson, Ph.D.
## Sire Selection is Critical
## Natural or Al
Over time, 90% of Genetic Change is the result of Sire Selection. Your bull(s) contribute more to the genetic makeup of your herd in a breeding season than a typical cow contributes in her lifetime.
Effective Sire Selection will be based on genetic prediction for traits that can be objectively measured and quantified with a linear measurement. Selection based on EPDs is approximately 7 - 9 times more effective than using weights or performance data alone. EPDs are more valuable than individual performance records, within herd ratios or performance tests because all this information (plus more) is taken into account when calculating EPDs.
## Genetic Change is cumulative and permanent
- o EPDs are directly comparable across time and geography. If you know the genetic profile of the
areas of improvement and select accordingly. o Selecting genetically superior sires is the fastest approach to herd improvement and bottom-line profitability, if you select for genetic superiority that
matches your management, production
and
Selecting the right herd sire with the right genetic superiority is based on analyzing your system.
- Genotype of your existing cow herd
- Your production environment
- Management & fixed resources
- Economics (marketing endpoints & production inputs)
- How do you intend to use the bull (on virgin heifers or mature cows)?
Not every bull fits your production system.
## Dystocia - calving difficulty. Caused by:
- o Calf will not fit through pelvis. (can be caused by size or shape of fetus)
- o Abnormal presentation.
- o Weak labor (typical of heifers that are too fat or too thin. Optimize BCS to 6 during gestation by proper nutritional management)
## EPDs to use when Calving Ease is a Selection Priority
Calving Ease Direct (CED), is expressed as a difference in percentage of unassisted births, with a higher value indicating greater calving ease in first-calf heifers. It predicts the average difference in ease with which a sire's calves will be born when he is bred to first-calf heifers.
- o Heritability = 19%
- o Threshold Trait
## Example
- o Bull A has CED of 5
- o Bull B has a CED of 16
If we mate both bulls to a set of virgin replacement heifers, we are 11% less likely to pull a calf sired by bull B
Birth Weight EPD (BW), expressed in pounds, is a predictor of a sire's ability to transmit birth weight to his progeny compared to that of other sires.
- o Heritability = 46%
- o Normally Distributed
## Example
- o Bull C has a Birth Weight EPD of -0.7
- o Bull D has a Birth Weight EPD of 3.3
Caves sired by bull D will weigh 4 lbs. more at birth, on average
Calving Ease Maternal (CEM), is expressed as a difference in percentage of unassisted births with a higher value indicating greater calving ease in first-calf daughters. It predicts the average ease with which a sire's daughters will calve as first-calf heifers when compared to daughters of other sires.
- o Heritability = 20%
- o Threshold trait
- o "Next generation" maternal predictor
## Example
- o Bull E has a CEM of 8
- o Bull F has a CEM of 13
If we are calvining out the daughters of both bulls which are mated to the same sire, we are 5 % less likely to pull a calf from one of bull F 's daughters
## Value of Knowing the Genetic Profile of Your Bull(s)
We have been using the following Angus bull for the past 5 years in a rotational mating system with Hereford.
Tag 5100
CE EPD = 3 BW EPD = 4 WW EPD = 50 CEM = 8
We are pulling 30% of the calves he sires out of first calf heifers and pulling 25% of the calves out his daughters having their first calves.
## Selection Priority: Reduce Dystocia
How? Find a new herd bull with higher CE & CEM EPDs, and a lower BW EPD.
What if………….over the past 5 years, we have not pulled a calf sired by this bull or from one of his daughters, we sell our steer calves at weaning at an average 375 lbs.?
Selection Priority: Maintain this level of calving ease and identify other economically important traits to improve.
How? Selecting another Angus bull at (or better) CE, BW & CEM EPDs while stronger in WW EPD.
Since EPDs can be compared across generations and environment, knowing the EPDs of bulls you are using helps to identify where to spend your bull buying $ in the future to improve profitability.
## Improving Performance
- Maternal Performance
- Growth Performance
- Carcass Performance
American Angus Association has a very useful sire search tool which can be used online.
www.angus.org
Sire Evaluation Report
## Reviewing Genetic Trend information in the Angus Sire Summary indicates:
- o purebred breeders have lowered birth weights and improved calving ease while raising the genetic potential for weaning, yearling and carcass traits
- o not much selection pressure has been placed on lowering mature cow size
- o using multiple EPDs in selection programs has/can/will work.
Heifers that Don't experience Dystocia:
- o have shorter post-partum intervals, return to fertile heats earlier in breeding season, calve earlier the following year.
- o have stronger maternal performance raising first calf.
## Consequences:
- o Higher % pregnant, calving and calf crop weaned
- o More calves born earlier the following calving season will result in older, heavier weaned calves (regardless of weaning growth genetics)
- o More Lbs. of Calf Weaned per Exposed female and Entire Cowherds weaning off a Higher % of their Mature Body Weight.
- Improved profitability
## Final Thoughts
- o Calving ease is important, but bull selection is CRITICAL to profitability
- o Select bulls with the genetic potential to add profitability to your production system.
- o Question: You find two new-born calves that are vigorous, healthy and nursing with a belly full of colostrum. Calf 2101 weighs 58 lbs., calf 2102 weighs 75 lbs., which would you rather have?
- o Profitable beef production is more likely to result from selection for multiple traits of economic importance, than selection for extremes in one (or few) traits.
Mark Z. Johnson 405 880 1902 mark.johnson@okstate.edu |
https://extension.okstate.edu/articles/2023/environmental_law_enforcement_training_okc.html | Free environmental law enforcement training available March 9 in OKC - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-02-10 | [] | OK | Oklahoma State University Extension is partnering with the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Rural Development to host a free Oklahoma Environmental Law Enforcement Training Seminar on March 9 in Oklahoma City. (Photo by Shutterstock)
## Free environmental law enforcement training available March 9 in OKC
Friday, February 10, 2023
Media Contact: Trisha Gedon | Sr. Communications Specialist | 405-744-3625|
trisha.gedon@okstate.edu(mailto:trisha.gedon@okstate.edu)
## Share
Illegal roadside dumps continue to plague Oklahoma. To help combat this issue,
Oklahoma State University Extension(https://extension.okstate.edu/index.html) is partnering with the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality(https://www.deq.ok.gov/) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Rural Development(https://www.rd.usda.gov/) to host the Oklahoma Environmental Law (https://calendar.okstate.edu/oces/? Enforcement Training Seminar trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D164287142) in Oklahoma City.
The training will take place from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. on March 9 at the Oklahoma County OSU Extension office, 2500 NE 63rd St., Oklahoma City. The event is geared toward law enforcement officers, tribal environmental representatives, county commissioners, city officials and local citizens. Testing and certification will take place from 4 to 5 p.m. Eight hours of law enforcement credit is provided. The free seminar is limited to 50 participants, and pre-registration is required. Participants will have lunch on their own.
"Illegal roadside dumps are not only unsightly, but they're also dangerous," said Keima Borsuah, OSU Extension assistant state specialist with the Solid Waste Management (https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/solid-waste-
## Program
at OSU. "They have a negative impact on the environment by contaminating the soil, ground water, drinking water, wells and streams. Unfortunately, they continue to be a problem, especially along Oklahoma's backroads."
Borsuah also pointed out these illegal dumpsites can decrease the quality of life in nearby communities and have a negative effect on property values.
Participants will receive the following:
- · Expertise in environmental crimes investigations involving solid and hazardous waste, air and water pollution, open burning and agency jurisdiction issues.
- · Knowledge in identifying resources for improving local law enforcement programs.
- · Networking opportunities with others involved in environmental law enforcement.
Dennis Williams, chief of the Criminal Investigations Unit with ODEQ, will instruct the class. He is a CLEET(https://www.ok.gov/cleet/) -certified peace officer and is cross-commissioned with the Cherokee Nation Marshal Service.
For additional information or to register for the class, contact Borsuah at 405-744-9827.
## Share
Department of Agricultural Economics (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html? tags=Department%20of%20Agricultural%20Economics/browse.html?
Human Health and Wellness (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=Human%20Health%20and%20Wellness)
OSU Agriculture (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Agriculture)
OSU Extension (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Extension)
Outreach and Engagement (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=Outreach%20and%20Engagement)
environment (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=environment) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/specialty-cover-crops-soils/roller-crimper-for-walk-behind-tractors/ | Roller/Crimper for Walk-Behind Tractors | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-01 | [] | AL | Producers use roller/crimpers in conservation farming systems to terminate cover crops that are near maturity in order to plant cash crops.
A new roller/crimper designed for self-propelled, walk-behind tractors allows growers with small farms to successfully lay down and terminate cover crops. The new roller/crimper is PTO-powered and attaches to self-propelled, walk-behind tractors producers commonly use on small farms. It includes a smooth roller to flatten the cover crop and a single (or double) crimping bar. The crimping bar stamps down on the stalks to terminate the plants and promote desiccation.
For more information on the roller/crimper download a PDF. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS10. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/stlucieco/2021/04/22/alligatorweed-flea-beetles-hard-at-work-in-port-st-lucie-fl/ | Alligatorweed Flea Beetles Hard at Work in Port St. Lucie, FL | University of Florida | [
"Ken Gioeli"
] | 2021-04-22 | [
"Change Category",
"Alligatorweed",
"biological control",
"invasive plant",
"Minteer"
] | FL | ## Alligatorweed Flea Beetles Hard at Work in Port St. Lucie, FL
Alligatorweed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) is another invasive aquatic weed found in Florida. It originated in South America and has become a ubiquitous noxious weed in ponds throughout St. Lucie County and the Florida Treasure Coast. Fortunately, a biological control agent, the Alligatorweed Flea Beetle ( Agasiciles hygrophila ), has been released in Florida.
In April 2021, Extension received a request for assistance with alligatorweed management in stormwater ponds in Port St. Lucie. Knowing the alligatorweed flea beetle was likely there, I made a site visit with the assistance of Dr. Carey Minteer, UF/IFAS researcher who specializes
Carey Minteer, UF/IFAS researcher who specializes in biological control of
invasive weeds. As expected, we confirmed that alligatorweed flea beetles were present and actively feeding on alligatorweed. That's good news!
Adult alligatorweed flea beetle. Photo credits: K. Gioli
Additional Links
UF/IFAS Indian River Research & Education Center - Hayslip Control Research and Containment Laboratory
UE/IFAS Assessment - Alligatorweed
UF Featured Creatures - Alligatorweed Flea Beetle
o
by Ken Gioei
Posted: April 22, 2021
Category:
Tags: Alligatorweed, BiologicalControl, Invasive Plant, Minteer
## More From Blogs.IFAS |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/bald-eagle/ | Bald Eagle | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Deforrest R. Allgood",
"Mark D. Smith"
] | 2018-09-12 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Birds of Prey"
] | AL | ## Bald Eagle
Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php)
Cookie Notice
Given its status as the national symbol, the bald eagle is one of the most easily identifiable raptors in the United States. At an average weight of 9.5 pounds, bald eagles are one of the largest birds encountered east of the Mississippi River. Identifying features of adult birds include the characteristic white head and tail feathers contrasting with a dark brown body and wings with a yellow beak and feet. Feeding mainly on fish, waterfowl, and mammals, bald eagles are often found close to water.
Read here to learn more about common birds of prey of Alabama.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/bird-watching/common-birds-ofprey-of-alabama/)
Download a PDF of Common Birds of Prey of Alabama,ANR-1386. (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1386\_BirdsofPreY\_092120L\_A.pdf)
## ■ Read More
( https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/common-birds-of-prey-of-alabama/)
Common Birds of Prey of Alabama (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/common-birdsof-prey-of-alabama/)
Sep 20, 2018
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN646 | Twobanded Japanese Weevil, Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | University of Florida | [
"Jamba Gyeltshen",
"Amanda Hodges"
] | 2019-02-27 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Twobanded Japanese Weevil, Pseudocornehinus bifasciatus Roelofs (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Jamba Gyeltshen and Amanda Hodges
## Introduction
The twobanded Japanese weevil, Pseudoencerinus bifascius (Roelofs), first collected in the United States in 1914 near Philadelphia, was most likely introduced with infested nursery stock from Japan (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). With a host range of over 100 plant species, the twobanded Japanese weevil is recognized in the northeastern and midwestern United States as an important pest of landscape plantings (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). Although not a pest of major concern yet in the southeastern states, it is likely to extend its range because of movement of nursery stock. In July 2005, two specimens of the twobanded Japanese weevil were collected at Chipley, Florida, which is in Washington county (Thomas 2005).
## Synonymy
Pseudoencerinus bifascius
R
Callirhopalus bifascius (Roelofs)
Pseudoencerinus setosus of authors, not Roelofs
## Distribution
The twobanded Japanese weevil is native to China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and eastern Siberia (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). It is now established in the eastern United States, and occurs in New England, the mid-Atlantic states, Indiana, and Illinois (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). Its distribution in the southeastern United States was studied by Wheeler and Boyd (2004), who reported that the weevil was first collected Alabama in 1970, Georgia in 1959, North Carolina in 1955, and South Carolina in 1966.
Its presence in Florida was confirmed in July 2005 (Thomas 2005). It must be noted, however, that the order of detection may not reflect the order of establishment because of the lack of knowledge of the time lag between establishment and detection (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). As the weevil is flightless, it is unlikely to spread to long distances by jumping, and a
pattern of dispersal in this manner is not evident in the mapped records of the southeastern region (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). Therefore the spread in the southeastern states is possibly due to the movement of infested ornamental plants.
## Description
## Adult
The adult twobanded Japanese weevil is stout, convex, and pear-shaped with a short, blunt snout, and elytra much broader than the pronotum. It is about 5 mm long, and has a body covered with brown and grey scales that form bands across the elytra (Thomas 2005). The elytra are fused, and due to lack of flight wings the adult weevils cannot fly. The weevils feed during the day but are less apparent because of their subdued brown coloration and markings (Smith 1955).
Immatures
A variable number of small, cream colored eggs are laid within egg pods formed on leaf margins. Egg pods are formed by adult females folding the leaf margin and pressing the edges with their legs (Zepp 1978).
Larva and pupa of P bifasciatus have been described by Marrone and Zepp (1979). Fully-grown larvae are white, legsless, and 7.5 to 8.5 mm (~ 3/10 inch) long. The pupa is white with yellow-brown setae, and is 6.25 mm long.
## Biology
Twobanded Japanese weevils reproduce parthenogenetically, and males are generally not encountered in the United States although they are known to occur in China (Wheeler and Boyd 2004). The following detail of the biology and lifecycle of the twobanded Japanese weevil is based on a study by Allen (1959) under the northeastern climate. The duration of life cycle and seasonal activity may vary in the southeastern region but has not been reported.
In the northeastern United States, twobanded Japanese weevils overwinter as adult, eg or larva, and has one generation per year (univoltime). With the approach of the warm weather in spring, the overwintering population of adult weevils become active and resume feeding. Eggs are laid from middle of May through October. The peak period for oviposition is from September to early October, and ovisoption stops by November.
Eggs are deposited within the leaf-folds along the margins, the free edges of which are sealed to form a 'pod.' The egg pods bear a series of depressions along the margins, which are marks left by the clamping action of the tibia (Zepp 1978). Twobanded Japanese weevils are known to oviposit in freshly fallen leaves or on leaf fragments dropped as a result of feeding. An egg pod contains one to nine eggs with an average of 2.6 eggs (Allen 1959) or five eggs (Zepp 1978). Adult fecundity appears to be influenced by the type of foliar diet. For example, under laboratory conditions, adults on a foliage diet of multiflora rose, Rosa multiflora (Thunb.) had a fecundity of about 355 eggs as compared to seven eggs on mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia (Maer 1983).
Eggs hatch in 14 to 18 days. The newly hatched larvae drop to the ground and burrow into the soil to feed on the roots. Larval activity is generally limited to the soil under the canopy of the adult-infested host plant. Allen (1959) encountered as high as 150 larvae per square feet in the soil samples taken from underneath the canopies of heavily infested privet (Ligustrum) hedges. Larvae were found at depths ranging from one to nine inches but were more concentrated between three and six inches below the surface.
Not much is known about the larval development in the soil, except the observation by Allen (1959) that by early May some larvae of the previous midsummer brood undergo pupation. Adults emerge from late June to early July and eventually outnumber the overwintering population. The combined population cause extensive damage to foliage. By the middle of
October, the weevils are not observed on the host plant and are most likely hibernating. They hibernate in debris under infested plants.
## Host Plants
Twobanded Japanese weevils are known to feed on over 100 species of plants (Boyd and Wheeler 2004). Despite an extremely broad host range, their limited presence on a number of known hosts suggests that host suitability for feeding, egg development and egg laying may vary substantially (Maier 1983). In a field sampling to discover the relative abundance of different species of weevils on various hosts, Maier (1986) obtained higher number of catches on multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora ).
Other hosts recorded by Marrone and Zepp (1979) include azalea (Rhododendron), privet (Ligustrum), Forsythia, Abelia, Viburnum , Acer , Morus , Populus , Sedum , Lythrum , Campsis , Thunbergia , and Coleus . Twobanded Japanese weevils are especially found in cherry laurel (Prunus laurerosculus ), Pyracantha , Euonymus , barberry (Barberis ) (Day 2003). Other hosts include ash (Fraxinus ), burr margold (Bidens ), Camellia , dogwood (Cornus ), elm (Wmus ), fern, hemlock (Tsuga), holly (Ilex ), lilac (Syringa ), mountain laurel (Kalmía latifolia ), rose (Rosa), Spirea , strawberry (Fragaria ), Weigela , Koelreuteria , and Deutzia .
## Damage
Both adults and larvae cause plant damage. Adults cause defoliation, whereas the larvae live in the soil and destroy the roots. Adults chew leaf tissues at the margins and create notches. Initial damage by the overwintering population of adults is quickly masked by rapidly growing spring flushes, but severe defoliation can occur when new adults emerge. Past records show that twobanded Japanese weevils are capable of stripping privet (Ligustrum ) hedges, 50 feet in length, and can cause irreparable damage to helmocks (Britton 1932). Typically, twobanded Japanese weevils are noticed only when large population cause extensive defoliation.
## Management
The twobanded Japanese weevils can be collected and destroyed if infestations are not extensive. They feed during the day, and when disturbed, quickly drop to the ground and remain still or feign death (Baker 1994). This behavior makes it convenient to collect them by tapping or shaking the plant. A white sheet of cloth or paper could be laid out under the shrub to catch them as they drop (Baker 1994).
Chemical control recommendations against the twobanded Japanese weevils for Florida are not available. However, Extension recommendations are available from other states that have populations of this weevil (Day 2003, Baker 1994). The best timing for insecticide sprays is when the overwintering adults resume their feeding activity in spring, i.e., when the first signs of leaf damage are observed. Close monitoring for the first signs of foliar damage is, therefore, important for management.
## Selected References
Allen HW. 1959. The Japanese weevil Pseudoconeorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs. Journal of Economic Entomology 52: 586587.
Boyd Jr DW, Wheeler Jr AG. 2004. The twobanded Japanese weevil, Pseudoconeorhinus bifasciatus (Roelofs) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Southeastern U.S. distribution of an adventive pest of ornamental shrubs. In Oliver J. (Section Editor), Entomology Section. SNA Research Conference, Vol. 49. pp. 192-194.
Baker JR. (1994). Twobanded Japanese weevil. Ornamentals and Turf: Department of Entomology Insect Note. NC Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/ notes/O&T/shrubs/note34/note34.html (February 2016).
Britton WE. 1932. Scientific Notes: Injury by Japanese weevil, Pseudoconeorhinus setosus Roelofs. Journal of Economic Entomology 25: 931.
Day ER. (2003). Japanese Weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Pseudoconeorhinus bifasciatus . Virginia Cooperative Extension, Entomology, Publication 444-624. http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/444-444-624/444-624.html (February 2016).
Maier CT. 1983. Influence of host plants on the reproductive success of the parthenogenetic twobanded Japanese weevil, Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 12: 1197-1203.
Maier CT. 1986. Relative abundance of adults of Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs) and three Otiorhychnus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 94: 70-77.
Marrone PG, Zepp DB. 1979. Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Callirhopalus ( subg . Pseudoencephalovirus ) bifasciatus , the twobanded Japanese weevil, with new host plant records. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72: 833-836.
Smith FF. 1955. Scientific Notes: Notes on the biology and control of Pseudoencephalinus bifasciatus . Journal of Economic Entomology 48:628-629.
Thomas MC. (2005). Pest Alert: The twobanded Japanese weevil ( Pseudoencephalinus bifasciatus Roelofs ), an invasive pest new to Florida (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/epnnt/ento/japaneseeweevil.html (24 August 2005).
Wheeler AG, Boyd Jr DW. 2005. Southeastern US distribution of an invasive weevil, Pseudoencephalinus bifasciatus Roelofs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Entomological Science 40: 25-30.
Zepp DB. 1978. Egg pod formation by Callirhopalus (subg . Pseudoencephalirus ) bifasciatus (Roelofs) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ereminae). Coleopterists Bulletin 32: 311-313.
## Publication #EENY361
Release Date:
February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in646-2005
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Amanda Hodges
View PDF
About this Publication
About the Authors
## Related Pages
Featured Creatures collection
772 Publication(s)
Curculionidae (snout beetles and true weevils) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-home-and-community-education/resources/site-files/docs/ohcebrochure_spanish.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20190912104443-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Error 404
Let's see if we can help you find what you're looking for through our site search:
Some other helpful tools:
- > A-Z (https://go.okstate.edu/aboutsite osu/a-z-index.html) list
- > Directory(https://directory.okstate.edu
- > Maps(https://go.okstate.edu/maps/) | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/waste-analysis | Waste Analysis | North Carolina State University | [
"Steph Kulesza",
"Kristin Hicks",
"Mahmoud Sharara"
] | null | [
"Waste Management",
"Nutrient Management",
"Compost Quality",
"Soil"
] | NC | ## Waste Analysis
## SoilFacts
## Introduction
Agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastes, when used properly, can provide much-needed plant nutrients for farmers, landscapers, and home gardeners. Analysis of a waste product is essential for determining its proper use as a fertilizer, liming material, or soil amendment. By determining the product's amounts of nutrients, levels of some metals, and liming potential, users of these materials can make informed decisions about how much of a waste product to apply.
This factsheet clarifies the importance of waste analysis and describes the procedures for taking reliable samples and submitting them to the Agronomic Services Division of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (NCDA&CS).
North Carolina is one of the top livestock-producing states in the United States. In 2017, North Carolina ranked number two in swine production, with 9 million head; number two in turkey production, with 32.5 million head; and number two in poultry production, with 831 million head of broilers and 376 million head of layers (USDA-NASS 2019). These facilities are a source of nutrientrich byproducts, which are often used to fertilize North Carolina crops.
Animal-producing farms are not the only source of soil amendments that have fertilizer or liming value. Agricultural and food producers, paper manufacturers, and municipalities all generate a variety of waste products. For example, municipalities use centralized wastewater treatment facilities to biologically digest human waste, which produces semisolid residual material known as "biosolids." Municipalities also accumulate a tremendous volume of yard waste that can be processed into a variety of mulch and compost products. Crop residues (for example, cotton gin residues, tobacco stems, and peanut hulls), food processing byproducts (for example, brewery mash, kitchen scraps, and egg shells), or almost any carbonaceous material may be re-purposed as the starting feedstock in composting operations. These waste materials can then be converted into a marketable agricultural product. The paper industry also generates paper fiber byproducts that can be a significant source of calcium in the form of calcium sulfate (gypsum) or calcium carbonate (lime) in soil amendments. These waste products must be managed differently, depending on each product's source, nutrient and liming characteristics, and intended use.
As landfill space became increasingly limited in the 1980s, North Carolina's environmental laws evolved to favor a reduce-reuse-recycle policy. The goal was to drastically reduce the volume of organic materials flowing into landfills, particularly because there were alternative uses for the materials. Waste producers were forced to seek alternative disposal sites or potential recycling opportunities. Land application in accordance with best management practices became the preferred alternative, and it remains so. Today, waste applied as cropped land, pastures, and forests because they contain nutrients or liming materials beneficial to plant growth. Before land application, some materials are composted to reduce volume, improve uniformity, or alter nutrient availability.
Regardless of the source of waste, its intermediate handling, or its final treatment, waste should be analyzed for nutrient content, liming value, and several other important properties that help assess its suitability as a soil amendment. For example, sampling and analysis of animal wastes are required by law for farms with more than 250 head of swine, 100 head of cattle, or 30,000 turkeys or chickens. The law stipulates that manure must be sampled and analyzed within 60 days of land application. This requirement is intended to ensure that land-application rates match the nutrient
needs of the crop receiving the waste. Likewise, application of waste materials from sources other than animals should be coupled with an analysis of the nutrient and liming value in the material and a recent soil test specifying the nutrient and liming requirement for the crop.
There is considerable variation of nutrient concentrations and liming values in organic waste products. For example, different batches of compost rarely have the same nutrient value because of differences in the starting feedstocks. The same is true for manures. Changes in feed additives and ration formulation during animal production can drastically alter the nutrient value of the resulting manure. Likewise, the amount of rain falling on an anaerobic treatment lagoon can have a significant dilution effect on swine manure. When management decisions are made without waste analysis information, even well-intentioned users can underapply or overapply waste, thus affecting plant growth and yield or endangering the environment.
Laboratory analysis gives the user of the material the information needed to determine the application rate that meets the specific crop nutritional requirements for each site. Animal wastes analyzed by the NCDA&CS Agronomic Services Division vary widely in nutrient content and liming values (Table 1).
| Manure Type | Nutrient | Minimum | Maximum | Median |
|--------------------------------------|----------------------------|-----------|-----------|----------|
| Broiler house litter (lb/ton) | Nitrogen | 2 | 106 | 52 |
| | Phosphate (P$_{2}$O$_{5}$) | 2.5 | 127 | 44 |
| | Potash (K$_{2}$O) | 0.6 | 114 | 57 |
| Turkey house litter (lb/ton) | Nitrogen | 1.9 | 105 | 39 |
| | Phosphate (P$_{2}$O$_{5}$) | 0.3 | 108 | 50 |
| | Potash (K$_{2}$O) | 0.1 | 93 | 35 |
| Swine lagoon effluent (lb/1,000 gal) | Nitrogen | 0 | 11 | 2.6 |
| | Phosphate (P$_{2}$O$_{5}$) | 0.001 | 276 | 0.7 |
| | Potash (K$_{2}$O) | 0.004 | 117 | 5.5 |
| Dairy liquid slurry (lb/1,000 gal) | Nitrogen | 0.2 | 116 | 16.7 |
| | Phosphate (P$_{2}$O$_{5}$) | 0.1 | 154 | 9.1 |
| | Potash (K$_{2}$O) | 0.1 | 204 | 15.4 |
| Byproduct | Minimum | Maximum | Median |
|----------------------|-----------|-----------|----------|
| Compost, plant-based | 1 | 830 | 15 |
| Wood ash | 1 | 77 | 6 |
| Paper fibers | 1 | 1,733 | 6 |
| Biosolids | 1 | 676 | 4 |
Note that in some cases the maximum and minimum values for nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and agricultural lime equivalence (ALE) differ by more than a thousandfold (Tables 1 and 2). These numbers demonstrate that average nutrient estimates from the tables are not adequate guides for the safe, efficient use of waste materials.
Growers who apply compost or waste to land without testing it are guessing: Are they supplying plants with adequate nutrients? Are they building up excess nutrients that may ultimately move to streams or groundwater? Are they changing the soil pH to levels that will not support plant production? Are they applying heavy metals at levels that may be toxic to plants and permanently alter soil productivity?
To get answers to these questions, growers should always have waste materials analyzed by a qualified laboratory. The information in the analysis report helps determine the best application rates, reducing potential environmental damage and resulting in optimum growth and yield.
## How Do I Take a Waste Sample?
Proper sampling is key to reliable waste analysis. Although laboratory procedures are extremely accurate, they have little value if the samples fail to represent the waste product. Laboratory analyses are performed on a portion of the sample submitted that is as small as 0.01 pound (0.5 gram) for solid materials or less than a tablespoon (10 milliliters) for liquid materials.
Waste samples submitted to a laboratory should represent the average composition of the material that will be applied to the field. Reliable samples typically consist of a composite of subsamples collected from at least 10 locations. Precise sampling methods vary according to the type of waste.
Never use galvanized metal containers for collecting, mixing, or storing waste samples because of the risk of sample contamination from zinc in the protective surface coating.
## Liquid waste sampling and preparation
Collect and prepare the samples as follows:
- · Place sample in a 12-ounce plastic bottle. Used water or soda bottles are acceptable but should not be washed with detergent. Glass is not acceptable because it is breakable and may contain
contaminants.
- · Fill the container only three-fourths full to allow for expansion caused by the release of gases from the waste material.
- · Seal tightly.
- · Refrigerate samples that cannot be shipped on the day they are collected. This will minimize chemical reactions and pressure buildup from gases. Samples should be stored no longer than one week and should never be frozen.
- · Label the sample containers to match the sample identifier (ID) included on the Sample Information Form.
Collect specific types of liquid waste as follows:
Lagoon liquid sampling . If the surface liquid in the lagoon is the only component being pumped, there is no need to premix it. Growers with two-stage systems should collect samples from the lagoon that is to be pumped.
Using a plastic container like the one shown in Figure 1 , collect subsamples that measure half a pint to 1 pint each from 10 to 12 sites around the lagoon. Collect the subsamples at least 6 feet from the edge of the lagoon, at a depth of about 1 foot. Oxygen transfer near the surface of anaerobic lagoons often alters the chemistry of the solution, making surface samples less representative than deeper samples. Avoid collecting floating debris and scum. Deposit the collected subsamples in a plastic container and mix them thoroughly. Fill a plastic container three-fourths full with the mixed material, seal the container, and send it to the laboratory for analysis.
Liquid slurry sampling . Waste materials to be applied as slurry (a mixture of surface liquid and bottom semisolidides) from a pit or storage basin should be agitated prior to sampling. Collect subsamples from 10 to 12 areas around the pit or basin, and deposit them in a plastic container. Figure 2 shows a sampling device for collecting slurry. After inserting the PVC pipe into the pit, pull the rubber ball into the pipe to create suction and collect the subsample.
You can also use an 8-to 10-foot section of plastic pipe that is one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Extend the pipe into the pit and press your thumb over the end to form an air lock.
Remove the pipe from the waste, position the end of the pipe over the collection container, and release the air lock to deposit the waste in the container. Mix the collected subsamples thoroughly. Fill a plastic container three-fourths full with the mixed material, seal the container, and submit it to the laboratory for analysis. Do not use additional water to rinse the sample into the container, because doing so dilutes the mixture and distorts nutrient evaluations.
## Solid waste sampling and preparation
Solid waste samples submitted for analysis should represent the average moisture content of the waste. Figure 3 shows an illustration of a device for collecting solid waste.
Collect and prepare the samples as follows:
Collect specific types of solid waste as follows:
Poultry in-house manure sampling. Nutrient concentrations vary widely in poultry litter, both from house to house and within each house. If waste application will correspond to individual houses, collect a separate sample from each.
Collect in-house subsamples from 10 to 12 locations. Each subsample should extend from the top of the accumulated waste to the bottom, assuming a whole-house cleanup. Samples taken around waterser, feeders, and brooders should be proportionate to the spaces these areas occupy in the house. Mix the subsamples thoroughly in a plastic container or bucket. Place approximately 1 pint of this mixture into a labeled plastic container or bag, seal the container, and submit it to the laboratory for analysis.
Poultry below-house manure sampling. In a high-rise system, manure is deposited below the poultry house. If the system is properly managed, the manure should be fairly uniform in moisture and appearance.
Collect 10 to 12 subsamples from the storage area. If manure in certain areas differs in appearance from manure in other areas, take subsamples proportionate to the size and number of these areas.
For example, if 10% of the manure differs from the bulk pile, then 10% of the total sample should be taken from this area. Mix the subsamples thoroughly in a labeled plastic container. Place approximately 1 pint of this mixture in a plastic container or bag, seal the container, and submit it to the laboratory for analysis.
Stockpiled litter . When waste is stockpiled for longer than 15 days, North Carolina General Statutes require that it be stored under cover. The stockpiled waste sample should be collected and analyzed within 60 days of the land application event, but preferably as close to the time of application as is practical. When stockpiled waste is left uncovered, rainfall leaks water-soluble nutrients out of it, and nitrogenous gases escape from the surface. Therefore, the weathered exterior of uncovered waste may not accurately represent the composition of the majority of the material, making it essential to collect subsamples from within the pile and not from the exterior.
Collect subsamples from stockpiled waste to a depth of at least 18 inches, from at least 10 locations. Mix the subsamples thoroughly in a plastic container or bucket. Place approximately 1 pint of this mixture into a labeled plastic container or bag, seal the container, and submit it to the laboratory for analysis.
Surface-scraped waste. Surface-scrapped and piled materials should be treated like stockpiled litter. Follow the same procedures for taking samples. Ideally, surface-scraped materials should be protected from the weather unless they are used immediately.
Composted waste. Ideally, composted waste should be stored under cover on an impervious surface. Although nutrients are somewhat stabilized in these materials, some nutrients can leach out during rains. When composted waste is left unprotected, samples should be submitted to the laboratory before the material is applied each time (it may also be collected and submitted the day of application). Sampling procedures are the same as those described for stockpiled litter.
## Who Can Analyze My Waste Sample?
The NCDA&CS Agronomic Services Division analyzes wastes, interprets analytical results, and provides management recommendations for use of the waste material. The fee per sample is $8 for North Carolina residents and $25 for submissions from out of state. Additional fees may be charged for certain requested tests. For example, the ALE test costs an extra $10 per sample and is listed as CCE (calcium carbonate equivalency) on the submission form. The test for concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (N) in the nitrate-nitrogen (NO$\_{3}$-N) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH$\_{4}$$^{+}$N) forms costs $10. Clients can also order molybdenum (Mo) testing for $2 and a heavy metals suite (arsenic, lead, nickel, chromium, selenium, and cadmium) for $20. The samples must be accompanied by a completed Waste Sample Form. These forms are also available from your local Cooperative Extension center or from your NCDA&CS Regional Agronomist. Make checks payable to NCDA&CS.
Directions for filling out the Waste Sample Form are printed on the form. To get the most value from your waste analysis, fill out the form completely and accurately. Contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center or NCDA&CS Regional Agronomist if you need assistance. Be sure that all the samples are labeled with your name and sample ID. This is especially important when submitting several samples at once.
Private laboratories also provide some of these services, and their fees vary. A good analytical service should always determine the concentrations of essential plant nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and boron. Analyses of certain municipal and industrial wastes should also include tests for heavy metals such as nickel, cadmium, and lead, as well as elements such as sodium and chlorine. For products or materials suspected of having liming characteristics, the CCE should also be determined.
## What Does My Waste Analysis Report Tell Me?
Waste analysis reports provided by the NCDA&CS Agronomic Services Division list concentrations of 11 plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and boron), sodium, and aluminum. Total nutrient concentrations are reported in parts per million (ppm) on a dry-weight basis for solid wastes and on an as-received basis for liquid wastes in the top panel of the waste analysis report. Plant available nutrients are reported as lb/ton or lb/1,000 gal on an as-received basis in the bottom panel of the report (Figure 4).
## Plant-available nutrients
Unlike inorganic fertilizers that become plant available once dissolved, organic plant nutrients are not readily available for plant uptake and must first be mineralized. Organic nutrients are bound in large, complex organic molecules (for example, carbohydrates and proteins) that are not in the chemical forms conducive to plant uptake. During mineralization, soil bacteria decompose these organic molecules, breaking the carbon bonds surrounding the nutrients and releasing the nutrients into their inorganic, mineral form. Thus, the most useful information on a waste analysis report is a prediction of the nutrients available for uptake by the first crop. While the availability of all plant nutrients is subject to mineralization to varying degrees, only nitrogen is reported with an availability estimate. All other nutrients are reported as being 100% available. Nitrogen availability is calculated based on a predicted mineralization rate dependent on the application method. For example, application methods that increase soil contact with the material and reduce nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization, such as soil injection or incorporation, are predicted to have faster and higher nitrogen availability than surface application methods such as irrigation and broadcasting. Of the total nitrogen in the material, 40% to 60% is predicted to be released in the first year, with most of the release occurring in the first month. Thus, growers should apply wastes near the time when the plants require nutrients. The remaining nutrients gradually become available over the next several months. Nutrients unavailable for the first crop are released or mineralized into plantavailable forms over many years. If waste is repeatedly applied over a number of years to soils that do not readily leach, it is possible for nutrients, particularly phosphorous, zinc, and copper, to accumulate in high - even harmful - quantities.
Nutrient availability cannot be determined with 100% accuracy. Many variables -suchasthewaste type,carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and soil characteristics (texture, moisture, temperature, and aeration)- influence the breakdown of the waste material and nutrient loss. NCDA&CS waste analysis reports provide a realistic but conservative estimation of nutrient availability based on waste type and application method.
To determine the proper waste application rate to meet a specific crop's nutrient requirements, base your calculations on the nutrient levels listed in the report as "available for the first crop." For the availability prediction to be reliable, you must correctly identify the type of waste and the application method on the Waste Sample Form submitted to the laboratory.
## Agricultural lime equivalent
Sometimes materials that are applied to the land for their nutrient content also have the ability to raise soil pH. For waste materials suspected of having liming effect, such as wood ash, limestabilizedbiosolids,orevenmanycomposets,growersshouldrequestaCCedetermination(Figure 5). The CCE can be used to compare waste materials to agricultural lime in terms of their effectiveness in neutralizing soil acidity. The ALE, which is calculated from the CCE, equates the amount of the waste product that would have to be applied to have the same liming potential as
agricultural lime with 90% CCE. For example, if a solid material has an ALE of 5, then 5 tons of that material have the same liming effect as 1 ton of agricultural-grade lime. The lower the ALE value, the stronger the waste material is as a liming source.
Products that may have valuable lime potential often provide less magnesium than dolomitic lime, so users should be aware that they might have to supplement with magnesium, especially when applying waste to sandy soils.
Although particle size of a liming material is not a part of the test for ALE, users should recognize that particle size influences reactivity and spreadability, which are important considerations in evaluating the suitability of materials as lime substitutes.
Note: For materials that may have a liming value, it is critical that growers determine the ALE of materials before soil application. Basing application rates of material with significant liming ability on the nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium concentrations rather than the ALE can lead to excessively high soil pH and negative impacts on agricultural productivity.
## Record Keeping and Monitoring
Those who use waste materials as fertilizer or for liming should keep records of waste reports, application rates, and soil test reports for each application site. You should also take plant samples to evaluate your nutrient management program, identify corrective actions for current crops, and plan improvements for future crops, especially if you are experiencing crop issues. If you are operating a farm with a waste management system permitted by the state of North Carolina, you should review your permit conditions for any additional record keeping requirements.
Where waste products have been applied regularly for years, growers should also monitor buildup of soil-test levels of metals such as zinc and copper that can affect long-term soil productivity. For sites where municipal and industrial wastes are located, nickel, cadmium, lead, selenium, chromium, arsenic, and molybdenum should also be monitored.
## Acknowledgments
This publication is a revision of an earlier version. The authors would like to thank D. Crouse, D. Hardy, C. Hudak-Wise, J. Hudycia, D. Osmond, J. Smyth, J. Spencer, R. Vick, N. Woolard, J. Barker, B. Cleveland, and J.P. Zubena for their earlier contributions.
## References
United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS). 2019. North Carolina's Rank in U.S. Agriculture - 2018. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, North Carolina Field Office. Raleigh, NC. Accessed March 23, 2020.
## Authors
## Steph Kulesza
Assistant Professor & Extension Specialist - Nutrient Management & Animal Waste Crop & Soil Sciences
## Kristin Hicks
Section Chief, Agronomic Services - Plant/Waste/Solution/Media Section Chief North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services
## Mahmoud Sharara
Waste Management Extension Specialist and Assistant Professor Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Publication date: June 10, 2021
AG-439-33
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2014/09/12/solar-energy-at-home/ | Solar Energy at Home | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2014-09-12 | [
"Energy",
"Environment"
] | GA | ## Solar Energy at Home
Written by
September 12, 2014
Pamela Turner
Not even 10 years ago, a home with solar panels was a relatively rare sight. But recently an uptick in local and federal incentives as well as some advances in the technology has made them more popular than ever. This is why homeowners of all types are now looking to these panels as the next major investment in their home, though some are still unsure about the basics of clean energy, how these systems work, and what advantages they will provide a family.
## Primary Components of a Solar Panel System
A solar panel setup, also referred to as a photovoltaic (PV) system, has only a few primary components. The PV cells, which are typically found on the roof of a home but can also be attached to stands, collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This electricity then goes through an inverter in order to make it usable energy. At this point, the energy will then either go directly into the home to power electronics and appliances, be stored in an onsite battery, or be sent back to the main power grid. The final location of the electricity will alter the cost of the system and any energy sent back to the power grid is sold back at a retail price.
There is quite a bit of industry jargon to wade through when first on the search for a solar panel specialist, but there are only a few important things to keep in mind. First, the homeowners will want to check with a specialist in order to inspect the home and give a clear estimate on how much energy the panels will produce and what this will mean in real world dollars saved. It is also important to ensure that the manufacturer of the system is located within the country and the installers are local. This means that all warranties and guarantees will be honored no matter what takes place.
## The Benefits of a Home PV System
The primary benefit is going to be seen when the first energy bill comes in which can be reduced dramatically each and every month. A well-developed solar panel array is also going to add value to a home as more home buyers are conscientious of the environment and their own energy bills. APV system with a long-term warranty can dramatically improve the value of a home and is often a key selling point depending on the location. Finally, homeowners can rest assured that they are doing something good for the local and global environment, often decreasing their carbon footprint by as much as 35,180 pounds of carbon dioxide per year.
A special thank you to Guest Blagoer Tim Smith who writes for Modernize , a website dedicated to helping homeowners build and maintain the home of their dreams. Prior to becoming a writer, Tim worked as a contractor. In his free time, Tim enjoys traveling and spending time with his 3 kids!
Posted in: Energy, Environment
Tags: carbon footprint, climate change, CO emissions, conservation, energy, Extension, homeowners, Modernize, solar, solar panels, sustainable, UGA
## Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
## Email *
## Website
- Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Post Comment
Previous: 5 Things to do on Labor Day Weekend
Next: Preparing Your Home for Winter
## Recent Posts
## Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
Recent Comments
Thank you for everything and for the valuable information.
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterter in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed…
These tips are really helpful! I never thought about putting my luggage on a stand or unpacking outside. It's good…
Check with you local county Extension Office to learn more about trees that grow well in your state. Find an...
## Categories
- · Allergies
- · Asthma
- · Australia
- · Blogging
- · community
- o Challenge
- o Neighborhoods
- o Working Together
- · Conservation
- · Cultural Events
- · Disaster Planning
- o Fire
- · Disaster Recovery
- o tornado
- · Earth Day
- · Energy
- o Energy-Conservation
- o Geothermal Energy
- · Environment
- o Climate Change
- o Sharing nature
- · Europe
- o Austria
- o Germany.
- o Spain
- o Switzerland
- · Extension
- · Family
- o Children
- · flooding
Archives
Select Month |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/30-minute-exercises-within-your-day/ | 30-Minute Exercises Within Your Day | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2018-07-25 | [
"Health",
"Exercise",
"Nutrition"
] | AL | extension ALANAAAM&CUBERNIVERSITIES
## 30-Minute Exercises Within Your Day
Get moving! Physical activity is as important as eating the right foods. Daily exercise can improve blood pressure and cholesterol, help you manage weight, improve your mood, give you energy, improve your self-image and reduce stress. Any amount is better than none, and the best physical activity is the one that you will do. Find your balance between food and physical activity. Improve your overall health and fitness with regular activity. Try to be physically active for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Small amounts of physical activity can add up!
LIVE WELL ALBAAMA Follow Live Well Alabama:
Here are a few ideas on how to get moving:
- · Walk with a friend
- Clean the house.
- Wash and wax your car.
- Mow the lawn with a push mower.
- Plant a vegetable or flower garden.
- Play with your children.
- Park farther away and walk where you are going.
- Use the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
- Do dancing.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda nondiscrimination-statement/) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2024/09/24/hurricane-preparation-and-recovery-what-hillsborough-county-residents-need-to-know/ | Hurricane Preparation and Recovery: What Hillsborough County Residents Need to Know | University of Florida | [
"Michael J. Masucci"
] | 2024-09-24 | [
"Disaster Preparation",
"disaster",
"disaster preparation",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"food safety",
"Helene",
"hurricane",
"hurricane preparation",
"medical needs",
"Prepardeness",
"safety",
"storms"
] | FL | ## Hurricane Preparation and Recovery: What Hillsborough County Residents Need to Know
the National Hurricane Center forecasting Helene to potentially gain wind speeds of up to 80 mph by Thursday, Hillsborough County residents must prepare for significant storm surge, strong winds, and major flooding. It's crucial for Hillsborough County residents to be prepared. Here's what you need to know to stay safe before and after Hurricane Helene.
## Before the Storm
## Know Your Zone:
First and foremost, determine if you live in an evacuation zone. Use Hillsborough County's Hurricane Evacuation Assessment Tool (HEAT) to find your zone and nearby shelters.
## Prepare Your Emergency Kit:
Assemble a disaster supplies kit with:
- · Battery-powered radio
- · Flashlights and extra batteries
- · First-aid kit
- · Non-perishable food and water (at least 3 days' worth)
- · Essential medications
- · Important documents
Remember to account for all family members, including those with special needs and pets.
## Secure Your Property:
- · Review your insurance policies
- · Prepare your home for high winds and heavy rain
- · Consider using sandbags or alternatives like bags of mulch to prevent flooding: https://hcfl.gov/residents/stay safe/sandbags
- · Hurricane Prep for Farms: https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughc/2022/09/08/hurrican e-prep-for-farms/
- · Tips for 4-H members and their Pets: https://blogs.ifsaf.ufl.edu/hillsboroughc/2024/07/26/be -hurricane-ready-tips-for-4-h-members-and-their-pets/
## Stay Informed:
- · National Hurricane Center: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/
- · Hillsborough County Hurricane & Tropical Storm Preparedness Website: https://hcfl.gov/residents/public-safety/emergencymanagement/hurricane-and-tropical-storm-preparedness
- · Hillsborough County Stay Safe Residents: https://hcfl.gov/residents/stay-safe
- · Sign up for HCFL Alert to receive time-sensitive emergency information: https://hcfl.gov/residents/public safety/emergency-management/hcfl-alert
- · Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office Hurricane Resource Center: https://www.teamhsco.com/Section/9857006d-615c4ed6-bcd3-5e07d139c475/Hurricane-Resource-Center
· UF/IFAS Disaster Preparation & Recovery website: https://disaster.ifas.ufl.edu/
## After the Storm
## Safety First:
- · Check your surroundings for hazards like downed power lines
- · Avoid driving through flooded streets
- · Assume all wires are live
## Assess and Document Damage:
Before starting any cleanup, document all damage for insurance purposes.
## Clean Up Safely:
For help with property cleanup, contact Crisis Cleanup at 844-965-
1386. They can connect you with volunteers from local
organizations.
## Caring for Trees After a Major Storm:
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2020/05/06/caring-fortrees-after-a-major-storm/
For more information on hurricane preparedness and recovery, visit Hillsborough County's official website or contact the Office of Emergency Management.
Stay safe, Hillsborough County!
2
by Michael J. Masucci
Posted: September 24, 2024
Category: Disaster Preparation
Tags: Disaster, Disaster Preparation, Florida-friendly Landscaping,
Food Safety, Helene, Hurricane, Hurricane Preparation, Medical
Needs, Preparedness, Safety, Storms
More From Blogs.IFAS |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/AN334 | Additional Nutritional Considerations for Preconditioning Beef Calves | University of Florida | [
"Philipe Moriel"
] | 2024-10-28 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Additional Nutritional Considerations for Preconditioning Beef Calves
Philippe Moriel
## Introduction
As discussed in EDIS document AN260, Preconditioning Calves Using Co-Products , preconditioning beef calves is a management option that can add value to calf crop production. This process of preconditioning cattle involves weaning, vaccinating, and acclimating cattle to eating from feed bunks using a wide variety of feed ingredients. However, feed ingredient selection is not the only factor to consider during a preconditioning process. Recent studies demonstrated that diet composition and frequency of supplementation can have positive or negative effects on calf performance during preconditioning (Artioli et al. 2015; Moriel et al. 2015; Moriel et al. 2016; Silva et al. 2018; Moriel et al. 2020). This fact sheet was developed for beef cattle producers to modify the nutritional composition of diets and frequency of concentrate supplementation to optimize growth and immunity of preconditioning beef calves or prevent detrimental effects.
## Diet Nutritional Composition: Protein Supply
Weaning, vaccination, and feedlot entry are the major sources of stress in cattle. Each of these practices causes an inflammatory response in calves (Arthurington et al. 2013; Moriel and Arthurington 2013). This inflammatory response is a natural biological process, but it also increases the nutrient demand to support the immune system (Rees and Jahoor 2001). Survival and immunity have greater priority for nutrients than growth, so it is understandable that animals will grow less when facing a disease or any immunological challenge. In order to support the immune response, muscle protein tissue is mobilized and broken to provide amino acids. The amino acids absorbed from the diet will be used for multiple physiological responses, such as synthesis of acute phase proteins, new immune cells, and glucose, and not for growth. Stressed calves have greater nutrient demand, fewer nutrients being used for growth, and consequently, lower average daily gain. In addition, multiple exposures to stress will decrease the immune system of calves, leading to a greater risk of developing respiratory diseases. However, beef cattle producers can modify the nutrient composition of the diet and increase protein intake to provide the necessary amino acids to support the immune system and alleviate muscle protein mobilization (Moriel and Arthington 2013). We designed a study to evaluate the growth performance and immune response of vaccinated beef steers that received increasing amounts of protein supplementation during a 42-day preconditioning period.
Angus crossbred steers (approximately 500 lb and 184 days of age) were weaned and immediately transferred into feedlot pets. Treatments consisted of one of three corn silage-based diets formulated to provide 85%, 100% or 115% of the daily metabolizable protein requirements of a beef steer gaining 2.2 lb of body weight daily. Diets contained 79%, 76%, and 74% of dry matter as total digestible nutrients (TDNs), and 11%, 15%, and 19% of dry matter as crude protein (CP), respectively. Diets were offered in amounts to provide the same daily energy intake but increasing levels of crude protein intake. Calves were vaccinated against respiratory pathogens on days 14 and 28 after feedlot entry.
In this study, average daily gain from day 0 to day 42 increased as protein supply was increased (Table 1). Steers that received a diet deficient protein (85% of their protein requirements) were 27 lb higher than steers that were provided 100% of their protein requirements. Steers that received a diet containing protein levels above their daily protein requirements were 15 lb heavier than steers that were provided 100% of their protein requirements (Table 1). One of the reasons for the better growth performance as dietary protein was increased was the difference observed for dry matter intake. As dietary protein supply was increased, weekly dry matter intake also increased. However, steers fed 100% and 115% of their protein requirements were 17% and 21%, respectively, more feed efficient compared to steers that were provided 85% of their protein requirements (Table 2).
The amount of antibody produced after vaccination can be used as an indicator of both the level of immune protection (Bolin and Ridpath 1995) and the percentage of calves responding to the vaccination (Richeson et al. 2008). The ability of an animal to respond to vaccination varies from animal to animal and depends on environmental and genetic factors. In our study, steers provided with 115% of their protein requirements had greater serum theirs against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruslb (BVDV-lb) on day 42 compared to steers that met 85% and 100% of their protein requirements (Figure 1). Most bovine respiratory disease cases occur within 30 days after weaning or 14 days after feedlot entry (Kirkpatrick et al. 2008). Therefore, steers that receive 115% of their protein requirements might have greater immune protection and fewer chances of developing a respiratory disease following feedlot entry.
Increasing the metabolizable protein supply to physiologically stressed, preconditioning beef steers provided the additional amino acid supply required by the immune system, alleviated muscle protein mobilization, and led to greater growth performance during a 42-day preconditioning period. The greater dietary protein supply provided during a preconditioning vaccination protocol also increased calf response to vaccination.
## Frequency of Supplementation
Decreasing the frequency of supplementation consists of providing the same weekly supplement in fewer feeding events in order to reduce costs associated with labor, equipment, and fuel. For instance, if the supplement intake of an animal is 3 lb/day, then the same animal will have consumed 21 lb of supplement over a week (3 lb/day x 7 days = 21 lb). If a producer decides to decrease the frequency of supplementation to three times weekly, then the weekly supplement amount needs to be divided by the number of feeding events (this case, 3 days). Thus, each animal will be provided 7 lb of supplement three times weekly (7 lb on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for a weekly supplement consumption of 21 lb). Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of providing supplements infrequently instead of every day to beef cattle fed forage-based diets. However, results reported in the literature are not consistent.
The effect of reducing the supplementation frequency on growth performance depends on several factors, particularly the type of nutrient provided (for example, protein or energy). In the case of protein-based supplements, it was shown that supplementing beef cattle as infrequently as once a week instead of daily did not affect growth performance, forage intake, and digestibility (Kunkle et al., 2000).
In contrast, decreasing the frequency of energy supplementation can be detrimental to beef cattle performance, depending on forage quality and type of energy supplement provided. When cattle consumed low-quality forages, decreasing the frequency of supplementation (low- or high-starch supplements) had negative effects on forage intake and growth performance (Kunkle et al. 2000). For instance, beef heifers consuming low-quality bahigrass (54% TDN; % CP) and receiving daily supplementation of a mixture of fibrous byproducts (wheat middlings, soybean hulls, cottonseed meal, and molasses) had greater average daily gain (0.90 lb/day versus 0.73 lb, day respectively) and achieved puberty sooner than heifers offered the same supplement three times per week (Cooke et al. 2008). However, decreasing the supplementation frequency of low-starch supplements when beef cattle were consuming medium- to high-quality forages did not impair growth performance of beef heifers (Moriel et al. 2012). For example, daily supplementation of a soybean hull-based concentrate to Brangus crossbred heifers consuming low-quality starghas hay (50% TDN; 8% CP) or medium-quality berridasmagast hay (52% TDN; 12% CP) did not affect the average daily gain, but it increased the percentage of heifers cycling at the beginning of the breeding season (40% versus 20%) (Moriel et al. 2012). Furthermore, such negative impacts of reduced frequency of supplementation on puberty attainment cannot be overcome by altering the concentrate supplementation amount (Moriel et al., 2020). More specifically, Brangus beefheifers grazing bahigasser pastures were
supplemented with a soybean hulls-based concentrated at 1.25% or 1.75% of their body weight (73.5% TDN; 22.2% CP; dry matter basis). Then, the respective weekly amount of supplement was offered to heifers daily or 3 times weekly (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays). Reducing the supplementation frequency from daily to 3 times weekly, regardless of supplementation amount, did not impact overall pregnancy and calving percentages, but reduced overall average daily gain, puberty attainment, and percentage of heifers calving during the first 21 days of the calving season. Hence, increasing the supplement dry matter amount did not prevent the negative effects of reducing the frequency of supplementation (daily vs. 3 times weekly) on growth and reproduction of replacement Bos indicus -influenced beef heifers (Moriel et al. 2020).
The period immediately following weaning is one of the most stressful events in a calf's life. Decreasing the frequency of supplementation, regardless of forage quality and supplement type, might increase the stress response to weaning and decrease the growth performance and immunity of recently weaned, stressed beef calves. We designed a study to evaluate the effects of reducing the frequency of energy supplementation (three times weekly versus daily) during preconditioning on growth performance and immune response of beef calves (Artioli et al. 2016).
Angus crossbred steers (480 lb and 210 days of age) were weaned, provided free-choice access to ground tall fescue hay (17%, CP; 58%, TDN), and supplemented with a pellet-mix of 50% soybean hulls and 50% corn gluten feed for 42 days. Supplements were offered three times weekly (11.7 lb of supplement every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; S3) or daily (5 lb of the same supplement every day; S7), resulting in the same amount of supplementation being fed weekly. Calves were vaccinated against respiratory pathogens on days 14 and 28 after weaning.
In this study, steers supplemented three times weekly (S3) had a 0.60 lb/day lower average daily gain compared to steers supplemented daily (S7; Table 2). Feed efficiency was numerically lower when the frequency of supplementation was reduced. Also, steers supplemented three times weekly (S3) had a total dry winter intake that was 54 lb less than that of steers supplemented daily (S7), which is a result of the lower hay water matter intake, since both treatments received the same weekly supplement offer (35 lb of supplement/steeryke). The lower hay intake of steers that were supplemented three times weekly led to lower total energy and protein intake, which partially explains the reduced average daily gain.
We also analyzed one of several acute-phase proteins called haptoglobin, which is an indicator of the magnitude of the inflammatory response after stress or immunological challenge. We observed that steers supplemented three times weekly had greater overall plasma concentrations of haptoglobin (0.78 mg/ml L versus 0.55 mg/mL) than steers supplemented daily. This response indicates that reducing the frequency of supplementation enhanced the stress response of weaned calves.
Steers offered daily energy supplementation (S7) also had greater antibody titers againast BVDV-lb than steers supplemented three times weekly (S3; Figure 2). Further studies need to be conducted to evaluate if this greater antibody titers production can increase the immune protection of those calves. It is important to note that the immune response to vaccination of weaned steers that received daily energy supplementation was enhanced, which might result in greater immune competency against a pathogen invasion.
Virus-lb (BVDV-lb) of beef steers offered energy supplementation daily (S7) or three times weekly (S3)
(Artioli et al. 2015). a -b Bars without common superscript differ ( P ≤ 0 . 05 ). Credit: UF/IFAS
The data discussed above indicated that producers should not reduce the frequency of energy supplementation to beef steers during the entire period of preconditioning. We designed a second study to investigate if a gradual reduction of frequency of energy supplementation following vaccination could prevent the previously mentioned detrimental effects on growth and immunity of beef steers (Silva et al. 2018). Animals offered concentrate supplementation daily were less stressed at the time of vaccination and after vaccination than animals offered concentrate supplementation three times weekly. Thus, our hypothesis was that offering concentrate daily until the last round of vaccination, and then decreasing the frequency of supplementation to three times weekly until the end of preconditioning would reduce feeding costs and prevent a greater stress response, leading to growth performance and immunity similar to those of calves supplemented daily during the entire study. This strategy would allow producers to reduce feeding costs while maintaining optimal calf growth performance.
Angus steers (440 lb and 175 days of age) were weaned and assigned to one of 14 feedlot pens (three steers per pen). Steers were provided free choice access to ground tall fescue hay (57% TDN, 13% CP of dry matter) and supplemented with concentrate at 1% of body weight (50:50 soybean hulls and corn gluten fed; 71% TDN, 15% CP of DM; dry matter basis). Treatments consisted of similar weekly concentrate offer that was divided and offered daily from day 0 to day 42 (TX), three times weekly from day 0 to day 42 (3X; Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), or daily for the first 14 days and then three times weekly from day 15 to day 42 (7-3X). Steers were vaccinated against Infectious Bovin Rhinotraethicis (IBR), BVDV, parainfluenza-3, Mannheimia haemolytica , and Clostridium on day 0 and day 15.
Final body weight of steers that were supplemented daily from day 0 to day 14 and then three times weekly from day 15 to day 42 was similar to that of calves supplemented daily during the entire study (Table 3). This indicates that producers will be able to save on labor and feeding costs by gradually reducing the frequency of supplementation without negatively affecting calf growth performance (Silva et al. 2018).
As in our previous study, we found that steers supplemented three times weekly for the entire study had greater plasma concentrations of haptoglobin (indicator of inflammatory response) than steers that were supplemented daily for the entire study (Table 4). However, the steers that had the supplementation frequency gradually reduced during the study had plasma concentrations of haptoglobin similar to those of calves supplemented daily for the entire study. Thus, abruptly reduced frequency of supplementation during the vaccination process increases the stress response of calves. However, a gradual reduction of frequency of supplementation prevented those negative effects. In addition, calves supplemented three times weekly during the entire study had lower antibody production against IBR. Fewer calves in this category responded to vaccination against parainfluenza-3 virus compared to calves that were supplemented daily during the entire study. These two viruses are major pathogens that can cause bovine respiratory disease.
## Conclusion
Cavals can be preconditioned using a wide variety of supplemental feed ingredients. However, feed ingredient selection is not the only factor to consider during a preconditioning process. Increasing the protein supply to stressed, preconditioning beef steers led to greater growth performance and increased immune response to vaccination during a 42-day preconditioning period. Producers should not reduce the frequency of concentrate supplementation during the entire preconditioning period because it might lead to poorer vaccine response and average daily gain, resulting in lowered calf value at sale. However, a gradual reduction of frequency of supplementation is a supplementation strategy that can overcome these negative effects on growth and immunity. This strategy allows producers to save on feeding and labor costs without producing lighter calves that have weaker immune responses.
## References
Arthington, J. D., R. F. Cooke, T. D. Maddock, D. B. Araujo, P. Moriel, N. DiLorenzo, and G. C. Lamb. 2013. "Effects of vaccination on the acute-phase protein response and measures of performance in growing beef calves." J. Anim. Sci . 91 : 1831-1837. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5724
Artioli, L. F. A., P. Moriel, M. H. Poore, R. S. Marques, and R. F. Cooke. 2015. "Effects of frequency of supplementation on growth performance and measurements of innate and humoral immune response of preconditioning beef steers." J. Anim. Sci . 93 : 5430-5441. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9457
Bolin, S. R. and J. R. Fidpath. 1990. "Range of viral neutralizing activity and molecular specificity of antibodies induced in cattle by inactivated bovine viral diarrhea vaccines." Am. J. Vet. Res. 51 : 703-707.
Hersom, M., T. Thrifit, and J. Yelich. 2017. Preconditioning Calves Using Co-Products. AN260. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://diseis.ufas.edu/an260
Kirkpatrick, J. G., D. L. Step, M. E. Payton, J. B. Richards, L. F. McTague, J. T. Saliki, A. W. Confer, B. J. Cook, S. H. Ingram, and J. C. Wright. 2008. "Effect of age at the time of vaccination on antibody titers and feedlot performance in beef calves." J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 233:136-142. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.1.136
Kunkle, W. E., J. T. Johns, M. H. Poore, and D. B. Herd. 2000. "Designing supplementation programs for beef cattle fed forage-based diets." Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. Accessed on August 15, 2024. https://academic.oup.com/jas/articleabstract/77/suppl/E1/4625619?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Moriel, P. and J. D. Arthington. 2013. "Metabolizable protein supply modulated the acute-phase response following vaccination of beef steers." J. Anim. Sci. 91 : 5838-5847. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6420
Moriel, P., L. F. A. Artioli, M. B. Piccolo, M. H. Poore, R. S. Marques, and R. F. Cooke. 2016. "Decreasing the frequency and rate of wet brewer grains supplementation did not impact growth but reduced humoral immune response of preconditioning beef heifers." J. Anim. Sci. 94 : 3030-3041. https://doi.org/10.25227/jas.2015-0250
Moriel, P., L. F. A. Artioli, M. H. Poore, A. W. Confer, R. S. Marques, and R. F. Cooke. 2015. "Increasing the metabolizable protein supply enhanced growth performance and led to variable results on innate and humoral immune response of preconditioning beef steers." J. Anim. Sci. 93 : 4473-4485. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9238
Moriel, P., R. F. Cooke, D. W. Bohnert, J. M. B. Vendramini, and J. D. Arthington. 2012. "Effects of energy supplementation frequency and forage quality on performance, reproductive, and physiological responses of replacement beef heifers." J. Anim. Sci. 90 : 2371-2380. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4958
Moriel, P., E. Palmer, M. Vedovatto, M. B. Piccolo, J. Ranches, H. M. Silva, V. R. G. Mercadante, G. C. Lamb, and J. M. B. Vendramini. 2020. "Supplementation frequency and amount modulate post-weaning growth and reproductive performance of Bos indices-influenced beef heifers." J. Anim. Sci. 98(8):11-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa236
Reeds, P. J. and F. Jahoor. 2001. "The amino acid requirements of disease." Clin. Nutr. 20: 1522-1524. https://doi.org/10.1054/clnu.2001.0402
Richeson, J. T., P. A. Beck, M. S. Gadberry, S. A. Gunter, T. W. Hess, D. S. Hubbell II, and C. Jones. 2008. "Effects of on arrival versus delayed modified live virus vaccination on health, performance, and serum Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis titers of newly received beef calves." J. Anim. Sci. 86: 999-1005. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0593
Silva, G. M., M. H. Poore, J. Ranches, G. S. Santos, and P. Moriel. 2018. "Effects of gradual reduction in frequency of energy supplementation and growth immunity of beef steers." J. Anim. Sci. 96:273-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skx047
Table 1. Growth performance of steers provided with 85%, 100%, and 115% of their metabolizable protein requirements during a 42-day preconditioning period.
Table 2. Post-weaning growth performance of beef steers offered energy supplementation daily (S7) or three times weekly (S3).
View Table
Publication #AN334
Release Date:
October 29, 2024
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Philipe Moriel
View PDF
About this Publication
This document is AN334, one of a series of the Department of Animal Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date September 2017. Revised July 2021 and July 2024. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Philipe Moriel, associate professor, Department of Animal Sciences; UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, FL 33865.
## Related Pages
## Beef Cattle Nutrition
Moriel, Philipe
Specialist
University of Florida
## Animal Science
Range Cattle REC |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/miamidadeco/2023/04/19/miami-dade-4-h-teen-delegates-present-urban-agriculture-at-conference-in-washington-d-c/ | Miami-Dade 4-H Teen Delegates Present Urban Agriculture at Conference in Washington, D.C. | University of Florida | [
"Kenan Bridges"
] | 2023-04-19 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Agriculture",
"Change Category",
"UF/IFAS Extension"
] | FL | ## Miami-Dade 4-H Teen Delegates Present Urban Agriculture at Conference in Washington, D.C.
April, 18th, 2023
Grace and Karol stand in front of Ignite by a 4-H banner with a quote from Dolly Parton.
Miami-Dade 4-H is proud to announce that two teen
delegates recently presented on urban agriculture at the Ignite by 4H National Conference in Washington, D.C., from March 8 th through 12th, 2023. This event explores the best 4-H offers in STEM, Agriscience, Healthy Living, and Emotional Well-Being.
The Miami-Dade 4-H teen delegates included Karol Gonzalez of Westland Hialeah Senior High School and Grace Aquino of Hialeah Gardens Senior High. The duo was accompanied by 4-H Extension Agents Kenan Bridges and Whitney Thames, who supported and guided them throughout the conference.
During the four-day event, delegates engaged in conversations with respected leaders, like U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy and polar explorer Sunniva Sorby. This opportunity engaged over 500 4-H members from around the U.S. and its territories. These teens discussed unique challenges and opportunities facing their communities.
"It was an incredible experience meeting people from all over the world," said Karol Gonzalez, a Miami-Dade 4-H delegate.
'I enjoyed listening to the speakers and learning about other methods of hydroponic farming and healthy living.'
Traveling from a big city like Miami, where the population density is over 1,431 people per square mile, where is the city's agriculture?
The Miami-Dade 4-H teens presented their Connecting Youth in Urban Communities with Agriculture workshop. Urban agriculture is important in enhancing food security and increasing job opportunities in the community. Their workshop shared a local 4-H internship about agricultural innovations addressing such critical issues.
The local program is offered in partnership with the Miami-Dade County Public Schools Summer Youth Internship Program. The teens were awarded a scholarship by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to attend the event.
"Ignite by 4-H is a one-of-a-kind opportunity for our youth," said Kenan Bridges, 4-H Extension Agent. "Coming from a very urban community like Miami-Dade, our teens bring a unique perspective and innovative solutions into agricultural science. We are proud of their hard work and dedication to 4-H."
By Kenan Bridges, KenanBridges@ufl.edu.
For more information about this and other 4-H programs in Miami Dade County, contact our Agents at 305-769-4050.
## ABOUT MIAMI-DADE 4-H
4-H is the nation's largest youth development organization. Over 230,000 members in the State of Florida help to make up the community of more than 6.5 million young people across America. 4-H is a nonformal, practical educational program for youth. Florida Extension, a part of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS). 4-H provides opportunities for all youth ages 5-18.
```
ifas.ufl.edu | @MiamiDade4H
```
## RELATED ARTICLES
Miami-Dade 4-H Teens head to Washington D.C. to showcase skills in agricultural technology.
The Faces Of Urban Agriculture: Meet the 4-H Interns
o
## by Kenan Bridges
Posted: April 19, 2023
Category: 4-H & Youth, Agriculture , UF/IFAS Extension
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Damaging Lychee Erinose Mite Found In Miami-Dade County
- · Why Does The Grass Yellowing Get Worse And How To Correct It? - Lessons Learned And Knowledge Gain...
- · 2022 Atlantic Hurricane Season
- · Tropical Fruit--Jackfruit |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/ackerman-census-profile-2010-2020 | Ackerman Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Ackerman Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Ackerman Census Profile (2010-2020)
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3716-90
View as PDF: P3716-90.pdf
Presentation File:
ackerman\_census\_presentation.pdf
Department: MSU Extension- Choctaw County
Print PDF
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Extension provides training for tourism professionals
NOVEMBER 10,2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24,2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23,2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next > last>
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/timber-sales-a-planning-guide-for-landowners | Timber Sales: A Planning Guide for Landowners | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forest Economics",
"Forestry",
"Selling Timber",
"Harvesting Timber",
"Timber Price",
"Timber"
] | NC | ## Timber Sales: A Planning Guide for Landowners Introduction
Learning from experience can be very expensive when it comes to timber sales, many of which are once- or twice-in-a-lifetime occurrences. Years of growth and value are accumulated in a mature timber stand, and the combined annual income from all those years is frequently marketed in a single transaction. When and how you sell your timber can influence how much money you make, your overall financial plans, the cost of forest regeneration, and other management objectives.
Too much is at stake for you to sell timber without an understanding of the markets and of the quality and quantity of your timber. There are no daily market price reports for standing timber (stumpage), nor are there any government support prices. Demand and price for many timber products fluctuate widely. Size, quality, and species of timber are also highly variable. Specialized knowledge is required to identify tree species and to estimate volume and value within standards accepted by local markets.
This publication offers tips on marketing and selling, timber terminology, examples of timber sale agreements, and advice on seeking professional help from a consulting forester. By using this information, you can make your next (or first) timber sale both a pleasant and a profitable experience.
## Timber Buying Process
## Before you sell your timber
Before you sell your timber you should consider these questions:
- · How is timber bought and sold?
- · What trees should I sell, and why?
- · How soon must I market them?
- · Are property and cutting boundaries well marked?
- · What is the timber volume (?) And which of three 'log rules'-Doyle, Scribner, or Internationalwill be used to estimate the board-foot content of trees)?
- · What is the growth rate?
- · What is the fair market value of my timber?
- · What is the current timber market price trend?
- · Are the trees financially mature?
- · Who and where are the appropriate timber buyers?
- · What sale method should I use?
- · Do I know my basis?
- · How will the income be taxed?
## How timber is bought and sold
Timber buying process. The timber buying process involves a timber owner, a timber buyer, a logger, and a mill (manufacturer). The raw materials that supply the manufacturer are obtained through a network of buyers who purchase timber from private forest landowners. Buyers can work directly for a mill, for wood suppliers, for loggers, or for timber brokers. Buyers may be paid a salary or a commission, or they may receive part of the profits. Timber brokers buy and resell timber, making their income from profits.
Timber selling methods. Timber is sold either "per-unit" or "lump sum." A per-unit sale is one in which the buyer and the seller negotiate a price per unit of harvested wood, and the buyer pays for the timber after it is cut and the volume is determined. Per-unit timber is sold either by product class or at a blended average price for all products. Product classes include poles and pilings, veneer or pylogs, sawtimber, chip-n-saw, and pulpwood.
Landowners own per-unit timber until it is harvested and payment is received. Landowners continue to assume most of the risks associated with owning timber, including timber destruction, damage caused by acts of nature, and theft. A lump sum sale is one in which the buyer and seller agree on a total price for the timber within a defined area of sale, and the seller receives payment before the harvest begins. In this method the buyer, upon purchasing the standing timber, assumes the ownership risks.
## How timber is measured
Timber owners should have a basic understanding of how standing timber volume is customarily estimated. A timber "cruise" is an inspection of the timber stand made to estimate the volume of marketable or merchantable timber present. In a stand of large or high-value timber, the cruise may involve measuring all merchantable trees. More commonly, the cruise is based on a systematic sample of trees on plots or strips representative of the entire stand; it is carried out with statistical design to give confidence in the estimates.
Two measurements are usually needed on each tree to determine volume: the diameter at a height of 4.5 feet above the ground line (Dohr or diameter at breast height), and the merchantable height. The height of sawtimer is generally recorded in terms of the number of "logs" (usually 16 feet long) to some "merchantable top" (usually a small-end diameter of 8 inches on the outside of the bark). Pulpwood tree height may be measured as the number of pulpwood "sticks" or feet to a merchantable top diameter (usually 3 inches on the outside of the bark), or total tree height may be recorded.
Tree measurements can be made using a timber scale stick or other forestry measuring devices (see Woodland Owner Note No. 5, Estimating the Volume of a Standing Tree Using a Scale (Biltmore) Stick ). Once the trees' diameters and heights are known, their volumes can be determined from various log rules. A log rule is a table or formula used to estimate volumes for various log diameters and lengths. Log rules often measure volume in board feet.
The quality or grade of trees is also important, particularly for hardwoods; excessive limbs and crooked or otherwise defective stems have less value.
Over the past century, at least 100 log rules have been developed, with the International ¼-inch, Doyle, and Scribner log rules being the most widely adopted in the eastern and southern United
States. In North Carolina, the Scribner rule is most frequently used for southern yellow pines and the Doyle rule more commonly for hardwoods. The legal rule for settling disputes is the International rule, which is the most accurate.
The choice of log rule can significantly change the volume estimate of timber in a stand (Figure 1). If both buyer and seller are aware of this and if price is adjusted accordingly (Table 1), any log rule may be used because the total value of the timber (price multiplied by quantity) will remain the same (Figure 2). For example, a tree 14 inches DBH containing two 16-foot logs might be estimated to contain 130 board feet by the International log rule, 115 board feet by the Scribner rule, but only 75 board feet by the Doyle rule. A price of $115 per thousand board feet (MBF) by the International rule would result in a $15 stumpage value for the tree. To generate the same $15 stumpage value for the tree by the other two log rules, an adjusted price of $130/MBF by the Scribner rule or $200/ MBF by the Doyle rule would be required.
Timber buyers are increasingly using weight and other timber measurement units. The choice of log rule or measurement unit is relatively unimportant to "jump sum" timber sellers. However, landowners who sell timber on a "per-unit" basis need to understand the units being applied. The seller should have some means of verifying measurements and know how to accurately convert these measurements to more familiar units. Weight scaling (the process of estimating log volume based on weight) is less desirable because tree species, soils, growth rate, and other factors yield widely variable weights per unit volume. There can be as much as a 35 % difference in the weight of an equivalent volume of wood among similar species, and this may significantly affect the price a seller receives for his timber.
| Which price do you use? | Which price do you use? |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Timber prices per board foot vary, based on which log rule is used to estimate timber volume. Here are conversion factors for the various log rules: | |
| Log Rule Conversions (Dollar Values) | |
| Doyle to Scribner | (26% difference) 0.75 Doyle to Scribner |
| Scribner to Doyle | 1.33 Scribner to Doyle |
| Doyle to International ¼-inch | (39% difference) 0.62 Doyle to International ¼- inch |
| International ¼-inch to Doyle | 1.60 International ¼-inch to Doyle |
| Scribner to International ¼-inch | (20% difference) 0.83 Scribner to International ¼- inch |
| International ¼-inch to Scribner | 1.20 International ¼-inch to Scribner |
## Factors affecting timber stumpage prices
Species, tree quality and size, product type, acreage, location, site conditions, markets, and contract provisions all affect the price paid for standing timber.
Species. In the Southeast, most pine timber brings higher stumpage prices than sweetgutm or mixed hardwoods. High-quality black cherry, northern red oak, cherrybark oak, white oak, and yellow poplar can bring premium prices. Species price varies widely with location and with changing market demand.
Quality and size. Large, sound trees with clear logs (logs without knots or branches) that could be used for lumber, veneer, or export products generally bring the highest prices. Beware of high grading! High grading is the removal of the most commercially valuable trees from the stand, often leaving a residual stand composed of trees of poor quality, poor species composition, or both. A high-graded stand often has little or no future economic value with regard to timber.
Product type. Major products that can be produced from pine trees include pulpwood, chip-n saw, sawlogs, veneer logs (also known as pligos), and pilings or poles. Major products produced from hardwood trees include pulpwood, sawlogs, and veneer logs (also known as grade or export logs). Each of these products must meet certain minimum size requirements (Table 2), and each varies in value based on the product, tree quality, and markets.
Acreage and volume. Logging operations require high capital investments in equipment. Low volumes of timber on small acreages usually cannot be logged profitably by highly mechanized and efficient contractors, so the relative stumpage values generally increase with both volume and acreage. Acreage and volume become less of a concern as tree quality (grade) increases.
Location. The distance to the mill, accessibility to good roads, and ease of logging are important factors affecting the price paid for stumpage. Most logging contractors would like all of their operations to be clear-cuts, located beside paved roads, near mills, on well-drained soils, and without contractual restrictions, simply because these conditions reduce logging costs.
Consequently, when logging conditions are more difficult and the distance to the mill is greater, the price that the buyer is willing to pay for stumpage will be lower.
Competitive markets. Competitive bidding by timber buyers in the local area tends to assure that fair market value for timber is offered. A buyer, whose sole purpose is to avoid competition, often offers the unsolicited bid. The number of bidders and their interest in a sale can be influenced by advertising, which contributes to competition and positively affects the price paid. Some situations involving specialized products, unusual harvesting conditions, poor quality timber, or poor markets may be better handled by negotiating with a single appropriate buyer.
Contract provisions. Restrictions placed upon the harvest of timber can protect the site, the residual trees, and the landowner, but they may reduce the price paid for stumpage. Contract provisions that address important considerations should be included in a timber sale contract or deed (see the section entitled "Basic Contract and Deed Provisions").
## See a forester first
A North Carolina couple recently was offered an unsolicited bid of $20,000 for their 20 acres of mature pine sawtimber. Realizing the complexity of selling timber, the couple hired a consulting forester to watch out for their interests.
The consulting forester, who worked by contract for a percentage of the gross revenue, conducted a sealed-bid timber sale. Gross revenue from the sale was $39,895-$19,895 more than the original unsolicited bid. This increase in income was significantly higher than the fee
charged by the consulting forester.
| Do you know what products your forest contains? | |
|---------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Pine | |
| Pulpwood | ≥ 6" DBH to a minimum 3" top diameter |
| Chip-n-saw | 9-14" DBH to a minimum 6" top diameter |
| Sawtimber | ≥ 14" DBH to a minimum 8" top diameter |
| Veneer log | ≥ 16" DBH clear/straight first log |
| Pilings | various specifications based on local markets |
| Hardwood | ≥ 6" DBH to a minimum 3" top diameter |
| Pulpwood | ≥ 6" DBH to a minimum 3" top diameter |
| Sawtimber | ≥ 16" DBH to a minimum 10" top diameter |
| Veneer log | ≥ 18" DBH clear/straight first log |
## Steps to marketing timber
As the delivered price, logging costs, and transportation costs fluctuate, so will the stumpage price buyers are willing to pay. How you conduct your sale will have a major impact on your overall profit. Be well informed and aggressive in marketing your timber. Buyers have more confidence in sellers who use a businesslike approach. Here are some suggestions:
Seek professional assistance . Professional advice can be valuable. Studies by Cubbage, et. al. (1996) and Clark (2018) found landowners who received professional forestry assistance received significantly more value for their timber. Cubbage, et. al. found that landowners who sought professional advice before harvesting timber averaged 23% more income per acre, received a 64% higher price per board foot, and had a projected income stream from future sales of 120% more as a result of improved regeneration and stocking. Clark found sales involving consulting foresters
yielded significantly higher prices, 11% higher, compared to non-consultant sales, regardless of tract size or sale type. For more on consulting foresters see the section entitled "A Consumer's Guide to Consulting Foresters."
Sell financially mature timber . Make sure your timber is financially mature. If timber is not financially mature, a partial harvest (thinning), leaving the best trees to grow, may be more appropriate than clear-cutting. A short-term loan using timber as collateral could be less costly than a premature or inappropriate timber sale. Information in the appendix, "Cut Your Timber, Not Your Profits" will be helpful.
Check the market . Check the current timber market demand and recent trends. Prices for sawtimber and other high-value products fluctuate widely. Your professional consulting forester tracks market trends and can advise you on this. Landowners may obtain this information from state agencies, universities, and businesses that provide price report information. In North Carolina, you can obtain general market trends and price information by visiting the Extension Forestry website.
Have a reforestation plan . Landowners should begin planning reforestation well in advance of the harvest cut. Having a well-planned timber sale that includes a reforestation plan will minimize regeneration costs and assure that the desired species regenerate on the harvested area.
Mark the sale boundaries clearly. A legal timber sale requires that harvest boundaries be marked clearly. Re-surveying the boundaries is often the biggest expense of conducting a timber sale, but the cost can be deducted as a cost of the sale. Establishing well-marked boundaries can protect the seller from increased liability and litigation.
Use a registered consulting forester . Have a registered consulting forester cruise the timber to estimate its volume, quality, and value. Consulting foresters are available and prepared for this work. Following the harvest, these professionals can also help establish a new timber crop that will have maximum value in the future (see the section entitled "A Consumer's Guide to Consulting Foresters"). Do not rely on the timber buyer to assure you fair market value; their interests are not your interests.
Inform neighbors . Inform adjoining landowners of any proposed timber sales to make certain that boundary and access road locations are acceptable. Also, you may find that your neighbor wishes to sell his timber, too. Combining sales among neighboring tracts can sometimes increase volume without substantially increasing logging costs, which could result in higher prices to the sellers.
Have access to the land . If the land on which the timber is for sale has no reasonable means of access, a statutory right-of-way (cartway) can be established pursuant to North Carolina General Statute §136.69. G.S. §136.69 provides entry and exit to a public highway over intervening lands from other lands that have no other reasonable means of access and that are being or could be used for legally identified commercial or agricultural purposes. A landowner is entitled to a right-ofway if he is engaged in an activity enumerated by the statute, if there is no public road or other adequate means of reasonable access to the landowner's property, and if it is necessary, reasonable, and just that the landowner have a private way.
Advertise the sale . Use a consulting forester to advertise the timber to all reliable buyers in the area. High-value products or tracts could attract buyers from as far away as 100 miles. To obtain a list of most timber buyers for a particular county in North Carolina or for all of North Carolina, consult Buyers of Timber Products in North Carolina , an online publication by the North Carolina Forest Service (NCFS).
Research shows that sealed bids usually result in a higher offer than auctions or negotiated sales.
Potential buyers can best be notified by sending them invitations to bid on timber (see the "Invitation to Bid" section). Provide as much information about the timber, the tract, and contract restrictions as can be given in the bid invitation. Describe payment provisions, including any security deposits or performance bonds that will be required. Also include copies of vicinity maps, plat maps, or aerial photographs indicating the location of the timber offered for sale.
Preharvest plans . Have a registered consulting forester develop a preharvest plan to look out for your interests. Preharvest planning is necessary to protect soil and water quality and to ensure implementation of appropriate best management practices (BMPs). For the landowner's protection, the plan should include a list and description of the BMPs to be implemented. Depending on the site and nature of the harvest, the plan and map should address property boundaries, sales areas, color and type of tree marking if used, forest type, soils, slopes, timing of harvest (season or weather controls), and approximate location of haul roads, skid trails, potential log landings, water courses, streamside management zones, and planned stream crossings.
## Conducting the sale
Conduct the timber sale as advertised. Allow at least a month for buyers to make their own examinations, or timber cruises, before the sale is held (see the "Invitation to Bid" section). Before the sale, set a minimum bid that you will accept and one that buyers are unaware of. The consulting forester can help you determine this minimum bid. Reserve the right to refuse any or all bids. The "Right to Refusal" protects the seller, allowing the seller to halt the sale if a minimum bid is not met or to choose a buyer with a business and land ethic more suitable to the seller. Small tracts, low volumes, poor timber quality, or poor access may require negotiated timber sales.
Timber sale agreements . Ideally, a professional forester who is knowledgeable of legal provisions should prepare the sale agreement. The consulting forester usually prepares the conditions of sales and the sale map, which are recorded with the timber deed. A good timber sale agreement is clearly understandable, workable, and enforceable for both buyer and seller. It is not so complicated that it attempts to cover all eventualities. Neither is it so brief as to exclude essential points of the transaction.
Standing or severed (cut) timber . Certain legal and tax implications come into play, depending on whether timber is sold as standing or severed (cut). Standing timber in North Carolina is real property, and cut timber is personal property. By law, the conveyance of an interest in real property, for example, standing timber, must be by written document. Deeds and contracts provide the means of conveying rights to an interest in timber. Timber deeds are used most often when payment is made for standing timber; contracts are used when payment is for severed timber.
Contracts . A contract establishes both the conditions to which buyer and seller agree and their rights and duties under these conditions. Timber sales contracts or cutting contracts are commonly used in transactions where timber is not sold in a lump-sum timber sale. Payment is made periodically as the timber is delivered to a mill or loading site, although title to the trees passes to the buyer once timber is severed.
Contracts are suitable for unit sales such as pulpwood, chip-n-saw, selective timber cuts, poles and piling, and other specialty product sales. However, because sample contracts (see the "Basic Contract and Deed Provisions" section) seldom include provisions appropriate or desirable for particular sales, many buyers prefer not to accept them.
Deeds . Deeds are most often used with lump-sum timber sales, especially with purchasers of standing timber who require a deed upon payment. Most timber buyers prefer a timber deed prepared by their legal department. In many ways, deeds are usually less complicated than contracts. They contain the standard provisions (see the "Basic Contract and Deed Provisions"
section) for roads, fences, ditches, fields, and boundary trees. The legal description of the property is the only additional information needed. Before the deed can be executed, an essential point is to have the seller's signature notarized. Even though it contains occasional changes that most landowners accept, title to the timber passes to the buyer once a properly drawn deed has been delivered.
Finally, the sellers should practice their rights to control logging through the wording of the contract or deed, but without making the document long and complicated. Such complicated documents might discourage timber buyers, cause them to submit lower bids, or be impossible to administer. Similarly, too many constraints on logging will increase logging costs, in which case, the seller should be prepared to accept a lower stumpage price. But some important constraints include limiting wet weather logging and placing a limit on the time the buyer has to remove the timber. In most cases, a time limit of not more than two years should be established.
Closing the sale . Ideally, there should be mutual confidence and understanding between buyer and seller. Any important paper, contract, or conveyance should have notarized signatures and should be registered or recorded immediately upon execution at the courthouse of the county where the property is located. Timber sales are conducted as real estate transactions with the seller often paying for deed preparation, revenue stamp, and commission of the consulting forester. The buyer often pays for the title search and any documents required for securing the funds. Before closing the sale, both parties should understand who will cover the various costs of the sale. For a good relationship on which to build future sales, you should conduct and conclude the sale in a cordial and businesslike manner.
## Invitation to Bid
On 30 +/- Acres of Timber Owned by Joe Pine, Tupelo County, NC March 18, 2025, at 10:00 AM
Description of timber. Joe Pine is offering all timber within the sale area for sale through his agent, Selling Timber Enterprises (hereafter referred to as "S.T.E."). The timber sale area supports predominately mature lolbly pine sawtimber, with some mixed pine and hardwood pulpwood, and will be reforested following harvest.
Summary of timber volumes : Volume estimates are for information only and are not construed as implying or guaranteeing any specific amount of timber by the owner. For information on timber cruise, contact S.T.E., (111) 222-3333.
Estimated sawtimber: (6" to) Scribner 78 Pine - 212 MBF /1389 Tons
Pine C-N-S -II MBF /100 Tons (10" top) Doyle 78 Misc Hwdd - 2 MBF /18 Tons
Estimated pulpwood (includes topwood) Pine - II Tons Hardwood - 70 Tons
Sale area, property lines, and boundary marking. The timber sale area is bounded by Reedy creek forming the west boundary, center line of state road NCSR 2007 forming the north boundary, and lines described in deed book 8-J page 401 forming the south and east boundaries back to the creek (west boundary). Please see the attached map for better identification. The sale has good access with average logging conditions. The tract is located
22.5 miles east of the town of Red Oak in Tupelo County, NC. Logging access will be provided from NCSR 2007. Tract boundaries are marked with blue paint. Streamside Management Zones (SMZ) are marked in red, and no trees are to be taken from inside SMZs.
Method of sale . Timber will be sold by sealed bid, lump-sum sale on March 18, 2025, from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Bids will be accepted at S.T.E.'s office, 100 Ash Avenue, Red Oak, NC. Only those bids submitted in person at the sale location will be accepted. The seller reserves the right to refuse any and all bids. A 10 % deposit may be due at the time of the sale, at the sole discretion of the seller's agent, S.T.E. At the time of closing the full accepted bid amount will be due. Closing will occur within 10 days of the timber sale. A performance deposit of one thousand dollars will also be required at the time of closing.
Conditions of sale . Sale of the previously described timber tract is subject, but not limited, to the following conditions: (Conditions for harvest will be spelled out in a separate contract and must be signed by both parties.)
- 1.Term. Timber offered under the terms of the sale must be cut and removed within 24 months of execution of the timber deed.
- 2. Assignment of Contract. The buyer may not assign this contract to a third party without consent of the seller or seller's agent. In the event of such assignment, the buyer is not relieved of said duties under the sale contract unless the seller has granted such release. The buyer may subcontract cutting, logging, hauling, and removal of timber without written consent of the seller but will not be relieved of any obligation under the timber sale contract.
- 3. Notification. Seller's agent must be notified at least 24 hours prior to the beginning of logging operations and 24 hours prior to expected harvest completion.
- 4. Decking/skidding/loading. All decking, skidding, and loading shall be done within the designated timber sale areas.
- 5. Ditches. Any ditches on site must be left free of all logging debris. All ditches will be left in better or equal condition to that prior to logging.
- 6. Logging Debris. No logging debris is to be left outside designated sale areas. Logging debris at decking areas is to be scattered throughout sale areas such that no piles are more than 36 inches in height from ground level.
- 7. Boundary Lines and Reserved Areas. Boundary line trees are not to be cut. A fee of two hundred dollars per tree will be assessed for damages to boundary line trees in addition to the value of the tree as assessed by the agent. The buyer shall be responsible for damage to corner markers and boundary trees. All areas within marked boundaries may be harvested with the exception of SMZs.
- 8. Trash/Wildfire. The buyer of the timber will be responsible for keeping his trash off the tract during logging operations, which includes maintaining a trash barrel on site. The buyer is to use reasonable care in preventing wildfires due to his actions.
- 9. Indemnity Clause. The buyer of the timber shall indemnify and hold harmless the seller from any and all liability and any and all loss, including attorney fees and other reasonable expenses incurred, arising from the operations, activities, or omissions of the buyer's employees, contractors, subcontractors, and invitees, and whether such liability or losses be to an adjoining
property, licensees of the buyer, or to any others for property damage, personal injury, death, or otherwise. The buyer must agree to maintain workers' compensation insurance for his agents and employees.
- 10. Title. The seller warrants his title to said timber and agrees to defend said title against any and all claims. Title to said timber passes title to byproducts such as tops, slabs, and sawdust, but only if the purchaser removes these during the time of the timber sale contract. The buyer of the timber will not be permitted to conduct direct firewood sales to the general public from the tract.
- 11. Statutes. It is the responsibility of the buyer to abide by any and all federal, state, and local laws applicable to timber harvesting, such as NC General Statutes § 77-13, § 77-14, and §§ 113A-50 through 82, relating to timber harvesting, water quality, and stream sedimentation as they affect this property and further, that the buyer shall be solely responsible for any violations of such regulations. It is the responsibility of the buyer to follow best management practices in accordance with the Forest Practice Guidelines (15A NCAC N 11 .000-.020).
- 12. Wet Weather Clause. In the event of wet weather, the seller's agent has the right to temporarily suspend harvesting activities if site damage is excessive or probable due to weather conditions. The cutting period will be extended for an equal period that the agent halted harvesting operations.
- 13. Performance Bond. The buyer shall post a one-thousand-dollar performance bond with seller's agent at closing. The bond shall be forfeitable by the buyer to the agent upon failure to perform as per cutting contract, subject to a final logging inspection by the agent. The bond does not limit liability for damages incurred as determined by the agent
- 14. Ingress and Egress. Roads on the timber sale map may be used for ingress and egress. Roads must be maintained in a condition comparable to that found prior to beginning of logging. Gate keys will be provided.
- 15. Stream Crossings. No stream crossings are anticipated. Ditches and streams must be kept clear of all logging debris. The buyer will be responsible for seeding and mulching any stream or ditch crossing that may be encountered during logging.
## Basic contract and deed provisions
Contract. No two timber-cutting contracts are exactly alike, but all contracts should include basic provisions such as:
- 1. Guarantee of title and description of the land and boundary lines.
- 2. Specific description of timber being conveyed; method of designating trees to cut; and when, where, and how to determine volume.
- 3. Terms of payment.
- 4. Starting date and duration of agreement.
- 5. Clauses to cover damages to non-designated trees, fences, ditches, streams, roads, bridges, fields, and buildings.
- 6. Clauses to cover fire damage where harvesting crew is negligent and to protect seller from liability that may arise in the course of harvesting.
- 7. Clause limiting wet weather logging to include repairing damage to the site if any rutting occurs.
Deed . A basic timber deed may contain provisions such as:
- 1. Specification of parties, both seller and buyer.
- 2. Terms of payment.
- 3. Legal description of the property.
- 4. Guarantee of title against third party claims.
- 5. Special conditions under which timberland should be logged. These will vary, depending on the sale.
Possible conditions include:
- a. A clause covering length of time to conduct the harvest.
- b. A map of the sale area designating the location of access, decks, skid trails, etc.
- c. A clause covering what condition roads, skid trails, decks, etc., must be left in upon completion of harvest.
- d. A clause to cover damage to non-designated trees, roads, fences, bridges, streams, etc.
- e. A clause regarding erosion and sediment control.
- f. A clause limiting wet weather logging to include repairing damage to the site if any rutting occurs.
- g. Notification of commencement of harvesting operations.
For advice and help, contact a professional forester.
Do you have access to your land?
Do you have a preharvest plan to protect your interest?
## A Consumer's Guide to Consulting Foresters
## Seeking professional advice
When seeking professional forestry advice, ask some questions:
- · What are your qualifications?
- · What are your fees, and what services do you provide?
- · Are you associated with a sawmill or wood products firm?
- · Can you provide references from previous clients?
To verify whether a forester is registered in North Carolina, visit the North Carolina State Board of Registration for Foresters website.
## What is a consulting forester?
A consulting forester is a full-time professional. He or she represents, for a fee, the interests of his or her clients in all matters concerning the forest. A consulting forester can improve the quality of the forest environment and increase the production of marketable products. When the trees become merchantable, the consulting forester can find buyers and supervise the timber sale. The fee charged by the consultant may be based on an hourly or daily rate or on forest acreage, or it may be a contract price based on a percentage of gross revenues from the sale of the forest products. The cost of these services usually will be recouped by the timber owner through the higher prices received for timber that is marketed correctly and through faster tree growth after the timber is cut and sold.
## What are the qualifications?
As in all professions, the knowledge and experience of consulting foresters vary widely. In North Carolina, registered foresters generally hold a bachelor of science or higher degree in forestry or have shown equivalent knowledge by passing an examination given by the state Board of Registration for Foresters. They must also meet continuing education requirements set forth by the state Board of Registration for Foresters. Many qualified consultants are certified members of the Association of Consulting Foresters of America, Inc.-an organization that promotes the service, practice, and standards of consulting forestry and seeks to strengthen its ethical and professional
standards.
A list of forestry consultants may be obtained from county Cooperative Extension centers, from the NCFS, or from the Association of Consulting Foresters of America, Inc. A landowner may also obtain names from a telephone directory or a woodland-owning friend or neighbor.
## How do you select a consultant?
The landowner should request information from several consulting foresters before selecting one. Be sure to obtain the forester's specific qualifications, references from previous clients, and fee estimates. Ask to see a recent job so you can see the consultant's work for yourself. To prevent a potential conflict of interest, avoid those who are buyers for forest products companies.
Once a professionally qualified consulting forester has been selected, a contract or written agreement should be signed. It should include a list of services to be performed, who will perform them, and the agreed-upon cost of services. The consultant should welcome any questions and clarifications that the landowner may seek. Good communication between the landowner and consultant is essential.
## What services does a consultant provide?
Services offered by consulting foresters vary considerably according to the fee and the landowner's desires. The following is a list of services the landowner should expect from a fully qualified professional. The landowner should be sure that the contract or written agreement clearly itemizes the services he or she expects.
Timber sales. When a stand of timber is to be harvested by the clearcut method, the consultant marks the boundaries of the area. When using the selection method, the consultant marks the boundaries and may or may not mark the specific trees to be harvested, depending on the selection method. The trees to be harvested are marked by painting the stumps as well as the trunks to make sure unmarked trees are not cut. Sometimes the trees to be left are marked instead of the trees to be cut. If the boundary of the timber sale area corresponds with a property boundary, then a survey of the property boundary by a registered surveyor may be required. The consultant will inventory the stand, recording species, diameter, height, and quality. With this information, the consultant will calculate the volume of the sale and prepare a contract or deed for the owner's approval. The consultant also may mark where the skid trails will go and where the trees will be skimded for delimbing, cutting to length, and loading on the log truck.
For a sealed-bid sale, the consulting forester will send potential buyers an "invitation to bid on standing timber," which includes location and tract maps, legal description of the property and how the boundaries are marked, location of any buffers or areas excluded from the sale, and a description of the volumes, species, size classes, and tree quality. The invitation to bid also may include dates for woodlot inspection, the payment schedule, dates for beginning and completing logging operations, the performance deposit required, if any, and any other conditions of the sale that will protect the landowner's property and interests.
The forester will show the woodlot to potential buyers and supervise the opening of bids. After the landowner chooses the buyer, the sale will often be closed through an attorney who will have the buyer sign the deed, then collect the performance bond and all or part of the sale price. Upon closing of the sale, the forester will arrange the details of the logging operation. The consultant will check the logging operation on a periodic basis to ensure that the terms of the agreement are honored.
If a negotiated sale (similar to a sealed-bid sale) is decided upon, the consultant may personally contact buyers in an attempt to receive the best price for the stumpage.
## Management plans . The management plan is based on the landowner's goals and objectives.
Information in the management plan usually describes the goals and objectives, current condition of the forest, stand history, the species present, and the size, volume, and quality of the timber. The plan should list for each forest stand a recommended sequence of operations necessary to achieve the objectives outlined for the management period. Management plans vary in sophistication from a short report based on a brief walk through the woods to a detailed financial analysis with computer simulations of forest growth and suggested treatments. The cost will reflect the time and effort required to collect the data and prepare the report.
To create a management plan, the consulting forester must locate the boundaries of the managed area and conduct an inventory, or timber cruise, of the trees and forest products. Age, stocking, and growth rates are estimated. These data are processed, and a forest-type map is drawn. The forester then develops a management plan that will promote the landowner's objectives.
Appraisal . A buyer or seller of timber may want to know the quantity or value of the timber on the tract for any of several reasons: a timber sale, financial planning, tax planning, establishment of basis, or determination of a casualty loss. The consultant can provide this information by performing a timber cruise and a site analysis. This involves measuring a representative sample of trees, preparing forest-type maps from aerial photographs and ground surveys, and calculating the volume and value of the timber. If a more comprehensive appraisal is desired or required, a forest landowner can have a comparative market analysis conducted by a real estate appraiser or a formal appraisal conducted by a state-certified appraiser.
Boundary marking . Boundary marking requires the forester to check the deed registry, locate the most recent survey, consult with adjacent landowners, and identify boundaries on the ground. Boundaries are flagged, blazed, or painted, and a map showing their bearing and length is drawn and given to the landowner. The consultant may recommend a registered surveyor in case of contested boundaries, litigation, relocation of corners and lines, or establishment of new lines. The consultant cannot provide bona fide surveying services unless he or she is licensed by the state as a registered land surveyor.
Regeneration . The establishment of a new forest crop is encouraged by providing growing space through harvesting, killing, or removing all or part of the preceding crop. Prescribed burning and/or mechanical site preparation is sometimes necessary to create the appropriate environmental conditions for natural or artificial regeneration.
A prescribed burn removes unwanted vegetation or logging residues before the establishment of the new forest. It is a low-cost, low-impact alternative if done correctly. The consultant will assist the landowner in the selection of a contractor or certified burner to conduct the burn. Upon completion, the consultant will inspect the area to determine whether the desired results were achieved.
Landowners interested in conducting prescribed burns on their property should contact the NCFS about the certified burner program.
Mechanical site preparation, often more costly than prescribed burning, typically requires a bulldozer. It is used first to knock down unwanted vegetation and then to chop or pile the vegetation and logging residues. The consulting forester should begin this operation by notifying third-party
contractors and accepting bids on the job. The consultant can assist in the selection of a contractor and will inspect the area upon completion. After the site has been prepared, the consultant or contract crews may plant seeds or seedlings.
## Fire protection. A consultant's tester's role in fire protection is to assist the landowner in reducing the risk of wildfire. Two common methods of forest fire protection include flene reliance construction and maintenance and prescribed burning. Firelanes are barriers built to stop the spread of fire, or they may be created by prescribing burning to reduce fuel. The consultant's role in fire protection is often the role of selecting a contractor who will perform the work.
Timber stand improvement. Timber stand improvement may include any combination of silvicultural (forest care) operations designed to improve the vigor, health, growth, and quality of the trees. Removing undesirable trees that compete with the crop trees can accelerate the growth of the desired trees. Undesirable trees may be removed for fuel wood, killed by chemicals, cut down, or girdled (have a ring of bark several inches to several feet wide cut from around the stem of the tree to cause its death).
Other services. Consultants also may offer advice on wildlife and recreation management, state and federal cost-share programs, tax issues, estate planning, and road construction.
For further information concerning forest land management and choosing a consulting forester, contact your local Cooperative Extension center, NCFS, or the Association of Consulting Foresters of America, Inc.
## Summary
A landowner need not sell timber frequently to sell it successfully, but selling timber still can be a mysterious and complex process. It is highly recommended that you use a consulting forester to sell your timber. Remember, a single sale may be your only chance to cash in on the many years of annual income accumulated in a mature timber stand.
No single publication could cover all possible marketing situations, nor could it make you an expert timber seller. But there are questions you should ask and answers you should know. See a forester for help before selling timber. Know what to sell and when to sell. Plan for reforestation. Be a tough trader. In short, market your timber in a businesslike manner to get the most that it will bring.
## References
Some of the materials used in this publication are from Extension Forestry Woodland Owner Notes.
Bardon, Robert. 2015. Selling Your Timber? Don't Make an Uninformed Decision! AG-186. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension.
Clark, J. 2018, October 3). "Data Reinforces Value of a Consulting Forester on Timber Sales." ResourceWise Market Watch Blog. October 3.
Cubbage, F. W., B. D. New, and R. J. Moulton. 1996. "Evaluations of technical assistance programs for nonindustrial private forest landowners." Pages 367-376 in Proceedings: Symposium on Nonindustrial Private Forests: Learning from the Past, Prospects for the Future. Minnesota Extension Service. St. Paul, MN; University of Minnesota.
Gardner, William E., and William M. Stanton. Before You Sell Your Timber . WON-19. Raleigh, NC:
N.C. Cooperative Extension.
Hamilton, Rick A. 2000. A Consumer's Guide to Consulting Foresters. WON-6. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension.
Stanton, William M., and Rick A. Hamilton. Timber Sale Agreements . WON-10. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension.
## Appendix
## Cut Your Timber, Not Your Profits!
## Determine Financial Maturity by Percent Growth
## Introduction
Forest landowners sell timber for various reasons. Frequently, timber harvesting and other forest management decisions are based on economics. Product changes, current market strength, and market trends influence economic decisions. One important economic consideration is the rate at which a tree or stand is growing in value.
Stands of trees have fairly predictable volume growth rates. After several decades of vigorous development, growth rate declines with increasing age. Value growth is more complex than volume growth, since it is also influenced by quality standards and changing products. Generally, value growth rate also slows after trees grow into more valuable product classes. As its value growth falls below some "acceptable" rate, a timber stand is considered to be "financially mature" and should be thinned or harvested.
To determine financial maturity, measure the market value of both tree volume and growth. Most North Carolina landowners receive the highest values for sawtimber and veneer logs, products that are generally measured in board feet. Thus, you should estimate the board-foot content and growth of standing timber.
Two ways to look at forest value growth are value growth per acre and value growth percent. When land is limited, managers sometimes try to maximize value and growth per acre. A stand might be scheduled for harvest when it no longer produces, for example, 500 board feet (or its economic equivalent, depending on markets, say $60) per acre per year. You should compare this per-acre amount with other income opportunities, such as crops.
Money is more limited than land in most investment situations. Managers therefore try to maximize return per dollar. To do this, value growth of trees (or stands) is more usefully expressed as a percentage to compare with rates of return possible through alternative investments. When a stand's stumpage value (the capital tied up in a stand) could earn more in alternative investments (a higher percentage), then the stand is financially mature.
These two methods of evaluating the adequacy of timber growth can lead to quite different answers. For example, a stand containing 5,000 board feet per acre and growing 500 board feet per acre per year is returning 10 %. Ten years later, the same stand should contain 10,000 board feet because each year's growth has been automatically reinvested (tax free). However, the stand is now returning only 5 % (500 on 10,000), even though the volume growth rate has remained constant. After converting percent volume growth to value growth, the investor with more attractive alternatives elsewhere would prepare to market this financially maturing timber stand.
The following tables use easy-to-collect field measurements to estimate the volume growth of standing timber expressed as a percentage. Volume growth is then systematically converted to value growth so that financial maturity may be assessed.
## How to estimate volume growth
Select several of the tallest, most vigorous "crop" trees in the stand to be sampled. Estimate both the present volume and growth for these crop trees.
Present volume is estimated by the appropriate log rule after measuring 1) the Diameter Breast High outside bark (DBH, 4.5 feet above the ground line), and 2) the merchantable height in number of 16foot logs. Merchantable height is the point at which the top of the smallest sawlog would be cut and is usually determined by the location of heavy limbs. The upper stem diameter at this point (merchantable top) may range from less than 50 % of DBH for 4-log or taller trees to about 80 % of DBH for 1-log trees. Merchantable top diameters in most small to medium sawmiller average about 8 inches inside bark.
Growth estimation also depends on both height and diameter, as they change over some time period (for example, 10 years).
Merchantable height growth is difficult to measure but may be roughly estimated using Appendix Table 1. Height growth is primarily determined by age and site index (the quality of the soil for tree growth). Appendix Table 1 assumes approximately constant 30 % live crown for "typical" conditions.
| | Site index (feet)a | Site index (feet)a | Site index (feet)a |
|-------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
| Age (years) | 60 | 80 | 100 |
| 20 | ½ | ½ | 1 |
| 40 | 0-½ | ½ | ½ |
| 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Diameter growth can be measured by extracting a growth core. Measure the last 10 growth rings (10 years' radial growth) and multiply by 2.1 to convert to diameter and compensate for bark growth. An alternative for fast growing trees is to count the number of rings in the last radial inch.
Use this size and growth information to determine the board-foot growth rate in percent annual compound interest (Appendix Table 2). Size of tree determines the appropriate line in the table, while growth rate determines the correct column. An example is given below the table. Keep in mind that no stand can grow at a rate greater than its most vigorous crop trees.
| Growth of tree 10- year height growth (merchantable 16- foot logs) | None | One-half | One-half | One-half | One-half | One-half | One-half | One-half | One-half | One-half |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|-----------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 10-year DBH growth (inches outside bark) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Rings per radial inch | 20 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
| Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree | Size of tree |
| DBH | No. | Vol. board ft | 16- feet | 1 | 10 | 10 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 17.5 | 19.8 |
| 6 | 1 | 10 | 4.1 | 7.7 | 10.8 | 13.7 | 16.5 | 7.7 | 11.6 | 17.5 |
| 8 | 1 | 21 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 8.2 | 10.3 | 12.3 | 6.4 | 9.1 | 11.3 |
| 2 | 35 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 12.3 | 4.2 | 7.0 | 9.4 | 11.7 |
| 10 | 1 | 36 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 5.4 | 7.5 | 9.6 |
| 2 | 59 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 10.0 |
| 3 | 73 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 9.1 | 11.0 | - | 5.8 | 8.0 | 9.9 |
| 12 | 1 | 56 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 6.6 | 8.0 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 8.3 |
| 2 | 92 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 8.4 | 3.5 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 8.6 |
| 3 | 120 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 7.2 | 8.8 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 8.2 |
| 4 | 137 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 7.6 | 9.2 | - | - | - | - |
| 14 | 1 | 78 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 7.7 |
| 2 | 132 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 3.3 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 7.6 |
| 3 | 174 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 7.1 |
| 4 | 200 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 7.9 | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | 1 | 106 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 0.5 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 9.5 | 6.9 |
|------|-----|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | 2 | 180 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 4.7 |
| | 3 | 241 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 4 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 3.2 |
| | 4 | 285 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 6.6 | - | - | - | 6.0 | 7.3 | - |
| 18 | 1 | 136 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 6.9 |
| | 2 | 233 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 4.4 |
| | 3 | 314 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 3.1 |
| | 4 | 374 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 5.9 | - | 3.2 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 6.7 | - |
| 20 | 1 | 171 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 6.9 |
| | 2 | 296 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 5 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 6.8 | 4.3 |
| | 3 | 401 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 3.1 |
| | 4 | 480 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 2.5 |
| | 5 | 542 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22 | 1 | 211 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 6.7 |
| | 2 | 368 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 4.1 |
| | 3 | 500 | 1 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 2.9 |
| | 4 | 603 | 1 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 2.4 |
| | 5 | 691 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24 | 1 | 251 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 6.8 |
| | 2 | 411 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 4.2 |
| | 3 | 605 | 1 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 2.8 |
a International 1/4-inch Log Rule, form class 78
b Vol(year N+10) = (I+(i)+10
## Vol(year N)
EXAMPLE: Use left columns to enter appropriate tree size (DBH and number of me logs). Use top headings to enter growth estimate (number of merchantable16-foot DBH growth or number of rings per radial inch). A 12-inch, two-log tree growing or 10 years (or five rings per inch, radial growth) is increasing at 10.1 %.
| 10-year price ratio | Percent annual price increase | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | Percent annual board foot volume growth (from Appendix Table 2) | |
|------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| | | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | | | | | | |
| 1.0 | 0.0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | | | | | | |
| 1.2 | 2.0 | 4 | 6.1 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 12.2 | | | | | | |
| 1.5 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 14.4 | | | | | | |
| 1.8 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 12.4 | 14.5 | 16.6 | | | | | | |
| 2.2 | 8.0 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 14.5 | 16.6 | 18.8 | | | | | | |
| 2.6 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 14.4 | 16.6 | 18.8 | 21 | | | | | | |
| 3.1 | 12.0 | 14.2 | 16.5 | 18.7 | 21 | 23.2 | | | | | | |
## How to estimate value growth
The growth rates in Appendix table 2 are based upon merchantable volume growth only. If stumpage prices are the same at the beginning and end of the growth period (10 years), then value growth would be identical to volume growth. This is usually not the case. Both inflation and the increasing value of larger trees tend to increase stumpage prices over time. To convert volume growth to value growth, apply price change information using Appendix Table 3.
If price increase information is expressed as a percentage, it is roughly (but not exactly) additive to volume growth. Where appropriate prices for the end and beginning of a 10-year growth period are available, a simple price ratio (price at the end of 10 years divided by price at beginning) may be used to enter Appendix Table 3. As an example, a price ratio of 1.5 (50 % increase in 10 years, or 4 % annual compound interest rate) applied to the example tree from Appendix Table 2 growing at 10
% gives a value growth rate of 14.4 % per year.
## Conclusion
Percent growth is one technique for deciding when to thin or harvest a financially mature forest. Still, this is only a guide. Market fluctuations alone can offset several years' growth. And most stands can be managed many years beyond strict financial maturity before stagnation or potential catastrophe begins to force regeneration or a timber sale. Therefore, percent growth or any other determination of financial maturity must be accompanied by a comprehensive management plan and sound marketing strategy.
Appendix prepared by
William E. Gardner, Extension Forest Resources Specialist (Timber Stand Improvement)
## Authors
Robert Bardon Associate Dean of Extension, Department Extension Leader & Professor Forestry & Environmental Resources
Robert Bardon
Associate Dean of Extension, Department Extension Leader & Professor Forestry & Environmental
Resources
Publication date: June 2, 2015
Reviewed/Revised: March 25, 2025 AG-640
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE586 | 2021 Handbook of Florida Water Regulation: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act [Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act] | University of Florida | [
"Michael T. Olexa",
"Tatiana Borisova",
"Jana Caracciolo"
] | 2021-06-20 | [
"2. Water Quality, Quantity, and Supply"
] | FL | ## 2021 Handbook of Florida Water Regulation: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act [Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act]
Michael T. Olexa, Tatiana Borisova, and Jana Caracciolo
## Preface
This handbook is designed to provide an accurate, current, and authoritative summary of the principal federal and state (Florida) laws that directly or indirectly relate to agriculture. This handbook provides a basic overview of the many rights and responsibilities that farmers and farmland owners have under both federal and state laws as well as the appropriate contact information to obtain more detailed information. However, the reader should be aware that because the laws, administrative rulings, and court decisions on which this handbook is based are subject to constant revision, portions of this publication could become outdated at any time. Several details of cited laws are also left out due to space limitations. This handbook is provided as an educational text for those interested in water use and water resource issues in Florida.
This handbook is distributed with the understanding that the authors are not engaged in rendering legal or other professional advice, and the information contained herein should not be regarded as a substitute for professional advice. This handbook is not all inclusive in providing information to achieve compliance with the federal and state laws and regulations governing water protection. For these reasons, the use of these materials by any person constitutes an agreement to hold harmless the authors, the UF/IFAS Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law, and UF/IFAS Extension for any liability claims, damages, or expenses that may be incurred by any person as a result of reference to one reliance on the information contained in this handbook. Note: UF/IFAS is the acronym for University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
## EPCRA Overview
The federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), also known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), was passed in 1986 as part of SARA . EPCRA was passed in response to concerns about the environmental and safety hazards posed by the storage and handling of toxic chemicals, hazardous chemicals, and extremely hazardous substances.
EPCRA establishes requirements for federal, state, and local governments; Native American tribes; and chemical facilities regarding emergency planning for releases/spills of toxic chemicals, hazardous chemicals, or extremely hazardous substances. EPCRA also establishes requirements regarding community right-to-know reporting on toxic chemicals, hazardous chemicals, and extremely hazardous substances. EPCRA's right-to-know provisions are designed to help increase the public's knowledge and access to information on chemicals at local facilities, their uses, and releases into the environment. Using this information, states, communities, and chemical facilities can improve chemical safety, and protect public health, safety, and the environment from chemical hazards.
While EPCRA establishes general requirements for states to follow, it mandates that the states themselves must set the specific categories and requirements by which chemical facilities in those states will be regulated under EPCRA, by enacting state versions of EPCRA. These version supplements EPCRA and can be even more stringent. Landowners should consult their state's version of EPCRA. Florida's version of EPCRA is known as the Florida Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (FEPRCA).
## Who enforces EPCRA?
While the United States Environmental Protection Agency (ESPA) is the primary enforcer of the EPCRA, state governors and/or State Emergency Response Commissions (SERC) are the primary enforcers of their own state's version of EPCRA. In Florida, agencies -the Florida State Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Commission (FSHMCR) and the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM)-enforce FECPRA. Note, however, that according to FECPRA, FSHMERC and FDEM cannot bring action against a violator of a FECPRA requirement if EPA has brought and is pursuing an administrative order or civil penalty to enforce or is imposing a civil penalty for violating the same requirement under EPCRA.
## What facilities are covered by EPCRA?
EPCRA regulates facilities that produce and/or store extremely hazardous substances and toxic or hazardous chemicals above the threshold amounts as listed and determined by EPA. These facilities must notify the appropriate state officials, identified by EPCRA, that they are covered by EPCA. For a complete list of chemicals listed as extremely hazardous substances, toxic chemicals, or hazardous chemicals and their threshold storage amounts, please consult EPA (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol28/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol28-part302.pdf).
## What does EPCRA require?
The federal EPCRA has five major provisions:
First, under EPRCA's emergency planning provision, the governor of each state has appointed a state emergency response commission (SERC) to implement the EPRCA provisions within its state. SERCs may be made up of one or more existing state-supported or appointed emergency response organizations, and to the extent possible, should be comprised of people with expertise in emergency response. The SERC appoints members to a local emergency planning committee (LECP) in each emergency planning district. LEPC membership must include local officials (i.e., police, fire, civil defense, public health, transportation, and environmental professionals), representativestof facilities subject to the emergency planning requirements, and the media. It is the responsibility of each LEPC to develop its district's emergency response plan, review the plan annually along with the SERC and regional response teams, and provide information about the emergency response plan in the community to citizens in the district.
For a map of Florida's LEPC, please visit the Florida Division of Emergency Management's website: https://www.flordidasister.gov/globalassets/maps/lepcapm.pdf.
## Required elements of a district emergency response plan include the following:
- Identify facilities and transportation routes of extremely hazardous substances
- Describe emergency response procedures, on and off site
- Designate a community emergency coordinator and facility coordinator(s) to implement the plan
- Describe how to determine the probable affected area and population by releases
- Outline evacuation plans
For the complete list of requirements, please consult EPA.
Second, EPCRA also imposes several reporting requirements on the owners or operators of the facilities covered by EPCRA. Owners or operators of these facilities must submit Material Safety Data Sheets (for each chemical), a hazardous chemical inventory form, and a toxic chemical release inventory form of all the extremely hazardous substances and toxic or hazardous chemicals that the facilities have produced and are storing to each of the following:
- The appropriate LEPC
- The SERC
- The fire department with jurisdiction over the facility
For a complete list of what should be included in each of these reports, please consult EPA, FSHMERC, or FDEM.
Third, if there is a release/spill of one bound or more of any extremely hazardous substance or toxic or hazardous chemical at a facility, the owners or operators of that facility must provide an emergency notification to the community emergency coordinator of the LEPC of the district in which the facility is located. If the release/spill occurred during transportation or storage incident to transportation, the emergency notification requirement will be satisfied by dialing 911.
The emergency notification must contain in the following:
- · The chemical name of any substance released
- An indication of whether the substance is extremely hazardous
- · An estimate of the quantity released into the environment
- · The time and duration of the release
- Whether the release occurred into air, water, and/or land
- Any known or anticipated acute or chronic health risks associated with the emergency, and where necessary, advice regarding medical attention for exposed individuals
- Proper precautions, such as evacuation or sheltering in place
- Name and telephone number of contact person
A written follow-up notice must be submitted to SERC and LEPC as soon as practicable after the release. The follow-up notice must update information included in the initial notice and provide information on actual response actions taken and advice regarding medical attention necessary for citizens exposed.
## What does FEPCRA require?
In Florida, FEPCRA requires that these reporting requirements apply to facilities in both the manufacturing and the nonmanufacturing sectors in the state and to the governmental bodies of Florida.
It also requires that the owners or operators of facilities in Florida that are covered by EPCRA must pay several fees, including an annual registration fee, to FSHMERC. The registration fee ranges from $25 to $2,000, based on the number of employees employed in Florida at facilities under common ownership or control of the owners or operators (see the How-toComply Manual at https://www.flordidaeister.org/globalassets/dem/response/technology\_hazards/epcra/florida-how-tocomply-manual--feb2022.pdf).
Owners or operators of facilities that are required under EPCRA to notify FSHMERC must also pay a one-time filing fee of $50 per facility. Owners or operators of facilities that are required under EPCRA to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Form must pay an annual reporting fee of up to $150. For a complete list of the fees required under EPCRA, please consult FSHMERC or FEDM. All fees required by FEPCRA are used to support and maintain the FEPCRA institutions across Florida.
## What are the penalties under EPCRA?
First, an owner or operator of a facility who fails to notify the appropriate state officials (identified by EPCRA) that the facility is covered by EPCRA can be assessed by EPA with a civil penalty of up to $25,000 for each day that the violation occurs or continues.
Second, any person who knowingly and willfully fails to provide emergency notification of a release can face a fine of up to $25,000 and/or a criminal penalty of up to two years' imprisonment. In the case of a subsequent conviction, the violator can face a fine of up to $50,000 and/or a criminal penalty of up to five years' imprisonment.
Note: A civil penalty for violating the requirements of an emergency notification cannot be imposed without notice to the violator and the opportunity for a hearing. In addition, EPCRA provides for limited citizen lawsuits against violators of EPCRA.
## What are the penalties under EPCRA?
First, in Florida, any owner or operator of a facility, an employer, or any other person who knowingly or recklessly provides false written information to be provided pursuant to EPCRA or FEPCRA to FSHMERC, FDEM, or a fire department is liable for a civil penalty of $5,000 for each item of false information submitted.
Second, any person who knowingly and willfully provides false information or causes such information to be provided, pursuant to EPCRA or FEPCRA to FSHMERC, FDEM, or a fire department, will be guilty of a third-degree felony punishable by a criminal penalty of up to five years' imprisonment and/or a fine of $5,000.
Note: Misdemeanors are crimes that are punishable by imprisonment of one year or less, and felonies are crimes that are punishable by imprisonment of more than one year. Misdemeanors and felonies are further classified by degrees according to the level of severity, with first degree being the most serious crimes.
Third, FEPCRA states that any provision of EPCRA that creates a federal cause of action will also create a corresponding cause of action under Florida state law, with jurisdiction in the circuit courts. Furthermore, any provision of EPCRA that imposes or authorizes EPA to impose a civil penalty will also impose or authorize the imposition of a civil penalty by FDEM.
As mentioned above, it is important to remember that according to FEPCRA, an action cannot be brought against a violator of a requirement of FEPCRA if EPA has brought and is pursuing an administrative order or civil penalty to enforce, or imposing a civil penalty for a violation of the same requirement under EPCRA.
## Sources
42 United States Code, Sections 11001 to 11050
Chapter 252, Florida Statutes, Sections 252.81 to 252.905
## Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to the personnel of both state and federal agencies who provided their time and advice in the preparation of this handbook. We acknowledge Carol Fountain and Susan Gildersleeve at the University of Florida for their assistance in editing this handbook. We also acknowledge funding received for updating this publication from the James S. and Dorothy F. Wershow UF/IFAS Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law Endowment.
Publication #FE586
Release Date:
June 21, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe536-2021
Critical Issue: 2. Water Quality, Quantity, and Supply
Contacts: Mike Olexa
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is FE586, one of a series of the Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1998. Revised June 2017 and April 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Michael T. Olexa, professor, Food and Resource Economics Department, and director, UF/IFAS Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law, and member of The Florida Bar; Tatiana Borisova, associate professor, Food and Resource Economics Department; and Jana Caracciolo, student, Levin College of Law; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Food and Resource Economics
## Handbook of Florida Water Regulation
44 Publication(s)
Borisova, Tatiana
external
University of Florida
Olexa, Michael T.
Specialist
University of Florida
Handbook of Florida Water Regulation |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cost-analysis-for-improving-park-facilities-to-promote-park-based-physical-activity | Cost Analysis for Improving Park Facilities to Promote Park-based Physical Activity | NC State University | [
"Myron Floyd",
"Luis J. Suau",
"Robby Layton",
"Jay E. Maddock",
"Karly Bitsura-Meszaros"
] | null | [
"Park Facilities",
"Physical Activity",
"Cost Analysis"
] | NC | ## Cost Analysis for Improving Park Facilities to Promote Park-based Physical Activity
Introduction
Because public parks are widely available in communities across the country, parks are recognized as important environments for promoting active lifestyles. A growing number of studies suggest that parks contribute significantly to physical activity among adults and children$^{1-4}$ Research conducted in parks demonstrates that particular areas within parks produce more activity than others$^{5-8}$ Results from these kinds of studies have inspired researchers to more closely examine the potential of parks to promote physical activity. These examinations use intervention studies and natural experiments. In these studies, researchers are able to obtain baseline measures on park use and activity in a park before an improvement occurs and compare the measures to data obtained following the improvement. Such comparisons evaluate the extent to which park facilities encourage increased use and activity levels. Studies of this kind show promising results. In general, parks are used more often and users are more active following improvements or renovations$^{9-13}$
Translating this research evidence to on-the-ground planning and construction inevitably shifts the discussion to financial considerations. What are the financial costs of adding or maintaining new facilities that could increase use and activity? What are the life span costs relative to increased use and additional physical activity? Answers to such questions can provide objective information to park officials, policymakers, and citizens to help them make more informed decisions about park facilities construction to promote active lifestyles. Park and recreation agencies at all levels of government are challenged now more than ever to provide high quality services in a fiscally conservative environment. As public parks and recreation facilities are increasingly positioned as health resources, greater demands for providing and using parks are expected. Park improvement projects with the stated purpose of encouraging activity need to be supported by data on the financial costs associated with making such improvements.
## Objectives
The goal of our analysis is to provide realistic and objective estimates of costs of providing park facilities that can increase physical activity. To our knowledge, no study has attempted to establish the financial costs associated with providing park facilities and amenities most supportive of physical activity during a park visit. Our analysis addressed three aims:
- 1. Identify designated recreational activity use zones within selected parks and classify them as high-activity, moderate-activity, and low-activity zones using data derived from systematic observations.
- 2. Describe the facilities, equipment, and amenities in the recreational activity use zones where the activity occurred.
- 3. Estimate the construction costs of facilities and equipment in different types of recreational use zones (that is, high-activity, moderate-activity, and low-activity zones).
## Our Approach
The analysis takes advantage of park use and observed physical activity data available from two previous studies funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Active Living Research (project numbers 55862 and 59449) and park construction and maintenance cost data provided by Design Concepts CLA, Inc. (Lafayette, CO).
## Data Sources
Physical Activity. Data on physical activity come from systematic observations of 10 parks in Tampa, FL, 18 parks in Chicago, IL, and 20 neighborhood parks in Durham, NC. These studies provide objective measures of park-based physical activity using the System for Observing Play and Leisure among Youth (SOPLAY) (Tampa and Chicago parks) and the System for Observation Play and Active Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) (Durham parks). The parks from all three cities were selected to include parks with potential to serve low-income and minority communities. Results have been published from the Tampa-Chicago$^{14}$-16 and Durham studies.$^{17-20}$
In the Tampa and Chicago parks, four scanning periods (two in the AM; two in the PM) were conducted for each activity area (such as, basketball courts, picnic areas, playgrounds). Observers also recorded ages, gender, types of activity, predominant activities, and environmental variables, including the time of day (AM or PM). Observations took place in the parks between 10 AM and 6 PM from Friday through Sunday during the spring (Tampa, March - April) and early summer (Chicago, May - June) of 2005. Trained observers coded park users' behaviors into one of three activity levels: sedentary (such as standing, sitting, lying down), moderate activity (such as walking and other moderate intensity activities), and vigorous activity (such as running, climbing, jumping).
Similarly, for the Durham parks, observations occurred for eight weeks from 10 AM to 7 PM (EDT) on all weekend days and two randomly selected weekdays between May and July of 2007. Each
park was observed 16 times over the study period (eight weekend days and eight weekdays).
Following the SOPARC protocol, observed activity was coded as sedentary, moderate, and vigorous. Note that observed activities of park users within specific zones may reflect uses other than those intended (such as playing soccer on a football field or children playing with toys on a tennis court).
Kilocalories expended in each park activity were estimated by equating activity categories with these constants : .051 kcal/kg/min for sedentary, 0.096 kcal/kg/min for moderate, and 0.144 kcal/kg/min for vigorous. For example, if 10 park users were observed in a playground and two were sedentary, four were walking, and four were vigorously active, the resulting energy expenditures for each activity group would be 0.102 (sedentary), 0.384 (moderate), and 0.576 (vigorous), or a total of 1.06 kcal/min. For this analysis, we use kcal/kg/hour to be consistent with SOPLAY, a freerunner of SOPARC, and other studies.$^{21-22, 6-15}$
Park Facilities. Data on park facilities and features were obtained by direct observation from 10 parks in Tampa, FL; 28 parks in Chicago, IL; and 20 parks in Durham, NC. Each park was audited to identify and measure the presence or absence of specific facilities (such as play structures and basketball hoops) and amenities (such as water fountains and benches). Audits were conducted in the predetermined SOPLAY activity zones mapped by two of the project investigators. For all cities, zones were grouped as: fields (softball, football, soccer, etc.)(n=187), courts (basketball, tennis, etc.)(n=93), playgrounds (n=66), open space areas (n=31) and shelters (n=69). Zone counts for each city were as follows in Table 1:
| | Zone Types | Zone Types | Zone Types | Zone Types | Zone Types | |
|-------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|-------|
| City | Fields | Courts | Playgrounds | Open Areas | Shelters | Total |
| Chicago, IL | 93 | 43 | 27 | 7 | 1 | 171 |
| Tampa, FL | 25 | 20 | 15 | 18 | 53 | 131 |
| Durham, NC | 69 | 30 | 24 | 6 | 15 | 129 |
| Total | 187 | 93 | 66 | 31 | 69 | 446 |
Qualitative descriptions of each park zone were also recorded.
Park construction costs . Cost estimation is as much an art as a science, and expert judgment is required to generate an accurate estimate for a specific project. There are numerous variables that affect the final cost of any project, including the site's existing conditions, its location, the presence or absence of support facilities and other features necessary for the proposed project, and other factors. Some items vary considerably in size, type, materials, configuration, and other aspects that affect their cost. Costs shown in this report do not include the cost of land acquisition and design, engineering, permits, and other soft costs. For these reasons, we recommend that a contingency in the range of 20 percent to 30 percent be added to these items if they are to be newly constructed on undeveloped sites. It should also be expected that once a final estimate is reached, the actual contractor bid price could range as much as 20 percent below to 20 percent above that estimate depending on the many factors involved. General standards accepted in the industry are that final estimates based on detailed plans should be accurate to within plus or minus 10 percent of the actual bid price, but even this is not always guaranteed. The cost estimates were based on costs data from actual park development and park master planning projects performed by Layton and Design Concepts CLA Inc. Location factors were used to adjust costs to a particular location.
## Analysis
To describe physical activity levels in parks, the following data are reported: (1) the total number of users of each park activity zone, (2) estimated total energy expenditure for each type of park activity zone (kcal/kg/hour), and (3) estimated energy expenditure over and above sedentary level energy expenditure. By calculating energy expenditure over and above sedentary levels (removing basal metabolic rate), park zones will show only levels of active energy expenditure. For example, zones with large numbers of users will show high levels of energy expenditure, even if all use is sedentary, because any activity (such as standing or sitting) expands energy. Therefore, the resulting measure of active energy expenditure provides the best indication of the potential for park zones and their components to promote moderate and vigorous activity levels.
By using active energy expenditure (AEE), we wanted to emphasize physical activity over and above the sedentary rate. For this, energy expenditure without a basal metabolic rate (BMR), or AEE, was calculated by obtaining the total energy expenditure per zone, then subtracting sedentary energy expenditure from all the participants, including those at the moderate and vigorous levels. For example, if energy expenditure (EE) for sedentary = 1, moderate = 3, and vigorous = 6, and there were 10 participants in a zone (five participants being sedentary, four moderately active, and one vigorously active), our typical approach to calculating EE would be: 5'1 = 5; 4'3 = 12; 1'6 = 6. The products are summed to provide total EE (that is, 5+12=6 = 23 overall EE). So if all 10
participants were classified as sedentary (10°1 = 10), and we subtract that from total EE (23 minus 10), the result would be an AEE of 13. Also, total AEE for all zones was divided by the total scans of observations in each zone to obtain a standardized AEE per observation.
Using total estimated AEE, each park activity zone was given a total energy expenditure score and was subsequently ranked to create classifications of high (coded 1), moderate (coded 2), and low activity zones (coded as 3). The AEE classes for the recorded variable were determined using the original levels of AEE for moderate (5.76 kcal/kg/hr) and vigorous (8.64 kcal/kg/hr). Low activity (or sedentary level) was any zone below 2.0 kcal/kg/hr.
We also computed an "active energy expenditure cost" (AECE) rating that indicates the cost of constructing a park facility relative to the amount of physical activity (AEE) it generates. The AEEC rating was calculated by recording each zone into three classes for EE (1= highly active; 2 = moderately active; 3 = low active) and three classes for cost (1 = low cost; 2 = medium cost; and 3 = high cost). The cost classes were determined using tertiles from the cost values. After adding the classes together, a range from 2 (2 = most active; least expensive) to 6 (least active; most expensive) was created and recoded into 1 to 5 (by reducing one number in each category) to rate the activity zones in terms of cost and energy expenditure (Table 7).
## Organization of the Report
This report is organized by first presenting an overview of physical activity participation in park activity zones. Total numbers of park users observed, total energy expenditure, and AEE are reported. Second, the cost efficiency results are reported.
## Analysis and Results
## Park Zone Descriptions
A description of each type of park zone used for this analysis that includes photographs of the different zone types is provided in the sections below. In addition to the zone description, size of the zones (mean), the number of park users used to calculate EE values, construction costs, maintenance costs, and the zone's AEEC rating are provided. A summary of energy expenditure, cost estimation, and cost-efficiency is presented in the following section.
## Active Energy Expenditure
Active energy expenditure is reported to show physical activity intensities above the basal metabolic rate. To obtain AEE per observation, the total amount of AEE for each zone was divided by the total observations of that zone, including observations with zero participants (that is, no park users were present during scheduled observations). Four types of zones exhibit AEE amounts greater than 10 kcal/kg/hr (Table 2). Highest AEE was recorded for football fields (35.93), large soccer fields (16.01), tracks (14.77), and small soccer fields (12.39). The next most active zones, with AEE between 5 and 10 kcal/kg/hr, included small (9.6) and large volleyball courts (7.65), small (7.35) and medium shelters (8.66), outdoor racquetball courts (7.64), medium (5.08) and large playgrounds (7.09), small (6.42) and medium softball/baseball fields (5.53), and large basketball courts (5.02). Other zones
typically found in parks that were in the lower range of AEE were small playgrounds (1.92) and medium soccer fields (1.73). Zones designated for picnicking were all less than 1.5 kcal/kg/hr, irrespective of their sizes.
## Costs Analysis
Based on each zone's description and size, a cost estimate was provided to indicate what it would cost to reproduce that zone in 2013 dollars. An overview of national costs associated with each zone type is shown in Table 3 , which also includes an estimate of annual maintenance costs. The costs are adjusted to reflect national and city-by-city cost differences (Table 2). Overall national costs are reported in the main summary of this report. Separate estimates are provided to show costs associated with park construction in Tampa, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; and Durham, North Carolina (Tables 4 through 6 ). As noted previously, the physical activity data were collected in parks located in these cities.
| | Materials | Installation | Total (Average) |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Tampa, FL | 99.5 | 81.1 | 91.4 |
| Chicago, IL | 99.3 | 138.3 | 116.5 |
| Durham, NC | 100.3 | 53.9 | 79.9 |
| Denver, CO | 101.7 | 83.4 | 93.6 |
| National Weight Average | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Source: RSMMeans Engineering Staff. (2012). Location factors index. In building | Source: RSMMeans Engineering Staff. (2012). Location factors index. In building | Source: RSMMeans Engineering Staff. (2012). Location factors index. In building | Source: RSMMeans Engineering Staff. (2012). Location factors index. In building |
| construction cost data. Kingston, MA: Gordon Group, Inc. | construction cost data. Kingston, MA: Gordon Group, Inc. | construction cost data. Kingston, MA: Gordon Group, Inc. | construction cost data. Kingston, MA: Gordon Group, Inc. |
To adjust national costs to a specific location:
City Cost = (NationalCost * LocationFactor) + 100
To adjust Denver, CO costs to a specific location:
City Cost = (LocationFactor+ DenverLocationFactor)* DenverCost
To indicate which zones have the greatest potential to support physical activity through existing facilities or could increase opportunities for higher levels of activity by constructing new facilities, an AEEC rating was calculated for each type of park zone observed in Tampa, Chicago, and Durham parks. Lower ratings indicate greater cost efficiency with respect to a zone's observed AEE. By contrast, high rating values indicate "poor efficiency", meaning that a particular type of zone is costly and produces low levels of AEE. To make the interpretation of the rating clear, the ratings were recoded to form a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 designated as the "most cost efficient" and 5 as the "least cost efficient." The results of the AEEC ratings analysis are shown in Table 7 , where the park zones are ranked according to the 1-to-5 AEEC classification.
Based on the AEEC ratings, the most efficient zones were multi-use courts and small shelters. Both of these maximized energy expenditure while minimizing the construction and maintenance costs. A second grouping of zones, the next most cost efficient, consisted of small and medium open areas, medium and large basketball courts, and medium volleyball courts. At the opposite end of the scale,
the least cost-efficient zones (that is, high cost and low AEE) were large trails (mostly large walkways) and large volleyball courts, pools, medium playgrounds, and all sizes of softball/baseball fields.
## Limitations and Strengths of the Analysis
The following limitations should be considered in using the results of this analysis. First, the physical activity data are limited to observations conducted in neighborhood parks in three cities. These observations were conducted in spring and summer months on selected weekdays and weekend days (both Saturday and Sundays) and do not account for all possible times parks could be used. Second, the energy expenditure measures are based on constant values assigned to physical intensity categories (sedentary, moderate, and vigorous activity levels) and may not reflect exact levels of energy expenditures associated with people's physical activity behaviors in parks. Third, data used to estimate costs of constructing park facilities were derived from historical bids on park design and building projects. Such estimates vary with factors such as extent of site preparation required, land acquisition, weather delays, geographic and locational differences, and other contingencies.
The analysis is based on actual use of parks, and data were obtained by objective and widely accepted methods for recording physical activity in parks. In addition, the costs data were derived from actual bids made by a park master planning firm with more than 25 years of industry experience. The cost estimates were also adjusted for locational differences by applying locational factors based on industry standards.
## Conclusions
This analysis combined physical activity data from three park studies with park facilities cost data taken from actual bids on park development projects. Our goal in the analysis was to use these data to provide insights on costs associated with improving park facilities to promote physical activity. Neither cost nor physical activity (AEE alone) should drive the design and management of parks. Both factors are part of a complete set of information that should be used to make informed decisions that are informed by statistical evidence whenever possible. The AECE rating can offer new information to help decision-makers balance all of the competing interests and issues associated with providing parks and other greenspaces. Public greenspace has to serve a broad set of needs within a community, one of which is to encourage active living. Given that need, active living facilities should be provided routinely throughout the park or greenspace system. The AECE rating could be useful when tight budgets, political issues, or both are preventing the provision of adequate active-living components in a situation. For example, if there is political resistance to spending money on 'developed' park features in a location, the benefits of activity-generating features could be used as evidence for providing developed features, and the AECC rating could be used to show that the proposed features do provide a justifiable return on the investment.
There is also a danger, however, that improper application of the AECE rating could lead to an oversupply of multi-courts and a depth of medium-sized playgrounds, if cost versus benefit is the only consideration. Very good reasons may exist to provide baseball or softball fields beyond the AECC rating of the fields. Thus, it should be stressed that AECE rating is just one of the many considerations that must be considered in the decision. This caution also applies to considering cost and EE separately. To date, no ideal mathematical formula exists that tells us what to put into a park to "make" people active or healthy or to optimize a park's design for achieving multiple goals. The
prospect of a formula or rubric that would roll up all of the desired outcomes from parks and greenspace into a single model of coefficients and variables is alluring. Ideally, a park system would be expected to yield a set quantity of energy expenditure per capita, as well as other benefits, such as stormwater mitigation, air purification, economic development, carbon capture, and other ecosystem services. Future analyses might move in this direction. Considering costs in relation to energy expenditure is one possible step towards that. Meanwhile, the AEEC rating is a metric that could be useful to park planners and decision makers.
## Descriptions of Park Activity Zone Costs and Observed Physical Activity
## Football Field
Football fields varied in features and were treated as one per zone. These sometimes included a soccer field inside the field or a track around the field. Fields were of regulation size with goal posts and end zones.
| Average size (sq ft) | $58,718.00 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $100,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.70 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $15,000 |
| Total number of park users | 65 |
| Total number of observations | 5 |
| Park users per observation | 13 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.76 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 35.93 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 2 |
## Soccer-Large
Large soccer fields ranged from an open area with painted lines to a full field with goal posts by itself or inside a track. Large fields were suitable for regulation lacrosse and other field sports. Each full-size regulation field was 49,500 sq ft to 81,000 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | $77,652.41 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $115,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.48 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $20,000 |
| Total number of park users | 357 |
| Total number of observations | 40 |
| Park users per observation | 8.93 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.79 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 16.01 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Track
Tracks varied in size (11,867 - 37,260 sq ft) and in features but were always counted as one per zone. Tracks usually are located with a football or soccer field inside. Six lanes with an eight-lane straightaway and synthetic surface is considered a standard track for competition.
| Average size (sq ft) | $22,657.28 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $400,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $17.65 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $60,000 |
| Total number of park users | 233 |
| Total number of observations | 29 |
| Park users per observation | 8.03 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.84 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 14.77 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECC) rating | 3 |
## Soccer-Small
Small soccer fields varied in size (20,250 - 21,582 sq ft) and in features but were always counted as one per zone. The range of field conditions included open areas to fields with painted lines and goals. These were individual fields or situated inside of a track.
| Average size (sq ft) | 20,648.18 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $40,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.94 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $7,500 |
| Total number of park users | 121 |
| Total number of observations | 22 |
| Park users per observation | 5.50 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.25 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 12.39 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 2 |
## Volleyball-Small
Small volleyball courts consisted of one standard court with sand or grass surface, poles, and net. Each court is a complete unit. These zones ranged in size between 2,050 and 3,854 sq ft. A standard court is 1800 sq ft with a surrounding safety area.
| Average size (sq ft) | 2,651.33 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $50,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $18.86 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $5,000 |
| Total number of park users | 27 |
| Total number of observations | 6 |
| Park users per observation | 4.50 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.13 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 9.60 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEE) rating | 2 |
## Multi-Court
Multi-courts were typically paved asphalt or concrete surfaces for multiple sport activities (for example, volleyball, four-square, etc.). Multi-courts varied in size (range 5,842.32 - 6,552 sq ft) and features but were always counted as one court per zone. One court is approximately 80 feet × 80 feet in asphalt with striping.
| Average size (sq ft) | $20,000 |
|----------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Cost to construct | $20,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $3.22 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $2,500 |
| Total number of park users | 41 |
| Total number of observations | 6 |
| Park users per observation | 6.83 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.38 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 9.45 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEc) rating | 1 |
## Shelter-Medium
Small shelters were typically covered areas for picnics. These shelters varied in size (between 800 and 1,500 sq ft) and in features, but were always counted as one per zone. The dimensions for typical small shelters included a 30-ft × 30-ft shelter structure on a concrete pad, with a 6-ft × 50-ft concrete access walk, as a complete unit. Typical amenities included were grills, trash cans, and water fountains (or spigots).
| Average size (sq ft) | 1,056.30 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $45,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $42.60 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $4,500 |
| Total number of park users | 2,044 |
| Total number of observations | 341 |
| Park users per observation | 5.27 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.45 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 8.66 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECC) rating | 2 |
## Skate Rinks
Skate rinks were provided for roller skating and roller hockey activities. This type of facility varied in size (19,000 - 19,998 sq ft) and in features, but was always counted as one per zone. Rinks were located on post-tensioned concrete pads.
| Average size (sq ft) | 19,332.67 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $120,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $6.21 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $5,000 |
| Total number of park users | 34 |
| Total number of observations | 6 |
| Park users per observation | 5.67 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.37 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 7.74 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Volleyball-Medium
Medium-sized volleyball courts consisted of two standard courts with sand or grass surface, poles, and nets, with a safety zone. The sizes of medium volleyball courts ranged from 4,258 to 4,374 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 4,309.00 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $100,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $23.21 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $10,000 |
| Total number of park users | 55 |
| Total number of observations | 10 |
| Park users per observation | 5.50 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.39 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 7.65 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECE) rating | 2 |
## Racquetball Courts
Outdoor racquetball courts were facilities designed specifically for racquetball. Each individual facility contained six courts. The courts were marked and lined. Each standard court was 800 sq ft. (This zone type was found only in the Tampa, FL, parks system.)
| Average size (sq ft) | 5,434.49 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $120,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $22.08 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $1,500 |
| Total number of park users | 243 |
| Total number of observations | 83 |
| Park users per observation | 2.93 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.61 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 7.64 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECC) rating | 3 |
## Shelter-Small
Small shelters were 24 ft × 24 ft in size and situated on a concrete pad with 6-ft × 50-ft concrete access walkways. Shelter and pad were considered together as a complete unit. Typical amenities included were grills and trash cans.
| Average size (sq ft) | 589.11 |
|----------------------------------------------|----------|
| Cost to construct | $25,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $42.44 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $2,500 |
| Total number of park users | 1,854 |
| Total number of observations | 352 |
| Park users per observation | 5.27 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.39 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 7.35 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEE) rating | 1 |
## Playground-Large
Large playgrounds contained multiple areas and play sets. These typically included two to three swing sets, prefabricated play equipment, and custom play equipment (such as climbing structures, bridges, hanging apparatus, etc.). Safety surfacing was provided. Large playgrounds ranged from 10,110 to 31,135.11 sq ft in area.
| Average size (sq ft) | $18,700.13 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $500,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $26.74 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $25,000 |
| Total number of park users | 1,693 |
| Total number of observations | 441 |
| Park users per observation | 3.84 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.85 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 7.09 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Pools
Pools included facilities or an aquatics complex with a six- to eight-lane competition pool and a leisure pool with one or two water slides or lazy river. Each facility was considered as a complete zone.
| Average size (sq ft) | 4,494.34 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $7,000,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1,557.52 |
| Annual maintenance costs | N/A |
| Total number of park users | 239 |
| Total number of observations | 68 |
| Park users per observation | 3.51 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.96 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 6.87 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 5 |
## Softball/Baseball Field-Small
Small softball/baseball fields included a single field with a backstop, grass or skinned (worn or bare soil) infield, and 150-ft foul lines. Bleachers and dugout facilities were generally not present. Small softball/baseball fields ranged between 6,384 and 27,840 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | $200,000 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $200,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $9.93 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $10,000 |
| Total number of park users | 1,034 |
| Total number of observations | 250 |
| Park users per observation | 4.14 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.55 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 6.42 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECE) rating | 4 |
## Softball/Baseball-Medium
Medium-sized softball/baseball fields included a single field with backstop, perimeter chain-linked fencing, fenced dugouts, bleachers, skinned infields, and 200-ft foul lines. Lighting was present at some facilities. These areas ranged between 28,000 and 39,624 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 33,546.39 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $300,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $8.94 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $15,000 |
| Total number of park users | 830 |
| Total number of observations | 265 |
| Park users per observation | 3.13 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.59 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 5.53 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Playground-Medium
Medium-sized playgrounds included a play structure and a set of swings. Swings had two or three seats. The structures were prefabricated and situated with a safety surface of approximately 85 ft in diameter. Sizes ranged between 4,162.79 and 9,271 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 5,853.07 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $250,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $42.71 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $12,500 |
| Total number of park users | 1,585 |
| Total number of observations | 566 |
| Park users per observation | 2.80 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.82 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 5.08 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Basketball-Large
Basketball courts categorized as large included courts with five to six individual halfcourts side by side or two full courts with asphalt or concrete surfaces. Large basketball courts ranged between 9,443 and 18,674.60 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 12,588.38 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $60,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $4.77 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $5,000 |
| Total number of park users | 340 |
| Total number of observations | 139 |
| Park users per observation | 2.45 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.05 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 5.02 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Open Areas-Medium
Medium-sized open areas were grassy areas without built features. Some areas exhibited evidence of infrequent mowing but were generally suitable for active uses (such as running, children playing, etc.) or passive uses (prichens, sitting, socializing). These areas were approximately 16,000 sq ft (126 ft × 126 ft) and ranged between 10,653 and 28,392 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 16,334.78 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $25,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.53 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $3,500 |
| Total number of park users | 1,229 |
| Total number of observations | 533 |
| Park users per observation | 2.31 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.04 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 4.69 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECE) rating | 2 |
## Softball/Baseball Field-Large
Large softball/baseball fields had multiple fields in a single complex. Parks had between four and 12 fields. Each single field included a backstop, perimeter fence, fenced dugouts with roofs, grandstand, bleachers, press-box, and 300-ft foul lines. Fields in this category ranged from 41,717.57 to 87,984 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 61,086.22 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $400,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $6.55 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $20,000 |
| Total number of park users | 715 |
| Total number of observations | 302 |
| Park users per observation | 2.37 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.96 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 4.64 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEc) rating | 4 |
## Shelter-Large
Large shelters provide cover for picnic tables and ranged between 2,108.14 and 32,160 sq ft in size. A typical large shelter included a 70-ft × 70-ft shelter situated on a concrete pad, with a 6-ft × 50-ft concrete access walkway. Typical amenities included with large shelters were water fountains, multiple grills, and trash cans.
| Average size (sq ft) | 5,284.92 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $100,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $18.92 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $10,000 |
| Total number of park users | 864 |
| Total number of observations | 270 |
| Park users per observation | 3.20 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.38 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 4.42 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Tennis-Small
Small tennis court facilities consisted of one to three courts in one zone. One court with net, fence, and surfacing is considered to be 7,200 sq ft. Typical features included with courts were benches, lighting fixtures, and trash cans. Small tennis courts zones ranged between 1,920 and 23,718 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 16,308.65 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $90,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $5.52 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $7,500 |
| Total number of park users | 352 |
| Total number of observations | 161 |
| Park users per observation | 2.19 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.60 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 3.50 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Tennis-Medium
Medium-sized tennis courts zones consisted of four to six courts. Each set of courts was treated as one zone. Typical features included with courts were benches, lighting, and trash cans. Medium tennis court zones ranged between 24,804 and 39,624 sq ft. Each complete set of four courts assumes the 28,972 sq ft size.
| Average size (sq ft) | |
|----------------------------------------------|----------|
| Cost to construct | $180,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $6.21 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $15,000 |
| Total number of park users | 341 |
| Total number of observations | 183 |
| Park users per observation | 1.86 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.80 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 3.36 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Basketball-Small
Small basketball court zones ranged from a stand-alone half court with one rim to one full court with two rims with asphalt or concrete surfacing. These zones ranged between 460 and 4,085 sq ft in size.
| Average size (sq ft) | 2,884.36 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $15,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $5.20 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $2,500 |
| Total number of park users | 268 |
| Total number of observations | 177 |
| Park users per observation | 1.51 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.15 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 3.25 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEE) rating | 2 |
## Basketball-Medium
Medium-sized basketball courts zones included two to four courts, half-courts, or full courts, with asphalt or concrete surfacing. These ranged between 5,400 and 8,033.74 sq ft in size.
| Average size (sq ft) | 6,984.56 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $30,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $4.30 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $2,500 |
| Total number of park users | 202 |
| Total number of observations | 191 |
| Park users per observation | 1.06 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.45 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 2.59 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 2 |
## Open Area-Small
Small open area zones consisted of a grassy area with no built features. In some cases fencing was present. Such zones ranged between 651.75 and 9,682.14 sq ft. These were typically 70 ft × 70 ft, showed signs of frequent mowing, and included irrigation.
| Average size (sq ft) | 4,914.20 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $7,500 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.53 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $1,200 |
| Total number of park users | 427 |
| Total number of observations | 326 |
| Park users per observation | 1.31 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.96 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 2.57 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 2 |
## Tennis-Large
Large tennis court zones had greater than six courts. One park had two sets of eight courts (16 total) divided by a tall fence. Courts typically included fencing, painted asphalt surfacing, bleachers, and lighting. Eight courts are considered standard for a tournament facility. Large tennis court zones ranged from 47,957 to 82,600 sq ft in size. Cost does not include restroom and other support facilities.
| Average size (sq ft) | $56,211.12 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $270,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $4.80 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $25,000 |
| Total number of park users | 152 |
| Total number of observations | 136 |
| Park users per observation | 1.12 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.82 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 2.03 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECC) rating | 4 |
## Playground-Small
Small playgrounds typically had one prefabricated playground structure or one set of swings. Swings had two or three sets with safety surfacing (such as sand, wood chips, etc.). These ranged between 333.02 and 3,744 sq ft in size.
| Average size (sq ft) | 1,987.11 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $100,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $50.32 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $5,000 |
| Total number of park users | 526 |
| Total number of observations | 548 |
| Park users per observation | 0.96 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.00 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.92 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Trail-Large
Trails considered large were 8-ft-wide concrete paths and 1 mile long (lineal foot of trail and improvements or 5,280 linear feet).
| Average size (sq ft) | 41,768.61 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $150,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $3.59 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $0.50 |
| Total number of park users | 76 |
| Total number of observations | 137 |
| Park users per observation | 0.55 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 3.33 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.85 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECC) rating | 5 |
## Open Area-Large
Large open spaces were areas of approximately of 58,000 sq ft (240 ft × 240 ft). These areas were mowed infrequently and supported active (such as running, children playing, etc.) or passive uses (pichicns, sitting, socializing).
| Average size (sq ft) | $58,348.85 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $90,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.54 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $15,000 |
| Total number of park users | 458 |
| Total number of observations | 433 |
| Park users per observation | 1.06 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.75 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.85 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Soccer-Medium
Medium soccer zones varied in size (22,000 - 61,200 sq ft) and in features, but were always counted as one per zone. These zones ranged from an open area with painted lines to a full field with goal posts, either situated apart from other fields or facilities or located inside a track. They supported adult regulation play.
| Average size (sq ft) | $25,221.43 |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Cost to construct | $75,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $2.97 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $15,000 |
| Total number of park users | 54 |
| Total number of observations | 63 |
| Park users per observation | 0.86 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.01 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.73 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEc) rating | 4 |
## Picnic Area-Small
Small picnic areas included a picn ic table on a concrete pad, trash receptacle, and 6-ft × 50-ft concreate access walk. Each table, pad, receptacle, and access walk was considered as a complete assembly unit.
| Average size (sq ft) | 987.80 |
|-----------------------------------------------|----------|
| Cost to construct | $4,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $4.05 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $500 |
| Total number of park users | 69 |
| Total number of observations | 90 |
| Park users per observation | 0.77 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.96 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.50 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (A EEC) rating | 3 |
## Picnic Area-Large
Large picnic areas typically included 12 picnic tables on a large pad with trash receptacles and a 6-ft × 50-ft concrete access walk. Each set of tables, pad, receptacles, and walk was considered as a complete assembly unit.
| Average size (sq ft) | 20,943.78 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $30,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.43 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $5,000 |
| Total number of park users | 97 |
| Total number of observations | 93 |
| Park users per observation | 1.04 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.12 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.17 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECE) rating | 3 |
## Color Design-Walkway
Only one such zone was present-a colored concrete walkway with custom scoring pattern and/or stamped or sandblasted graphics. The assumed size of this zone was 13,299 sq ft.
| Average size (sq ft) | 13,228.96 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $79,794 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $6.03 |
| Annual maintenance costs | Varies |
| Total number of park users | 30 |
| Total number of observations | 30 |
| Park users per observation | 1 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.09 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.09 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Volleyball-Large
Large volleyball courts varied in size (4,956 - 12,733 sq ft) and in features, but were always counted as one per zone. Four standard courts with sand surface, poles, and nets were included. One complete set of four courts is 8,844 sq ft and assumes four standard courts, each with a safety zone.
| Average size (sq ft) | 8,844.50 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $200,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $22.61 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $20,000 |
| Total number of park users | 11 |
| Total number of observations | 8 |
| Park users per observation | 1.38 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 0.75 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 1.04 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECE) rating | 5 |
## Exercise Area
Exercise areas included standard steel fitness course equipment with six stations. Each six-station course combined was considered as one zone. Size of area is not really as much a factor in cost as the type and amount of equipment.
| Average size (sq ft) | 992.31 |
|----------------------------------------------|----------|
| Cost to construct | $20,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $20.15 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $375 |
| Total number of park users | 108 |
| Total number of observations | 88 |
| Park users per observation | 1.23 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 0.74 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 0.91 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Trail-Medium
Medium trails were 6-ft-wide concrete paths with drainage improvements. These zones were lineal foot of trail and improvements size of approximately 8,354 sq ft, assuming a 6-ft-wide concrete path and a ¼-mile length (1,320 linear ft).
| Average size (sq ft) | 8,354.09 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $30,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $3.59 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $0.40 |
| Total number of park users | 76 |
| Total number of observations | 222 |
| Park users per observation | 0.34 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 2.17 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 0.74 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 4 |
## Picnic Area-Medium
Medium-sized picnic areas varied in size (3,288.82 - 9,317.78 sq ft) and in features but were always counted as one per zone. These typically consisted of four picnic tables on single or multiple concrete pads, two trash receptacles, and a 6-ft x 50-ft concrete access walk.
| Average size (sq ft) | 6,671.34 |
|----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $9,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.35 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $1,500 |
| Total number of park users | 28 |
| Total number of observations | 93 |
| Park users per observation | 0.30 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 1.36 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 0.41 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AECF) rating | 3 |
## Trail-Small
Trails regarded as small were 3-ft wide soft -surface trails with drainage improvements. Their lineal foot of trail and improvements zone size was 2,966 sq ft (assuming a 3-ftwide soft -surface trail, 1,000 ft in length).
| Average size (sq ft) | 2,966.45 |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $10,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $3.37 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $0.30 |
| Total number of park users | 68 |
| Total number of observations | 337 |
| Park users per observation | 0.20 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg / hour) per user | 1.76 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg / hour) per observation | 0.36 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEc) rating | 3 |
## Amphitheater
An amphitheatre is a .75 acre pie-shaped grassy area with a 450 sq ft concrete pad for a stage, and no lighting, electrical work, canopy, or furnishings.
| Average size (sq ft) | 3,214.92 |
|---------------------------------------------|------------|
| Cost to construct | $50,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $15.55 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $5,000 |
| Total number of park users | 0 |
| Total number of observations | 26 |
| Park users per observation | 0 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 0.00 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 0.00 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEC) rating | 4 |
## Handball Court
One handball court was observed. Standard size per court is 800 sq ft. Each court cone was not priced. Size as described would hold about 16 courts.
| Average size (sq ft) | 13,914.49 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Cost to construct | $20,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $1.44 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $10,000 |
| Total number of park users | 0 |
| Total number of observations | 32 |
| Park users per observation | 0 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 0.00 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 0.00 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEEC) rating | 3 |
## Shuffleboard Court
One shuffleboard court was observed. It included a standard concrete court with painted lines. One standard court was 312 sq ft, assuming a 576 sq ft zone is for two courts.
| Average size (sq ft) | 576.00 |
|---------------------------------------------|----------|
| Cost to construct | $3,000 |
| Construction cost per sq ft | $5.21 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $750 |
| Total number of park users | 0 |
| Total number of observations | 12 |
| Park users per observation | 0 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per user | 0.00 |
| Active EE (EE kcal/kg/hour) per observation | 0.00 |
| Active Energy Expenditure Cost (AEC) rating | 3 |
Shuffleboard court.
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq ft) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate | Facility Type |
|----------------------|------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Amphitheater | 3,214.92 | $53,419 | $5,342 | |
| Basketball | Basketball | | | |
| Large | 12,588.38 | $64,103 | $5,342 | |
| Medium | 6,984.56 | $32,051 | $2,671 | |
| Small | 2,884.36 | $16,026 | $2,671 | |
| Color | 13,228.96 | $85,250 | | |
| Design/Walkway | | | | |
| Exercise Area | 992.31 | $21,368 | $401 | |
| Football Area | 58,718.00 | $106,838 | $16,026 | |
| Handball Court | 13,914.49 | $10,684 | $10,684 | |
| Multi-court Purpose | | $21,368 | $2,671 | |
| Open Area | Open Area | | | |
| Large | 58,346.85 | $96,154 | $16,026 | |
| Medium | 16,334.78 | $26,709 | $3,739 | |
| Small | 4,914.20 | $8,013 | $1,282 | |
| Picnic Area | | | | |
| Large | 20,943.78 | $32,051 | $5,342 | |
| Medium | 6,671.34 | $9,615 | $1,603 | |
| Small | 987.80 | $4,274 | $534 | |
| Playgrounds | | | | |
| Large | 18,700.13 | $534,188 | $26,709 | |
| Medium | 5,853.07 | $267,094 | $13,355 | |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq ft) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate | Facility Type |
|--------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Small | 1,987.11 | $106,838 | $5,342 | Swimming Pool |
| Small | 4,494.34 | $7,478,632 | | |
| Racquetball | 5,434.49 | $128,205 | $1,603 | |
| Courts | 19,332.67 | $128,205 | $5,342 | |
| Shelters | 5,284.92 | $106,838 | $10,684 | |
| Large | 1,056.30 | $48,077 | $4,808 | |
| Medium | 589.11 | $26,709 | $2,671 | |
| Shuffleboard Courts | 576 | $3,205 | $801 | |
| Soccer Field | 77,652.41 | $122,863 | $21,368 | |
| Large | 25,221.43 | $80,128 | $16,026 | |
| Small | 20,648.18 | $42,735 | $8,013 | |
| Softball/Baseball Field | 61,086.22 | $427,350 | $21,368 | |
| Large | 33,546.39 | $320,513 | $16,026 | |
| Small | 20,141.42 | $213,675 | $10,684 | |
| Tennis Courts | 56,211.12 | $288,462 | $26,709 | |
| Medium | 28,972.81 | $192,308 | $16,026 | |
| Small | 16,308.65 | $96,154 | $8,013 | |
| Track | 22,657.28 | $427,350 | $64,103 | |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq ft) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | Large | $160,256 | $0.53 |
| Facility Type | Large | $160,256 | $0.53 |
| Medium | 8,354.09 | $32,051 | $0.43 |
| Medium | 8,354.09 | $32,051 | $0.43 |
| Small | 2,966.45 | $10,684 | $0.32 |
| Volleyball Court | Volleyball Court | Volleyball Court | Volleyball Court |
| Large | 8,844.50 | $213,675 | $21,368 |
| Medium | 4,309.00 | $106,838 | $10,684 |
| Small | 2,651.33 | $53,419 | $5,342 |
Source: RSMeans Engineering staff. (2012). Building construction cost data. Kingston, MA: Gordon Group, Inc.
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | (sq. ft.) | $48,825 | $4,882 |
| Amphitheater | 3,214.92 | $48,825 | |
| Basketball | | | |
| Large | 12,588.38 | $58,590 | $4,882 |
| Medium | 6,984.56 | $29,295 | $2,441 |
| Small | 2,884.36 | $14,647 | $2,441 |
| Color Design/Walkway | | $77,919 | |
| Exercise Area | 992.31 | $19,530 | $366 |
| Football Field | 58,718.00 | $97,650 | $14,647 |
| Handball Court | 13,914.49 | $9,765 | $9,765 |
| Multi-purpose Courts | 6,215.00 | $19,530 | $2,441 |
| Open Area | | | |
| Large | 58,346.85 | $87,885 | $14,647 |
| Medium | 16,334.78 | $24,412 | $3,418 |
| Small | 4,914.20 | $7,324 | $1,172 |
| Picnic Area | | | |
| Large | 20,943.78 | $29,295 | $4,882 |
| Medium | 6,671.34 | $8,788 | $1,465 |
| Small | 987.8 | #3,906 | $488 |
| Playgrounds | | | |
| Large | 18,700.13 | $488,248 | $24,412 |
| Medium | 5,853.07 | $244,124 | $12,206 |
| Small | 1,987.11 | $97,650 | $4,882 |
| Swimming Pool | 4,494.34 | $6,835,470 | |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | (sq. ft.) | $117,179 | $1,465 |
| Racquetball Courts | 5,434.49 | $117,179 | |
| Rink/skate | 19,332.67 | $117,179 | $4,882 |
| Shelters | | | |
| Large | 5,284.92 | $97,650 | $9,765 |
| Medium | 1,056.30 | $43,942 | $4,394 |
| Small | 589.11 | $24,412 | $2,441 |
| Shuffleboard Courts | 576 | $2,929 | $732 |
| Soccer Field | | | |
| Large | 77,652.41 | $112,297 | $19,530 |
| Medium | 25,221.43 | $73,237 | $14,647 |
| Small | 20,648.18 | $39,060 | $7,324 |
| Softball/Baseball Field | | | |
| Large | 61,086.22 | $390,598 | $19,530 |
| Medium | 33,546.39 | $292,949 | $14,647 |
| Small | 20,141.42 | $195,299 | $9,765 |
| Tennis Courts | | | |
| Large | 56,211.12 | $263,654 | $24,412 |
| Medium | 28,972.81 | $175,769 | $14,647 |
| Small | 16,308.65 | $87,885 | $7,324 |
| Track | 22,657.28 | $390,598 | $58,590 |
| Trail | | | |
| Large | 41,768.61 | $146,474 | $0.49 |
| Medium | 8,354.09 | $29,295 | $0.39 |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|------------------|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | (sq. ft.) | $9,765 | $0.29 |
| Small | 2,966.45 | | |
| Volleyball Court | Volleyball Court | | |
| Large | 8,844.50 | $195,299 | $19,530 |
| Medium | 4,309.00 | $97,650 | $9,765 |
| Small | 2,651.33 | $48,825 | $4,882 |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | Facility Type | (sq. ft.) | $62,233 | $6,223 |
| Amphitheater | 3,214.92 | $62,233 | | |
| Basketball | | | | |
| Large | 12,588.38 | $74,679 | $6,223 | |
| Medium | 6,984.56 | $37,340 | $3,112 | |
| Small | 2,884.36 | $18,670 | $3,112 | |
| Color Design/Walkway | | $99,316 | | |
| Exercise Area | 992.31 | $24,893 | $467 | |
| Football Field | 58,718.00 | $124,466 | $18,670 | |
| Handball Court | 13,914.49 | $12,447 | $12,447 | |
| Multi-purpose Courts | 6,215.00 | $24,893 | $3,112 | |
| Open Area | | | | |
| Large | 58,346.78 | $112,019 | $18,670 | |
| Medium | 16,334.78 | $31,116 | $4,356 | |
| Small | 4,914.20 | $9,335 | $1,494 | |
| Picnic Area | | | | |
| Large | 20,943.78 | $37,340 | $6,223 | |
| Medium | 6,671.34 | $11,202 | $1,867 | |
| Small | 987.80 | $4,979 | $622 | |
| Playgrounds | | | | |
| Large | 18,700.13 | $622,329 | $31,116 | |
| Medium | 5,853.07 | $311,165 | $15,558 | |
| Small | 1,987.11 | $124,466 | $6,223 | |
| Facility Type | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq. ft.) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|--------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Swimming Pool | 4,494.34 | $8,712,607 | |
| Racquetball Courts | 5,434.49 | $149,359 | $1,867 |
| Rink/skate | 19,332.67 | $149,359 | $6,223 |
| Shelters | Shelters | Shelters | Shelters |
| Large | 5,284.92 | $124,466 | $12,447 |
| Medium | 1,056.30 | $56,010 | $5,601 |
| Small | 589.11 | $31,116 | $3,112 |
| Shuffleboard Courts | 576 | $3,734 | $933 |
| Soccer Field | Soccer Field | Soccer Field | Soccer Field |
| Large | 77,652.41 | $143,136 | $24,893 |
| Medium | 25,221.43 | $93,349 | $18,670 |
| Small | 20,648.18 | $49,786 | $9,335 |
| Softball/Baseball Field | Softball/Baseball Field | Softball/Baseball Field | Softball/Baseball Field |
| Large | 61,086.22 | $497,863 | $24,893 |
| Medium | 33,546.39 | $373,397 | $18,670 |
| Small | 20,141.42 | $248,932 | $12,447 |
| Tennis Courts | Tennis Courts | Tennis Courts | Tennis Courts |
| Large | 56,211.12 | $336,058 | $31,116 |
| Medium | 28,972.81 | $224,038 | $18,670 |
| Small | 16,308.65 | $112,019 | $9,335 |
| Track | 22,657.28 | $497,863 | $74,679 |
| Trail | Trail | Trail | Trail |
| Large | 41,768.61 | $186,699 | $0.62 |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|------------------|----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | (sq. ft.) | $37,340 | $0.50 |
| Medium | 8,354.09 | $12,447 | $0.37 |
| Small | 2,966.45 | $12,447 | |
| Volleyball Court | | | |
| Large | 8,844.50 | $238,932 | $24,893 |
| Medium | 4,309.00 | $124,466 | $12,447 |
| Small | 2,651.33 | $62,233 | $6,233 |
Source: RSMeans Engineering staff. (2012). Building construction cost data. Kingston, MA: Gordon Group, Inc.
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq ft) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | 3,214.92 | $42,682 | $4,268 |
| Amphitheater | 3,214.92 | $42,682 | $4,268 |
| Basketball | Large | $51,218 | $4,268 |
| Medium | 6,984.56 | $25,609 | $2,134 |
| Small | 2,884.36 | $12,804 | $2,134 |
| Color Design/Walkway | 13,228.96 | $68,115 | |
| Exercise Area | 992.31 | $17,073 | $320 |
| Football Field | 58,718.00 | $85,363 | $12,804 |
| Handball Court | 13,914.49 | $8,536 | $8,536 |
| Multi-purpose Courts | 6,215.00 | $17,073 | $2,134 |
| Open Area | Open Area | Open Area | Open Area |
| Large | 58,346.85 | $76,827 | $12,804 |
| Medium | 16,334.78 | $21,341 | $2,988 |
| Small | 4,914.20 | $6,402 | $1,024 |
| Picnic Area | Picnic Area | Picnic Area | Picnic Area |
| Large | 20,943.78 | $25,609 | $4,268 |
| Medium | 6,671.34 | $7,683 | $1,280 |
| Small | 987.80 | $3,415 | $427 |
| Playgrounds | Playgrounds | Playgrounds | Playgrounds |
| Large | 18,700.13 | $426,816 | $21,341 |
| Medium | 5,853.07 | $213,408 | $10,670 |
| Small | 1,987.11 | $85,363 | $4,268 |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq ft) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|--------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | Swimming Pool | 4,494.34 | $5,975,427 |
| Racquetball Courts | 5,434.49 | $102,436 | $1,280 |
| Rink/Skate | 19,332.67 | $102,436 | $4,268 |
| Shelters | | | |
| Large | 5,284.92 | $85,363 | $8,536 |
| Medium | 1,056.30 | $38,413 | $3,841 |
| Small | 589.11 | $21,341 | $2,134 |
| Shuffleboard Courts | 576 | $2,561 | $640 |
| Soccer Field | | | |
| Large | 77,652.41 | $98,168 | $17,073 |
| Medium | 25,221.43 | $64,022 | $12,804 |
| Small | 20,648.18 | $34,145 | $6,402 |
| Softball/Baseball Field | | | |
| Large | 61,086.22 | $341,453 | $17,073 |
| Medium | 33,546.39 | $256,090 | $12,804 |
| Small | 20,141.42 | $170,726 | $8,536 |
| Tennis Courts | | | |
| Large | 56,211.12 | $230,481 | $21,341 |
| Medium | 28,972.81 | $153,654 | $12,804 |
| Small | 16,308.65 | $76,827 | $6,402 |
| Track | 22,657.28 | $341,453 | $51,218 |
| Trail | | | |
| Large | 41,768.61 | $128,045 | $0.43 |
| | Mean Size of Observed Park Activity Zones (sq ft) | Construction Cost Estimate | Annual Maintenance Cost Estimate |
|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Facility Type | Medium | $25,609 | $0.34 |
| Facility Type | Small | $8,536 | $0.26 |
| Volleyball Court | Large | $170,726 | $17,073 |
| Volleyball Court | Medium | $85,363 | $8,536 |
| Volleyball Court | Small | $42,682 | $4,268 |
| | Cost | Cost | Active EE (kcal/kg/hr) | Active EE (recoded) | AEE-Cost Ratio (recoded) |
|-----------------------|----------|------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|----------------------------|
| Zone Name | Cost | (recorded) | (kcal/kg/hr) | (recoded) | |
| Shelter—Small | $25,000 | 1 | 7.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Multi-court | $20,000 | 1 | 9.45 | 1 | 1 |
| Open Area-- Small | $7,500 | 1 | 2.57 | 2 | 2 |
| Basketball-- Medium | $30,000 | 1 | 2.59 | 2 | 2 |
| Basketball-- Small | $15,000 | 1 | 3.25 | 2 | 2 |
| Open Area-- Medium | $25,000 | 1 | 4.69 | 2 | 2 |
| Volleyball-- Medium | $100,000 | 2 | 7.65 | 1 | 2 |
| Shelter--Medium | $45,000 | 2 | 8.66 | 1 | 2 |
| Volleyball--Small | $50,000 | 2 | 9.60 | 1 | 2 |
| Soccer--Small | $40,000 | 2 | 12.39 | 1 | 2 |
| Football | $100,000 | 2 | 35.93 | 1 | 2 |
| Shuffleboard | $3,000 | 1 | 0.00 | 3 | 3 |
| Handball | $10,000 | 1 | 0.00 | 3 | 3 |
| Trail--Small | $10,000 | 1 | 0.36 | 3 | 3 |
| Picnic Area-- Medium | $9,000 | 1 | 0.41 | 3 | 3 |
| Exercise Area-- Small | $20,000 | 1 | 0.91 | 3 | 3 |
| Picnic Area-- Large | $30,000 | 1 | 1.17 | 3 | 3 |
| Picnic Area-- Small | $4,000 | 1 | 1.50 | 3 | 3 |
| Zone Name | Cost | Cost (recoded) | Active EE (kcal/kg/hr) | Active EE (recoded) | AEE-Cost Ratio (recoded) |
|----------------------|------------|------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|----------------------------|
| Tennis--Small | $90,000 | 2 | 3.5 | 2 | 3 |
| Shelter--Large | $100,000 | 2 | 4.42 | 2 | 3 |
| Basketball-- Large | $60,000 | 2 | 5.02 | 2 | 3 |
| Playground-- Large | $500,000 | 3 | 7.09 | 1 | 3 |
| Racquetball | $120,000 | 3 | 7.64 | 1 | 3 |
| Rink/Skate | $120,000 | 3 | 7.74 | 1 | 3 |
| Track | $400,000 | 3 | 14.77 | 1 | 3 |
| Soccer--Large | $115,000 | 2 | 16.01 | 1 | 3 |
| Amphitheater | $50,000 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| Trail--Medium | $30,000 | 1 | 0.74 | 3 | 4 |
| Color Design/Walkway | $79,794 | 2 | 1.09 | 3 | 4 |
| Soccer--Medium | $75,000 | 2 | 1.73 | 3 | 4 |
| Open Area-- Large | $90,000 | 2 | 1.85 | 3 | 4 |
| Playground-- Small | $100,000 | 2 | 1.92 | 3 | 4 |
| Tennis--Large | $270,000 | 3 | 2.03 | 2 | 4 |
| Tennis--Medium | $180,000 | 3 | 3.36 | 2 | 4 |
| Softball/Baseball | $400,000 | 3 | 4.64 | 2 | 4 |
| —Large | $250,000 | 3 | 5.08 | 2 | 4 |
| Playground- Medium | $200,000 | 3 | 6.42 | 2 | 4 |
| Softball/Baseball | $7,000,000 | 3 | 6.87 | 2 | 4 |
| | Cost | Active EE (kcal/kg/hr) | Active EE (recoded) | AEE-Cost Ratio (recoded) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Zone Name | (recorded) | (kcal/kg/hr) | (recoded) | Volleyball-Large $200,000 3 1.04 3 5 |
| Trail-Large | $150,000 | 3 1.85 3 | 3 5 | |
| Note: AEE Cost Ratio was calculated by adding the recoded cost and the recoded Active EE. The result was reduced by 1 to reflect a scale from 1 to 5. | | | | |
## References
- 1. Roemmich JN, Epstein LH, Raja S, Yin L, Robinson J, Winiewicz D. Association of access to parks and recreational facilities with the physical activity of young children. Preventive Medicine 2006;43:437-41.
- 2. Cohen D, McKenzie T, Sehgal A, Williamson S, Golinelli D, Lurie N. Contribution of public parks to physical activity. Am J Public Health 2007;97:509-14.
- 3. Evenson KR, Wen F, Hillier A, Cohen DA. Assessing the contribution of parks to physical activity using global positioning system and accelerometry. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2013; 45:1981-87.
- 4. Han B, Cohen D, McKenzie TL. Quantifying the contribution of neighborhood parks to physical activity. Preventive Medicine 2013;57:483-87.
- 5. Floyd MF, Spengler JO, Maddock JE, Gobster PH, Suau L. Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of two U. S. cities: An observational study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;34:299-305.
- 6. Besenyi GM, Kaczynski AT, Wilhelm Stanis SA, Vaughan KB. Demographic variations in observed energy expenditure across park activity areas. Preventive Medicine 2013;56:79-81.
- 7. Edwards N, Hooper P, Knuiman M, Foster S, & Giles-Corti B. Associations between park features and adolescent park use for physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2015;12:21-31.
- 8. Flaes SAB, Chinapaw MJ, Koolhaas CM, van Mechelen W, Verhagen EA. More children more active: Tailored playgrounds positively affect physical activity levels amongst youth. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport In Press.
- 9. Cohen DA, Han B, Isacoff J, Shulaker B, Williamson S, Marsh T, Bhatia R. Impact of park renovations on park use and park-based physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2015;12:289-295.
- 10. Veitch J, Ball K, Crawford D, Abbott GR, Salmon J. Park improvements and park activity: a natural experiment. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2012;42:616-19.
- 11. Tester J, Baker, R. Making the playfields event: evaluating the impact of an environmental intervention on park use and physical activity. Preventive Medicine 2009;48:316-20.
- 12. Roemmich JN, Beeler JE, Johnson L. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground. Preventive Medicine 2014;62:108-12.
## Acknowlegment
This publication was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through its Active Living Research program. The authors would also like to thank two independent reviewers, chosen for their perspective and technical expertise, for their constructive comments on preliminary drafts of this report: Zarnaz Bashir, MPH, National Recreation and Park Association; and Bisakha "Pia" Sen, PhD, The University of Alabama at Birmingham.
## Authors
Myron Floyd Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management
Luis J. Suau Shaw University
Robby Layton Design Concepts CLA, Inc.
Jay E. Maddock Texas A&M University
Karly Bitsura-Meszaros NC State University
Publication date: Dec. 16, 2015 AG-813
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1985/85-73.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090305105418-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ILEAL CANNULATION OF THE NEONATAL PIG WITH A SIMPLE T-CANNULA
W. R. Walker$^{1}$, G. L. Morgan$^{2 }$and C. V. Maxwell$^{3}$
## Story in Brief
A cannula and surgical procedure suitable for iileal cannulation of pre-weaned pigs were devised. Cannulas were installed in pigs at 18 days of age to study digestion immediately following weaning. The lightweight, durable T-cannula provided adequate iileal samples from pigs fed both semi-purified and practical diets. The screw cap and collar provided adjustment for growth and simplified maintenance and collection. Cannulas provided repeated flieal samples from pigs up to 135 lb at which time cannulas were nonsurcially removed from the conscious pig and replaced with larger cannulas for subsequent studies.
(Key Words: Swine, Neonatal Pig, Ileal Cannulation, T-Cannula)
## Introduction
In order to maximize production efficiency, further understanding is needed concerning nutrient availability in pigs during all phases of production. Ileal sampling to estimate pre-iileal bioavailability is the method of choice for determining availability of nutrients in the pig since modifications of nitrogen and essential amino acids by microbial organisms in the cecum and small intestine of pigs makes availability calculation based on fecal samples questionable. Digestion and absorption of most nutrients is essentially complete in the small intestine and nitrogen and amino acids that disappear from the hindgut are of little or no value to the pig.
The neonatal pig weaning is subjected to extreme changes in diet and digestive capacity is rapidly developing. Since these conditions limit the pigs ability to adapt to dietary changes and result in reduced gain and efficiency , the effect of diet on nutrient availability may be more critical in neonatal pigs than in older growing-finishing swine. Several iileal cannulation techniques have been described using T-cannulas for collecting intestinal samples in growing-finishing pigs, but no such techniques have been reported for the neonatal pig. The cannula for the young pig must be small enough to fit within the lumen of the small intestine yet have a large enough internal diameter to allow suitable digest flow through the cannula. In addition, the cannula must be designed to minimize protrusion beyond the body wall since restraint, which is the typical means of protecting a cannula, is impractical in the neonatal pig.
This paper describes a lightweight, tlieat I-cannula which allowed repeated sample collection in early weaned pigs.
## Cannula Design
The cannula for ialei cnulnation of 18 day old pigs (figure 1) was constructed of a rigid lightweight yet extremely durable plastic (Delrin 600). The cannula was milled from a solid stock bar of Delrin. One end of this bar was machine cut to form the cannula body which was then threaded externally (25 threads/in). This body was machine cut on two opposite sides leaving an ovoid shaped body with two flat smooth sides and threaded ends. The bar was then centrally drilled through its entire length to provide an ovoid shaped barrel for digesta passage during collection. The large diameter end of the bar was hand tooled to provide the flanged end with a concave inner surface to conform to the shape of the small intestine.
To secure the cannula in place against the body of the pig, a lucite collar was constructed and threaded internally to match the threads on the body of the cannula. The collar secured the cannula in place and allowed adjustment to compensate for thickening or swelling of the body wall. A cap, also made of lucite, was designed in a similar fashion to fit the collar to prevent leakage during periods between sample collection.
## Surgical Procedure
Yorkshire gilt pigs weighing 10 to 12 lb were removed from the litter approximately 1 hour prior to surgery. Halothane anesthesia was administered via face 1 hour prior to surgery. mask and maintained with endotracheal tube. The pigs were placed on their left side on padded cotton towels provided for warmth. The right flank was shaved with surgical clippers and prepped with a surgical scrub.
An incision was made in the right abdominal wall through which the cecum was located and exteriorized and the ileo-cecal ligament identified. A section of lleum near the anterior attachment of the ileo-cecal ligament was isolated and packed off with saline saturated cotton gauze. A purse-string suture approximating the circumference of the body of the cannula was placed in the surface of the lleum and a longitudinal incision of minimal length to accommodate the flange of the cannula was made in the center of the purse-string. With gentle manipulation and the use of thumb forceps the cannula was inserted into the lunen of the lleum and the purse-string was tightened around the base of the cannula body. Two simple interrupted sutures were placed across the lleum at the anterior and posterior borders of the body of the cannula.
A stab incision was made through the right body wall above and behind the original incision. The length of the stab incision was sufficient to barely accommodate the body of the cannula thus avoiding the necessity of skin sutures in this incision. The cannula was then brought up through the stab incision. It is essential that the cannula not be rotated and at the proximal end of the lleum remain ventral and the posterior end remain dorsal to allow gravity to facilitate sample collection.
The original incision site was closed with a continuous interlocking pattern of sutures in the muscle layers and an interrupted pattern in the skin. After closing, a topical antibiotic spray was applied to the two incisions sites. The cannula collar was placed on the body of the cannula and tightened until the internal flange and lleum were pulled snugly against the internal periitoneal surface of the body wall. Care should be taken to avoid getting the collar so tight as to cause restriction of peripheral circulation in the area surrounding the cannula. The cap was then screwed tightly on the top of the cannula to prevent leakage of intestinal contents. In the final step, cotton gauze was placed over the cannula and surgical area and an adhesive bandage wrapped over the gauze and around the abdomen of the pig. This wrap provided protection of the incision site and cannula from trauma or foreign material and from other pigs in the litter during the recovery period. Care should be taken with male pigs to avoid enclosing the prepuce in the adhesive wrap.
## Post Surgical Care
Immediately following surgery the pigs were returned to the litter and remained with the dam for a 7 day recovery period. To avoid injury,
from the sow or other pigs in the litter, the cannulated pigs were closely observed for 2 to 3 hours after surgery or until the effects of the anesthesia were no longer evident. Following surgery, procaine penicillin was administered twice daily for 5 days at a dose of 9,000 IU/lb body weight.
In addition to the mlk provided by the dam, the pigs were allowed continuous access to an 18% crude protein starter diet in creep feeders and water was available at all times from nipple waters. The adhesive wrap was changed when necessary. In general, this was necessary only when the wrap was loosened by other pigs in the litter. The recovery period was generally uneventful and skin su~ures were removed approximately 10 days postsurgery. Pigs were weaned and moved to individual metabolism crates 7 days postsurgery and digestibility studies began following a 2 day adjustment period.
## Results and Discussion
This cannula has been installed in 6 pigs at 18 days of age weighing between 10 and 12 lb. All pigs completely recovered within 7 to 10 days postsurgery as evidenced by a lack of inflammation around the surgical area and normal appetite and growth. Following weaning at 25 days of age, the adhesive wrap was removed and the cannula was left unprotected. Pigs were housed in smooth sided metabolism crates to minimize trauma caused by catching the cannulas on the sides of the crate. Crates were located in an environmentally controlled feeding room. Five of the 6 pigs were used in a 5 week digestion study starting when pigs were 27 days of age. During this time all pigs were fed semi-purified cornstarch based diets. Samples were collected from the cannulas by removing the cap and unscrewing the collar until the outside edge was flush with the end of the body of the cannula. A small plastic bag was then attached over the collar and around the body of the cannula to collect digesta. This procedure could be performed within the metabolism crate with the unrestrained pig. After the 5 week trial; all 6 pigs were fed an 18% crude protein corn-soybean meal starter diet until they reached about 55 lb at which time the diet was switched to a 16% crude protein growing diet until the cannulas were removed. Samples were collected from all pigs periodically during this time to insure that function of the cannula was maintained. When pigs reached approximately 75 lb live weight, the cannulas were removed from 3 of the pigs in the unanesthetized state by hand manipulation of the cannula until the cannula was dislodged. A larger, flexible cannula was inserted into the fistula immediately following removal of the small rigid cannula. The larger T-cannula were maintained for subsequent trials as the pigs grew larger. The remaining 3 pigs with rigid cannulas as well as the 3 with flexible cannulas were maintained with periodic collections until they reached a weight of about 135 lb at which time all cannulas were nonsurgartically relieved.
Other cannula designs were also tested in this age and weight of pig. Cannulas made of flexible tubing large enough for sample collection resulted in intestinal blockage, frequent loss of cannula or were too large to fit within the lumen of the small intestine. Thin walled stainless steel cannulas could not be threaded and therefore provided no practical means of securing the cannula in place or of adjusting the cannula for changes in body wall thickness. Stainless steel cannulas thick walled enough to be threaded were too heavy and difficult to maintain in the pig. Initial cannulas were designed with
two circular openings, one for intestinal blockage with an inflatable catheter and the other for digesta collection, but the diameter of the openings with this system proved to be too small to allow suitable cannula flow in pigs fit semi-purified diets.
The cannula described in this paper was small, lightweight but sturdy enough to use in digestion studies with neonatal pigs. This cannula does not protrude excessively from the body of the pig and avoided certain problems encountered such as cannula loss and intestinal blockage previously encountered with other types of cannulas in neonatal pigs. Collections can be accomplished by one person on unrestrained pigs. The cannula was large enough to provide sufficient sample flow for routine analysis from pigs fed either semi-purified or practical diets. The screw on cap and collar allowed adjustment for changes in body wall thickness that accompanies pig growth and provided a method to easily attach bags to collect digesta. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/alabama-cougars-sorting-fact-from-fiction/ | Alabama Cougars: Sorting Fact From Fiction | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Mark Smith",
"Jesse Boulerice",
"Stephen S. Ditchkoff"
] | 2023-03-24 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Cougars",
"Alabama"
] | AL | Cookie Notice |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/vacation-house | Vacation House | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Vacation House
## Vacation House
BUILDING&CONSTRUCTION PLANSARCHIVE
Publication Number: 5997
View as PDF: 5997.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtem or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/24-truss | 24' Truss | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications " Building & Construction Plans Archive " 24 Truss
## 24' Truss
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 5922
View as PDF: 5922.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cleveland-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Cleveland County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Cleveland County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 10, 2020
Authors
Rajan Para¸uli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
□ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=cleveland- county-forestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
EXTENSION |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/phytophthora-blight-of-peppers | Phytophthora Blight of Peppers | NC State University | [
"Lina Quesada-Ocampo"
] | null | [
"Plant Pathology",
"Blight",
"Pepper",
"Vegetable",
"Vegetable Disease"
] | NC | ## Phytophthora Blight of Peppers
Vegetable Pathology Factsheets
## Pathogen
Phytophthora blight is caused by the fungal-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici (Figure 1). The pathogen may overwint er in the soil when it forms osopores, which are survival structures that can persist for over 10 years. The pathogen can spread rapidly via water and can contaminate irrigation ponds and creeks.
Attribution: Camilo Parada and Dr. Lina Quesada, NC State Vegetable Pathology Lab
## Host Crops and Plants
The host range of P. capsici is very broad including bell pepper, hot pepper, eggplant, tomato, snap bean, lima bean, and most cucurbits. The broad host range of P. capsici significantly reduces the efficacy of crop rotation as a control method, however, cereal crops (corn, wheat) are not hosts of P. capsici .
## Identification
P. capsici can produce a wide variety of symptoms depending on the specific plant part involved and the stage of the crop. Since P. capsici is a soilborne pathogen, symptoms usually first develop at the soil line in the roots and crown, however, infection can occur at any plant part where water splashes soil onto the plant.
The most common symptoms on peppers are crown rot and fruit rot. Under wet conditions, disease tends to manifest itself as wilting of the plants (Figure 2) followed by plant death. As the disease progresses crown lesions become dark brown and extend upward to girdle the stem causing plant death (Figure 3).
Pepper fruits can become infected when rain and overhead irrigation splash infested soil onto emerging fruits. Fruit rot appears as water-soaked areas that eventually become covered with white powdery to cottony mold (Figure 4).
## Favorable Environmental Conditions for the Disease
Optimal conditions for disease development are:
- · Excessive rainfall or overhead irrigation
- · Saturated soils
## Disease Transmission
Water and movement of infested soil via transplants, farm equipment, or tools are the main contributors to pathogen dissemination. Infested irrigation water is a significant source of inoculum and P . capsici zoospores can easily be carried via run-off from rivers, creeks, ditches, streams, and ponds fed by canals. Culls and debris can also become a significant source of inoculum that can infest the soil and surface irrigation water if culls are next to irrigation ponds or creeks.
## General Disease Management
- · Plant resistant varieties. There are some bell, sweet, and hot peppers with moderate resistance to P . capsici .
- · Plant in field with good drainage and even terrain that will not promote having standing water for prolonged periods of time.
- · Use raised beds and plastic mulch whenever possible.
- · Do not use surface water (ponds, creek) for irrigation since it may be infested. Irrigate moderately from a well via drip, and avoid overhead irrigation especially once fruit is present.
- · Monitor fields for disease.
- · Remove diseased fruit or plants away from the field. Do not leave culls in the field or near surface irrigation water sources (ponds, creeks).
- · Harvest fruit as soon as possible from problem fields.
- · Sanitize farm equipment after working on an infested field.
- · Rotate to crops that are not hosts of P . capsici (cereals).
## Disease Control for Conventional Growers
Research has demonstrated that soil applications at transplant followed by drip applications when possible offer higher protection against Phytophthora root and crown rot. Sprays ensuring good coverage may be needed to protect fruit in heavily infested sites. Alternate products to avoid generating fungicide-resistant strains.
For the latest fungicide recommendations for Phytophthora blight of pepper see the Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook. Fungicide labels are legal documents, always read and follow fungicide labels.
Example products for Phytophthora blight control on peppers:
| Active Ingredient | Example product | Pre-harvest interval (day) | Fungicide group |
|-----------------------------|---------------------|------------------------------|-------------------|
| Cyazofamid | Raman 400 SC | 0 | 21 |
| Ametoctradin + dimethomorph | Zampro | 4 | 45 + 40 |
| Fluopicolide | Presidio | 2 | 43 |
| Mandipropamid | Revus | 1 | 40 |
| Mefenoxam + copper | Ridomil Gold/Copper | 7 | 4 + M1 |
| Famoxadone + cymoxanil | Tanas 50WG | 3 | 11+27 |
| Fluazinam | Omega 500 F | 30 | 29 |
## Disease Control for Organic Growers
The only OMRI labeled active ingredients that have some efficacy against P. capsici are fixed copper formulations.
## Disease Control for Home Gardeners
Home gardeners have no chemical control options that are effective and need to rely completely on host resistance and cultural strategies for disease control.
## Useful Resources
- · The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations
- · The Extension Plant Pathology Portal provides information on crop disease management
- · The Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook provides information on vegetable disease management
- · The USDA Fungus-Host Distributions Database provides information about reported hosts for fungal and oomycete pathogens
## Acknowledgements
This factsheet was prepared by the NC State University Vegetable Pathology Lab in 2015.
- · Follow us on Twitter!
## Author
Lina Quesada-Ocampo WNR Distinguished Professor, Plant Pathology (Cucurbits and Sweetpotato) Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: June 29, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Jan. 9, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/dormitory-loft-cabin | Dormitory Loft Cabin | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | ## Dormitory Loft Cabin
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6013
View as PDF: 6013.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-management-and-finance/e-farm-management-training/farm-stress/index.html | Farm Stress - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2020-11-19 | [] | OK | ## FARM STRESS
earn about ways to monitor for financial stress, ways to respond ) short and long term financial stress and a service that helps producers evaluate alternatives and options.
## resentations
## inancial Stress Testing
ollow along with the inancial (programs/farm-management-and-finance/e-farm -tress management-training/farm-stress/site -sting files/docs/financial-stress-testing.pdf) overPoint presentation. This material is based upon work Jpported by USDA/NIFA and the Southern Extension Risk anagement Education center
More resources that farmers need to improve their mental wellbeing.
## Farm Stress
## .valuating Farm Financial 'performance: Dealing with Financial 'stress
ollow along with the
ealing
ith
inancial
tress
owerPoint presentation.
## Managing in Tough Times
## ISU Publications
Guide to Local State (programs/farm-management-and-finance/e and National Mental farm-management-training/farm-stress/siteHealth Resources files/docs/guide-to-local-state-and-nationalfor Oklahoma mental-health-resources-for-oklahomaProducers producers.pdf)
Evaluating Financial (fact-sheets/evaluating-financial-
Performance and Position performance-and-position.html)
Farm and Ranch Financial (fact-sheets/farm-and-ranch-
Trends Worksheet financial-trends-worksheet.html)
Farm and Ranch Stress (fact-sheets/farm-and-ranch-stress-
Test test-2.htm)
Quicken for Farm and (fact-sheets/quicken-for-farm-and-
Ranch Financial Records ranch-financial-records.html)
Budgets: Their Use in Farm (fact-sheets/budgets-their-use-in-
Management farm-management.html)
Farmers in Transition:Farm (fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-
Family Decision Making farm-family-decision-making.html)
The Financial Puzzle: Goals, (fact-sheets/the-financial-puzzle-
Choices and Plans goals-choices-and-plans.html)
Evaluating Options (fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-evaluating-
for Change options-for-change.html)
Taking Charge in (fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-taking-
Stressful Times charge-in-stressful-times.html)
Negotiation Strategies(fact-sheets/negotiation-strategies.html)
Finding a New (fact-sheets/farmers-in-transition-finding-a-
Career new-career.html)
Coping with (fact-sheets/coping-with-restructuring-
Restructuring or Loss of or-sale-of-the-family-farm.html)
the Farm
Balancing Farm and (fact-sheets/balancing-family-and-
Work work.html)
## Ither Publications
Stress/Mental/(programs/farm-management-and-finance/e-farmHealth management-training/farm-stress/siteResources files/docs/stress-mental-health-resources.pdf)
## Vebsites
Enterprise ( /programs/farm-management-andBudgets finance/budgets/index.html)
Iowa State (https://www.leopold.iastate.edu/marketing/resources)
University
Alternative
Enterprise
Budgets
Ag Risk & Farm Management
( https://agrisk.umn.edu/Budgets )
Library
Online (https://www.canr.msu.edu/managing\_farm\_stress/index)
Course
for
Managing
Farm
Stress |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/considerations-for-mineral-supplementation-in-cow-calf-operations/ | Considerations for Mineral Supplementation in Cow-Calf Operations | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Kim Mullenix",
"L. Wayne Greene"
] | 2018-09-21 | [
"Beef",
"Mineral Supplementation",
"Cow-Calf Operations"
] | AL | ## Considerations for Mineral Supplementation in Cow-Calf Operations
Know the points to consider when purchasing mineral supplements for the cow-calf operation.
## Consumption Levels
The inclusion of salt in mineral mixes can encourage or discourage mineral consumption and regulate intake rates. Salt is usually added to encourage the consumption of trace minerals since cattle do not naturally consume trace minerals when fed alone. Most commercial trace mineral mixes are designed to limit intake to between 2 and 4 ounces per day. Seasonal variation in consumption may occur. Cattle may consume more salt-based minerals during the summer months but less in the winter. Consider differences in mineral composition and daily intake rate when comparing the cost of mineral supplements.
## Supply of Minerals
Check mineral supplies regularly. If cattle run out of minerals for extended periods of time, luxury consumption may occur once minerals are provided, and levels will not be within the 2-to 4 ounce range. Given time, however, consumption will return to normal.
## Free-Choice Loose Minerals
A wide range of free-choice loose minerals are commercially available. The majority of these mixtures contain between 15 and 2 percent salt intake is usually between 2 and 4 ounces of product.
## Trace Mineral Bicks
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacyovphp)
Salt blocks fortified with trace minerals may be marginal or deficient in meeting the daily trace mineral requirements in grazing cattle. Due to the physical hardness of these products, cattle are often unable to consume the needed amount. When producers are unable to provide loose minerals or fortified supplements on a regular basis, trace mineral-fortified block supplements may reduce the incidence of trace mineral deficiency.
## Fortified Energy-Protein Supplements
Mineral fortification of energy-protein supplements may be an effective strategy to provide trace mineral supplements to cattle. Free-choice trace mineral supplements can be added to the winter feed supplement to help ensure trace mineral consumptions during the winter months. Do not feed fortified energy-protein supplements in combination with free-choice mineral supplements.
## Hi-Mag Minerals
A Hi-Mag (high-magnesium) mineral is typically needed only during late winter and early spring. Early growth of cool-season grasses may be deficient in magnesium. They may contain other mineral compounds that reduce magnesium absorption, requiring supplementation to prevent the occurrence of grass tetany.
## Bioavailability of Minerals
The source of minerals can influence animal performance and the cost of a mineral supplementation program. When selecting a free-choice mineral choose those supplying zinc, copper, and manganese in the form of sulfate and not oxide. These forms are more available to the animal and used more effectively.
Chelated or organic minerals may have increased availability to the animal but are usually more expensive than inorganic sources. Before purchasing, evaluate the class of livestock being fed and whether it is economically advantageous to feed them such a mineral.
## Selecting a Supplement
Example Guidelines for Mineral Supplementation of Beef Cows†
## Salt-Based Mineral Supplement on Cool-Season Perennial Grass
## Pasture††
- · 6-12 percent calcium
- · 6-12 percent phosphorous for non-P fertilized pastures*
- · 4-8 percent phosphorus for P fertilized pastures*
- · 8-14 percent magnesium during late winter and spring
- · 0.09-0.18 percent copper (900-1,800 ppm)
- · 0.18-0.36 percent zinc (1,800-3,600 ppm)
- · 0.0026-0.0052 percent selenium (26-52 ppm)
## Salt-Based Mineral Supplement on Warm-Season Perennial Grass Pasture†††
- · 6-12 percent calcium
- · 6-12 percent phosphorous for nonfertilized pastures*
- · 4-8 percent for fertilized pastures*
- · 1-4 percent magnesium
- · 0.15-0.18 percent copper (1,500-1,800 ppm)
## Download this article as a PDF
- [ ] https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-2209\_REV\_.3.pdf ) Considerations for Mineral Supplementation in CowCalf Operations, ANR-2209 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-2209.REV\_.3.pdf)
+Some levels may be somewhat lower or higher than on commercial mineral labels. Many formulations exist and may be usable in your situation.
†† Assumes a consumption rate of 4 ounces per head per day and grazing average-quality tall fescue (60 percent TDN, 12 percent CP).
†† Assumes a consumption rate of 4 ounces per head per day and grazing average-quality bahgiass (55 percent TDN, 10 percent CP).
'Given phosphorous fertilization according to soil test recommendations. Note: Pastures with high levels of soil P may not require P fertilization or higher levels of P in mineral supplements.
Download a PDF of Considerations for Mineral Supplementation in Cow-Calf Operations, ANR-2209. (https://www.aces.edu/wpc content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-2209\_REV\_.3.pdf) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-soybean-production-guide/soybean-fertilization-and-nutrient-management | Fertilization and Nutrient Management | NC State Extension | [
"David Hardy",
"Steph Kulesza",
"Luke Gatiboni"
] | null | [
"Soybean Production",
"Nutrient Management",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Fertilization and Nutrient Management
Soil fertility programs are designed to optimize crop yields, improve farm efficiency, reduce the cost of production, conserve natural resources, and protect the environment by minimizing excessive use of fertilizers (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus). An effective soil fertility program consists of soil testing coupled with plant tissue analysis. Plant tissue analysis helps determine sufficiency of nutrients not included in soil testing and determines if nutrients present in the soil are being taken up by the plant. In addition, appropriate management of tillage, crop residues, water, and pest management are needed to achieve high yields.
## Soil Testing Guidelines
Chemical aspects of soil fertility are monitored through soil testing and plant tissue analysis. The soil testing component of the program involves soil sampling, laboratory analysis, interpretation of laboratory results and recommendations, selection of specific amendments or fertilizers, and application of materials with calibrated equipment.
## Sampling
Because the reliability of the soil test can be no better than the sample you submit it is essential that you take samples in a way that accurately represents the soil on your farm.
Sample depth for cultivated fields is usually approximately 6 to 8 inches because this is where fertilizer and lime are incorporated (Figure 6-1). For continuous no-till fields, a 4-inch sampling depth is recommended. Occasionally sampling these no-till fields with a 0- to 4-inch sample and a separate 4-. to 8-inch-deep sample can demonstrate the degree of pH and nutrient stratification.
Samples should be collected with a chrome-plated or stainless-steel sampling probe and a plastic bucket that are clean and free of lime or fertilizer residues. Multiple cores should be taken to represent the sampling area, and they should be mixed thoroughly before transferring to the soil sample box. Avoid sampling when soil is too wet as it will be difficult to mix the cores. As a rule, if it is too wet to plow, it is too wet to sample.
Samples should be collected three to six months before planting. This will allow you to get the soil test report back in time to plan a mining and fertilization program. Growers in the coastal plain should plan to soil test every one to two years, as the sandy soils in that region do not hold nutrients as long
as soils in the other parts of the state. The nutrient levels in the silt and clay loams in the piedmont and mountains change less rapidly. Sampling these areas once every three to four years is usually sufficient.
For a more thorough description of soil sampling recommendations, see SoilFacts : Careful Soil Sampling-The Key to Reliable Soil Test Information .
## Sampling Strategy
Traditional field sampling guidelines recommend collecting one composite sample consisting of 15 to 20 cores, to represent no more than 20 acres of the same soil type (Figure 6-2). Although this approach has proven very useful for decades, better approaches are now recommended. Technological advances in GPS and GIS allow more intensive soil sampling schemes-called precision soil sampling-so that nutrients can be applied more precisely via variable rate equipment. Zone sampling is a precision sampling technique that utilizes soil type information, field topography from observation, yield maps, and other knowledge of production history to distinguish management zones for sample collection. A zone may be as small as 2 acres but may be 10 to 15 acres if site characteristics and production history are uniform. Considerable time, knowledge of soils, field management, and production history are needed to delineate zones. In each zone, 15 to 20 cores are recommended for a composite sample.
Grid sampling is another precision sampling technique utilized by much of the fertilizer industry. Typically, a 2-acre grid is used to delineate sampling units. Samples are either taken as point samples where grid lines intersect or randomly within each 2-acre grid. This approach to sampling is easier than zone sampling because less expertise and time in delineating zones are required.
Several potential benefits of precision soil sampling and variable rate applications exist. Variable application rate technology should minimize nutrient deficiencies and reduce costs by adjusting application rates to meet localized lime and fertilizer needs in each subsection of a field. If these benefits can be met, then more efficient nutrient utilization should lead to higher yield potential while also reducing runoff and leaching risk.
For a description of more detailed precision agricultural soil sampling schemes, see SoilFacts : Soil Sampling Strategies for Site-Specific Field Management .
## Laboratory Analysis
The Soil Testing Section of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) Agronomic Services Division provides detailed chemical soil analyses, including levels of most major plant nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur), several micronutrients (copper, manganese, zinc), and sodium. The Soil Testing Section also determines pH, acidity, soil class, humic matter content, percent base saturation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and weight-to-volume ratio.
Most of the year (generally April through November), routine NCDA&CS soil tests are provided at "no direct cost" to North Carolina residents. From approximately Thanksgiving through March, however, a peak-season fee of $4 is charged for the processing of all soil samples. The fee's
purpose is to encourage early sampling so the lab can operate more efficiently for faster customer service. The laboratory provides routine predictive analyses as well as more detailed diagnostic services that allow for the submission of linked soil and plant tissue samples from problematic areas.
The NCDA&CS Agronomic Services Soil Testing Section utilizes the Mehlich-3 extractant for nutrients, the Mehlich buffer to measure acidity for determining lime requirement, and a humic matter determination to distinguish soil classes for more appropriate lime recommendations. In September 2017, the lab began measuring pH using a weak calcium chloride (0.01 M CaCl$\_{2}$) solution; this is referred to as a salt pH method.
Private soil testing laboratories are also an option. Because different laboratories may utilize different methods and make different recommendations, producers should verify these methods and recommendations and select appropriate options.
## Interpretation of Laboratory Soil Results
For a soil test to be of value, field studies that relate crop performance to laboratory measurements are essential. These established correlations are the basis for valid fertilizer recommendations and are best attained using local data. With new crop varieties and management systems, these interpretations should be periodically verified.
Soil test interpretations and recommendations consider that fertility is not the only factor that limits yield. Soil moisture, planting dates, crop varieties, weeds, insects, diseases, nematodes, soil physical conditions, and other variables can also limit production. Therefore, the goal of soil test recommendations is not to achieve a specific yield but to prevent fertility from being a yield-limiting factor. In addition, soil test recommendations help curb excessive nutrient application, which is both economically and environmentally unsound. Data from numerous research studies around the world suggest that once the soil test nutrient concentration reaches a certain level, no crop response is likely even at very high crop yield levels.
The publication Crop Fertilization Based on North Carolina Soil Tests describes the index rating system and the interpretation of the NCDA&CS soil test report.
dates, crop varieties, weeds, insects, diseases, nematodes, soil physical conditions, or other conditions, nutrients present in the soil may not be taken up by plants. Tissue analysis coupled with soil analysis can help determine the causes of resulting nutrient deficiencies.
Pay close attention to collection of appropriate plant samples. For soybean seedlings (less than 12 inches tall), collect 20 to 30 whole plants, cutting 1 inch above the soil line. For larger plants up to full bloom, collect the most recent mature leaves, including the petiole, from 20 to 30 plants. Typically, this is about the fourth leaf down from the bud of the plant. Sampling after pod set is not recommended because there are no established sufficiency levels for later growth stages.
| Growth Stage | Growth Stage | Plant Part to Collect | # Plants or Leaves to Collect |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Description | Code | Description | Code |
| Seedling | S | Entire top of plant cut 1 inch above soil | W 20 to 30 |
| Prior to bloom, during initial bloom, before pod set. (Sampling after pods begin to set not recommended.) | | E,B | Most recent mature leaf |
For laboratory guidelines on appropriate sample collection and report interpretation, see the NCCDA&CS Agronomic Services, Plant/Waste/Solution/Media Analysis Section Plant Tissue Analysis Guide.
## Nutrient Recommendations
Soybeans remove a relatively large amount of nutrients from the soil compared to other crops. Total nutrient uptake depends on yield, which varies based on variety, soil, cultural practices, and weather. Soybeans take up relatively small amounts of nutrients early in the season, but the daily rate of nutrient uptake increases for most nutrients around stages R2 to R4. The estimated uptake and removal rate of the primary and secondary nutrients contained in a 50 bu/A yielding crop is shown in Table 6-2.
| | N | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O | Ca | Mg | S | Cu | Mn | Zn |
|---------|-----|------------------|------------|------|------|-----|------|------|------|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Uptake | 277 | 56 | 148 | 49 | 19 | 35 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
| Removal | 188 | 40 | 74 | 19 | 10 | 23 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
While these quantities are high, this should not be interpreted as the amount of fertilizer to apply each season. Nutrient applications will vary according to soil type, residual nutrient status (as measured by soil tests), and soil pH. Fertilizer and lime applications should be based on current, accurate soil tests. Studies in North Carolina and several other soybean producing regions are evaluating whether or not soil test interpretations should be modified to generate different nutrient input recommendations for higher yielding crop systems. To date, it has not been clearly demonstrated that higher fertility inputs lead to higher yields. Nevertheless, improved management practices that lead to higher yields should reduce residual soil nutrient levels as measured by soil tests and lead to higher fertilizer input recommendations using current guidelines.
## Macronutrients
These are the most important nutrients due to the quantity required by crops and the frequent application needed.
## Nitrogen (N)
Effectively nodulated soybeans can usually fix sufficient N for optimum plant growth. When soybeans have been a regular rotational crop in a field with effective nodulation in the past, sufficient inoculum is likely present. For fields without a history of soybean production, or fields experiencing extended flooding or other severe disturbance, inoculation is strongly encouraged. Repeated field experiments have shown that inorganic N applications to nodulated soybeans are not likely to be profitable. Plant tissue analysis, however, should be a useful tool to detect N deficiencies should they occur. Visual symptoms of nitrogen deficiency typically involve yellowing of lower leaves, as shown in the Soybean Diagnostic Key.
## Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K)
Phosphorus and K recommendations provided by soil testing are expected to resolve most yield limitations. Because soybeans are late feeders of K, very early application of K prior to planting is not recommended, especially on low CEC, sandy soils that are prone to leaching. Phosphorus deficiency in soybean typically results in stunted plant growth, while K deficiency usually results in yellowing and necrosis of lower leaf margins.
## Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium and magnesium are traditionally supplied through the application of agricultural limes. If Mg is needed, growers should use dolomatic lime in pH management or use potassium magnesium sulfate (0-0-22, 11% Mg) to supply about 25 lb. per acre when lime is not needed. Magnesium deficiency in soybean usually causes lower leaf interventional chlorosis. Calcium deficiency symptoms
unrelated to low pH effects are not typically observed in North Carolina. Excessive Ca application through use of gypsum to improve soil properties can lead to Mg leaching in sandy soils or an imbalance of these two nutrients.
## Sulfur (S)
Sulfur deficiency has not been commonly observed in North Carolina soybean fields, but deficiencies are most likely to be seen in very deep, coarse-textured soils. Since sulfate anions tend to leach and accumulate in subsoil clay layers, sufficient quantities may be present in some soils even though the topsoil samples analyzed at the laboratories indicate low levels. Sulfur deficiency symptoms include yellowing of the uppermost leaves. Sulfur deficiency is best diagnosed by plant tissue testing rather than soil testing. For additional information, see SoilFacts: Sulfur Fertililization of North Carolina Crops.
## Micronutrients
These nutrients are required in small amounts, but deficiencies can reduce yield because they are essential for specific functions.
## Boron (B)
Boron deficiency in soybean affects rapidly expanding young tissues and can lead to misshapen and chlorotic upper leaves and abnormal plant buds.
## Copper (Cu)
Copper deficiency is most likely to occur in organic soils in eastern North Carolina. It is not often seen in soybeans. Soil testing through NCDA&CS evaluates Cu and provides a recommendation when needed.
## Manganese (Mn)
Manganese deficiency is relatively common in eastern North Carolina soybean fields with pH greater than 6.2 due to overapplication of lime or manures. At higher pH, Mn availability is reduced even if it is present in the soil. Manganese deficiency usually results in leaf intervinal chlorosis and stunted growth. When in-season deficiency occurs, foliar application of 0.5 lb. per acre usually corrects it; two applications spaced about seven days apart are often needed in severe cases.
## Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum is required by the Bradyrhizobium bacteria that form nodules on soybean roots to fix nitrogen. As soil pH decreases, Mo availability decreases, but liming to the appropriate pH will usually correct this concern. If an inoculant is used, Mo should be applied with the seed treatment. Deficiencies in the growing season can be corrected by foliar treatment.
## Zinc (Zn)
Zinc is another important micronutrient, but its deficiency is rarely seen in soybeans. Soil testing through NCDA&CS evaluates Zn and provides a recommendation when needed.
## Lime
Soybean growth is known to be adversely affected by low soil pH. Yields are best when pH is near 6.0 on mineral soils, 5.5 on mineral-organic soils, or 5.0 on organic soils. Liming is recommended if soil pH is below recommended levels. Lime helps reduce toxic levels of aluminum and manganese, increases availability of Mo, and increases P, Ca, and Mg (if dolomitic) availabilities.
Liming should be based on current soil test results. Although soybeans respond well to lime, high pH above recommended levels can cause micronutrient deficiencies. Since lime is relatively immobile in the soil, it should be incorporated, if possible, for adequate pH adjustment in the root zone. In
addition, lime is most effective when applied at least three months prior to planting soybeans, especially for no-till production. For no-till fields, earlier and more frequent liming at lower application rates may be desirable because lime is left on the surface instead of incorporated as with conventional tillage.
Figure 6-11 shows the availability of nutrients at various pH levels. The narrower the bar, the less available the nutrient is at that pH.
## Sources of Lime and Fertilizer
Product recommendations provided through a soil test report state lime or nutrient recommendations on an amount per acre basis. The recommendations do not include additional instructions on sources or combinations of specific nutrients due to the large number of alternatives (including numerous sources each of blended or co-precipitated granules, soil- or foliar-applied solutions, fertigation, and animal wastes). All products should be evaluated based on composition analysis provided on the product label. North Carolina is fortunate to have an agricultural line law that protects consumers. Liming materials should be evaluated based on their effective neutralizing value (ENV), which is determined by both chemical composition (calcium carbonate equivalence or CCE) and the particle sizes (finer particles react faster). See Soil Facts: Soil Acidity and Liming for Agricultural Soils.
Producers should develop their own specific nutrient management program. Lists of commonly available inorganic sources of nutrients can be found on the NCDA&CS website. Additional descriptions of fertilizer materials, including selected specialty, alternative, or fertilizer efficiency enhancer materials, can be found in the Fertilizer Use chapter of the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual . Consult Cooperative Extension agents, NCDA&CS regional agronomists, or other professional agronomists as needed.
Manures can also be a cost-effective source of nutrients for maintaining adequate soil fertility. When using any source of manure nutrients (poultry litter, swine manure, or dairy manure), it is critical to follow state rules and regulations, which include:
- · Applying at no greater than agronomic rates
- Maintaining 100-foot setbacks from perennial streams and waterways
- Not applying to ground that is flooded, saturated with water, frozen, or covered with snow
- Not applying while any precipitation is occurring
Determining the appropriate agronomic rate is critical for land application of manures. You must have a current soil test report (within 3 years) and current waste analysis (within 60 days of application), and understand the nitrogen needs of the crops to be grown (which can be found using the realistic yield expectation tool). While manures are often applied to meet crop N needs, manures contain an array of nutrients, which are often not balanced in ratios that perfectly match crop needs. This can cause accumulation of P, K, Ca, or metals (Zn and Cu) in your soils; excessive Zn and Cu can create toxicity issues, which can harm yields or increase risk of environmental nutrient losses. It is critical to use a current soil test report to avoid issues related to nutrient accumulation. You also must make sure spreaders are calibrated to apply the target rates uniformly across the application area. Serious issues have arisen from the missapplication of nutrients, and these problems can take years to remediate. The most common manure-related toxicity issue is caused by high soil Zn or Cu. Zinc and Cu are fed as micronutrients or antimicrobials within animal agriculture industries and are excreted in the manures of animals in these facilities. Either through repeated application or a onetime overapplication of manure containing Zn or Cu, these metals can accumulate at levels that create toxicity issues in many crops. While soybeans are fairly resistant to toxicity, no land
application of Zn- or Cu-containing materials (including manures) should occur when soil test Zn or Cu indices exceed 3,000. If toxicity symptoms arise, deep tillage and pH elevation are the only two mitigation strategies available to growers.
## Application of Materials
Product recommendations are based on expected plant performance with a uniform product distribution and an availability to the plant as needed during the season. In practice, achieving uniform product distribution requires careful maintenance and operation of equipment. See the Chemical Application Equipment chapter in the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual .
## Broadcast Spreaders
Broadcast spreaders are widely used to apply fertilizer, lime, or amendments. Spreaders can be single-spinner, twin-spinner, or air-boom designs. A large spinner spreader typically consists of a hopper, a drag chain or belt, a discharge gate, a chute, and one or two spinners.
Spinner spreaders should produce a pattern that is heavy in the center and tapering to the edges. Desirable patterns for a spinner spreader are the "triangle," the "oval," and the "flat top" patterns (Figure 6-13).
Proper spacing of the swaths in the field is critical to applying product correctly. Swath spacing should be the width across the pattern where each side delivers 50% of the rate. If the swath spacing is too wide, some areas will not receive enough product between the passes of the spreader. If the swath spacing is too close, some areas will receive too much product. Be sure to check the spread pattern and maintain proper swath spacing in the field. Improper swath spacing or a bad spread pattern for products such as fertilizers and manures can result in striped or uneven crop development (Figure 6-12). If passes are too far apart, underapplication occurs; if passes overlap too closely, overapplication is a concern, increasing the possibility of crop toxicity issues. It is essential to recognize the difference between the width of the spread pattern and the swath width. Figure 6-13 illustrates the spread pattern width as the maximum width the product is distributed. In contrast, swath width is the spacing of the applicator's passes through the field.
Air-boom spreaders use a high-volume air stream to suspend the product particles and convey them through tubes to diffusers spaced along the boom. The product is metered into an air chamber where the air stream catches the material and divides it into the tubes running to the diffusers. The product is uniformly distributed along the width of the boom with a very slight taper on the outside edges. As with the spinner spreader, proper swath spacing is critical. Because the air-boom pattern has little taper, precise swath spacing must be maintained. Smooth delivery of material is important.
Fertilizer spreader settings, operation, and maintenance require considerable care and consideration of design settings. Check the discharge mechanism for blockage or wear. Check the drive mechanism to make sure it is functioning properly. Slipping wheels, worn belts, and worn chains can seriously affect performance and should be repaired. Check the spinners for holes in the bottom or in the vanes. Check for caked material on the vanes as well. Pay close attention to the speed of the spinner; excessively high or low speeds can cause improper application patterns. On air-boom spreaders, be sure to check the air chamber and tubes for blockages and leaks. Refer to your operator's manual for correct settings and adjustments on all machines.
## Acknowledgments
The authors thank Carl Crozier for his contributions to the previous version of this chapter.
## Authors
David Hardy Section Chief, Soil Testing NCDA&CS
## Steph Kulesza
Assistant Professor & Extension Specialist - Nutrient Management & Animal Waste Crop & Soil Sciences
Luke Gatiboni
Extension Soil Fertility Specialist and Assistant Professor Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Jan. 6, 2022
AG-835
## Other Publications in North Carolina Soybean Production Guide
The Soybean Plant
Soybean Production and Marketing in North Carolina
Rotational Considerations
Variety Selection
Planting Decisions
Fertilization and Nutrient Management
Weed Management
Disease and Nematode Management
Insect Management
Key Management Strategies to Increase North Carolina Soybean Yield: What We Have
Learned From 877 Soybean Yield Contest Entries
Harvesting, Drying, and Storage
Soybean Facts
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/pike-county-census-profile-2010-2020 | Pike County Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | The website encountered an unexpected error. Please try again later.
PDOException : SQLSTATE[HY000] [2002] No such file or directory in lock\_may\_be\_available() (line 167 of /websites/muscares/content/includes/lock.inc). |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pitt-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Pitt County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Infographics",
"Local Food"
] | NC | ## Pitt County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2023/01/12/killifish-monitoring-2022-report/ | Killifish Monitoring 2022 Report | University of Florida | [
"Rick O'Connor"
] | 2023-01-12 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"citizen science",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"Killifish",
"Pensacola Bay"
] | FL | ## Killifish Monitoring 2022 Report
In 2017 researchers from Auburn University published a paper looking at the impact of development in Baldwin County on the streams that feed the lower Perdido Bay system. In this study they also included streams from the Florida side of Perdido Bay. They divided their study sites into rural and urban based on the number of buildings/kilometer and area of forested land. They compared sediments, water quality, and biology in the streams of these two study areas to determine impacts, if any.
One thing I noticed when they did their presentation was the absence of the longnose killifish (Fundulus similis ) from all urban creeks. And that it was only found in rural creeks with close association with higher saline sites. Though studies suggests that the longnose killifish can tolerate a wide range of salinities, I was still curious whether this fish could be used as an indicator for urban runoff issues. After consultation with Auburn, we decided to replicate their study at other locations on our side of the bay but focusing only on presence absence of the longnose killifish.
Auburn study was conducted once a season; this was due to the distance they had to travel - but we wanted to replicate it so we would sample once a season. Five baited minnow traps were placed in creeks that fed the estuary on mornings when the tide was falling. Soak time would be four hours. Our project replicated all except we would only use three traps / creek. We selected four creeks in the western side of Escambia County to monitor. These include: Bayu Garcon (feeding Perdido Bay), Kees Bayou (feeding the Intracostal Waterway), Big Lagoon State Park (the creek leaving the Grand Lagoon neighborhood feeding into the state park and eventually into Big Lagoon), and Soldiers Creek (feeding into Bayou Grande). Local volunteers were trained to conduct these surveys and identify
the fish captured. These surveys are to be conducted during the four seasons in 2022 and 2023. Below are the results of the survey
to date is below.
| Fish 2022 | Captured | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall |
|--------------|------------|----------|----------|----------|--------|
| Location | No | 8 | 2 | 0 | |
| Bayou | No | 8 | 2 | | |
| Garcón | sampling | 33 | 1 | | |
| Kees | No | 33 | 1 | | |
| Bayou | sampling | 2 | 4 | | |
| Big Lagoon | No | 2 | | No | |
| SP | sampling | 2 | sampling | | |
| Soldiers | No | 0 | 2 | | 1 |
| Creeks | sampling | 0 | | | |
| Longnose | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
|------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
| Killfish | Captured | Captured | Captured | Captured | Captured |
| Location | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Fall |
| Bayou | No | 0 | 0 | | |
| Garcon | sampling | 0 | | | |
| Kees | No | 0 | | | |
| Bayou | sampling | 0 | | | |
| Big Lagoon | No | 0 | | No | |
| SP | sampling | 0 | | sampling | |
| Soldiers | No | 0 | | 0 | |
| Creeks | sampling | 0 | | | |
| Salinity (ppt) | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
|-------------------|----------|--------|--------|---------|---------|
| Location | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Fall |
| Bayou | No | 14 | 0 | No data | No data |
| Garcon | sampling | 0 | | | |
| Kees Bayou | No sampling | 14 | 13 | 12 |
|-----------------|---------------|------|------|-------------|
| Big Lagoon SP | No sampling | 2 | 2 | No sampling |
| Soldiers Creeks | No sampling | 0 | 4 | 0 |
## Discussion
## Bayou Garcón
This location is dominated by needlerush marsh, muddy bottom, and salinities ranged between 14-O ppt. It is a good location to determine presence/absence but has not had a lot of development directly on the waterway in a few years. There is development occurring within its watershed. This site captured 10 fish in 2022 but they were all pinfish with some young blue crabs captured. - no longhose killfish. All fish were returned. Due to difficulty of getting the boat into this site (extreme tides) it will not be sampled in 2023.
## Kees Bayou
This location is also a needlerush marsh but has a sandier bottom and higher salinity (reported at 13 ±1 ppt each season sampled). There is development on the waterway with new development occurring within its watershed. This site captured the most fish (n=49). Most were pinfish, other estuarine species, young blue crabs, but no lognose killfish present. All fish were returned.
## Grand Lagoon / Big Lagoon SP
This location is a creek that leaves the Grand Lagoon neighborhood and feeds into the northeast end of the state park. It then enters Big Lagoon. The creek itself has development on the waterway and much discharge from the neighborhood. The vegetation is more freshwater in species composition and the salinity was never above 2 ppt. (there was no sampling conduct during the fall). This location captured six fish, but all were freshwater species (as expected). Two
freshwater species of turtles were also captured suggesting this is a freshwater creek and would not expect longnose killfish here. All fish and turtles were returned.
## Soldiers Creek
This location is a needlerush marsh with some burlush present as well - suggesting a lower salinity. It is located near Gulf Beach Highway and has development on the waterway. It eventually feeds into Bayou Grande. The salinity at this site was never above 4 pt. suggesting a more freshwater system. Only three fish were captured at this location, and all were freshwater species - no longnose were present. A turtle was also captured at this site further suggesting a freshwater system.
## Comments
Based on the 2022 results, the sites at Bayou Garcon and Kees Bayou should support longnose killifish; they are not expected to be found at the Big Lagoon SP/Soldiers Creek sites. One could argue that the Big Lagoon SP/Soldiers Creek once supported this species before development occurred decades ago. There is certainly plenty of stormwater influencing both. We will continue monitoring in 2023 and report again next year.
```
1
by Rick O'Connor
Posted: January 12, 2023
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources
Tags: Citizen Science, Florida Sea Grant, Killifish, Pensacola Bay
```
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Weekly 'What Is It?': Community Health And Resource Management (CHARM) Tool
- · Embrace The Gulf 2020 - The Marine Mammals
- · Invasive Species - Lesson 4
- · Youth Science Lesson - Local Wildlife 8 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1980/80-26.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090306100402-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## NUTRITION - FEEDLOT
The Effect of Location on the Nutritive Characteristics of Several Grain Sorghum Hybrids
C. A. Hibberd, R. L. Hintz and D. G. Wagner
## Story in Brief
Four grain sorghum hybrids obtained from three different locations were evaluated for nutrient composition and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). Crude protein content was highly influenced by both hybrid and location. Hybrid appeared to contribute more to variation in starch content than location, although no significant differences were observed. In vitro dry matter disappearance studies showed the non-bird resistant sorghums to be generally similar and superior to the bird resistant hybrid. A significant (P
## Introduction
The potential for increased grain sorghum production in Oklahoma and surrounding states has increased steadily due to drought conditions and increasing cost of corn production (especially irrigation costs). Increased grain sorghum production would provide an opportunity for livestock producers to increase the utilization of this cereal grain in beef cattle rations. Commonly, highly variable feeding quality has caused producers to discriminate against grain sorghum. Research has shown that variety or endosperm type contributes to the variability of grain sorghum, i.e., bird resistant sorghums often have extremely depressed in vitro digestiblein comparison to other sorghum types. In addition, environmental factors such as moisture conditions, soil type or fertilization rates could also affect the feeding quality of grain sorghum. Consequently, this study was initiated to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions primarily related to location on the relative nutritive characteristics of several types of grain sorghum.
## Materials and Methods
Grain sorghum hybrids were obtained from the 1978 Sorghum Performance Test plots located in Perkins, Cimarron and Texas counties in Oklahoma. The Perkins and Cimarron plots were both dryland, whereas the Texas plot received a total of 18 inches
of irrigation during the course of the growing season. The Perkins and Cimarron plots averaged 3.3 and 2.7 inches of rainfall per month, respectively, during May through August. Management practices were similar at all locations and fertilization rates were dependent on soil condition and anticipated yield.
Four grain sorghum hybrids were obtained from each test plot (Table I). Three hybrids differed primarily in endosperm color (white, yellow and hetero-yellow), whereas the fourth hybrid carried the brown seed coat indicating bird resistance in addition to a yellow endosperm. A random sample of each hybrid was divided and ground either in a Udy mill for compositional analysis or a Wiley mill (20-mesh screen) for digestibility comparisons. Total starch was determined as Q -linked glucose poly mers utilizing an enzymatic method, and crude protein was measured by the Kjeldahl procedure. The relative digestibility of the grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated by an in vitro dry matter disappearance procedure. Thirty ml of inoculum (15 ml strained rumen fluid plus 15 ml buffer) were added to a 0.4 g sample in 50 ml centrifuge tubes. After 24 hours of incubation, the tubes were centrifuged, dried and dry matter disap pearance was calculated by difference. Statistical analysis was performed using a model which accounted for the effects of hybrid, location, run and the associated interactions. Significant differences between hybrid by location means were detected using Tukey's HSD test.
## Results and Discussion
Crude protein content was somewhat similar for the White, Yellow and Yellow BR (BR = bird resistant) hybrids but depressed for the Hetero-yellow at the Perkins and Cimarron locations (Table 2). Although some significant differences in crude protein were observed at the Texas location, the hybrids were more uniform than at the other locations. A highly significant (P > .0001) hybrid by location interaction was noted, suggesting that crude protein content was dependent on location as well as hybrid. The crude protein values observed for the Hetero-yellow are an excellent example of this effect. Starch content was not significantly affected by hybrid or location (Table 3). Although the difference in starch content between the Hetero yellow and Yellow-BR at the Cimarron location was fairly large, statistical significance was not observed.
The in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVMDD) studies show that the White, Hetero-yellow and Yellowhybrids were more digestible than the Yellow-BR at all three locations. Only the Hetero-yellow hybrid at the Cimarron location was not signifi
| Endosperm type | Endoscr | Endoscopic | Endoscopy | Starch |
|------------------|-----------|---------------|--------------|----------|
| | | Color | Color | Hardness |
| White | Red | White | Intermediate | Normala |
| Hetero-yellow | Red | Hetero-yellow | Intermediate | Normala |
| Yellow | Colorless | Yellow | Intermediate | Normala |
| Yellow-BRb | Brown | Yellow | Intermediate | Normala |
| Endosperm | Location | Location |
|---------------|------------|-----------------|
| Type | Perkins | Cimarron Texas. |
| White | 15.4b | 15.1a.b 12.3d |
| Hetero-yellow | 13.6c | 8.9a.b 12.1d |
| Yellow | 15.7a | 15.3b 10.8e.f |
| Yellow-BR? | 14.5b,c | 14.5b,c 11.0d.e |
'SEM= 0.2.
$^{2}$BR= bird resistant
a,b,c,d,e/ Means with different superscripts are significantly different within rows and columns (P
| Endosperm | Location | Location |
|---------------|------------|----------------|
| Type | Perkins | Cimarron Texas |
| White | 66.4 | 66.8 |
| Hetero-yellow | 66.4 | 70.5 |
| Yellow | 66.5 | 63.3 |
| Yellow-BR3 | 62.5 | 61.8 |
'SEM=- 1.5.
No significant differences in starch content (P >.05).
| Endosperm | Location | Location |
|---------------|------------|-----------------|
| Type | Perkins | Cimarron Texas |
| White | 56.2a,b | 57.5a |
| Hetero-yellow | 52.6a,b | 45.3b,c 54.9a,b |
| Yellow | 53.5a,b | 57.9a |
| Yellow-BR? | 40.4c.d | 32.7d 39.gc.d |
$^{1}$SEM=- 2.3.
$^{2 }$BRA= bird resistant
a,b,c,d means with different superscripts are significantly different within rows and columns (P
canly different from the Yellow-BR. The hybrid by location interaction was significant (P
These studies suggest that location as well as hybrid is important in determining the nutritive value of grain sorghum. This effect was especially pronounced for crude protein but was also observed to a lesser degree for IVDMD. The significant ( P
## Story in Brief
Hereford x Angus crossbred steers were finished on a grazing system of small grain-interseeded bermudagrass (SG/B) pasture or a conventional 68.6 percent ground corn ration. Carcasses were examined for chemical composition of the intramuscular tissue. Following a stocker phase of predominantly wheat pasture, steers were randomly assigned to: 1) a grazing system of small grains-in-seeded bermudagrass (SG/B) pasture for 180 days, or 2) a grazing system of SG/B pastures for 63 days in the spring prior to being finished on a conventional 68.6 percent ground corn ration (85 days). Live animal performance, carcass characteristics, crude protein, detailed lipid composition and fatty acid profile of the intramuscular tissue were examined. Final weights (897 and 1051 lb) and average daily gains (1.46 and 2.76 lb) were lower (P | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/micronutrients-mississippi-soils-and-plant-nutrition | Micronutrients in Mississippi Soils and Plant Nutrition | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Larry Oldham, PhD",
"Keri D. Jones, PhD"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Commercial Horticulture",
"Soils"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Micronutrients in Mississippi Soils and Plant Nutrition
## Micronutrients in Mississippi Soils and Plant Nutrition
Primary sources of boron are fertilizers that contain fertilizer borates such as sodium borates (14-20 percent B), and Solubor (20.5 percent B). Excessive rates of boron can be toxic to seeds or seedlings. Damage to stands can occur at fairly low rates, especially when banded near the seed drill.
- · Cotton: 0.3-0.5 lb/A
- · Alfaalfa: 1-3 lb/A
- · Clover: 0.5-1 lb/A (especially for seed production)
- · Kale and cole crops: 2-4 lb/A
- · Peanuts: ½ lb/A (on non-Delta soils)
## Zinc (Zn)
Zinc is important in over 200 plant enzyme systems for protein synthesis and energy production. It maintains the structural integrity of biomembranes and has functional roles in the plant. It is involved in the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (IAA), an important plant growth regulator. It is important in seed development and internode elongation.
Zinc deficiencies may occur on high pH soils with sandy to sandy-loam textures. Other contributing factors for plant Zn deficiencies include low soil organic matter content or compacted soils (Noulas et al., 2018).
Corn and pecans often show signs of zinc deficiency. Zinc-deficient leaves show interveinal chlorosis, particularly between the margin and midrib, which creates a striping effect. Because zinc plays a major role in internode elongation, zinc deficiency will cause plants to be stunted. Stunting, resetting, and pale green leaves are typical deficiency symptoms in pecans (DalCorso et al., 2014).
## Common Zinc Sources
Zinc sulfate: 36 percent Zn, a soluble source
Zinc oxide: 70-80 percent Zn, a non-soluble source
Zinc chelates: 10 percent Zn, a soluble source
Corn fertilizers containing zinc: 1-2 percent Zn
## Zinc Recommendations
Corn: 2-3 lb/A (if conditions warrant)
Pecans: 1 lb zinc sulfate per tree per inch of diameter or an equivalent amount from other soluble sources. This amount is applied to the soil. About ½ lb sprayed on the foliage in early spring has also been found effective. Soil application is preferred as foliar sprays can cause the burning of young, tender leaves. Chelates are also very effective but more expensive.
## Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum is vital to nitrogen assimilation as a component of the enzyme nitrogenase. It is necessary for nitrogen-fixation by Rhizobia bacteria in legumes. Molybdenum also affects sulfur metabolism, phytohormone biosynthesis, and stress reactions.
Soil pH is the predominant factor affecting Mo bioavailability in soils. It is tightly absorbed in very low pH soils and virtually not absorbed at pH nearing 8.0 (Goldberg and Forder, 1998). Therefore, Mo is recommended for soybeans on Delta soils with a pH of 5.5 or below and elsewhere on all soils except
for the high-pH soils of the Blackland Prairie. A seed treatment with ½ ounce sodium molybdate per bushel of planting seed is recommended. Other legumes may respond to seed treatments with molybdenum. No general recommendation is currently made.
General deficiency symptoms are stunting and pale green color. These symptoms resemble those of nitrogen deficiency because of molybdenum's role in nitrogen use by plants. Leaves may be pale and scorched, cupped, or rolled. The leaves may also appear thick or brittle.
## Common Molybdenum Supplements
- · Sodium molybdate: 38 percent Mo
- · Ammonium molybdate: 41 percent Mo
## Iron (Fe)
Iron is necessary to form chlorophyll in plant cells. It is necessary in processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, hormone biosynthesis, and pathogen defense.
Iron deficiency chlorosis in soybeans is an issue on Mississippi Blackland Prairie soils with high pH levels. Iron solubility is very low in these soils, and other soil chemical factors hinder plant-mediated adoption mechanisms, particularly for dicot species such as soybeans (Gamble et al., 2014).
Deficiency symptoms reflect iron's role in chlorophyll production and include interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, with a sharp distinction between the veins and other areas of the leaf. The entire leaf will become whitish-yellow as the deficiency develops and then die. Plant growth is slow.
No general recommendations are made, but materials such as iron sulfate, which is soluble, or iron chelates are generally used as a soil or foliar application when specific deficiencies occur. Management options such as planting less susceptible, iron-efficient cultivars should be used in high pH soils (Helms et al., 2010).
## Manganese (Mn)
Manganese is a key component necessary for photosynthesis in higher plants. It is an enzyme cofactor or a catalyst. While needed in minute amounts by plants, it is just as critical as other nutrients. Besides photosynthesis, Mn plays roles in plant respiration, pathogen defense, and phytohormone signaling (Alejandro et al., 2020).
Soil-related Mn deficiency can be a problem in well-aerated, high pH soils; however, it has seldom been an issue in Mississippi.
Conversely, Mn toxicity potentially is an issue in acid soils throughout most of the state because the bioavailability of Mn increases as pH decreases. Toxicity is seen in cotton and soybeans grown on soils with a pH of 5.3 and lower. No specific recommendations for the nutrient are made; however sound soil testing and the limiting program should be followed.
## Copper (Cu)
Copper is essential to plant growth for photosynthesis, nitrogen and carbon metabolism, and cell wall synthesis. Copper can become toxic in the plant through enhancing certain reactions that can damage proteins and other molecules. It can decrease yields, chlorophyll synthesis, and overall productivity (Alengebawy et al., 2021).
Copper deficiency symptoms are stunting plants, chlorosis in younger leaves, dieback of terminal buds in trees, wilting, delayed maturity, and death of leaf tips. Deficiencies seldom occur in Mississippi. No recommendations are currently made.
## Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine is a mobile anion in plants, so most of its functions are related to electrical charge balance. It is abundant in most soils, but chlorine deficiencies have been found in wheat in the northern Great Plains, in sandy soils with high rainfall, and in artificially induced experiments. No deficiency symptoms or need for application of chlorine has been identified in crops grown in Mississippi.
## Nickel (Ni)
Nickel was reported as an essential nutrient in the early 1980s for some enzymes involved in seed germination; thus it has roles in seedling growth and development. Subsequent work has found Ni in more enzymes, and it appears to be essential in the nitrogen cycle (Shahzad et al., 2018). However, high Ni concentrations in soils are problematic for plants (Kumar et al., 2021; Shahzad et al., 2018).
Deficiency symptoms include poor seed germination, chlorosis, and interveinal chlorosis in young leaves that move to tissue death. Nickel deficiency has not been identified in Mississippi crops.
## Regarding Visual Field Diagnosis for All Nutrients
Visual diagnosis is imprecise and only should be used as a first clue for determining potential plant nutrition issues, because:
- · Many symptoms have similar appearances,
- multiple nutrient issues can manifest at the same time,
- · symptoms can vary between species, or
- false' symptoms may occur.
Soil or plant tissue testing should be used to confirm or deny suspected plant nutrient related problems (McCauley et al., 2009). Information about soil and plant tissue sampling and analysis are available here or your local Mississippi State University Extension.
## References
Alejandro S., Höller S., Meier B., & Peiter E. (2020). Manganese in Plants: From Acquisition to Subcellular Allocation . Frontiers in Plant Science 11. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00300.
Alengebawy A., Abdelhkalhek S.T., Qureshi S.R., & Wang M.Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics 9:1-34. DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030042.
Brdar-Jokanovic, M. (2020). Boron toxicity and deficiency in agricultural plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041424.
Camacho-Cristóbal J.J., Rexach J., & González-Fontes, A. (2008). Boron in Plants: Deficiency and Toxicity. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50:1247-1255. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00742.x.
DalCorso G., Manara A., Piacentin S., & Furini A. (2014). Nutrient metal elements in plants. Metallomics 6:1770-1788. DOI: 10.1039/C4MT00173G.
Edelstein M., & Ben-Hur, M. (2018) Heavy metals and metalloids: Sources, risks and strategies to reduce their accumulation in horticultural crops. Scientia Horticulturae 234:431-444. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.039.
Gamble, A.V., Howe J.A., Delaney, D., van Santen E., & Yates, R. (2014). Iron Chelates Alleviate Iron Chlorosis in Soybean on High pH Soils. Agronomy Journal 106:1251-1257. DOI: 10.2134/agronj13.0474.
Goldberg, S. & Forster, H.S. (1998). Factors affecting molybdenum adsorption by soils and minerals. Soil Science 163:109-114.
Hänsch R. & Mendel R.R. (2009). Physiological functions of mineral micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, B, C). Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12:259-266. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.05.006.
Helms T.C., Scott R.A., Schapaugh W.T., Goos R.J., Franzen D.W., & Schlegel AJ. (2010). Soybean IronDeficiency Chlorosis Tolerance and Yield Decrease on Calcareous Soils. Agronomy Journal 102:492-498. DOI: 10.2134/agronjon2009.0317.
Kumar, A., Ijjyasu, D.K., Kumar, A., Subrahmanyam, G., Mondal, R., Shahan, A.A., Cabral-Pinto, M.M.S., Malyan S.K., Chaturvedi A.K., Gupta, D.K., Fogodiya, R.K., Khan, S.A., & Bhatia, A. (2021). Nickel in terrestrial biota: Comprehensive review on contamination, toxicity, tolerance and its remediation approaches. Chemosphere 275:129996. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129996.
McCauley A., Jones C., & Jacobsen, J. (2009). Plant nutrient functions and deficiency and toxicity symptoms . Montana State University Extension Service, Bozeman, MT. pp. 16.
Noulas, C., Tziouvalekas, M., & Karyotis, T. (2018). Zinc in soils, water and food crops. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 49:252-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibtem.2018.02.009.
Shahzad, B., Tanveer, M., Rehman, A., Cheema, S.A., Fahad S., Rehman, S., & Sharma, A. (2018). Nickel; whether toxic or essential for plants and environment - A review. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 132:641-651. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.014.
Tripathi, D.K., Singh S., Mishra, S., Chauhan D.K., & Dubey, N.K. (2015). Micronutrients and their diverse role in agricultural crops: advances and future prospective. Acta Physiologie Plantarum 37:139. DOI: 10.1007/s11738-015-1870-3.
## Publication 3726 (POD-11-21)
By Larry Oldham, PhD, Extension Professor, Plant and Soil Sciences and Keri D. Jones, PhD, Lab Coordinator, Soil Testing Laboratory.
Department: Plant and Soil Sciences, Soil Testing
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4083
How to Reach Your Audience and Boost Sales with Content Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4102 Crop Insurance Basics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
## Recent Issues
4H ANIMAL LINES NEWSLETTERS March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines
MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners
DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes
MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers
DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
» |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/gladiolus-topiary-design-for-the-professional-florist | Gladiolus Topiary Design for the Professional Florist | Mississippi State University | [
"James M. DelPrince"
] | null | [
"Floral Design",
"Cut Flowers and Houseplants"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Gladiolus Topiary Design for the Professional Florist
## Gladiolus Topiary Design for the Professional Florist
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under:
Cut Flowers and Houseplants,
.
Publication Number: P3682
View as PDF: P3682.pdf
Gladioli are elegant yet versatile flowers. As flower fashions come and go, gladioli-often referred to as "glads" in the floral trade-are typically reserved for church and funeral floral designs. This may be due to their showy qualities, as they are large and colorful flowers with a high perceived dollar value. An unfortunate truth is that we as florists relegate them for use in those categories and do not showcase them for other designs or occasions.
Glads deserve a second look! They are available in numerous colors, both active (violet, red, orange, yellow, lime) and passive (white, pink, peach, mauve, lavender), making them an ideal floral material when selecting color palettes. Exercise your color-combining work in monochromatic, analogous, or complementary schemes, and think of glads as the missing key to your designs.
Gladiolis is a classical line flower with a strong spike form. It provides structure to designs, creating the skeleton into which mass and filler flowers can be combined.
The line-mass continuum theory in floral design describes the melding of Eastern Ikebana (line designs) with the voluminous styles of old Europe (mass designs) creating line-mass in the center. Line-mass designs are typically based on pyramid forms, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical. When creating a line-mass design, an efficient order of flower placements includes establishing the design's structure first with linear flowers, followed by rounded, mass flowers, and finishing with filler materials. Linear flowers provide structure, mass flowers form the muscle, and filler flowers connect the diverse materials to create the overall form. This is one of the first techniques a professional floral designer must learn.
Adventuresome floral designers can use gladioli to create numerous types of floral designs, including flowers to wear, flowers to carry, table centerpieces, and many more. In the summer months, their wholesale price is significantly lower than during the spring and fall, especially if purchased in quantity. Glads are more abundant on the domestic market and are often grown by small, local farms. Discuss special pricing with your wholesale flower suppliers, then incorporate these spectacular flowers in unexpected ways into your designs.
One way to use gladioli in a unique way is found in this topiary design. This arrangement would be perfect for a party or event. Instead of the usual low centerpiece, why not place one of these on a round table? Two to four of them would look stunning on an oblong table for a seated dinner or buffet service. A matching pair placed on a fireplace mantel is sure to bring attention and positive feedback to your floral business.
A regular "grower's bunch" is typically 10 stems. We used five glad stems in this featured design. An important feature to this design is to allow the florets to open, providing numerous blooms. Use refrigeration as a tool to control the stages of opening. Leave the flowers out of the cooler to open at
their own rate of speed. As the stems blossom, they can be moved to refrigeration to hold them at a particular point.
We feel this design is noteworthy because it takes so little material to create an impactful design. The globe-shaped topiary is a classic, and, like elegant gardens, stone castles, and moonlight, it never goes out of style.
Note that this design stretches fresh flower foam to nearly the breaking point; therefore, you may need to practice this design a few times to perfect your techniques. Give yourself grace if you need to remake the mechanics; no one is born with the ability to create perfect mechanics at every attempt.
## Topiary Materials
Five stems 'White Prosperity' or other gladiolus variety, fresh flower foam, waterproof tape, 2- to 3inch wired wood picks, cube container, decorative stones. You will also need a floral knife and floral shears or sharp pruning shears.
## Topiary Base
Place hydrated fresh flower foam snugly within the container. This cube container's height left about 1 inch of space from the top of the foam.
## Gather the Stems
Next, gather the gladioli stems together at a proportional length of about twice the height of the container.
## Cut the Stems
Using floral or pruning shears, cut the stems at the gathering point. Set the flowering portion of the stems aside.
## Tape the Stems
Bind the plain cut stems just below the cut point with waterproof tape.
## Trim the Stems
Trim the top of the bound stems so that they form a point in the center. It is fine to use floral shears or puners for this step, but it is best to use a knife to cut flower stems that are inserted into fresh flower foam. Set the stem/container unit aside.
## Create a Foam Ball
Taking a piece of fresh flower foam, sculpt it into a spherical shape using a floral knife. This unit uses about one-sixth of the block of floral foam. Note that manufacturers often score standard size foam bricks into halves and thirds, so use those lines to avoid cutting away an abundance of foam.
Wrap waterproof tape in a continuous band around the foam ball, making a cage. This cage adds support and resiliency to the sphere. Do not add too much tape. Leave room for stem placements to enter the foam. The tape will attach to itself, not the wet foam, so be sure to overwrap it to itself.
## Pike the Ball
Once the caged ball of foam is finished, press it onto the gladiolus stem unit. Be sure to have something absorbent on hand and watch for water spills on the floor. This step should result in a
relatively secure bond between the foam ball and the stems. This step makes a large hole in the foam ball. If the connection seems loose, it is often best to restart this step with a new ball of foam.
## Rigid Stems
The next phase of this design creation involves adding gladiolus florets to the topiary ball. Cut florets from the stem, keeping stem segments intact. If you merely remove the florets and try to use them as placements, you will find that the base of the flower is much too weak for floral foam insertion. It is important to leave the florets attached to the parent stem. The stem is rigid and will stay in place once inserted into the foam.
## Stem Insertions
Think of this ball as a world globe. Make multiple insertions of the glad stem segments into the foam ball. Your first placement should be near the South Pole, while your second placement should be near the North Pole. Add floral system segments around the equator in a zigzag pattern. It is a good habit to step back from your work, so that you can see the overall pattern of the design. Note that a common pitfall with this design is too few flowers at the lower third of the sphere. If this design is used as a table centerpiece, the guests will see non-decorative mechanics rather than beautiful gladiolus florets.
## Foliage Accents
Go back to the stems and foliage that were set aside, and gather and form individual leaves into loops. These can be bound together using a wired wood pick. Gladiolus foliage can last a long time
without water; therefore, it is not necessary for it to directly contact the foam. Distribute the foliage loops to cover the non-decorative floral foam ball and to bring crisp green color to the sphere.
## Finished Design
Once the design is complete, add decorative stones to the base of the design, covering the foam. Add water to the container just above the layer of stones so that their color appears saturated. In general, it is best to avoid adding flowers or unnecessary decoration to the base of the design. It detracts from the design appearing as a trained plant. We added a line of ribbon under the container to repeat the color white at the base of the design. Consider a scattering of votive candles around the design's base for an evening event.
## References
Butler, S., DelPrince, J., Fowler, C., Gilliam, H., Johnson, J., McKinley, W., Money-Collins, H., Moss, L., Murray, P., Pamper, K., Scace, P., Shelton, F., Verheijen, A., & Whalen, K. (2008). The AIFD guide to floral design. Intelvid.
Dole, J., Stamps, R., Carlson, A., Ahmad, I., Greer, L., & Laushman, J. (Ed.). (2017). Postharvest handling of cut flowers and greens . Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers.
Missouri Botanical Garden. Gladiolus (group) .
Scase, P.D. & DelPrince, J.(2021). Principles of Floral Design (2nd Ed.) Goodheart-Willcox, Tinley Park, IL.
A thank you is extended to Corey Wheeler, MSU Coastal Research and Extension Center Research Technician for floriculture production assistance.
## Publication 3682 (POD-09-24)
By James M. DelPrince, PhD, AllFd, PFCI, Associate Extension Professor Department: CREC-CoastalResearch&ExtCenter
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
AUGUST 28, 2024
Floral design workshop set for Oct. 10 in Hernando
JULY 31, 2024
Floral workshop focuses on sustainable practices
MARCH 6, 2024
Dr. James M. DelPrince Associate Extension Professor
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James M. DelPrince Associate Extension Professor
Related News |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/moore-county-forestry-impacts-2014 | Moore County Forestry Impacts 2014 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Moore County Forestry Impacts 2014
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 8, 2018
Authors
Laurel Kays
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=moore- county-forestry-impacts-2014#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page
EXTENSION |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/aquaculture/oyster-restoration-how-to-grow-your-oyster-garden/ | Oyster Restoration: How to Grow Your Oyster Garden | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"P. J. Waters Jr."
] | 2019-10-31 | [
"Aquaculture",
"Oyster Restoration",
"Gardening"
] | AL | Revised October 2019, Oyster Restoration: How to Grow Your Oyster Garden , ANR-1360 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/tax-schools-farm-and-business-tax-institutes/site-files/documents/class-materials/ch-08-individual-issues-part-2-edited-by-l-cochell.pdf | Microsoft PowerPoint - Ch 08 Individual-Issues-Part-2 Edited by L Cochell | Oklahoma State University | [
"JC"
] | Error: time data "D:20211105164636-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | LEARNING OBJECTIVES
P.311
- Understand the rules of a taxpayer must satisfy to claim the earned income tax credit JCI with or without children phaseout properties of the EIC
- Understand the phasen and phaseout properties of the EIC
Know the new rules that expand EIC disability
- Understand how a minister's income and housing are taxed
Masks
- Recognize when a US person can clam a foreign tax credit or foreign housing exclusion
- Understand the Ia s t i a n s for a non-US person with US real estate rental income
- Apply the tax laws that characterize the goin on currency exchanges
- Understand how tax treaties and international social security agreements override or modify the internal Revenue Code
## EIC RULES
PP. 313-314
- Valid SSN
- Not on an ITN
- Must be issued by due date of ret.ern, including extensions
- Child must have SSN also
MIL'S - may be considered unmounded (similar to HOH exclusions)
US citizen or resident alien - OK it nonaedent filing MfJ w/Citizen or resident
Can't claim foreign earned income exclusion on Form 2555 or form 2555-EZ
Investment income Imit $10K - see Figure 8.1
Tarned Income Tax Cedi
Income for the EBC
Wales
benefit
for the EBC
included in
earned
WHAT IS EARNED INCOME?
Earned Income includes:
Earned Income does not include:
· Wages, salaries, tips, taxable
employee pay ·
Net earnings from self employment benefits
Gross income received as a statutory
employee ·
and child support
· Welfare benefits
Worker's camp and unemployment
·
Veleana's benefits
The rental value of a home or a housing allowance provided to a minister is included in eamed Income for the EBC
referred to
eae
Earned Income Tax Cedi
Income for the EBC
wrestled
## CLAIMING THE EIC WITH NO QUALIFYING CHILD
Four additional rules:
- AGE - must be of legal 19 years old
- a) Specified student age 24- age 18
- b) Qualified former foster youth age 18
- c) Qualified home use youth age 18
- NOL A QUALIFYING CHILD
- EISENCE IN US for more than one-half of the year
Special rule apply to military personnel
Earned Income Tax Credit
CLAIMING THE EIC WITH A QUALIFYING CHILD PP. 316-317
The qualifying child must meet the following tests:
- 1. Reliability - see the list
- 2. Age
- Under age 19 at the end of 2021 [24 for student]
- Any age if permanently and totally disabled
- Ik lncladly - More havllew in US with kopoyer for moheh one-half the yal
- Joint return - only to claim a refund al income
- Cannot be claimed by mohee that one person
- Not qualifying child of another
Earned Income Tax Credit
CLAIMING THE EIC PP. 317-319
Can use 2019 income to calculate 2021
Example & I Lucy is Hoh w/ 2 children. 2019 income was higher. Usas EIC tables. 2019 income results in higher credit. Reports on Schedule EIC.
Cross-Reference - Due Diligence
Hohl.DC.CTC.ACTC.AOTC
Earned Income Tax Credit
Earned Income Tax Credit IPU for MoviVes > Interordetor For Bave
Earned income tax credit
Tax issues for ministers
International Tax issues
## TAX ISSUES FOR MINISTERS
PP. 321-323
SE Tax
Exclude housing allowance for income tax provision
Allowance for income tax provision for tax purposes
Revenues for rentals value (not more than reasonable pay)
Revenues for rentals value (not more than reasonable pay)
HOUSING EXCLUSION - REPORTING
PP. 324-326
Example 8.8 Pastor Allen $2,200 salary and $3 equivalent Jess 43(b) deferral | reported in Box 1 Form W-2, housing allowance in Box 14 Schedule S also includes housing allowance and S income
TAX HOME
P. 323
Location of the taxpayer's regular or principal place of business. employment. or post of duty if a taxpayer does not have a regular or main place of business due to the nature of his or her business. In tax home is the taxpayer's regular place of abode Temporary presence in US/maintenance of dwelling in US does not necessarily mean US is abode
Temporary presence in US/maintenance of dwelling in US does not necessarily mean US is abode
CALCULATING THE EXCLUSION
| | P.330 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| The amount of the foreign earned income exclusion is the lesser of: 1. The limit on the excludedable amount, or 2. Foreign earned income for the tax year minus the foreign housing exclusion | For 2021, the foreign earned income exclusion is up to $108,700 for each qualifying person |
| Earned Income Tax Credit | International Tax Issues |
| Claiming THE EXCLUSION | Form 2555 Foreign Earned Income or Form 2555-EZ Foreign Earned Income Exclusion |
| Foreign Earning Income Eligible for the Exclusions(s) · Used by US taxpayer who is working abroad to request reduced withholding | Interest Tax (Losses) |
| Form 2555 Foreign Earned Income or Form 2555-EZ Foreign Earned Income Exclusion · Form 673 Statement for Claiming Exemption From Withholding on Foreign Earning Income Eligible for the Exclusions(s) · Used by US taxpayer who is working abroad to request | Informational Tax (Losses) |
| Earned Income Tax Credit | International Tax (Losses) |
FOREIGN TAX CREDIT P.332 Procterier Note - Tax Inefies Some tax treaties specifically define which taxes qualify for foreign tax credit treatment. US citizens living in certain treaty countries may be able to take on additional credit for foreign tax imposed on certain US income. Review the tax treaty.
FOREIGN TAX CREDIT-CLAIMING THE CREDIT P.333 A taxpayer may be exempt from the foreign tax credit limit and can claim the credit without filing Form 1116 if: All foreign source All Income and any Qualified foreign gross income for Foreignes paid foreign taxes paid Taxes are not more than $300 (or $600 category income Payee statement MFJ) Cross-Referenc Net Investment Income Tax No offset of the net investment income tax(Nil with a credit for foreign taxes paid). International Tax Taxes issued
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
PP. 333-334
FOREIGN OWNERS OF US RENTAL PROPERTIES P. 335
Fixed or determinable annual or periodical IFDAPjincome - passive Investment Income
- - Taxed at 30% rate
PAXER required to withholding SO& and remit to IRS Effectively connect income (ECI)
- if foreign person is engaged in a trade or business
- or elects lo treat as ECI
- taxed at graduated rates on a net basis
- must provide form w-8 CI Certification by payee to payor
FormedIncomeTaxCostD
dostoetnwvivin
InternationalTaxIssues
Ifental income is ECL must file annual return and pay tax on net
Internallocal Tosuas
| | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAX TREATIES | PP. 336 - 337 |
| Intended to reduce double taxation, treaties change the general rules and a general reciprocity | Intended to reduce double taxation, treaties change the general rules and a general reciprocity |
| Residents of foreign countries that receive income from US sources and Non-resident citizens that receive US income | Residents of foreign countries that receive income from US sources and Non-resident citizens that receive US income |
| Most follow model rules | Most follow model rules |
| Earned Income Tax Credit | International Tax Issues |
TREATY BASED RETURN POSITION DISCLOSURES
file Form 8833 to explain why social security and Medicare taxes are not being paid
To disclose any other treaty- based position required to be disclosed
Penalties for failure to disclose
P.339
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
Rates
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/afs/feed-additives-for-beef-cattle-production-afs-3038.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20220719083300-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Feed Additives for Beef Cattle Production
Paul Beck, PhD Associate Professor, Beef Cattle Extension Specialist
Rosslyn Biggs, DVM Assistant Clinical Professor, Beef Cattle Extension Specialist
## Introduction
Feed additives are added to beef cattle diets in small amounts with expected benefits based on biological impacts (such as improved performance, health or efficiency) not related to direct supply of nutrients. These compounds may or may not qualify as drugs to be regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There are various classes of feed additives. Medicated feed additives include antibiotics, antimicrobials, anti-coccialds, antiparasitics, sulfonamidics, hormones, anti-bloat compounds and betagonists. Nonmedicated feed additives include probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, phytogenics, enzymes and many other compounds. Feed additives can be useful tools to address key consumer issues such as reducing antibiotic use or greenhouse gas emissions, improving product safety and increasing animal health and efficiency.
Specific drug levels for use are not provided in this publication. Label and dose information for each of the drugs and additives described are available depending on the type of product from prescribing veterinarians, company websites, specific company representatives or by searching the FDA online listing of approved animal drugs (https:// animaldrugsatfa.fda.gov/adafa/views/#blueBirdLabels).
| Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| are also available on our website at: extension.okstate.edu | |
## Classes of Feed Additives
## Antibiotics
Many of these compounds, used to kill or reduce bacterial growth, are important for human medicine and veterinary medicine, including livestock production. In order to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance in both human and veterinary medicine and improve antibiotic stewardship, the Federal Drug Administration now requires the use of a Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) order to acquire and use certain medically important antibiotics for animal feed use. Common beef cattle feed grade antimicrobials requiring a VFD are shown in Table 1 .
## Veterinary Feed Directive
A VFD order is a written statement from a licensed veterinarian that authorizes that a client to use a feed additive that requires a VFD. This allows a client to obtain and use a VFD drug in on animal feed according to FDA approved label directions. This rule became effective on January 1, 2017 and covers the use of any ' medically important'antibiotic or antimicrobial agent. The use of these compounds must be authorized by a licensed veterinarian and used in compliance with these regulations. Use for growth promotion and feed efficiency is no longer covered by these approved labels. There is no legal extra-label usage for medicated feed additives.
The compounds in Table 1 are all considered to be antibiotics that are medically important for humans. The approach is to manage antibiotic use to decrease the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Notice there is no approved use for these compounds to be fed for the reduction of pinkeye or foot rot.
| Table 1. Common medically important feed grade antibiotics requiring a VFD | Table 1. Common medically important feed grade antibiotics requiring a VFD | Table 1. Common medically important feed grade antibiotics requiring a VFD | | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Drug Name | Drug Trade Names | Classification | Approved Uses | |
| Chlortetracycline (CTC) | Aureomycin, Chloratet, Pennchlor, ChlorMaz | Antibiotic | · Treatment and control of bacterial pneumonia caused by Pasteurrella spp. · Treatment of bacteri- rial enteritis · Control of active anaplasmosis · Reduction of the incidence of liver abscesses | Cholretracycline (CTC) |
| Oxytetracycline | Terramycin, Pennox, | Antibiotic | Maintenance of weight gains in the presence of respiratory disease | Cystic amide + Sulfon- |
| CTC + Sulfamethazine | Aureo S 700, Aureomix S, Pennchlor S | Antibiotic + Sulfon- amidic | Treatment of diarrhea, pneumonia, and shipping fever in cattle | Neomycin + Oxytetracycline |
| Tylosin | Tylan, Tylosin, Tylovet | Antibiotic | Reduction of liver ab- scesses associated with Fusobacterium necropho- rum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes | Viginianmycin |
| VirginiaMycin | Virginiamycin, V-Max | Antibiotic | Reduction in incidence of liver abscesses in cattle fed in confinement for slaughter | Virginianmycin |
In order to use these VFD drugs a producer must have a valid Veterinary Client Patient Relationship (VCPR) with a licensed veterinarian. The minimum federal regulations defining a VCPR are 1) Veterinarian has assumed the responsibility for making medical judgments regarding the health of (an animal)s(and the need for medical treatment and the client (the owner of the animal or animals other caretaker) has agreed to follow the instructions of the veterinarian; 2) There is sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) by the veterinarian to initiate at least a general or preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition of the animal(s); and 3) The practicing veterinarian is readily available for follow-up in case of adverse reactions or failure of the regimen of therapy.
| Table 2. Common beef cattle feed additives NOT requiring a VFD | Table 2. Common beef cattle feed additives NOT requiring a VFD | Table 2. Common beef cattle feed additives NOT requiring a VFD | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Drug Name | Drug Trade Names | Classification | Approved Use |
| Amprolium | Cord | Anti-coccidial | Prevention and treatment for intestinal coccidiosis |
| Bacitracin | Albac, BMD | Antibiotic | Reduction in liver abscesses |
| Bambermycin | Gainpro | Ionophore-like antibiotic | Increased growth and feed effi- ciency of growing and finishing cattle |
| Decoquinate | Deccox | Anti-coccidial | Prevention of coccidiosis |
| Diflubenzuron | JustiFly, ClariFly | Insect growth regulator | Hom Fly Control |
| Fenbendazole | Safe-Guard | dewormer | Internal parasite control |
| Laidlomycin | Cattylst | Ionophore | Improved feed efficiency and weight gain of cattle being fed in confinement for slaughter |
| | | | · Improved feed ef- ficiency for cattle fed in confinement for slaughter |
| | | | · Improved weight gain for growing cattle on pasture |
| Lasalocid | Bovatec | Ionophore | · Coccidiosis control |
| | | | Reduction of ammonia gas emissions per pound of live or carcass weight and improved feed efficiency during the last 14 to 91 days of feeding |
| Lubabegron | Experior | Rota-agoinist | Estrus suppression |
| Melengestrol acetate | MGA | Hormone | Increase gains of graz- ing cattle |
| | | | · Prevention and control of coccidiosis |
| | | | · Improved feed efficien- cy of cattle in confine- ment |
| Monensin | Rumensin, | Ionophore | Internal parasite control |
| Morantel tartrate | Rumatel | Antiparasitic | Prevention of legume and wheat pasture bloat |
| Poloxalene | Bloat Guard | Anti-bloat | Increased rate of weight gain, improved feed efficiency and increased carcass leanness dur- ing the last 28 to 42 days of feed |
| Ractopamine | Optaflex, Actogain | Beta-agonist | Horn fly control |
| S-Methoprene | Altosid IGR | Insect growth regulator | Control of horn flies, face flies, house flies, and stable flies |
| Tetraclorvinphos | Rabon | Antiparasitic | Increased rate of weight gain, improved feed efficiency and increased carcass leanness dur- ing the last 20 to 40 days of feed |
| Zilpateral | Zilmax | Beta-agonist | Increasing the last 20 to 40 days of feed |
Ionophores
lonophores are one of the most commonly used classes of feed additives in beef production. Although these compounds are classified by FDA as antibiotics, they are not considered to medically important to humans and therefore do not require a VFD (Table 2). The mode of action of ionophores is to disrupt ion movement across cell membranes of affected bacterial species in the rumen. This shifts microbial populations toward bacteria that produce more propionic acid and away from bacteria that produce acetic acid. There are also indications that ionophores target bacterial species that produce methane, a waste product of ruminal fermentation which is considered to be a potent greenhouse gas. Although not considered an ionophore, barmberrycin has a similar mode of action and similar effects on production.
It has been estimated that 90 to 97% (Samuelson et al., 2016) of feedloos uses inophones in finishing diets. An analysis of 64 experiments with the ionophore monensin found that feed efficiency is improved by 6.4% and average daily gain is improved by 2.5%. The increased feed efficiency is related to the increased gain and a 3% decrease in feed intake (Duffield et al., 2012). Other ionophores have also proven to be effective in promotion of gains and feed efficiency of finishing cattle. Cernichiaro et al. (2016) found that average daily gains, average feed intake, and liver abscesses were greater for steers fed lainomylic pro pinate than monensin with no difference in feed efficiency.
Adoption of ionophore use is much lower in stocker and cow-calf production in feedloos. Bretschneider et al. (2008) found that ionophores increased average daily gain of growing cattle on forage based diets by 0.16 to 0.22 pounds per day. Gadberry et al. (2022) found that moun sinc fed to beef cows increased milk yield and decreased forage intake, showing that it provides potential benefits to cow-calf production systems as well.
## Direct Fed Microbials and Probiotics
Probiotics are live cultures of microorganisms fed in diets to alter the microbial balance in the GI tract of the host. These cultures can be bacteria species ( Lactobacilis lacudophilus , Enterococcus faecium , Bacillus species Bifidobacterium bifidum ) or yeast species ( Sacchaomyces cerevisiae ) and are used to improve the balance of bacteria species in the GI tract. To be an effective probiotic, the culture must have stability in feed processing process, have the ability to replicate after passage through the abomasum and have the ability to reduce impacts of undesirable microorganisms. The impacts probiotics have on undesirable microorganism populations can be by competitive exclusion of unwanted populations or by excretion of metabolites that can inhibit growth of unwanted microbe populations (Collins and Gibson, 1999). Other activities of probiotics can also include toxin and pathogen binding or support of desirable endogenous microbial species. Probiotics have been shown to change ruminal fermentation end products to reduce subacute ruminal acidosis or methane production
## Prebiotics
Pretibiotics are nondigestible food substances primarily in the form of oligosaccharides that can selectively stimulate the growth of favorable bacterial species in the gut to the benefit of the host animal. They provide readily available substances for normal bacteria to grow. Preboti cics can balance the populations and activities of microbes in the GI tract and show promising benefits to the host.
Benefits have been minimal in generally health calves, but under stress conditions, they have shown benefits in reduc tion of scours. Prebiotics have also showed increased gain and feed efficiency of dairy calves during the post-weaning growing period (Hansunuta et al., 2011).
## Yeast Cultures and Fermentation Products
Some yeast products have been reclassified as post-biotics, a relatively new term within ruminant nutrition. Many of these products have been on the market for quite some time, but have been classified as prebiotics. These are microbial metabolites delivered with inactivated cell or cell fragments of the microbes or yeast that produced them. Commercial products are often called cultures or extracts or described by their source (such as hydrolyzed yeast or yeast cell wall). One way to differentiate between pre- and post-is by saying "prebiotics" act on native microbial populations and "postbiotics" act on the host animal.
Post-biotics are often attributed with the ability to con fer health-related benefits. Research with specific products has shown desirable impacts on immunity, modulation of inflammation, and toxin or pathogenic binding capabilities. However, because they are not registered and regulated as drugs, companies must be very cautious about publicly making what could be considered a "health claim."
## Enzymes
There are now enzymes on the market that are supplements to native enzymes that can increase fiber, starch or protein digestion in the animal. These often encourage fermentation of fiber in the lower gastro-intestinal tract or break down physical barriers to nutrient digestion.
## Essential Oils
Essential oils are secondary plant metabolites that are responsible for the odor of plants and spices, have important ecological functions as chemical messengers between plants and their environment, and exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, yeasts and molds. Essential oils are often fed in blends in livestock diets and because these compounds have diverse composition, nature and activity, the results of their use can be variable. Essential oils can have positive effects on cardiovascular disease and inflammatory processes. Essential oils with antimicrobial activity are sourced from many plants including: garlic, dill, paprika, cinnamon, juniper, oregano, anise, rosemary, clove, thyme and ginger. Essential oils appear to have activities that make them natural alternatives to growth promoting antimicrobials and ionophores with multiple experiments showing they have similar effects
Essentials of the microbiome and the microbiome have been studied in this research study. Essential oils can be used to promote growth promoting antibiotics and ionophores production in the rumen as monensin. There has not been conclusive evidence that growth performance and feed efficiency are improved by feeding essential oils. There are mixed results with some research showing no improvement in performance on post-beast (Eclk et al., 2017) or during finishing (Wilson et al., 2020); but Torres et al. (2021) showed in an analysis of multiple research trials where finishing cattle fed essential oils had similar performance and feed efficiency to cattle fed monensin. Torres et al. (2021) analysis also indicated that cattle fed high concentrate diets with essential oils replacing monensin had greater liver abscesses possibly due to changes in feed consumption patterns commonly observed with monensin.
## Beta-agonists
Beta-adrenergic agonists are non-hormonal compounds that bind to fat and muscle cell receptors in the animal's body. When they bind to these cells they redirect nutrients away from fat metabolism while increasing the size of muscle fibers increasing the leanness of carcasses. These compounds significantly increase carcass gain and feed efficiency during the end of the finishing period. Ractopamine (Optaflex or Actogan) is the only beta-agonist currently being used in the U. S. beef production system and is labeled for feeding during the last 28 to 42 days before slaughter. Ractopamine has been shown to increase average daily gain in this period by 15 to 25% with no increase in feed intake. Zipalpital is still labeled for use by the FDA but has been withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer due to animal welfare concerns by beef packers. A new compound called labebragon (trade name Experor) is classified as a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist/antagonist and has been approved by the FDA for use in beef steers and heifers fed in confinement for slaughter during the last 14 to 91 days on feed to reduce ammonia gas emissions per pound of live weight and hot carcass weight.
## Antiparasitics
There are a variety of compounds available for inclusion in beef cattle feeds with efficacy against internal and external parasites. Modes of action differ for compounds with similar target organisms. For example, tetracolvinphos (Rabon) is a larvicide and Diflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator, but both target horn, face, house, and stable flies. S-Methoprene is an insect growth regulator that only targets horn flies. Decoquinate and amprolium are anti-cocdial compounds used for the prevention and treatment of intestinal coccidiosis, while the ionophores lasociad (Bovatec) and monensin (Ruminensan) and dolomiet also have efficacy for prevention and control of coccidosis.
Other compounds such as fenbendazole and morotel can be included in feeds to treat cattle for internal para sites. These compounds have been shown to be highly effective in treating internal parasite infections.
## Others
Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is a hormonal feed additive that suppresses estrus activity which is used to improve feed efficiency and gain in finishing cattle and in heifer estrus synchronization.
Poloxalene (Bloat Guard) is a surfactant approved for use in prevention of pasture bloat commonly occurring in cattle grazing legume or small grain pastures.
## On-Farm Mixing
When considering the use of a medicated feed additive the decision must be made whether mixing of the final feed will occur at a commercial mill and purchased retail or made on the farm. Most cow-calf, stocker and small background operations do not have the feed mixing facilities or adequately trained personnel to utilize concentrated forms of these medicated feed additives.
Feed additives come in 3 Types (A, B, or C). Type A feed is the most highly concentrated form and some are restricted to only licensed feed mills. Type A feeds are used to manufacture other Type A, B or C feeds. Type B feeds are premixes consisting of nutritional supplements along with the feed additives. Type C feeds are complete feeds that can be fed alone, top dressed onto whole rations or possibly offered free-choice. Most operations will need a premix (Type B) or complete feed (Type C).
## BQA Guidelines
The Beef Quality Assurance Manual outlines best management practices for feed additive and medications (https://www.bga.org/Media/BQA/Docs/nationalmanual. pdf). These include:
- 1. Only FDA-approved medicated feed additives can be used in rations.
- 2. Feed only at recommended rates. Exercise caution when calculating rates for medicated feeds.
- 3. All medicated feed additives must be used in accordance with the FDA approved label. Extra-label use of feed additives is strictly prohibited by federal law. No one has the authority to adjust the dose as labeled, including veterinarians. All directions for the use of a medicated feed additive will be on the label attached to the bag or will be supplied with a bulk order. Water medications are not considered feed medications; therefore, they can be used under the extra-label drug use guidelines provided by the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine.
- 4. Ensure that all additives are withdrawn at the proper time to avoid a violative residue.
- 5. For operations formulating and mixing rations on site, such as stocker operators, medicated feed additives must be used in accordance with the FDA current Good Manufacturing Practices. These include a formula record of all medicated feed rations produced and production records of all batches of feed produced that contain medicated feed additives. Production records must include additive used, date run, ration name or number, the name of the person adding the additive or responsible for mixing the feed and amount produced.
Use separate mixers for mixing medicated feeds and nonmedicated feeds, or clean mixers between batches of each.
- 6. Pre-mixed or formulated supplements typically used by many smaller beef operations and most cow calf operations do not require FDA registration of any type. Larger beef operations that use certain highly concen trated medications may be required to register with the FDA via a FD-1900 permit.
- 7. Identify treated individuals or groups.
## Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr. Matthew Cravey and Dr. Cathy Bandyk for contributing to this publication.
## Sources
Beck, P. A., M. S. GLYPH(cmap:df00)adberry, C. B. Stewart, H. C. Gray, T. J. Wistuba, M. D. Cravey, and S. A. Gunter. 2017. Effects of a blend of garlic and cinnamon essential oil extract with and without monensin sodium on the performance of grazing steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 33:176-185.
Bretscheinder, G., J. C. Elizalde, and F. A. Perez. 2008. The effect of feeding antibiotic growth promoters on the performance of beef cattle consuming forage-based diets: a review. Livest. Sci. 114:135-149. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.017
Cennricharo, N. M. Corbin, M. Quinn, F. Prouty, M. Braine, and D. Renter. 2016. Meta-analysis of the effects of laidomycin propionate fed alone or in combination with chlortetracycline compared with monensin sodium fed alone or in combination with tyloslin on growth performance health and carcass outcomes in finishing steers in North America. J. Anim. Sci. 94:1662-1667. https://doi. org/10.2527/jas.2015-0086
Collins MD and G. R. Gibson. 1999. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr. 69:1052S-1057S.
Duffield, T. F. et al. 2012. Meta-analysis of the effects of monensin in beef cattle on feed efficiency, body weight gain, and dry matter intake. J. Anim. Sci. 90:4583-4592. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-5018
The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied. Oidahoma State University, as an equal opportunity employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding non-discrimination and affirmative action. Oklahoma State University is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all individuals and does not discriminate based on race, religion, age, sex, color, national origin, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity/ expression, disability, or veteran status with regard to employment, educational programs and activities, andor admissions. For more information, visit https://www.oakstale.edu .
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. July 2022 KG.
GLYPHglyphGLYPHglyphGLYPHglyphGLYPHglyphGLYPHglyph
Hasunuma et al. 2011. Effect of cellooligosaccharide or symbiotic feeding on growth performance, fecal condition and hormone concentrations in holstein calves. Anim Sci J. 82:543-548.
Samuelson, K. L., M. E. Hubert, M. L. Galyen, and C. A.Loest. 2016. Nutritional recommendations of feedlot consulting nutritionist: the 2015 New Mexico State and Texas Tech University survey. J. Anim. Sci. 94:26482663. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0282
Torres, R. N. S., J. R. Paschoaloto, J.M.B. Ezequiel, D.A.V. da Silva, and M.T.C. Almeida. 2021. Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oils as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle. The Vet. J. 272:105659
Wilson, H. C., F. H. Hilscher, B. M. Boyd, A. K. Watson, J. C. Watson, J. C. MacDonald, and G. E. Erickson. 2021. Impact of essential oils blend on beef cattle performance and carcass characteristics in diets with increasing corn silage inclusions. 2020 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. MP-108:71-74. | |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2015/12/02/renewable-energy-how-are-we-doing-in-the-u-s/ | Renewable Energy – How are we doing in the U.S? | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2015-12-02 | [
"Climate Change",
"Energy",
"Environment"
] | GA | ## Renewable Energy - How are we doing in the U.S?
Written by
December 2, 2015
Pamela Turner
For the next few weeks people and leaders around the world will be talking about climate change, emissions levels, and renewable energy sources ( i.e., hydroelectric power, wind, solar, geothermal, wood biomass, ethanol, biodiesel and waste biomass.) Two of the top energy users - the United States (U.S.)and China have made several positive steps towards increasing the use of renewable energy sources. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, close to 1 out of every 3 wind turbines in the world are in China. Fossil fuel still account for over half of China's electricity, but renewable sources are increasing with hydro at 21 percent and wind 8 percent. In the U.S. close to 10 percent of the total energy supply is from renewables, with hydro, biomass wood, biomass waste, and wind accounting for the majority of renewable energy sources. So how is your state doing with regards to renewable energy and reducing carbon dioxide emissions?
Thanks to an analysis of U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data by Modernize, you can see how your state ranks.
pulpwood are important resources that are being used in the production of electricity from biomass. In 2014, Georgia ranked third in the nation for biomass.
The table below shows the states that rank highest for total energy from renewable sources. In Georgia about 50 percent of the total energy came from renewable sources between 1960 and 2013.
If you look at the top 10 then it is a good idea to look at the bottom 10. Most of the states below are rich in coal and oil, so that may be one reason why they have moved slower to develop renewable alternatives.
Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas. According to the EPA, in 2013 it accounted for around 82 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. A recently released study from the U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration(EIA), found that almost every state has reduced carbon dioxide emissions between 2005 and 2013. That's great news!
On the other side, some states have not done as good of a job at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Not surprising, many of these states tend to have large populations, which means more people and more daily activities that contribute to increased carbon dioxide emissions.
Overall the U.S. has made great strides. Could more have been done? Of course, there is always room for improvement and growth. I believe we are on track to accomplish great things. As we move forward each one of us can make choices to reduce our energy use by turning the thermostat down in the winter, adding solar lighting outdoors, using public transportation, and exploring alternative energy sources we can use at home. Each one of us can make a difference! You will find additional information on saving energy at www.UGAverageway.org .
Note: Thank you to Moderize for their research and graphics.
Posted in: Climate Change, Energy, Environment
Tags: alternative energy, carbonemissions, climate change, CO2 emissions, conservation, EIA, energy, EPA, Extension, Georgia, greenhouse gas, renewable energy, renewables, UGA
## Pamela Turner
## Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
□ Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Post Comment
## Recent Posts
Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Adda Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
## Recent Comments
Thank you for everything and for the valuable information.
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterr in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed...
- · Allergies
- · Asthma
- · Australia
- · Blogging
- · community
- o Challenge
- o Neighborhoods
- o Working Together
- · Conservation
- Cultural Events
- · Disaster Planning
Select Month
~ |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/community-nutrition-education-program/recipes/tortilla-twist.html | Tortilla Twist - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-05-13 | [] | OK | ## TORTILLA TWIST
Learn how to make a tortilla twist for a fun, kid-friendly snack. Find equipment and directions needed below to get cooking!
TORTILLA TWIST PDF (/PROGRAMS/COMMUNITYNUTRITION-EDUCATIONPROGRAM/RECIPES/SITEFILES/DOCUMENTS/CREPIESC/KIU-6-C.PDF)
## Ingredients
- · 1 whole wheat tortilla
- · 2 tablespoons hummus
- · 2 slices tomato
Makes 1 serving
## Equipment
- Cutting Board
- Knife
- Plate
- Spoon
## Directions
- Wash hands and surfaces.
- Wash tomato and lettuce.
- Slice tomato.
- Place tortilla on plate and spread with hummus.
- Top with cheese, tomato and lettuce.
- Roll the tortilla around the filling and enjoy!
- Refrigerate leftovers immediately. |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/dog-houses | Dog Houses | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | ## Dog Houses
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6278
View as PDF: 6278.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-tasty-taco-dip/ | Live Well Recipe: Tasty Taco Dip | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | extension extension
## Live Well Recipe: Tasty Taco Dip
Have our Tasty Taco Dip made and ready to eat in the refrigerator for an easy snack. Serves 4.
## Ingredients
1 can black beans, 14 ounces, drained and rinsed
1 can corn, 14 ounces, drained
1 can diced tomatoes and green chilies, 14 ounces, drained
1 package taco seasoning
For more veggies, add diced onion and bell pepper
## Directions
Mix all ingredients together in a bowl.
Serve with chips or crackers.
Download the recipe here: Printable Tasty Taco Dip (https://www.aces.edu/wp contentuploads/2018/07/FCS\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards\_TastyTacoDi
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement ( https://www.acs.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement )
(https://www.acs.edu? post\_typespaces\_content\_space&p=3223&preview=true)
Cookie Notice |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FP028 | Allamanda bolivinensis Bolivian Allamanda | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Gail Hansen"
] | 2018-12-03 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Allamanda bolivinensis Bolivian Allamanda
Edward F. Gilman, Ryan W. Klein, and Gail Hansen
## Introduction
This evergreen, spreading and climbing vine is covered with vivid white trumpet-shaped blooms up to 5 inches across. The throat of each flower is deep yellow. The dark green, glossy leaves are produced on slender, green, twinning stems which become woody with age. Blooming during the warm months of the year, Allamanda should only be planted in frost-free locations, although it could be grown as an annual in colder climates due to its rapid growth rate.
## General Information
Scientific name: Allamanda bolivinensis
Pronunciation: al-luh-MAN-duh-bo-liv-vin-NEN-sis
Common name(s): Boliavian allamanda
Family: Apocynaceae
Plant type: ground cover
USDA hardiness zones: 9B through 11 (Figure 3)
Planting month for zone 9; year-round
Planting month for zone 10 and 11; year-round
Origin: not native to North America
## Invasive potential: aggressive, spreading plant
Uses: container or above-ground planter; ground cover; cascading down a wall; hanging basket
Availability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range
## Description
Height: depends upon supporting structure
Spread: depends upon supporting structure
Plant habit: spreading
Plant density: moderate
Growth rate: fast
Texture: coarse
## Foliage
Leaf arrangement: whorled
Leaf type: simple
Leaf margin: entire
Leaf shape: oblong
Leaf venation: pinnate
Leaf type and persistence: evergreen
Leaf blade length: 4 to 8 inches
Leaf color: green
Fall color: no fall color change
Fall characteristic: not showy
## Flower
Flower color: white
Flower characteristic: year-round flowering; pleasant fragrance
## Fruit
Fruit shape: pod or pod-like
Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches
Fruit cover: dry or hard
Fruit color: green
Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: typically multi-trunked or clumping stems
Current year stem/twig color: green
Current year stem/twig thickness:
medium
## Culture
Light requirement: plant grows in full sun
Soil tolerances: alkaline; acidic; clay; sand; loam
Drought tolerance: high
Soil salt tolerance: unknown
Plant spacing: 36 to 60 inches
Other
Roots: not applicable
Winter interest: plant has winter interest due to unusual form, nice persistent fruits, showy winter trunk, or winter flowers
Outstanding plant: plant has outstanding ornamental features and could be planted more
Pest resistance: no serious pests are normally seen on the plant
## Use and Management
The erect sprawling growth habit makes it ideal for quick coverage of tillrees, arbors, or on a tree trunk. Many people use it to cover the base of a mailbox or pole. Allamanda will cascade over a retaining wall and makes a nice hanging basket. Rapid growth creates a sprawling form with individual shoots growing alone, away from the rest of the plant. Regular punching will keep the plant in bounds, but too much pinching removes flower buds which form on new growth.
Requiring full-sun locations for best flowering (some flowers are produced in locations receiving only 3 to 4 hours of sun). Allamanda is tolerant of various soil types and requires only moderate moisture. Regular, light fertilization during the growing season helps promote growth and flowerowing.
## Design Considerations
The Bolivian Allamanda works well as a background or passing plant when grown on a trellis or fence to block undesirable views or fill gaps along walls. The medium-size, dark green foliage of the Allamanda shows well with contrasting plant features such as large leaves, coarse texture, thick stems, and light green or burgundy colors. The loose, sprawling form of the vine contrasts with neat plants such as the clumping, arching forms of grasses and other vase-shaped, small-leaved shrubs. Low-growing groundcover with a mounding or matting form will emphasize the upright form of a trained allamanda on a trellis. To create a large plant mass along a fence select other vines with a variety of flower colors to mix with the white allamanda for more interest.
## Pests and Diseases
A witches' broom can deform allamanda. Mites can infest the foliage.
## Publication #FPS28
Release Date:
December 4, 2018
Reviewed At:
June 9, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fxp028-1999
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Claire Lewis Wendy Wilber
About this Publication
This document is FPS28, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Revised August 2018. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; Ryan W. Klein, graduate assistant, Environmental Horticulture Department; and Gail Hansen, associate professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/ | In Schools | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-06-27 | [
"In Schools",
"Nutrition",
"Childhood Obesity Prevention"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>Meet Body Doc - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Body Quest Warrior Body Doc has super warrior powers from eating fresh fruit. Body Quest is an Alabama SNAP-Ed childhood obesity prevention initiative." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Meet Body Doc - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Body Quest Warrior Body Doc has super warrior powers from eating fresh fruit. Body Quest is an Alabama SNAP-Ed childhood obesity prevention initiative." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-09-05T16:15:32+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/NEP-0170._BQCharacterStickers_VECTOR_061617.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1500" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1500" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/","name":"Meet Body Doc - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/NEP-0170._BQCharacterStickers_VECTOR_061617.jpg","datePublished":"2018-07-02T19:12:08+00:00","dateModified":"2024-09-05T16:15:32+00:00","description":"Body Quest Warrior Body Doc has super warrior powers from eating fresh fruit. Body Quest is an Alabama SNAP-Ed childhood obesity prevention initiative.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/NEP-0170._BQCharacterStickers_VECTOR_061617.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/NEP-0170._BQCharacterStickers_VECTOR_061617.jpg","width":"1500","height":"1500","caption":"Body Quest Warrior Body Doc"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Meet Body Doc"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=3163' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["in-schools"],"pageAttributes":["body-doc","body-quest","body-quest-characters","childhood-obesity","live-well-alabama","live-well-in-schools","snap-ed"],"pagePostAuthor":"Brittney Kimber"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3163 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-52798924"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 8:00-12:00; 12:30-4:30 ~ Phone: (334) 749-3353</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-88832728"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 8:00-12:00; 12:30-4:30 ~ Phone: (334) 749-3353</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-in-schools"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/in-schools/">In Schools</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">Home & Family</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/nutrition/">Nutrition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/">Live Well Alabama</a></li><li>In Schools</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-3163" class="post-3163 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-in-schools tag-body-doc tag-body-quest tag-body-quest-characters tag-childhood-obesity tag-live-well-alabama tag-live-well-in-schools tag-snap-ed first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Meet Body Doc">
<div class="row">
<div class="row row-print">
<div class="post-info-header-category">
<h1>In Schools</h1>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="post-info-header-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-10 col-md-9 col-sm-8">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
Meet Body Doc </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>June 27, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Sondra Parmer</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/in-schools/">In Schools</a>
</li>
<li class="aces-print"> <a class="aces-print-article" title="Print Article" alt="print article" onclick="window.print();" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a> <a class="aces-print-article" title="Print Article" alt="print article" onclick="window.print();" target="_blank">Print</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--JMH line break on mobile 2019-04-26-->
<br class="byline-mobile-line-break">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 col-sm-4">
<!--div class="pull-center small read-time" JMH 2019-04-26 -->
<div class="read-time">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<hr aria-hidden="true" style="margin: 1px;">
<span>
1 min read
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-print"><!-- 2019-03-07 RFF added for print. Update content-print CSS -->
<div class="post-media">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="Body Quest Warrior Body Doc" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/NEP-0170._BQCharacterStickers_VECTOR_061617.jpg">
</div>
</div>
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/"></div><p>Body Quest Warrior Body Doc has super warrior powers from eating fresh fruit. Do you like watermelon? What about apples or bananas? Body Doc talks about the super warrior powers that come from eating fresh, whole fruit.</p>
<p>The brighter the food, the better the medicine. Fruit has vitamins and minerals that act just like medicines. These vitamins and minerals found in fruit can help your vision, protect your heart, and keep you from getting sick by empowering you with super protectors. Think red: watermelon and strawberries. Think yellow and orange: cantaloupe and peaches. Green is great: kiwis and honey dews – and think about purple grapes and blue blueberries. Be sure to eat lots of wonderful, delicious fruits everyday – That’s the doctor’s orders!</p>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/body-quest-helps-prevent-childhood-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Body Quest: Food of the Warrior</a> is an Alabama Cooperative Extension System childhood obesity prevention initiative.</p>
<h1>Body Doc</h1>
<!-- iframe plugin v.4.8 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->
<iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MkUZxI7Nfnw?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" height="500" scrolling="yes" class="iframe-class"></iframe>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination-statement/">Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement.</a></p>
<p><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100524" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Live-Well-Alabama-mark-wih-the-Facebook-Twitter-Pinterest-and-Instagram-logos-600x110.jpg" alt="Live Well Alabama mark wih the Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram logos" width="600" height="110" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Live-Well-Alabama-mark-wih-the-Facebook-Twitter-Pinterest-and-Instagram-logos-600x110.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Live-Well-Alabama-mark-wih-the-Facebook-Twitter-Pinterest-and-Instagram-logos-768x140.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Live-Well-Alabama-mark-wih-the-Facebook-Twitter-Pinterest-and-Instagram-logos.jpg 1214w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></p>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/body-doc">Body Doc</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/body-quest">Body Quest</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/body-quest-characters">Body Quest Characters</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/childhood-obesity">childhood obesity</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/live-well-alabama">Live Well Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/live-well-in-schools">Live Well in Schools</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/snap-ed">SNAP-Ed</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Related Articles</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Body Quest: Food of the Warrior iPad App">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/home-family/body-quest-food-of-the-warrior-ipad-app/">
<img alt="Body Quest - Body of the Warrior" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/BodyQuest-BlueQ-e1686767994241-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/home-family/body-quest-food-of-the-warrior-ipad-app/">
Body Quest: Food of the Warrior iPad App </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Mar 11, 2022</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Nutrition Education Moves Youth and Parents Toward Better Health">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/nutrition-education-moves-youth-and-parents-toward-better-health/">
<img alt="Live Well in Schools annual reporting" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/schools-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/nutrition-education-moves-youth-and-parents-toward-better-health/">
Nutrition Education Moves Youth and Parents Toward Better Health </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Feb 17, 2020</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Meet Muscle Max">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-muscle-max/">
<img alt="Muscle Max, Body Quest Warrior" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NEP-0170._BQCharacterStickers_VECTOR_0616174-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-muscle-max/">
Meet Muscle Max </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Jul 30, 2018</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
</article><!-- #post-3163 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Lee County Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Lee County Agricultural Center, 600 S 7th St, Suite 4<br />
Opelika,
AL 36801 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 749-3353" style="color:#fff;">(334) 749-3353</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 8:00-12:00; 12:30-4:30</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/lee">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact Lee County Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '121',
office: 'Lee County Office',
captcha: 'fa61cfe579'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-in-schools {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/noun_707337_ffffff-300x300.png');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/tag\/snap-ed\/","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/in-schools\/meet-body-doc\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/in-schools\/meet-body-doc\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc&text=Meet%20Body%20Doc","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc","email":"mailto:?subject=Meet%20Body%20Doc&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fin-schools%2Fmeet-body-doc"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"3163","page_slug":"blog-topics-in-schools-meet-body-doc","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/vendor/fitie/fitie.js?ver=4.8.2' id='optin_admin_fitie-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"e8aa05419f"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'3163',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "3163" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_52798924-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['52798924'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-52798924","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="52798924" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_88832728-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['88832728'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-88832728","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-body-doc/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="88832728" defer></script> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 0.54140901565552 seconds, on 26-03-25 16:49:13 --> |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/osceolaco/2020/12/09/keeping-your-horse-hydrated-during-the-winter-months/ | Keeping Your Horse Hydrated During the Winter Months to Avoid Colic | University of Florida | [
"Brittany Justesen"
] | 2020-12-09 | [
"Agriculture",
"Livestock",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Brittany Justesen",
"colic",
"dehydration",
"Equine",
"Horse"
] | FL | ## Keeping Your Horse Hydrated During the Winter Months to Avoid Colic
Big jackets and hot chocolate is a sign of winter weather in Florida, but this time of year can also bring additional challenges for horse owners. During these cooler weather months horses can decrease their water consumption amount due to colder water temperature. Horses that aren't getting adequate water are at greater risk for impaction colic. Colic is an abdominal pain caused from any abdominal organ, not just the horse's gastrointestinal tract. The average healthy horse usually drinks five to fifteen gallons of water a day, but that is sometimes hard to monitor. Monitoring your horse's physical appearance and vital signs is a good way to assess hydration. Signs of dehydration are dry mucous membranes, slow capillary refill time, skin pinch or skin tent time is prolonged (greater than 1 second), sunken eyes, drawn up appearance, dry manure, and lethargic.
Horses are designed to be continuous eaters, and usually graze for sixteen or more hours a day. During winter months pasture quality declines and horses are supplemented with an increase amount of hay. Grass has a much higher water content of around eighty percent and hay is around sixteen percent. The increase in dry matter forage coupled with decrease in water intake makes the horse prone to impaction colic.
## Recognizing colic symptoms
Colic signs can range from mild to serve depending on the source of discomfort. Understanding your horse's normal behavior and vital signs can help you determine what is abnormal for your horse. Adult horses should have a normal rectal temperature of 99-101 degrees Fahrenheit, a respiration rate of 10-24 breaths per minute, and a heart rate of 24-48 beats per minute. The horse's gums should be pink and moist with a capillary refill time of 2 seconds.
## Colic symptoms
- · Laying down frequently
- · Decreased appetite or not eating
- · Reduced manure
- · Depressed
- · Lip curling
- · Pawing
- · Flank watching
- · Stretching out
- · Rolling
- · Increased breathing
- · Kicking at the abdomen
- · Bloated abdomen
## Treatment for colic
If you notice your horse is showing colic symptoms it is always better to call your veterinarian sooner than later. You should call them as soon as you notice a problem and always keep Banamine in your horse's first aid kit.
- · Stay calm
- · Check your horse vital signs
- · Remove feed and hay
- · DO NOT remove your horse's water
- · Walk you horse if they are rolling.
## Management and Prevention
Good management is always important to keeping a healthy horse. Always make sure to provide clean and fresh water daily for your horse to consume. During those colder day providing clean and warmer water can entice your horse to drink. Adding the recommended amount of electrolytes to your horses feed or providing salt (block or loose) can also increase water intake.
If you have any additional questions please do not hesitate to contact your local Livestock Extension Agent or veterinarian. UF/IFAS Extension Oscela County Livestock Extension Agent can be reached at 321-697-3000 or brittanyjustesen@ufl.edu
o
## by Brittany Justesen
Posted: December 9, 2020
Category: Agriculture, Livestock, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Brittany Justesen, Colic, Dehydration, Equine, Horse, UF/IFAS
Extension
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Heart Strong: Your Guide To A Healthier Heart This February
- · Elderberry
- · Water Wednesdays Recap - What Are Microplastics
- · Starting Your Florida Farm |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/seminary-retail-analysis | Seminary Retail Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Seminary Retail Analysis
## Seminary Retail Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2945-244 | |
| View as PDF: P2945-244.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Covington County | |
| Print PDF | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| SELECT A COUNTY | |
| Your Extension Experts | Your Extension Experts |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/ | Beef Conformation: Pasterns | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"David L. Daniel Jr.",
"Lisa A. Kriese-Anderson"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Beef",
"Agriculture",
"Livestock"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>Beef Conformation: Pasterns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Pasterns are also important when evaluating structural correctness. The pastern is understood to be the joint between the cannon bone and the hoof." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Beef Conformation: Pasterns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Pasterns are also important when evaluating structural correctness. The pastern is understood to be the joint between the cannon bone and the hoof." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-09-20T16:38:55+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/345.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="2029" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="897" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/","name":"Beef Conformation: Pasterns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/345.jpg","datePublished":"2018-09-20T22:47:46+00:00","dateModified":"2024-09-20T16:38:55+00:00","description":"Pasterns are also important when evaluating structural correctness. The pastern is understood to be the joint between the cannon bone and the hoof.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/345.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/345.jpg","width":2029,"height":897,"caption":"Figure 3. Calf exhibiting a lack of appropriate angle to his pastern. Figure 4. Calf exhibiting a considerable amount of angle to his pastern. Figure 5. Calf exhibiting the appropriate amount of angle to his pastern."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Beef Conformation: Pasterns"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=6809' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["beef"],"pageAttributes":["alabama-beef-cattle","anr1452","pasterns"],"pagePostAuthor":"Justin Miller"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-6809 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-40062406"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-26501374"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-beef"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/livestock/beef/">Beef</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">Farming</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/livestock/">Livestock</a></li><li>Beef</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-6809" class="post-6809 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-beef tag-alabama-beef-cattle tag-anr1452 tag-pasterns first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Beef Conformation: Pasterns">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
Beef Conformation: Pasterns </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>September 20, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: David L. Daniel Jr., Lisa A. Kriese-Anderson</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/livestock/beef/">Beef</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row padding-top20">
<div class="col-lg-5 col-md-3">
<div class="post-media post-media-med">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="Figure 3. Calf exhibiting a lack of appropriate angle to his pastern. Figure 4. Calf exhibiting a considerable amount of angle to his pastern. Figure 5. Calf exhibiting the appropriate amount of angle to his pastern." src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/345.jpg">
</div>
</div>
<span class="small">Figure 3. Calf exhibiting a lack of appropriate angle to his pastern. Figure 4. Calf exhibiting a considerable amount of angle to his pastern. Figure 5. Calf exhibiting the appropriate amount of angle to his pastern.</span>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-7 col-md-9">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/"></div><div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><strong>*This is an excerpt from Beef Conformation Basics, ANR-1452.</strong></p>
<p>Pasterns are also important to consider when evaluating structural correctness in beef cattle. The pastern is generally understood to be the joint between the cannon bone and the hoof. They play a role in both providing cushion and support as cattle walk and stand. The ideal slope of the pastern is between 45 and 47 degrees. Cattle whose pasterns have an angle between 45 and 47 degrees are more desirable because this allows the joints to function properly. Figures 3 and 4 show two calves at opposite ends of acceptability. The calf in Figure 3 is minimally acceptable in terms of having enough angle to his pasterns to provide enough cushion and support. The calf in Figure 4 has considerably more angle to his pastern, which in turn provides more flex and cushion when walking.</p>
<p>If the pastern angle becomes greater than what is seen in Figure 4, support can become an issue as the animal gains weight. Of the two extremes, cattle that lack enough angle, or set, to their pasterns (Figure 3) generally will have more lameness issues and decreased longevity in the herd when compared to cattle with too much set. The pastern shown in Figure 5 is closer to what should be considered ideal. It is critical to closely evaluate feet and leg structure of all cattle in the herd because these are the foundation of every animal. Poor structure will quickly force an otherwise genetically superior animal out of the herd.</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-basics/">Read here to learn more about beef conformation basics.</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-1452.REV_.3.pdf">Download a PDF of Beef Conformation Basics, ANR-1452.</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --> <a href="#read-more"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i> Read More <span
class="visually-hidden">related articles</span></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<!-- <div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div> -->
<h3>
<span>Related Topics</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-12 col-sm-12" role="article" aria-label="Beef Conformation: Hip Structure">
<!--
<div class="related-post-media"></div>
-->
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-hip-structure/">
Beef Conformation: Hip Structure </a>
</div>
<!--
<div class="related-post-meta"></div>
-->
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-12 col-sm-12" role="article" aria-label="Beef Conformation: Evaluating Structure from the Front">
<!--
<div class="related-post-media"></div>
-->
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-evaluating-structure-from-the-front/">
Beef Conformation: Evaluating Structure from the Front </a>
</div>
<!--
<div class="related-post-meta"></div>
-->
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-12 col-sm-12" role="article" aria-label="Beef Conformation: Evaluating Structure from the Rear">
<!--
<div class="related-post-media"></div>
-->
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-evaluating-structure-from-the-rear/">
Beef Conformation: Evaluating Structure from the Rear </a>
</div>
<!--
<div class="related-post-meta"></div>
-->
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/alabama-beef-cattle">Alabama beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/anr1452">ANR1452</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/pasterns">pasterns</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="read-more" class="related-posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Read More</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="related article">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-basics/">
<img alt="Angus cow standing in a pasture."
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/shutterstock_583043998-600x400.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-basics/">
Beef Conformation Basics </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Sep 20, 2018</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</div>
</article><!-- #post-6809 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">State Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Duncan Hall<br />
Auburn University,
AL 36849 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 844-4444" style="color:#fff;">(334) 844-4444</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/state">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact the State Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '17747',
office: 'State Office',
captcha: 'f3fb30a9fd'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-beef {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/farming-icon.svg');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/beef\/beef-conformation-basics\/","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/beef\/beef-conformation-pasterns\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/beef\/beef-conformation-pasterns\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns&text=Beef%20Conformation%3A%20Pasterns","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns","email":"mailto:?subject=Beef%20Conformation%3A%20Pasterns&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fbeef%2Fbeef-conformation-pasterns"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"6809","page_slug":"blog-topics-beef-beef-conformation-pasterns","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"3f6ad6b6e3"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'6809',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "6809" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_40062406-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['40062406'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-40062406","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="40062406" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_26501374-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['26501374'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-26501374","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/beef/beef-conformation-pasterns/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="26501374" defer></script> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 0.53052306175232 seconds, on 27-03-25 2:22:46 --> |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-communities/emergency-food-assistance-sites/ | Emergency Food Assistance Sites | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer",
"Alicia Powers"
] | 2018-06-28 | [
"Emergency Food",
"Food Assistance",
"Live Well Alabama",
"Nutrition"
] | AL | ## Emergency Food Assistance Sites
Thank You!
In 2017, Live Well Alabama facilitated initiatives in 36 emergency food assistance sites in 28 Alabama counties reaching more than 3,250 residents.
- 1. Policy changes improved serving times for summer meals to increase participation in summer feeding programs.
- 2. Systems changes expanded public transportation routes to food pantries, adjusted donation rules at food pantries to allow and encourage fresh produce, and adjusted donation rules with backpack programs to encourage healthy foods.
- 3. Environmental improvements increased shelf space for healthy foods and beverages; established, reinvigorated, or sustained edible gardens to increase availability of fresh produce at food pantries; and, in partnership with CDC ALProHealth, improved facilities for stocking fresh produce.
- 4. Promotional efforts provided recipe demonstrations, tastings, and distribution prompts.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usandnondiscrimination-statement/)
(2post\_type=aces content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/rutherford-county-forestry-impacts-2014 | Rutherford County Forestry Impacts 2014 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Rutherford County Forestry Impacts 2014
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 8, 2018
Authors
Laurel Kays
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=rutherford - county-forestry-impacts-2014#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/be-hero-understand-the-covid-19-vaccine | Be a Hero! Understand the COVID-19 Vaccine | Mississippi State University | [
"David Buys, PhD, MSPH, CPH, Extension State Health Specialist",
"Elizabeth Gregory North, Head, Agricultural Communications"
] | null | [
"COVID-19",
"Vaccination",
"Health"
] | MS | ## Be a Hero! Understand the COVID-19 Vaccine
MISCELLANEOUS
Filed Under: Coronavirus, Be A Hero!
Publication Number: M2387
## Updated June 20, 2022
Beginning Monday, June 20, 2022, children aged 6 months to 5 years will be eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, just like all children and adults 6 years old and older.
Vaccines for these small children will be available from doctors' offices, health clinics, and some drug stores.
Please also keep in mind that very contagious variants of COVID-19 are still circulating. For this reason, everyone over 5 years old should get at least one booster shot to help prevent serious illness. Adults over 50 and anyone 12 years old or older who has a compromised immune system should get two booster shots.
Find out more at http://vaccines.gov
If you need more background information on the COVID-19 vaccines, please see our FAQ below.
Vaccines are the safest and most effective measures we have against infectious diseases. Think about some of the world's most devastating diseases, like smallpox, measles, and polio. Today, we are protected from these diseases by vaccines.
In fact, these vaccines have been successful for such a long time that you may not even know anyone who has had the diseases they prevent. That's the long-term goal of any vaccination program: to put diseases out of sight and out of mind.
It's natural to have questions and concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine. In this publication, we hope to give you the answers you need, based on science.
It's important to understand the science behind the vaccine so that you can protect yourself and everyone you care about from COVID-19.
## Why should I get a vaccine?
COVID-19 is a serious disease. It is caused by a coronavirus that is changing rapidly to become even more contagious and cause more severe disease.
Getting the vaccine is an individual decision that can affect the whole community. Unvaccinated people can become infected and spread the disease to their loved ones, their neighbors, and others in their community. The more the virus spreads, the more chances it has to mutate or change. Future mutations, or variants, could be even more contagious and cause more serious illnesses than those we know right now.
Millions of people in the United States and around the world have received vaccines. Data from both the original research trials and the real-world use of the vaccine has shown that the coronavirus vaccines are safe and effective, even safer and more effective than the annual flu vaccines.
## Has the vaccine been approved?
On Monday, August 23, 2021, the FDA announced full approval for the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for people 16 and up. On January 31, 2022, they announced full approval for the Moderna vaccine.
Pfizer reported that they provided to FDA data on 44,000 people who participated in clinical trials of the vaccine in the U.S. and other countries. Half of these people received the actual vaccine; the other half received a placebo. The data showed the vaccine was 91-percent effective in preventing infection over the 6 months following vaccination and that it met required standards for safety. The 6-month follow-up period began after the participants received their second dose.
The decision regarding the Moderna vaccine was based on real-world evidence from the more than 200 million vaccinations administered since December 2020.
Johnson & Johnson plans to apply for full approval later in 2022. Currently, it is available under emergency use authorization.
Emergency use authorization means that, during a declared emergency, FDA has the power to authorize the use of a medication, medical device, or medical test based on strong evidence that it is effective and safe, even if only preliminary data are available.
## Why did the vaccine get approved so quickly?
The vaccine was developed and approved so quickly for four basic reasons:
- · Medical science has become so advanced that scientists around the world could quickly apply and share some of the newest techniques to create a vaccine that would work. We can do things now in months that used to take years.
- · In the past, the steps or stages of vaccine development had to happen one after the other. In developing the COVID-19 vaccine, some of the later steps could happen at the same time, so that the overall process was much shorter.
- · The U.S. government provided funding to some companies to help with the costs of developing the vaccine.
- · The companies developing the vaccine were able to provide extremely convincing data about the effectiveness of the vaccine.
## Was the development and approval process for the vaccine too fast to be safe?
While the process happened very quickly, none of the steps were skipped. The vaccines were tested in tens of thousands of people, and the data on safety and effectiveness were very carefully reviewed by scientists working for the vaccine companies, the federal government, and other agencies.
Also, while COVID-19 is new, the basic science behind both types of vaccines has been around for years. The "messenger RNA" or "mRNA" technique that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are based on has been in use for more than 10 years. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses disabled cold viruses to deliver a coronavirus protein to cells. This technique has been in use for decades.
## How does the vaccine work?
Like any other vaccine, the COVID-19 vaccines contain ingredients that make the cells in your body react just as they would to the real virus. This reaction is your immune response. That means that, if you should be exposed to the actual virus in the future, your cells will recognize it and defeat it, so you won't get sick.
## Will I catch COVID-19 from the vaccine?
No. The versions of the vaccine from Pfizer and Moderna do not contain the virus. They contain just a part of the virus, its "messenger RNA," which is just enough to cause the cells in your body to develop immunity. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine contains a gene for the coronavirus"spike protein," which is carried into your cells by a disabled cold virus. It cannot give you COVID-19 or a cold.
## Is the vaccine safe for me to take?
Yes! The vaccine has been through extensive trials that have shown that it is very safe. In fact, it has been through the same rigorous trials as other vaccines we routinely take. Findings from these trials
show that there is a very small chance the vaccine could cause a reaction in very few people within an hour of receiving the shot, but that those reactions are likely to be mild and not life-threatening.
Some people have had serious allergic reactions shortly after receiving the vaccine. These people were known to have severe allergies to other substances. If you have severe allergies, talk to your doctor before getting the vaccine.
If you are not sure whether the vaccine is right for you, talk to your doctor or other health care provider.
## Will the vaccine change my DNA?
No. The vaccine will not change anyone's DNA. DNA is located in the nucleus of your cells, and the vaccines work on parts of the cells outside of the nucleus. So they never get near the DNA in your cells.
## Does the vaccine contain microscopic robots?
No. You may have heard some versions of the vaccine described as using "nanotechnology," but that doesn't mean robots. The Pfizer vaccine, for example, uses very tiny fat particles, called "nanoglobules," to carry the messenger RNA into your cells. "Nano" just means very small.
## Does the vaccine contain things that will allow people to track my movements?
No. The vaccine does not have anything other than the active ingredients, which have been shown to have up to 95% effectiveness in preventing COVID-19.
## When can I get the vaccine?
In the beginning, the vaccines were administered in phases. But now vaccines are widely available for all adults and children 5 years old and over. For up-to-date information on availability, check the Mississippi State Department of Health website at bit.ly/35NtrOr .
Pay attention to reliable news outlets, your local health department, and other trusted sources of information to know where vaccines are available in your community.
## Where can I get the vaccine?
You should get your vaccination only from your doctor, a hospital or clinic, a licensed pharmacy, the Mississippi State Department of Health, or a site set up by one of these trusted sources. Do not respond to emails, phone calls, or online ads from people or organizations you don't know who are trying to sell or send you a vaccine. There will be no do-it-yourself versions of the vaccine.
However, if you or someone you know is unable to leave their home, contact your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider. It may be possible to arrange for a home visit to have a professional give you the vaccine.
If you don't have a doctor's office, pharmacy, or hospital in your community, check with your city or county government or your church or community center. You might be able to arrange for a temporary vaccination clinic to bring the vaccine to people in your community.
To find out more about where you can get the vaccine, check the Mississippi State Department of Health website at bit.ly/3SnTrOc .
## How much will the vaccination cost?
It shouldn't cost you anything. The federal government has paid for all the doses that will be distributed in the U.S. If someone tries to charge you money for the vaccine, that may be a sign they are not a distributor you can trust. However, your doctor's office or clinic may charge you for an office visit.
You should not be asked to pay just to make an appointment or to get on a "priority list" to receive the vaccine. Don't trust phone calls, emails, or online ads that try to get you to pay to get on a list for the vaccine. Don't share any of your personal information with people you don't know.
## There is more than one company producing a vaccine. What are the differences?
The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines both use messenger RNA (mRNA), which travels to your cells and makes proteins from the coronavirus. Those proteins cause an immune response, which basically "teaches" your body how to fight the virus. This means that, if you encounter the virus, you'll be able to fight it off. To be fully effective, two doses of these vaccines are needed.
This gene is carried into your cells by a cold virus that has been altered so it can't make you sick. Your cells create copies of the spike protein, which will teach your immune cells how to recognize and defeat the coronavirus if you are exposed to it.
The big difference is that the Johnson & Johnson vaccine requires only one dose, while the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two doses.
In the end, they all do the same thing-they help your body develop immunity to the virus. They just work in slightly different ways.
## Will I know which vaccine I'm getting?
Yes. You will receive a card with information about the vaccine you received, which will include the manufacturer.
## If I already had COVID-19, do I still need to get the vaccination?
Yes! It is possible to get COVID-19 more than once. The second infection can cause illness that is just as bad as or even worse than your first infection.
Also, some of the vaccine research has shown that the vaccine produces a stronger and more lasting immune response than was seen in people who had actually had COVID-19.
## If I get a vaccination, will that information be shared with other people and businesses?
Your private health information may not be shared with others. The information will be documented in your health record.
## If I get a vaccination, what can I expect?
After getting your vaccination, you may feel pain at the site of the shot. You might also feel tired or have a headache, and your lymph nodes might swell. You might even have a fever. This does not
mean you're getting COVID-19, instead, it means that your immune system is doing what it is supposed to do and developing a response to fight off the disease. These symptoms should last only a day or two.
Some people have had serious allergic reactions shortly after receiving the vaccine. These people were known to have severe allergies to other substances. If you have severe allergies, talk to your doctor before getting the vaccine.
## If I get a vaccination, what should I do?
Pay attention to how you're feeling. If you have a severe allergic reaction that causes swelling in your face or neck or difficulty breathing, go to the emergency room. If you feel sick, stay home if you can. If your symptoms last for more than 2 days, check with your doctor.
If you receive the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine, be sure to return to receive your second dose at the right place and time.
At any time after you are fully vaccinated, if you think you are getting a cold because you have a runny nose, cough, and/or sore throat, talk to your doctor about getting tested for COVID-19. Even though the vaccines are extremely effective, it is still possible for a vaccinated person to catch the virus.
## If I get a vaccination, will I still need to wear a mask and socially distance?
In areas where the spread of the virus is high, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention recommends that even fully vaccinated people wear masks and socially distance in public spaces. Right now, Mississippi is one of those states where the virus level is high.
Almost all the cases right now are of the Omicron variant of the coronavirus. This variant can spread much more easily than the original virus and even the Delta variant. And the science shows that even fully vaccinated people can be infected by these variants, though they usually have far less severe disease than people who are unvaccinated. If vaccinated people do get it, they can spread it to others, even if they don't know they have it.
So, for all these reasons, you should protect yourself and others by wearing a mask in public spaces or when you are around people whose vaccine status you don't know.
Be sure to follow the guidelines from your local, state, or federal government or your school, workplace, or other businesses in your community.
You are considered fully vaccinated when you have had your single dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine or the second dose of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine. If you are not fully vaccinated, then you definitely need to continue wearing a mask and staying 6 feet away from people who do not live in your household at all times.
Health officials also strongly recommend that you receive a booster dose at least 5 months after your last dose of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine or 2 months after the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
If you plan to travel, be sure to check the requirements for the airlines, bus lines, and your destination before you leave. Some may require negative COVID test results, proof of vaccination, and/or masks.
If I get a vaccination, will I need a booster shot?
Booster shots are intended to "boost" immunity after an original vaccine. Boosters are important to help sustain immunity over time and to keep people safe from serious illness.
It's important to get your COVID-19 vaccine booster to maintain your protection as new variants emerge. The COVID-19 vaccine boosters have been shown to be very effective in preventing serious illness, hospitalization, and death from all the currently known variants.
All three COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in the United States now have approved boosters.
Boosters are recommended for all adults, 18 years old or older, who are already fully vaccinated. Boosters of the Pfizer vaccine are also authorized for everyone 12 years old and older.
If you received one of the vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna , you should get a booster 5 months or more after your second shot of the vaccine.
If you received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, you are eligible for a booster 2 months after your original dose .
You can choose which vaccine to get for your booster, but the Pfizer or Moderna booster is preferred for most people. If you are not sure which one to get, check with your doctor, your pharmacist, or your health care provider. People who get this additional shot are often referred to as "boosted" and are considered up to date on their COVID-19 vaccines.
When you go to get your booster shot, remember to take your CDC COVID-19 Vaccine Record Card with you, so that your booster can be added to it. If you did not receive a card when you got your first vaccine or have lost it, contact the vaccination site or the Mississippi State Department of Health.
if you haven't already, consider creating a MyIR (short for My Immunization Record) account to allow you to track all of your vaccines. You can do that on the Mississippi State Department of Health website.
## How can I help?
Trust the science and get the vaccine! Let your family and friends know you have received the vaccine and encourage them to get it, too!
Make sure you have the most current and most accurate information about the vaccine and its availability. Check the Mississippi State Department of Health website at msdh.ms.gov. And check trusted local media outlets, your local health department, and your local health care providers.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
## M2387 (POD-01-21)
By David Buys , PhD, MSPH, CPH, Extension State Health Specialist, and Elizabeth Gregory North, Head, Agricultural Communications.
Copyright 2021 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Produced by Agricultural Communications.
Mississippi State University is an equal opportunity institution. Discrimination in university employment programs, or activities based on race, color, ethnicity, sex, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability, age, sexual orientation, genetic information, status as a U.S. veteran, or any other status protected by applicable law is prohibited. Questions about equal opportunity programs or compliance should be directed to the Office of Compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, P.O. 6044, Mississippi State, MS 39762, (662) 325-5839.
Extension Service of Mississippi State University, cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published in furtherance of Acts of Congress, May 8 and June 30, 1914. GARY B. JACKSON, Director
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
\
## SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Extension Head Start Program stays healthy
Ms. Elizabeth Powell Gregory North Extension Instructor
Your Extension Experts
Mr. Tom Ball
Extension Associate III
## Dr. Courtney Crist
Associate Extension Professor
Ms. Anne Howard Hilburn-Benoit Extension Instructor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
## Related News
SEPTEMBER 10, 2021
Timely action can reduce severity of COVID-19
AUGUST 9, 2021
Getting vaccinated prevents more COVID-19 mutations
JANUARY 15, 2021
Beware of scammers as vaccines come on board
JANUARY 8, 2021
| Related Publications | Related Publications | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3430 14-Day Shopping and Meal Plan |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 Handling Grief and Loss | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 Handling Grief and Loss | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 Handling Grief and Loss | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 Handling Grief and Loss | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 Handling Grief and Loss | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3923 Handling Grief and Loss |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market | PUBLICATION NUMBER: M2349 Minimizing Risk when Operating a Farmers Market |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3444 Six Strategies to Strengthen Your Business |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3872 The Science of Vaccines: How the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Helps Your Immune System Fight | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2023/02/27/soil-testing-at-uf-ifas-hillsborough-county-extension/ | Soil Testing at UF/IFAS Hillsborough County Extension | University of Florida | [
"Tia Silvasy"
] | 2023-02-27 | [
"Agriculture",
"Change Category",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Home Landscapes",
"Lawn",
"Natural Resources",
"Pests & Disease",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"fertilizer",
"fruits and vegetables",
"garden",
"gardening",
"Hillsborough",
"horticulture",
"landscape",
"landscape management",
"nutrients",
"pH",
"soil",
"soil pH",
"soil testing",
"Tampa",
"tsilvasy"
] | FL | ## Soil Testing at UF/IFAS Hillsborough County Extension
Florida's year-round growing season is a great reason to love gardening. While we have different seasons, the one constant for our plants is the soil that they're grown in. While we can control our plant's water and fertilizer needs, we can't always control the soil that they're grown in.
One easy metric to determine soil chemistry is to test its pH. Knowing the pH of the soil can help determine the type of amendments, or additives, that are necessary for your plants to thrive. In simple terms, the pH lets you know how acidic or alkaline your soil is. Florida's soil pH usually runs between 6.0 - 7.5, meaning that it's in the neutral range. This is good for many of the plants typically grown in Florida, such as turfgrass, flowers and vegetables. However, if you are interested in growing azaleas, camellias, or blueberries, your soil will need to trend towards the acidic range of 4.5 - 5.5.
## Getting Your Soil Tested for pH at our office
The good news is that you can have the pH of your soil tested at UF/IFAS Extension Hillsborough County! To get a soil sample follow the instructions here: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SS667.To make it easy for Hillsborough County residents, all you'll need to do is bring a cup of your soil sample in a ziplock bag to the extension office at 5339 C.R. 579, Seffner, FL 33584, Monday to Friday 8am to 5pm. Samples are run each Friday (when there are at least 5 samples) and you'll be notified by phone or email of the results. There is a fee of $3.00 per sample payable in cash or check for pH soil analysis at the front desk. About 1 cup of soil is needed for a sample to do a soil test.
Soil is mixed with water to do the pH test. Photo: Tia Silvasy, UF/IFAS
For nutrient analyses submit your sample to the University of Florida Soils Lab
There are some instances when you need a more in-depth soil analysis. The soil is made up of nutrients and micronutrients that can't be determined by our county extension office's pH testing abilities. When you bring a sample from a plant that is not doing well and the Hillsborough County Master Gardener Volunteers can't make a diagnosis, they may recommend that you send a soil sample to the University of Florida soil testing laboratory in Gainesville. You'll follow the same sample collection guideline from above. Box your sample up and submit to the lab along with the soil testing form. We suggest that you submit your sample for test B costing $10. This will give you a much more detailed listing of the nutrients in your soil including the pH and the results will specify what you'll need to apply to create healthier soil for your plants.
Once the soil test has been run in Gainesville you will receive an email with the written report. If you have questions, please call the Hillsborough County Extension office at 813-744-5519.
As the saying goes, knowledge is power. Knowing the chemistry and health of your soil may be just the information you need to keep your turf grass green and your plants thriving.
## More on soil testing:
https://sfyl.lifas.ufl.edu/agriculture/soil-testing/
https://soilslab.ifas.ufl.edu
UF Soil Testing Form https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/SSS1870O.pdf
If you have any questions, please contact the UF/IFAS Extension Hillsborough County at 813-744-5519 or email hillsmg@mail.ufl.edu or visit our and ask for the Help Desk.
## Follow Us!
We have several ways to connect. Join our UF/IFAS Extension Hillsborough County Facebook, FloridaFriendly Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Eventbrite, Blogs, website
The University of Florida is an Equal Opportunity Institution.
by Tia Silvasy
Category: Agriculture, Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Fruits & Vegetables, Home Landscapes, Lawn, Natural Resources, Pests & Disease, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Fertilizer, Florida-friendly Landscaping, Fruits And Vegetables, Garden, Gardening, Hillsborough, Horticulture, Landscape, Landscape Management, Nutrients, PH, Soil, Soil Ph, Soil Testing. Tampa, Tsilvasy, Uf/ifas Extension
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Dwarf Everbearing Mulberry Tree For Your Edible Landscape
- · From Soil To Sky: Leaves And Branches
- Preparing 4-H Youth To Be Tomorrow's Leaders - Communication Skills Vol 3
- National Food Safety Month - Know Safe & Show Safe |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/citrus-flatid-planthopper | Citrus Flatid Planthopper | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pest",
"Planthopper",
"Citrus"
] | NC | ## Citrus Flatid Planthopper
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The most common flatid planthopper in North Carolina is the citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa . The citrus flatid planthopper is dark bluish-black but has a white, waxy bloom that makes the insect appear whitish or bluish-white. The eyes are orange or reddish. The 1/4 inch long adults appear during the summer. Female planthoppers insert eggs into the bark of the current year's growth where the eggs spend the winter. Nymphs hatch next spring and summer and feed by sucking sap through needle-like mouthparts they jab into the bark or leaf. As the nymphs feed, they secrete a white, fluffy secretion that covers their bodies and the twigs or leaves around it. Flatid planthopper nymphs grow to 3/16 inch long. Development from egg to adult takes a little over 5 months. Nymphs are pale green with red eyes and covered by a thick, fluffy, white, waxy secretion that also covers the stem in a sort of "nest." Nymphs are wide and flat. They can jump 12 to 18 inches when disturbed, hence the name planthopper . We have only one generation per year in North Carolina.
Although citrus flatlanthoppers may be abundant, they don't seem to hurt the plants they feed on.
## Host Plants
Flatid plant-hoppers feed on numerous trees, vines, and ornamental herbs. They are commonly reported on shrubs in North Carolina. Flatid planthoppers are usually not abundant enough to cause real damage to the health of ornamental plants. Their waxy secretions and the honeydew they excrete disfigure plants and make them sticky to touch. Sooty molds may grow in the honeydew, further disfiguring infested plants. Rarely are planthoppers abundant enough to kill twigs by feeding or by egg deposition under the bark.
## Residential Recommendation
Planthoppers and their nymphs can be dislodged by spraying infested shrub with a stream of water from a garden hose. No insecticide is specifically labeled for planthoppers, but contact pesticides such as pyrethroids applied for other labeled pests should more than adequately suppress planthoppers. When used as directed , pyrethroids are very toxic to insects but are not particularly hazardous to humans and pets (other than fish-avoid using pyrethroids around pools, ponds, and streams).
## References
- · Common name: citrus flatid, planthopper scientific name: Metcalfa pruninosa (Say).(Insecta; Hemiptera: Flatidae), Mead F. W. 2017 (reviewed). Featured Creatures, Entomol. & Nematol. FDACS/DPI, Univ. Florida. Pub. No. EENY-329.
- · Life histories of Anormensis septentrionalis, Metcalfa pruninosa, and Ormenoides venusta with descriptions of immature stages. Wilson, S. W. and J. E. McPherson. 1981. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 74 (3): 299-311.
- · Planthoppers. Frank, S. D., J. R. Baker and S. B. Bambara. 2000. Entomology Insect Notes, NC State Extension Publications.
- · Planthoppers: their ecology and management. Denno, R. F. and T. J. Perfect. 1994. Chapman & Hall, New York. X + 799 pp.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Dec. 13, 2013
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 11, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/the-calf-is-too-big/ | The Calf Is Too Big | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Taylor Gwynn",
"Soren Rodning",
"Michelle Elmore",
"Paul Dyce",
"Julie Gard Schnuelle",
"Misty Edmondson",
"Andrew Lovelady",
"B. J. Newcomer",
"Kim Mullenix"
] | 2018-09-19 | [
"Beef",
"Farming",
"Livestock"
] | AL | ## The Calf Is Too Big
The first step in providing assistance during calving is assessing the problem. There are several common situations encountered when delivering a calf. In some instances, the calf is too big to deliver. This most frequently occurs in heifers, but it can occur in cows.
Applying excessive force to attempt delivery of a calf that is too big is detrimental to the health of the heifer and the calf, and wastes precious time. Call a veterinarian as soon as you decide the calf is too big. The calf can be saved if assistance is provided promptly. Even if the calf cannot be saved, a veterinarian can dismember the calf or perform a C-section to save the heifer.
The outcome is always more favorable if assistance is provided sooner rather than later. Waiting too long unnecessarily risks the life of the cow or heifer and her calf.
Read here to learn more about how to manage a successful calving season.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-asuccessful-calving-season/)
Download a PDF of Managing a Successful Calving Season , ANR-1403,( https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1403\_ManagingSuccessfulCalvingSeason\_031618.pdf)
■ Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a-successful-calyving-season/)
Managing a Successful Calving Season (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-asuccessful-calving-season/)
seccsuf-calving-season/)
Sep 19, 2018
## Cookie Notice
( https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php ) |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE1119 | Production Costs and Profitability for Selected Greenhouse-Grown Perennial Plants: Partial Enterprise Budgeting and Sensitivity Analysis | University of Florida | [
"Hayk Khachatryan",
"Xuan Wei"
] | 2023-01-26 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Production Costs and Profitability for Selected Greenhouse-Grown Perennial Plants: Partial Enterprise Budgeting and Sensitivity Analysis
Hayk Khachatryan and Xuan Wei
## Introduction
The purpose of this study is to present practical enterprise budgets and help growers to determine how the particular crop they are growing influences profitability. If growers need to reduce costs and increase profitability, which cost component should they primarily focus on? Will switching to a different production practice be economically feasible? This information will help growers to determine what crops are relatively profitable to grow. Such information has been so far neglected in enterprise budgeting analysis for ornamental production by. Comparing and aggregating a set of crops in those issues to our study, growers can identify their operational efficiency. Additionally, sensitivity analysis provides applications to risk situations associated with price and input costs. Growers can make necessary modifications to reflect their own situations and determine if adoption of alternative pest management practices is economically feasible. With increasing environmental concerns related to pesticides and consumer demand for sustainable products, it is important for growers to be forward-thinking and prepared to meet these challenges. Relevant stakeholders including Extension agents should understand the production cost structure and production decisions while developing educational programs with more relevant research recommendations.
## Background
The United States is one of the world's largest producers of floriculture crops and nursery plants. According to the Floriculture Crops 2018 Summary report (USDA NASS 2019), the total wholesale value for all growers with $10,000 or more in sales is estimated to be $4.61 billion in 2018, with California and Florida as the two leading states accounting for almost half of the value. The combined wholesale value of all breeding and garden plans is $2.16 billion, making it the largest plant category among all reported plant categories. The wholesale value for potted herbaceous perennials totalled $708 million in 2018, up 24% from 2015 and representing 33% of the total bedding and garden wholesale value.
According to the National Green Industry Survey (2019), share of the hareprofitary perennials accounted for 8.0% of the total land productivity, selling the second top plant category next to annual bedding plants (12.4%). Nonetheless, the industry has experienced continuously declining revenues in recent years due to considerable consolidation within the industry; increased price competition, and relatively weak consumer demand (Madrigan 2018). Thus, it is important for floriculture crops to maintain low-cost and competitive production practices. While acquiring the importance of various factors that affected competitiveness and performance, Khachatynar et al. (2020) reported that "Cost of production was the highest-rated factor with an average rating of 2.9 on a 4-point rating scale (4 represent 'very important,' 3 representing 'important,' 2 representing 'minor important,' and 1 representing 'not important')."
The total production area of greenhouse operations (including glass, rigid, plastic and film plastic greenhouses) was estimated to be 42,013,000 sq ft. according to accounting for almost horticulture of all the roofed of mulch produced (USDA NASS 2019). This study focused on greenhouse production of perennial crops not only because of its importance to the ornamentals but also because of the high level of risk (e.g., large investment, yield and demand uncertainty) involved in greenhouse production. Greenhouse production is more capital-intensive than producing the same crop in the open field.
To estimate the cost of greenhouse production for perennial plants and help growers to determine the way that the crop they are growing influences profitability, ten representative perennial plants (Table 1) were selected based on their sales values (USDA NASS 2019). Due to high levels of risks involved in greenhouse production, this enterprise budgeting incorporated sensitivity analysis to account for risk situations associated with changes in price and input costs. Uncertainty in prices could be caused by supply or demand shock due to extreme weather conditions or outbreak of a widespread disease crop. Due to our primary interest in consideration of alternative production practices related to pest management, the uncertainty in input cost was represented by changes in pesticide and chemical costs and changes in labor costs, which can be used to switch to alternative pest management practices, or substitution between labor and intensive management of chemicals. Material costs are also important input cost items and represent a large share of production costs, but they are not the main focus of this study.
## Methods
## Partial Budgeting Alighting Analysis
Farm enterprise budgets remain the primary approach used by Extension professionals and growers to gauge the profitability of farm business operations. A traditional enterprise budget contains all the revenue and cost associated with each improvement in terms of the profitability of an alternative production practice. By the definition of partial budgeting analysis, upfront investment costs that are unchanged and less expense increases are brought down to greenhouse production costs, construction costs, or machinery were suppressed even though the initial investment in assets was assumed away in this partial analysis, investment cost was partially captured in the overheads due to the importance of capital investment in an enterprise budget (see most of the in-Overhead Costs section). The supporting assumptions were based on USDA survey data combined with knowledge and experience of agricultural economists, Horticulturalists, and ornamental plant producers.
This analysis considered a representative grower operating an existing greenhouse of 20,000 square feet (about 0.46 acre) designated for the production of a single perennial crop. The finished plant size of 1-gallon containers is considered to reflect the actual products available in retail outlets. Therefore, the representative grower was assumed to start with 50,000 pounds per gallon for a 15-kilometre container table. First, after 2014 (as discussed in the following paper), 2014/000 square feet to produce 250,000 one-gallon plants and they did not specify whether the 250,000-one-gallon plant sizes in their analysis were one or multiple crop crops. The cost of growing income is calculated based on the finished container sizes Fisher 2014. Growth period is then specified for each of the 10 (Copse and Dwellings 1999). Growth period is used to calculate fertilizer and usage and associated costs (Hinson et al. (2008), Due to variations in production prices within the green industrial, individual growers may have different production schedules depending on whether they start from germination or differentiation of stages of propagation. Considering the shrinkage rate across all plant types was about 8% (Fisher et al. 2014), we assumed a 10% shrinkage rate to account for the proportion of total production loss when calculating sales revenue. The shrinkage rate partially captures yield uncertainty, which is not explicitly modeled in this analysis. In sensitivity analysis, yield is held constant to indicate that any switch of pest management practices will need to produce the same amount of yield to comparable.
Comparable.
Eighted detailed items were considered to capture the direct operating costs of a greenhouse operation. The category includes seeded seeds and plants, pots and containers, growth media, fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides controls, tags, unit costs for materials sold under several sources and interviews with individuals. The example, unit prices for pots and containers are tagged with tags and applied to new Jersey greenhouse produttions from several Agricultural Research Station Management 2008). The growth media was assessed to adopt a New Jersey greenhouse produttion (2014: Statashis and Warren 1981: UMass: Extension Greenhouse & Crops 1980). The prices for insecticides and other chemicals were based on retail prices obtained from vendors, but individual growers may receive discounts depending on the cost of the market. This is discussed above.
perennial plants follow the same structure. Table 3 summarizes the total direct cost for the 10 selected plants.
Specialty crop production is labor intensive, and another large portion of production cost is associated with labor. Zahniser et al. (2012) estimated that labor expenses accounted for about 40% of the total variable costs for specialty crops production. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean wage for green industry in Florida was $10.38 in 2016 (NAICS Classification Code 45-2092, Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse). Hinson et al. (2008) utilized the wage rates of $9.60 and $13.50 to distinguish unskilled labor and skilled labor (e.g., tractor operators). In this analysis, labor costs were calculated based on three broad categories: unskilled labor, pest control labor, and skilled managerial labor with hourly wage rates set at $9.60, $12.00, and $15.00, respectively.
## Overhead Costs
The third biggest category in greenhouse production is overhead costs. This study broke overhead costs into two major components: heating and fuel, and other overhead costs, which include depreciation, interest, taxes, insurance, repair and maintenance, truck and equipment, and other cash expenses. Heating and fuel costs were calculated based on the production area of 20,000 square feet throughout the production period for each perennial plant, and thus vary only across different growth periods. Heating and fuel costs may vary depending on the location of the greenhouse, but the analysis of this variation is beyond the scope of the present study.
## Economic Performance Indicators
The market prices used for calculating sales revenues for the 10 perennial plants were based on combined information of USDA NASS data and wholesale prices received by growers. Gross margin, net income (profit), and profit margin are calculated for a representative grower to provide baseline performance scenarios in the industry using the following formulas:
Gross Margin (= Total Sales - Total Direct Costs) / Total Sales, Net Income = Total Sales-Total Costs,
## Profit Margin = Net Income / Total Sales,
where Total Sales is given by unit price × the number of plants × (1 - the shrinkage rate).
Gross margin measures the percentage of revenue that exceeds daily operating costs. Therefore, as an indicator of profitability, the higher the gross margin is, the more efficient a given operation is in generating profit from operating costs involved in produced. Based on this definition, it is worth noting that the gross margin indicator may slightly overestimate the profitability as labor costs are separated as a standalone category. In general, production labor (e.g., unskilled labor) is typically considered as a direct cost. In addition, increases in total sales and revenue do not necessarily translate into increased profitability. It is necessary to introduce net income (in absolute dollar amount) and net profit margin to measure profitability.
## Results
## Cost Summary and Economic Performance
| Table 3 summarizes the total direct costs and per unit cost for the selected 10 perennial plants. Chrynsanthemums, Nepeta , and Agastache had the lowest direct cost among the selected 10 perennial plants. Total direct cost of producing the three perennial plants is less than $46,000 (equivalent to a direct cost of $1.00 per unit). On the high-cost end, total direct costs of producing hostas and corall bells are $19,000 and $124,000, respectively (equivalent to a direct cost of $2.40 and $2.80 per unit, respectively). | | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| In terms of detailed cost categories, material costs, including seeds and plants, continents, and growing media, represented the largest portion of the total direct costs followed by cash | and expenses on fertilizer. Material costs accounted for 60% to 90% for perennial plants (Table 3). Particularly, perennial plant sizes such as hostas, cordi, bellows, and Echinaçade highly relative high costs; most mass; and the total cost effect words for materials. These are agrichemical centers are small-carous items. For example, insecticides | include 10 percent of total costs. | | |
| only alone only about 2% for perennial plants. Our calculations indicated that growers may cause tradeoffs across many commodities (e.g., seed costs and growing media) and fertilizer | and chemical input costs depending on their decisions on timing stages of plants. For instance, production from seeding may | increase reduced cost on seeds compared | with production from seedling pods). However, this deceleration does increase costs for making media as well as fertilizer and chemical control due to a longer growth period. | |
| (Table 3) | | | | |
| Time Variables | table summaries detailed about total costs | total variable costs | for seasonal periods. For example, total variables | from seedlings to seedlings. |
| $16,536 for hostas and coralls and bellows. Regardless of plant type, expenses for unskilled labor (e.g., picking and cutting) accounts for more than 70% of total labor costs. The combined | expenses for semiskilled (e.g., pest control) and skilled labor (e.g., managerial) accounted for 20% to 30% of the total labor costs. | for seasonal periods. For example, total labor costs | were allocated across square footage and growth periods, respectively. | |
| As shown in Table 5, heating fuel and cost generally accounted for about 30% of the overhead costs. Other overhead costs (e.g., expenses related to depreciation, interest, taxes, | insurance, repairs, maintenance and repair), truck equipment, and other cash expenses) comprised 70% of the overhead costs. Given that heating and fuel usage and other overhead costs | was estimated to be highly profitable that plants might grow longer than growing periods had overhead costs. | other overhead costs. | |
| comprensable plant generation positive economic indicators. By then though perennial plants in general have slightly higher productivity, all three economic indicators suggested that | significant comparison between gross margin and profit margins was more information on crop profitability. For example, the top five perennial and coralli bells, but only might think that plants will not be relatively low profit margins. Thus, they are not included as chrysanthemums and daylies. By looking at | high yield to lead to high profits among other plants are included as pesticide crops pollution is labor-intensive. A choice | between gross margin and profit margins. | |
| soil management and turf management. In addition, we also consider the highest productivity, | provision of a significant difference in productivity or | growth rates. We also consider the highest productivity, | which is more important to see that the top three renewable-generating plants (i.e., chrysanthemums, | more expensive. |
| Sensitivity Analysis | productors and plant profitability is not a priori | provision of a significant difference in productivity or | provision of a significant difference in | provision of a significant difference in |
Several plant generations positively economic indicators were reported by the following eight percent years, with the decision of which specific crop to grow may not be important. However, high biomass margin may not be possible because it has been largely higher than the majority of the crop growth. As mentioned above, high biomass margin may not be a factor in the selection of the crop growth. This is why the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern. As the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern, the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern. As the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern, the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern. As the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern, the majority of the crop growth is not a significant concern.
It is recommended to maintain a gross margin of 30%-40% and a profit margin of 10%-15% to be sustainable in the industry.
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis is one way to assess uncertainty when building enterprise budgets. This study considers three uncertainty scenarios. Table 7 and Figure 1 demonstrate the effect of price uncertainty. The scenario was set to be unbalanced between -10% and +20%, as we anticipated a price premium due to consumer valuation for sustainable products or production practices (Khachatrayan et al. 2017; Rihn et al. 2016). In response to increased attention to policies related to pollinator health (Gemillier-Herren 2016) and consumer valuation for non-friendly labels (Kchahatreyan et al. 2017), we considered profit margin scenarios related to costly changes induced by alternative production practices, such as pesticide-free or non-indestructible prices. Research on production costs of organic and conventional production systems showed that production costs for organic products tend to be higher than (Brumfield and Brennan 1996; Butler et al. 2007) or similar to conventional products (Dalton et al. 2005; Dalton et al. 2008). Therefore, the scenario for changes in labor costs in Table 8 and Figure 2 was also set to be unbalanced (-20%) to +30%. Table 9 and Figure 3 demonstrated the profit margins with percentage change in chemical controls ranging from -100%-to +100%. This calculation simulates two possible production regimes that greenhouse cows could adopt, depending on their risk perceptions, financial capabilities, equipment, and infrastructure: either switch to a completely chemically-free program, or intensively substitute neonicotinoid insecticides with other chemical controls.
Figure 2. Profit margin sensitivity analysis: Labor's cost change scenario. Credit: UF/IFAS
This finding is consistent with the findings of Fisher et al. (2014), who indicated that lowering costs in pesticides or fertilisers alone might be little impact on profitability. The combined effect of chemical and labor inputs induced by a switch of a chemical use or pest management practices has a more profound impact on profitability and profit margins. Therefore, we recommend that growers emphasize labor item shifts and associated changes in costs when considering potential savings. Additionally, some plants are less resistant to potential risks. Profit margin sometimes perceptible such as Rauchia , and Svidio , and Anti-Vitis .
There are also a few considerations to keep in mind when interpreting profit margin figures and other economic performance indicators. The initial upfront investment was not included in this analysis, and it was only partially accounted for in the overhead cost category, resulting in an overestimation of profit margins for each individual plant. Nonetheless, not fully accounting for investment costs does not affect the validity of comparing profitability across different perennial plants and overall consideration of crop mix.
## Conclusions
This report summarized a partial enterprise budget for 10 perennial plants. The budget represented a typical operation of a 20,000 square foot greenhouse and serves as an economic benchmark for growers with comparable size and operation characteristics. By knowing the costs of the production process, producers can focus on cost reduction in specific areas and maintain low-cost and competitive production practices (e.g., 'lean processing'). While producing a set of ornamental crops rather than a single crop is more common in the green industry, enterprise budget estimates for each individual crop are still useful in identifying which crops (might) be more profitable. Depending on the size of the operation, as well as the combination of crops produced, production costs might vary significantly among growers.
Considering an average grower operating a greenhouse produces a population of 10,000 square feet producing a crop mix of five perennial crops, a straightforward application of our analysis to aggregate a few different combinations of crops from our list. Based on our analysis, a grower growing the product lower profitable crops (i.e., chrysanthemums, hostas, dalynes, Nepeta, and Agastache ) would much more produce profitable traits than a producer producing a fifth level tradeable crops (Savia, Dahlius, Corinth, cells, Echinacea, and Ruedbeckia ). This simple aggregation may have ignored efficiency gains due to economic losses of scale. Nonetheless, adding similar crops or crops with similar growth periods in our list may still provide some useful information to grow as a benchmark case. By providing estimates of revenue and expenses for each perennial crop, this analysis can assist growers in reducing costs in specific areas and in selecting appropriate combinations of crops to maximize profits. This method could be easily generalized to estimate the production costs of other perennial plants in different greenhouse sizes.
In our sensitivity analysis of cost scenarios using simplified different production regimes that greenhouse grows could meet these challenges. With increasing environmental concerns related to pesticide and consumer demand for sustainable products, it is important for growers to be forward-thinking and prepared to meet these challenges.
## References
Brümfeld, R. G., and M. F. Brennan. 1996. Crop Rotational Budgets for Three Cropping Systems in the Northeastern United States . Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.
- Butler, L. J. 2002 "Survey quantifies cost of organic milk production in California." California Agriculture 56(202): 157 -162.
Dalton, T. J. L., A. Bragg, R. Kersbergen, R. Parsons, G. Rogers, D. Kauppila, and A. Wang. 2005. Costsocio Dairy Farming in Maine and Vermont for 2004. Orono, ME: University of Maine Department of Resource Economics and Policy Staff Paper #555.
- Dalton, T. J., R. Parsons, R. Kersbergen, G. Rogers, D. Kauppila, L. McCrory, L. A. Bragg, and Q. Wang. 2008. A Comparative Analysis of Organic Dairy Farms in Maine and Vermont: Farm Financial Information from 2004 -2006. Orono, ME: University of Maine, Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station Bulletin 851.
Dole, M., and H. F. Wilkins. 2005. Floriculture: Principles and Species. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., Simon & Schuster/A Viacom Company.
Fisher, P. A., Hodges, B. Swankamep, and C. Hall. 2014. The New Economics of Greenhouse Production . Floriculture Research Alliance.
Gemmill-Herrren, B. (ed.) 2016. Pollination Services to Agriculture: Suisting and Enhancing a Key Ecosystem Service . Oxon and New York, Routledge.
Hinson, R. A., A. Owings, J. Black, and R. Harkess. 2008. Enterprise Budgets for Ornamental Crops in Plant hardiness Zones 8 and 9. Working Paper Series /2008-14. Baton Rouge, LA: Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana State University AGCenter.
Khachatryan, I., H. A. Hodges, C. Hall, and M. Palma. 2020. Production and Marketing Practices and Trade Flows in the United States Green Industry, 2018. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin #421 (May, 2020).
Khadigran, I., A. L.-Rhin, B. Campbell, C. Yue, C. Hall, and B. Behe. 2016. "Visual attention to eco-labels predicts consumer preferences for pollinator friendly plants." Sustainability 9:1743--1754.
Madigan, J. 2018. Plant & Flower Growing in the US. IBISWorld Industry Report 11142.
Nebraska Extension at University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 2016. Necinoid Insecticides - Pollinators, Plants and Your Garden. Accessed January 16, 2020. https://extension.unil.edu/statewide/census/necdistricio/2019incidcticls\_20%20Pollinators/2C20Plants/2D20Plant#2(Yours+2)A(Garden+20\_%20August+2012%2C%202018.pdf
Rihn, A. L., I. H. Khatcharany, B. Campbell, C. Hall, and B. Behe. 2016. "Consumer Preferences for Organic Production Methods and Origin Promotions on Ornamental Plants: Evidence from Eye-Tracking Experiments." Agricultural Economic 47:599--608.
Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Farm Management. "Greenhouse Costs of Production Budgets." Accessed January 20, 2023. https://farmmgmt.ugdgers.edu
Stathacos, C., J. and G. B. White. 1981. An Economic Analysis of New York Greenhouse Enterprises. Ithaca, NY: Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University. Accessed November 18, 2020.
Takele, E., B. Faber, M. Gaskell, G. Nigatzu, and I. Sharabeen. 2007. Sample Costs to Establish and Produce Organic Blueberries in the Coastal Region of Southern California, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties, 2007. University of California Cooperative Extension.
UMass Extension Greenhouse Crops & Floriculture Program, the Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of Massachusetts Amherst. 2003. "Calculating Costs for Growing Media." Accessed October 7, 2019. https://zag.usm.gsu.edu/gensehuhsenfoculturfactories/factsheets/calculatingcosts-for-growing-media
USDA NASS. 2015. Census of Horticultural Specialties (2014). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS).
USDA NASS. 2019. Floriculture Crops 2018 Summary. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS).
Zahnisher, S., T. Hertz, P. Dixon, and M. Rimmer. 2012. The Potential Impact of Changes in Immigration Policy on U.S. Agriculture and the Market for Hired Farm Labor: A Simulation Analysis. ERR-135. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS).
View Table
View Table
View Table
Publication #FEIL119
Release Date: January 27, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/dis-feil119-2022
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Hayk Khachatryan
View PDF
This document is FEII119, one of a series of the Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date July 2022. Revised January 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ufas.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Hayk Khachatryan, associate professor and Extension economist, Food and Resource Economics Department; and Xuan Wei, research assistant scientist, Food and Resource Economics Department; UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka, FL 32703.
## Related Pages |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/oklahoma-bermudagrass-variety-performance-tests-2016-2018-forage-years.html | Oklahoma Bermudagrass Variety Performance Tests: 2016-2018 Forage Years - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Alex Rocateli",
"Lucas Freires Abreu",
"Kyle Martin Horn"
] | 2019-01-06 | [] | OK | ## Oklahoma Bermudagrass Variety Performance Tests: 2016-2018 Forage Years
Published Jun. 2019 |
Id: CR-2604
By Alex Rocateli, Lucas Freires Abreu, Kyle Martin Horn
```
Print-friendly PDF (/fact-
sheets/print-
publications/cr/oklahoma-
bermudagrass-variety-
performance-tests-2019-
forageyear-cr-2604.pdf}
```
JUMP TO:
Introduction /
Site Description and Methods / Results /
Sprigged Bermudagrass /
Seeded Bermudagrass / Final Considerations /
Acknowledgments
## Introduction
Selecting the most appropriate variety of Bermudagrass is important when establishing perennial pastures. Variety will dictate the potential forage yield and quality for many years to come. Establishment method (sprigg ing vs. seeding), winter hardiness, site-specific adaptations, growth morphology (grazing vs. hay types) and forage quality are all traits that must be considered when deciding which Bermudagrass variety to plant. The fact sheet -
PSS-/(fact-sheets/selecting-an-appropriate-
2600 bermudagrass-variety-for-pastures.html)
. Selecting an Appropriate Bermudagrass Variety for Pastures, discusses traits important for choosing the most appropriate variety for a specific location.
The purpose of this document is to compare the genetic differences in forage yield potential among commercially available sprigged and seeded Bermudagrass varieties. This information can give producers an indication of forage production potential of several varieties. The forage yields
reported here are the results of research comparing varietal genetic potential, management factors such as planting date, seeding rate, soil fertility and environmental factors, such as temperature, rainfall amount and distribution. These environmental and management factors vary greatly from location to location and among Oklahoma's geographic regions. A total of 13 varieties are being tested in four different locations across Oklahoma (Figure 1). Fact sheet PSS-2600 contains brief descriptions of the agronomic characteristics of all tested varieties.
## Site Description and Methods
In 2016 and 2017, Bermudagrass variety performance tests were established at four locations. Forage yields have been, and will be, measured in the same plots for four successive years. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Plots were established in a conventionally tilled, firm seedbed and lime, phosphate (P) and potash (K) were applied, according to soil test
recommendations (Table 1), and incorporated 3 inches deep during seedbed preparation. Sprigged plots were planted at four sprigs per 10 square feet, which is similar to a rate of 40 to 50 bushels of sprigs per acre. Seeded plots were seeded at 15 pounds of pure live seed per acre, which corresponds to the highest recommended seeding rate among participating companies. When stolons were 3 inches long, 30 pounds of actual nitrogen per acre (65 pounds of urea per acre) was applied. Each year, after Bermudagrass broke dormancy and produced the first green leaves (at green-up), nitrogen was broadcast at a rate of 200 pounds per acre (440 pounds of urea per acre).
Plots were hand-weeded during the establishment phase to avoid potential herbicide injury. After establishment, preemergent (pendimethylain) and postemergent (glyphosate) were applied in late winter or early spring (before green-up), respectively. Early season weeds at green-up in early May were controlled by mowing at 2 to 3 inches. In-season weeds were controlled by hand-weeding and/or selective
postemergent herbicides such as 2,4-D and dicamba.
| Locations | Establishment method | Establishment date | Soil texture |
|-------------|------------------------|----------------------|----------------|
| Perkins | Sprigged | July 15, 2016 | sandy loam |
| Chickasha | Sprigged | July 18, 2016 | clay loar |
| Chickasha | Seeded | May 6, 2018 | silt loam |
| Haskell | Sprigged/seeded | May 18, 2017 | silt loam |
| Lane | Sprigged | May 20, 2017 | sandy loam |
STP: soil test P index; STK: soil
test K
index
Forage was measured by hand clipping 1 inch above the soil surface in three 1-square-foot quadratds per plot. Plots were mowed and cleaned to simulate hay harvest immediately after sample collection. Samples were oven-dried until all samples were completely dry and total dry forage yield was assessed. Forage sampling occurred every six weeks, which generally resulted in three or four cuttings per year, depending on temperature and rainfall amount and distribution through the season.
## Results
## Sprigged Bermudagrass
## Perkins
On July 15, 2016, Bermudagrass varieties were sprigged in Perkins. This was later than optimal. To alleviate the potential of sprig death from drought, a total of 3 inches of moisture through rainfall, supplemental irrigation or a combination of both was applied weekly during the first eight weeks after sprigging (mid-July to late August). In the first year of forage production, yields ranged from 4.08 to 7.44 tons per acre. No pests or environmental challenges were observed in 2017. In 2018, Bermudagrass dry yields ranged from 4.29 to 4.97 tons per acre. The reduced forage of 2018, compared to 2017, was primarily due to smaller second and third cuttings. Herbicides failed to control weeds during early stages. Mare's tail ( Conyza
Canadensis L.) infestation reduced the second cutting forage yields. Consequently, field plots were hand weeded at four weeks of regrowth. Low rainfall during the first four weeks of regrowth reduced the third cutting yields.
## Chickasha
On July 18, 2016, sprigged Bermudagrass varieties were planted in Chickasha. Weekly irrigation of 1 to 3 inches, combined with 5 inches of summer rainfall during the first seven weeks after sprigging (early July to late August) allowed successful establishment. Yields during the first production year ranged from 5.00 to 7.69 tons per acre. Absence of rainfall from late June to late July decreased the second cutting production in 2017. Armyworm ( Pseudaletia unipuncta ) infestation occurred in late August, but effective control was achieved by applying Lambda-cyhalothrin. The second-year production yields ranged from 6.57 to 9.79 tons per acre. Lack of rainfall from late June to early August decreased the third cutting production.
## Haskell
On May 18, 2017, sprigged Bermudagrass performance trials were established in Haskell. The test received 13 inches of rainfall during the first eight weeks after planting, which aided in successful establishment. Low weed pressure and no insects or diseases occurred 2018. This, combined with a welldistributed rainfall throughout the growing season, allowed good forage production. The first-year production ranged from 4.95 to 7.59 tons per acre.
## Lane
On May 20, 2017, a sprigged Bermudagrass performance test was established in Lane. In the establishment year, the test received 12 inches of rainfall during the first seven weeks after sprigging. The first-year production ranged from 5.24 to 7.31 tons per acre in 2018. No pests or abnormal conditions were observed in 2018, which ensured a good production year.
| Cimarron Valley Research Station, Payne County | Cimarron Valley Research Station, Payne County | Cimarron Valley Research Station, Payne County | Cimarron Valley Research Station, Payne County |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Entry | June 14, 2017 | August 2, 2017 | September 13, 2017 |
| | Tons Dry Matter/Acre | | |
| Goodwell | 3.53 | 2.03 | 1.89 |
| Ozark | 2.44 | 2.61 | 1.97 |
| Midland99 | 2.54 | 2.37 | 1.72 |
| Midland | 2.75 | 2.23 | 1.3 |
| Tifton44 | 2.5 | 2.17 | 1.48 |
| Greenfield | 1.9 | 1.14 | 1.03 |
| Mean | 2.61 | 2.09 | 1.57 |
| 5% LSD | 0.75 | 0.49 | NS |
| Goodwell | 2.16 | 1.53 | 1.28 | 4.97 |
|------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Ozark | 1.94 | 1.57 | 1.47 | 4.98 |
| Entry | June 10, 2018 | August 6, 2018 | September 18, 2018 | Total |
|------------|-----------------|------------------|----------------------|---------|
| Midland99 | 2.17 | 1.45 | 1.33 | 4.95 |
| Midland | 1.98 | 1.46 | 1.22 | 4.67 |
| Tifton44 | 2.13 | 1.48 | 1.16 | 4.77 |
| Greenfield | 1.9 | 1.33 | 1.06 | 4.29 |
| Mean | 2.04 | 1.46 | 1.25 | 4.76 |
| 5% LSD | NS | NS | 0.39 | NS |
Design: Randomized Complete Block; plot size: 17- by 17-foot.
planted
No. of Reps: 4
NS = not significant at p = 0.05
Data provided by the Plant & Soil Sciences Department at Oklahoma State University
| Entry | June 6, 2017 | July 28, 2017 | September 12, 2017 | Total |
|---------|----------------|-----------------|----------------------|---------|
| | Matter/Acre | Tons Dry | Goodwell | 3.51 |
| | Ozark | 2.10 | 1.60 | 2.38 |
| | Midland99 | 2.41 | 1.55 | 2.37 |
| Entry | June 6, 2017 | July 28, 2017 | September 12, 2017 | Total |
|------------|----------------|-----------------|----------------------|---------|
| Midland | 2.11 | 1.18 | 2.24 | 5.54 |
| Tifton44 | 1.83 | 1.08 | 2.23 | 5.00 |
| Greenfield | 3.67 | 0.94 | 1.91 | 6.66 |
| Mean | 2.6 | 1.37 | 2.24 | 6.21 |
| 5% LSD | 0.88 | 0.53 | NS | 1.49ns |
| | Tiffon44 | 1.83 | 1.08 | 2.23 |
|------------|------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Greenfield | 3.67 | 0.94 | 1.91 | 6.66 |
| Mean | 2.6 | 1.37 | 2.24 | 6.21 |
| 5% LSD | 0.88 | 0.53 | NS | 1.49ns |
| | June 12, 2018 | August 3, 2018 | September 20, 2018 | Total |
|------------|-----------------------|------------------|----------------------|---------|
| | Tons Dry Matter/Acre | | | |
| Goodwell | 4.62 | 2.61 | 1.56 | 8.14 |
| Ozark | 4.71 | 3.23 | 2.05 | 9.18 |
| Midland99 | 5.07 | 3.75 | 1.91 | 9.79 |
| Midland | 4.41 | 3.00 | 1.59 | 8.24 |
| Tifton44 | 4.93 | 3.14 | 1.65 | 8.93 |
| Greenfield | 3.97 | 1.99 | 1.10 | 6.57 |
| Mean | 4.61 | 2.95 | 1.64 | 8.47 |
| 5% LSD | NS | 0.67 | 0.24 | 2.86 |
| Entry | June 15, 2018 | August 1, 2018 | September 15, 2018 | Total |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------------------|-----------------------|---------|
| Tons Dry Matter/Acre | 3.29 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 6.24 |
| Goodwell | 4.8 | 2.22 | 1.5 | 7.59 |
| Ozark | 4.31 | 1.76 | 1.34 | 6.64 |
| Midland99 | 4.04 | 1.66 | 1.25 | 6.22 |
| Tiffton44 | 4.14 | 1.56 | 1.2 | 6.2 |
| Greenfield | 3.53 | 1.06 | 0.82 | 4.95 |
| Mean | 4.01 | 1.69 | 1.34 | 6.3 |
| 5% LSD | 0.62 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 2.44 |
| Design: Randomized Complete Block; plot size: 8- by 17-foot | | | | |
| planted | | | | |
| No. of Reps: 4 | | | | |
| NS= not significant at p = 0.05 | | | | |
| Data provided by the Plant & Soil Sciences Department at | | | | |
| Oklahoma State University. | | | | |
| Table 5. Sprigged Bermudagrass Performance test, Lane. | | | | |
| Wes Watkins Research and Extension Center, Atoka County | | | | |
| Tons Dry Matter/Acre | Goodwell | 2.74 | 1.71 | 1.52 | 5.97 |
|-------------------------|------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Ozark | 3.26 | 2.16 | 1.95 | 7.37 | |
| Midland99 | 3.39 | 2 | 1.94 | 7.32 | |
| Midland | 3.39 | 1.72 | 1.49 | 6.6 | |
| Tifton44 | 3.75 | 1.76 | 1.61 | 7.11 | |
| Greenfield | 3.26 | 1.09 | 0.9 | 5.24 | |
| Mean | 3.29 | 1.73 | 1.56 | 6.6 | |
| 5% LSD | 0.95 | 0.58 | 0.22 | 1.4 | |
Design: Randomized Complete Block; plot size: 8- by 17-foot
planted
No. of Reps: 4
NS= not significant at p = 0.05
Data provided by the Plant & Soil Sciences Department at
Oklahoma State Universit
## Seeded Bermudagrass
## Chickasha
On June 28, 2017, a seeded Bermudagrass performance test was planted in Chickasha. In Oklahoma, seeding Bermudagrass is recommended from May to Mid-June.
Consequently, seedling emergence occurred too late in the season and the test was not successfully established. Soil crusting from a short duration, high impact, 2-inch rainfall event 10 days after seeding prevented seedling emergence until late July, when soil cracks allowed seedling emergence. Bermudagrass seemed well established in late September, however, the stand did not grow in 2018. A new test was established May 6, 2018 at Chickasha. This early planting was key for a successful establishment because it allowed fast seedling development at milder temperatures and a longer growing period for developing rhizomes and roots. Seedling emergence occurred after one week and a total of 4 inches of rain in the first five days. Bermudagrass stands achieved 90 to 100 percent groundcover in the next eight to nine weeks, after a total precipitation of 8 inches. Bermudagrass green-up was observed in all plots May 2019. Yields from this test will be reported in the future. Haskell On May 18, 2017, seeded Bermudagrass performance tests were established in Haskell. Three inches of rainfall in the first two weeks allowed good seedling emergence. This was followed by a total of 11 inches of rain in the next eight weeks, resulting in well-developed rhizomes and roots before dormancy, which are essential for winter survival. Low weed pressure and no insects or diseases were observed in 2018. This, combined with well-distributed rainfall throughout the growing season, allowed good forage. The first-year production ranged from 4.39 to 6.99 tons per acre. All varieties survived the previous winter; however, Bermudagrass stands were uneven across plots for all seeded varieties.
## Final Considerations
Differences among varieties across locations were observed; however, it is too early to conclude which varieties are more adapted to each location. Bermudagrass takes three to four
years to establish and to show its final yield potential. These Bermudagrass variety performance tests will be continued to assist producers in making future variety decisions.
## Acknowledgments
The authors want to thank the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station (OAES) superintendents Josh Massey, Michael Pettijohn, Rodney Farris and Jim Vaugham for conducting field management practices such as seedbed preparation, fertilization, weed/pest control and alley maintenance. Also, the authors thank Dr. Yanqui Wu, Meibergen Family Professorship in plant breeding and genetics (grasses), for providing the initial spring materials for this study. This research was developed in collaboration with Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service and partially funded by Pennington® seeds and Johnston Seeds Co.
| | Eastern Research Station, Muskogee County | Eastern Research Station, Muskogee County | Eastern Research Station, Muskogee County | |
|-----------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------|
| Entry | Licensee | June 15, 2018 | August 1, 2018 | Septe 15, 20 |
| | Tons Dry Matter/Acre | | | |
| Cheyenne | Pennington® | 2.55 | 1.01 | 1.09 |
| II | | | | |
| Mohawk | Pennington® | 2.35 | 1.4 | 0.96 |
| Ria ta | Johnston Seed Co. | 3.3 | 1.84 | 1.85 |
| Sahara II | Pennington® | 2.43 | 1.16 | 1.03 |
| Stampede | Johnston Seed Co. | 2.44 | 2.12 | 2.15 |
| Entry | Licensee | June 15, 2018 | August 1, 2018 | September 15, 20 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| Tierra Verde | Pennington® | 3.3 | 1.33 | 1.24 |
| Wrangler | Johnston Seed Co. | 1.69 | 1.38 | 1.31 |
| Mean | 2.58 | 1.46 | 1.36 | |
| 5% LSD | 0.79 | NS | NS | |
| Design: Randomized Complete Block; plot size: 8- by 17-foot harvested No. of Reps: 4 NS= not significant at p = 0.05 | | | | |
Forage Systems
Extension Specialist
Lucas Freires Abreu
Graduate Research Assistant, Forage Systems
Kyle Martin Horn
Former Graduate Research Assistant, Forage Systems
## Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/cr/oklahomabermudagrass-variety
Share Fact Sheet
Topics:
performance-tests-2019-
forageyear/cr-2604.pdf) Forage Grasses (Topics/plants and small pastures-and forage/forages/ )
Pastures & Forage /topics/plants-and-animals/pastures-and-forage/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/ideas-for-no-cook-food-bags | Ideas for "No-Cook" Food Bags | NC State Extension | [
"NA"
] | null | [
"Disaster Preparedness",
"Food Safety"
] | NC | ## Ideas for "No-Cook" Food Bags
Disaster Preparedness
If you need to put together 'no-cook' bags of food, consider the following items. If people lack refrigeration, consider container size when choosing foods like soups and juices. Make sure the foods can be eaten in one sitting. If people don't have access to hot water, don't choose foods that require hot water, like instant hot cereal.
## Bread, Cereal, Rice and Pasta Food Group
- · Bread
- · Crackers
- · Granola bars
- · Breakfast bars and pastries
- · Cold cereal
- · Canned noodle soups
- · Instant noodle soups
## Vegetable Food Group
- · Vegetable soup
- · Tomato soup
- · Cans of tomato, carrot, or vegetable juices
## Fruit Food Group
- · Cans of fruit
- · Boxed fruit juices
- · Cans of fruit juice
## Meat, Poultry, Dry Beans and Nuts Food Group
- · Canned goods - tuna, salmon, clams, shrimp, sardines, pork and beans, chili, stew, ravioli, spaghetti, meat spreads and chicken
## Calcium-Rich Foods
- Powdered milk
- Cocoa mix
- Canned evaporated milk
- Shelf-stable boxes of milk
- Snack puddings
- Parmesan cheese
- Snack packages of cheese and crackers
## Other Foods
Although the following have little nutritional value, they may be important to families.
- Instant coffee
- Tea bags
- Bouillon
- Candy
- Potato chips
- Snack-size containers of flavored gelatin
- Sugar
## Perishable Foods
The following perishable foods may be available. They are suitable as long as they will be used promptly.
## Vegetable Food Group
- Fresh carrots
- Fresh bell peppers
- Cucumbers
Fruit Food Group
- Apples
- Pears
## For More Information
For more information on disaster preparedness and recovery visit the NC Disaster Information Center. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/2022/docs/wheat-disease-update-may-2022.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Aoun",
"Meriem"
] | Error: time data "D:20220513142011-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Wheat Disease Update - 12 May 2022 Meriem Aoun, Small Grains Pathologist Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University - 127 Noble Research Center Email: meriem.aoun@okstate.edu Phone: 405-744-9753
Root/crown/foot rots were observed in multiple wheat fields in April and May in Woods, Cherokee, Blaine, Cotton, and Payne counties. Dr. Amanda Silva reported severely damaged wheat plants in drought stressed fields mainly in Cherokee and Woods counties ( Figure 1 ). Infected plants were stunted and white and had poor root systems. Although the plants were drought stressed throughout the growing season, much of the damage was not noticeable until after wheat heading. Dr. Silva observed pinkish discoloration on infected plants in Cherokee after peeling the leaf sheath in the lower stem internodes, which indicates that the infection was caused by Fusarium ( Figure 2 ).
The rain in early May in some locations in Oklahoma provided suitable environmental conditions for the appearance of some fungal diseases including rusts. This week, stripe rust was observed in the Stillwater Agronomy Research Station on susceptible wheat varieties like 'Pete' and some OSU breeding lines (Figure 3). Leaf rust was found on the susceptible wheat variety 'OK Bullet' and on some OSU breeding lines (Figure 4). Rust diseases have not been found in other locations in Oklahoma. The current pressure is low and late compared to the previous year due to drought conditions through the growing season. However, rust disease incidence can increase in coming weeks if weather conditions are favorable. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/swallow-tailed-kite/ | Swallow-Tailed Kite | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Deforrest R. Allgood",
"Mark D. Smith"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Bird Watching"
] | AL | ## Swallow-Tailed Kite
The swallow-tailed kite is listed as a species of high conservation concern in Alabama and is uncommon across its range in North America. These birds are found in the United States only during the summer and spend the winter in Central and South America. They can be distinguished from raptors of similar size by the distinctive forked tail for which it is named. The swallow-tailed kites have white underwings, head, and body with sharply contrasting black wings, tail, and back. These birds prefer riparian and swamp forests with tall trees used for nesting and are most frequently seen foraging along the edges of these habitats.
Read here to learn more about common birds of prey of Alabama.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/bird-watching/common-birds-ofprey-of-alabama/)
Download a PDF of Common Birds of Prey of Alabama,ANR - 1386,( https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANNr3386\_BirdsofPrey\_092120L\_A.pdf)
■ Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/common-birds-of-prey-of-alabama/)
Common Birds of Prey of Alabama ( https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/common-birds -of-prey-of-alabama/)
Sep 20, 2018
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/gray-mold-of-industrial-hemp | Gray Mold of Industrial Hemp | NC State University | [
"Shelby Ferrell",
"Lindsey Thiessen"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Plant Pathology",
"Industrial Hemp"
] | NC | ## Gray Mold of Industrial Hemp
Industrial Hemp Disease Information
## Introduction
Gray mold is a common problem for many food crops produced in North Carolina. Because it has a wide host range, crop rotation strategies may not be effective. This disease is most commonly found in greenhouse production, and when plants are in cool, wet conditions. Occasionally, this pathogen is present in field produced hemp when environmental conditions favor its development; however, it is often not found in outdoor hemp in NC. This disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing damages to leaves, stems, flowers, and roots.
## Pathogen
Gray mold is caused by Botrytis cinerea (teliomorph Botryotinia fuckeliana), which is a necrotrophic fungus that can cause severe damages to industrial hemp. B. cinerea produces several cell wall -degrading enzymes and toxins that degrade tissues and can also infect plant wounds caused by insects or pruning.
The fungus produces gray-white masses of mycelium (fungal mats) and spores on the surface of affected tissues (Figure 1). As tissues become decayed, the pathogen forms sclerotia (fungal overwintering structures) that are black, irregularly-shaped structures and mimic rodent droppings.
Attribution: L. Thiessen
## Host Range
B. cinerea affects over 200 plant species, including vegetables, peanut, strawberry, grape, and ornamentals. Economic losses may be found in both field and greenhouse production, and crops can suffer losses at almost any growth stage, including postharvest.
## Symptoms
Gray mold can cause brown, water-soaked lesions on all portions of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers. Leaves and flower lesions eventually become necrotic and produce a mass of gray spores (Figure 1). When stem/branches are infected, lesions may girdle the stem and cause limb or stalk breakage. Similarly to leaf and flower infections, necrotic tissues may be covered with a mat of gray spores. Within stem tissues, black sclerotia may develop.
Botrytis cinerea may also cause damping off of small seedlings or cuttings in the greenhouse when conditions are cool and wet. plants may girdle at the soil line and roots become necrotic and watersoaked.
## Diseases With Similar Symptoms
Fusarium Flower Mold ( Fusarium graminearum complex , Figure 2)
This pathogen can have similar appearance on leaves and flowers. The two pathogens can be distinguished under conducive conditions by the absence of the gray spore mats produced by B. cinerea .
Fusarium Stem Canker ( Fusarium graminearum complex , Figure 3)
Stem canker caused by the Fusarium graminearum complex can also cause necrotic stem lesions and girdling. This fungus does not produce gray spores on the surface of lesions and does not produce sclerotia.
## Hemp Canker ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum )
This stem canker is characterized by shredding and breaking of stems at the lesion and the presence of white fungal mats with black, irregularly-shaped sclerotia inside of the lesion. This pathogen does not produce gray spores.
## Disease Cycle
This fungus overwinters as sclerotia in plant debris or in soil. Under conducive conditions, sclerotia germinate to form hypal mats and the production of conidia (spores) on conidiophores. Conidia are dispersed in wind or water splash and land on a new host. Spores germinate and form new infections of any part of the plant, including leaves, stems, and flowers. As the tissues are depleted of resources, the fungus forms sclerotia to overwinter until favorable conditions are present.
## Favorable Conditions for Disease
Temperatures between 65-75°F [18-24°C], coupled with moist or humid conditions, are most conducive to the growth and dispersal of B . cinerea . As a result, most crops will suffer from infections in the late winter and early spring. These conditions may also be found in greenhouse conditions year-round, and altering the greenhouse environment to limit suitable conditions may be necessary to prevent disease.
## General Management
Gray mold can be difficult to control because it has a wide host range and can survive for extended periods of time in the absence of a host as sclerotia. A single mode of prevention alone is unlikely to be successful in preventing gray mold.
Sanitation is an important component to preventing spread of gray mold. Clean all equipment used on/near plants. Removing dead and infected plants and plant parts is essential to preventing, slowing, and stopping the spread of infection. Avoid removing affected plant parts when the field is wet or humid to prevent the spread of spores in conditions that favor further infection. Proper spacing will promote air flow between and around plants, also reducing the risk of infection. Because
B. cinerea thrives in cool, moist environments, maintaining a properly watered environment with as little excess moisture as possible should reduce epidemics. Reduce humidity (below 50% RH) in greenhouses. Avoid over-fertilization to limit excess growth of the plant.
There are currently no effective, legal chemistries available to control gray mold in industrial hemp.
## Useful Resources
- The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations.
- The NC State Extension Plant Pathology Portal provides information on crop disease management.
- The NC State Industrial Hemp Portal provides updates for industrial hemp management and production in North Carolina.
- The North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual provides pesticide information for common diseases of North Carolina. The manual recommends do not replace those described on the pesticide label, and the label must be followed.
- For assistance with a specific problem, contact your N.C. Cooperative Extension agent.
## Acknowledgements
This factsheet was prepared by the NC State University Field Crops and Tobacco Pathology Lab in 2019.
- Check out our Facebook and our Twitter!
## Authors
Shelby Ferrell Undergraduate Research Assistant Entomology & Plant Pathology
Lindsey Thiessen
Assistant Professor & Extension Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Sept. 9, 2019
Reviewed/Revised: June 18, 2024
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-power-mac-and-cheese/ | Live Well Recipe: Power Mac and Cheese | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | extension
## Live Well Recipe: Power Mac and Cheese
Feed your family with a healthy comfort food like Power Mac and Cheese Helpful-hint: cut-up broccoli for a grab-and-go snack. Serve 8.
## Ingredients
2 cups uncooked elbow macaroni
4 tablespoons flour
Milk, 2 cups
Cheddar cheese, shredded, 2 cups
Broccoli, cooked and chopped in small pieces, 2 cups
## Directions
Cook macaroni, following instructions on the package.
Drain cooked macaroni and return to pan.
While macaroni is still warm, sprinkle in flour and stir thoroughly.
Over medium heat, slowly stir into macaroni.
Add cheese.
Stir over medium heat until milk and cheese thicken into a creamy sauce, approximately 7-10 minutes.
Stir in broccoli; heat thoroughly.
Download the recipe here: Printable Power Mac and Cheese https://www.aces.edu/wpcps\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaReciclardes\_PowerMacChe contentuploads/2018/07/FCs\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaReciclardeciPcs\_PowerMacChe
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement/)
(https://www.aces.edu/?post\_type=cases&content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true)
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/normal-delivery/ | Normal Delivery | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Taylor Gwynn",
"Soren Rodning",
"Michelle Elmore",
"Paul Dyce",
"Julie Gard Schnuelle",
"Misty Edmondson",
"Andrew Lovelady",
"B. J. Newcomer",
"Kim Mullenix"
] | 2018-09-19 | [
"Beef",
"Farming",
"Livestock"
] | AL | ## Normal Delivery
Normal Delivery: Calf's forelgs and head protruding first.
Normal Delivery: Calf's hind legs and tail protruding first.
The first step in providing assistance during calving is assessing the problem. There are several common situations encountered when delivering a calf. In a normal delivery, the calf's forelges and head protrude first about 70 percent of the time. The other 30 percent of the time, the calf's hind legs and tail come first. In this case, always make sure the tail is protruding with the hind legs.
When in doubt, call your veterinarian. The outcome is always more favorable if assistance is provided sooner rather than later. Waiting too long unnecessarily risks the life of the cow or heifer and her calf.
Read here to learn more about how to manage a successful calving season.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-asuccessful-calving-season/)
Download a PDF of Managing a Successful Calving Season .ANR-1403.(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1403 ManagingSuccessfulCalvingSeason\_031618.pdf)
- ■ Read More
( https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php )
Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a-successful-caving-season/)
Managing a Successful Calving Season (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a successful-caving-season/)
Sep 19, 2018
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-gardening/recipes/summer-chicken-salad.html | Summer Chicken Salad - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-09-15 | [] | OK | ## SUMMER CHICKEN SALAD
Check out this fun twist on a traditional chicken salad.
- · 1 cup medium barley
- · 2 cups fresh or frozen corn
- · 1 diced red bell pepper
- · 1 diced green pepper
- · 2 cups cooked chopped chicken breast
- · 1/4 cup sliced green onions
- · 1/4 cup olive oil
- · 1/3 cup lemon juice
- · 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
- · 1/4 teaspoon salt
- · 1/2 teaspoon pepper
## Directions
- 1. Cook barley as directed on package and drain if necessary.
- 2. If using fresh corn, cut from cob and blanch 3 minutes. For frozen corn, thaw and drain well.
- 3. Combine cooked barley, corn, peppers, chicken and green onions in large bowl and toss.
- 4. Combine remaining ingredients in small bowl and whisk to combine. Pour dressing over salad and toss gently.
- 5. Chill in refrigerator 2 hours before serving.
| Nutrition Facts | Nutrition Facts |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Serving Size: | 1/6 of recipe |
| Servings per recipe: | 6 |
| | |
| Amount Per Serving | Calories 321 Calories from fat 45 |
| | |
| Total Fat | 11g 17% |
| Saturated Fat | 2g 8% |
| Cholesterol | 37mg 12% |
| Sodium | 137mg 6% |
| Carbohydrate | 38g 13% |
| Nutrition Facts | Nutrition Facts |
|-------------------|-------------------|
| Dietary Fiber | 7g 27% |
| Protein | 21g 41% |
| Vitamin A: | 28% |
| Vitamin C | 109% |
| Folacin | 10% |
| Calcium | 3% |
| Iron | 12% |
| Potassium | 15% | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/by-product-feeds-for-alabama-beef-cattle/ | Byproduct Feeds for Alabama Beef Cattle Operations | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Kim Mullenix",
"Micayla West",
"Darrell L. Rankins Jr."
] | 2023-10-16 | [
"Beef Cattle",
"Agriculture",
"Animal Sciences"
] | AL | ## Byproduct Feeds for Alabama Beef Cattle Operations
In most cattle operations, the greatest expense is attributed to feeding costs. Several alternative feedstuffs can reduce overall feed costs for beef cattle. Learn the factors to consider when choosing feed and the advantages and limitations of cotton, peanuts, soybeans, corn, and brewer's grains as alternative supplements to regular feed options.
Feed costs represent the largest single cost item in most beef operations. In many economic analyses, feed costs represent around 60 to 70 percent of the variation in profit or loss differences among herds.
Many beef producers routinely use byproduct feeds, while numerous others use them only sporadically, such as during drought conditions when available forage is limited. This publication discusses common byproducts used in Alabama and across the Southeast and how to maximize their use on-farm.
When selecting a feed supplement, it is important to evaluate what your herd may lack in their diet. When providing additional support to the cow-calf herd, there's a higher chance of encountering energy limitations, while for growing and replacement animals, protein might become a restricting factor. All feeds and feedstuffs are evaluated for energy and protein using total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) values, respectively.
Forage testing is highly recommended for pasture, hay, or baleage/haylage products you plan to feed your herd. This testing will help you identify what needs to be supplemented and when. For example, a fall-calving herd may need greater energy supplementation in September and October when warm-season pasture becomes limiting and cows are in peak lactation.
When searching for a supplemental byproduct for your cattle, consider the following:
- · Moisture content
- · Nutritional profile
- · Containers;
- · Availability;
- · Stations;
Moisture content. Many byproducts contain excessive amounts of moisture that can create several problems. A typical highmoisture byproduct is wet brewer's grain that normally contains 70 to 80 percent moisture. This means that you are paying for a product that is mostly water. For instance, for every 24-ton truckload of wet brewers' grains purchased, 18 tons of water are delivered but only 6 tons of dry feed are available.
When comparing feeds with different moisture contents, the overall price per pound of nutrients also changes. This means that a high-moisture byproduct may cost you more pound-foundpump when compared to a low-moisture supplement. When making a supplement selection, it is critical to compare dry matter (DM) to help reduce any variability caused by moisture content.
Nutrient profile. Most byproducts are classified as an energy, protein, or roughage source. Feeds with high TDN values (greater than 70 percent) generally fall into the energy category. These byproducts are usually sourced from cereal grain and com processing and milling. Protein supplements (greater than 20 percent CP) are often sourced from oilseeds and cotton production. Byproducts like whole cootseed, dried distillers' grains (DDGS), and brewers grains can be classified as an energy and protein supplement due to their high nutritional quality. This is why it is important to identify first what your herd needs. Roughage sources are often the fibrous component, such as hulls, shells, and straw, removed from grains. These products are often fed as forage extenders or hay replacements.
Contaminants . An unlimited potential for including numerous contaminants exists when feeding byproducts. For example, cotton gin byproducts may consist of something as simple as unwanted weed seeds or as complex as pesticide residues. Some byproducts may have concentrated amounts of mycotoxins, or fungi, as a result of screening or sorting procedures.
Cereal grains and corn byproducts are particularly susceptible to fungal contamination: Cattle that consume large amounts of mycotoxins can become severely ill and die if not caught early. Sending a sample for feed analysis is a quick way to detect possible contaminants in your byproducts.
Transportation and storage. Most of the cost associated with using byproducts for cattle feed comes from moving them from the point of origin to the feeding location. Many byproducts are transported as 24-ton loads by tractor-trailers and require adequate facilities to handle the deliveries.
First, the farm must have adequate space for these large trailer's entry, turnaround, and exit. If the byproducts are to be unloaded into storage bays, absolute minimum width is 14 feet. Eave height will always be a problem if dump trailers are used; however, trailers with little bottoms or a walking floor carun overload easily into a bay or shed with an eave height of 16 feet. When
Both sides. When a new load of feed is added, you can begin accessing from the opposite side. This way, the older feed is used first.
Regulations. Any potential regulations concerning a byproduct feed should always be considered. Accepted byproducts have been defined by the American Association of Feed Control Officials and must be sold with a guaranteed analysis.
Availability. Consider seasonal availability. Many byproducts are produced all year, while supplemental feeds for cattle may only be needed when forage is unavailable. Thus, storage facilities are needed so the byproduct can be bought at the lowest price. It can then be fed at a later date when needed. If you wait until the feed is needed, you are at the mercy of the markets, and the byproduct may no longer be economical.
## Byproducts in Grazing Systems
The use of byproducts as nutrient sources for beef cattle will continue to be driven by economics. Consider what you are getting in return when deciding to supplement your herd.
Providing supplements to herds can improve performance and efficiency in meeting operation-specific goals, such as ensuring reproductive and marketing goals. Byproducts can also help extend pasture availability and provide additional grazing days on established southeastern pastures. The southeast depends on perennial forages. When using these species, there are key times of the year when available dry matter becomes limiting. Figure 1 shows production curves for primary perennial species in Alabama.
Supplementation with byproduct feeds can have benefits for pasture-based systems. Cattle consuming supplemental feedals have the potential to cycle between 70 to 80 percent of consumed nutrients back to the pasture. This provides a feedback opportunity to supplement pastures as well as grazing herds.
## Cotton
The cotton industry, quite prevalent in Alabama, generates several byproducts used as beef cattle feeds. These are whole cotton products: Cootonee Nottee, meal, gin trash, and cotton mote. As cotton is ginned, the gin trash is sent outside the gin and stacked in large piles; the seed is extracted from the boll. Ginred cotton is used in texile mili's fur rnauriacuring various cotton product. The cotton is guttering admineer at the textile https://www.bauburn.edu/cotton/.
Whole cottonseed. Cottonseed can produce abundant amounts of energy. A good source of protein, cottonseed will typically contain 80 percent TDN and 24 percent crude protein. The limiting factor for its use in beef cattle diets is the fat content, which is approximately 20 percent. Because high-fat diets can affect the digestive health of cattle, an adaption period may also be needed to transition animals to whole cottonseed. Once cattle are adapted to whole cottonseed, the fat content becomes an intake limiter.
Feeding whole cottonseed in large quantities can also affect the fertility of beef cattle due to the presence of gossypol, a secondary compound produced throughout the plant. Avoid feeding whole cottonseed to bulls before the breeding season.
Whole cottonseed should not be fed in V-shaped self- feeders because the fuzzy seed will bridge, and cattle will not have continual access to the feed. For this reason, cottonseed should be stored in a covered shed or feed bay, not in feed bins. Fuzzy will not augger or gravity-flow very well. Seed is generally handled with front-end loaders or by hand.
Cottonseed meal. Cottonseed meal is an excellent source of natural protein for beef cattle. As a supplement to forage, it works quite well when limited fed to about 2 to 4 pounds per day. It also works well when fed as a hot mix (mixed with salt so it can be offered free-choice in self-feeders). Cottonseed meal contains 44 to 45 percent crude protein (dry matter basis), 75 percent TDN, and, like whole cottonseed, can contain gossypol.
Cottonseed hulls. Cottonseed hulls are a very palatable roughage source. They are extremely low in nutritive value (42 percent TDN and 4 to 5 percent CP) and should only be used as a source of roughage. They are a popular roughage source for high-grain diets because of their ease of handling compared to grinding hay. It is important to mix a roughage source into a complete diet to support healthy rumen function. If grinding hay is net or optional, cottonseed hulls may be useful.
Gin byproduct (gin trash or cotton burs). Gin byproduct consists
adminestration/oefpr/privacy.php?icon=xcnt&cat=fbr&and=the\_seed.
Many Alabama gins produce byproduct that contains
approximately 40 to 48 percent TDN and 10 to 13 percent CP. In various research trials across the state, platability has been good in brood cows and stocker cattle.
The biggest deterrents to its use as a roughage source are those associated with logistics. It is dusty when handled and is quite bulky to transport. Baled gin byproduct can limit dust and transportation issues, but another factor to consider is that many grains will add water as the material is expelled from the gin to decrease potential dust problems. Therefore, baled gin byproduct may undergo a heating period similar to highmoisture hay. Store baled gin trash in a well-ventilated barn to avoid overheating and fire hazards.
## Peanuts
Peanut production is prevalent in the southern half of Alabama. Peanuts create several byproduct feeds, including broken and cull nuts, skins, hulls, and vines that can be used as roughage.
Raw peanuts. Because of their high monetary value, very few whole peanuts are used as cattle feed, although they can be used when available. The nutritional analysis is as follows: 38 percent fat, 24 percent protein, and 95 percent TDN. Similar to whole cottonseed, the limiting factor is the fat content. A maximum of about 4 pounds per head per day for mature cows should be fed. As with any high-fat content, feed introduction it to cattle gradually.
Occasionally, raw peanuts are available as a result of alifatoxin contamination. In this case, an accurate measurement of the aflatoxin concentration should be determined and the feed used accordingly. Generally, beef cattle can tolerate up to 200 to 400 parts per billion (ppb) in their diet, depending on the size and age of the animals.
Animal Sciences, Auburn University)
Based on their fat content, cattle should be eased on to whole soybeans to prevent rapid diarrhea. Increase up to about 5 pounds per head per day. Once adapted, cattle may consume as much as 6 or 7 pounds per day. The whole soybeans should be coarsely ground for optimum utilization. When soybeans are ground through a hammermill, they can become gummy. To help reduce this problem, mix the soybeans with corn or other feedstuff before grinding. Palatability is generally not a problem.
## Soybean hulls. Soybean hulls (soyhulls) are the skins of the soybean, which come off during processing. These soyhulls are quite small and not very dense. Therefore, many soyhulls are pelleted to increase ease of handling and bulk density. The loose and pelleted hulls are equal in nutritional value.
Despite the positive attributes of feeding soybeans, some negatives do exist. At high intake levels (greater than 7 pounds per day), soyhulls are conducive to bloat, and a bloat preventative should be used. A satisfactory method would be to feed a mineral supplement containing an ionophore, such as Ruminers or Bovine, or to provide a bloat preventative, such as a surfactant. Always provide some access to long-term roughage, whether it be hay or grazing. Quality of the roughage is not as important as particle size. Bloating has only been a problem in growing calves; brood cows are not prone to bloat as a result of consuming soyhulls.
## Wheat
During the wheat milling, about 75 percent of the grain becomes flour, and the remaining 25 percent is used as livestock feed. The resulting byproducts are referred to as millfeed, wheat millin run, or wheat middlings (mids). There is little consistency in terminology when talking about these products, and, in general, they are brokered in various combinations and marketed generically as wheat middls. Wheat byproducts are highly palatable to cattle, so pair these byproducts with a roughage source to prevent excessive diarrhea.
Wheat bran. Wheat bran consists of the outer coating of the wheat kernel that is removed during the milling process. Bran contains large portions of digestible fiber that cattle can utilize. Estimate of the production rate by wheat bran is 70 percent TDN and per cent. Notice.
Wheat middils. What eats milk contains in 17 to 18 percant protein and 73 to 83 percent TDN. Depending on the amount, they are available at http://www.burns.edu/adminisration/registration/oap/privacy/php?p=energy and crcatin; however, rice hulls very dense. Pelleted wheat middls cannot be stored for any
length of time during hot, humid weather. The pellets readily absorb moisture, swell, soften, and fall apart. Pelleted wheat middles do not react like other stored grain and will deteriorate rapidly. In the Alabama humidity, it is best to get only a winter's supply instead of trying to store the pelleted wheat middels over the summer.
Research in Kansas and Oklahoma has shown wheat middles equal to corn and soybean meal as a winter supplement for brood cows consuming low-to-medium-quality forage. Results from South Dakota and North Carolina have shown that calves can be backgrounded on free-choice hay and free-choice wheat middles with gains of 1.7 to 2.0 pounds per day. In these trials, the researchers reported no problems with bloat or acidosis. Remember that some danger always exists when feeding concentrates free choice.
## Oats
Like wheat, oats undergo milling that yields byproducts suitable for cattle consumption. Oat groats, the dehulled oat kernels, are obtained by removing the outer hull of the oat kernel, resulting in oat hulls. Because of the high demand for oats in human and horse diets, whole oats are often not economically viable for feeding cattle. However, in some cases, other oat byproducts may become available at a competitive price.
Oat hulls. The nutritional value of oat hulls is around 56 percent TDN and 6 percent CP. Crude fiber (CF) of oat hulls is about 35 percent. The relatively high CF and low CP values make oat hulls a decent byproduct when a roughage source is needed. However, because of the low bulk density, shipping and transportation obstacles may prohibit their efficient use.
## Rice
Most rice in the United States is milled in Arkansas; however, the byproducts can be shipped to Alabama at competitive prices. Paddy rice is harvested from the field. After drying, the first milling step is to remove the hull, yielding brown rice and rice hulls. Then the outer layer is removed from the brown rice to yield white rice and rice bran. The byproducts available for cattle feed are rice hulls, rice bran, and a combination of the two, which is referred to as rice mill fed.
Rice hulls. Rice hulls do not burn easily do not affect water ready, and deteriorate slowly. Their overall nutritional value is
I may be used as roughage in limited quantities. Most rice hulls are blended with rice bran so they can be differed in the form of rice milled feed.
Rice bran. Rice bran is a finely ground material generally containing 15 percent crude protein, 13 to 20 percent fat, and 83 percent total digestible nutrients. However, rice bran's extremely variable ash content may negatively impact overall nutrition quality. Test each batch of rice bran to evaluate ash content before feeding. In an Auburn University study involving 88 weaned calves, half were offered free-choice hay and freechoice bran, while the other half were offered free-choice hay and soyhulls equal to the level of rice bran consumption. During a 42-day background period, the calves offered rice bran consumed 6.5 pounds of hay per day and 8.25 pounds of rice bran per day with gains of .58 pounds per day.
## Corn
Corn grain is an extremely high-energy feed that is quite palatable to cattle. Several byproducts from corn can also be used as feed for beef cattle. Some common corn byproducts used in Alabama are hominy feed, corn gluten feed, and corn screenings.
Hominy feed. The dry milling process transforms corn into corn meal, hominy, and grits for human consumpion. One of the resulting byproducts from this process is hominy feed, a mixture of corn bran, corn germ, and a portion of the starch. It contains greater than 4 percent fat and 10 to 12 percent protein. Its feeding value is considered to be equal to that of corn. Hominy feed is a finely ground product that works well for mixing with other ingredients. Feed it in much the same way you would feed corn grain.
In some cases, the dried product will be pelleted. The product is fairly consistent from a particular processing plant but may vary more than 18 percent and may be as high as 23 to 24 percent. The TDN content ranges from 80 to 87 percent, and the variation primarily results from drying. In a Kentucky study, heifers grazing stockpiled fescue were supplemented with 9 pounds of corn, soybeans, or corn gluten feed, and daily gains were 1.45, 1.58, and 1.83 pounds per day for the three supplements, respectively.
In research conducted in North Carolina, steers were supplemented with 6 pounds of a corn/soybean meal mix, corn gluten feed, or a 50:50 mix of the two. Daily gains were 2.76 for the corn/soy, 2.62 for the 50:50 mix, and 2.40 for the corn gluten feed. Soyhulls, corn gluten feed, or wheat middeds were fed freechoice to calves consuming fescue hay. Those offered soyhulls consumed 19 pounds of soyhulls per day and gained 3.31 pounds per day; calves offered corn gluten feed consumed 13 pounds of supplement and gained 2.93 pounds per day, and those offered wheat middds consumed 12 pounds and gained 2.23 pounds per day.
## Dried Distillers' Grains
facilities. On average, dried distillers' grains are an excellent energy and protein source, containing 90 to 95 percent TDN, 28 to 30 percent CP, and 10 percent fat. Similar animal performance levels have been reported when diets with up to 20 percent of their DM from distillers' grains are compared with a control diet of corn and soybean meal for brood cows.
Additional research studies have shown that distillers' grains can be included at up to 40 percent of the diet on a dry-matter basis without negatively affecting performance. The nutritional value of 3 pounds of dried distillers' grains is roughly equivalent to feeding 2 pounds of corn plus 1 pound of soybean meal. However, the nutritional composition of distillers' grains can be quite variable. Conducting a feed analysis before feeding is strongly recommended to determine if high levels of minerals are present. Distillers' grains are high in phosphorous and can lead to Ca:P imbalances (or a Ca:P ratio of greater than 1:4). Feeding a mineral containing Ca that is low or in free of P can adjust the Ca:P ratio to the acceptable level of 1:4. Additionally, the sulfur content of distillers' grains can be highly variable. Keep this in my mind when formulating a complete ration with DDGS.
## Citrus and Beet Pulp
Citrus pulp. Most of the citrus pulp produced in the United States is in Florida. Citrus pulp contains approximately 70 percent TDN and 6 to 9 percent protein. Loose citrus pulp has a low bulk density, so much of it will be pelleted to facilitate transportation. Common terminology will refer to the pulp as 80:20 or 60:40. These ratios indicate what percentage of that load will be pelleted and loose. The pelleted pulp can be heat damaged during the pelletting process, so it is essential to note the color of the pellets. Yellowish orange is the original color, with darkening toward a black color indicative of overheating.
For brood cows needing 3 to 7 pounds of an energy supplement per day, citrus pulp is an excellent choice as long as there is adequate protein in the base forage. For acrotating cow, as long as the base forage contains 10.5 to 11 percent protein, citrus pulp makes an excellent choice; however, if the hay contains less than 10.5 percent protein, a supplement with greater protein concentration will be needed.
Beet pulp. Beet pulp is produced after the extraction of sugars from sugar beets. Beet pulp can range in energy from 60 to 70 percent TDN and 10 percent protein but is low in indigestible fiber. Depending on location, beet pulp may be available wet, dry, shredded, or pelleted. Beet pulp is commonly found in diets for horses and show stock but can be an adequate roughage replacement for brood cows and stockers if hay is scarce.
## Brewers' Grains
In Alabama, most of the brewers' grains come from two breweries in Georgia and consist of spent barley malt. The product is wet with about 20 to 25 percent dry matter. First, it is important to realize that for each 24-ton load of wet brewers' grains purchased, 18 tons of water and 6 tons of feed are on the order truck. If the price is $20 per ton, the price on a dry basis is $80 per ton.
## Cookie Notice
Shelf life is a general concern when using any wet feed. Wet brewer's grain needs to be stored under anaerobic conditions for best results, although it can be stacked in an open bay if it is too quickly to properly handle the wet curing gel.
pastures and had gains of 1.56 pounds per day for 45 days postweaning. The bottom line is that its usefulness is limited because of the high water content.
## Other Byproducts
In some cases, a producer may have the opportunity to use unique byproducts specific to their area. For instance, producers located near a snack manufacturer or food processing plant may be able to use broken chips. Other items such as vegetable or fruit polutec and some expired ingredients such as bread and candy can be used in a complete ration.
However, because data regarding the nutritional information of these ingredients is limited, work with your local Extension agent or specialist to submit a sample for feed analysis. Because these ingredients may be high in salt or sugars, feed them in small amounts.
## Feed Value
Comparing various byproduct feeds to a sole corn price and assessing their relative worth is a challenging task. This becomes more manageable when solely focusing on their energy value (measured by TDN content). Yet, if both energy and protein are taken into account, the analysis grows notably intricate. To facilitate comparisons between different feedstuffs and byproducts, it is imperative to establish their dry matter value. When you compare feedstuffs using their dry matter content, it reduces the substantial variability caused by interferences: i.c. miscellaneous.
Hay testing (be it energy or protein), you can easily compare · Dried distillers' grains = $250/ton(1,584 lb. TDN = $0.16/lb.) for various feed options by assessing their cost per pound of · TDN · Soyhulls = $163/ton/1,531 lb. TDN = $14/lb. TDN · Corn gluten feed, wet = $86/ton/748 lb. TDN = $0.11/lb. ·
For example, a fall calving herd consuming bahagirass hay will be limited on energy going into winter. Current price and nutritive value of three byproducts are as follows:
- · Dried distillers' grains ($250/ton) = 89% DM, 89% TDN
- · Soyhulls ($163/ton) = 90% DM, 63% TDN
- · Corn gluten feed, wet ($86/ton) = 44% DM, 85% TDN
First, determine the pounds of nutrient available per ton:
- · Dried distillers' grains = 2,000 lb. x 89% DM x 89% TDN = 1,584 lb. TDN/ton
- · Soyhulls = 2,000 lb. x 90% DM x 63% TDN = 1,134- lb. TDN/ton
- · Corn gluten feed, wet = 2,000 lb. x 44% DM x 85% TDN = 748 lb. TDN/ton
Next, evaluate price per pound of nutrient:
## Download this article as a PDF
- [ ] (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ANR-1237 ByproductFeedsForAlabamaBeefCattleOperations\_082323blG.pdf) Byproduct Feeds for Alabama Beef Cattle Operations, ANR-1237 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ANR1237 ByprodctFeedsForAlabamaBeeFcattleOperations\_082323bl-G.pdf)
Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pasture-grazing-heights-for-rotational-stocking | Pasture Grazing Heights for Rotational Stocking | NC State Extension | [
"Miguel Castillo"
] | null | [
"Livestock",
"Grazing",
"Grazing Management",
"Forage Management",
"Rotational Stocking",
"Forage",
"Pasture"
] | NC | ## Pasture Grazing Heights for Rotational Stocking
Grazing management is an important tool for efficient utilization of the pasture as a resource and overall landscape management. To manage effectively, the land and livestock manager must keep plant and animal requirements in mind and maintain balance between them. One of the goals of effective grazing management is to match the nutritional requirements of the animals with the ability of the pasture to meet these needs.
Critical choices to be made in designing a grazing management program include which forages to graze, which animals will do the grazing, the stocking rate or height of grazing (how close, when to stop) and rotational or continuous stocking (how often, when to start). This discussion will assume rotational stocking as the selected stocking method. The main decisions that the razier must make when using rotational stocking are the length of the rest period between grazing events and the length of time that the livestock will be on one paddock (the grazing period).
## Canopy Height to Stop Grazing
Determining the canopy height at which grazing should be discontinued in a particular paddock is the decision that has the greatest impact on pasture and animal productivity. Some grazers use pasture height as the indicator of when it is time to move cattle from a pasture or provide supplement to the animals. Others have a concept of how many animals they can carry on their pasture over a growing season (stocking rate). This concerns the prevention of weed infestation and the maintenance of good ground cover to ensure persistence of the desired forage species. The key is to control defoliation height so that the plant buds, from which growth takes place, are not damaged or completely removed by the grazing animal or by the clipping equipment. Appropriate "stop grazing or clipping" heights are based on enough leaf area and reserve energy in storage organs (including roots, lower stems, stolons, and rhizomes to allow good regrowth (see Table 1).
## Canopy Height to Start Grazing
Heights to start grazing are related to balancing forage quantity and its nutritive value. Estimates of nutritive value include crude protein and digestibility. In general, the longer the regrowth period, the greater the accumulation of forage (taller and more mature plants) and the lower the nutritive value. A general guideline is that pastures should be graded about a week before the grass heads out (goes to seed) or when the legume is in the early or mid-bud stage. The canopy heights indicated in Table 1 are an attempt to balance nutritive value and quantity of forage, and to ensure that plants have recovered sufficiently from a previous grazing event.
## Expected Days of Pasture Rest
Herbage accumulates based on weather conditions (including rainfall and temperature), soil conditions (including moisture and availability of nutrients), and the intensity of defoliation (canopy height and residual leaf area). Therefore, the length of the required rest period to achieve a target grazing height to start grazing for each forage species is closely related to its seasonal growth
pattern in North Carolina (see AG-789, Forages for North Carolina: General Guidelines and Concepts ). In addition, erratic weather events within active months of growth can result in faster or slower plant regrowth; consequently, rest periods will need to be adjusted.
## In general:
- · Legumes such as alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red clover need rest periods of about three to four weeks throughout the season.
- · Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue, orchardgrass, Kentucky bluegrass and ryegrass need as little as two weeks in cool weather and five to seven weeks during hot weather.
- · Warm-season grasses such as bermudagrass, bluestem and sorghum sudangrass need five to six weeks during cool weather and about three weeks during hot weather.
## Balancing Plant and Animal Requirements
One of the goals of an effective grazing program is to ensure a balance between the forage in the landscape and the demand by the grazing livestock. During periods of fast pasture growth, and if forage is in excess supply, the rest period should be shortened to avoiding having stemmy, low-quality forage on the pasture. This can be accomplished by removing some paddocks from the rotation and using them for hay or haylage, or by increasing the stocking rate so that the grazing period can be reduced. Conversely, when forage is in limited supply due to plants being under stress (adverse environmental conditions for growth), the grazier may choose to end grazing and purchase hay if they feel that further grazing may seriously weaken the pasture. Other options include reducing the stocking rate, or if possible, adding (or renting) new areas for grazing. If the stocking rate remains constant year-round, then grazers know that there could be periods of under- or over-grazing depending on the weather. Defining an optimal stocking rate (or grazing intensity) should be the primary focus of the land and livestock manager.
| | Target Height (inches) | Target Height (inches) | Target Height (inches) | Target Height (inches) | |
|--------------|----------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------|
| Forage Type | Alfalfa | To Start | To Stop | Digestibility (%) | Crude Protein (%) |
| Cool- season | Alfalfa | 8 -12 | 2 -4 | 58 -75 | 16 - 25 |
| Cool- season | Orchardgrass | 6 -8 | 3 -4 | 55 -65 | 10 - 18 |
| Cool- season | Ryegrass | 8 -10 | 2 -3 | 55 -65 | 10 - 18 |
| Cool- season | Small grains (oats, barley, rye, triticale, wheat) | 6 -10 | 2 -3 | 63 -70 | 9 - 15 |
| Cool- season | Tall fescue | 6 -8 | 3 -4 | 55 -65 | 10 - 18 |
| Warm- season | Annual lapsedexa (Kobe and Korean) | 4 -6 | 2 -3 | 55 -60 | 10 - 14 |
| Warm- season | Bahiagrass | 4 -8 | 2 -3 | 50 -62 | 11 - 14 |
| Warm- season | Bermudagrass (common, hybrid and seeded varieties) | 4 -6 | 2 -3 | 50 -62 | 11 - 14 |
| Warm- season | Big bluestem | 18 -22 | 5 -7 | 56 -60 | 8 - 12 |
| Warm- season | Caucasian bluestem | 8 -12 | 3 -4 | 60 -69 | 9 - 12 |
| Warm- season | Crabb grass | 4 -8 | 2 -3 | 60 -78 | 10 - 20 |
| Warm- season | Dallisgrass | 4 -8 | 2 -3 | 50 -62 | 11 - 14 |
| Warm- season | Eastern gamagrass | 14 -24 | 6 -8 | 52 -70 | 8 - 15 |
| Warm- season | Indiangrass | 18 -22 | 5 -7 | 56 -60 | 8 - 12 |
| Warm- season | Sorghum sudangrass | 18 -24 | 5 -7 | 68 -78 | 8 - 12 |
| Warm- season | Switchgrass | 18 -22 | 5 -7 | 56 -60 | 8 - 12 |
## Author
Miguel Castillo Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Crop and Soil Sciences
Publication date: Dec. 15, 2022
AG-939
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/tricolor-dragon-tree/index.html | Tricolor Dragon Tree - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2020-10-19 | [] | OK | ## TRICOLOR DRAGON TREE
Common Name
: Tricolor Dragon Tree
Species Name
Dracena cincata 'Tricolor'
Family Name
Agavaceae
Plant Facts
| Origin | Africa |
|-----------------|----------|
| Sun Preference | Partial |
## Plant Facts
Susceptibility
Leaf spot, stem rot, tip blight, root rot and spider mites
## ID Characteristics
Leaf and Stem Characteristics
+
| Habitat/ Ecology |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| USDA Cold Hardiness Zone |
| Most commonly used as a single specimen or as a mass planting in a larger setting; can add moderate height to a design |
Topics: |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2017/05/24/sustainability-in-the-classroom-and-life/ | Sustainability in the Classroom and Life | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2017-05-24 | [
"Environment",
"Green Living",
"Sustainability"
] | GA | ## Sustainability in the Classroom and Life
Written by
May 24, 2017
Pamela Turner
Before you can do anything, it's important to understand what sustainability means and why it is important. There are many thoughts and discussions on this topic. One of the more widely used definitions is from the 1987 United Nations (UN) Brundtland Commission, which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development). The UN developed 17 Sustainable Development Goals that are essentially a global call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
These are goals worthy of our attention. Whether in a classroom, your office, or at home, we can all make a difference. I like the UN's lazy person's guide to saving the world. There is something in here for all of us.
Start by looking around at your current environment. Here at the University of Georgia (UGA), the campus provides a wonderful venue for teaching and learning about sustainability. It is designated as an arboretum and has some great 'Tree Walks' on campus.It'sa living lab!
"We abuse land because we see it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong,we may begin to use it with love and respect."
~ Aldo Leopold ~
"It's not what you look at that matters, it's what you see."
Henry David Thoreau
Posted in: Environment, Green Living, Sustainability
Tags: Athens, Georgia, Sustainable Development, Sustainable UGA, UGA, University of Georgia
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
## Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
□ Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Post Comment
Previous: Thatch Cottages in Ireland
Next: Greener Summer Parties , including July 4th
Recent Posts
Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
Recent Comments
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterer in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed...
These tips are really helpful! I never thought about putting my luggage on a stand or unpacking outside. It's good…
Check with you local county Extension Office to learn more about trees that grow well in your state. Find an…
## Categories
- · Allergies
- · Asthma
- · Australia
- · Blogging
- · community
- o Challenge
- o Neighborhoods
- o Working Together
- · Conservation
- · Cultural Events
- · Disaster Planning
- o Fire
- · Disaster Recovery
- o tornado
- · Earth Day
- · Energy
- o Energy Conservation
- o Geothermal Energy.
## · Environment
- o Climate Change
- o Sharing nature
- · Europe
- o Austria
- o Germany.
- o Spain
- o Switzerland
- · Extension
## Archives
Select Month
⇒ |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/ | Soils of Alabama | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Charles C. Mitchell, Jr"
] | 2018-07-24 | [
"Soil Science",
"Agriculture",
"Alabama"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>Soils of Alabama - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Learn about the seven soil areas of Alabama: limestone valleys and uplands, blackland prairie, coastal plain, major flood plains and terraces, coastal marshes and beaches, Appalachian plateau, and Piedmont plateau." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Soils of Alabama - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Learn about the seven soil areas of Alabama: limestone valleys and uplands, blackland prairie, coastal plain, major flood plains and terraces, coastal marshes and beaches, Appalachian plateau, and Piedmont plateau." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-02T21:43:01+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/soil_shutterstock_funnyangel.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="2048" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1367" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="5 minutes" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/","name":"Soils of Alabama - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/soil_shutterstock_funnyangel.jpg","datePublished":"2018-12-19T20:00:38+00:00","dateModified":"2024-07-02T21:43:01+00:00","description":"Learn about the seven soil areas of Alabama: limestone valleys and uplands, blackland prairie, coastal plain, major flood plains and terraces, coastal marshes and beaches, Appalachian plateau, and Piedmont plateau.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/soil_shutterstock_funnyangel.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/soil_shutterstock_funnyangel.jpg","width":2048,"height":1367,"caption":"Handful of soil. Photo by shutterstock.com/funnyangel."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Soils of Alabama"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=3948' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["crop-production","farming","healthy-soils","soils-of-alabama","what-is-soil"],"pageAttributes":["anr-0340","crop-production","healthy-soils","soils-of-alabama"],"pagePostAuthor":"Justin Miller"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3948 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-45544903"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-51862476"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-crop-production"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/crop-production/">Crop Production</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">Farming</a></li><li>Crop Production</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-3948" class="post-3948 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-crop-production category-farming category-healthy-soils category-soils-of-alabama category-what-is-soil tag-anr-0340 tag-crop-production tag-healthy-soils tag-soils-of-alabama first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Soils of Alabama">
<div class="row">
<div class="row row-print">
<div class="post-info-header-category">
<h1>Crop Production</h1>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="post-info-header-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-10 col-md-9 col-sm-8">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
Soils of Alabama </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>July 24, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Charles C. Mitchell, Jr</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/crop-production/">Crop Production</a>
</li>
<li class="aces-print"> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0340.REV_.2.pdf" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a> <a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0340.REV_.2.pdf" target="_blank">PDF Download<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--JMH line break on mobile 2019-04-26-->
<br class="byline-mobile-line-break">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 col-sm-4">
<!--div class="pull-center small read-time" JMH 2019-04-26 -->
<div class="read-time">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<hr aria-hidden="true" style="margin: 1px;">
<span>
4 min read
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-print"><!-- 2019-03-07 RFF added for print. Update content-print CSS -->
<div class="post-media">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="Handful of soil. Photo by shutterstock.com/funnyangel." src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/soil_shutterstock_funnyangel.jpg">
</div>
</div>
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/"></div><p>Learn about the seven soil areas of Alabama: limestone valleys and uplands, blackland prairie, coastal plain, major flood plains and terraces, coastal marshes and beaches, Appalachian plateau, and Piedmont plateau. A U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service map shows where each of these soil areas are.</p>
<p>Alabama has several major soil areas. Most of the soils within each area were formed from materials with similar characteristics. Detailed soil surveys, available for most counties, show that each area has several major soil series. A soil series is a part of the landscape with similarities among its properties such as color, texture, arrangement of soil horizons, and depth to bedrock.</p>
<h1>Limestone Valleys and Uplands</h1>
<p>Soils in this area were formed mainly in residuum weathered from limestones. Soils of the Tennessee and Coosa river valleys were weathered from pure limestones and are mainly red clayey soils with silt loam surface textures. Decatur and Dewey soils are extensive throughout the valleys. Topography is generally level to undulating. Elevation is about 600 feet. Most of the land is open and cropped to cotton or soybeans.</p>
<p>Most of the soils of the uplands are derived from cherty limestones. Bodine and Fullerton soils are extensive in many of these landscapes. They typically have gravelly loam and gravelly clay subsoils and gravelly silt loam surface layers. Elevation is about 700 feet, and topography ranges from level to very steep. Cotton and soybeans are major row crops. Much of the area is used for pasture or forest.</p>
<h1>Appalachian Plateau</h1>
<p><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignright wp-image-3952" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/map-479x600.gif" alt="Soil Map of Alabama, showing colored regions depicting changes in soil types." width="400" height="501" />The Appalachian Plateau comprises Cumberland, Sand, Lookout, Cuntei Brindlee, Chandler and other smaller mountains. Most of the soils are derived from sandstone or shale.</p>
<p>The more level areas are dominated by Nauvoo, Hartsells and Wynnville soils which were formed in residuum from sandstone. They have loamy subsoils and fine sandy loam surface layers. Most slopes are less than 10 percent. Elevation is about 1,300 feet. Corn, soybeans, potatoes and tomatoes are major crops. Poultry is very important in this area.</p>
<p>The more rugged portions of the Appalachian Plateau are dominated by soils such as Montevallo and Townley, which were formed in residuum from shale. These soils have either a very channery loam, or a clayey subsoil and silt loam surface layers. Most areas are too steeply sloping for agriculture. Elevations range from 300 to 700 feet.</p>
<h1>Piedmont Plateau</h1>
<p>Most of the soils in this area are derived from granite, hornblende, and mica schists. Madison, Pacolet and Cecil soils, which have red clayey subsoils and sandy loam or clay loam surface layers, are very extensive. Elevations in most areas range from 700 to 1,000 feet, although in the Talladega Hills, elevations range from 900 to 2,407 feet (highest point in Alabama). Topography is rolling to steep. Most rolling areas were once cultivated but are now in pasture or forest.</p>
<h1>Coastal Plain</h1>
<p>Most of the soils in this area derived from marine and fluvial sediments eroded from the Appalachian and Piedmont plateaus. The area consists of Upper and Lower Coastal Plains.</p>
<p>Smithdale, Luverne and Savannah soils are extensive in the tipper Coastal Plains. They have either loamy or clayey subsoils and sandy loam or loam surface layers. Savannah soils have a fragipan. Topography is level to very steep. Narrow ridgetops and broad terraces are cultivated, but most of the area is in forest. Elevations range from 200 to 1,000 feet.</p>
<p>Dothan and Orangeburg soils are very extensive in the eastern part of the Lower Coastal Plains. They have loamy subsoils and sandy loam or loamy sand surface layers. Snuthdale and Ruston soils are very extensive in the western part. These soils have loamy subsoils and sandy loam surface layers. Most slopes are less than 10 percent. Major crops are corn, peanuts, soybeans and horticultural crops. Timber products and hogs are very important. Elevations range from sea level to 500 feet.</p>
<h1>Blackland Prairie</h1>
<p>This area of central and western Alabama is known as the “Black Belt” because of the dark surface colors of many of the soils. These soils were derived from alkaline, Selma chalk or acid marine clays. Acid and alkaline soils are intermingled throughout the area. Sumter soils, which are typical of the alkaline soils, are clayey throughout and have a dark-colored surface layer and a yellowish colored subsoil. Oktibbeha soils are acid and clayey throughout. They have red subsoil layers overlying chalk. The clayey Wilcox, Mayhew, and Valden soils are the dominant soils of the rolling pine woodlands along the southern edge of the “Prairie.” They are acid and are somewhat poorly drained or poorly drained. They are locally known as “flatwoods” or “post oak clays.” These clayey soils contain a high percentage of smectitic clays and they shrink and crack when dry and swell when wet. The area is level to undulating. Elevation is about 200 feet. Soybeans is the main crop. Most of these soils are used for timber production and pasture.</p>
<h1>Major Flood Plains and Terraces</h1>
<p>The soils are not extensive but important where they are found along streams and rivers. They are derived from alluvium deposited by the streams. The Cahaba, Annemaine, and Urbo series represent major soils of this area. A typical area consists of cultivated crops on the nearly level terraces and bottomland hardwood forests on the floodplain of streams.</p>
<h1>Coastal Marshes and Beaches</h1>
<p>The soils are not extensive. They are on nearly level and level bottomlands, and tidal fiats and beaches along the Mobile River, Mobile Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the soils are deep and very poorly drained Dorovan and Lafitte series have very dark grayish brown, muck surfaces over a thick blackish muck which is over brownish sand. Axis soils have a very dark grayish brown mucky sandy loam surface over a very dark gray sandy loam subsoil. Levy soils have a gray silty clay loam surface over gray clay. Fripp and Duckston soils have a grayish sand surface over white, grayish or pale brown layers of sand. Elevation is from sea level to a few feet above sea level.</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Charles C. Mitchell, Jr</strong>., <em>Extension Agronomist</em>, Professor, Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University</p>
<p>Reviewed July 2018, <strong>Soils of Alabama</strong>, ANR-0340</p>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<h2>Download this article as a PDF</h2>
<ul class="attach-list pdf-actions">
<li>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0340.REV_.2.pdf" target="_blank">
<i class="fa fa-cloud-download" aria-hidden="true" title="Download"></i></a>
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-0340.REV_.2.pdf" target="_blank">Soils of Alabama, ANR-0340</a>
<span class="visually-hidden">(Opens in a new window)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/anr-0340">ANR-0340</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/crop-production">crop production</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/healthy-soils">healthy soils</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/soils-of-alabama">Soils of Alabama</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Related Articles</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Integrated Pest Management Guides">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/integrated-pest-management-guides/">
<img alt="Crop sprayer spraying pesticides on crops in field" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Restricted_Pesticides-e1588108788513-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/integrated-pest-management-guides/">
Integrated Pest Management Guides </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Jan 22, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Alabama Industrial Hemp Program">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/alabama-industrial-hemp-program/">
<img alt="industrial hemp" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/shutterstock_492910690-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/alabama-industrial-hemp-program/">
Alabama Industrial Hemp Program </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Sep 03, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Bitter Rot in Fruit">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/bitter-rot-in-fruit/">
<img alt="Bitter Rot" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bitterrot-e1564084059156-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/bitter-rot-in-fruit/">
Bitter Rot in Fruit </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Jul 24, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
</article><!-- #post-3948 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">State Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Duncan Hall<br />
Auburn University,
AL 36849 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 844-4444" style="color:#fff;">(334) 844-4444</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/state">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact the State Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '17747',
office: 'State Office',
captcha: 'fa61cfe579'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-crop-production {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/farming-icon.svg');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"https:\/\/search.yahoo.com\/","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/crop-production\/major-soil-areas-of-alabama\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/crop-production\/major-soil-areas-of-alabama\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama&text=Soils%20of%20Alabama","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama","email":"mailto:?subject=Soils%20of%20Alabama&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fcrop-production%2Fmajor-soil-areas-of-alabama"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"3948","page_slug":"blog-topics-crop-production-major-soil-areas-of-alabama","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"e8aa05419f"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'3948',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "3948" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_45544903-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['45544903'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-45544903","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="45544903" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_51862476-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['51862476'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-51862476","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/crop-production/major-soil-areas-of-alabama/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="51862476" defer></script> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 1.0463230609894 seconds, on 26-03-25 23:33:06 --> |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/cow-calf-corner-the-newsletter-archives/2023/september-18-2023.html | Cow-Calf Corner | September 18, 2023 - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-09-20 | [] | OK | ## COW-CALF CORNER | SEPTEMBER 18, 2023
## Factors Affecting Slaughter Cow Values
Derrell S. Peel, Oklahoma State University Extension Livestock Marketing Specialist
As of mid-September, cull cow prices at Oklahoma auctions are an average of 33.1 percent higher year over year across all grades and dressing percentages. Higher slaughter cow prices are the result of strong lean beef markets and the related growth in breeding demand for cows.
Beef cow slaughter increased annually from 2015 - 2022 and, after rising sharply the past two years to the highest level since 1996, is declining year over year in 2023. Beef cow slaughter is falling more sharply in the second half of this year and may end the year down in the range of 15-17 percent from year earlier levels. The declining supply of lean beef is driving higher processing beef prices. The current price of 90 percent lean beef is 17.3 percent higher year over year.
With fall culling decisions approaching, producers should be aware of factors affecting cull cow value and consider opportunities to increase cull value. Table 1 shows the average percent difference in price of slaughter cows compared to a base of average dressing, Boner cows. The price of average dressing Boner cows in mid-September is $108.38/cwt. which means that the prices would be expected to vary from a high of $120.74/cwt. for high dressing Breaker cows to a low of $91.80/cwt. for low dressing Lean cows.
| Dressing Grade | High | Average | Low |
|-------------------|---------|-----------|---------|
| Breaker | +11.4 % | +5.1 % | -2.2 % |
| Boner | +5.6 % | BASE | -8.0 % |
| Lean | -0.9 % | -6.6 % | -15.3 % |
Slaughter cow grade is a function of age, weight, and condition of cows. The Agricultural Marketing Service (USDAAMS) uses the following guidelines to grade slaughter cows:
- · Breaker: Slaughter cows expected to yield carcasses in the range of 75-80% lean. Typically, a cow with more than .35 inch of backfat at the 12th rib.
- · Boner: Slaughter cows expected to yield carcasses in the range of 80-85% lean. Typically, a cow with between .15-.35 inches of backfat at the 12th rib.
- · Lean: Slaughter cows expected to yield carcasses in the range of 85+% lean. Typically, a cow with less than .15 inch of backfat at the 12th rib.
As a rough guide, cows will be about 100 pounds heavier for increases in each grade from Lean to Boner to Breaker. Each grade increase is roughly equivalent to an increase of one body condition score. Additionally, the live weight of cows will change by roughly 25-30 pounds above and below the weight of average dressing cows for high and low dressing cows. Producers can often impact the value of cull cows by managing the weight and condition of cows before marketing.
Cull cows have the most pronounced seasonal price pattern of any class of cattle ranging from highs in June and July to lows in November and December (Figure 1). Cull cows that are thin (Lean, low dressing) in the fall and are retained and fed until spring may sell as Boner cows at average dressing by March with an increase in value of $400-$600/head due to added weight, grade, and condition. Of course, the feasibility of holding cull cows depends on time and management considerations and the availability of surplus feed.
Going forward, many culled cows will likely be screened for the possibility of producing another calf and selling later for slaughter value. Leaving the cull cows with a bull while adding weight after weaning may produce another increment of added value if she can be sold as a bred cow next spring at seasonally high bred cow prices.
## Oklahoma Quality Beef
## Network
Mark Z. Johnson, Oklahoma State University Extension
Beef Cattle Breeding Specialist and Paul Vining, OQBN
Coordinator
The Oklahoma Quality Beef Network (OOBN) is a joint project of the Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service and the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association. It is a network of beef
producers, educators, veterinarians and industry professionals committed to increasing producers' access to value added marketing opportunities. Cow-calf operators selling the calves, and buyers alike, benefit from the QQBN program. The program results in producing heavier, healthier,
stress and shrink, an improved immune system, and increased sale weight. As a result, over the last five years QQBN calves have provided average premiums of over $13/ctw for certified weaned and preconditioned calves with over 23,400 enrolled in the program over that time. Average Gross Returns to the producer are calculated to be $76/ calf, a $26 calculated net return on the investment in better calf quality and welfare.
At present, there are nine QQBN sale dates scheduled for calves weaned this fall. The first sale, for calves weaned by September 23, is at OKC West Livestock Market in El Reno on November 7. The complete set of sale dates and weaning dates for each sale can be found at
OQBN Certified Sales (programs/oklahoma-quality-beefInformation network/index.html)
To enroll calves into the OQBN program, producers should visit the website referenced above to purchase ear tags and initiate the enrollment process. Once the transaction of ear tag purchase is complete you will be contacted by an OQBN representative to schedule a verification. Producers can either complete the enrollment/vaccine records form in the link at the website, or the hard copy of the form included with
ear tags purchased. Keep the enrollment/vaccine records form for the OQBN representative that conducts the onsite verification of calves and vaccine records. Certification is complete upon approval from OQBN personnel.
Requirements for enrolling calves in the OQBN program include:
All calves must be:
- · raised on the ranch of origin
- Weaned a minimum of 45 days
## In addition:
- Producers must be Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) certified
- Calves must be third-party verified by OSU Extension personnel.
If you are interested in improving the profit potential of your cow-calf operation by capturing the premiums available through OQBN sales or have questions about the program, contact Paul Vining, OQBN Coordinator at (405) 744-4268(tel:4057444268)or
paul.vining@okstate.edu(mailto:paul.vining@okstate.edu?
subject=Cow-
Calf%20Corner%20newsletter)
## Congestive Heart Failure an Issue in Finishing Cattle
Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition Specialist
Congestive heart failure in finishing beef calves is increasing, what used to be known as 'British Disease' and only described in cattle populations at higher elevations of over 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Recently deaths from congestive heart failure
have been reported in feedlots at low and moderate elevations. It has been estimated that congestive heart failure is responsible for 4% of feedlot mortality causing significant economic losses to the feedlot industry because the majority of these deaths occur late in the finishing period right before slaughter and there appears to be more impact on the highest performing cattle of mostly Angus ancestry.
An analysis in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association of the risk factors and timing of heart failure in feedlots in the US and Canada showed that average heart failure occurred at 179 days on feed. Beef breeds had higher rates than dairy or dairy/beef crosses in each year of the analysis. The impact of risk category for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was influenced by feedlot elevation, where high risk cattle for BRD had the lowest heart failure rate at low elevation, but risk categories for BRD did not affect rate of heart failure in moderate and high elevation. The authors concluded that risk of heart failure has increased over the last 10-years and that these deaths are occurring later in the feeding period.
Another study published in the journal Frontiers in Genetics analyzed a heart scoring system and showed that increasing heart scores were correlated with the percentage of Angus ancestry in commercial finishing cattle and can be used as a selection tool to reduce heart failure risk that would not interfere with selection for carcass and production traits.
Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) is also considered a marker for congestive heart failure risk. PAP has been used an and indicator trait for pulmonary hypertension at high altitudes (i.e., brisket disease) and the American Angus Association publishes an EPD for PAP as a selection aid. It is thought that PAP can also be used as a selection tool for heart failure at lower altitudes. The relationship between PAP and feedlot and carcass performance at moderate elevations was examined by Briggs and others at Colorado State. This analysis also shows that PAP is similar in heritability to production traits like feedlot performance and feed intake and will not negatively affect feedlot performance and carcass quality.
The increasing incidence of congestive heart failure in feedlot cattle is a challenge to the beef industry for economic reasons like death loss and reduced performance but also because of reduced animal welfare. The genetics of heart failure appear to be unrelated to performance and carcass quality traits, so genetic selection and breeding will reduce heart failure rates without compromising performance and beef quality. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/red-shouldered-hawk/ | Red-Shouldered Hawk | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Deforrest R. Allgood",
"Mark D. Smith"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Birds of Prey"
] | AL | ## Red-Shouldered Hawk
*This is an excerpt from Common Birds of Prey of Alabama, ANR - 1386.
Typically about half the size of the red-tailed hawk, the red-shouldered hawk is most often found in floodplain forests. Features distinguishing the red-shouldered hawk from other species in the genus Buteo include their reddish shoulder patches and barred undersides and a pale crescent near the wing tips that is visible in flight. Their dark tails have narrow white bands and are longer than the tails of other, similar species.
Read here to learn more about common birds of prey of Alabama.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/bird-watching/common-birds-of. prey-of-alabama/)
Download a PDF of Common Birds of Prey of Alabama, ANR - 1386.. (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1386\_BirdsofPreY\_092120L-A.pdf)
■ Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/common-birds-of-prey-of-alabama/)
Common Birds of Prey of Alabama (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/common-birdsof-prey-of-alabama/) Sep 20, 2018
Cookie Notice |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/farrowing-house-for-hogs | Farrowing House for Hogs | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications " Building & Construction Plans Archive " Farrowing House for Hogs
## Farrowing House for Hogs
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6088
View as PDF: 6088.pdf
Print PDF
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/nitrate-in-drinking-water | Nitrate in Drinking Water | NC State Extension | [
"Gregory D. Jennings",
"Ronald E. Sneed"
] | null | [
"Water Quality",
"Nitrate"
] | NC | ## Nitrate in Drinking Water
Prepared by:
Gregory D. Jennings and Ronald E. Sneed
Extension Specialists
Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Publication Number: AG 473-4
Last Electronic Revision: March 1996 (JWM)
Drinking water high in nitrate is potentially harmful to human and animal health. Nitrate (NO3) is a naturally occurring form of nitrogen (N) which is very mobile in water. It is essential for plant growth and is often added to soil to improve productivity. Water moving down through soil after rainfall or irrigation carries dissolved nitrate with it to ground water. In this way, nitrate enters the water supplies of many homeowners who use wells or springs. It is estimated that about three percent of residential wells in North Carolina contain nitrate at levels exceeding the safe drinking water standard.
EXTENSION
## Health Concerns
Infants under six months of age are susceptible to nitrate poisoning. Bacteria that live in the digestive tracts of newborn babies convert nitrate to nitrite (NO2). Nitrite then reacts with hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in blood, to form methemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot carry oxygen, thus the affected baby suffers oxygen deficiency. The resulting condition is referred to as methemoglobinemia, commonly called "blue baby syndrome."
The most noticeable symptom of nitrate poisoning is a bluish skin coloring, called cyanosis, particularly around the eyes and mouth. A baby with bluish skin should be taken to a medical facility immediately and tested for nitrate poisoning. The blood sample of an affected baby is chocolate brown instead of the normal bright red due to lack of hemoglobin. Methemoglobinemia is relatively simple to treat, and in most reported cases, the affected baby makes a full recovery.
Within several months after birth, the increasing level of hydrochloric acid in a baby's stomach kills most of the bacteria which convert nitrate to nitrite. By the age of six months, the digestive system is fully developed, and the risk of nitrate-induced methomoglobinemia is greatly reduced.
Water quality standards for human consumption have been set at ten milligrams of nitrate-nitrogen per liter of water (10 mg/L NO3-N). This level of nitrate-nitrogen is equivalent to 45 mg/L of nitrate (NO3). When reading water quality laboratory reports, be sure to note whether reported values are for nitrate-nitrogen or nitrate. Note that one mg/L equals one ppm (part per million). Most reported cases of blue baby syndrome due to contaminated water have occurred when infant formula was prepared using water with greater than 40 mg/L NO3-N.
Consumption of high-nitrate water by pregnant women and nursing mothers is not likely to be harmful to babies as direct consumption. The health effects in these cases are not completely understood, so it is recommended that pregnant women and nursing mothers limit nitrate consumption. Possible connections between nitrate and other health problems such as nervous system disorders, cancer, and heart damage are not well documented and are currently being researched.
Ruminant animals (cattle and sheep) and infant monogastrics (baby pigs and baby chickens) are also susceptible to nitrate poisoning because of bacteria living in their digestive tracts. Horses, even though they are monogastric, are susceptible to nitrate poisoning throughout their lives. Livestock may be exposed to large quantities of nitrate in their feed as well as in contaminated water. Animals which are treated in time can recover fully from nitrate poisoning. Scientific studies indicate that water with greater than 25 mg/L NO3-N can be harmful to animals.
## Treatment Options
Because nitrate is tasteless and odorless, water must be chemically tested to determine contamination. Your County Health Department and many private laboratories will test for nitrate. County Extension offices have lists of certified private laboratories in North Carolina which test for nitrate. Before investing in treatment equipment or a new water supply, have your water tested at a reputable laboratory.
If your water contains greater than 10 mg/L NO3-N, your options for reducing health risks are substitution, in-home treatment, and source elimination. Substitution of bottled water for drinking and cooking is a simple and relatively inexpensive means of reducing nitrate intake.
Nitrate is easily dissolved in water, which means that it is difficult to remove. Three water treatment systems that remove nitrate are distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange .
Treatment of drinking water to remove nitrate is expensive. Consider not only the initial purchase price but also the cost of regular maintenance when purchasing a water treatment system.
Simple household treatment procedures such as boiling, filtration, disinfection, and water softening do not remove nitrate from water. Beijing actually increases the nitrate concentration of the remaining water.
The source of nitrate contamination should be identified and eliminated whenever possible. Potential sources of nitrate include septic systems, animal waste, commercial fertilizer, and decaying organic matter. Surface water which comes in contact with a source of nitrate and then moves downward through soil will carry nitrate to groundwater. Shallow wells are susceptible to nitrate contamination because there is less soil and rock to serve as a filter between the soil surface and the ground water supply. Nitrate contamination levels may vary with time of year depending on the source of the pollutant.
Ideally, drinking water supplies (wells or springs) should be up hill and at least 100 feet away from all possible sources of contamination. Remember that any fertilizers or organic materials which are placed near a well are potential contamination sources for your water. It takes only a very small quantity of nitrate entering your water supply to raise the concentration to an unsafe level.
Several measures may be taken to protect your well from direct contamination by surface water. Earth berms should be built to divert surface runoff away from the wellhead. The well casing should extend above ground. If the casing was cut off below ground, an extension may be welded onto the top of the existing casing. Proper well protection also includes grouting around the outside of the well casing and placing a concrete slab around the wellhead. Contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center or County Health Department for more information on well protection, water quality testing, and water treatment systems.
See Basic Information about Nitrate in Drinking Water
See EPA's private drinking water cells Web site
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
AG 473-4
## Authors
Greg Jennings
Professor and Extension Specialist Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Ronald E. Sneed
Publication date: March 1, 1996 Reviewed/Revised: Nov. 29, 2023 AG-473-4
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/purple-coneflowers-for-the-mississippi-gardener | NA | NA | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications »
Publications » Purple Coneflowers for the Mississippi Gardener
## Purple Coneflowers for the Mississippi Gardener
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Law and Garden, Flower Gardens
Publication Number: P2690
View as PDF: P2690.pdf
## Purple Coneflowers
Purple coneflowers can really make a statement in the home garden and landscape. The name is derived from the beautiful flowers, with their purple petals and dark center cones. The foliage color can range from pale to dark green. Purple coneflowers are fantastic butterfly-attracting plants.
Purple coneflowers are members of the Genus Echinacea . Echinacea is derived from the Greek word "echinos," meaning hedgehog, which refers to the spiny seed heads. There are nine species of coneflower native to North America. Members of this group can be found from the Gulf of Mexico to beyond the Canadian border. Many evolved in the Midwestern prairies and are adapted to the heat and frequent droughty conditions. Others evolved in the moist woodlands east of the Mississippi River.
## Cultural Information
Purple coneflowers are relatively easy to grow in our Mississippi gardens and landscapes. Purple coneflowers don't require much maintenance at all; in fact, they thrive on neglect.
Planting site selection is an important consideration when growing purple coneflowers. For best flowering performance, plant in full sun to partial shade.
Once established in the landscape, purple coneflowers are drought-tolerant plants. These flowering perennials prefer a well-drained soil amended with a good quality compost or organic matter. Planting in berms or raise beds will help water drain away from the crowns. Don't bury the crown of the plant below the grade of the surrounding soil. This can lead to crown rot. Growing in large containers is an excellent way to improve drainage. Be sure to use commercial potting media in containers.
Each spring, feed your purple coneflower plants with a liberal sprinkling of either a balanced, controlled-release fertilizer or a high-quality compost. Fertilizing or composting will both build a better soil and feed the plants. Be careful when applying any type of mulching materials. Excess mulch can hold moisture against the crown. When mulching coneflowers, pull the mulch away from the crown after application.
Deadheading will encourage blooming well into fall and improve the appearance of the planting bed. Leaving any seed heads at the end of the season will provide winter food for birds and some reseeding the next year.
Propagation
Purple coneflowers can be propagated either by division or seed. Division of the crown can be performed every three to four years. The clumps should be divided in the spring as new growth is emerging. Each crown division should have a shoot and roots attached.
Purple cone flowers will readily grow from seed. A short period (about 30 to 90 days) of cool, moist stratification can help ensure even germination. Sowing coneflower seed in small pots in the fall and leaving the pots outside is an easy way to stratify. When the seedlings have two or three sets of leaves the following spring, they can be transplanted.
Larry K. Allain @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
## Narrow-leaf Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea angustifolia
Growth habit: up to 2 feet tall, upright
Foliage: all parts very hairy
Flowers: short, light pink to purple petals, profoundly reflexed, bright orange and brown centers
Bloom period: June to July, then sporadic
Native range: prairies from Texas to Canadian border
Compact growth habit, flowers displayed high above foliage.
Mrs. W.D. Bransford, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
## Topeka Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea atorubens
Growth habit: up to 3 feet tall
Foliage: light green, very hairy, coarse
Flowers: lavender to dark purple, thin, fine textured, and strongly reflexed
Bloom period: April to June, then sporadic
Native range: small, localized areas in Oklahoma and Kansas
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
## Smooth Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea laevigata
Growth habit: up 4 feet tall, rosette forming with few leaves
Flowers: light pink to light purple, dark purple centers, petals reflexed
Bloom period: May to June, then sporadic
Native range: local regions in VA, NC, SC, and GA
Plant is on the Federal Endangered Species List.
Pale Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea pallida
Growth habit: up to 3 feet tall
Foliage: dark green, smooth margins, up to 10 inches long, coarse, very hairy
Flowers: very pale pink, orangey/brown centers, petals thin and extremely reflexed
Bloom period: May to July, then sporadic
Native range: wide areas of the eastern U.S.
Thomas G. Barnes, University of Kentucky
## Yellow Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea paradoxa
Growth habit: up to 3½ feet tall
Foliage: stems and leaves smooth, unlike other Echinacea species
Flowers: shades of yellow and yellow-orange, reflexed petals, large chocolate brown centers
Bloom period: June to July, then sporadic
Native range: TX, OK, AR
Only Echinacea species with yellow flowers, hence the paradox suggested in the species name.
Gary R. Bachman, Coastal Research and Extension Center
## Eastern Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea purpurea
Growth habit: up to 3 feet tall, some greater than 4 feet
Foliage: dark green with coarse, serrated margins, up to 8 inches
Flowers: large and daisy-like, light pink to deep magenta, bright orange centers; many white-flowered, double-flowered, or novelty-flowered selections available
Bloom period: June through August, then sporadic
Native range: wide areas of the Eastern U.S.
Rare in Mississippi
The most readily available conflower in the trade.
## Sanguin Purple Coneflower
Echinacea sanguinea
Growth habit: up to 3 feet tall, rosette forming
Foliage: leaves up to 10 inches long, leaves and stems coarsely hairy, stem sways easily
Flowers: light pink, thin, almost frail reflexed petals, dark blood-red center
Bloom period: May to June, then sporadic
Native range: coastal plains to western Gulf of Mexico
Most southerly species, least cold-hardy Echinacea .
Wavy Leaved Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea simulata
Growth habit: up to 3 feet tall
Foliage: narrow, dark green, up to 10 inches long
Flowers: drooping pale pink petals with copper-orange centers
Bloom period: June to July, then sporadic
Native range: IL, MO, KY, TN, NC, AL, GA
Closely related to E. pallida . Only appreciable difference is color of the pollen. 'Simulata' refers to this resemblance.
Plant is on the Federal Threatened Species List.
P. Somers, courtesy of Smithsonian Institution
## Tennessee Purple Coneflower
## Echinacea tennesseensis
Growth habit: up to 2 feet tall
Foliage: linear, coarse
Flowers: dark mauve with green-pink centers; petals turn upward (only coneflower with this characteristic)
Bloom period: June to August, then sporadic
Native range: three-county area around Nashville, TN
Plant is on the Federal Endangered Species List.
## Pests
Purple coneflowers have few pests, but spittlebugs can be a problem in the spring and summer when the flower buds are starting to form. More information on insect pests of perennials can be found in Extension Publication 2369 Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants in the Home Landscape.
Sometimes aster yellowows occurs in large plantings. Aster yields is a virus transmitted by leaf hoppers. Symptoms include mottling of the foliage. The flowers will start to exhibit a deformation of the flower buds. Sometimes the plant will outgrow the virus the following year. A common control practice is to remove and destroy the infected plants. Never put infested plant material into your compost pile.
## Herbal Supplement Use
There is much interest in using Echinacea in herbal remedies, particularly in those designed to boost the immune system. Three of the native species, E. augustifolia , E. pallida , and E. purpurea are the primary plants of interest. Anyone considering using Echinacea or any other herbal supplement should consult a healthcare professional first to avoid possible serious side effects or interactions with prescription drugs.
## Landscape Uses
The coneflowers included in this publication can be grown and enjoyed in Mississippi. These plants can be incorporated into the landscape or garden in many ways. Because these coneflowers are native wildflowers in Mississippi, they are at home in a naturalized wildflower garden or area. Purple coneflowers can also be part of a more formal perennial flower border. Because they are drought tolerant, they would be an excellent choice in a large container for those who sometimes forget to water. In landscape plantings, good companion plants include ornamental grasses, Autumn joy sedum, rubdeckeias, Mexican bush sage (Tagetes lucida), dusty miller, or lamb's ear.
Although purple coneflowers are native and among our favorite garden plants, we should make a few concessions in regard to garden and landscape performance. Think of purple coneflowers in Mississippi as short-lived flowering perennials. In other words, don't feel guilty if these plants vanish after a few years. This usually happens due to the cool, damp weather typical of Mississippi winters, which can result in crown rot. This disease is a major problem of purple coneflowers if the soil is too wet. Planting in raised beds, on a slope, or in containers can help but is not a guarantee of survival.
These wonderful plants usually perform and flower well for up to 12 weeks or longer in the heat and humidity of summer, but you may have to replace them eventually. When you do, consider trying some of the new cultivars pictured below.
## New Introductions
In recent years purple coneflower breeders have introduced many new colors and flower forms, especially double flower forms. Because the flower colors for many of these new plants are a departure from the traditional white or purple flowers, they are referred to by their hybridized name. Some are available at your favorite garden center. Many more are available for order through catalogs or online.
## New Colors
Twilight
Itsaul Plants, Alpharetta, GA
## Tomato Soup
Terra Nova Nurseries, Inc., Canby, OR
Sundown
Itsaul Plants, Alpharetta, GA
Secret Passion
Terra Nova Nurseries, Inc., Canby, OR
Quills and Thrills
Terra Nova Nurseries, Inc., Canby, OR
Secret Joy
Publication 2690 (POD-03-24)
Reviewed by Eddie M. L. Smith, PhD, Extension Agent IV, from the original by Gary Bachman, PhD, Professor Emeritus, and Lelia Kelly, PhD, former Associate Extension Professor.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY | SELECT A COUNTY |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
| Authors Dr. Eddie Miles Louis Smith Extension Agent IV* | Authors Dr. Eddie Miles Louis Smith Extension Agent IV* |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. Shaun Robert Broderick Associate Extension/Research Prof | Dr. Alan Henn Extension Professor |
| Mr. Pawel Miroslaw Orlinski Instructor | | Dr. Barry R. Stewart |
| Professor Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4076 How to Organize a Hands-On Workshop for the Master Floral Designer
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4072 How to Organize an Educational Demonstration for the Master Floral Designer
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4073 Do You Want to Grow and Self Flowers?
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4093 A Primer for the Eco-Friendly Florist
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4070 How to Book a Floral Design Program for the Master Floral Designer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
Recent Issues
BUG'S EYE VIEW
Eastern Hercules Beetle, Vol. 10, No. 15
BUG'S EYE VIEW
Fall Armyworm, Vol. 10, No. 14
BUG'S EYE VIEW Monkey Slug, Vol. 10, No. 13
BUG'S EYE VIEW
Luna Moth, Vol. 10, No. 12
BUG'S EYE VIEW
Orange Dog, Vol. 10, No. 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next\_ last\_ |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/spiders-in-and-around-homes | Spiders in and Around Homes | NC State University | [
"Michael Waldvogel",
"Charles Apperson"
] | null | [
"Spiders",
"Household Pest"
] | NC | ## Spiders in and Around Homes
## Biting and Stinging Pests
Spiders have a well-established but largely undeserved reputation as being dangerous to the health of people and their pets. In truth, spiders are extremely beneficial because they prey on many insects that we consider to be true pests in our homes and gardens. Not all spiders build elaborate webs to catch their prey. Some species ambush their prey from tubular tunnels (Figure 1) built in the ground, under rocks or other areas. Other species simply build a loose collection of webbing in which they live. These types of spiders, such as the wolf spider ( Figure 2 ), are the ones that most frequently invade homes. They may remain hidden for most of the day, then hunt for prey at night.
Attribution: M. Waldvogel, NC State University
## Biology of Spiders
Spiders are not insects. They are close relatives of ticks, mites and scorpions, which all belong in the group called arachnids. Unlike insects, which have three main body sections and six legs, spiders have two body sections and eight legs (Figure 3). The eyes, mouthparts (Figure 4) and legs are found on the front section of the body, known as the cephalothorax. The second section, the abdomen, bears the parts of the respiratory system (spiracles and / or book lungs depending on the type of spider), the digestive and reproductive systems, and the external organs used for spinning silk or webbing. Most spiders are identified by size, color, markings on the body, and the number (usually six or eight) and arrangement of eyes. Female spiders wrap their eggs in a silken spun sac. Some spiders carry this egg sac, while others deposit it somewhere within their nest. Hatchling spiders (sperildings) often produce a silk thread that allows them to disperse by "ballooning," i.e., being blown by wind currents to other areas.
Attribution: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska Lincoln
Attribution: Department of Entomology, University of NebraskaLincoln
Attribution: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska Lincoln
## How Dangerous Are Spiders?
Encounters between people and spiders are usually accidental and bites are a response by the spider when its web or nest (or the spider itself) is disturbed. Most spiders produce venom therefore, they could be considered "poisonous." The venom is stored in glands that empty into the spider's fangs or chelicerae (Figure 4). For the most part, spider bites are insignificant. However, just as bee and wasp stings may trigger allergic reactions in some people, the same can be true for spider bites. Young children, the elderly, and hypersensitive individuals are more likely to react more strongly to a spider bite. In North Carolina, there are few spiders that can inflict serious and painful injuries. The two best-known poisonous spiders found here are the black widow spider and the brown recluse.
## Black Widow Spider
The black widow spider ( Figure 5 ), Lactrodectus mactans , is probably the most widely recognized of the dangerously poisonous spiders found in North Carolina. Most people are familiar with the large, shiny black body and red "hollowglass" markings on the underside of the abdomen, but it is important to note that the coloration and markings are only found on adult females. Young black widow spiders are tan-to-gray in color and have orange and white stripes on their abdomens. These marks may remain visible on adults. The female has a body length of about ½ inch, with a total length (including legs) of about 1½ inches. The male spider is smaller than the female and, like young spiders, has red and white markings on the back of its abdomen.
Black widow spiders are found in protected places, such as under rocks, wooden boards, and in dense plant growth. They frequently nest in electrical, water, and telephone equipment boxes outdoors. Around homes, these spiders may be found in crawlspaces, beneath appliances, and usually in corners that are dark and damp. The female produces an egg sac containing 250-750 eggs that hatch in two to four weeks, depending upon temperature. The spiders spin a web that is used to ensnare prey, mostly insects, but sometimes other spiders as well. The trapped victim is bitten, then injected with venom to paralyze it.
Black widow spider venom affects the nervous system. Because the bite itself is relatively mild, some people may not even realize immediately that they were bitten. The venom causes pain in the lymph nodes. Other symptoms of a severe bite include nausea, elevated blood pressure,
sweating, tremors, and increased white blood cell counts. The wound may appear as a bluishred spot, surrounded by a whitish area. Both male and female spiders bite, but adult females produce the most severe bites. An antivenom serum is available through a physician, but it must be administered soon as possible after the bite occurs.
## Brown Recluse Spider
There are actually several species of "reclusive" spiders. The one that is found most commonly in the eastern United States is Loxosceles reclusa . The adults are about ¼-½ inch in length. Most people rely on seeing the familiar dark violin or fiddle-shaped mark on the top of the cephalothorax (Figure 6). The "neck" of the fiddle points toward the rear of the body. However, there are several species of brown-colored spiders that have markings that can easily be confused. The key characteristic of the recline is the arrangement of its six eyes into three pairs (Figure 7). Brown recluse spiders are nocturnal in their feeding habits. Outdoors, they are most common under rocks, debris, wood piles, etc. In doors, common hiding places are bathrooms, attics, cells, and storage areas. Problems most often occur when people are accidentally bitten by a recline hiding in stored clothing, inside shoes/boots, or cardboard buttons. The hands, underarms, lower abdomen and ankles are the areas of the body most likely to be bitten.
Although brown recluse spiders can be found in North Carolina, they are simply not very common. There are several spiders that closely resemble the brown recline.
Misidentification can cause unnecessary fear and anxiety. The article Identifying and Misidentifying the Brown Recluse Spider by Rick Vetter (University of California - Riverside) talks about recluse misidentification. Also, "identification" of brown recluse spider "infestations" is often based on what appears to be a bite. While recline bites are somewhat characteristic (see information below), other diseases caused by a variety of pathogens, particularly bacteria such as MRSA, may create wounds that look like a brown recluse bite. Whether it is a brown recline bite or another organism, always seek prompt medical assistance.
A brown recluse bite may go unnoticed for 3-8 hours before the bite area reddens, swells, and becomes tender. Blistering of the wound will start to appear. In some instances, a bite victim may become feverish and feel nauseous. A necrotic lesion (i.e., an area of dead skin tissue) may develop and require surgery (Figure 8). Although an antidote has been developed, it is not widely available and it appears to be most effective before the lesion develops. In some cases, antibiotics and the drug Dapsone may be used successfully to treat the bites without surgery, but these decisions are made after careful diagnosis by a doctor. Prompt medical attention is critical to successful chemical or surgical treatment of the bite.
## Control of Spiders Outdoors
Spiders are beneficial and control many insects that feed on the flowers, shrubs, and other plants in our gardens and natural areas. Spraying for spiders in these areas may actually increase the number of pests by killing off other natural enemies as well. Web-building spiders are most likely to show up in areas where insects are abundant, e.g., wood piles, around porch lights, windows or water sources (such as water spikgs). Knocking down these webs with a broom or burst of water from a garden hose is adequate for "control." Outdoor pesticide applications for spiders are largely unnecessary and should be avoided. On occasion, you will find spiders on objects or in areas that have been left undisturbed; this can include sandboxes or even children's toys. Check these items periodically for signs of spiders. Spraying pesticides around sandboxes or other play areas should be avoided whenever possible.
## Yellow Garden Spider
The yellow garden spider, Argiope aurantia is one of the araneid or "orb weaver" spiders that build the widely recognized circular spider web in which they snare their prey. Argiope aurantia is a common, distinctively colored (black and yellow), large spider that is frequently seen in the
fall in gardens, yards, and along roadsides. The female (Figure 9) builds a web that has a conspicuous zig-zag band of white silk in the center of the web. For this reason, these spiders are often called "writing" spiders.
For more information about spiders in your garden, read Common Spiders in the Landscape .
Finding a large number of spiders indoors usually means that there is an ample supply of insects and other "spider food" in the area. Any real attempts to get rid of spiders should focus on eliminating these insects. The long term solution includes non-chemical measures.
- · Sanitation - reducing or eliminating conditions that attract insects, e.g., high moisture and ready access to food of some sort.
- · Exclusion - find the entry points used by both insects and spiders and seal or close these areas.
There are a number of short-term solutions to spider infestations as well. Knocking down and removing webbing, or mechanically removing/killing the spiders should be sufficient. Vacuum the areas along baseboards, in corners, and under furniture. Clean biohookselves periodically. If you're concerned that more spiders will show up (or hatch from an unseen egg sac), then you could resort to applying an insecticide along baseboards, in corners, and inside storage closets. Select a pesticide that is labeled for use against spiders indoors. Always read the insecticide label for complete instructions on how and where to use the product. Crawlspaces are often attractive environments for spiders (but not necessarily the source of spiders entering your living area). Treating your crawlspace is an option, but simply setting off foggers ("bug bombs") is not likely to be effective and can be hazardous particularly if you contaminate your heating / AC ventilation system. Crawlspace treatments, if needed, are often best left to pest control professionals. The availability of particular insecticides may change from year to year, so consult the latest edition of the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual or your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center for advice on selecting insecticides.
Attribution: M. Waldvogel, NC State University
## Tips on Avoiding Spider Bites
Follow these suggestions to reduce the chances of being bitten:
- 1. Always check for spiders before sticking your bare hand(s) into dark comers or areas where you can't see your fingertips.
- 2. Always wear work gloves when handling boxes, firewood, lumber, and other items that have been left in storage undisturbed for significant periods of time.
- 3. Vigously shake clothing and shoes that have been left undisturbed for some time to dislodge any spiders and inspect them before wearing.
- 4. If you think you have been bitten by either a black widow spider or brown recluse, carefully apply ice or a cold-pack to the bite and seek medical assistance. If you can catch the suspect spider, bring it along for positive identification or take it to your local county Cooperative Extension office for identification.
For additional information about spiders in your garden in your garden, read Common Spiders in the Landscape .
## Authors
Michael Waldvogel Extension Specialist (Household & Structural Entomology) Entomology and Plant Pathology
Charles Apperson
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2008
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 24, 2022
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/animalsciencesdept/2022/07/22/uf-ifas-animal-sciences-study-abroad-greece/ | UF/IFAS Animal Sciences Study Abroad: Greece | University of Florida | [
"Savannah Linzmaier"
] | 2022-07-22 | [
"Agriculture",
"Livestock",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"UF/IFAS Teaching",
"animal sciences",
"ans",
"Greece",
"Study abroad",
"UF Animal Sciences",
"undergraduate"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS Animal Sciences Study Abroad: Greece
In May, the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) Ambassadors spent nearly two weeks studying abroad in Greece and Canada. Nineteen ambassadors ventured on this trip, including four Animal Sciences (ANS) students. They were accompanied by Dr. Charlotte Emerson, CALS Director of Student Development and Recruitment, Mrs. Cathy Carr, CALS Director of Alumni and Career Services, and Mrs. Amie Imer, ANS Lecturer and CALS Ambassadors Alumna.
The purpose of this trip is for students to explore agricultural systems in other countries. One ANS student, Gina Tran, embraced her time abroad and had some advice for students interested in a study abroad experience.
"It will diversify your knowledge and perception of the world and that is something you can take back to your school and your surrounding environment," Gina said. "This will allow you to grow as a person and that's the best thing you can do for yourself."
In Greece, they walked the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, lodged in the mountains of Delphi, explored a marble quarry, trolled to Aegina Island, taste-tested at an olive oil farm, toured the IEK Praxis Vocational Training Institute, and shopped at an open-air market. While in Montreal, Canada, they went on history tours, attended a tulip festival, and enjoyed their free time shopping in the 20-mile underground city.
'We got to see the process of making marble from start to finish. The mountain that they mined marble off of was huge and stunning, even as raw marble.' -Gina Tran
ANS student, Callahan Register, really enjoyed the open-air market. She described it by saying, "All of the meat was prepended and carcasses hanging in the open so you could get your own selection
of any type of meat or size you preferred, they had fruits and vegetables plentiful, and the spices available for purchase smelled amazing. I loved this visit because it illuminated the culture's understanding and relation to food.'
Imler really enjoyed the educational aspect of visiting IEK Praxis. While touring, they learned about the greek agricultural industry, wine production, and modern production methods. Plus, they were served delicious meals cooked by the culinary students.
This was Imler's third study abroad trip with the CALS Ambassadors, one of which was during her undergrad here at UF.
In her experience, she says, "Studying abroad deepens your perspective of the world and different cultures and helps you become a more well-rounded citizen."
Gina Tran offered more advice to students who are thinking about studying abroad.
"Just go for it. It will be an experience like no other. You only have a short window to travel with faculty, staff, friends, and peers that you know from your school," Gina said.
Students who may be interested in studying abroad should contact their academic advisor or visit the UF Abroad website.
Imler and ANS students brought UF pride to Greece!
Find more information about the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences on our website. Stay in touch with us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Any questions or inquiries regarding this piece should be directed toward Savannah Linzmaier at slinzmaier@ufl.edu. Read more stories like this one here: http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/animalsciencesdept/.
## O
by Savannah Linzmaier
Posted: July 22, 2022
Category: Agriculture, Livestock, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension,
## UF/IAS Teaching
Tags: Animal Sciences, Arts, Greece, Study Abroad, UF Animal Sciences, Undergraduate
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Welcome Back, UF Animal Sciences Students!
- Animal Agriculture Adventures With AFA
- UF/IFAS ANS Professor Awarded The IETS Distinguished Service Award
- ANS Internship Highlights: Ainsley Hutto & Kaylie Rogers |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FR122 | Trees and Me | University of Florida | [
"Martha C. Monroe",
"Alison W. Bowers"
] | 2017-10-01 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Trees and Me
Martha C. Monroe and Alison W. Bowers
The Forestry Trees and Me +H I Project Book (4IHFOM12) is the second in the series and for children ages 7-12. Each of the thirteen activities engage youngsters in exploring the interesting world of trees with exercises and thought questions. In Chapter 1, they will discover how trees grow. Chapter 2 includes strategies for identifying trees and 18 tree cards for the dominate species in 8 forest ecosystems across Florida. In Chapter 3, youth focus on the many benefits and values of trees, from wooden houses, rubber tires, and paper products, to restful and pleasing outdoor spaces.
This pdf file only : 2.54mb) enables you to print a black/white version of the 65-page booklet.
## Publication #4H FOM12
Release Date:
October 2, 2017
Reviewed at:
December 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr122-2001
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Martha Monroee Sarah Hensley
## About this Publication
This document is 41 FOM12, one of a series of the Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2001. Revised July 2002. Visit the EDIS website at https://cidis.ifas.edu.sfu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Martha C. Monroe, assistant professor; and Alison W. Bowers, graduate student, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL.32611.
## Related Pages
School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/cover-crops-for-weed-management-in-oklahoma.html | Cover Crops for Weed Management in Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Josh Lofton",
"Anna Zander",
"Misha Manuchehri"
] | 2019-01-10 | [] | OK | ## Cover Crops for Weed Management in Oklahoma
Published Oct. 2019 |
Id: PSS-2792
By Josh Lofton, Anna Zander, Misha Manuchehri
Print-friendly PDF
(/fact-
sheets/print-
publications/pss/cover-crops-for-
weed-management-in-oklahoma-
pss-2792.pdf)
JUMP TO: Physical Suppression / Allelopathy./ Effectiveness of Cover Crops for Weed Control / Evaluation of Cover Crop Species for Weed Control / Additional information / References
Cover crops have been used as a management tool for production agriculture for several decades. However, with the increasing adoption of preemergent and postemergent herbicides in the 1950s and 1960s, this practice greatly decreased. Potential benefits of growing cover crops include improved soil health, increased nutrient cycling, improved water infiltration and increased biological diversity. While many of these aspects have the potential to increase cover crop adoption, it is difficult to place an economic value on these benefits. According to surveys given to southern Great Plains producers, consultants and industry representatives, the two main causes of hesitation among growers for adoption of cover crops were cost of entry and risk of no or a negative return on investment. To offset the cost, there has been a growing interest in using cover crops as a weed management tool to 1) combat challenges with management of herbicide resistant weeds and 2) potentially lower costs associated with in-season herbicide applications.
Share Fact Sheet
Cover crops have two methods of aiding in the management of weeds. The primary method is through physical suppression. Allelopathy has been highly documented as an additional means to management problematic weeds, however, it is not universally accepted or understood and should be considered a secondary method.
## Figure 1. Overhead view of small grain cover crop mix (top) compared to an overhead view of a fallow area (bottom).
Pictures were taken immediately prior to burndown. Note the significant reduction in weed population with cover crops compared to the fallow ground.
## Physical Suppression
Physical suppression is the primary form of control for most cover crops, it is also the most understood. Physical suppression can be especially effective in controlling weed pressure during fallow periods. This mechanism involves
direct competition between the cover crops and the weeds. Competition limits necessary resources, including sunlight, nutrients, water and space that allow the weed to thrive.
Typically, this involves the use of a vigorous, quick-growing cover crop that can canopy early in the season and limit the ability for the weeds to establish. Most grass and brassica cover crops are well suited for this type of control since they have rapid vegetative growth. Other cover crops, such as legumes, will typically canopy but will require a much longer period to do so, allowing weeds to establish and limit the success of the cover crop as a weed management tool.
Selection and management of cover crops are important because this type of weed management requires relatively high amounts of residue to be competitive with the weeds. Higher planting rates will help (Price et al., 2016). Many believe greater competition could be achieved with multi-species mixes. This may be beneficial in areas where a successful establishment of a certain species is questionable. However, a potential result of planting multiple species is slower canopy cover as any one species may not establish successfully. In
Oklahoma, because of known success, small grains would typically be the best option of ensuring a quick and successful canopy in a fall planted cover crop.
Cover crops also can provide weed management benefits into the following cash crop. As covers are terminated or senescence naturally, the residue that remains can continue to provide physical suppression of weeds. The ability and length of control for each cover, however, will vary greatly. Those cover crops that have a narrow C:N ratio (i.e. legumes, brassica or early vegetative grasses) are more easily broken down and will degrade rapidly, which provides minimal value for in-season weed control. Cover crops with more long-term residue, such as small grains, will provide more lasting residue, which can be valuable for in-season weed control. If weed control is the primary driver for planting cover crops, producers should focus on grassy cover crops or mixes where grasses are the predominant species.
Cover crops, through direct competition or physical suppression, can be effective at suppressing annual weeds; however, perennial weeds are more difficult to control and only temporary suppression should be expected.
## Allelopathy
All plants produce chemicals that may influence the growth and development of other plants. These can be released through the roots as root exudates or released following the breakdown of above- or underground residues. Chemicals can decrease germination or emergence as well as restrict early season growth of seedlings. It has been documented that allelopathic chemicals can continue to decrease root growth following emergence, even decreasing growth and development throughout the season.
Several chemicals can be associated with these allelopathic effects. For example, glucosinolates can be released from the residue of canola and other brassica species and broken down into isothiocyanates, a well-documented allelopathic chemical that is known to decrease plant growth and microbial activity
(Darby and Gupta, 2017). For small grain cover crops, such as cereal rye, concentrations of DIBOA (2,4-Dihydroxy-7methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) have been known to accumulate, which has been documented to decrease the germination and emergence of several broadleaf and grassy weeds (Copaja et al., 2006; Tabaglio et al. 2008). It also has been documented that concentrations of these chemicals greatly decreased as the crop matured (Copaja et al., 2006).
The ability or potential of using cover crop alleopathic chemicals to help control problematic weeds is still a major question. Part of the reason for much of the unknown is the difficulty assessing the true impacts of alleopathy and how to separate the impacts of physical inhibition and alleopathic control. These challenges are highlighted by work done by Sosnoskei et al. (2011). They highlighted that the amount of alleophilic chemical that could be extracted from a cereal rye cover crop varied substantially based on growth stage sampled. They further documented that concentrations of alleophobic chemicals from winter rye reached levels that would significantly reduce pigweed germination. However, these concentrations were found in very early vegetative growth and never corresponded with termination periods used in the study. Additionally, they showed that when terminated just prior to booting, alleophilic chemical concentrations were so low that pigweed germination increased compared to the nontreated control.
## Effectiveness of Cover Crops for Weed Control
The success of using cover crops as a weed management tool varies greatly due to several abiotic and biotic stresses. However, one of the most important factors, as well as one of the easiest components to evaluate, is cover crop species biomass production.
## Evaluation of Cover Crop Species for Weed Control
All cover crops species can be used to successfully help manage weeds in season. However, as physical suppression is the primary method of control, species that possess rapid vegetative growth followed by a dense canopy during the period of desired control are favored. Furthermore, control of weeds during the cash crop through physical competition requires a dense vegetative cover following senescence. A trial conducted on a producer's field in Oklahoma showed that using a small grain cover crop or mixes that contained small grains had 95 percent, 75 percent, and 57 percent fewer weeds compared to the check at one, two and four months following burndown herbicide applications(Figure 2). Brassica species (i.e. radish) will typically produce adequate vegetative biomass and coverage to control weeds; however, these covers frequently will be affected by winter kill resulting in less canopy cover during spring as well as less residue through early periods of the cash crop.
| One, two and four months after burndown in soybean at |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Nowata, Oklahoma. Weeds were measured in a 3-square-foot |
| Area. Cover crop abbreviations: RRP- rye, radish and peas; |
| RP- rye and peas; Kitchen Sink-rye, radish, peas, wheat and |
| triticale. |
Increased weed control can be achieved when cover crops are paired with scouting and in-season herbicide applications. Table 1 highlights the results of a trial evaluating cover crop species both with and without in season herbicide applications. These results still indicated, even with in season herbicide applications, that using cover crops resulted in nearly 40 percent and 60 percent decreased weed pressure at V2-3 and R2 growth stages, respectively, when compared to the check.
| V2-3 and R2 soybean growth stages and soybean yield in |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Perkins, Oklahoma. Weeds were measured in a 3-square-foot |
area. Weed counts were conducted immediately prior to herbicide applications at the associated growth stage.
| | Weed counts- 3ft 2 | Weed counts- 3ft 2 | R2 |
|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|------|
| Cereal Rye | 127 | 132 | 234 |
| Triticale | 140 | 145 | 124 |
| Gallagher Wheat | 133 | 153 | 207 |
| Sorghum Sudan | 34 | 41 | 56 |
| Winter Peas | 87 | 112 | 167 |
| Tillage Radish | 144 | 137 | 144 |
| Cereal Blend | 112 | 108 | 122 |
| Rye, Peas, Radish | 98 | 61 | 87 |
| Rye, Peas | 143 | 122 | 136 |
| Wheat, Peas, Radish | 167 | 188 | 190 |
| Check | 189 | 201 | 398 |
The benefits of cover crops also can be observed in the subsequent soybean yields. When no in season herbicide applications were made, the triticale, wheat, sorghum sudan,
cereal blend as well as the rye-based mixes significantly increased yields over the plots without cover crops. When supplemental in season herbicide applications were made, fewer cover crops benefited over the check, only triticale, sorghum sudan and the rye/pea mix. This highlights the potential benefits of using cover crops to aid in weed management and increase cash crop yields.
Cover crops can be an important management tool when added into systems that prioritizes conservation management or soil health. A majority of the documented benefits of cover crops have focused on either crop yields or soil health with little information on the other benefits they can bring to production systems. This is especially true from a financial standpoint, where cost of cover crops can be high compared to the return from solely a crop yield. However, if growers are able to gain additional benefits, such as weed management from cover crops, this could potentially offset the costs associated.
## Additional Information
Partial funding for projects and trials discussed have been provided by the Oklahoma Soybean Board. The authors would like to thank the Oklahoma Soybean Board and the Oklahoma Soybean Checkoff for their support.
## References
Copaja, S.V., E. Villarroel, H.R. Bravo, L. Pizarro, and V.H. Argondana. 2006. Hydroxamic acids in Secale cereale L . and the relationship with their antifeedant and allelopathic properties. Z Naturforsch C. 61(10): 670-676.
Darby, H., and A. Gupta. 2017. Using high glucosinolate mustards as a cover crop to reduce weed and disease. University of Vermont Extension.
Kruidhof, H.M., L. Bastiaans, and M.J. Kroppf. 2009. Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil 318:169-184.
Price, A.J., C.D. Monks, A.S. Culpepper, L.M. Duzy, J.A. Kelton, M.W. Marshall, L.E. Steckel, L.M. Sosnoskie, and R.L. Nichols. 2016. High-residue cover crops alone or with strategic tillage to manage glyphosate-resistant Plamer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmer ) in southeastern cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ). J. Soil Water Con. 71. 1-11.
Sosnoskie, L.M., T.L. Grey, A.S. Culpepper, and T.M. Webster. 2011. Allelopathy: Hope or hype? Cotton Research Extension Report 76. University of Georgia.
Tabaglio, V., A. Marocco, and M. Schulz. 2013. Allelopathic cover crop of rye and integrated weed control in sustainable agroecosystems. Italian J. Agronomy . 8(1) doi: doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.e5.
Josh Lofton
Cropping System Specialist
Anna Zander
Graduate Research Assistant
Misha Manuchehri
Extension Weed Specialist
## Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/pss/cover-crops-forweed-management-in-oklahomapss-2792.pdf)
Topics: Crops /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/)
Insects, Pests, and Diseases /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-andsdiseases/)
Soil Health & Fertility /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/soil/soilhealth-and-fertility/)
Soil /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/soil/)
Weed Control (/topics/plants-and-animals/inspects-pests-and-diseases/weedsands-invasive-plants/weed-control/) Weeds & Invasive Plants ( /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-and- diseases/weeds-and-invasive-plants/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-transitions/estate-planning/index.html | Estate Planning - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2020-10-26 | [] | OK | ## ESTATE PLANNING
## Publications
- · Chapter 4: (/programs/farm-transitions/estate-
Estate
planning/site-files/chapter-4-estate-
Planning
planning.pdf)
## General
- · Understanding Long
( /fact-sheets/understanding-long-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Basics
## Video Presentations
## Intro to Estates
## Critical Tools for Estate Planning: Estate Documents
## Will, Execution and Probate
## Thinking through the Will
## Trusts
## Estate Taxes - Basics and Strategies
## Property Ownership Forms
## Non-Probate Transfer Tools
## Trusts
- · Trusts:Uses and
(/fact=sheets/trusts-uses-and-
Considerations,
considerations.html)
AGEC-771
## Decision Tools and Website Links
- · Oklahoma Insurance Department(https://www.oid.ok.gov/) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/buck-moth | Buck Moth | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Moth",
"PDIC"
] | NC | ## Buck Moth
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Buck moths, Hemileuca maia , are so called because they fly during the day during deer season. Other species of moths usually don't fly during the day. Buck moths are in the family of the giant silkworms but differ from the others in that the female moths lay their eggs in the fall for next year's crop of caterpillars. Eggs are laid in a tight mass around an oak twig. The rest of the giant silkworm moths emerge in the spring and summer and lay eggs from which caterpillars hatch in only a few days. A third difference is that buck moth caterpillars have stinging hairs that can cause a severely painful reaction to folks who are sensitive to the urticating fluid contained in the hairs. With some folks these stings may require medical attention. Buck moths are dark gray to black with a conspicuous white band on each wing. Each band has a noticeable eyespot. The wingspan is 2 to 3 inches (males are smaller than females). The tip of male moths is rusty red. Moths emerge in the morning and mate in early afternoon. Winter is spent as eggs that hatch the following spring. Young caterpillars feed in groups. Older buck moth caterpillars are black and spiny although they may be covered with tiny white spots to the point that they appear almost white. The spines are grouped on bumps arranged in multiple rows along the body. The spines on top are longer and more branched. These caterpillars grow to almost 2½ inches long. Mature caterpillars crawl down and seek shelter in leaf litter or a few inches underground if the soil is soft enough. Then caterpillars molt into pupae and moths emerge from the pupal skins from September through December, although some may not emerge for a year or two. We have only one generation per year.
## Residential Recommendations
Buck moth caterpillars are not particularly resistant to pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis (on young caterpillars), Sevin, or some other properly labeled insecticide should give more than adequate control.
Buck moth caterpillar stings cause immediate pain that then spreads to nearby lymph nodes. Swelling and redness can last over a week. Wash the site immediately to remove any loose spines and allow it to air dry. Any remaining spines can then be removed with an adhesive such as duct tape. Not handling caterpillars that have spines is one of the best ways to avoid receiving stings.
## References
- Eastern buckmoth , Hemileuca maia (Drury\_1773). Anonymous. 2010 (after), Butterflies and Moths of North America .
- Common name: buck moth, scientific name: Hemileuca maia (Drury.)(Insecta: Lepidoptera; Saturniidae: Hemileucinae). Scott, C. and P. E. Kaufman. 2015 (reviewed). Featured Creatures, Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS. Publication Number: EENY-464.
- Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension Center
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Jan. 25, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 11, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/farm-to-early-care-and-education-resource-guide-for-north-carolina-extension-agents | Farm to Early Care and Education Resource Guide for North Carolina Extension Agents | North Carolina Cooperative Extension | [
"Caroline Hundley",
"Shironda Brown",
"Der Holcomb",
"Courtney Tevepaugh",
"Dara Bloom",
"Marcus McFarland",
"Lucy Bradley",
"Ivelisse Colón",
"Eli Snyder"
] | null | [
"Childcare",
"Nutrition",
"Education",
"Local Food"
] | NC | ## Farm to Early Care and Education Resource
Guide for North Carolina Extension Agents
| Table of Contents | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| About this Guide | |
| Introduction | |
| What is Early Care and Education and Whom does It Serve? | What is Early Care and Education and Whom does It Serve? |
| Why is Early Care and Education Important? | Why is Early Care and Education Important? |
| Types of Child Care Programs in North Carolina Head Start Programs | Types of Child Care Programs in North Carolina Head Start Programs |
| Family Child Care Homes | Family Child Care Homes |
| Center-based Child Care Centers | Center-based Child Care Centers |
| North Carolina Pre-K Program: | North Carolina Pre-K Program: |
| Farm to Early Care and Education | Farm to Early Care and Education |
| Overview | Overview |
| How can Farm to ECE promote racial equity in our communities? | How can Farm to ECE promote racial equity in our communities? |
| Connecting to Early Childhood Partners in Your Community | Connecting to Early Childhood Partners in Your Community |
| Defining North Carolina Farm to ECE Community Partnerships | Defining North Carolina Farm to ECE Community Partnerships |
| Child Care Resource and Referral (CCRNR) | Child Care Resource and Referral (CCRNR) |
| Head Start Community Action Agencies | Head Start Community Action Agencies |
| Directly Connect to Centers Near You | Directly Connect to Centers Near You |
| A Note from Agent Quina Weber-Shirk, North Carolina Cooperative Extension in Guilford County | A Note from Agent Quina Weber-Shirk, North Carolina Cooperative Extension in Guilford County |
## Three Components of Farm to ECE: Gardening, Cooking, and Local Food
## Purchasing
## Component 1: Gardening
Benefits of Gardening with Young Children
Cooperative Extension + Gardening with Young Children
Special Considerations for Early Childhood Programs
North Carolina State Extension Master Gardener$^{SM}$ Program
Additional Resources
Agent Spotlight: North Carolina Cooperative Extension in Caldwell County.
Do Volunteers or Agents Need a Background Check to visit a Child Care Center?
## Component 2: Cooking
Benefits of Cooking Local Food for and with Young Children
Cooperative Extension + Cooking for and with Young Children
Special considerations for Early Childhood Programs
Additional Resources
Agent Spotlight: Cross-Program Collaboration for Farm to ECE with North Carolina Cooperative Extension in Union County.
## Component 3: Local Food Purchasing
Benefits of Early Childhood Programs Purchasing Local Food
Cooperative Extension + Local Food Purchasing
Special Considerations for Purchasing Local with Early Childhood Programs
Cooperative Extension Agent Spotlight
Additional Resources
FCS Agent Spotlight
Diverse, Inclusive, and Equitable Family Engagement Opportunities with Farm to
## ECE
Engaging Families in the School Garden
Cooking with Children and Cooking Education
Local Food Purchasing
## References
## About this Guide
North Carolina is home to an estimated 4,600 child care centers and over 1,800 child care homes (NC DHHS 2016). Early Care and Education (ECE) programs serve families with children from birth to age six. Early Care and Education serves a pivotal role for families because many children who attend child care eat most of their meals at school. Through Farm to ECE, North Carolina Cooperative Extension agents across program areas can provide important resources and
programming for ECE providers and teachers, the families they serve, and local farmers. Local farmers can connect with programs that wish to serve healthier, local meals and snacks to children and can provide education about growing and eating healthy food.
This resource guide was created by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Local Food Program Team's Farm to ECE Work Group. This guide seeks to:
- 1. explore how ECE programs serve families and show potential collaborations for Extension agents;
- 2. inspire new local collaboration by highlighting successful Cooperative Extension Farm to ECE programs within communities that serve child care programs and their children, families, and teachers; and
- 3. encourage cross-program activities to increase Farm to ECE support from Extension across North Carolina.
We hope this guide will enhance the partnerships among ECE and food system entities within communities, so that Extension can better serve farmers and families. These partnerships have the potential to improve nutritional outcomes for children and communities, and in turn, to increase food and nutrition security.
A young student helps measure a serving of spinach as a part of a cooking activity at La Petite Academy in Raleigh
## Introduction
## What is Early Care and Education and Whom Does It Serve?
The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) defines early childhood education as any part or full-day group program in a center, school, or home that serves children from birth through age six. This includes children with special developmental and learning needs (NAEYC\_1993). The definition includes programs in child care centers (for-profit and non-profit), private and public pre-kindergarten programs such as North Carolina Pre-K, Head Start programs, family child care homes, kindergartens, primary grades, and before and after-school programs in elementary schools.
## Why is Early Care and Education Important?
High-quality child care, Head Start, and preschool programs help prepare children for school and life success. Children in high quality programs tend to have:
Children from low-income families and those at risk for academic challenges reap the biggest gains from high quality early care and education. These child populations, on average, start kindergarten behind their peers in literacy and language skills (NCEECF 2021).
Through high-quality Early Care and Education programs, children also develop positive habits and daily routines, literacy and numeracy skills, and emotional resilience, which can lead to a successful future and a lifelong love of learning (Care for Kindies 2022).
## Types of Child Care Programs in North Carolina Head Start Programs
Head Start is a program of the US Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive, early childhood education, as well as health, nutrition, and parent services to lowincome children and families.
Head Start programs are federally funded and are available at no cost to children from birth to age five from low-income families. Programs may provide transportation to the centers so that enrolled children can participate. Families and children who are experiencing homelessness and children in the foster care system are also eligible. In addition, Head Start services are available to children with disabilities and other special needs.
Head Start programs encourage the school readiness of infants, toddlers, and preschool children (OHS 2020). Services are provided in a variety of settings that include centers, family child care, and the children's own homes. Head Start programs also encourage parents and other key family members to develop positive relationships, with a focus on family wellbeing. Parents participate in leadership roles in the program, which may include providing feedback on program operations.
## Family Child Care Homes
A family child care home (FCCH) is a child care arrangement located in a residence where at any time between three and eight children receive care. A family child care home is licensed by the Division of Child Development and Early Education (DCDCEE).
## Center-based Child Care Centers
A child care center is a program where three or more children younger than age 13 receive care on a regular basis, at least once a week, and for more than four hours from individuals unrelated to the children. Child care centers are usually located in commercial buildings. These centers are larger and care for more children than family child care providers. The centers are usually divided into groups or classrooms of children who are similar in age.
## North Carolina Pre-K Program
The North Carolina Pre-K Program is designed to ensure that a high-quality pre-kindergarten classroom experience is provided for all eligible four-year-old children in each local North Carolina Pre-K Program and that, to the extent possible, uniform policies exist across the state. Programs are required to operate according to the North Carolina Child Care Rules.
Cherokee Elementary Preschool students help their teacher carry a bag of soil in the garden.
## References
Bloom, Dara. (n.d.). "Extension Master Food Volunteer Program." Accessed March 28, 2022.
Boekleheid, Don and Lucy K. Bradley. (2019). Collard Greens and Common Ground: A North Carolina Community Food Gardening Handbook.
Bradley, Lucy. (2020a). "Learning Burst: Edible Landscaping.(2020)." NC State Extension.
Bradley, Lucy. (2020b). "Learning Burst: Veggie Gardening 101 (2020)." NC State Extension.
Bradley, Lucy. (2022). "Gardening In Preschools." NC State Extension.
Care for Kindies, (n.d.), "5 Ways Your Child Benefits from Early Childhood Education." Accessed March 10, 2022.
Center for Environmental Farming Systems. (n.d.). "NC Farm to Early Care and Education." Accessed March 19, 2022.
Center for Environmental Farming Systems. (2020). "Cooking Cart: Resources for Teachers and Providers." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Center for Environmental Farming Systems. (2020). "Learning Burst: Aquaponics in ECE Classrooms:Resources for Teachers and Providers." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Chafetz, Ashley, Liz Driscoll, Chris Gunter, Diane Ducharme, and Ben Chapman. (2012). Food Safety for School and Community Gardens . N.C. Cooperative Extension.
Community Ground Works. (n.d.) "Making Your Own Local Baby Food." Accessed March 28, 2022.
Cooking With Kids. (n.d.), "Cooking with Kids," Accessed March 28, 2022.
Davis, Kristi. (2020a). "Learning Burst: The Science of Canning - Part 1 (2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Davis, Kristi. (2020b). "Learning Burst: The Science of Canning - Part 2 (2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Driscoll, Liz. (2020a). "Learning Burst: Pollinator Class (2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Driscoll, Liz. (2020b). "Learning Burst: Scrap Gardening and Botanical Science (2020)." Raleigh,
North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Estrada, Michelle. (2020a). "Learning burst: Cooking with children (2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Estrada, Michelle. (2020b). "Learning Burst: Cultural Awareness when Cooking.(2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Estrada, Michelle. (2020c). "Learning burst: Incorporating cooking activities into the Curriculum (2020). Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Farm to Early Care and Education. (2020). "Learning Burst: Local Food Purchasing.101(2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
GO NAPSACC. (2018a). "Our Focus Areas."
GO NAPSACC. (2018b). "Provider Tools."
GO NAPSACC. (2018c). "Why GO NAPSACC?"
Growing Minds. (n.d.). "Cooking with Preschool Children." Asheville, NC: Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project. Accessed March 29, 2022.
Growing Minds. (n.d.). "Farm to Preschool Toolkit." Asheville, NC: Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project. Accessed March 29, 2022.
Growing Minds. (n.d.). "Local Food Cooking - Growing Minds." Asheville, NC: Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project. Accessed March 25, 2022.
Growing Minds. (n.d.). "NC Farm To Preschool Network." Asheville, NC: Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project. Accessed March 10, 2022.
Harvest for Healthy Kids. (2014). "Activity Kits." Portland OR: Portland State university and Mt. Hood Community College Head Start.
Head Start Early Childhood Learning and Knowledge Center. (2022). "North Carolina Head Start Collaboration Office"
Hitt, Maria. (2020). "LearningBurst: Gardening, What to Plant and When?" Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Huber, Brandon. (2020). "Learning Burst: Hydroponics in ECE Classrooms." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Lelekacs, Joanna and Caroline Hundley. (2022). "Farm to Childcare." NC State Extension.
McBurney, Jayne. (2022). "Steps to Health Color Me Healthy." NC State Extension.
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (1993). A Conceptual Framework For Early Childhood Professional Development . Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
National Farm to School Network. (2021). "About National Farm to School Network." Chicago, IL: National Farm to School Network.
Natural Learning Initiative. (2022). "Resources." Raleigh, North Carolina: The Natural Learning Initiative, College of Design, North Carolina State University.
Natural Learning Initiative. (2006). "Preschool Outdoor Play And Learning Environments - Best Practice Toolkit." 2 nd edition. Accessed March 10, 2022. Raleigh, North Carolina: The Natural
Learning Initiative, College of Design, North Carolina State University.
NC DHHS. (n.d.) NC Child Care Snapshot "Accessed April 7, 2022. Raleigh, NC: NC DHHHS.
NC DHHS. (2021). "Seasonal CACFP Cycle Menus." Raleigh, NC: Nutrition Services Branch, Division of Public Health, NC Department of Health and Human Services.
NC DHHS. (2021). "Serving Local Foods in North Carolina Child Care Centers: Guidance on Food Preparation and Gardening." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
NC Farm to Early Care and Education. (2020). "NC Fresh Produce Purchasing And Prep Guides - Tools For Childcare Providers." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
NC Farm to Early Care and Education. (2022). "Success Stories," Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
NC Farm to Preschool Network. (2021) "Serving Local Foods in North Carolina Child Care Centers: Guidance On Food Preparation And Gardening."
NC Poison Control. (2022). "Poisonous Plants." Charlotte, NC: North Carolina Poisson Control.
NC Cooperative Extension. (n.d.) "Color Me Healthy:" Accessed March 28, 2022.
NC State Extension. (n.d.) "Steps to Health." Accessed March 28, 2022.
NC State Extension. (2020). "Growth Food from Seeds."
NC State Extension. (2022). "Extension Master Gardener Volunteers"
North Carolina Early Childhood Foundation. (2021). "High Quality Early Care And Education." Accessed March 10, 2022.
Office of Head Start. (2022). "Head Start Programs." Accessed March 10, 2022.
Rutz, Jacob and Dara Bloom. (2019). "Farm to Early Care and Education Local Food Purchasing Guide." NC State Extension.
Sherman, Rhonda. (2020a). "Learning Burst: Composting.(2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Sherman, Rhonda. (2020b). "Learning Burst: Vermicomposting.(2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Sledge, Bria. (2022). Gardening Activity Guide: A Resource to Promote Vegetable and Fruit Gardening with Young Children. Raleigh, North Carolina: The Natural Learning Initiative, College of Design, North Carolina State University.
Small Bites Adventure Club. (n.d.) a. "Go\_Grow\_Glow!" Accessed Match 28, 2022.
Small Bites Adventure Club. (n.d.) b. "Kids' Resources on Cooking, Gardening, Farming and Free At-Home Activities That Even Parents Can Learn From." Accessed March 28, 2022.
Snyder, Eli. (2020a). "Learning Burst: Fall Gardening.(2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Snyder, Eli. (2020b). "Learning Burst: Gardening\_Container Gardening.(2020)." Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
Soldavini, Jessica. (2020). "Learning Burst: The Importance of Fruits And Veggies in Farm to ECE (2020)". Raleigh, North Carolina: Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
## Authors
Caroline Hundley
Project Director Center for Environmental Farming Systems
## Shironda Brown
Training Project Coordinator, Farm to Early Care and Education Initiative Center for Environmental Farming Systems
## Der Holcomb
Extension Agent, Family and Consumer Sciences
## Courtney Tevepaugh
Extension Agent, Family and Consumer Sciences
## Dara Bloom
Extension Local Foods Specialist & Associate Professor Agricultural & Human Sciences
## Marcus McFarland
Extension Agent, Family and Consumer Sciences N.C. Cooperative Extension, Union County Center
## Lucy Bradley
Consumer and Community Horticulture Professor and Extension Specialist Horticultural Science
## Ivelisse Colón
Extension Agent, Family and Consumer Sciences
## Eli Snyder
Extension Agent, Agriculture - Commercial and Consumer Horticulture N.C. Cooperative Extension, Wilkes County Center
Publication date: Jan. 19, 2023
LF-20
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/ | About Alabama 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2023-01-26 | [
"4-H",
"Youth Development",
"Alabama"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" xmlns:addthis="https://www.addthis.com/help/api-spec" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>About Alabama 4-H - Alabama Cooperative Extension System</title>
<meta name="description" content="Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and also our world. Alabama 4-H is open to all youth ages 9–18, exists in all 67 Alabama counties, and is also the largest youth development program in Alabama with more than 109,700 youth reached each year." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="About Alabama 4-H - Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and also our world. Alabama 4-H is open to all youth ages 9–18, exists in all 67 Alabama counties, and is also the largest youth development program in Alabama with more than 109,700 youth reached each year." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alabama Cooperative Extension System" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-02-19T14:15:41+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2024-2025-State-Ambassadors-Photo-scaled.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1122" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="746" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="3 minutes" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/","name":"About Alabama 4-H - Alabama Cooperative Extension System","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2024-2025-State-Ambassadors-Photo-scaled.jpg","datePublished":"2025-02-19T14:00:11+00:00","dateModified":"2025-02-19T14:15:41+00:00","description":"Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and also our world. Alabama 4-H is open to all youth ages 9–18, exists in all 67 Alabama counties, and is also the largest youth development program in Alabama with more than 109,700 youth reached each year.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2024-2025-State-Ambassadors-Photo-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2024-2025-State-Ambassadors-Photo-scaled.jpg","width":1122,"height":746,"caption":"group photo of the 2024-2025 4-H Ambassadors"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.aces.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Content Pieces","item":"https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/%category%/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"About Alabama 4-H"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#website","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.aces.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#organization","name":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System","url":"https://www.aces.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alabama-Cooperative-Extension-System-Logo.png","width":1969,"height":515,"caption":"Alabama Cooperative Extension System"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.aces.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//code.jquery.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » Comments Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System » iCal Feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/events/?ical=1" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
</style>
<style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='alabama-html5-map-style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/alabamahtmlmap/static/css/map.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='googleFonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow+Condensed%3A400' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decision_tree_jquery_ui-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='decisiontree_local_style-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/sidecar-decision-tree/decisiontree_local_style.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='prefix-font-awesome-css' href='//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='h5p-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/styles/h5p.css?ver=1.15.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C100%2C200%2C300%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-vendor-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/vendor.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='aces_theme-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/css/main.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='addthis_all_pages-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/addthis/frontend/build/addthis_wordpress_public.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.aces.edu/?p=5124' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h%2F&format=xml" />
<style>
.gform_wrapper label.gfield_label {
font-weight: 400;
}
.form-control {
border-radius: 0;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('input[type=submit].gform_button.button').addClass('btn btn-primary');
});
</script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://www.aces.edu/feed/podcast" />
<meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.aces.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
<link rel="preload" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/fonts/hustle-icons-font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"aces_content_piece","pagePostType2":"single-aces_content_piece","pageCategory":["about-4-h","4h"],"pageAttributes":["4-h","about-4-h","alabama-4-h","youth"],"pagePostAuthor":"Brittney Kimber"};
dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MVTL786');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KX279PGP');
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRCR8MW');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="pingback" href="https://www.aces.edu/xmlrpc.php" />
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><style id="hustle-module-2-0-styles" class="hustle-module-styles hustle-module-styles-2">@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content .hustle-info {max-width: 800px;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-slidein-content {-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: #DADADA;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;background-color: #38454E;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-layout-content {padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: #5D7380;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-main-wrapper {position: relative;padding:32px 0 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-content .hustle-content-wrap {padding: 20px 0 20px 0;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-title {display: block;margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0);color: #ADB5B7;font: 400 33px/38px Georgia,Times,serif;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;text-align: left;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0);border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style: solid;color: #ADB5B7;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content b,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content strong {font-weight: bold;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:visited {color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:hover {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:focus,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content a:active {color: #2DA194;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content {color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.45em;font-family: Open Sans;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content p:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 28px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h1:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font-size: 22px;line-height: 1.4em;font-weight: 700;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h2:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 18px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h3:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 16px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h4:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 14px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h5:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;color: #ADB5B7;font: 700 12px/1.4em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content h6:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 10px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;color: #ADB5B7;font: normal 14px/1.45em Open Sans;font-style: normal;letter-spacing: 0px;text-transform: none;text-decoration: none;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {color: #ADB5B7}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) li:before {background-color: #ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-5124 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-60293548"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-58947156"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-about-4-h"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/about-4-h/">About 4-H</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">Alabama 4-H</a></li><li>About 4-H</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
<div id="main-inner" class="main-inner row">
<div id="content" class="content col-sm-12 container-inner">
<article id="post-5124" class="post-5124 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-about-4-h category-4h tag-4-h tag-about-4-h tag-alabama-4-h tag-youth first last odd" role="article" aria-label="About Alabama 4-H">
<div class="row">
<div class="row row-print">
<div class="post-info-header-category">
<h1>About 4-H</h1>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="post-info-header-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-10 col-md-9 col-sm-8">
<div class="post-info">
<div class="post-title-content main-cat-title">
About Alabama 4-H </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>February 19, 2025</li>
<li class="meta-location">
in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/about-4-h/">About 4-H</a>
</li>
<li class="aces-print"> <a class="aces-print-article" title="Print Article" alt="print article" onclick="window.print();" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a> <a class="aces-print-article" title="Print Article" alt="print article" onclick="window.print();" target="_blank">Print</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--JMH line break on mobile 2019-04-26-->
<br class="byline-mobile-line-break">
<div class="col-lg-2 col-md-3 col-sm-4">
<!--div class="pull-center small read-time" JMH 2019-04-26 -->
<div class="read-time">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o fa-2x" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<hr aria-hidden="true" style="margin: 1px;">
<span>
3 min read
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-print"><!-- 2019-03-07 RFF added for print. Update content-print CSS -->
<div class="post-media">
<div class="image-overlay">
<img alt="group photo of the 2024-2025 4-H Ambassadors" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2024-2025-State-Ambassadors-Photo-scaled.jpg">
</div>
</div>
<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/"></div><p>Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and also our world. Alabama 4-H is open to all youth ages 9–18, exists in all 67 Alabama counties, and is also the largest youth development program in Alabama with more than 118,000 youth reached each year.</p>
<h1>Our Reach</h1>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center"><strong>118,778</strong> 4-H Participants | <strong>50</strong><strong>,319</strong> Enrolled 4-H Members | Present in <strong>954</strong> of Alabama Schools |</p>
<p style="text-align: center">Residence of 4-H Participants: Farm <strong>3% | </strong>Small Towns <strong>52% </strong>| Cities <strong>28%</strong> | Suburbs <strong>10</strong><strong>%</strong> | Central Cities <strong>7%</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center">
<!-- iframe plugin v.4.8 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->
<iframe width="75%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Sfhfdo0tzho?si=0ngSPBUAeR9k4y-C" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" 0="allowfullscreen" height="500" scrolling="yes" class="iframe-class"></iframe>
</p>
<h1>Guiding Principles</h1>
<h2>Positive Youth Development</h2>
<p><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignright wp-image-7468" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/4O8C3016-600x400.jpg" alt="Alabama 4-H teens" width="400" height="267" />4-H creates the context and content for positive youth development, subscribing to a set of essential elements characteristic of high quality youth development. In addition, Alabama 4-H helps young people see themselves as unique, resilient, life-long learners who actively participate in their own future–setting personal goals and practicing self-determination.</p>
<p>4-H also values results-driven educational opportunities and experiences that are based upon cutting edge youth development research and best practices proven to have impact.</p>
<h2>Partnerships</h2>
<p>Alabama 4-H values partnerships. 4-H is the youth development program of the US Department of Agriculture and is also implemented by the Cooperative Extension system through over 110+ land-grant colleges and universities. The program creates connections between public and private entities, non-profits, schools, and also community organizations. 4-H funds programming through a partnership of federal, state and local governments, National 4-H Council, state 4-H foundations and other private entities. Alabama 4-H connects youth and also caring adults as partners in planning and striving for individual, and community change. Alabama 4-H engages well-trained, enthusiastic professional staff who lead, advise, and partner with youth and are regularly provided opportunities for personal growth and satisfaction. 4-H recognizes volunteers as critical partners and fosters relationships that lead to positive outcomes for youth and adults.</p>
<h2>Learning</h2>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-7473" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2015-06-27_4h_hires-90-600x400.jpg" alt="4-H members working on a project " width="400" height="267" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2015-06-27_4h_hires-90-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2015-06-27_4h_hires-90-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2015-06-27_4h_hires-90.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" />4-H engages the broader community in supporting youth development and also involves youth in building stronger communities through science, healthy living, and civic engagement and leadership. The program designs challenging and interesting experiences with important consideration given to the depth of the content, age appropriateness of the experience and the context in which it is delivered. Alabama 4-H integrates knowledge, skills, and behaviors of formal and non-formal education strategies. In addition, 4-H builds life skills in youth and adults. 4-H youth and adults develop and evaluate intentional learning experiences. The program also evolves to meet the interests and needs of youth and adults. 4-H staff are leaders in high quality youth development, teaching, research, and evaluation. 4-H relies on the extensive network of research from the land-grant universities to support positive youth development and program content.</p>
<h2>Youth</h2>
<p>4-H matches the needs, interests, abilities, and also cultural norms of young people, their families, and also their communities. 4-H believes that all young people, as members of families and communities and citizens of a global society, should have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Alabama 4-H builds a culturally competent workforce engaging adults and youth from diverse backgrounds. 4-H is inclusive and embraces diversity. Alabama 4-H values the safety and well-being of youth and adults. In addition, 4-H conducts programs under the authority of the USDA.</p>
<h1>Alabama 4-H Goals</h1>
<ul>
<li>Youth, through 4-H involvement, develop their potential and are leaders in their communities.</li>
<li>All youth have access and engage in programs and opportunities.</li>
<li>Youth engage in high quality, diverse, and relevant learning opportunities.</li>
<li>Youth are surrounded with competent, prepared staff and volunteers.</li>
<li>The Alabama 4-H system develops the capacity to effectively impact the lives of youth throughout the state.</li>
</ul>
<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings below via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons above via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons below via filter on the_content --><div class="at-below-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/"></div><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="tags">
<ul class="list-unstyled" role="list" aria-label="article tags list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/4-h">4-H</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/about-4-h">about 4-H</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/alabama-4-h">Alabama 4-H</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/youth">Youth</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<!-- RFF removed bookmarks feature -->
<div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox pull-right"></div>
</div>
</div>
<!--
<hr aria-hidden="true">
-->
<aside class="related-posts" role="complementary" aria-label="related posts">
<div class="related-icon" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<h3 class="heading-single">
<span>Related Articles</span>
</h3>
<div class="row">
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Alabama 4-H at Auburn University State Staff Directory">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/alabama-4-h-at-auburn-university-state-staff-directory/">
<img alt="Alabama 4-H at Auburn University Logo" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/4-H_AU_Logo_H-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/alabama-4-h-at-auburn-university-state-staff-directory/">
Alabama 4-H at Auburn University State Staff Directory </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Feb 19, 2025</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Chick Chain">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/chick-chain/">
<img alt="chicks on white background in Alabama 4-H Chick Chain; Alabama 4-H; Animals" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Chick-Chain-header-275x175.jpg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/chick-chain/">
Chick Chain </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Dec 06, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
<article class="col-md-4 col-sm-4" role="article" aria-label="Alabama 4-H Brings New Ideas to 2024 National Ag in the Classroom Conference">
<div class="related-post-media">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/alabama-4-h-brings-new-ideas-to-2024-national-ag-in-the-classroom-conference/">
<img alt="Alabama 4-H employees at 2024 National Ag in the Classroom Conference" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/20240624_191408505_iOS-275x175.jpeg" class="img-thumbnail">
</a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-content">
<div class="related-post-title">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/alabama-4-h-brings-new-ideas-to-2024-national-ag-in-the-classroom-conference/">
Alabama 4-H Brings New Ideas to 2024 National Ag in the Classroom Conference </a>
</div>
<div class="related-post-meta">
<span>Dec 06, 2024</span>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</aside>
</article><!-- #post-5124 -->
</div><!-- .content -->
</div><!-- .main-inner -->
</main><!-- .main -->
<footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="main footer" class="footer">
<div id="footer-inner" class="footer-inner">
<!-- Footer Top Container -->
<a name="contactExtAnchor"></a>
<div class="footer-top">
<div class="fullscreen-container contact-bar">
<div class="form-background">
<div class="text-center">
<span>Didn't find what you were looking for?</span>
<button id="contactExtButton" class="btn primary-d slide-panel-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="slide-panel">
Contact Extension
</button>
</div>
</div>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var button = $('#contactext').click(function() {
});
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('.notYourOfficeLink').click(function(){
getLocation();
});
});
</script>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="slide-pannel-wrapper">
<div id="slide-panel">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">State Office
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-7">
<ul class="list-contact" role="list" aria-label="Contact Information">
<li class="margin-bottom10">
Duncan Hall<br />
Auburn University,
AL 36849 </li>
<li class="margin-bottom10"><strong>Phone:</strong>
<a href="tel:(334) 844-4444" style="color:#fff;">(334) 844-4444</a>
</li>
<li><strong>Hours:</strong> 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/counties/state">
<button class="btn primary-d">
View Office
<span class="visually-hidden">Page</span>
<i class="fa fa-share fa-margin-left"></i>
</button>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-6">
<div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
<h3 class="color-white">Contact the State Office <span>
<button class="btn primary-d notYourOfficeLink" style="padding: .30em; font-size: 0.65em !important; margin-top: .25em;">
<i class="fa fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i> Locate nearest office
</button>
</span>
</h3>
<form class="clean-form dark-form" id="contact-form" role="form" aria-label="Contact us. All fields are required." action="https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputName">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="exampleInputName" name="name"
placeholder="Enter your name" required aria-required="true">
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputEmail">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail" name="email"
placeholder="Enter email" required aria-required="true">
<input type="text" name="fax_number" value="" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="sr-only" for="exampleInputMessage">Message</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="exampleInputMessage" rows="4" name="message"
placeholder="Enter your message." required aria-required="true"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn primary-d" role="button">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var form = $('#contact-form'),
name = form.find('input[name=name]'),
email = form.find('input[name=email]'),
message = form.find('textarea[name=message]'),
fax_number = form.find('input[name=fax_number]'),
url = 'https://www.aces.edu/wp-admin//admin-ajax.php?action=aces_contact_extension';
form.append('<input type="hidden" name="captcha" value="">');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
$.ajax({
url: url,
method: 'post',
data: {
name: name.val(),
email: email.val(),
message: message.val(),
fax_number: fax_number.val(),
venue_id: '17747',
office: 'State Office',
captcha: 'f3fb30a9fd'
}
})
.done(function(r) {
form.fadeOut(function() {
form.html("<div aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-atomic=\"true\" aria-role=\"alert\"><p>Thanks for contacting us! We will get in touch with you shortly.<\/p>\n<\/div>");
form.fadeIn();
});
})
.fail(function(r) {
alert('Unable to submit form...');
})
.always(function() {
});
});
});
</script> <div class="blank-spacer padding-xsmall"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<!-- /Footer Top Container -->
<!-- Footer Bottom Container -->
<div class="footer-bottom">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-push-6">
<ul class="footer-social list-inline" role="list"
aria-label="social media links open in new tab or window">
<li>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/AlabamaExtension" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Like us on Facebook</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://x.com/ACESedu" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> -->
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/twitterx-logo-white-32.png" alt="Twitter/X" width="70%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow us on Twitter</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/alabama-cooperative-extension-system/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Connect with us on LinkedIn</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@AlabamaExtension/featured" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/alabamaextension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<i class="fa fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">Follow is on instagram</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alabama_extension/" target="_blank" class="social-link">
<div class="icon-wrapper icon-border-round fa-2x">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/flickr-white.png" alt="flickr" width="90%" style="padding: 0 .4rem .6rem .6rem" >
<!--i class="fa fa-flickr" aria-hidden="true"></i-->
<span class="visually-hidden">Find ACES on Flickr</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/website-feedback/">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/topics/human-resources/employment-opportunities/">Jobs</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 2023-02-23 JMH & RFF copied 'footer-menu' for second row of links -->
<ul class="footer-menu list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/accessibility/commitment-to-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/nondiscrimination/nondiscrimination/">Nondiscrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-md-pull-6">
<div class="copyright">
<div class="logo-wrapper">
<a href="http://www.aamu.edu/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AAMU.wordmark_NewWHT_300x119.png" width="auto" alt="link to alabama a&m university"
style="padding: 10px 0"></a>
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/logo-divider.svg"
alt="ampersand"
aria-hidden="true"
width="auto"
style="padding:0 20px"
>
<a href="http://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/auburn_formal_v_onecolor_white_digital.svg" width="auto"
alt="link to auburn university">
</a>
</div>
Copyright <span aria-hidden="true">©</span> 2025 by the <a href="https://www.aces.edu/"
style="display: inline-block">Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</a><p>
All Rights Reserved.</p> <div class="footer-bottom-left">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="secondary navigation">
<ul class="footer-menu-left list-inline" role="list">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu" rel="nofollow" title="Login">Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/intranet/">Intranet</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Footer Bottom Container -->
<script>
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(getPositionAndReload);
}
}
function getPositionAndReload(position) {
//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//console.log('cur loc is'+curloc);
//if (curloc!=undefined) {} else {
var location = '['+position.coords.latitude+','+position.coords.longitude+']';
setGeoCookie('cl_location',location,365);
//DEBUG//console.log('Trying to set cl_location as '+location);
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
window.location="//www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/?&opencontact=true#contactExtAnchor";
//}
}
function setGeoCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
var d = new Date();
d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays*24*60*60*1000));
var expires = ";expires="+ d.toUTCString();
document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + ";secure;domain=aces.edu" + expires + ";path=/";
}
function getGeoCookie(name) {
var value = "; " + document.cookie;
var parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
}
//DEBUG//var curloc=getGeoCookie('cl_location');
//DEBUG//console.log('cur loc is '+curloc);
</script>
</div><!-- .footer-inner -->
<div id="footer-print" class="footer-print">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-print-logo">
<img src="/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.png" height="auto" alt="Alabama Extension">
</div><!-- .footer-print-logo -->
<div class="footer-print-content">
<p>Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.</p>
<hr>
<p>For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit www.aces.edu/directory.</p>
<hr>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Everyone is welcome! Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. <br><br>
© 2025 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.</p>
<h2>www.aces.edu</h2>
<p>This content printed from the website located at </p>
<h2>https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/</h2>
</div><!-- .footer-print-content -->
</div>
</div><!-- .footer-printr -->
</footer><!-- .footer -->
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
var el = $('.like-dislike'),
busy = false;
function set_state_callback(r) {
var like = el.parent().find('.like'),
dislike = el.parent().find('.dislike');
if ('like' === r) {
like.addClass('active');
dislike.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'unlike');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('unlike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.data('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('dislike' === r) {
like.removeClass('active');
dislike.addClass('active');
dislike.data('state', 'undislike');
like.data('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'true');
like.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
if ('undislike' === r) {
dislike.removeClass('active');
dislike.attr('state', 'dislike');
like.attr('state', 'like');
dislike.attr('aria-pressed', 'false');
}
}
function set_state(e) {
var el = $(e.target);
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( el.data().state ) ) {
el = $(e.target).parents('button');
}
var state = el.data().state,
post_id = Number( el.data().postId );
if ( busy ) {
return;
}
busy = true;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', true);
var likes = Cookies.get('aces-likes'),
dislikes = Cookies.get('aces-dislikes');
if ('undefined' === typeof( likes )) {
likes = [];
} else {
likes = likes.split(',');
likes = likes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
if ('undefined' === typeof( dislikes )) {
dislikes = [];
} else {
dislikes = dislikes.split(',');
dislikes = dislikes.map(function (r) {
return Number(r);
});
}
var i;
switch( state ) {
case 'dislike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if ( -1 !== i ) {
likes.splice( i, 1 );
}
if ( -1 === dislikes.indexOf(post_id) ) {
dislikes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'like':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
if (-1 === likes.indexOf(post_id)) {
likes.push(post_id);
}
break;
case 'unlike':
i = likes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
likes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
case 'undislike':
i = dislikes.indexOf(post_id);
if (-1 !== i) {
dislikes.splice(i, 1);
}
break;
}
busy = false;
$('.like-dislike').prop('disabled', false);
set_state_callback(state);
var _likes = likes.join(','),
_dislikes = dislikes.join(',');
Cookies.set('aces-likes', _likes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
Cookies.set('aces-dislikes', _dislikes, {expires: 365, path: '/'});
}
el.on('click', set_state);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function update_form_attributes() {
var el = $('.um-form form');
el.attr('role', 'form');
el.attr('aria-label', '');
}
update_form_attributes();
function update_alerts() {
var el = $('.um-notice');
el.attr('aria-live', 'assertive');
el.attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
el.attr('aria-role', 'alert')
}
update_alerts();
function update_cog_wheel() {
var el = $('.um-profile-edit-a'),
a = $('.um-profile-edit ul a');
el.append('<span class="sr-only">Profile Options</span>');
$(a[0]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Profile Info');
$(a[1]).attr('aria-label', 'Edit Account');
var dropdown = $('.um-profile-edit .um-dropdown');
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
el.click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'true');
});
$('.um-dropdown-hide').click(function() {
dropdown.attr('aria-expanded', 'false');
});
}
update_cog_wheel();
function update_select_2_items() {
var el = $('.select2-selection');
el.on('click keydown', function(e) {
var el = $(e.target),
field = el.parents('.um-field'),
label = field.find('.um-field-label'),
text = label.text().trim();
setTimeout(function() {
var label = '<label for="select2-search__field" class="sr-only">' + text + '</label>',
target = $('.select2-search__field');
target.attr('id', 'select2-search__field');
target.before(label);
});
});
}
setTimeout(update_select_2_items, 1000);
});
</script>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function update_um_buttons() {
var el = $('.um-button');
el.each(function () {
var el = $(this);
el.removeClass('um-button');
el.addClass('btn btn-block');
if ('submit' === el.attr('type')) {
el.addClass('primary-d');
}
if (el.hasClass('um-alt')) {
el.addClass('btn-default');
}
});
}
update_um_buttons();
});
</script>
<style>
.um-faicon-facebook {
padding-right: 10px;
}
.um * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.um .um-account-side, .um-account-side * {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.select2.select2-container .select2-selection {
border-width: 1px !important;
}
</style>
<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
function aces_um_form_validation() {
var inputs = [],
errors = {},
um_forms,
debug = true,
validation_rules = {
// Register
user_login: {
presence: {message: '^A username is required.'},
length: {
minimum: 3,
message: '^Username must be at least 3 characters'
}
},
first_name: { presence: {message: '^First name is required.'} },
last_name: { presence: {message: '^Last name is required.'} },
user_email: {
presence: { message: '^Email address is required.' },
email: { message: '^A valid email address is required.' }
},
user_password: { presence: { message: '^A password is required.' } },
confirm_user_password: { presence: { message: '^Password confirmation is required.'} },
// Login
username: {presence: {message: '^Please input your username.'}},
},
event_bindings = [
// Registration form.
{ key: 'user_login', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'first_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'last_name', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_email', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
{ key: 'confirm_user_password', events: ['change', 'blur'] },
// Login form.
{ key: 'username', events: ['change'] },
];
function get_validation_rules(el, key) {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(validation_rules[key]) ) {
var rules = {};
rules[key] = validation_rules[key];
return rules;
}
return {};
}
function trigger_validate_callbacks() {
$('body').trigger( new $.Event('validate-form') );
}
function bind_validation(el, key) {
var rules = get_validation_rules(el, key),
cb = function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( $(el).data('is_bound') ) ) {
$(el).data('is_bound', true);
return;
}
var model = {},
value = $(el).val();
if ( '' !== value ) {
model[key] = value;
}
var output = validate(model, rules);
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof( output ) ) {
errors[key] = output[key];
print_errors();
} else {
$('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"] .um-field-error').remove();
}
};
// Loop through event bindings.
_.each( event_bindings, function(binding) {
if ( key !== binding.key ) {
return;
}
// Bind the callback to each event type.
_.each( binding.events, function(event) {
$(el).on(event, cb);
});
$('body').on('validate-form', cb);
});
}
// Add required attribute for necessary fields.
function set_field_attributes() {
_.each( validation_rules, function( rules, key ) {
_.each( inputs, function(input) {
if ( key !== $(input).data('key') ) {
return;
}
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof(rules.presence) ) {
if ( $(input).is(':visible') ) {
$(input).attr('required', 'true');
}
}
});
});
}
function print_errors() {
// No errors.
if ( 0 === Object.keys(errors).length ) {
return false;
}
_.each( errors, function (errors, key) {
// Get element by key.
var el = $('.um-field[data-key="' + key + '"]'),
error_div = el.find('.um-field-error'),
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
if ( error_div.length === 0 ) {
el.append('<div class="um-field-error"><span class="um-field-arrow"><i class="um-faicon-caret-up"></i></span><div class="errors"></div>');
}
// Error div exists already, move current text into .errors container.
if ( errors_div.length === 0 ) {
error_div.append('<span class="errors"></span>');
var text = error_div.text();
error_div.text('');
error_div.find('.errors').append(text);
}
errors_div = el.find('.errors');
errors_div.html('');
_.each( errors, function(error) {
errors_div.append('<span>' + error + '</span>');
});
})
}
function validate_form() {
// Reset errors object.
errors = {};
// Validate form.
trigger_validate_callbacks();
// Make sure errors object is empty.
if ( 0 !== Object.keys( errors ).length ) {
print_errors();
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Prevent the form from submitting if invalid data.
function hook_form_submit(e) {
var is_valid = validate_form();
if ( ! is_valid ) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
// Run the script.
function initialize() {
// Find UM Forms on page.
um_forms = $('.um-form form');
if (um_forms.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Get inputs.
inputs = um_forms.find('input');
_.each(inputs, function (el) {
var key = $(el).data('key');
bind_validation(el, key);
});
// Set field attributes.
set_field_attributes();
// Validate form on submit.
_.each( um_forms, function(form) {
$(form).on('submit', hook_form_submit);
});
}
initialize();
}
// Run the main class.
aces_um_form_validation();
});
</script>
<script>
( function ( body ) {
'use strict';
body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' );
} )( document.body );
</script>
<!-- GTM Container placement set to footer -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MVTL786" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KX279PGP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRCR8MW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
var images = $('img'),
alts = [];
$(images).each(function () {
var alt = $(this).attr('alt'),
url = $(this).attr('src');
alts.push({
url: url,
alt: alt
});
});
window.alt_tags = alts;
});
</script>
<style>
body.home header#header {
z-index: 1;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
}
.header-middle {
position: relative;
z-index: 101;
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}
.page-wrapper {
overflow-x: visible;
}
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
.list-inline.event-actions .btn {
margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}
</style>
<script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><div
id="hustle-slidein-id-2"
class="hustle-ui hustle-slidein hustle-palette--gray_slate hustle_module_id_2 module_id_2 hustle-show-this-module"
data-id="2"
data-render-id="0"
data-tracking="disabled"
role="dialog"
aria-modal="true"
data-position="s"
data-close-delay="false"
style="opacity: 0;"
><div class="hustle-slidein-content"><div class="hustle-info hustle-info--compact"><div class="hustle-main-wrapper"><div class="hustle-layout"><button class="hustle-button-icon hustle-button-close has-background">
<span class="hustle-icon-close" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="hustle-screen-reader">Close this module</span>
</button><div class="hustle-content"><div class="hustle-content-wrap"><div class="hustle-group-title"><span class="hustle-title">Cookie Notice</span></div><div class="hustle-group-content"><p>This website uses cookies to collect information to improve your browsing experience. Please review our <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php">Privacy Statement</a> for more information.</p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style>
.post-format.cat-about-4-h {
background-image: url('https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/4-h-clover-white.svg');
background-size: 75%;
background-position: center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>
<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">if (window.addthis_product === undefined) { window.addthis_product = "wpp"; } if (window.wp_product_version === undefined) { window.wp_product_version = "wpp-6.2.7"; } if (window.addthis_share === undefined) { window.addthis_share = {}; } if (window.addthis_config === undefined) { window.addthis_config = {"data_track_clickback":true,"ui_atversion":"300"}; } if (window.addthis_plugin_info === undefined) { window.addthis_plugin_info = {"info_status":"enabled","cms_name":"WordPress","plugin_name":"Share Buttons by AddThis","plugin_version":"6.2.7","plugin_mode":"AddThis","anonymous_profile_id":"wp-f5b5bcc18a1823148d9793e19808ba2b","page_info":{"template":"posts","post_type":"aces_content_piece"},"sharing_enabled_on_post_via_metabox":false}; }
(function() {
var first_load_interval_id = setInterval(function () {
if (typeof window.addthis !== 'undefined') {
window.clearInterval(first_load_interval_id);
if (typeof window.addthis_layers !== 'undefined' && Object.getOwnPropertyNames(window.addthis_layers).length > 0) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers);
}
if (Array.isArray(window.addthis_layers_tools)) {
for (i = 0; i < window.addthis_layers_tools.length; i++) {
window.addthis.layers(window.addthis_layers_tools[i]);
}
}
}
},1000)
}());
</script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ab9116ed1b2344a"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_icons-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-icons.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_global-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-global.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_info-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-info.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle_slidein-css' href='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/css/hustle-slidein.min.css?ver=4.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hustle-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Open+Sans%3Aregular%2C700&display=swap&ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4' id='underscore-js'></script>
<script src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/aces-content-manager//assets/js/validate.min.js' id=' validatejs-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hui_scripts-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var hustleSettings = {"mobile_breakpoint":"782"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/hustle-ui/js/hustle-ui.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hui_scripts-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='hustle_front-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Modules = [{"settings":{"auto_close_success_message":"0","triggers":{"on_time_delay":"0","on_time_unit":"seconds","on_scroll":"scrolled","on_scroll_page_percent":20,"on_scroll_css_selector":"","enable_on_click_element":"1","on_click_element":"","enable_on_click_shortcode":"1","on_exit_intent_per_session":"1","on_exit_intent_delayed_time":"0","on_exit_intent_delayed_unit":"seconds","on_adblock_delay":"0","on_adblock_delay_unit":"seconds","trigger":["time"]},"animation_in":"no_animation","animation_out":"no_animation","after_close":"no_show_all","expiration":365,"expiration_unit":"days","after_optin_expiration":365,"after_optin_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta_expiration":365,"after_cta2_expiration":365,"after_cta_expiration_unit":"days","after_cta2_expiration_unit":"days","on_submit":"nothing","on_submit_delay":"5","on_submit_delay_unit":"seconds","close_cta":"0","close_cta_time":"0","close_cta_unit":"seconds","hide_after_cta":"keep_show","hide_after_cta2":"keep_show","hide_after_subscription":"keep_show","is_schedule":"0","schedule":{"not_schedule_start":"1","start_date":"09\/28\/2022","start_hour":"12","start_minute":"00","start_meridiem_offset":"am","not_schedule_end":"1","end_date":"10\/04\/2022","end_hour":"11","end_minute":"59","end_meridiem_offset":"pm","active_days":"all","week_days":[],"is_active_all_day":"1","day_start_hour":"00","day_start_minute":"00","day_start_meridiem_offset":"am","day_end_hour":"11","day_end_minute":"59","day_end_meridiem_offset":"pm","time_to_use":"server","custom_timezone":"UTC"},"display_position":"s","auto_hide":"0","auto_hide_unit":"seconds","auto_hide_time":"5","after_close_trigger":["click_close_icon"]},"module_id":"2","blog_id":"0","module_name":"Cookie Notice","module_type":"slidein","active":"1","module_mode":"informational","avoidStaticCache":true}];
var incOpt = {"conditional_tags":{"is_single":true,"is_singular":true,"is_tag":false,"is_category":false,"is_author":false,"is_date":false,"is_post_type_archive":false,"is_404":false,"is_front_page":false,"is_search":false},"is_admin":"","real_page_id":"","thereferrer":"","actual_url":"www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/about-4-h\/about-alabama-4-h\/","full_actual_url":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/blog\/topics\/about-4-h\/about-alabama-4-h\/","native_share_enpoints":{"facebook":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h","twitter":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h&text=About%20Alabama%204-H","pinterest":"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h","reddit":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h","linkedin":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h","vkontakte":"https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h","whatsapp":"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h","email":"mailto:?subject=About%20Alabama%204-H&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fblog%2Ftopics%2Fabout-4-h%2Fabout-alabama-4-h"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","page_id":"5124","page_slug":"blog-topics-about-4-h-about-alabama-4-h","is_upfront":"","script_delay":"3000"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/hustle/assets/js/front.min.js?ver=4.8.2' id='hustle_front-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.18.1' id='gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' id='aces_theme-js-extra'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var subcat5_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.aces.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_custom_nonce":"3f6ad6b6e3"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/js/all.min.js' id='aces_theme-js'></script>
<script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://stats.wp.com/e-202513.js' id='jetpack-stats-js'></script>
<script id="jetpack-stats-js-after" type="text/javascript">
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", {v:'ext',blog:'161156254',post:'5124',tz:'-5',srv:'www.aces.edu',j:'1:12.7.2'} ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "161156254", "5124" ]);
</script>
<script id="gt_widget_script_60293548-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['60293548'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-60293548","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="60293548" defer></script><script id="gt_widget_script_58947156-js-before" type="text/javascript">
window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ window.gtranslateSettings || {};window.gtranslateSettings['58947156'] = {"default_language":"en","languages":["af","sq","am","ar","hy","bn","bg","zh-CN","zh-TW","hr","cs","da","nl","en","fi","fr","de","el","gu","haw","iw","hmn","hu","is","id","ga","it","ja","kn","km","ko","lo","lv","mk","ms","ml","mr","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sm","sr","si","sl","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","yi","yo"],"url_structure":"none","detect_browser_language":1,"flag_style":"2d","flag_size":24,"wrapper_selector":"#gt-wrapper-58947156","alt_flags":{"en":"usa","es":"mexico"},"custom_css":".gtranslate_wrapper { display: inline;}\r\n","horizontal_position":"inline","flags_location":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/gtranslate\/flags\/"};
</script><script src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/popup.js" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/blog/topics/about-4-h/about-alabama-4-h/" data-gt-orig-domain="www.aces.edu" data-gt-widget-id="58947156" defer></script> <script>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
function set_alt_tags() {
$('img').each(function () {
var cur_url = $(this).attr('src'),
img = $(this);
$(window.alt_tags).each(function () {
if ( 'undefined' === typeof( this.alt ) ) {
return;
}
if (cur_url === this.url && this.alt.length > 0) {
img.attr('alt', this.alt);
// console.log('set to', this.alt);
}
});
});
}
var slides = [
'revapi24',
'revapi486',
'revapi1063'
];
$(slides).each(function () {
var key = this;
if ('undefined' !== typeof( window[key] ) && 'undefined' !== typeof( window[key][0] )) {
window[key].on('revolution.slide.onloaded', function () {
setTimeout(set_alt_tags, 1500);
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- Hummingbird cache file was created in 0.3651168346405 seconds, on 27-03-25 6:14:07 --> |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/greenhouses/greenhouse-23-x-48 | Greenhouse (23 x 48) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Lawn and Garden"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Greenhouses » Greenhouse (23 x 48)
## Greenhouse (23 x 48)
| GREENHOUSES | Filed Under: Agriculture, Lawn and Garden |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: 6029 | |
| View as PDF: 6029.pdf | |
| Print PDF | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. Shaun Robert Broderick Associate Extension/Research Prof Dr. Alan Henn Extension Professor | |
| Dr. James Dewey McCurdy Associate Professor Mrs.PaweI Miroslaw Orlinski Instructor I Dr. Barry R. Stewart Professor | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4082
How to Raise Your Google Business Profile to Attract More Customers
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4086
How to Boost Your Sales Leads with Email Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4076
How to Organize a Hands-On Workshop for the Master Floral Designer
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4075
## Crafting Social Media Messages Your Customers Can't Ignore
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4083
How to Reach Your Audience and Boost Sales with Content Marketing
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ... | ... | next_ last_x |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues | Recent Issues |
| 4H ANIMAL LINES NEWSLETTERS | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines | March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines |
| MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER |
| Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners | Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners |
| DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes |
| MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER | MISSISSPI MARKETMAKER |
| Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers | Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers |
| DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots | DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ... | next_ last_x | | | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/cover-crop-biomass-influences-weed-suppression/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Leanne Dillard",
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Healthy Soils",
"Farming",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | Just as cover crops provide a natural suppression for soil diseases and pests, they also assist in weed suppression. Weed resistance management has moved to the forefront of research and extension.
Cover crops can have an influence on weed growth, whether they are actively growing or remain as plant residue after cover crop termination. Different mechanisms have different effects on weed life stages. This depends on actively living in the post-mortem phase.
## Current recommendations include:
- Integration of high-residue cover crop systems.
- Inversion of the soil profile to bury the surface seedbank.
- Overlapping residual herbicides.
Surface tillage is also recommended to enable increased pre-plant and pre-emergence herbicide use.
## More Information
Download a PDF with more information on cover crops and weed suppression.
(https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/SpecialPubs/SP1C)
Cookie Notice |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-management-and-finance/e-farm-management-training/livestock-marketing/site-files/docs/livestock-marketing.pdf | Livestock Marketing | Oklahoma State University | [
"JJ Jones"
] | Error: time data "D:20181120100804-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Livestock Marketing
## What is Marketing?
- ■ Definition :
A term used to cover those activities of firms associated with the sales and distribution of product(s). MIT Dictionary of Modern Economics
- The process of producers monitoring input and output market conditions, managing market risk and controlling the movement of products into the market
## Livestock Marketing
- Every operation should develop a marketing plan.
- No two plans will be identical.
- Plans should be developed for every product a producer expects to sell.
- To develop a marketing plan, producers must answer the 3 W's
- What?
- Where?
- When?
## What?
- What product is being produced?
- Market animals
- Size, weight, sex, breed
- Replacement animals
- Age, open or bred, breed, sex
- Niche markets
- All natural, organic, etc.
Knowing what product is going to be sold helps determine an operations market potential.
## Where?
- Off of the farm
- No commission or transportation costs
- Need to know current market situation
- Weight?
Auction Barn
- Easiest
- No problems collecting money
- May not receive complete worth of livestock
- Other
- Special Sales
- Will have to produce that type of product.
- Farmer's Markets
- Typically a finished product
## When to sell your livestock
- The best time to sell your livestock will depend on matching up your optimum production schedule with the optimum marketing time.
- When to marketing your animals is determined by your production schedule.
- Therefore you need to consider the total production schedule before determining your marketing date.
## Matching Production with Marketing
150 days
Breed in July
## Matching Production with Marketing
Goat Example
Plety of summer forage available
Breeding should not be a problem.
## When?
- Most livestock prices have a seasonal pattern.
- Prices are higher and lower than average for certain types and weight groups during certain times of the year.
- These changes are generally caused by:
- Increased demand
- Holidays
- Summer BBQ season
- Decreased supply
- Production cycles
## Oklahoma Cattle Seasonal Price Chart
Data Source: USDA-AMS, Completed & Analysis by LMIC
## Oklahoma Cattle Seasonal Price Chart
Index
## Oklahoma Cattle Seasonal Price Chart
Index
## Value Added Opportunities
## Preconditioning
- Cooperative marketing/purchasing
- Retained ownership through custom feeding
- Strategic alliances
- Niche Markets
- Organic
- Natural
## Summary
- Every livestock operation needs to develop a marketing plan.
- Remember the 3 W's
- What
- Where
- When
- Make sure to consider production schedules when determining marketing plans.
- Be sure to investigate value added opportunities.
## Funding Support from:
This material is based upon work supported by USDA/NIFA under Award Number 2015-4920024228. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry/alabama-natural-resources-council/ | Forestry | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Alabama Natural Resources Council"
] | 2018-07-27 | [
"Forestry",
"Natural Resources",
"Wildlife"
] | AL | ## Alabama Natural Resources Council
Approximately 70 percent of Alabama is covered with forests. In addition to providing clean air, water, and recreational opportunities, Alabama forests provide the raw material for a $20 billion dollar forest products industry. Combined with the $3 billion annual impact of forest-associated outdoor recreation, it's easy to see why forests and wildlife are considered essential components of Alabama's economic and social landscape.
Seventy-eight percent of Alabama forests are owned by families holding less than 100 acres. Their careful stewardship has significantly increased Alabama forest acreage and productivity over the past several decades. And, wildlife populations have increased from an estimated 16,500 deer and 11,000 wild turkeys in the 1940s, to about 1.5 million deer and 450,000 turkeys in Alabama today. It is the mission of the Alabama Natural Resources Council (ANRC) to continue this positive trend by promoting sustainable forest management to family forest owners.
Members of the ANRC are state leaders of government agencies and private organizations with an interest in forest resources. The Council collaboratively develops programs and activities that motivate Alabama landowners, leaders, and citizens to be wise stewards of our forests and related sustainable natural resources through the coordinated services and programs available from participating organizations. The Council has successfully served forest landowners throughout the state since 1971 and currently focuses on several key activities.
## Natural Resources Outreach
## Committee Cooke Notice
(http://www.forestry.alabama.gov)
- · Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee (https://alconservationdistricts.gov)
- · Alabama TREASURE Forest Association
- (https://www.treasureforest.org)
- · Alabama Wildlife Federation
- (https://www.albamawildlife.org)
- · Association of Consulting Foresters, Inc., Alabama Chapter
(https://www.acf-forests.org/acfwbe)
- · College of Agriculture, Auburn University
- (http://agriculture.aubum.edu)
- · School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University
- (http://fsws.auburn.edu)
- · USDA Farm Service Agency (https://www.fsa.usda.gov)
- · USDA Forest Service, National Forests in Alabama
- (https://www.fs.usda.gov/alabama)
- · USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry
- (https://www.fs.fed.us/spil)
- · USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/national/home/)
- · USDA Rural Development (https://www.rd.usda.gov) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/articles/2022/hay-sales.html | Buyer beware: Scams, drought and other factors affecting hay sales this year - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-11-07 | [] | OK | As livestock owners look for ways to feed animals through the winter in an extended drought, remember all hay is not created equal. Hay baled later in a season of drought will not contain the same nutrient levels as forage baled in a more optimal year. (Photo by Todd Johnson, OSU Agricultural Communications Services)
## Buyer beware: Scams, drought and other factors affecting hay sales this year
Monday, November 7, 2022
Media Contact: Gail Ellis | Editorial Communications Coordinator | 405-744-9152 | gail.ellis@okstate.edu(mailto:gail.ellis@okstate.edu)
## Share
Livestock owners who plan to purchase hay over the next few months need to make careful and informed decisions to protect their animals, especially when purchasing hay from out of state.
Buyers should be aware that the drought has significantly impacted forage quality this year. Low hay yields resulted in many producers baling up failed crops and other grass varieties not typically harvested as a forage. As a result, overall hay quality is lower.
"During the last drought, there was a lot of hay baled very mature along roadsides and abandoned fields with the lowest density setting the baler could handle to produce light, lowdensity bales then transported across two states. Hay should be tested before purchase and priced per ton instead of by the bale." said Paul Beck(https://experts.okstate.edu/paul.beck), Oklahoma State University Extension ( https://extension.okstate.edu/index.html ) beef nutrition specialist.
Mark Johnson(https://experts.okstate.edu/mark.johnson), OSU Extension livestock evaluation specialist, advises answering these questions when buying hay:
- · Where is it located? Hay cannot be moved from
fire ant endemic areas(https://ag.ok.gov/plant-industry/) without taking steps to ensure there are no fire ants being transported to areas designated free of fire ants.
- · When was it baled? 2021? 2022? Older hay may have more spoilage.
- · How has it been stored? In a barn or outside? On the ground or on pallets?
- · How is it wrapped? Net wrapped bales keep better than those wrapped in twine.
- · What is the size of the bales?
- · Request pricing based on tonnage or weight, not per bale.
A laboratory test is a critical step in determining the nutritive value of any lot of hay offered for sale. The National Forage Testing Association(https://www.foragingtesting.org/) provides contact information for commercial laboratories that are certified, indicating they have met testing accuracy standards. Dave Lalman(https://experts.okstate.edu/david.lalman), OSU Extension beef cattle specialist, recommends evaluating the following in a hay test report:
- · Moisture content: The moisture content is an important factor in determining hay value because water is expensive to transport, and excessive moisture promotes mold and spoilage.
- · Protein concentration: A dry, gestating cow requires about 8% of her diet to be dry matter in protein. If the hay contains only 4% protein, half of the cow's protein requirement will need to come from another source.
- · Energy or digestibility: Mature, low-quality hay is low in digestibility or energy. When digestibility is low, cattle can't consume enough forage to meet their energy requirements. A dry, gestating cow requires a minimum of 52% total digestible nutrients. If the TDN is lower, additional energy will need to come from another source to keep the cows from losing weight and condition.
- · The relative feed value, or RFV, is a long-standing index based on hay chemical composition that can be used to determine the relative feeding value of hay. RFV is one number used to decide if the hay is worth its asking price in the current market.
- · Vitamins and minerals: Hay balanced later in the growing season contains little beta-carotene, which is the precursor to vitamin A. Therefore, vitamin A supplementation is critical when feeding low-quality forage. Macro and micro minerals also decline as the maturity progresses.
For horse owners buying hay, Kris Hiney ( https://experts.okstate.edu/khine ) , OSU Extension equine specialist, suggests considering these factors:
- · Most maintenance horses are relatively easy to feed and can be fed lower quality diets (or lower quantity) than are typically fed.
- · Horses will consume less of lower quality hay. If the relative feed value drops due to a higher acid detergent fiber, horses will reduce their intake.
- · Acknowledge there is no way to avoid a higher feed bill this fall and winter. Livestock and horse owners must decide if they want to spend more money on hay or alternative forage sources.
"Remember some of the alternative or low-quality forages a cow might do okay on may not work for horses," Hiney said. "You have to remember that as a monogastric hind gut fermenter, horses will need higher quality forages than cows can get away with."
Finally, hay buyers should watch out for scams. Hay posted for sale online is not a guarantee. Always purchase hay from a trusted or verified source and never pay for bales without first viewing them in person.
## Share
Animal Health and Sciences (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=Animal%20Health%20and%20Sciences)
Food Land and Natural Resources (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?
tags=Food%20Land%20and%20Natural%20Resources)
OSU Agriculture (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Agriculture)
OSU Extension (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Extension)
hay (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=hay) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/fredept/2022/05/17/agricultural-impacts-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ | Agricultural Impacts of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine | University of Florida | [
"Alena Poulin"
] | 2022-05-17 | [
"Agriculture",
"Crops",
"Uncategorized",
"agricultural economics",
"Food and Resource Economics"
] | FL | ## Agricultural Impacts of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine
Author:
Professor Andrew Schmitz, Ph.D., D.Litt.
Eminent Scholar: Ben Hill Griffin Jr. Endowed Chair
Food and Resource Economics
Nature.com reports that farmers in Ukraine are extremely stressed because of bombings and fighting the invaders. Truth is that irrespective of where and what, the intertwined nature of food production, supply, and distribution in a global economy is likely to impact the prices in the U.S., and food security across the world for some time to come.
## A look at the numbers
Ukraine has 102.5 million acres of farmland, much of very high quality. Ukraine produces about 20% of the world's high-grade wheat. In 2021, it had 14% of the world wheat export market. Ukraine also supplies significant corn (15%), barley (15%) and rye to Europe and exports 60% of its large production of sunflower oil and seed.
US Department of Agriculture. (January 12, 2022). Leading 10 wheat producers worldwide in 2021/2022 (in 1,000 metric tons)* [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/237912/global-top-wheatproducing-countries/
Russia is also a large producer of wheat and corn and is the world's largest exporter of wheat. As of 2021, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine combined were among the largest producers of grains and oil seeds. Together, they were the largest exporters of wheat, having more than 30% of wheat export shares. In contrast, in the 1950s through the 1980s, these regions were grain importers. At that time, the U.S. was the largest world
exporter of wheat but now trails leading exporters such as Canada (Schmitz & Cegini, Ch. 4 of Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Trade 2021).
Even before the invasion, the prices of grain and oilseed commodities were already skyrocketing, and my colleagues' and my research emphasizes that the invasion of Ukraine by Russia has added fuel to the fire (Agricultural Policy, Agribusiness, and RentSeeking Behaviour , Forcoming, 2022). Prior to the invasion in 2022, 1) some grain and oilseed prices were at record highs; 2) input costs were at high levels, and 3) supply chain disruptions were rampant. The prices of inputs, including fuel, pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer used by farmers had also increased dramatically, mostly during the Fall of 2021. Fertilizer and chemical prices more than doubled during 2021.
Ryan Dezember makes this point in the April 13, 2022, edition of The Wall Street Journal in his article "Commodity Market Swings Snarl Real World Business." He says, "Russia's invasion of Ukraine has added to market disruption, especially in energy and grain sectors. Bouts of inclement weather and supply chain problems have complicated delivery in some markets?" As a result, consumer prices have increased dramatically, as have input prices.
## What might happen to agricultural production in Ukraine and Russia in 2022?
In Ukraine, the harvesting of winter wheat will begin this June. It is possible that the production and exports of corn, wheat, and sunflowers could be significantly lower than in 2021. If this is the case, there could be further increases in the price of food commodities worldwide. Keep in mind that many food commodities are produced and traded worldwide. Therefore, major disruptions of food production in Russia and Ukraine could trigger significantly higher commodity prices.
Ukrainian farmers are giving up farming to fight in the war. Also, high agricultural productivity in Ukraine is partly due to intensive use of fertilizers, chemicals, and herbicides, which have become extremely limited due to supply chain disruptions. Total productivity in grains and oilseeds also relies to some extent on the use of modern U.S. farm technologies, including John Deere tractors and John Deere and Case International grain harvesters.
Farm storage is needed for successful grain farming. Storage facilities may well have been damaged in the invasion. Ships and roads for transporting grain are tied up by the Russians. In assessing the agricultural damage from the invasion, consider that Ukraine produced 54 million metric tonnes of wheat in 2021. Canada, a large wheat-growing area, in the same period, produced 30 million metric tonnes. Therefore, if the total Ukraine wheat crop were destroyed from the invasion, the impact on world food commodity prices would be major.
OECD. (March 17, 2022). Forecast decline in global cereal exports due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, by cereal type and forecast model [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1282395/expected-decline-inworldwide-cereal-exports-due-to-war-in-ukraine/
Oil deserves special mention. Oil prices, along with the price of natural gas, are major components of food production costs. Schmitz, Moss, and Schmitz, in their article, "The economic effects of COVID-19 on the producers of ethanol, corn, gasoline, and oil," point out that the price of oil has more than quadrupled since the beginning of 2021, along with the price of natural gas, a major component of nitrogen fertilizer (Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization , 2020). Since the invasion, oil prices have risen even more.
The magnitude of Western sanctions against Russia will have significant impacts on agricultural trade. For example, sanctions on Russian exports of oil and natural gas drive up energy and fertilizer prices-major inputs used by farmers worldwide. However, Russia has suspended food and fertilizer exports. It had done so earlier between 2007 and 2011. To learn more about the current situation's effect on fertilizer and agricultural supplies, see a recent blog.post from Rao Mylavarapu.
o by Alena Poulin Posted: May 17, 2022
Category: AGRICULTURE, Crops, Tags: Agricultural Economics, Food And Resource Economics
## More From Blogs.IFAS
· UF Researchers Seek To Support The Citrus Industry Through Studies Looking At Cover Crop Adoption.
- · Alumni Spotlight: Michaela Kandzer
- · Undergraduate Advisor Danielle Shu Awarded UF 2023 Career Influencer Award
- · FRE Alumni Spotlight: Jenna Rogers |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/nmp/2023/11/08/uf-ifas-researchers-in-north-florida-examining-watermelon-best-management-practices/ | UF/IFAS Researchers in North Florida Examining Watermelon Best Management Practices | University of Florida | [
"Bob Hochmuth"
] | 2023-11-08 | [
"Agriculture",
"controlled release",
"fertilizer",
"nitrogen management",
"nutrient management program",
"Robert Hochmuth",
"Sydney Williams",
"watermelon"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS Researchers in North Florida Examining Watermelon Best Management Practices
Watermelon is a major crop grown in the Suwannee Valley. It accounts for nearly one-third of the total watermelon production in Florida, covering approximately 26,300 acres. The Sunshine State grows about one of every four watermelons produced in the United States each year. This tasty crop represents an $88 million industry for Florida agriculture!
Cultural practices used to grow watermelons have changed in the last 25 to 30 years. North Florida growers transitioned away from planting on bare ground and watering with overhead center pivot irrigation. Now they use more efficient plastic mulch and drip irrigation practices. Growers and supporting agriculturalists are intently focusing on the implementation of best management practices (BMPs). These create the most environmentally and economically sustainable growing operations possible.
## Research and Extension Efforts
Spring 2023 was the beginning of a new research trial at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC)-Suwannee Valley:
"Evaluation of Water-Soluble and Controlled Release Fertilizer
Sources and Delivery Methods in Watermelon for Yield, Fruit Number and Weight, and Nitrogen and Potassium in Leaf Tissue"
Funding support came from the Florida Watermelon Association, NFREC-Suwannee Valley Staff, and other industry cooperators. The project's collaborators are Mark Warren, Tatiana Sanchez-Jones, Tyler Pittman, Jay Capasso, Dan Fenneman, Emily Beach, Sudeep Sidhu, Kevin Athearn, Kabel Kelley, and Avery Kelley.
The group demonstrated the irrigation system automation during a field day event in April. That also included an update on research
with paper mulch and successful fertilizer management programs. Approximately 40 people attended the event, including growers, industry professionals, UF/IFAS staff, and other interested parties. Mr. Bob Hochmuth, NFREC-Suwannee Valley assistant center director, also presented the research results at the Florida Watermelon Association's Annual Convention. About 70 people attended that Grower Educational Session in October.
## Objective
The objective of this research was to evaluate nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) management programs comparing controlled release fertilizer (CRF), all liquid fertilizer, and a conventional commercial fertilizer program. All programs were implemented using plastic mulch and a drip irrigation system typically used for watermelons grown in North Florida's deep sandy soils.
## Treatments
This trial included four different fertilizer treatments replicated four times. All treatments received the same total season N (150 lbs/A) and K2O (200 lbs/A) rates. The K2O applications included 50 lbs/A pre-plant applied to all plots from the application of 0-8-13 (N-P205 -K2O). The remainder of the fertilizer was applied to each treatment as described below. All nutrients, other than N and K, were applied uniformly to the experimental area before beds were formed. The four fertilizer treatments were:
- · "Conventional" - Traditional conventional granular fertilizer (uncoated) with 45 lbs/A of N and K2O in the bed prior to laying plastic mulch and the remainder (105 lbs/A) of N and K2O via fertigation through the drip system.
- · "Full Season CRF" - Polymer-coated fertilizer applied to the soil prior to laying plastic mulch for a season-long supply of N and K (150 lbs/A of N and K2O).
- · "Partial Season CRF" - Polymer-coated nitrogen and potassium fertilizer with 45 lbs/A of N and K2O applied to the soil prior to laying plastic mulch and the remainder (105 lbs/A) of N and K2O applied via fertigation through the drip system.
- · "All Liquid" - Soluble sources of N and K (8-0-8 N-P205-K2O) solution were supplied from the beginning of the season, fertigated via drip irrigation (150 lbs/A of N and K2O).
The left row is the Controlled Release Fertilizer Full Season Treatment, and the right row is the Conventional Treatment.
## Results
The results of this trial showed that all four fertilizer treatments performed similarly and maintained a sufficient or high level of leaf tissue N throughout the entire season. However, leaf tissue K concentrations were maintained at or slightly below the recommended range on occasion. Total watermelon yield ranged from 68,265 lbs/acre to 73,865 lbs/acre for all three harvests combined. There were no statistically significant yield difference between the four treatments. The data supported the idea that any of the four fertilizer programs if properly managed with irrigation,
can sufficiently meet crop N and K needs and provide similar high yield and fruit size.
## 3
by Sydney Williams and Bob Hochmuth
Posted: November 8, 2023
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Category: AGRICULTURE, UF/IAS Extension
Tags: Controlled Release, Fertilizer, Nitrogen Management, Nutrient Management Program, Robert Hochmuth, Sydney Williams,
Watermelon
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE760 | The Florida Handbook of Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation: Overview | University of Florida | [
"Michael T. Olexa",
"Christopher Hill"
] | 2024-06-10 | [
"Other"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## The Florida Handbook of Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation: Overview
Michael T. Olexa and Christopher Hill
## General Overview
Federal law regulating the management of solid and hazardous wastes can be found in many different acts of Congress. For example, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) affects waste management. No single comprehensive federal law for solid and hazardous waste management exists, although the RCRA touches on most of the major issues.
There is also no single comprehensive state law that typically fills in the gaps and supplements federal law. In some cases, as in the RCRA, the federal government delegates the responsibility for administering the statute to a state agency. In many instances, state law standards are stricter than federal standards. Consequently, although compliance with state law may ensure compliance with federal laws, the converse is not necessarily true. Because state and federal laws often have different purposes, the specific regulations may vary. For example, the federal government may regulate pesticides to protect consumers while the state regulates pesticides to protect farmworkers. Both statutes regulate pesticides but for different reasons, therefore compliance with state regulations is not always sufficient to ensure compliance with federal regulations.
Local regulations may be stricter still. Counties and cities in Florida are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers posed by mismanagement of wastes and are concerned about bearing a disproportionate share of the costs of such mismanagement. Local regulations are not covered in this handbook due to the number and diversity of those regulations throughout the state. We strongly recommend that you contact your local county and city commissions, as well as the local waste-planning agency, for detailed information about local waste management regulations.
If you have questions about whether you have complied with all applicable regulations, always ask, because it is well recognized in the American legal system that ignorance of the law is not an excuse. It is best to prevent a potential problem entirely. Next best is to investigate and correct a problem early. The least desirable option is to allow a problem to get out of control and to suffer the penalties. Not knowing or understanding the rules will not protect you from these penalities.
## Acknowledgment
The authors are indebted to the personnel of both state and federal agencies who gave of their time and advice in the preparation of this handbook. The authors are also indebted to the O. R., and Shirley Minton and the James S. and Dorothy F. Wershow Endowments for funding assistance in the development of this handbook, and Andra Johnson, Ph.D., dean and professor, Office of Dean for Extension and the Florida Cooperative Extension Service.
Publication #FE760
Release Date: June 11, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe760-2008
Critical Issue: Other
Contacts: Mike Olexa
View PDF
## About this Publication
This is EDIS document FE760, a publication of the Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Published November 2008, revised March 2023. Please visit the EDIS website at http://dis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. Disclaimer: This handbook is distributed with the understanding that the authors are not engaged in rendering legal or other professional advice and that the information contained herein should not be regarded or relied on as a substitute for professional advice. This handbook is not all-inclusive in providing information to achieve compliance with laws and regulations governing the practice of agriculture. For these reasons, using these materials
constitutes an agreement to hold harmless the authors, the Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law, the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, and the University of Florida for any liability claims, damages, or expenses that may be incurred by any person or party as a result of reference to or reliance on the information contained in this handbook.
## About the Authors
Michael T. Olexa, professor, Food and Resource Economics Department; director, Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL; and member, The Florida Bar. Christopher Hill, law student, Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
## Related Pages
Olexa, Michael T.
Specialist
University of Florida
Food and Resource Economics
Florida Agricultural Handbook of Solid and Hazardous Waste
29 Publication(s) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2012/wheat-disease-update-april-2-2012.pdf | Plant Disease and Insect Advisory | Oklahoma State University | [
"Administrator"
] | Error: time data "D:20120402130439-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK74078 405.744.5527
## Wheat Disease Update
Bob Hunger, Extension Wheat Pathologist
Wheat continued rapid development across Oklahoma this past week with yield potentials still looking outstanding. Yesterday I sprayed my foliar fungicide trial (Jagger), which ranged from boot (GS 10) to heads nearly fully emerged (GS 10.5). Overall I would place that trial at GS 10.2 (heads about % emerged). This is 2-3 weeks earlier than 1 typically make this application. It strikes me from calls over this past week, that this is representative of where wheat is at across much of Oklahoma.
Stripe rust continues to be reported from across southwestern, central, and west central Oklahoma, but not as many reports from the north central and northwestern parts of the state. However, these reports indicate only scattered/light infections. With daytime temperatures into the 90s over the weekend (and 80s last week) and night temperatures in the 60s, stripe rust should be "shutting down." It could be revived with strikingly cool temperatures and moisture, but I don't see it being a major factor in most parts of Oklahoma this year.
Leaf rust also is being reported more frequently, but still in fairly low incidence and at a low severity. Around Stillwater, I can find pustules on susceptible varieties but mostly in the 1015% severity range.
Tan spot and Septoria/Stagonospora also can still be found on lower leaves, but are not moving up the canopy. A couple of wheat samples were received from northeastern (Rogers County) and north central OK (Noble County) with symptoms indicative of these leaf spotting diseases, and currently isolations are being made to confirm this diagnosis.
Over the last week, the Diagnostic Lab also had a sample from Kingfisher County that tested positive for wheat streak mosaic virus and High plains virus (Kingfisher County). As temperatures warm and wheat develops, these mite-transmitted virus diseases likely will become more prevalent.
Texas: Dr. Air Ibrahim (Assoc. Prof. Small Grains Breeding and Genetics, Texas A&M), 29-Mar: Yellow rust [stripe rust] (YR) continues to develop and spread at McGregor, TX. Night temperatures are forecasted to range from 51 - 660 F during the next 10 days and new infections will continue to occur. YR has moved to the upper canopies of TAM 111 and 'Garrison', two varieties that were resistant during the 2010 epidemic. YR was rated as 50S on Garrison and 65S on FL-1 of TAM 111, whereas lines carrying Yr17, such as Jagger and Jagalene, have only trace amount. YR found this year at McGregor doesn't appear to attack Yr17.
Wheat leaf rust (LR) is spreading very fast in South Texas. It was rated as 100S on 'TAM 110', 'TAM 112', 'Jagger', and 'Jagelene' in College Station. It has also started to develop at McGregor. In a recent visit to Castroville, Jackie Rudd reported that LR was near 100S on FL of Jagger and Jagalene; 20S on TAM 112; and trace on TAM 111 FL but considerable in the lower canopy.
Texas (cont'd): Dr. Jackie Rudd (Professor/Wheat Breeder, Texas A&M University) 29-Mar: I drove from Amarillo to Castroville last week with stops along the way. Good plant development, head-rows are lush but no lodging. Most plants are late boot to early flowering. Powdery mildew still heavy in lower and mid-canopy and some on flag leaf of highly susceptible. Leaf rust was near 100S on flag leaf of Jagger and Jagelene; 20S on TAM 112, trace S on TAM 111 flag leaf but considerable in lower canopy. I did not see any stripe rust in the plots, spreader, or head-rows that I walked - there might some in other parts of the field.
Texas (cont'd): Jim Swart (Entomologist (IPM), Texas AgriLife Extension), 29-Mar: The wheat crop is maturing rapidly under these warmer than normal growing conditions. The earliest maturing varieties are flowering (Feekes 10.5.1), and the later varieties are midway between full flag leaf emergence (Feekes 9) and the boot stage (Feekes 10). In my almost 30 years working in this region, this is the best overall wheat crop I have seen. At this writing, the long term weather forecast does not predict temperatures to dip much below 50° F, so the threat of a late freeze is rapidly diminishing.
Stripe rust has been widespread in our susceptible Patton SRWW fungicide block, but infection has been low in most commercial varieties. The only commercial variety that is quite susceptible to this disease is Terral 8558. Most of the growers that plant this variety have already sprayed their wheat with tebuconazole, so they are well ahead of the infection. The tebuconazole treatment will provide 35 days of leaf protection from this pest, sufficient time for the plant to complete the grain filling process.
The only leaf rust infection observed so far is in Jackpot HRWW. Active pustules were found on the lower leaves in our research plots two days ago.
Kansas: Dr. Erick De Wolf (Wheat Extension Pathologist, Kansas State University), 29-Mar: The wheat crop in Kansas ranges between the joiinting to boot stage of growth. I suspect some wheat in Southeast Kansas is already be heading. This is 2 or 3 weeks ahead of normal crop development.
Just a quick update on the stripe rust situation in KS. Stripe rust was also found in research plots near Manhattan, KS (Northeast, KS) today (3/29/12). The variety for this find is 2137, which is known to be MS-S to stripe rust. Growth stage was flag leaf emergence. Stripe rust was observed in Sedgwick County (South Central, KS) yesterday (March 28). Gary Cramer, Extension Agent for Kansas State University, reported the find. Gary indicates that low levels of
stripe rust in the mid canopy of a production field west of Wichita. The wheat in this field was near flag leaf emergence at the time stripe rust was detected. The grower indicated that this field was planted with the variety "Everest". Everest was considered moderately resistant to stripe rust in 2010 when KS experienced a severe epidemic. My discussion with Bob Bowden, USDA wheat rust specialist here in Manhattan, suggests that Everest often develops some symptoms of stripe rust but the reaction type has been moderately resistant in previous years. I will do additional scouting and checking for infections this next week.
Leaf rust was detected in research plots near Manhattan (Northeast, KS) today (March 29th). The incidence of leaf rust was very low (
Severe tan spot was reported in Riley county( Northeast, KS), and powdery mildew continues to increase in many areas.
Aphids are present at considerable numbers in Southeast Kansas and have also been observed near Manhattan.
Arkansas: Dr. Gene Milus (Professor/Wheat Pathologist, University of Arkansas) 29-Mar: Among lines in the Arkansas variety test, growth stages range from flag leaf emerged to flowering complete at Stuttgart and Marianna and flag leaf emerging to early flowering at Keiser. Most lines are at boot stage.
Stripe rust has slowed considerable on contemporary varieties listed as susceptible. However, compared to Croplan Genetics 514W (~90% severity and susceptible infection type Newport), all contemporary varieties have a useful level of resistance. Reactions at Newport confirmed that this year's stripe rust is avirulent on Yr17.
Septoria and Stagonospora leaf blotches are moving up on some varieties at most locations. A trace of leaf rust and BYD was found here and there.
Dr. Richard Grantham Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural. |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/preserving-trees-construction-sites | Preserving Trees in Construction Sites | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Brady Self"
] | null | [
"Trees",
"Construction",
"Environmental Protection"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Preserving Trees in Construction Sites
## Preserving Trees in Construction Sites
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P2339
Filed Under: Trees
View as PDF: P2339.pdf
Trees provide great benefits where we live, work, and play. Our close proximity to trees may conflict in land preparation for construction. Building foundations, sidewalks, sewer lines, and roads can cause numerous changes in the environment. Post-construction landscaping, such as installing underground sprinklers, laying sod grass, and planting flowers and shrubs, can further change the environment. Many of these changes can be devastating to trees.
Trenching, soil compaction, soil clearing, and grading are common construction activities that cause stress. Stress from these activities can slowly kill healthy shade trees in what is termed a "mortality spiral" ( Figure 1 ).
The downward spiral begins when one stress weakens a tree and sets the tree up to be injured by another stress that normally would not cause damage. As a result, drought and insect or disease defoliation can be deadly when combined with construction. As stresses accumulate, a tree becomes
weaker and weaker and continues down the mortality spiral. The owner of the tree usually only becomes aware that tree damage has occurred once health is poor and decline is clearly visible. Once a declining tree displays many dead branches and twigs, most restorative treatments are ineffective. At this point, emergency care by a tree preservation specialist is expensive and carries no guarantee of success. Very few trees that show decline can escape the mortality spiral and survive. The mortality spiral's end is typically death, and it can be caused by a fatal combination of structural failure, health degradation, and pest infestation.
Keeping construction activities and trees separated is the cheapest and easiest way to prevent damage and stress on trees. The good news is that most trees will survive construction if they can be kept separate from activity. To be successful, all phases of construction need to include protection of trees. The appendix outlines the steps needed to help protect trees during planning and mapping, preconditioning, and supervision of construction. Diligence is required because a moment of carelessness can kill a tree. If tree damage does occur, immediately apply treatments to speed recovery. In addition to protection, provide the highest quality of care to trees before, during, and after construction to reduce stress and increase survival.
Tree evaluations before construction help save money by determining which trees to preserve and which to remove. Just as it is financially foolish to kill desired trees that can be saved, it is foolish to spend money trying to save trees that should be removed. Trees marked for preservation should have a good chance to survive construction activities, adapt well to the new environment, and look good in the new landscape. Sometimes it is impossible to completely separate a tree from construction activity. For these trees, estimates of additional costs for adjusting construction along with estimates of tree damage and likelihood of survival are needed. The decision to preserve or remove a tree can depend on the comparison of costs to the likelihood of survival. Only trees that are expected to survive at a reasonable price should be saved. Trees that should be removed include those with an excessive cost estimate or damage assessment.
## Trees and Roots
Trees are the biggest organisms on earth and are twice as large as they appear. We only see branches, leaves, and the stem, which are the aboveground parts of a tree. Construction activities usually cause less damage to the aboveground parts because damage is visible. At that point, it is easy to determine which contractor is accountable. Most construction related damage is inflicted belowground on the root system. Root damage usually goes unseen and without knowledge of its occurrence from both the contractors or owner.
The root system is easily damaged because it is much larger and closer to the soil surface than many would believe. To illustrate the size of the root system, a tree can be represented by a wine glass on a large dinner plate ( Figure 2 ). The cup or basin of a wine glass represents the branches and leaves. The glass stem represents the trunk. The glass base is comparable to the root plate that contains structural roots that hold up a tree. This root plate occurs even when a taproot is formed so it can give a tree additional support. The large dinner plate the wine glass rests upon represents the transport and feeder root system.
Figure 2. A tree looks like a wine glass on a dinner plate. A wine glass represents (1) leaves and branches, (2) tree stem, (3) the root plate with structural roots. A dinner plate (4) represents the transport and feeder root system.
Transport and feeder roots collect water and nutrients. They are also the production center for amino acids and proteins used by trees. Transport and feeder roots stay near the surface, with approximately 85 percent of all roots being in the top 18 inches of soil. The soil surface has the highest density of roots because there is ample oxygen and microbial action. It also has the best opportunity to catch water from rainfall. Root hairs and associated mycorrhizae fill soil cracks and crevices and become inseparable from the soil. Transport and feeder roots commonly grow outward, one to two times the height of a tree or up to three times further than the drip line. Thus, roots cover two to three times more land area than the aboveground parts. Consequently, roots are susceptible to construction damage because they occupy a large area and are concentrated at the soil surface. Roots are the most difficult part of a tree to protect and their damage is the most likely cause of death.
## Roots and Soil
Tree health depends on healthy soil that supports small feeder roots and their associated mychorrizae . Figure 3 depicts the ideal soil for tree root expansion. The target or goal for ultimate tree health is 5 percent organic matter, 50 percent mineral particles, and 45 percent pore space. Pore space should be half filled with water and half filled with air. Most soils around homes are less than ideal; rarely do these soils have enough pore space, organic matter, and nutrients.
| |
|-----------|
| Water 23% |
Figure 3. The ideal soil for tree root growth should have 45 percent pore space, 5 percent organic matter, and only 50 percent minerals. Half of the pore space should be filled with water and the other half with air (Neely & Watson 1998).
Figure 4 shows how sand, silt, and clay particles determine soil mineral texture. The ideal soil texture is a loam, composed of approximately 40 percent sand, 40 percent silt, and 20 percent clay. Natural formation of pedons or small soil blocks are also important. Pedons give soils structure and hold open small cracks and pore spaces. Pores and cracks between pedons provide air and water movement to support microorganisms and roots. Organic matter provides energy to create and support pedon development. Organic matter also attracts a large variety of creatures including earthworms, crickets, mites, and moles that move through soil, creating large pore spaces. Not protecting soil from vibrations and pressure during construction leads to crushed pedons and squeezed pore spaces. Soil compaction crushes and kills roots and associated mychorrizae because feeder roots exist in those pore spaces.
Figure 4. The best soil texture for root growth is a loam with 20 percent clay, 40 percent sand, and 40 percent silt (Fazio 2000).
Roots are adaptable and will survive and grow where adequate water is available, temperatures are warm, and oxygen is present. However, there is a limit to what roots can tolerate. Soils can stop all root growth if they are compacted. If they are compacted, they will have less than a 12 percent pore space and a bulk density greater than 1.4 to 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter, depending on soil texture (Table 1 ). Bulk density increases with compaction since it is the ratio of soil dry weight to volume. Root elongation also stops once penetration resistance reaches three million pascals (435 psi). Low water and oxygen levels can also kill roots. If construction activity causes any of these soil characteristics to fall outside tolerable limits, roots will suffer and tree health will decline.
| Soil Characteristics Important to Roots | Tolerable Minimum | Tolerable Maximum |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| Air Pore Space | 12 percent | - |
| Bulk Density Clay | - | 1.4g/cc |
| Sand | - | 1.8g/cc |
| Soil Characteristics Important to Roots | Tolerable Minimum | Tolerable Maximum |
|-----------------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| Penetration Resistance$^{1}$ | 0.01kPa | 3,000kPa |
| Oxygen in Soil Air for Root Survival | 2.5 percent | 21 percent |
| Oxygen in Soil Air for Root Growth | 5 percent | 21 percent |
| Oxygen in Soil Air for Root Initiation | 12 percent | 21 percent |
| Oxygen in Soil Air for Efficient Element Absorption | 15 percent | 21 percent |
| Water Content | 12 percent | 40 percent |
| Temperature for Root Growth | 40°F | 94°F |
| pH (wet soil) | 3.5 | 8.2 |
$^{1}$Resistance level kPa = 1,000 pascals of force; 1,000 kPa = 1 MPa or 1 million pascals of force = 10 bars = 145 psi or pounds per square inch .
Penetration resistance of surface soil is good to monitor in the case of soil compaction on a construction site. Resistance measurements are closely related to bulk density. Soil penetrometers are easy to use and typically inexpensive, ranging from $60 upward. They measure pressure needed to overcome resistance and press a probe into moist mineral soil. Measuring penetration resistance in the top two inches of soil is important. This is the first place compaction occurs. Any increase in resistance causes root elongation to decrease rapidly ( Figure 5 ). Even minor soil compaction that increases penetration resistance to 100 kPa (0.0145 psi) will reduce root elongation 90 percent. Thus, it doesn't take much vehicular traffic or other construction activities to ruin the soil for tree roots.
Soil in a construction area should be viewed as a single use resource -to be used for either structure support or for tree roots, but not for both. Soil compaction under structures is an essential part of construction. Vibration and pressure are purposely applied to compact soils. This increases strength and allows for them to meet weight-bearing standards. Structures like buildings and sidewalks need firm soil foundations. Roots and other organic matter are also removed to improve strength. Pore space is compressed to resist water infiltration and stabilize the soil. Therefore, loss of tree roots and rooting space under structures is to be expected. Plan ahead to locate structures far away from protected trees so each can have its own soil resource.
## Which Trees Should Be Saved?
The decision of which trees to preserve and which to remove should be based on a tree evaluation. An initial walk-through can identify valuable trees that the owner or builder has an interest in saving. Tree condition, size, and species are important factors in determining which trees to save. Exact location and elevation are also needed to pinpoint tree locations on construction plans ( Figure 6 ). In general, trees located more than 20 feet away from buildings, and not directly in driveways and sidewalks, are possible candidates for saving. Some large, sensitive trees may require more distance. Trees located less than 20 feet from a new building are always recommended for removal. There is not enough room for both normal construction activity and root protection. Therefore, either remove these trees or alter the building design.
Tree condition is a judgment on how far a tree has moved down the mortality spiral. It combines an evaluation of both tree health and tree structure. Condition can be graded good, fair, or poor ( Figure 7 ). Good condition trees are both healthy and structurally safe and are the most suitable for saving. No branch dieback should be observed, and leaf density color and size look normal. There should only be minor stem and root collar damage. Rot is not obvious, but decay fungi should not be present. Fair condition trees are judged to be halfway down the mortality spiral. They are only marginally suitable for saving. Dieback may be seen in one to two large upper limbs and foliage may look sparse, smaller, and off-color. Stem and root collar damage can cover up to 20 percent of circumference. Rot may be present and some decay fungi may be found. Poor condition trees are judged to be near death. They show dieback in three or more major upper branches, exhibit sparse small yellow leaves, and reveal that up to 40 percent of the stem/root collar circumference is damaged and rotten. A number of other characteristics can place trees in the poor condition category ( Figure 8 ). Trees in poor condition are not suitable for saving.
carefully (see Species Resistance to Construction Damage section).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
## Species Resistance to Construction Damage
## Resistant
- Ash - Green
- Bald cypress
- Birch - River
- Elm - most species
- Gum - Black, Tupelo
- Hickory - Water, Pecan
- Holly - American, Dahoon, Gallberry, Yaupon
- Maple - Red, Boxelder
- White Oaks - White, Swamp Chestnut, Overcup, Bur
- Red Oaks - Water, Willow, Shumard, Nuttall, Northern Pin
- Pines - Lobolly, Longleaf, Slash
- Willow
## Moderate
- Ash - White
- Dogwood - Flowering
- Hickory - Pignut, Shagbark, Mockernut
- Hophornbeam - Eastern
- Hornbeam - American
- Magnolia - most species
- Maple - Florida
- Pine - Shortleaf
- Sweetgum
- Sycamore - American
## Susceptible
- Basswood
- Beech
- Chinkapin - Allegheny
- Maple - Silver
- Sourwood
- Sugarberry (Hackberry)
- Walnut - Black
- Yellow - Poplar
## Protection Guidelines for Trees
## How should trees be protected from injury?
Ideally, a tree protection zone should be established using protective fencing. There should be zero tolerance for any construction activity within this zone. The combination of erecting protective fencing around trees and posting "Keep Out" signs are effective in excluding construction activity at first ( Figure 9 ). As construction progresses, and plans change, workers often try to move and or remove these fences. Maintain and protect the tree protection zone by assigning a worker on site to this duty. A penalty clause in contracts can also remind subcontractors and workers to respect tree protection fences.
## Figure 9. Illustration of a protective fence that separates a tree from construction activity.
Before construction begins, improve soil conditions within the tree protection zone. The goal is to encourage new root growth in the protected zone and not in the unprotected soil. The best treatment is mulching the protection zone to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. Pine, cypress, and hardwood chips (wood and bark) are common mulchcs used to add organic matter to the soil. Avoid piling mulch against tree stems. Before mulching, apply a slow release fertilizer (N-P-K quantity based on soil testing). Water soil during droughts to maintain tree vigor. An application of palabrotul at the base of trees before construction can be effective at encouraging trees to produce new roots and repair root damage.
## How large is the recommended tree protection zone?
It is recommended that a protective fence be erected 1.25 feet in radial distance away from a tree for every inch in stem diameter. Diameter is measured 4.5 feet above ground. This radial distance is termed the "critical root radius" and the resultant circle is termed "critical root area" ( Table 2 ). Protecting this critical root area is important for tree health. Loss of roots located outside the circle is not expected to cause serious problems. More protection will be needed for trees that are old, in fair to poor health, or for damage sensitive species (see Species Resistance to Construction Damage section). For these trees, place a protective fence outside the dripline or 1.5 feet in radial distance per inch diameter, whichever is greater. When protecting a group of trees, determine the critical root radius for each individual tree. Place a protective fence outside the critical root radius of all trees in the group ( Figure 10 ).
## Stem diameter is measured 4.5 feet aboveground
Critical Root Radius or r (ft) = 1.25 x diameter (in) Critical root area = n x r 2
| Tree Stem Diameter (in) | Critical Root Radius (ft) | Critical Root Area (ft²) |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------|
| 2 | 2.5 | 19 |
| 4 | 5 | 78 |
| 6 | 7.5 | 176 |
| 8 | 10 | 314 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 490 |
| 12 | 15 | 706 |
| 14 | 17.5 | 962 |
| 16 | 20 | 1,256 |
| 18 | 22.5 | 1,590 |
| Tree Stem Diameter (in) | Critical Root Radius (ft) | Critical Root Area (ft²) |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------|
| 20 | 25 | 1,963 |
| 22 | 27.5 | 2,375 |
| 24 | 30 | 2,827 |
| 26 | 32.5 | 3,318 |
| 28 | 35 | 3,818 |
| 30 | 37.5 | 4,417 |
| 32 | 40 | 5,026 |
| 34 | 42.5 | 5,674 |
| 36 | 45 | 6,361 |
| 38 | 47.5 | 7,088 |
| 40 | 50 | 7,853 |
Can a tree be saved if only part of the critical root area is protected?
Tree survival is close to 100 percent when the entire critical root area is protected. As percentage of protected area decreases, the less likely a tree is to live. To calculate this protected percentage, first measure the area within the proposed tree protection zone. Next, determine the recommended minimum critical root area using Table 2 as a guide. Compare the protected area to the minimum critical root area using the formula:
## Protected Critical Root Area (%) = [Tree Protection Zone (ft²) / Critical Root Area (ft²)] x 100
Trees recommended for saving are those that can have a tree protection zone covering 70 percent or more of the critical root area. The likelihood of survival is high unless a tree is unhealthy or is a susceptible species. To improve survival, place a 1-foot thick layer of mulch over critical root areas
outside protective fencing. Thick mulch will reduce soil surface compaction from traffic. A tree would be recommended for removal if the tree protection zone is only 40 percent or less of the critical root area. Survival is unlikely for trees with so much of their critical roots unprotected. It is a judgment call for trees with only 50 to 60 percent of their critical root systems protected. These trees have approximately a 50 percent chance of survival (Example 1). The owner will have to accept a high risk of loss or adjust construction activity to save these marginal trees.
## Example 1. Is a 15 x 15 foot tree protection zone adequate for a 10-inch diameter tree?
## Calculations:
Critical root area for a 10 in tree = 49 ft$^{2}$ (from Table 3)
Protected zone 15 x 15 ft square = 225 ft$^{2}$
Protected Critical Root Area (%) = [490 ft$^{2}$] x 100 = 46%
Answer: No! Survival rate is estimated to be below 50 percent . You need to make the protection zone larger to increase survivability. An adequate zone would measure 20 x 20 feet, protecting 80 percent of the critical roots. If the protected zone cannot be enlarged, remove the tree.
## How close can trenches get to trees?
Any linear excavation for utility lines, foundations, roads, and sidewalks is considered trenching. Foremost, no trenching should ever be allowed to damage the structural root plate ( Figure 2 ). Trenching through the root plate will leave a tree unable to hold itself up in windy conditions. The minimum distance needed between trenching and trees to protect root plates increases with tree diameter ( Figure 11 ). Root plate size reaches a maximum 10-foot radius when stem diameter is around 2 feet. Again, always trench outside the root plate. If utilities have to be placed in the root plate area, drilling under the tree and hand excavation are better alternatives to trenching if the tree health is a consideration.
The percentage of root loss from a single trench can be estimated by first determining the shortest distance from the tree to the trench. Express this distance as a percent of the critical root radius using the following formula.
## Distance from trench to tree (% of Critical root radius) =
[Distance from trench to tree (ft) / Critical root radius (ft)] x 100
Use Figure 12 to estimate root loss. No more than 40 percent root loss should be expected; otherwise, drill under the roots, move the trench, or remove the tree. Trenching on one side to 60 percent of the critical root radius will result in a 30 percent critical root area loss, and the tree is expected to survive the trenching damage (Example 2).
If two trenches are routed on the same side of a tree, calculate root loss based on the closest trench. If trenches are routed on different sides of a tree then add root losses attributable to each. During excavation, cut roots sharply and avoid pulling roots out. If soil and roots in trenches are left exposed, keep the area moist by covering with wet burlap or black plastic.
## Example 2. Will a 20-inch diameter tree survive a trench that is dug 15 feet away?
Root Plate: The root plate for a 20-inch diameter tree has a 9-foot radius (Figure 11). A trench dug 15 feet away is outside the root plate.
## Critical Roots:
Critical root radius = 20 in diameter tree x 1.25 = 25 ft
Distance from trench to tree (%)= 25 ft x 100 = 60%.
A distance of 15 ft is 60% of the critical root radius of 25 ft.
Using Figure 13 , trenching at 60 percent of the critical root radius will cause the loss of 30 percent of the critical root area.
Answer: Yes, the 20-inch diameter tree will likely survive. No damage to the root plate is expected and more than 70 percent of the critical root area is still intact.
The two types of grade changes are fill and cut. Fill raises the level of the soil and burries the original soil. Damage to root systems occurs primarily by cutting off the oxygen supply. Fills can also disrupt normal water flow and cause excessive soil moisture. The maximum depth of fill that can be tolerated by tree roots depends on texture of the fill material ( Figure 14 ). Since sand is porous, up to 8 inches of sand can be added without much damage, whereas only 1 inch of clay could cut off the oxygen supply. Special fill mixtures have been somewhat successful up to 4 feet deep. Always keep fill from touching the stem. Avoid compaction of fill or the original surface when adding in fill material.
Cuts lower the soil level and remove topsoil along with feeder roots. The amount of damage that cuts can cause on a root system depends on texture of the original soil. The coarser the soil texture, deeper the roots tend to be, and the deeper a cut can be made before serious damage is done
(Figure 15). No cuts should be allowed in the structural root plate area. Excavate the finish grade by hand and prune exposed roots. Mulch the area immediately after cut is completed. If the cut causes inadequate soil moisture by redirecting water flow or lowering the water table, add supplemental irrigation. If large grade changes are needed, a retaining wall or crib can be used ( Figure 16 ).
Retaining walls allow deep fills and cuts while still protecting the original soil level within the critical root area.
Original soil grade
One of the most common soil disturbances during construction is soil compaction. There are four treatments available to ameliorate compaction and increase aeration.
- Create holes and fractures in the soil to provide air space. This is accomplished using highpressure injectors or augers ( Figure 17 ).
- Dig trenches one to two feet deep oriented like spokes of a wagon wheel around a tree.
Hydroexcavation works well here. Replace soil with a porous material.
- Cover the critical root area of a tree with 4 to 6 inches of organic mulch.
- Treat trees with paclobutrazol or another tree growth regulator. To receive full benefits from treatment apply immediately following damage.
Do not let compaction move a tree down the mortality spiral before treating. These four treatments can be effective individually and in combination.
## Summary
Protection and the highest quality of care are the keys to preserving trees in construction sites. Health decline and death following construction are usually caused by damage inflicted on the root system. Soil compaction, trenching, and grading are common activities that damage roots. These activities should not be allowed in the critical root area. The critical root area is a circle surrounding a tree with a radius of 1.25 feet or more for each inch in stem diameter. Protective fencing at this distance is effective at keeping construction activities away and preventing damage. Stimulate new root growth inside fencing with ideal soil conditions; organic mulch 4 to 6 inches deep, fertilizer, and irrigation. The decision on which trees to preserve should be based on an evaluation of tree condition, size, species, and location. Trees marked for preservation should have a good chance of survival, adapt well to the new environment, and look good in the new landscape. If construction activity occurs within the critical root zone, estimate root damage and likelihood of survival. Only trees with more than a 50 percent chance of survival should be protected. Others should be
removed. Several treatments are effective at ameliorating soil compaction, but they must be applied immediately for full benefit.
## References
Coder, K. 1996. Construction damage assessments: trees and sites. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Forest Resources Bulletin FOR96-39. Athens: University of Georgia: 23.
Elmendorf, W., H. Gerhold, and L. Kuhns. 2017. A guide to preserving trees in development projects. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University: 27.
Fazio, J. R. (ed). 2000. The way trees work - how to help. Tree City USA Bulletin No. 38. Nebraska City, NE: The National Arbor Day Foundation: 8.
Matheny, N. and J. Clark. 1998. Trees and Development: A Technical Guide to Preservation of Trees During Land Development. Champaign, IL: International Society of Arboriculture: 183.
Neely D. and G. Watson. (ed). 1998. The Landscape Below Ground II. Champaign: IL: International Society of Arboriculture: 265.
## Appendix
Steps to Protect Trees from Construction Damage
## Step 1. Mapping and Prescription
- · Determine what the client desires and the relative importance of preserving trees.
- · Inventory the construction site and prepare a map that identifies soil, trees, vegetation, and other resources. Determine which trees are healthy, structurally sound, and located away from proposed construction.
- · Include in the construction plan:
- o A map showing where protection fences are to be located and areas off limits to construction activity.
- o A list of construction alterations needed to protect important trees.
## Step 2. Preconditioning
- · Build access roads and staging areas for construction workers. Ideally these should be part of the final site design. Confirm that trees are safe from soil sterilants to be used.
- · Review location of proposed lines, trenching, and tunneling activities with utility personnel.
- · Cut and remove (do not pull) unwanted trees and vegetation in protected areas. Fertilize and mulch the protected root zone of trees to be saved.
- · Install protective fences, drainage, and irrigation (if needed).
- · Determine where to hold topsoil and where construction spoil will be piled.
## Step 3. Supervision
- · Meet with general contractor:
- o Agree on construction limits, sites for material storage, parking areas for workers, and location of trailer and portable toilets.
- o Agree on material disposal, especially cement, paint, and plastic.
- o Agree on management of water. This includes erosion, storm-water runoff, and cleaning cement trucks.
- · On the first day, make sure someone is charged with protecting fences from encroachment.
## Step 4. After-Care
- Remove temporary fences and irrigation systems.
- Rehabilitate compacted and eroded areas.
- Provide extra water, fertilizer, and insect and disease control to protected trees.
- Maintain mulch.
Copyright International Society of Arboriculture. Used with permission.
Funded by an Urban & Community Forestry Grant from the Mississippi Forestry Commission in cooperation with the USDA Forestry Service and the Southern Group of State Foresters.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
Publication 2339 (POD-08-22)
Distributed by Brady Self , PhD, Associate Extension Professor, Forestry; from an earlier version by Stephen Dicke, PhD, Emeritus Extension Professor, Forestry.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| SELECT A COUNTY | ▶ |
| Authors | Dr.BradySelf |
| | ExtensionProfessor |
| | Hardwood Silviculture Forest Herbicides |
| | Related News |
| | MARCH 6, 2023 |
| | Consider temps, soil makeup when planting loblolly pines |
| | MARCH 31, 2021 |
| | Select trees that withstand Mississippi storm damage |
NOVEMBER 19, 2020
Christmas tree demand is pandemic-proof
NOVEMBER 19, 2020
Research sheds light on best times to hunt bucks
NOVEMBER 2, 2020
Get professional help for big storm damage
| Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications | Related Publications |
|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3810 |
| Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847 |
| Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees | Transplanting Pecan Trees |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3809 |
| Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard | Pecan Production: Establishing an Orchard |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2896 |
| Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer | Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4025 |
| Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi | Non-native and Native Yard Trees of Mississippi |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | next_ last_2 | | | | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/nc-4-h-curriculum-titles-grades-6-8 | NC 4-H Curriculum Titles, Grades 6-8 | North Carolina State University | [
"Tabitha Barnes",
"Autumn Cano-Guin"
] | null | [
"4-H",
"Curriculum"
] | NC | ## NC 4-H Curriculum Titles, Grades 6-8 Sixth Grade
Energy Transformation Energy Transformation is an engaging, hands-on science curriculum that demonstrates the effects of energy use in our world. Whether comparing the amount of energy radiating from different types of light bulbs or watching air escape a structure that appears sealed, youth will use scientific inquiry to make abstract concepts concrete for themselves. Youth will learn about the sources and history of the energy we use and observe how their energy consumption will affect the future. Connecting this understanding to their own lives, youth will see that they have the power not only to reduce their parents' electric bills but also to improve the health of their planet.
Through the lessons, youth will construct a model home that will help them develop a vivid understanding of airflow, heat transfer, and energy efficiency as the curriculum progresses. Building on the fourth-grade Essential Standards Energy Conservation and Transfer, youth will furnish the home with working lights and a ceiling, allowing them to analyze the outcome of the energy their circuit employs. Through a series of experiments using a wizard stick, youth will follow the air that enters and exits the model home, demonstrating for themselves the results air pressure and stack effect. Adding and removing weather - stripping to their homes further illustrates the impact of decisions made by families or businesses about the buildings they inhabit.
## Eighth Grade
## Microbes On My Mind - A Middle School Perspective
As you are reading this you have already come in contact with millions of microbes. Even though you cannot see them, they are all around you. This unit gives middle school participants an insight into just what those tiny microbes are and where they can be found.
In this unit, participants will discover the role microbes play in our bodies, our ecosystem, and our food. The activities provided will make it easy for the facilitator to explain the impact microorganisms have on humans in an interactive and engaging experience. These lessons are designed to encourage curiosity, resilience, and cooperation in our learners that will allow them to develop an understanding of the relationship between food safety, microbiology, and diseases, as well as the careers associated with microbiology. Participants will make connections between their existing knowledge of microorganisms, human health, and potential career paths related to this topic.
Through the activities in this unit, participants will deepen their understanding of microbces in history, where they can be found, how to prevent the spread of microbes on them and in their food, and how certain careers have advanced to provide a better understanding of microorganisms. Participants will walk away knowing that microbes are a part of their everyday life and that not all microbes are harmful, but some can also be beneficial.
Middle school participants will address some of the misconceptions surrounding microbiology and gain a better understanding of how important microbes are in our ecosystem. Participants will gain an understanding of the importance of food safety and the precautions that need to be taken to keep their bodies healthy and protected.
## View Excerpt
To purchase a paperback version of this curriculum, please visit UNC Press. Your purchase helps ensure that this curriculum will stay current with state and national educational standards as well as provide additional curricula materials locally to North Carolina 4-H agents, youth, and volunteers.
After your purchase, contact Amy Chilcote or Tabitha Barnes to get access to accompanying materials: Powerpoints, video links, facilitator handouts, and link information.
## Multiple Grade Levels
## Exploring the Built Environment: An Introduction to Architecture
Exploring the Built Environment: An Introduction to Architecture for North Carolina middle school students introduces youth to the world of architecture, explores the architectural past in North Carolina, and look ahead to sustainable design and green building processes to reduce the global impact of the built environment.
Designed to introduce youth to the fine art of architecture and the mathematical principles involved in the field, students will discover how nature is a common form of inspiration in building design, observe how they experience personal and public space, recognize the role that visualization plays in the design process, and explore ancient and modern icons in architecture.
## View Excerpt
## Safety through Design
Welcome to On Track for Learning - Safety through Design. This curriculum is developed for middle school-aged youth. In using this curriculum with your 4-H's, we have found that the members enjoy the experiences more if you are prescriptive only where necessary. The curriculum has several resources that when used with the curriculum serves to heighten the experience. The curriculum kit contains nearly all of the items you will need to conduct the lessons. Training is also provided as we recognize that leaders often times have subject matter to convey that they are not as familiar with. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics are basic to our life and studies show that the future job market is in these areas. This curriculum was developed in partnership with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering within the College of Engineering at North Carolina State University.
## View Excerpt
## TechXcite
The curriculum is intended to engage boys and girls, from rural and urban areas, in the rich and vibrant field of engineering through discovery-based Modules. Each Module consists of 4-5 Activities that build upon each other. Youth get their hands on real-world engineering design projects while learning how to work together in teams.
Youth learn about: Prosthetic limbs that help people who are disabled from a lost limb; Imaging of the human body; Harvesting solar energy to power cars or other systems; Transportation; Wireless Remote Control and so much more!
TechXcite is increasing technological literacy for middle school-age youth and their Afterschool instructors. It is increasing competency and enthusiasm towards engineering, science and technology, and interest in pursuing further learning experiences in STEM subjects.
TechXcite About Us Tech Xcite The North Carolina 4-H's permission. However, the 4-H Curricula can be used for free when working with your local N.C. Cooperative Extension. If you see a 4-H curriculum that would benefit your classroom, reach out to your local 4-H Agent. Your 4-H agent can work with you to understand how to best use 4-H curriculum, and to get involved locally with additional 4-H education programming.
Safety Through Design
Safety Through Design
## The North Carolina 4-H Curriculum are subject to copyright and cannot be used or distributed without
North Carolina 4-H's permission. However, the 4-H Curriculum can be used for free when working with your local N.C. Cooperative Extension. If you see a 4-H curriculum that would benefit your classroom, reach out to your local 4-H Agent. Your 4-H agent can work with you to understand how to best use 4-H curriculum, and to get involved locally with additional 4-H education programming.
## Authors
Tabitha Barnes
Public Communications Specialist 4-H Youth Development
Autumn Cano-Guin
Extension Associate: Quality Youth Program Specialist 4-H Youth Development
Publication date: May 6, 2020
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/sheep-chair | Sheep Chair | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Sheep Chair
## Sheep Chair
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6047
View as PDF: 6047.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1984/84-2.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090305144546-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## RELATIONSHIPS OF REPRODUCTIVE TRATS AMONG LITERATEM SWINE
R.O. Bates, D.S. Buchanan, R.W. Fent 3 L.K. Hutchens,R.P. Wetgemann and R.K. Johnson
## Story in Brief
Testicular traits, plasma hormone profiles and breeding performance of littermate bars and age and weight at puberty of littermate gilts were collected from litters born for five consecutive seasons starting in the fall of 1976. Correlation coefficients were calculated between male and female reproductive traits. In general these correlations were small and nonsignificant. However, weight at puberty is favorably correlated with testosterone sperm (-205) and sperm per gram of testsi (-207), but unfavorably correlated with plasma hormone levels of testosterone in litterate bars. Average conception rate of herd sires for the breeding season was favorably correlated with their brother's testicular weight (384) and caudae epididymal sperm number (.453). If phenotypic correlations are indicative of genetic relationships, then selection for decreased weight at puberty in gilts or increased testes size in boars may result in favorable changes in the reproductive performance of mal relatives. However, antagonistic relationships are also present, and better understanding is needed before appropriate selection programs can be devised for sex-limited reproductive traits.
## Introduction
Several of the economically important traits in swine are expressed in only one sex (e.g. litter size and libido). Selection for these traits is more difficult as selection can only be applied in the sex expressing the trait. The dairy industry has circumvented this problem, for milk production, by extensive progeny testing of sires. This is an expensive venture that can be feasible only through extensive marketing of semen from superior sires and not is a viable option for a large portion of the livestock industry. Another approach is to identify a trait(s) in one sex that is controlled by similar genes as those controlling the trait(s) in the sex of interest. There is some information on these relationships in mice, sheep and cattle, but limited information is available for swine. This study was conducted to: (I) evaluate the relationship of a boar's testicular traits, hormone profile and breeding performance with his littermate sister's age and weight at puberty; (2) estimate the relationship of a boar's testicular traits and hormone profile with his full-ib brother's breeding performance.
## Materials and Methods
Purebred and two-breed cross litters of Duroc, Landrace, Spotted and Yorkshire breeding were produced for five consecutive seasons
beginning in the fall of 1976 at the Stillwater Swenre Research Farm. Two boars from each litter were left intact at 42 days of age. One was randomly assigned to become a herd sire while the other was castrated at seven months of age when testes and hormone traits were measured.
For boars used for breeding, the number of services a sire needed to settle a female was recorded and an average number of services per conception for the eight week breeding season was calculated. Testic-ular and epididymal weights and sperm counts were evaluated on those boars castrated at seven months. Before castration luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (TE) were evaluated prior to and at four hourly intervals following gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) injection. Age and weight at puberty of littermate gilts were recorded. Puberty was defined as the first detected estrus (standing response to a teaser boar).
Phenotypic correlations among traits of differing sexes were calcu-lated adjusting for year and season of birth, breed of sire, breed of dam and the rearing status of the gilt (pasture plots or confinement pens). Phenotypic correlations have values between -l.o to l.o. An absolute value of l.o suggests a perfect relationship between two traits while a value of zero implies no relationship. A positive correlation indicates that larger values for one trait are associated with larger values for the second trait, while negative correlations indicate the reverse.
## Results and Discussion
Phenotypic correlations of male reproductive traits and plasma hormone profiles with age and weight at puberty of littermate gilts are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Many of the correlations are small and non-
| | gills. | gills. |
|------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------|
| Male reproductive traits a | Age at puberty | Weight at puberty |
| TWT | -.028 | .001 |
| CCW | -.029 | .138 |
| CW | .065 | .210* |
| TPS | -.276 | -.205* |
| CCS | -.014 | -.136 |
| CS | -.068 | -.111 |
| TPEW | .017 | .194* |
| TEPS | .054 | -.136 |
| SGT | -.019 | -.207* |
| ANSC | -.124 | -.084 |
| ACR | -.101 | -.098 |
| Hormone levels at | Age at puberty | Weight at puberty |
|---------------------|------------------|---------------------|
| TE | .160 | .259* |
| TE1 | .197* | .217* |
| TE2 | .208* | .206* |
| TE3 | .232* | .371** |
| TE4 | -.029 | .190* |
| LH | .014 | .198* |
| LHI | .179* | - .005 |
| LH2 | .044 | .155 |
| LH3 | .072 | .26 |
| LH4 | .070 | .117 |
***P,01.
*.05.
**.0.
a TE=basal plasma testosterone level; TEI-TEA=plasma testosterone level at hourly intervals after GnRH injection; LH=basal plasma LH level; LHI-LHA+plasma LH level at hourly intervals after GnRH injection.
If we assume these correlations are partially genetic in origin these results have impact on selection programs for reproductive traits. Age and weight at puberty in gilts and testes size in boars are easily measurable. Selection involving these traits may aid in improving sperm numbers and conception rate. Many of the relationships shown here are favorable; however, they are generally low so expected improvement may be small. There are also some unfavorable relationships that need further investigation. Until a clearer understanding exists, selection programs using measures of sperm numbers or hormone levels are not recommended.
| | Average |
|------------|-----------------|
| Testicular | Average number |
| traits a | conception rate |
| TWT | -.164 .384* |
| CCW | .038 .013 |
| CW | -.041 .138 |
| TPS | .007 .258 |
| CCS | -.163 .291 |
| CS | -.265 .453* |
| TPEW | .002 .084 |
| TEPS | -.256 .443 |
| SCT | .004 .268 |
*.P.05.
a TWT=testicular weight; CCN=capu-corpus epididymidal weight; CW=cauda epididymodial weight; TTS=total testic ular sperm; COCS=capu-corpus epididymal sper nummer; CS=cauda epididymal sperm number; TEP=total epididy midal weight; TEPS=total epididymal sperm number; SGT=sperm number per gram of testis.
| | Performance. |
|------------------|---------------------|
| Hormone levels a | Average number |
| Hormone levels a | service/concepction |
| TE | -.082 |
| TE1 | -.110 |
| TE2 | -.135 |
| TE3 | -.147 |
| TE4 | -.194 |
| LH | .209 |
| LH1 | -.350 |
| LH2 | -.158 |
| LH3 | -.288 |
| LH4 | -.265 |
| TE | .082 |
|------|--------|
| TE1 | -0.11 |
| TE2 | -0.135 |
| TE3 | -0.147 |
| TE4 | -0.194 |
| LH | 0.209 |
| LH1 | -0.35 |
| LH2 | -0.158 |
| LH3 | -0.288 |
| LH4 | -0.265 |
*P.10.
a TE=basal plasma testosterone level at hourly intervals after GNRH injection; L=basal plasma LH level; LHI-LH=plasma LH level at hourly intervals after GnRH injection. | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/beef-cattle/corral-layout-similar-6204 | Corral Layout (similar to 6204-A) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Beef Cattle »
Corral Layout (similar to 6204-A)
## Corral Layout (similar to 6204-A)
BEEF CATTLE
Publication Number: 6204
Filed Under: Agriculture
View as PDF: 6204.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662325-22262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
✓
## Related News
MARCH 21, 2025
Noxubee HPAI case differs from common variant
MARCH 17, 2025
MSU Extension names Eubank rice specialist
MARCH 7, 2025
As legislators plan for new Farm Bill, growers seek input
MARCH 7, 2025
Detection of plant disease leads to citrus quarantine
MARCH 6, 2025
Careful management limits chemical resistance in weeds
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next ↪ last ♦
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4082
How to Raise Your Google Business Profile to Attract More Customers
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4086
How to Boost Your Sales Leads with Email Marketing
```
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4075
Crafting Social Media Messages Your Customers Can't Ignore
```
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4083
How to Reach Your Audience and Boost Sales with Content Marketing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4102
Crop Insurance Basics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_>
## Recent Issues
4H ANIMAL LINES NEWSLETTERS
March 2025 - 4-H Animal Lines
MISSISSPPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 4 / The Demographic Profiles of U.S., Gulf States and Mississippi Seafood Processing Workers and Owners
DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Exit Routes
MISSISSPPI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 15, No. 3 / The Demographic Profiles of Animal Production and Aquaculture Producers and Workers
DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK Blind Spots
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
...
next\_
last\_> |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/home-family/community-gardens-grow-opportunities/ | Community Gardens Grow Opportunities | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2024-01-18 | [
"community gardens",
"food security",
"health and wellness"
] | AL | Gardens enable people to grow their own food and have an active role in what's being put on the dinner table. Whether in a community, school, or personal garden, there are multiple benefits to taking charge of your family's meal plan. Research shows that people who participate in gardening tend to be more physically active, eat more fruits and vegetables, and experience lower rates of food insecurity.
Live Well Alabama and the Alabama Cooperative Extension System at Auburn University strive to partner with local garden efforts throughout the state. These partnerships include community centers, early childhood centers, elementary and high schools, food assistance sites, healthcare systems, housing districts for limited-resource families and seniors, and summer camps. These partnerships work to establish new gardens, reinvigorate current gardens, and maintain existing garden efforts.
The produce grown in these gardens serves a wide range of individuals. At times, it goes directly to the individuals helping maintain the garden. Other times, volunteers are involved in
## helping donate to food assistance sites. Some school gardens allow children to take home produce grown, and if there is food leftover, it is donated to a local food bank or pantry.
## By The Numbers
In 2023 (Fiscal Year), SNAP-Ed supported the establishment or sustainability of 38 school and community gardens, making fresh vegetables available to 10,640 Alabama residents.
Additionally, gardens supported by SNAP-Ed produced over 2,600 pounds of produce , valued at $5,435. This equated to 9,440 servings of fruits and vegetables, which are enough for 1,888 adults to meet the USDA daily recommendations.
## More Information
For more information about Live Well Alabama, visit www.LiveWellAlabama.com (http://www.LiveWellAlabama.com). You can also visit Live Well Alabama on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda nondiscrimination-statement/)
Cookie Notice (https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/miscanthus-an-environmental-choice-for-marginal-lands | Miscanthus: An Environmental Choice for Marginal Lands | NC State Extension | [
"Andrew Hillman",
"Sierra Young",
"Mari Chinn",
"Chadi Sayde"
] | null | [
"Water Quality",
"Animal Waste Management",
"Land Application",
"Bioenergy",
"Biomass",
"Soil Health"
] | NC | ## Miscanthus: An Environmental Choice for Marginal Lands
Miscanthus × gigantus - also called "giant miscanthus" or "elephant grass" - is a tall, perennial grass originally from Asia. It is considered a sterile hybrid that has been bred to not produce viable seeds. Instead, rhizomes are planted to establish the crop. The rhizome is an underground modified stem mass that puts out shoots and roots supporting new growth each year. This perennial crop takes two to three years to reach maturity, but established stands can reach upward of 12 feet tall with a very thick canopy (Pyter 2007) (Figure 1).
Miscanthus has shown potential for high dry-matter yields compared to other biomass crops, which could in turn lead to more efficient land use. In one study, switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) yielded 10.3 Mg/ha of biomass on average, while miscanthus yielded 22.4 Mg/ha (Heaton et al. 2004). In addition, miscanthus production has been associated with many environmental benefits, including protecting water quality, removing nutrient loads, stabilizing soil, and improving soil health (Bhardwaj et al. 2011; Hussain et al. 2019).
Many of the possible practical and environmental benefits that are associated with miscanthus production may be attractive to stakeholders who are interested in alternative land use options, particularly in areas considered to be marginal in crop productivity.
## Marginal Lands: An Ideal Location?
Even with its increased consideration as a biofuel and potential for cellulosic yield, in most farming operations, adoption of a perennial crop like miscanthus may not meet the desired flexibility in highyielding fields that annual crops provide. The inability to change crops from year to year may be a
concern for some producers. However, marginal lands, areas that generate low to no profit from traditional row crops, appear to be an ideal landscape for this crop. In plantings these locations would be an environmentally beneficial land use change.
Examples of marginal lands include areas with poor drainage, high water tables, steep slopes, and nonproductive soils, as well as zones within fields where crop yields are regularly low. As opposed to participating in conservation programs, in which the government provides financial incentives to landowners to take land out of production completely and convert it to forests, riparian buffers, or wetlands, miscanthus can be managed for profit. A miscanthus crop can be harvested and the material sold or used on the farm, depending on the type of operation. Miscanthus can produce high-yielding biomass feedstocks and, combined with the potentially significant environmental benefits, this crop could be well suited for livestock fodder in North Carolina and across the country.
## Environmental Benefits
Miscanthus production has many positive environmental benefits. For example, relatively low levels of nutrients and chemicals are required to maintain a healthy stand, compared to many row crops. If miscanthus is being grown on land that once supported commodity crop production, the reduction in fertilizer and herbicide required would reduce costs and provide benefits to the local surface and groundwater supply. Nutrient content in agricultural runoff and drainage is a major problem in North Carolina and throughout the country. Multiple studies have shown the effectiveness of miscanthus at mitigating these negative environmental impacts when compared to traditional row cropping systems. Some of this research is summarized here.
A miscanthus crop is very nutrient-efficient because the nutrients in the biomass of the crop are transported back into the rhizome below the surface post-senescence, which occurs before harvesting, so those nutrients will be available after overwintering. Studies have indicated that nitrate loss into the groundwater during miscanthus production is negligible or, at the very least, significantly reduced compared to traditional cropping systems (Lesur et al. 2014). A study in Illinois found a 13X decrease in the amount of nitrate lost in a year due to leaching into the groundwater with planted miscanthus compared to a traditional corn-soyan bean rotation, with similar results for other nitrogen forms (McIsaacs et al. 2010).
A North Carolina study comparing miscanthus with bermudagrass found that with the same nitrogen fertilizer input, the biomass yield of miscanthus can be as much as four times greater (Wang et al. 2018). It was further determined that more nitrogen is translocated into the belowground biomass if harvest is pushed to post-senesence compared to a pre- and post-senescence harvest system. Nitrogen removal rates generally decrease as harvest is delayed.
Another possible application of miscanthus is the management of animal waste applied to sprayfields. A North Carolina State University study compared the nutrient uptake and yields of miscanthus and switchgrass to bermudagrass on sprayfields located in eastern North Carolina (Wang et al. 2017). Bermudagrass was chosen as the comparison plant due to its known high nutrient uptake and its common use on sprayfields. The results of this study indicated that when harvest times are adjusted to limit groundwater leaching, miscanthus and switchgrass outperform bermudagrass both in yield and nutrient removal. Sprayfields can potentially add large nutrient loads to groundwater and surface water, and the use of biomass crops like miscanthus on such land could decrease these loads significantly.
The dense canopy of miscanthus can decrease the amount of runoff generated after rainfall events by intercepting rainfall. The large rhizome masses that expand beneath the soil surface can also help reduce soil erosion (Figure 2). Minimizing soil erosion protects water quality in nearby streams
and improves soil quality in a given field. The perennial nature of miscanthus means that yearly tilling is not necessary, further decreasing soil loss compared to some other crops and improving soil stability (Jørgensen 2011).
Another indirect benefit of miscanthus using nutrients efficiently is a reduction in the amount of greenhouse gases like nitrous oxides and methane entering the atmosphere. Especially when the crop is unfertilized or fertilized at low levels, these greenhouse gases are produced in much lower amounts than with traditional crops (Voigt 2015).
In one study on highly saturated soils in Pennsylvania, unfertilized miscanthus produced 18.5 Mg/ha of dry aboveground biomass, compared with 11.4 Mg/ha for switchgrass fertilized at 50 kg N/ha (Rau et al. 2019). In addition, the miscanthus field emitted 244 g/ha of N$\_{2}$O compared to 1,113 g/ha for fertilized switchgrass and 820 g/ha for unfertilized switchgrass. This study highlights the ability of the crop to produce at a high level while having favorable environmental inputs and outputs.
Attribution: Heaton Lab and Iowa State University, with permission
## Additional Information and Practical Considerations
The United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NCRS) provides many resources for planting and managing Miscanthus x giganteus . One helpful publication is Planting and Managing Giant Miscanthus as a Biomass Energy Crop (Technical Note No. 4), available at the NRCS website. This document provides thorough detail about strategies for planting, harvesting (Figure 3), and in-season management of the crop. It further describes criteria and considerations for site selection and also outlines strategies to limit the dispersal of the crop outside the plot. The publication also provides some background on the biology of the species.
More information specifically targeted to North Carolina producers is pending - NC State faculty are leading a multidisciplinary research drive investigating the management, logistics, and sustainability of new varieties of miscanthus for production in North Carolina. For more information, see "FuelingtheFuture: Elephant Grass as Potential Biofuel Material(and More)."
## References
Bhardwaj, A.K., T. Zenone, P. Jasroția, G.P. Robertson, J. Chen, and S.K. Hamilton. 2011. "Water and Energy Footprints of Bioenergy Crop Production on Marginal Lands." GCB-Bioenergy: Bioproducts for a Sustainable Bioeconomy 3 , no. 3: 208-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17571707.2010.01074.x
Carmenate, P., D. Clark, and E. Heaton. 2019. "Let's Plant Some Miscanthus" Integrated Crop Management, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
Heaton, E., T. Voigt, and S.P. Long. 2004. "A Quantitative Review Comparing the Yields of Two Candidate C4 Perennial Biomass Crops in Relation to Nitrogen, Temperature and Water." Biomass and Bioenergy 27 , no. 1: 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.10.005
Hussain, M.Z., A.K. Bhardwai, B. Basso, G.P. Robertson, and S.K. Hamilton. 2019. "Nitrate
Leaching from Continuous corn, Perenial Grasses, and Poplar in the US Midwest." Journal of Environmental Quality 48 , no. 6: 1849-1855. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeqeq1019.04.0156
Jorgensen, U. 2011. "Benefits Versus Risks of Growing Biofuel Crops: The Case of Miscanthus." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3 , nos. 1-2: 24-30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosut.2010.12.003
Lesur, C., M. Bazot, F. Bio-Beri, B. Mary, M. H. Jeuffroy, and C. Loyce. 2014. "Assessing Nitrate Leaching During the Three-First Years of Miscanthus × Giganteus from On-Farm Measurements and Modeling." GCB-Bioenergy: Bioproducts for a Sustainable Bioeconomy 6 , no. 4: 439-449.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12066
Mclsaac, G.F., M.B. David, and C.A. Mitchell. 2010. "Miscanthus and Switchgrass Production in Central Illinois: Impacts on Hydrology and Inorganic Nitrogen Leaching." Journal of Environmental Quality 39 , no. 5: 1790-1799. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeqeq2009.0497
Pyter, R.T.T.B. Voigt, E.A. Heaton, E.G. Dohleman, and S.S.P. Long. 2007. "Giant Miscanthus: Biomass Crop for Illinois." In Issues in New Crops and New Uses, edited by J. Janick and A. Whipkey, 39-42. Alexandria, VA: ASHS Press.
Rau, B.M., P.R. Adler, C.J. Dell, D. Saha, and A.R. Kemanian. 2019. "Herbaceous Perenial Biomass Production on Frequently Saturated Marginal Soils: Influence on N$\_{2}$O Emissions and Shallow Groundwater." Biomass and Bioenergy 122 (March): 90-98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.023
Voigt, T.B. 2015. "Are the Environmental Benefits of Miscanthus × Giganteus Suggested by Early Studies of this Crop Supported by the Broader and Longer-term Contemporary Studies?" GCBBioenergy: Bioproducts for a Sustainable Bioeconomy 7 , no. 4: 567-569.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12150
Wang, Z., T.J. Smyth, C.R. Crozier, R.J. Gehl, and A.J. Heitman 2018. "Yield and Nitrogen Removal of Bioenergy Grasses as Influenced by Nitrogen Rate and Harvest Management in the Coastal Plain Region of North Carolina." Bioenergy Research 11 , no. 1: 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155017-9876-x
Wang, Z., T.J. Smyth, C.R. Crozier, R.J. Gehl, and A.J. Heitman . 2017. "Yield and Nutrient Removal by Bioenergy Grasses on Swine Effluent Spray Fields in the Coastal Plain Region of North Carolina." BioEnergy Research 10 , no. 4: 979-991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-017-9856-1
## Authors
Andrew Hillman Graduate Research Assistant Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Sierra Young Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Mari Chinn Professor and Department Head Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering - Oklahoma State University
Chadi Sayde
Assistant Professor Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Publication date : July 28, 2021 AG-906
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2017/09/06/preparing-for-hurricane-irma/ | Preparing for Hurricane Irma | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2017-09-06 | [
"Disaster Planning",
"Disaster Recovery"
] | GA | ## Preparing for Hurricane Irma
Written by
September 6, 2017
Pamela Turner
Ready.gov has helpful information on preparing for a hurricane. Below are some quick tips you may not have thought about.
- 1. Start running your ice maker now and bagging the ice in freezer bags. Fill as much space in between your freezer items as you can. Keeping your freezer full helps to regulate the temperature inside.
- 2. Freeze tap water so you have water to drink and for your pets. Don't fill the bottles to the top, because ice expands.
- 3. Use your phone to take photos of important documents. Email the photos to family out of state. You should also save them in the cloud or other online storage. If you don't have a safe and can't remove items from your home, you can protect items by storing them in sealed containers or plastic bags and putting them up high.
- 4. Make sure you have a "to go box" that includes your medications and pet medications.
- 5. If you are leaving behind heirlooms, photos and other memorabilia, seal what you can in plastic bags and bins. Place them in a high place or on second floor. You don't know if your home will be hit with wind, rain, flooding, or a combination.
- 6. Placing old rags and towels around windowsills and at the bottom of doors can help to reduce water seeping in.
- 7. Charge all your devices and remember to take the chargers with you when you evacuate.
- 8. Make sure you have cash on hand and your vehicles have a full tank of gas.
- 9. Share your evacuation plans with family and friends so they know you are safe.
- 10. Follow the local authorities to know to when you need to evacuate. A great way to track the storm is the FEMA mobile App . Georgians can also download the Ready Georgia App .
## Additional Resources from UGA Extension:
- · The Family & Consumer Sciences Extension site includes resources on food safety, managing your finances, caring for your family, and rebuilding your home.
- · The UGA Extension site provides emergency resources and information to connect to local county Extension offices for assistance and information.
Posted in: Disaster Planning, Disaster Recovery.
Tags: disaster prep, emergency planning, Georgia, Hurricane cleanup, Hurricane Irma
## Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
Post Comment
Previous: Recycle Solar Eclipse Glasses
Next: Thankful for Cows with Bells and Flowers
## Recent Posts
Pet Safety During the Holidays
Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
to improve the air in your home
Recent Comments
Thank you for everything and for the valuable information.
Thanks for posting when you've got the opportunity.Thank you so much for sharing this. Very interesting.
As a professional declutterter in London, I see health benefits around decluttering all the time. From people who are depressed…
These tips are really helpful! I never thought about putting my luggage on a stand or unpacking outside. It's good…
Check with you local county Extension Office to learn more about trees that grow well in your state.
Find an...
Categories
- Allergies
- Asthma
- Australia
- Blogging
Archives
Select Month |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/excerpt-of-soil-solutions-curriculum | Excerpt of Soil Solutions Curriculum | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"NA"
] | null | [
"4-H Curriculum",
"Soil Science",
"Education"
] | NC | ## Excerpt of Soil Solutions Curriculum
4-H Curriculum: Grades K-5
Department
4-H Youth Development
Series
4-H Curriculum: Grades K-5
Publication Date
July 13, 2020
Authors
□ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=excerpt-of soil-solutions-curriculum#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page
EXTENSION |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/properties-of-a-healthy-soil/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Healthy Soils",
"Agriculture",
"Extension Services"
] | AL | ## Properties of a Healthy Soil
A healthy soil includes
- · High organic matter content.
- Optimal nutrients and pH for plant growth.
- Stable soil aggregates to promote water infiltration.
- Large population of beneficial organisms.
- No contamination.
Many soils in Alabama could be considered unhealthy due to severe erosion, low organic matter content, and intensive farming practices historically used in the state. It is important to rebuild soil health to conserve this natural resource for use by future generations. Practices such as reduced tillage and cover cropping can increase organic matter and improve soil health in Alabama.
■ Read More
Cookie Notice
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/why-practice-soil-conservation/).
About Soil Conservation Benefits (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/why-practice-soilconservation/)
Jul 26, 2018
## Cookie Notice |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.