url stringlengths 19 199 | title stringlengths 0 173 | institution stringclasses 19 values | author listlengths 0 19 | publish_date stringlengths 0 138 ⌀ | category listlengths 0 42 | state stringclasses 6 values | markdown stringlengths 0 366k |
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/handling-and-cleaning-up-damaged-pesticide-containers-at-home | Handling and Cleaning Up Damaged Pesticide Containers at Home | NC State Extension | [
"Michael Waldvogel",
"Sarah Kirby"
] | null | [
"Disaster Recovery",
"Pesticide Safety And Handling",
"Farm Safety",
"Worker Safety",
"Pesticide",
"Flood",
"Hurricane"
] | NC | ## Handling and Cleaning Up Damaged Pesticide Containers at Home
Disaster Recovery
## Protect Yourself and Others
Pesticides should always be stored off of the ground to reduce the chances of floodwaters damaging the containers and potentially contaminating the storage area (or other objects stored there). If a recent storm resulted in water damage to a pesticide container in your home, follow these steps.
- 1. Keep children and pets away from the area.
- 2. Make sure the area where you're working is well-ventilated.
- 3. When handling damaged pesticide containers or cleaning pesticide-contaminated surfaces, always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in case of pesticide spills or splashes:
- Rubber gloves (preferably chemical-resistant gloves).
- Goggles or at least safety glasses with side shields to protect your eyes.
- A Respirator such as an air-filtering respirator or at least a particle-filtering mask such as an "N-95" dust mask.
- Minimum of a long-sleeved shirt and long pants. A rubberized apron (if available) can protect your clothing from pesticides. As a last resort, cut holes in the top and sides of a large trash bag and wear that over your clothes. While it may be hot, it will help protect you from the chemicals that you're handling.
- If there is standing water in the area where you store your pesticides, wear rubber boots or waders. Pesticide-contaminated water will soak into sneakers, ordinary shoes, work shoes, and even water-resistant work boots and will be absorbed through your clothing and skin.
- More information about PPE is available at Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
## Pesticide Handling and Cleanup
- Never pour pesticides down a sink drain, toilet, or storm drain.
- Spilled solid (dry) pesticides (granular, dust, or powder):
- Collect them and, if possible, put them back in the original containers. Be sure to wear a respirator when sweeping or scooping up dry materials that can easily become airborne. Uncontaminated useable products should be stored temporarily in a "safe" location (see step 8). It can be applied to an appropriate site (i.e., one listed on the product label). If you don't think that the chemical is useable, place it in a closable container or plastic trash bag and then dispose of it properly.
Spilled liquid pesticides - Soak up spilled liquid pesticides with clay-based cat litter or another absorbent material. Shovel the litter into a garbage bag for appropriate disposal. Be sure to label the bag.
- If you must transfer a pesticide to another container for disposal, clearly label this container with its contents. Write the following information on the container: the brand name (e.g. "Amdro Fire Ant Bait") and the active ingredient (e.g. "HydramethylInon") and preferably the EPA registration number (e.g. 241-322) which are all printed on the label. Usa a waterproof marker or "wax pencil."
- NOTE: Never transfer pesticides to non-pesticide containers except for immediate use or disposal. Never use food containers (e.g., empty milk or beverage bottles) for storing pesticides. Someone may accidentally drink the contents.
- Aerosol insecticides - Discard rusted or damaged aerosol cans, following the product label instructions. Be extremely careful handling cans that are dented or have damaged or missing "actuators" (nozzles) because they may accidentally discharge. In many cases, you can wrap the container in newspaper and discard it with your regular trash, but check with your trash collection agency first.
- Liquid pesticides in undamaged plastic containers should be salvageable. Most pesticides are water insoluble; some will turn milky-white when water is added. If you suspect that a pesticide container is contaminated should be discarded when possible, rather than stored long term.
- If the pesticide container label is damaged or lost, try to get another copy of the label or write at least the name of the product on the container. Don't rely on your memory to recall weeks or months later what chemical is in the container or how it is applied.
- Check with your municipal or private waste collection office about disposing of full or partially filled pesticide containers with your regular trash. A better choice is to take damaged or contaminated pesticides to an approved hazardous household chemicals collection or disposal site. If you do not know where one is located, contact your N.C. Cooperative Extension center.
- If you can't dispose of damaged pesticide containers immediately, place them in a secure area where children, pets, and wild animals cannot reach them.
## Equipment Cleanup, Safety & Precautions
- Clean your broom, shovel, and other pesticide-contaminated clean-up tools thoroughly with water before using them for any other work. Because it is impossible to remove all pesticide residues from some tools, you should consider discarding them.
- Thoroughly rinse off rubber gloves and boots that are worn while handling damaged pesticide containers or standing in contaminated water. If you touch water faucets, hoses or other surfaces while wearing the gloves, make sure you rinse off these areas as well.
- If you spill pesticides on your skin or clothing:
http://www.youtube.com/embed/b\_dBXRjemV0?rel=0
Remove pesticide-contaminated clothing and shower as soon as possible
Attribution: NC Pesticide Applicator Training Program
## For More Information
For more information about disposing of empty containers and unused pesticides, you can contact the Pesticide Section of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services at 984236-4575.
For more information on disaster preparedness and recovery visit the NC Disaster Information Center.
Prepared by NC State Extension specialists.
## Authors
Michael Waldvogel Extension Specialist (Household & Structural Entomology) Entomology & Plant Pathology
Sarah Kirby
State Program Leader for Family & Consumer Sciences & Professor Agricultural & Human Sciences
Publication date: Sept. 16, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Aug. 6, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/what-do-we-teach-cloverbuds/ | About 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"4-H",
"Education",
"Youth Programs"
] | AL | ## What Do We Teach? Cloverbuds
The Alabama 4-H Cloverbuds curriculum grid provides a snapshot of what we teach. Please note, not all programs are available in every county.
Growing Alabama's Future: Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and our world. Alabama 4-H will reflect the population demographics, vulnerable populations, diverse needs, and social conditions of the state.
## Grid Key
Delivery Modes: CL=Clubs, E=Enrichment, CP=Camping
Print "4-H Curriculum-Cloverbuds" table from our website.
Click here to view additional national 4-H curriculum resources.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/national-4-h curriculum-resources) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1984/84-72.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090305154740-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## MUNGEBANS AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR SWINE
Charles Maxwell, Randy Walker 2, David Buchanan 3 Bills Cannon and Rex Vencl
## Story in Brief
A study involving 470 pigs was initiated to determine the value of mungebeans as a protein source for growing-finishing swine. Pigs averaging 35 lbs initially were randomly allotted to three treatments consisting of a control corn-soybean diet, or the control diet with either 25 or 50 percent of the supplemental lysine supplied by mungbeans. Dies were formulated to contain .75 percent lysine during the grower phase and .62 percent lysine during the finishing phase. Gain and efficiency of gain were measured for both the growing and finishing phase of production. The results of this trial suggest that mungbeans should be limited to no more than 25 percent of the supplemental lysine during the growing phase but can be included in finishing rations to furnish at least 50 percent of the supplemental lysine.
## Introduction
The mungbean is a large seeded legume that is an important source of dietary protein for many people in tropical and subtropical countries. Oklahoma is the leading state in mungbean production in the United States with 50,000 to 70,000 acres in production. Mungbeans are grown mostly in a double cropping system with wheat on sandy soils.
In the harvesting and processing of mungbeans for the canning industry, the undersized beans or split-beans are of no economic value and have traditionally been utilized in livestock feeds. In addition, overproduction has at times resulted in a depressed market and considerable interest in feeding the surplus beans to livestock.
Mungbeans contain from 22 to 28 percent crude protein and contain approximately 1.80 percent lysine on a 90 percent dry matter basis. The high lysine content, which is comparable to soybean meal on an equal protein basis, makes mungbeans particularly attractive to swine producers since lysine is the first limiting amino acid in most swine diets. Mungbeans have been reported to contain anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors (Gupta and Wagle, 1978), therefore preliminary chick studies were conducted to determine if heat treatment of mungbeans would improve nutritional value. These studies indicated that inhibitory factors were present which depressed chick performance when non heat-treated beans were fed at a high level in the diet. However, performance was unaffected
when non heat-treated mungbeans were used to supply up to 40 percent of the supplemental lysine. Studies have been initiated to determine the value of mungbeans as a replacement for a portion of the soybean meal in swine diets.
## Methods and Materials
Since the initial chick trials indicated that performance was not affected by replacing up to 40 percent of the soybean meal lysine with mungbeans (but produced a decline in performance at higher levels of mungebeans) this trial was conducted to compare performance of pigs fed a control corn-soybean meal diet with pigs receiving up to 50 percent of the supplemental lysine from mungebeans during both the growing and finishing periods.
A total of 470 pigs and 32 pens were used in this trial. A O.75 percent lysine corn-soybean meal ration (Table l) was fed to all pigs from an average weight of 35 lb to 123 lb. The lysine level was reduced to O.62 percent during the finishing phase (123 lb to 223 lb). The three treatments were: (l) a corn-soybean meal control diet (2) the control diet with 25 percent of the supplemental lysine supplied by mungebeans (3) the control diet with 50 percent of the supplemental lysine supplied by mungebeans. A higher percentage of mungebeans in the ration was required to furnish 25 and 5% percent of the supplemental lysine in the growing diet than in the finishing diets since the total lysine level was higher in the growing diets. Pigs were housed in indoor concrete pens equipped with self-feeders and watereers.
## Results and Discussion
During the growing period (35 lb to 123 lb) a 4 percent decrease in average daily gain was observed (Linear effect, P.
Unlike the situation in the growing period, during the finishing period (123 lb to 233 lb) pigs appear to be able to utilize higher levels of mungebeans (Table 3). Neither average daily gain, feed efficiency nor feed intake was affected by the addition of mungebeans up to 50 percent of the total supplemental lysine or 11.75 percent of the total diet. These observations are not inconsistent with the
| | Growing | Growing | Growing | Growing | Growing | Growing | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Control | MB-25 a | MB-50 b | Contro1 | MB-25 a | MB-50 b | |
| Ingredients | Corn, yellow | 77.25 | 74.44 | 71.30 | 82.40 | 80.08 | 77.60 |
| Ingredients | Soybean meal | 19.63 | 14.88 | 10.00 | 14.63 | 11.33 | 7.63 |
| Ingredients | Mungbeans | --- | 7.50 | 15.50 | -- | 5.63 | 11.75 |
| Ingredients | Dicalcium phosphate | 1.65 | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.50 | 1.53 | 1.58 |
| Ingredients | Calcium carbonate | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
| Ingredients | Salt | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| Ingredients | Vitamin trace-mineral mix c | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Ingredients | Tylan 10 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| Animal Science Research | Calculated composition | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 |
| Animal Science Research | Lysine | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| Animal Science Research | Calcium | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| Animal Science Research | Phosphorus | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| a Twenty five percent of the supplemental lysine was supplied by mungeans. | b Fifty percent of the supplemental lysine was supplied by mungeans. | c Supplied 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 3,000,000 IU vitamin D, 4 g riboflavin, 20 g pantothenic acid, 30 g niacin, 800 g choline chloride, 15 mg vitamin B12, 10,000 IU vitamin E, 2 g menadione, 200 mg iodine, 90 g iron, 20 g manganese, 10-g copper, 90 g zinc and 100 mg selenium per ton of feed. | f Supplied 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 3,000,000 IU vitamin D, 4 g riboflavin, 20 g pantothenic acid, 30 g niacin, 800 g choline chloride, 15 mg vitamin B12, 10,000 IU vitamin E, 2 g menadione, 200 mg iodine, 90 g iron, 20 g manganese, 10-g copper, 90 g zinc and 100 mg selenium per ton of feed. | f Supplied 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 3,000,000 IU vitamin D, 4 g riboflavin, 20 g pantothenic acid, 30 g niacin, 800 g choline chloride, 15 mg vitamin B12, 10,000 IU vitamin E, 2 g menadione, 200 mg iodine, 90 g iron, 20 g manganese, 10-g copper, 90 g zinc and 100 mg selenium per ton of feed. | f Supplied 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 3,000,000 IU vitamin D, 4 g riboflavin, 20 g pantothenic acid, 30 g niacin, 800 g choline chloride, 15 mg vitamin B12, 10,000 IU vitamin E, 2 g menadione, 200 mg iodine, 90 g iron, 20 g manganese, 10-g copper, 90 g zinc and 100 mg selenium per ton of feed. | f Supplied 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 3,000,000 IU vitamin D, 4 g riboflavin, 20 g pantothenic acid, 30 g niacin, 800 g choline chloride, 15 mg vitamin B12, 10,000 IU vitamin E, 2 g menadione, 200 mg iodine, 90 g iron, 20 g manganese, 10-g copper, 90 g zinc and 100 mg selenium per ton of feed. | f Supplied 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 3,000,000 IU vitamin D, 4 g riboflavin, 20 g pantothenic acid, 30 g niacin, 800 g choline chloride, 15 mg vitamin B12, 10,000 IU vitamin E, 2 g menadione, 200 g iron, 20 g manganese, 10-g copper, 90 g zinc and 100 mg selenium per ton of feed. |
| | Treatment | Treatment |
|---------------------------|------------------------|-------------|
| Item | Control MB-25a MB-50 b | |
| Pigs per treatment, no | 100 184 186 | |
| Initial weight, lb | 34.43 36.43 35.18 | |
| Final weight, lb | 122.05 123.57 124.89 | |
| Avg daily gain, lb | 1.50 1.44 1.38 | |
| Avg daily feed intake, lb | 3.81 3.94 3.90 | |
| Lb. feed/lb gain | 2.67 2.70 d 2.83 e | |
| | Treatment | Treatment |
|---------------------------|-------------------------|-------------|
| Item | Control MB-25 a MB-50 b | |
| Pigs per treatment, no | 100 184 186 | |
| Initial weight, lb | 122.05 123.57 124.89 | |
| Final weight, lb | 222.89 223.96 224.27 | |
| Avg daily gain, lb | 1.76 1.76 1.81 | |
| Avg daily feed intake, lb | 6.10 6.12 6.12 | |
| Lb feed/lb gain | 3.58 3.56 3.58 | |
$^{a}$Twenty-five percent of the supplemental lysine was supplied by mungbeans.
$^{b }$Fifty percent of the supplemental lysine was supplied by mungbeans.
| | Treatment | Treatment |
|----------------------------|-------------------------|-------------|
| Item | Control MB-25 a MB-50 b | |
| Pigs per treatment, no | 100 184 | 186 |
| Initial weight, lb | 34.43 36.43 | 35.18 |
| Final weight, lb | 222.89 223.96 | 224.27 |
| Avg daily gain, lb | 1.62 1.59 | 1.58 |
| Avg daily feed intake, lb | 4.93 4.98 | 4.93 |
| Lb feed/lb gain | 3.16 3.15 | 3.22 |
| Avg adjusted backfat, in c | 1.06 1.06 | 1.08 |
"Twenty-five percent of the supplemental lysine was supplied by mungbeans.
- b Fifty percent of the supplemental lysine was supplied by mungbeans.
cAdjusted to 222 lb.
## Literature Cited | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/miscellaneous/learning-change-your-life | Learning to Change Your Life | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home
» Publications »
Miscellaneous » Learning to Change Your Life
## Learning to Change Your Life
## How do you want to learn?
With Extension, you can learn in many different ways. You choose what's best for you. You may read a column in the newspaper, hear a show on the radio, attend a class or workshop, order a publication, take an online course, watch a video on the web, or just call us!
## But will Extension really change my life?
Every day, real people are achieving their goals through Extension's practical, community-based education. Extension offers learning opportunities based on community needs and what local people
say they want to learn-about families, kids, agriculture, nutrition, business, gardening, community development, and more.
Call, drop by, write, email your local Extension office, or visit us online.You'll find friendly people and
- educational programs, classes, and workshops.
- information on events.
- volunteer opportunities and training.
- 4-H programs for kids and adults.
- publications, videos, online courses, and other learning resources.
- ways you can get involved in your community.
## M1959 (05-23)
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
| SELECT A COUNTY | ▶ |
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| JANUARY 9, 2025 | MSU entomologist receives Parker memorial award |
| JANUARY 3, 2025 | Heed safety precautions when using heaters |
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## Recent Issues
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/community-nutrition-education-program/recipes/site-files/documents/kiu-1-a.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20220601083749-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Peanut Butter Play Dough
## INGREDIENTS
- 3/4 cup smooth peanut butter
- 1cup nonfat dry milk powder
- 1/4 cup honey or corn syrup
Makes 12 balls
## DIRECTIONS
- Wash hands and surfaces.
- Mix the honey with the peanut butter.
- Slowly add dry milk powder, stirring, until a firm dough is formed.
- Knead dough on a clean surface until smooth.
- Divide dough into six pieces.
- Form the dough into shapes before eating.
- Refrigerate leftovers immediately.
## EQUIPMENT
- Medium mixing bowl
- Mixing spoon
- Measuring cups
- Waxed paper | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/coronavirus/media/household/cleaning-and-disinfection-covid-19-flyer.pdf | COVID-19 Preventative Measures - Cleaning and Disinfection | Oklahoma State University | [
"Safe Plates"
] | Error: time data 'D:20200320165951Z' does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## COVID-19 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Current evidence suggests that novel coronavirus may remain viable for hours to days on surfaces. Cleaning followed by disinfection is recommended by the CDC as a best practice measure for prevention of COVID-19 and other viral respiratory illnesses in households and community settings.
## SURFACES
- Clean surfaces using a detergent or soap and water prior to disinfection.
- CDC recommends diluted household bleach solutions, alcohol solutions with at least 70% alcohol, and compounds on the EPArecommended list, found here:
go.ncsu.edu/epacovid-19 .
- Note: this is list is based on current data, but compounds have not been validated for COVID-19)
## IF CLEANING UP AFTER AN INFFECTED INDIVIDUAL
- Wear disposable gloves while cleaning and discard after cleaning. Follow glove removal procedure to avoid contaminating hands ( go.ncsu.edu/cdcgloves ). Wash your hands after removing gloves.
- Clean any porous surfaces (carpets, clothing, linens, etc.) with appropriate cleaners and/or launder items using the warmest appropriate water setting. Dry completely.
- Do not shake dirty laundry. This will minimize the possibility of spreading virus through the air.
## extension.okstate.edu
For more info, visit: cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/alabama-soils-piedmont-plateau/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-08-21 | [
"Healthy Soils",
"Farming",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | - These soils are generally well-drained and relatively fertile.
Two hundred years ago, these were the most productive soils in the U.S. It was in the Piedmont that George Washington and Thomas Jefferson established their plantations. In the early 1800s, almost every acre of the southern Piedmont was cleared for cotton production. Poor farming practices led to severe erosion.
## Cookie Notice
- · The red Georgia clay soils we see throughout most of the southern Piedmont is actually old subsoil left over after 200 years of erosion.
## Considerations
Today new A horizons are forming on top of old C horizons as the Piedmont's rolling hills have been converted back to forests. Pastures and hayfields have been converted to urban vegetation. Easily compacted, these old Piedmont soils are excellent for building highways, basements, landfills, and big cities, such as Atlanta, Georgia; Greenville, South Carolina; Charlotte, North Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia.
Photo by John A. Kelley, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/EP631 | Common Poisonous Weed and Invasive Plant Species in Florida Residential Landscapes | University of Florida | [
"Yuvraj Khamare",
"Chris Marble"
] | 2022-12-12 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Common Poisonous Weed and Invasive Plant Species in Florida Residential Landscapes
Yuvraj Khamare and Chris Marble
## Introduction
The flora of Florida is highly diverse due to a subtropical climate that supports a vast number of plant species that are highly useful and beneficial as food, fiber, or ornamentals, or for the ecosystem services they provide. Unfortunately, the Florida climate is also conducive to supporting the growth and spread of numerous invasive plant species and weeds that can become problematic in home landscapes. Homeowners are typically aware or soon learn of the damage that can result from keeping invasive plants in a landscape and may have experience with weeds becoming a nuisance in their home garden or lawn. However, for homeowners who have small children, pets, or even livestock such as horses or sheep, they should also be aware that certain invasive plants and weeds can be toxic if consumed.
Just because a plant has some toxic properties does not mean that it shouldn't be used or that it must be removed-many common ornamentals and native plants can be toxic but still provide numerous benefits such as food or cover for wildlife, pollinator habitat and food sources, or aesthetic appeal. The key is to be informed and know which species are toxic to prevent accidental exposure, especially when small children or pets could be inadvertently exposed. This EDIS publication is intended to inform home gardeners, pest management professionals, and other plant enthusiasts of some of the most common poisonous invasive plants or weed species common in home landscapes in Florida, with particular focus on species that could potentially cause harm if ingested.
## Common Pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana )
## Other Common Names
American pokeweed, garnet, pomekerve, pigeonberry, pigeon berry, inkberry
## Family
Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed family)
## Life Span
## Perennial
## Distribution and Habitat
Common pokeweed is native to North America. It is commonly found from Maine to Florida and as far west as Texas to New Mexico and Arizona (USDA,NRCS 2019). It is commonly found in wooded areas, pastures, fence rows, crop fields, acres under power lines, old fields, and other similar areas. In landscapes it is often seen in planting beds or bordering wooded areas. It can be considered a garden or yard weed but can be an important wildlife food source. The widespread distribution of common pokeweed is due to wild birds that are known to consume pokeweeds, the fruit of the common pokeweed. Additionally, it seeds itself easily and grows well in average to medium moisture in well-drained soil under full or part shade.
## Biology
Wild garlic is a grasslike perennial plant that can grow about 18 inches tall (Figure 4). Wild garlic has a strong onion-like odor when leaves are crushed or mowed. The flowers are a cluster of star-shaped pink or white colors and blooms from spring to summer (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Star-shaped Flowers of wild garlic. Credit: Karam A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Toxicity
Dogs, cats, and cattle are highly susceptible to Allium toxicity. The common symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and rapid heart rate. Eating a large amount of this plant has resulted in death in a few cases, but it is rare for animals to eat the plant excessively if other food sources are present. The toxic chemical called N -propyl disulfide results in hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells) in livestock (Cope 2005). Other closely related Allium spp., such as onion grass (Allium vineale), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), leek (Allium porrum), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum ), have a similar effect on dogs, cats, and cattle.
## Bitter Sneezeweed (Helenium amarum)
## Other Common Names
Yellow sneezweed, bittered weed, yellow bittered weed, slender-leaved sneezweed, yellow dogfennel
Family
Asteraceae (Aster family)
Life Span
## Annual
## Distribution and Habitat
Bitter snoezeweed is an herbaceous annual plant native to North America. It is primarily found growing in sandy soil ranging from Florida, Virginia, Missouri, Kansas, and Texas. It is commonly found in disturbed areas, pastures, sandy ground, railroad tracks, backyards, and in some cases home gardens. It can be used as a plant in pollinator gardens because it attracts bees and butterflies, which frequently visit the plant while in flower. It grows best in subtropical temperatures and dry soil, but it can adapt to different soil conditions.
## Biology
Bitter snoeezeweed is a summer annual that grows up to 24 inches tall (Figure 5). The flowers bloom from August to October with few blooms occurring in warm, mild winter climates (Figure 6). It reproduces through seeds and is primarily dispersed by wind and animals. It is a fast-growing species and produces mature seeds in as little as eight weeks following germination.
## Toxicity
Bitter sneezeweed is primarily a concern for grazing animals because it is poisonous to sheep, cattle, horses, and goats (Kingbury 1964). However, it has also been reported as being toxic to humans and some pets (Trull n.d.). The toxic chemicals present in bitter sneezeweed is a glucoside, dugaldin, and phenol. The plant retains its toxicity even after drying and can be a problem in contaminated hay. In many cases, it causes vomiting, which can develop into inhalation pneumonia. Other symptoms consist of digestive disturbances, neurological problems, dullness, trembling, and weakness. The common name bitterweed is because it causes milk to taste bitter when cows graze on the foliage.
## Air Potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)
## Other Common Names
Air potato, air potato vine, air yam, bitter yam, aerial yarn, air yam
## Family
## Disodoraceae
## Life Span
## Perennial vine
## Distribution and Habitat
Air potato is native to tropical Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It was recognized as a category 1 invasive plant by the Florida Invasive Species Councilin 1993 and also added to the Floridians Weed List by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services in 1999 (Enloe and Langeland 2021). It can be found growing in moist forests, disturbed areas, urban forests, forest edges, ruderal areas, and along roadsides. In tropical hammocks, it is seen heavily concentrated in canopy gaps. It is a common invasive plant in residential landscapes because it often grows on the edges of wood areas or up trees growing in the landscape.
## Biology
Air potato is an aggressive herbaceous perennial vine that can grow up to 60 feet in length (Figure 7). It is highly invasive because it can reproduce sexually via seeds and vegetatively by underground to serial tarsus (figure 5). Flowers are small, fragrant, and white or pinkish colored, but the plant nearly flows in Florida. It prefers to grow in areas with high temperatures, high humidity, and high rainfall. The plant grows best in loamy soil with good drainage, but it does not tolerate salty or frost conditions well.
Figure 7. Air potato vines.
Credit: Annette Chandler, UF/IFAS
## Toxicity
Air potato is poisonous to humans. It has been shown to cause severe liver injury or impairment of liver function also known as hepatotoxicity (Giun et al. 2017). The main toxic component present in both underground tubers and aerial bulbis is a steroid diagenin that can damage the liver. A detailed guide to the identification and management of this species is available in the article Invosive Plants in Natural Areas: Aidi Potato (Diosscore bullifera ).
Other Common Names
Bittermelon, bitter gourd
## Family
## Cucuribaceae
## Life Span
## Annual
## Distribution and Habitat
Balsam pear is native to subtropical regions of Africa and Asia (Englberger 2009) but is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. In Florida, balsam pear is mostly found in central and south Florida. It is a common weed in agricultural fields and in landscapes, mostly growing in landscape planting beds where it grows up and/or over ornamentals and small trees (Holm et al. 1997).
## Biology
Balsam pear is a fast-growing summer annual vine (Figure 9) with a central taproot that can grow over 20 feet in length and is highly branched. In Florida, it typically begins germinating in late spring through summer in central Florida but can germinate almost year-round in south Florida. Flowering can begin as early as 30 days after seed germination. Fruits are egg-shaped and covered with ridges and warts. They are first green but then turn orange at maturity and split open, revealing bright red arils (seed covering) that cover the seeds (Figure 10).
Credit: Annette Chandler, UF/IFAS
## Toxicity
Balsam pear is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world as a food crop and due to its many medicinal uses and reported health benefits (Basch et al. 2003). The red arils surrounding the seed and green fruit are reportedly edible, as well as other parts of the plant if cooked, but the seeds (if swallowed) and ripe orange fruit can potentially make people and pets very ill if swallowed (Walters and Decker-Walters 1988).
## Chinese Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis)
## Other Common Names
## Chinese wisteria
## Family
Fabaceae (Legume family)
## Life Span
## Perennial vine
## Distribution and Habitat
Chinese wisteria, as the name suggests, is native to China. In North America, it is naturalized from Maine to Florida and as far west as Arkansas. It is listed as a category 2 invasive plant by the Florida Invasive Species Council (Wunderlin 2022). Chinese wisteria grows along roadsides, forest edges, old house sites, and abandoned gardens. It is a problem in natural areas because it can climb into the canopy of trees or plants, eventually shading and damaging native plants.
## Biology
Chinese wisteria is an aggressive perennial woody vine. It can grow as tall as the height of the plant it is climbing and can be more than 65 feet in length. It reproduces by rooting at each node, through stolons (underground runners), and vegetatively from cut stem pieces. Chinese wisteria blooms from March to early April. The flowers are showy, dangling, fragrant, and blue to violet in color (Figure 11).
Figure 11. Flower of Chinese wisteria.
Chinese wisteria is toxic to both humans and pets (Kayalvizhi et al., 2020). Every part of the plant contains a glycoside toxic compound called wisterin. The symptoms range from stomach pain, burning sensation in the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea. The pods and seeds have the highest concentration of visterian.
## Creeping Indigo (Indigofera spicata)
## Other Common Names
## Trailing indigo
## Family
## Fabaceae (Legume family)
## Life Span
## Perennial herb
## Distribution and Habitat
Creeping indigo is native to Africa and southeastern Asia. Creeping indigo was introduced in Florida around 1925 as a potential forage crop for the livestock industry. It is generally found in disturbed grasslands, open fields, pastures, cultivated areas, gardens, and lawns. It thrives in clay soil but can tolerate and adapt to a range of soil types, including limestone, sandy, low-nutrient, and phosphorus-deficient soils.
## Biology
Creeping indigo is a perennial prostrate creeping herb (Figure 12). The stems can grow up to 6 feet long and form roots at each node. The plant can reproduce by seed and stem cuttings (Figure 13). The plant flowers during the warm months produce pink flowers on spikes from the bases of the leaves.
Figure 13. Creeping indigo fruit. Credit: Annette Chandler, UF/IFAS
## Toxicity
Creeping indigo is toxic to livestock and is of particular concern for horses. The leaves and seeds of the plant contain a toxic amino acid called indospicine, which is toxic to the liver. High intake of the plant has been associated with a fatal central nervous system disturbance in horses. Symptoms include weight loss, high heart and respiratory rates, labored breathing, high temperature, and hypersalivation, or foaming from the mouth. Dogs do not typically eat the plant but are reportedly highly susceptible to indospicine toxicity, with secondary poisoninging being reported in dogs eating indospicine-contaminated meat (Gardner and Riet-Correa 2011).
A detailed guide to the identification and management of this species is available in the article Crespin'Indigo.a Poisonous Plant of Concern in Florida Eastwares .
## Chinaberry (Melia azedarad)
## Other Common Names
## Cape lilac
## Family
## Meliaceae
## Life Span
## Perennial tree or small shrub
## Distribution and Habitat
Chinabery is native to southeastern Asia but has been cultivated throughout the world as an ornamental (Waggy 2009). It is highly invasive in Florida, categorized as a category 2 invasive by the Florida Invasive Species Council and has naturalized in many subtropical regions in the world. It can be found growing throughout all parts of Florida and is primarily a concern in natural areas, where it can form dense thickets and outcompete native vegetation. Because it was once used an ornamental plant, it is often seen growing in wooded areas of residential neighborhoods or may be found growing as a shade tree in some landscapes. It is highly tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, and its seeds are dispersed by wildlife, primarily birds.
## Biology
Chinaberry is a fast-growing deciduous to semivegreegreen tree or shrublike plant (Figure 14) (particularly after being cut or damaged) that can grow up to 50 feet in height, although it is often observed growing much smaller in residential landscape situations. It flowers from early spring through early summer, and fruits ripen during the fall and winter months (Figure 15) (Waggy 2009).
Figure 14. Chinaberry leaves. Credit: Annette Chandler, UF/IFAS
## Toxicity
Flowers can cause respiratory irritation, and the leaves, bark, flowers, and fruit are poisonous, with poisonsing from fruit ingestion being reported in people, sheep, cattle, and dogs. Most poisonings occur when fruit are eaten. Symptoms reported include burning of the mouth and throat, vomiting, and stomach pain (Phu et al. 2010).
## Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)
## Other Common Names
Woodbine, thicket creeper, five-leaved ivy
Family
Life Span
## Perennial vine
## Distribution and Habitat
Virginia creeper is native to North America and widely distributed throughout the eastern United States with a range as far west as Nebraska, south to Florida, and north to parts of Canada (USDA-NRCS 2022). It has been vouched in almost all counties in Florida (Wunderlin et al., 2022). It grows in a wide variety of soil types but grows best in moist soils. It is shade tolerant but can grow in full sun and is often found growing along forest edges. In landscapes, it is commonly found in planting beds or growing under the canopy of shade trees, along fences, and in other disturbed sites.
## Biology
Virginia creeper is a deciduous to semievergreen vine (Figure 16) that spreads primarily via seed but can root along nodes if growing along the ground. It is a climbing vine that uses tendrils to grow up to 60 feet in height. Seeds begin to germinate in spring, flowering occurs in summer, typically in June to July, and fruit ripen throughout the fall (Figure 17). It can be an important wildlife food because birds and other animals eat the fruit and can use the foliage and thick growth habit as cover (Colandanoito 1991).
Figure 17. Virginia creeper flowers.
Credit: Annette Chandler, UF/IFAS
## Toxicity
While Virginia creeper is a native plant and serves as a wildlife food source, it is highly toxic to children and pets due to the presence of oxalates and other possible compounds that can cause gastrointestinal problems in children eating the leaves or the attractive berries. Symptoms of toxicity are typically excessive salivation and vomiting. Poisonings to various pets have also been reported (CSU 2021).
## American Black Nightshade (Solanum americanum)
## Other Common Names
American nightshade, black nightshade, common nightshade, garden nightshade, glossy nightshade, ink-berry nightshade, purple nightshade, small-flowered nightshade.
## Family
Solanaceae (Nightshade family)
## Life Span
Annual or short-lived perennial
## Distribution and Habitat
American black nightshade is native to North and South America. The species is widely distributed in Florida. They are commonly found in the forest, grasslands, cultivated gardens, crop fields, and wastelands. The plants thrive in full sun and moist soil but can tolerate partial shade. It is a common weed in vegetable fields and gardens.
## Biology
American black nightshade is an erect herbaceous plant that is an annual or short-lived perennial (Figure 18). The plant can grow to a height of 48 inches under optimum conditions. It is one of the most problematic species in the nightshade family. The flowers bloom from March through October. The flowers are star-shaped, usually white, and grow in clusters. The mature fruit of the plant is dull, black, or purplish-black color berries that are about 5 to 8 mm in diameter (Figure 19). It is easily propagated by the dispersal of seeds.
Credit: Anette Chandler, UF/IFAS
| Toxicity | All parts of the plants are toxic to humans and pets. The plant contains a toxic compound called solamine. The leaves and berries are the most toxic part of the plant (Milner et al. 2011). | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Carolina amarillo is also toxic to humans and livestock. | | |
| A detailed guide to the identification and management of this species is available in the article Biology and Management of American Black Nightshade (Solanum americanum P. Mill.) | | |
| in Tomato, Pepper Cucurbit, and Strawberries. | | |
| References | | |
Basch, E., G. Sahariu, and C. Ulbertich, 2003. "Bitter Melon (Momonia chantaria) : A Review of Efficiency and Safety." J. Am. Health Syst. Pharm. 60 (4): 356-359. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaglh/q6i0.4.356
Colandoont, M. 1991. Parhenosoccis quigneifolia. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/database/fis/plants/vine\_parix/allent.html
Cope, B. R. 2005. "Alluminium Species Poisoning in Dogs and Htmlats." Veterinary Medicine 100 (8): 562.
Colorado State University (CSU). 2021. "Guide to Poisonous Plants." https://csuv.colostate.edu/poisonous\_plants/PlantsDetails/141
Eiglerberg, K. 2009. Invasive Insects of Poaphini: A Guide for Identification and Public Awareness . Kolonial, Federated States of Micronesia: Conservation Society of Pohnpei.
Enloé, S. F., and K. Langeland. 2021. "Invasive Plants In Natural Areas: Air Potato (Dioscorba bulliferae)" EDIS 2021 (6). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-agg12.2021
Everest, J. W., T. A. Powe Jr., and D. Freeman. 2010. Poisonious Plants of the Southeastern United States. Alabama Cooperative Extension System [ACES] Publications, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
Gardner, D. R., and F. Rit-Coretta. 2011. "Analysis of the Toxic Amino Acid Indospichere by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Intl. J. Poisonous Plant Res. 1:2027.
Gunran, Y. L., Z. Zhu, G. Xiao, Y.-L. Zhang, H. B. Chen, and T. Yi, 2017. "Bioactivity, Toxicity, and Detoxification Assessment of Diiscorea bulbifera L.: A Comprehensive Review," Phytochem. Rev. 16:573-601. https://doi.org/10.1093/sll/101-017-95095
Holm, I. G. L., D. Holl E. P. Vomack, and P. Heilber 1997. Serology 59:59-60. World Woods: Natural Histories and Distribution New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Kayalizvi, K. A., R. Kumar, A. Sanarkari, and M. Anand. 2020. "Poisionous Ornamental Plants." Biotaec Research Today 2 (5 Spol); 392-399.
https://hipsahb.com/index.php/prosesbeta/article/view?id=144
Kingburys, J. M. 1964. "Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada." Soil Science 98 (5): 349. https://doi.org/10.1092/00010694-196411000-0022
Kong, C. H., T. I. D. Xu, T. D. Khanhan, D. H. Tran, and T. Trung. 2019. "Allelochemicals and Signical Chemicals in Plants." Molecules 24 (15): 2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152727
Milner, S. E., N. P. Brenton, P. W. Jones, N. O'Brien, B. S. G. Collins, and A. R. Maguire. 2011. "Bioactivities of Glycolalkinoids and Their Aglycones from Solanum Species." Journal of Agricultural and Food Security 5(5): 348-3484. http://docs.orogij.net/10.1021/jo2d0039x
Phdua, H. W., D. I. Tsai, J. W. Tsai, J. F. Deng, and C. Yang. 2008. "Human Mellanin aezacrosophine: Clinical Toxicology 46 (10): 1067-1070.
http://doi.org/10.1080/1565360803120929
Stephens, J. M. 2015. "Pokeweed - Phytolaica americana L." EDIS 2015 (5). https://edis.ifs.utp.edu/publication/MYV115
Trull, S. n.D. "Plant of the Week: Common Sneeweed (Zerveldenium autumnale L. var. automne)." US Forest Service. https://www.fsa.udg.svivildowexr.plantofhe-weekenbullemautuminale.shtml
USADRNCS. 2022. The PLANTS Database. Greenbosch, NC: National Plant Data Team. http://plants.udga.sox
Waggy, M. A. 2009. Melalia azegardach. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
https://www.fsa.ug.sdv.gov/database/fis/plants/tree/mealcell\_all.html
Walters, T. W., and D. S. Decker-Walters. 1985. "Balsam-Pear (Mornolica charcutita, Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany 42:286-288.
Wunderlein, R. P., B. I. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. Esig. 2022. Atlas of Florida Plants. [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. http://lorida.plantas.usf.edu/
Release Date:
December 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-EP631-2022
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprise
Contacts: Chris Marble
## View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is ENH1367, one of a series of the UF/IFAS Environmental Horticulture Department. Original publication date December 2022. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifs.uf.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Yuvraj Khamaere, graduate research assistant; and Chris Marble, associate professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education, Appopka, FL 32703.
## Related Pages
Environmental Horticulture
## Mid-Florida REC |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/shake-the-salt-habit/ | Shake the Salt Habit | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2018-07-25 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Food Safety"
] | AL | ## Shake the Salt Habit
Why is it so hard to shake the salt habit? The biggest sources of salt in our diet might surprise you. About 75 percent of salt in the American diet comes from processed foods and restaurant foods. That means all of those packaged foods and snacks, prepared meals and convenience foods we buy to fit into our busy lifestyles can add up to a mountain of salt every day. A person may never add salt to their food, but still eat far too much salt.
Take a look at the top 10 sources of salt in our diet, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (https://www.cdc.gov/salts/sources.htm).
- 1. bread and rolls
- 2. pizza
- 3. sandwiches
- 4. cold cuts and cured meats
- 5. soups
- 6. burritos and tacos
- 7. savory snacks like chips, popcorn, snack mixes and crackers
- 8. chicken
- 9. cheese
- 10. eggs and omelets
Some of these foods made the top 10 list because they are common in processed foods and restaurant meals that many Americans eat. Just because a food is on this list, does not mean it is always high in sodium. A chicken breast, seasoned and baked at home, contains only a small amount of sodium naturally (less than 100 mg per serving) plus as much salt as you add during cooking and eating. However, some fresh chicken sold in stores has salt and water added to make it more plump and juicy. The packaging may say enhanced" and can
mean a lot of sodium has been added. Chicken is also a common ingredient in frozen meals and restaurant dishes that often contain a lot of salt.
Think about how much of your daily diet comes from a package, like a box, jar or can. How many of your weekly meals come from a restaurant? If you want to eat less salt, it is important to eat more fresh or whole foods so you can control how much salt is added. The more packaged and processed food in your diet, the less control you have over how much salt you are eating.
## What can you do?
The good news is you do not have to start cooking everything from scratch. There are plenty of frozen and canned foods that are lower in sodium. When choosing foods at the store, read the Nutrition Facts label, check the Percent Daily Value for a serving of the food; is it higher than 10 percent? Pay attention to words on the front of the package too, and look for phrases like "low sodium" and "no added salt".
The average Americans eat 3400 mg of salt each day. That is 50 percent more than the recommended limit for daily salt intake of 2300 mg. For people with the risk of high blood pressure or heart disease, the safe limit is 1500 mg a day.
Identifying high sodium foods in your diet and finding alternatives that are lower in sodium is a good first step to take. Cooking at home with fresh or low-sodium ingredients when you can is another easy way to avoid high sodium meals. If you shake extra salt onto your food at the table, try to cut back. If you have to add more flavor once food is on your plate, think outside the box. Black pepper, lemon juice or crushed red pepper can bring out flavors and add a kick to different foods. Trying new spices, like cumin or oregano, is a way to learn what else you like. You might be surprised how little salt you need once you develop a taste for other flavor boosters.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabamausda nondiscrimination statement) |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2013/03/18/spring-cleaning-my-husbands-love-affair-with-bleach/ | Spring Cleaning: My husband’s love affair with bleach | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2013-03-18 | [
"Healthy Housing"
] | GA | ## Spring Cleaning: My husband's love affair with bleach
Written by
March 18, 2013
Pamela Turner
I saw the first burst of pine pollen on my car window this morning. That is my sign that it is time for Spring Cleaning. Spring Cleaning is a good time to go through your cleaning supplies and make a decision on whether you want to continue using a product. We have tried to go with cheaper homemade products but there are some products we have not yet been willing to give up. The main product that causes a lot of arguments in our home is BLEACH. My husband says he is just not ready. So our compromise is to use it sparingly and dilute it with water when we are using it.
The reason he is attached to bleach is that he HATES mold! Growing up in Louisiana and south Mississippi and raising our family in Georgia we have had to deal with a lot of moisture. Our climate is so humid that we just cannot seem to get rid of mold. After paying closer attention to where mold is worst in our home, we have decided that one issue was the bathroom exhaust fan was not doing the job. So this spring we are putting in two new stronger exhaust fans. We are hoping this will help.
1. We identified the problem areas in our home and we have dealt with the sources of the moisture. We cannot realize that in our part of the world there is no such thing as a mold proof home, but we are working to deal with causes of mold: we identified all the problem areas; and we fixed all the old and new moisture problems.
- 2. We have dried out all the problem points inside and outside of our home. Remember that mold needs moisture to grow. We are paying attention to those places where we have had problems to make sure that our efforts are working. Even a clothes hamper with wet towels can contribute enough moisture to trigger mold growth.
- 3. We have installed better exhaust systems in the critical rooms: Bathrooms, laundry room, kitchen. If you notice condensation on your laundry room windows when you are washing or drying your clothes you need to look into installing exhaust fans. Make sure the fans vent to the outside and not into your
attic. Also make sure that all your appliances that produce moisture are vented to the outside and clean your vents. Your dryer vent needs to be cleaned from the inside and around the outside exhaust outlet. Make sure that your shrubs are not blocking the vents.
- 4. Another step that we have taken is when we have purchased new products we look for products that do not increase the moisture in our home and now that we are considering replacing our flooring. We will purchase mold resistant materials.
- 5. Looking for a good birthday present for a 'gadget addict' look no further than a humidity monitor. Remember that the EPA recommends keeping indoor humidity between 30 and 60 percent. You can get an indoor humidity monitor at most home good stores or go online. If the humidity in your home is high start looking for the source of moisture. Is it high when someone is bathing or does it peak when you are cooking? Maybe your exhaust fans are not doing their job.
- 6. We love our garden and the plants around our house, but we learned early on that we needed to move foundation plantings back from the house and to make sure water was not pooling around our foundation. We installed new guttering and made sure that water running off the house was moved away from the foundation and that the ground sloped away from the house.
- 7. Cleaning and repairing our gutters is a part of our spring and winter maintenance plan. Take the time to clean off your roof and clean your gutters. Depending on your landscape you may need to do this more that once or twice a year.
- 8. Cold air can hold less moisture that warm air, so when the temperature drops you might find that your windows, walls and floors may feel damp or might even see moisture forming. This is when you really need to pay attention to your home's airflow in your home. There are several things you can do to increase airflow. Keep interior doors open make sure that you have enough space between your walls and your furniture that air can circulate. Also, don't forget to leave your closet doors open. I know that our closets are often cluttered and we don't want folks to see the mess, but maybe the need to keep the doors ajar might help us cut down on excess stuff. As the seasons change and the temperature warms up air out your house but remember when it starts to rain close your windows.
With my husband's houseplants, though lovely, he is always on the lookout for over watering and he cleans the dust off of the plants and check for mold on the soil.
All that being said I am hoping that we can cut back on cleaning time and on my husband's love affair with bleach, well at least slow down his use.
For more information check out the following links: https://www.fcs.uga.edu/ext/pubs/hace/HACEE-53.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/mold/
https://www.fcs.uga.edu/green/clean\_healthy.php
https://www.fcs.uga.edu/green/clean\_healthy.php
Posted in: Healthy Housing
Tags: Bleach, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, Georgia, green cleaning, healthy cleaning, household cleaning, how to be green, mold, mold cleanup, spring cleaning, UGA
## 4 responses to "Spring Cleaning: My husband's love affair with bleach"
blacktoastintolerate March18,2013
And if your home is built on a crawl space, a correctly installed vapor barrier is a must. You might want to consider putting your bath fans on a timer instead of replacing them. Often they are simply not run long enough.
Reply
## blacktoastintolerate
March18,2013
Great tips! If your home is built on a crawl space, a vapor barrier (correctly installed) will reduce indoor humidity levels.
Reply
easterbrookgibson March18,2013
Thanks for your tip. I should have remembered the vapor barrier as we just had a new one put under our home.
Reply
airbnbcleaningsydney May16,2019
These spring cleaning tips are really very helpful, everyone has to follow these guidelines.
Reply
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FP410 | Miscanthus sinensis 'Variegatus' Variegated Japanese Silver Grass | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Gail Hansen"
] | 2024-01-10 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Miscanthus sinensis 'Variegatus' Variegated Japanese Silver Grass
Edward F. Gilman, Ryan W. Klein, and Gail Hansen
## Introduction
This cultivar of Japanese silver grass (maiden grass) has a distinctive, whitish band along each margin of the leaves, displaying a variegated effect. Leaves droop and weep toward the ground, as do many of the other cultivars. Slender leaves originate in a clump, spreading out and up like a fountain. The 5 to 7 foot tall clumps bear pink flowers in a one-sided inflorescence in late summer and fall that can be used for drying or as a dye plant. Their pinkish or silvery 8 to 10 inch long plumes persist into the winter. Foliage is flexible and blows easily in the wind. This shrub-like grass turns to a rich gold in the fall; the fall color lasts through the winter.
Credit: Edward F. Gilman, UFIFAS
## General Information
Scientific name: Miscanthus sinensis 'Variegatus'
Synopsis: MASSANTHI-US ye-NENSis
Common name(s): variegated Japanese silver grass, maiden grass
Family: Poaceae
Plant type: herbaceous; ornamental grass
USDA hardiness zones 4 through 9 (Figure 2)
Planting month for zone 7: year round
Planting month for zone 8: year round
Planting month for zone 9: year round
Origin: not native to North America
Invasive potential: aggressive, spreading plant
Uses: mass planting: border; container or above-ground planter; screen; accent
Availability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range
## Description
Height: 5 to 7 feet
Spread: 5 to 10 feet
Plant habit: upright
Plant density: moderate
Growth rate: fast
Texture: fine
## Foliage
Leaf arrangement: alternate
Leaf type: simple
Leaf margin: serrate
Leaf shape: lanceolate
Leaf venation: parallel
Leaf type and persistence: deciduous
Leaf blade length: more than 36 inches
Leaf color: varigated
Fall color: brown or tan
Fall characteristic: showy
Flower
Flower color: pink
Flower characteristic: summer flowering; fall flowering
Fruit
Fruit shape: no fruit
Fruit length: no fruit
Fruit cover: no fruit
Fruit color: no fruit
Fruit characteristic: no fruit
Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: typically multi-trunked or clumping stems
Current year stem/twig color: not applicable
Current year stem/twig thickness: not applicable
Culture
Soil tolerances: occasionally wet, acidic; sand; loam; clay; slightly alkaline
Drought tolerance: moderate
Soil salt tolerances: poor
Plant spacing: 36 to 60 inches
Other
Roots: not applicable
Winter interest: plant has winter interest due to unusual form, nice persistent fruits, showy winter trunk, or winter flowers
Outstanding plant: plant has outstanding ornamental features and could be planted more
Pest resistance: no serious pests are normally seen on the plant
## Use and Management
Japanese silver grass is frequently used in the landscape as a specimen or screen. It is also employed in group plantings, forming a nice mass of fine-textured foliage. Use Japanese silver grass as an accent or mass planted in a large-scale landscape, such as around a commercial building to add a touch of soft elegance and texture. The slightest breeze moves the foliage, allowing the landscape to "come alive." Many people prefer to cut the grass back to the ground in the spring so new green growth is not covered with last year's dried, brown foliage.
Japanese silver grass requires a location in the landscape that receives full sun, but it is adaptable to most well-drained soils. This ornamental grass is quite drought tolerant. Miscanthus sinensis is a warm season grass and transplants best in the spring. Provide good drainage at the planting site.
Other cultivars include 'Condensatus', coarser leaf texture than species, mid-summer bloom, 7 to 8 feet tall,'Crainillumus', narrow leaves than species, fall bloom, upright growth habit from 5 to 8 feet tall,'Purpurcesse', reddish foliage in summer, purple-red foliage in fall, silver pink inflorescence, mid-summer bloom, 4 to 5 feet tall,'Silver Feather', silvery white flowers in mid-summer,'Strictis', horizontal yellow bands on foliage, upright growth habit, upright growth height, 6 to 7 feet tall.
The propagation of Miscanthus sinensis by division in the spring.
## Pests and Diseases
No pests or diseases are of major concern.
Rust diseases occasionally infest the foliage, but it often goes away in drier weather.
Publication #FFS410
Release Date:
January 11, 2024
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprise's
Contacts: Claire Lewis Wendy Wilber
## View PDF
About this Publication
This document is FPS410, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Revised October 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ufas.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor emeritus; Ryan W. Klein, assistant professor, arboriculture; and Gail Hansen, professor, sustainable landscape design. Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611
## Related Pages
Shrubs Fact Sheets
403 Publication(s) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2023/03/13/uf-fire-science-program-helping-more-women-access-protective-gear/ | UF fire science program helping more women access protective gear | University of Florida | [
"Samantha Murray"
] | 2023-03-13 | [
"Forests",
"UF/IFAS Teaching",
"News",
"Rae Crandall",
"Women's History Month"
] | FL | ## UF fire science program helping more women access protective gear
In Rae Crandall's lab courses on fire ecology, classes are often held at the UF/IFAS Austin Carry Forest, where students learn the science of prescribed fire through boots-on-the-ground experience.
To do that safely, students need to wear the right personal protective equipment, or PPE. Fire PPE includes clothing made of Nomex, a flame-resistant material, as well as all-leather gloves and specialized fire boots.
Any student majoring in forest resources and conservation at the University of Florida must take a hands-on fire ecology course that requires PPE, said Crandall, an assistant professor in the UF/IFAS School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, which recently launched an undergraduate certificate program in fire ecology and management.
Students learning on the fire line. Photo by Rae Crandall
For some students, getting ahold of the right PPE is a challenge.
"Firefighting is a male-dominated field, and much of the available gear is sized with that average user in mind. Many women have a hard time finding items that are the right size, but well-fitting gear is critical to learning and working safely on the fire line," Crandall said.
Wearing pants that are too long or boots that are too big increases the chances of tripping or falling. Oversized gloves reduce grip and dexterity. And students are more likely to be distracted if they have to keep adjusting any ill-fitting clothing.
"If we go out on a burn and there is not enough appropriately sized PPE, some students will need to trade off using the gear. So, while one student is getting hands-on experience, another is waiting on
the sidelines for their turn. It's really unfortunate because it means these students are only getting part of all the course has to offer," Crandall said.
Finding equipment that is the right size isn't the only hurdle students face, she said.
"Fire PPE is expensive, and PPE designed for women is even more expensive. Fire boots, for example, can cost several hundred dollars. For some students, these costs may not economically feasible," Crandall said.
But she and others in her field are finding solutions.
Donated fire boots. Photo by Rae Crandall
'Over time, I've built up UF's supply of PPE that students can use, and I also work with a local
network whose members loan each other different sized PPE,' Crandall said. She has also started a fire boot donation program that has collected more than 20 pairs of boots, which students can check out as needed.
Crandall even learned to tailor and repair Nomex clothing herself. "Over the last few years, I have learned how to replace broken zippers, hem pant legs, and take in and let out Nomex pants," she said.
"Ultimately, I want any student to be able to take our classes without worrying about whether they can afford the equipment or find something in their size," Crandall said. "We are currently looking into ways to get more PPE donated or set up a fund to support student access to PPE."
Crandall noted that while most wildland fire crews are majority men, women are becoming more common in the field of prescribed fire management.
"When I was on a firefighting crew out west, I was one of two women on a team of 21. It's important that we increase opportunities for women who can then go on to become role models for others," Crandall said.
Want to learn more about supporting access to fire PPE at UF? Contact Rae Crandall at rcaecrandall@ufl.edu .
by Samantha Murray Posted: March 13, 2023
Category: Forests, UF/IFAS Teaching
Tags: News, Rae Crandall, Women's History Month
## More From Blogs.IFAS
UF/IFAS Q&A: Why do insects behave strangely during a total of Florida Sea Grant solar eclipse?
Growing Batty: UF/IFAS Researchers Discover That Rare Bats Pollinate Durian Trees
Growing Batty: UF/IFAS Researchers Discover That Rare Bats Pollinate Durian Trees
Following the Panhandle fires? UF expert explains wildfire terms |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/currituck-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Currituck County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Census",
"Infographics"
] | NC | ## Currituck County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer
NC STATE EXTENSION |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/cold-injury-palms | Cold Injury to Palms | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Alan Henn",
"Dr. Eddie Miles Louis Smith"
] | null | [
"Landscape",
"Gardening",
"Palms",
"Cold Injury"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Cold Injury to Palms
## Cold Injury to Palms
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Landscape and Garden Design |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2828 | |
| View as PDF: P2828.pdf | |
| Figure 1. A sabal or cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) growing in Natchez, MS, which suffered from frost five nights before the image was taken. The white leaf tips are typical of recent frost injury. They will brown and become brittle with time. Note how they are more prominent in leaf tips more directly exposed to the sky. | |
| Every few winters, arctic fronts plunge frigid temperatures into our state, harming landscape plants. Some of the plants most afflicted by the ravages of winter are palms that have been planted outside or near the edge of their cold adaptability. Let's think about a little first aid for these plants that add enjoyment to our landscapes. | |
Every few winters, arctic fronts plunge frigid temperatures into our state, harming landscape plants. Some of the plants most afflicted by the ravages of winter are palms that have been planted outside or near the edge of their cold adaptability. Let's think about a little first aid for these plants that add enjoyment to our landscapes.
## Selecting the Palm and Its Location
The amount of cold injury to a palm depends upon the type (or species), how well it has adapted to its landscape, the duration of the cold temperatures, and the location of plants or buildings around the palm that may offer some protection. When selecting a palm for your landscape, choose a species that is well adapted to our climate, not to central Florida's. Secondarily, try to buy locally. Trees raised here will more likely be adapted to our conditions than ones trucked here from farther south. See P2948 Palms and Cycads for the Midsouth Landscape and Tables 1 and 2 for more details and tips.
If you must pick a cold-sensitive species, blocking our common winter winds is beneficial. Its chance of survival can be slightly improved if you plant the palm where it can be sheltered by buildings and other plants. This idea is discussed in more depth in P2948 Palms and Cycads for the Midsouth Landscape.
Two kinds of cold injury are common in Mississippi. Frost (or radiological freeze) and hard freeze damage.
Frost damage occurs during a night when no cloud cover is present and the wind is calm. The leaf surface radiates its heat into the clear night air and the leaf temperature may fall below the air temperature. Frost may result. This event then depends on direct exposure to the night sky and by the absence of wind in the leaf area. This combination means damage can be spotty. Figure 1 shows a sabal or cabbage palm (Sabal palmto) growing in Natchez, MS which suffered from frost about five nights prior to the image being taken.
A hard freeze is when air and leaf temperatures drop below 32° F (0° C), but more so at 28° F (-2.2° C). In this case, wind will more quickly reduce leaf temperatures and plant damage will probably be more even. However, some parts of a palm, such as the lower and older leaves, are more susceptible to freeze damage than newer, upper leaves (Figure 2).
You can prepare your palms for a cold event by covering the top of the palm with a blanket or canvas. Be careful to not break the fronts while placing and removing it. Avoid plastic, since cold is directly transmitted through it to the plant below.
You can also help your palm survive cold periods ahead of time through proper care and maintenance. Research on coconut palms in Florida has shown that proper fertilization promotes resistance to cold injury. Using typical turfgrass fertilizers in the landscape around palms results in lush growth, but depletes vital nutrients (potassium and magnesium) in the palm, thus creating deficiency symptoms and weaker plants. They have found that applications of a slow-release fertilizer formulated for palms and mixed in the ratio of 8-2-12-4 (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassiummagnesium) plus micronutrients benefits both palms and St. Augustinegrass. The same fertilizers and deficiencies may not apply to the palm-like species, such as the sago palm (and others listed in Table 2).
| Common name | Scientific name | Hardy to USDA zone or monopodial |
|----------------|-------------------|------------------------------------|
| Dwarf palmetto | Sabal minor | 6 |
| Common name | Scientific name | Hardy to USDA zone | Sympodial or monopodial |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------|
| Needle palm | Rhapidophyllum hystrix | 6 | sympodial |
| Windmill palm | Tracharypus fortunei | 7 | monopodial |
| European fan palm/ Mediterranean fan palm | Chamaerops humilis | 7b | sympodial |
| Pindo palm, jelly palm | Butia capitata | 8a | monopodial |
| Sabal palm, palemetto palm, cabbage palm | Sabal palmetto | 8a | monopodial |
| Saw palmetto | Serenoa repens | 8a | monopodial |
| California fan palm, Washington palm | Washingtontonia filifera | 8a | monopodial |
| Date palm | Phoenix dactylifera | 8b | monopodial |
| Sliver date palm, Indian date palm | Phoenix sylvestris | 8b | monopodial? |
| Canary Island date palm | Phoenix canariensis | 9a | monopodial |
| Mexican fan palm, Washington palm | Washingtontonia robusta | 9a | monopodial |
| Common name | Scientific name | Hardy to USDA zone | Synpodial or nonopodial |
|----------------|-------------------|----------------------|---------------------------|
| Sago palm | Cycas revoluta | 8b | sympodial |
| Chestnut dioon | Dioon edule | 8b | sympodial |
| Common name | Scientific name | Hardy to USDA zone | Synopdial or nonopodial |
|---------------|-------------------|----------------------|---------------------------|
| Coontie | Zamia pumila | 8b | sympodial when older |
Louisiana experts recommend a single fertilization per year in May. Fertilizing later may result in too much nitrogen too late in the year. Too much nitrogen may have three impacts:
- 1. Extra nitrogen makes the plant absorb extra water, so it will be more susceptible to cold damage.
- 2. Extra nitrogen will facilitate the growth of secondary infections.
- 3. Extra nitrogen may throw off the nutrient balance of the palm, resulting in deficiencies in potassium and the micronutrients boron and magnesium.
Mulching around your palm may help keep lawn fertilizers from being deposited around the palm, avoiding these problems. However, a fertility program would be beneficial to most Gulf Coast palms.
Proper watering is an important factor in plant growth. There are two popular, but potentially damaging practices for watering palms: Watering the palm's growing point and watering the crown instead of the roots. Palms have been seriously injured by fungi and secondary decay organisms associated with overwatering the growing tip. Studies in Florida have shown no advantage to watering the base of the tree where it enters the ground (the crown) rather than the roots. Watering the root area is as effective as watering the crown, and it may encourage better root growth. Irrigation is probably not needed if rainfall is adequate.
## Unique Palm Growth
To understand cold injury in palms and how best to protect these treasures in our landscape, we must understand how they grow and function differently from softwoods and hardwoods. Unlike hardwood trees, palms have one central growing point, the point from which the fronds (leaves) grow. This part is called the palm heart or palm bud. Located at the top of the trunk, the palm heart is in an exposed location. The primary protectors of the palm heart are the fronds, which shield it from blowing objects, hot sun, wind, and cold.
Also, unlike softwood and hardwood trees which can heal and wall-off wounds, palm wounds do not heal. Wounds caused by things such as nails, climbing spikes, or wind-blown debris will not heal and create areas for pathogens to enter and cause disease. Wounded plants are often infected once weakened, and infected palms often die.
## Care of the Fronds
After a frost or cold injury, you may notice that the lower, older fronds are more damaged than the younger, upper fronds. Regardless of how they appear, it is important to keep the fronds on as long as possible. The fronds shelter the palm heart from direct sun, wind, and mechanical injury, so retaining old fronds until new fronds have grown is beneficial (Figure 4).
Palms grow slowly and commonly require seven months to begin to re-leaf after cold injury. When they do produce new fronds, the first several are likely to be deformed or discolored. When removing dead fronds from the palm, after two or three new leaves have formed, remember not to pull them off and potentially wound the trunk. Cut them-a sharp linoleum knife seems to work about as well as
anything. For frond removal, wait until there is no longer any green left, and all chance of further cold is gone. Even though much of the palm is brown, there may still be needed micronutrients in the frond the palm can use.
If you can pull the spear leaf (the newly emerging frond that is still tightly rolled and sticks up straight) from the top of the palm weeks after the cold event, then cold has injured it. The dead plant material and wounds caused by the cold may leave the plant open to fungal and bacterial secondary decay organisms which can soften the palm and may produce an offensive smell. The base of the spear leaf is especially sensitive to cold injury and secondary infection. Since copper-based fungicides are the only ones that can fend off both bacteria and fungi, the University of Florida indicates that a treatment with a pH neutralized copper fungicide drench to the palm heart area may help, although it has not been confirmed by controlled tests. The purpose is to inhibit the secondary bacterial and fungal decay organisms associated with the cold injury, not to manage a specific disease. A link to the University of Florida palm work, including their Cold Injury publication, is at the end of this document.
palm recovering from temperatures near 20°F. Note the dead frounds on the main stem. Peeking from the gravel below is a stem only several years old that has leaves immediately above and touching the gravel. Such basal stem sprouts often form as a result of low but not killing temperatures (sympodal recovery). The white spots on the fround are a scale insect, ycad aculacaspis scale. For management tips about scale insects in general, see Extension Publication 2369 Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants in the Home Landscape.
Follow label directions, and do not apply more than twice. Copper fungicides with some types of palms labeled for disease control include Bonide Copper Fungicide Concentrate, Camelot O, Cuprofix Ultra 40 Dispers, Monterey LiuCop Copper Garden Spray. Other products may also be labeled, and labels change, so be sure to review the label carefully before buying a copper fungicide. Do not use a water-soluble copper formulation unless the pH of the solution has been neutralized according to label instructions.
If the top of the palm falls over, fluid oozes out the side of the trunk, or you see reddish soft areas in the trunk, the tree is dead and needs to be removed. If your species of palm has a sympodial growth pattern, it is possible that it will sprout a new side bud near the ground and produce a new tree (see Tables 1 and 2). Cut sympodial palms several feet above the ground. A dead monopodial palm should be cut near the ground.
## For More Information
University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale Research Station
- · Palm Production & Maintenance
- Extension Plant Pathology publications
Southeastern Palm Society.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended. Products, especially for residential use, change frequently. This information was accurate at the time of publication.
## Publication 2828 (POD-03-22)
Revised by Alan Henn, PhD, Extension Professor, Plant Pathology, and Eddie Smith, PhD, Extension Agent, Pearl River County, from the original by Alan Henn, Eddie Smith, and Geoff Denny, PhD, former Assistant Extension Professor, Plant and Soil Sciences.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Dr. Alan Henn
Extension Professor
| Related Publications | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3705 Azaleas for the Landscape | PUBBLICATION NUMBER: P4018 Non-native and Native Shrubs of Mississippi |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PubLICATION NUMBER: P2938 Crape Myrtle Bark Scale Identification and Control | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3111 Storm-Resistant Trees for Mississippi Landscapes | PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3952 Propagating Plants for the Home Landscape | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/farkleberry/index.html | Farkleberry - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-07-26 | [] | OK | ## FARKLEBERRY
Common Name: Farkleberry
Other Name: Sparkleberry
Species Name: Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.
Family Name: Ericaceae
Plant Type: Shrubs
## Plant Facts
| Origin | North America |
|--------------------------|----------------------------|
| Duration | Perennial |
| Distribution in Oklahoma | Eastern third of the state |
| Sun Preference | Shade Tolerant |
## ID Characteristics
| Field Identification Characteristics | + |
|----------------------------------------|-----|
| Leaf and Stem Characteristics | + |
| Floral Characteristics | + |
Habitat/ Ecology
| | Closed canopy forest |
|--------------------------|------------------------|
| Soil Type | Acidic Soils |
| USDA Cold Hardiness Zone | 6 to 8 |
| Successional Stage | Varies | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/using-simulators-for-training-individuals-efficiently-and-safely-operate-logging | Using Simulators for Training Individuals to Efficiently and Safely Operate Logging Equipment | Mississippi State University | [
"Curtis L. VanderSchaaf",
"Wayne Withers",
"David Livingston"
] | null | [
"Logging",
"Training",
"Simulators",
"Forestry"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s
## Using Simulators for Training Individuals to Efficiently and Safely Operate Logging Equipment
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Forestry, Forest Economics, Forest Management
Publication Number: P3863
View as PDF: P3863.pdf
A simulator can be defined as a machine or process with a set of controls similarly designed to produce a realistic imitation of the operation of a vehicle, train, boat, aircraft, or other complex system and used for training purposes. There are many simulators, including flight, racecar driving, and truck driving. There are also simulators that use mathematical approaches to predict forest growth and yield, dynamics of fish and wildlife populations, dynamics of ecosystems, and some of these simulators provide visual depiction of simulation results.
These tools are valuable because they allow individuals to learn about a system or how to operate a machine without actually risking death or bodily harm and without damaging actual structures or machines. Other advantages are discussed throughout this publication.
The logging industry is an extremely important component of the wood supply chain. Loggers harvest and transport raw woody resources from a forest to a processing facility, often called a mill. As with
most professions, there are many intricacies that loggers need to be knowledgeable about to best accomplish their job. Additionally, it can be a highly dangerous profession.
Thus, many logging simulators have been developed to help inform and train individuals about the profession. These simulators can range from very basic to highly sophisticated. Some simulators are video games designed more for entertainment, while other simulators are designed specifically for training professionals. However, even the video-game simulators can be used to help educate people about the logging industry, particularly younger people who have limited interest in the logging profession. This publication will mainly focus on more professional-focused simulators, but we will also describe video-game-based simulators.
## Utility of Simulators for the Logging Profession
Logging is a very expensive and highly competitive industry; some parts of the country are more expensive and competitive than others. Here, in the Southeast, most logging operations are fully mechanized-no "boots on the ground"which means there is very little time when logging crew members are conducting operations outside of protected equipment. These fully mechanized operations are highly efficient and productive relative to those from the past, but this efficiency and productivity come at a financial cost.
Most often, logging operations in this region include a feller-buncher (either wheeled, sometimes called drive-to-tree, or less often tracked) and skidders to haul the logs from the stump following the felling of trees to a central processing location, often called a landing. At the landing, there is some process to remove branches and limbs and to merchandise stems. Equipment can include some combination of pull-through delimbers, ground saws, delimbing gates, deliminators, or tracked processors. A tracked processor is one piece of machinery that can accomplish all the processing tasks that are required using several of the other pieces of processing equipment.
After processing, logs must be loaded onto trucks using a loader, and then the unmanufactured, raw woody resource is transferred by the truck to a mill. In the Southeast, loggers can easily have as much as $750,000 to $1 million invested in their equipment for each separate logging crew. Some logging businesses maintain only one "crew," but larger businesses can have five crews or more. Increasing loan interest rates put extra pressure on logging operations; carrying "notes" on this equipment becomes extremely costly. Therefore, it is vital that crew members operating this equipment are highly skilled, efficient individuals to help maximize narrow profit margins.
Insurance rates continue to rise, particularly truck insurance, and fuel is becoming increasingly expensive. Plus, as inflation increases, equipment costs rise, the costs of mechanics increase, and the cost of parts increase. The costs of labor also increase as inflation increases, as well as the costs of any fringe benefits supplied to employees. Furthermore, tight quotas from mills and expanding regulations create issues for logging operations. Again, highly skilled, efficient crew members are needed to operate this equipment to help minimize costs and maximize profits as much as possible.
Currently, the majority of machine operators in the logging industry are older than 55 (Conrad et al. 2018) and are nearing retirement age. So it is imperative that younger people become interested in this industry, and it is vital that they have the skills needed to operate this equipment safely and efficiently. Thus, training is an essential need. Simulators are effective tools because they can help provide much of the training without substantial cost and damage to actual machines or injury to trainees and instructors/trainers.
Today, many of the modern machines are operated using skills that are required to play video games (Figure 1). Machines like feller bunchers, skidders, loaders, processors, harvesters, and forwarders require the same skills that many of our younger people obtain by playing video games. Additionally, much of the machinery is automated, thus skills learned from cell phones and computers are very important. In many ways, outside of maintenance and repairing modern logging machines, this equipment is really geared towards our younger generations. So simulators can be wonderful tools to help our younger generation have a "step-up" before actually operating real machines on the ground.
Simulators allow for training of new and experienced operators. Basic skills can be learned from a step-by-step simulator guidance, allowing individuals to become familiar with machine controls. There is also real-time feedback as to how effectively operators are responding to emergencies and mistakes that are made. These machines allow for the tracking of the performance of individuals, providing a means to assess the progression of increasing skill level. Also, the level of productivity of a trainee can be tracked to determine the operator efficiency and, for example, unit costs of logging (machine rate/productivity) associated with that person.
This information can help employers screen potential employees, and perhaps allow employers to assign tasks to individuals who bring increased efficiency to the entire harvesting operation. Individuals can be trained without tying up actual pieces of equipment that are needed by others to actually conduct harvesting operations in the real world. Simulated training can be organized for a whole group of trainees at the same time. Experienced operators of logging equipment can be trained about different or newer equipment by having hands-on training using a simulator of the different or new piece of equipment, thereby reducing start-up costs.
Not only do trainees gain basic skills with a piece of equipment, but they can also learn about adjustments that can be made on the actual machine while training on the simulator. Simulators are also advantageous because swapping of simulated logging machines can be done within minutes, allowing for trainees to be trained on a variety of machines in a short amount of time.
These simulators not only provide training in terms of efficiently and proficiently operating equipment, but they can also be used to train individuals on logger-select thinning harvests and merchandizing and sorting of logs at landings to maximize yields and financial returns. They can perhaps train crew members how to identify tree species while operating the machine, as well as how to select among species to best meet the timber sale objectives. Being able to operate the equipment in a safe and efficient manner is extremely important for reducing costs, but the ability to best merchandise logs and to optimize financial and biological concerns is essential to maximize productivity and profits.
It is important for loaders to know how to position logs on the trucks to maximize payloads in a legal and safe manner. Individuals operating the feller buncher can be trained about many issues related to felling trees, such as logger-select operations. The operator of the feller buncher could be trained about various types of forest conditions that may require different decision-making skills when determining what trees are best to remove. Skidder operators must be able to understand the ergonomics, hydraulic pressures, and mechanical forces of various sizes and number of logs when skidding logs to a landing. Weather conditions can also be changed in many simulators. Operators can even be trained on issues such as best management practices (BMP) or streamside management zones (SMZ). Additionally, these simulators can be used with various languages, such as English or Spanish, and productivity can be measured in English or metric units.
Simulators can also provide initial information about the feasibility of new harvesting techniques or equipment. Experimentation can be done within various forest types and site conditions since most simulators allow users to select the forest type and site conditions. Perhaps harvesting techniques or operations that are conducted very efficiently in monospecific plantations could also be beneficial in mixed-species stands; a simulator could provide some initial feedback.
## Types of Simulators for the Logging Profession
The majority of the large forestry/logging machine manufacturing companies have simulators available for training. The companies themselves provide information to third-party computerprogramming companies about common forest conditions; machine ergonomics, hydraulic pressures, and mechanical forces; and machine size, length, and weight that allow computer programmers to produce accurate visual graphics and for the simulated machines to realistically respond to various conditions encountered by loggers. Some logging equipment manufacturers have different levels of simulators that allow for a more realistic training experience. However, more realism comes at a price. Currently, individual professional simulators can range from $500 to $40,000 per unit.
There are also several video-game simulators. Many of the video-game simulators are $50 or less (as opposed to $40,000 for the more sophisticated professional simulators), and there are many freely available modifications (termed mods) produced by players that can be downloaded by other players.
These video-game simulators may not be as sophisticated as the professional simulators, but they are actually useful because they can help the younger generation learn more about logging and become interested in the profession. Sometimes, even grownups play these games. One product, "Farming Simulator" (FS), is a fairly sophisticated video game that offers a wide variety of equipment choices and tree species to harvest. Two common versions that are commercially available are FS19 and FS22 (GIANTS software). The ergonomics, hydraulic pressures, and mechanical forces associated with operating the machinery are actually quite realistic. There is also the opportunity to buy various pieces of physical hardware (steering wheels, various types of joysticks) to enhance the experience of the simulator. Great advantages of these simulators is the much-reduced cost and the ease of obtaining the game. Users can download from the Internet a licensed version.
One logging equipment manufacturer, for example, offers four different levels of professional simulators: Full, Multi, Compact, and Basic. The Full simulator offers a very realistic experience of someone sitting within the machine and having the same level of controls as the actual machines (Figure 5). For instance, control levers, pedals, and the simulator itself move ergonomically as the
actual machine moves in the field. This simulator comes equipped with three large screens synchronized to the simulator itself that allow for a very wide and real-like field of vision. The Basic simulator, on the other hand, is intended to be used with a desktop computer. It has less sophisticated joysticks and no pedals to operate the machine. The joysticks are mounted on the desk.
## Hinds Community College Logging Equipment Operator Academy
As part of the Hinds County Community College Logging Equipment Operator program, a full-sized simulator is used to provide trainees an opportunity to operate simulated harvesting equipment before operating actual equipment in the field. This 16-week program is offered twice a year and includes time spent operating the simulator and various pieces of actual equipment in the field. Trainees receive instruction from an instructor, as well as training by others on a variety of topics including BMPs, small-engine mechanics, OSHA training, and aspects of forestry. Students attend the training program 8 hours a day throughout the course, and successful completion of the program leads to several safety certifications as well as Professional Logging Manager (PLM) status. After completion of the course, trainees have sufficient knowledge to be part of an actual logging operation crew. The program is a partnership with the Mississippi Loggers Association (MLA) and the Mississippi Forestry Commission (MFC).
As part of the simulation, a variety of machines can be selected, depending on the training objective of the instructor. Users can select to operate a four-wheeled feller buncher (843L-II), tracked feller buncher (953MH/959M), or a skidder (848L-III), all of which are common machines in Mississippi treelength harvesting operations. These operations are commonly referred to as fully mechanized conventional harvesting systems. By far, tree-length harvesting is the most common logging operation in Mississippi and the Southeast.
Four-wheeled feller bunchers are more common than tracked; however, tracked machines are operated in this region and are advantageous in certain conditions, most notably areas of high slope and extremely wet soils. Some people may refer to feller bunchers as cutters or shears. However, "shear" is not the best term for feller bunchers with cutting heads consisting of disc saws, because they can be confused with actual shear cutting heads still found on some feller bunchers but were more popular in the past.
Additionally, users can select to operate one of two wheeled harvesters (1170G 8W or 1270E), both with a H414 harvesting head, and a forwarder (1510E). The 1170G 8W has eight wheels, while the
1270E has the more standard six wheels. These two machines are commonly used in cut-to-length (CTL) harvesting operations. Although they are less common in the Southeast, CTL operations do exist in this region.
The program at Hinds is unique because it has the only wheeled fell buncher simulator in the country. Based on years of experience running equipment as part of actual logging operations, the second author of this article, who is the instructor at Hinds, believes the wheeled fell buncher simulator operates very closely to an actual machine. The simulator is well designed, mimicking in many ways actual field conditions. Users can select different tracts of timber, allowing them to learn how to operate equipment in a variety of forested conditions. Operators have the opportunity to fell pine plantation pulpwood as part of a thinning operation and to conduct pine and hardwood clearcuts felling sawlog size material. If the instructor chooses, both types of harvests can be simulated on hilly terrain.
As part of the training program at Hinds, experience on the simulator can be paired with operating actual equipment at a site owned and maintained by the MFC near Raymond, Mississippi. Currently, the program does not have an actual feller buncher, but John Deere 648L-II and 848L-II grapple skidders have been used, and students can operate a John Deere 437B loader that can be used to load one of two four-bolster trailers produced by Fryfogle Manufacturing Inc. (FMI) located in Lucedale, Mississippi. This program is operated in large part by the MLA, and several organizations donate time or equipment to help train individuals to operate logging machines, to increase the knowledge of foresters, and to educate the general public about logging operations.
In a workshop setting, several foresters have run the simulator and the actual equipment at the field site near Raymond, providing them an opportunity to learn more about logging operations and identify potential concerns and limitations when operating this equipment. For a variety of reasons, this gain in knowledge is extremely beneficial. For example, they are able to better establish timber sales that meet landowner objectives while allowing for efficient operations by the logger. More efficient operations by the logger have the potential to generate more revenue for the logging firm, the forester representing the interests of the landowner, and the landowner.
Within the simulator, a trainee can fell several rows of timber using the feller buncher and then move over to the skidder and extract felled trees to a landing for further processing. A skilled operator on the wheeled feller buncher can hold (bunch) as many as eight trees in the cutting head before dropping, and then releasing, the current bunch onto the ground, allowing them to go fell and bunch another group of trees. Alternatively, a user can fell trees using a hayester, cut them to desired product length at the stump, and then "forward" them to a landing using the forwarder to be loaded onto a logging truck, hence the term CTL.
There are many helpful minor additions in the simulation world to help operators identify actions in the field that are not desired. For instance, during felling or skidding, if an operator "skins" trees a red ring will appear on the damaged trees, helping the user to identify the damage and to learn how to minimize or eliminate actions that cause that type of damage. Later, the operator can return to the row and remove these "skinned" or "bumped" trees. If an operator lowers the cutting head on the feller buncher too far into the ground, it will "stick" the feller and won't allow movement of the machine. Users can also erroneously dropped fell trees over the top of the feller, teaching operators to use more precision during felling operations to ensure safe control of the tree. Students must pay close attention to detail because the simulator is very unforgiving and does not allow them to make mistakes without notification.
Because this machine is a simulator, there are some slight issues with it. Our second author, the Hinds instructor, has noticed some issues with steering, so the simulated machines are not as maneuverable as the actual wheeled feller buncher or skidder. Additionally, when operating an actual machine, a user has more complete vision of their surroundings than when operating the simulated machines within the simulated forest. There is research into providing head sets and eye coverings to allow for a more complete visualization of the simulated forest from any point or perspective within the simulated forest.
skidder, while the lower picture contains a John Deere 337E loader (with a pull-through delimber) and two Fryfogle Manufacturing Inc. four-bolster logging trailers.
## References
- J. L. Conrad IV, W. D. Greene, and P. Hiesl. 2018. A review of changes in U.S. logging businesses 1980spresent. Journal of Forestry 116(3): 291-303.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
Publication 3863 (POD-02-23)
By Curtis L. VanderSchaaf , PhD, Assistant Professor, Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University; Wayne Withers, Instructor, Logging Equipment Operator Academy, Hinds Community College; and David Livingston, Executive Director, Mississippi Loggers Association. The authors thank Rien Visser, PhD, Professor, University of Canterbury, and Han-Super Han, PhD, Professor of Forest Operations, Northern Arizona University, for providing useful comments. Department: Forestry
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https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2015/10/10/laughter-and-health/ | Laughter and health | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2015-10-10 | [
"Uncategorized"
] | GA | ## Laughter and health
Written by
October 10, 2015
Pamela Turner
Researchers say laughter is good for your health. Go out and laugh this weekend!
belly-laughs a day is the equivalent of a high-impact workout that can help you burn off as many as 500 calories.
In addition, laughter has been known to reduce cortisol (the stress hormone in our body), ease muscle tension and increase the body's T-Cell count (type of…
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/silver-creek-retail-analysis | Silver Creek Retail Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
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"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Silver Creek Retail Analysis
## Silver Creek Retail Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2945-254 | |
| View as PDF: P2945-254.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Lawrence County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | |
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## Related Publications
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/imported-willow-leaf-beetle | Imported Willow Leaf Beetle | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic",
"Beetle",
"Willow"
] | NC | ## Imported Willow Leaf Beetle
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The imported willow leaf beetle, Plagioderma versicolor , resembles a black lady beetle. (Lady beetles are in a different family, and the black ones usually have orange spots of some sort.) Adult imported willow leaf beetles overwinter outdoors and emerge from their hibernation sites in spring. They feed for a while before females begin to lay eggs. Soon larvae hatch and all stages of the beetle can be found. Both stages feed on foliage of willows during the summer. At least two generations occur each year.
## Host Plants
Imported willow leaf beetles attack the foliage of willows, cottonwood, and poplar (not tulip poplar). Adults notch and chew holes in the leaves, and their larvae skeletonize the leaves. From a distance, infested trees gradually turn off color and the tree may eventually appear to be dead. Although complete defoliation of a willow is not fatal, it's not good for it either!
## Residential Recommendation
One reason the beetles seem to come back after treatment is that pesticides may not kill the eggs so that after treatment additional larvae hatch to carry on the family tradition. Another reason may be that the beetles do not all emerge from their hibernating quarters on the same day. Thus, the trees may be reinfested after the treatment. Mavrik, Merit, permethrin, pyrethrins, Sevin, and Talstar are all labeled for beetle control in the landscape. When used as directed, pyrethroids are very toxic to insects but are not particularly hazardous to humans and pets (other than fish-avoid using pyrethroids around pools, ponds, and streams).
## References
- · Biology and Management of Insect Pests in North American Intensively Managed Hardwood Forest Systems . Coyle, D. R. et al. 2005. Annual Rev. of Entomology 50: 1-29.
- · Cycloalexy:A new concept in the larval defense of insects. Jolivet, P. et al. 1990. Insecta Mundi Vol. 4, No. 1-4.
- · Imported Willow Leaf Beetle , Plagiodera versicolor (Laicharting):Family: Chrysomelidae. Klass, C., W. T. Johnson, and P. A. Weston. 2012 (update). Insect Diagnostict Lab. Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology.
- · The biology of the imported willow leaf beetle . Pagiodera versicolor (Laicharting) . Wake, M. J. 1994. Pages 541-547 In Novel Aspect of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Jolivet, P. H., M. L. Cox and E. Pettiperie editors.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
## This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology Publication date: Nov. 28, 2012 Reviewed/Revised: May 4, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local NC. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/crosby-census-profile-2010-2020 | Crosby Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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## Crosby Census Profile (2010-2020)
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Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P33375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
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Extension provides training for tourism professionals
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southern-blight-of-vegetable-crops | Southern Blight of Tomato and Pepper | NC State Extension | [
"Inga Meadows",
"Amanda Scherer",
"Michelle Henson"
] | null | [
"Vegetable Pathology",
"Plant Disease",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Southern Blight of Tomato and Pepper
Vegetable Pathology Factsheets
## General Information
Southern blight, also known as southern wilt and southern stem rot, is a serious and frequent disease of vegetable crops in North Carolina. The disease was first reported on tomato, but also occurs on hundreds of other economically important crops including pepper, bean, cantaloupe, carrot, potato, sweetpotato, watermelon, cotton, peanut, tobacco, and soybean. High temperatures (77 to 95 °F), aerobic and moist conditions, and acidic soil favor disease development. In North Carolina, the disease will first appear in "hot spots" in fields in early to mid-summer and progress until cooler, dryer conditions prevail.
Southern blight stem lesion with sclerotia of Athelia rolfsii on a fieldgrown tomato plant.
Attribution: I. Meadows
## Pathogen
Southern blight is caused by the soil-born fungus Agroathelia rolfsii (=Sclerotium rolfsii).
## Symptoms and Signs
On tomato and pepper, the most common symptom occurs on the lower stem where it is in contact with the soil. Initially, a brown to black lesion usually develops on the stem near the soil line. The lesion will develop rapidly and can completely girdle the stem, which will cause a sudden and permanent wilt of all above ground parts. Young plants may fall over at the soil line.
Under moist conditions, white mycelium will typically develop on stem lesions and can sometimes extend several centimeters up the stem of tomato and pepper plants. After a few days, tan to reddish-brown, spherical sclerotia (1 to 2 mm in diameter) can appear on the mat of mycelia.
The fungus can easily infect fruit that are in contact with infested soil. Lesions will initially appear as sunken and slightly yellow areas that later become water-soaked, soft, and star-shaped spots. The fruit will collapse within 3 to 4 days and white mycelium and sclerotia can fill the lesion cavity. There
EXTENSION
is no offensive odor associated with rotted fruit or at least initially.
White mycelium and sclerotia of Athelia rolfsii on the stem of a fieldgrown tomato plant
Attribution: I. Meadows
## Disease Cycle and Epidemiology
- A. rolfsii can survive and overwinter as sclerotia and on host debris in the soil for years. The fungus is highly saprophytic and can produce mycelial growth on a variety of host substrates. However, the fungus is generally restricted to the upper 2 to 3 inches of soil and will not survive at deeper depths. In most North Carolina soils, the fungus does not survive in significant numbers when a host is absent for two years or more. High temperatures (77 to 95 °F), aerobic and moist conditions, and
acidic soil favor disease development and fungal growth. Germination of sclerotia occurs at pH 2-5 and is inhibited at pH higher than 7. Sclerotia are spread by the movement of infested soil and plant material.
## General Disease Management
Southern blight can be difficult to manage when inoculum density is high and environmental conditions favor disease development. However, losses can be reduced by adopting the following management strategies:
- · Avoid planting in fields with a history of southern blight.
- · Rotate host crops with corn, wheat, barley, or other non-host crops to reduce inoculum levels in soil.
- · Modify planting dates to avoid conditions that favor disease development, when possible.
- · Inoculum levels can be reduced by burying infected plant debris and sclerotia via deep plowing to invert the soil.
- · Ensure the previous crop is decomposed prior to planting. This may require disking the field several times in the fall and in the spring.
- · Remove symptomatic plants and reduce or eliminate weed populations.
- · Maintain adequate soil pH for optimum plant growth. Lower soil pH will encourage disease.
- · Tomato varieties grafted onto tomato rootstocks "Maxfort," Big Power", and "Beaufort" have been shown to maintain high yields in southern-blight infested fields in one study.
## Disease Control for Conventional Growers
Several fungicides are labeled for use on tomato and pepper to manage southern blight (Table 1). For the latest fungicide recommendations for southern blight of tomato and pepper, see the Southeastern US vegetable Crop Handbook . Fungicide labels are legal documents -always read and follow fungicide labels.
The fumigation of soils with broad spectrum chemicals such as chloropricin and sodium metam sodium can reduce disease incidence, but this strategy is limited by economic considerations. Soil
fumigants must be applied days to weeks prior to planting.
| Active Ingredient | Product | PHI (day) | Group 1 | Crop(s) |
|-----------------------------------|----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|
| Difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr | Aprovia Top | 0 | 7 + 3 | Tomato |
| Fluoxastrobin | Aftershock | 3 | 11 | Tomato |
| Fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | Priaxor 500 SC | 7 | 7 + 11 | Tomato Pepper |
| Penthiopyrad | Fontelis | 0 | 7 | Tomato Pepper |
| Pyraclostrobin | Cabrio EG | 0 | 11 | Tomato Pepper |
## Useful Resources
- · The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations
- · The Extension Plant Pathology Portal provides information on crop disease management
- · The Southeastern US vegetable Crop Handbook provides information on vegetable disease management
- · The USDA Fungus-Host Distributions Database provides information about reported hosts for fungal and oomycete pathogens
## Acknowledgments
This disease fact sheet was prepared by the Meadows Plant Pathology Lab.
Funding for updating this fact sheet comes from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) (2017-70006-27141).
## References
Rivard, C. O'Connell, S. Peet, M., and Louws, F. 2010.Grafting toato with interspecific rootstock to manage diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and southern root-knot nematode. Plant Dis . 94 :10151021.
## Authors
## Inga Meadows
Extension Associate, Vegetable and Herbaceous Ornamental Pathology Entomology & Plant Pathology
## Amanda Scherer
Postdoctoral Research Scholar Entomology & Plant Pathology
## Michelle Henson
Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Jan. 17, 2019
Reviewed/Revised: May 28, 2020
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/cr/2020-2021-small-grains-variety-performance-tests-cr-2143.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20210819143538-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
## EXTENSION
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at extension.okstate.edu
## 2020-2021 Small Grains Variety Performance Tests
## Amanda de Oliveira Silva Small Grains Extension Specialist
## Brett Carver Wheat Breeder
## Robert Calhoun Senior Agricultural
## Bob Hunger Extension Plant Pathologist
## Wheat Crop Overview
At the time of writing this report, 2021 Oklahoma wheat production is estimated to be approximately 108 million bushels, which is about 4% higher than 2020 production and 2% lower than 2019 production (Table 1). Approximately 4.3 million acres were planted for the 2021 crop year, which was similar to the 2020 crop, but was 14% lower than the previous 10-year average. The number of harvested acres is estimated at 2.70 million, which is 4% higher than in 2020 (Table 1). The statewide average yield is projected at 40 bushels per acre This is similar to the 2020 state average and 9 bushels per acre greater than the previous 10-year average.
| | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
|------------------------------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Planted area | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Harvested area (million acres) | 2.75 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
| Yield (bushels/acre) | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Total production (million bushels) | 110 | 104 | 108 |
For most of the state, wheat planted in the first two weeks of September (mainly for dual-purpose systems) was sown into good moisture. However, with high winds and maximum temperatures in the 80s and 90s, the soil dried quickly in many areas. Much of the wheat intended for grain-only production was either "dusted"in or planted late (late November and December). In areas where moisture was still available, wheat planted up to mid-October emerged well. However, wheat planted shortly before the ice storm (week of October 26, 2020) suffered from poor emergence due to low soil temperature. Emergence of this wheat did not occur until mid- or late November and was uneven. Some wheat fields planted in late November and in December did not emerge until the end of January.
Robert Calhoun Senior Agricultural
Bob Hunger Extension Plant Pathologist
Overall, average temperatures and low rainfall resulted in only moderate fall forage production (for more information see CR-2141, Fall Forage Production and First Hollow Stem Date for Small Grain Varieties during the 2020-2021 Crop Year). No diseases of any significance were observed in the fall.
Warmer winter temperatures and abundant soil moisture allowed the under-developed and late-planted wheat to establish and develop a canopy. In the forage trials, the very early genotypes reached first hollow stem during the first week of February. An arctic blast on February 15 and 16 slowed plant growth and development (see CR 2141). As the temperature warmed again, wheat varieties broke dormancy and reached first hollow stem between the end of February and mid-March. The February freeze did not kill the wheat in most cases, but tillering was limited, especially for late-planted wheat. Dry areas and areas lacking a good snow cover to insulate the crop suffered severe canopy and stand losses.
Good soil moisture and warm temperatures during March allowed the wheat crop to develop well. Foliar fungal diseases had a slow start in the spring. A low incidence of leaf rust was observed in some susceptible varieties in Stillwater before the February freeze, but was not observed again until late April and into May Powderly mildew was the most prominent disease in April in susceptible varieties. In some cases, powdery mildew moved up the canopy onto flag leaves and even onto heads in some fields.
Wheat experienced about three weeks (from the end of March to mid-April) without rain across the entire state. This dry period was extended for much longer in other areas, including the Panhandle and western Oklahoma. The lack of water during this critical plant developmental stage (from jointing to flag leaf stage) resulted in short wheat in many fields. Flag leaves turned blue and curled due to lack of moisture. Weather continued to be very hot and dry and prevented the emergence of many diseases, but reports were received from different areas.
Stripe rust, which was the other foliar disease of widespread significance, was reported across Oklahoma in early to mid-April and became severe on susceptible varieties through May. Tan spot and Septopria/Sogonstosa also were observed in fields planted into wheat residue but were not nearly as widespread as powdery mildew or stripe rust . Regarding virus diseases, barley yellow dwarf occurred at mostly low to moderate incidence and severity with occasional fields showing moderate to high incidence. The mite-transmitted virus diseases (wheat streak mosaic, high plains disease and Triticum mosaic) were not as widespread as in some years but did reach moderate to severe levels in certain fields in western and northwestern Oklahoma. Darkening of heads also was observed across the state at varying levels of severity. received. In some fields, this darkening resulted from diseases such as Septi ogra fsonospora or black chaff , but freeze contributed to this symptom as well.
Wheat started to head by early April in southwest Oklahoma and mid-April in south-central Oklahoma, which made it susceptible to late-spring freezes. Such a freeze occurred on April 26. Wheat in many fields was around the boot to heading stage, and the freeze caused head trapping in the boot, damage to floral tissue and partial or completely sterile heads. Most wheat heads with freeze damaged remained green up to four weeks after the freeze but were "empty" with no grain being formed. Some fields showed heads with discoloration (i.e., bleached) or chocolate color due to the freeze damage. Places where the crop was stressed due to lack of moisture suffered more from this freeze event. Overall, freeze damage varied within and across fields and was not as severe as in 2020 across the state.
May was typically cloudy and cool, which helped the wheat suffering from drought stress, but the cooler conditions also slowed down plant development. The crop looked good in many areas of the state; it just needed rainfall to help with grain filling, test weight and to finish properly.
In summary, this year's crop was thin due to the February freeze and short due to lack of moisture. Overall, the Oklahoma wheat crop fared well, considering all the conditions it went through during the season. The cloudy and wet weather improved yield prospects by the time producers were making fungicide decisions, and many producers chose to protect yield potential with an application. Data from fungicide treated and nontreated variety comparisons at Lohama indicate the impact of foliar disease on grain yield and suggest that applying a foliar fungicide was a profitable decision for many wheat farmers planting varieties susceptible to rust diseases in places where disease pressure was high.
Most of the rain in the state came in the last two weeks of May. Consequently, harvest was delayed by a couple of weeks. According to the Oklahoma Wheat Commission report, grain yields ranged from extremely low yields (10 bushels per acre) in drought-stressed fields in the Panhandle to high (80 bushels per acre) in intensively managed fields in north-central Oklahoma. Test weight was good to exceptional as harvest began with most values ranging from 60 pounds per bushel to 64 pounds per bushel. However, the continuing rainfall events during late June caused a decline in test weight and sprout damage in some areas. Wheat protein ranged from 10% to 12.5% across the state, with a state average of 11.1%.
## Testing Methods and Data Interpretation
## Testing Methods
Seed was packaged and planted in the same condition as it was delivered from the respective seed companies. Most seed was treated with an insecticide plus a fungicide, but the formulation and rate of seed treatment used was not confirmed or reported in this document.
Plots were seven rows wide with 7.5-inch row spacing and were sown with a Great Plains no-till drill modified for cone-seeded, small-plot research. Except for dryland locations in the Panhandle, plots were planted 25 feet long and trimmed to 19 feet at harvestwiththe plot combine.Panhandle dryland locations were 35 feet long at planting and trimmed to 29 feet at harvest. Wheel tracks were included in the plot area for yield calculation, for a total plot width of 60 inches.
The experimental design for all sites other than Apache and Lohama was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Trials at Apache and Lohama featured a split-plot design, in which two treatments of plus or minus fungicide were assigned to whole plots and varieties were assigned at random to subplots. The whole-plot design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Fungicides was applied at Feekes 9 (flag leaf completely emerged). Additional information on product rate and date of application is included in the tables for the respective sites.
Plots received 5 gallons per acre of 10-34-0 at planting. The dual-purpose trials at El Reno and Walters, and forage trials were sown at 120 pounds per acre.The Goodwill irrigated trial was sown at 90 pounds per acre and the other locations in the Panhandle (Balko, Hooker and Keys) were sown at 45 pounds per acre. All other locations were sown at 60 pounds peracre. Grazing intensity, nitrogen fertilization, and insect and weed control decisions were made on a location-by-location basis and reflect standard management practices for the area.
Plots were harvested with a Wintersteiger Delta small plot combine. Grain weight, test weight, protein and moisture content were collected from each plot, and grain yields and protein concentration were corrected to 12% moisture content. Grain moisture at all sites was generally below 12%, and maximum and minimum grain moisture for all plots at a location typically ranged no more than 2%. The Homestead trial was not harvested due to volunteer wheat infestation. The Lamont trial was not harvested due to a reduced and irregular stand reflective of variable soil pH, and due to excessive late-season rainfall and subsequent weed infestation.
## Data Interpretation
Yield, test weight and protein data for each location and regional summary were analyzed using the appropriate statistical methods. At the bottom of each table, the mean and least significant difference (LSD) values are reported. The LSD is a test statistic that aids in determining whether there is a true difference in yield, test weight and protein. In this report, one can be 95% confident that the difference between two varieties is real if the difference is greater than the LSD value. Data not significantly different is indicated by "NS:" For example, if the LSD value is 4 bushels per acre in a trial where Variety A yielded 30 bushels per acre and Variety B yielded 25, then Variety A would be considered to have a statistically higher yield. However, if Variety C yielded 27 bushels per acre, then Variety A and Variety C would be considered to have a similar
Figure 1. Performance test locations.
yield. In that same example trial, there is a 5% chance that the 4 bushels per acre difference between Variety A and Variety B does not truly exist, but random chance caused the 5-bushel difference. These chance factors may include differences in fertility, moisture availability and diseases, for example. To aid in visualizing the varieties with the highest yields, test weights and proteins, values highlighted in gray do not differ statistically from the highest value within a column. The performance of a variety may vary from year to year, even at the same location. Tests over two or more years and over multiple locations more accurately predict the performance of a variety.
## Additional Information on the Web
A copy of this publication as well as additional information about wheat management can be found at:
Website: www.wheat.okstate.edu
Blog: www.osuwheat.com
Funding Provided By
Oklahoma Wheat Commission
Oklahoma Wheat Research Foundation
OSU Cooperative Extension Service
OSU Agricultural Experiment Station
Entry fees from participating seed companies
## Area Extension Staff
Brian Pugh, OSU Area Agronomist - Northeast District Josh Bushong, OSU Area Agronomist - Northwest District Gary Strickland, Southwest Research and Extension Center Regional Agronomist and Jackson County Extension Educator
## County Extension Staff
Thomas Puffinbarger, AlfaIa County Extension Educator Loren Szelove, Beaver County Extension Educator
David Nowlin, Caddo County Extension Educator
Kyle Worthington, Canadian County Extension Educator
Justin Wagner, Cimarron County Extension Educator
Kimbreyl Davis, Cotton County Extension Educator
Zack Henderson, Custer County Extension Educator
Rick Nelson, Garfield County Extension Educator
Ally Minor, Grady County Extension Educator
Sarah Donahue, Grant County Extension Educator
Darrell McBee, Harper County Extension Educator
Shannon Mallory, Kay County Extension Educator
Bryan Kennedy, Kingfisher County Extension Educator
Troy Gosney, Major County Extension Educator
Brooke Dowling, Ottawa University Extension Educator
Dr. Britt Hicks, Texas County Extension Educator & Area Extension Livestock Specialist
Greg Highfill, Woods County Extension Educator
## Station Superintendents/Staff
Erich Wehrenberg, Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater,
Lahoma
David Victor, North Central Research Station, Lahoma Cameron Murley, Oklahoma Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Goodwell
Sumit Sharma, Assistant Extension specialist, Oklahoma Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Goodwell
Michael Pettihon, South Central Research Station, Chickasha Mike Schulz, Blake Sisson, Greg Chavez, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Altus
We sincerely thank our variety trial cooperators for donation of land, time and resources.Variety trial cooperators not otherwise listed in this document include:
Brook Strader, Homestead, Oklahoma
Kirby Brothers, Lamont, Oklahoma
## 2020-2021 Summary of All Regions.
## 2020-2021 Summary of Individual Locations.
## 2020-2021 Summary of Individual Locations.(cont'd)
| | Variety | Goodwell Irrigated | Hooker | Keyes | Kildare | Kingfisher | Lahoma | Fungicide | Thomas | Walters | |
|----------------------|----------------------|-----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
| Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- | Grain yield (bu/ac)- |
| AgriMaXX | AM Cartwright | 89 | -- | -- | -- | 69 | 58 | 75 | -- | -- | |
| AgriPro | AP Bigfoot | 82 | -- | -- | -- | 61 | 81 | -- | -- | 32 | |
| AgriPro | AP EverRock | 96 | -- | -- | -- | 57 | 82 | -- | -- | -- | |
| AgriPro | AP Roadrunner | 90 | -- | -- | -- | 80 | 84 | -- | -- | -- | |
| AgriPro | AP 18 AX | 94 | -- | -- | -- | 55 | 81 | -- | -- | 44 | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 95 | 55 | 23 | 38 | 71 | 54 | 74 | 64 | 44 | |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 88 | 71 | 23 | 34 | 54 | 59 | 79 | 61 | | |
| AgriPro | S Ruggled | 93 | 61 | 26 | 31 | 70 | 60 | 87 | 68 | 44 | |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 87 | 80 | 24 | 60 | 56 | 74 | 63 | 63 | -- | |
| AGSECO | AG Radical | 94 | -- | -- | -- | 57 | 71 | -- | -- | -- | |
| CHS | Allegiant 3063 | 103 | -- | -- | -- | 62 | 75 | 75 | -- | -- | |
| CROPLAN | CP7017AX | 94 | -- | -- | -- | 79 | 80 | 80 | -- | -- | |
| CROPLAN | CP7050AX | 91 | -- | -- | -- | 54 | 75 | -- | -- | -- | |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 94 | -- | -- | -- | 68 | 81 | -- | -- | 38 | |
| Dyna-Gro | Buckhorn Ax | 92 | -- | -- | -- | 62 | 78 | -- | -- | -- | |
| KWA | Everest | -- | -- | -- | -- | 63 | 89 | -- | 59 | 39 | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 91 | 69 | 29 | -- | 53 | 63 | 89 | -- | -- | |
| KWA | KS Hamilton | 89 | -- | -- | -- | 68 | 83 | -- | -- | -- | |
| KWA | KS Hatchett | 99 | -- | -- | -- | 60 | 74 | -- | -- | 35 | |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 98 | -- | -- | 15 | 39 | 56 | 78 | 58 | 46 | |
| KWA | WS Western Star | 94 | 75 | 31 | 20 | 51 | 56 | 73 | 59 | 46 | |
| Zenda | Zenita | 78 | -- | -- | -- | 66 | 83 | -- | -- | -- | |
| LCs | LS Atomic AX | 110 | -- | -- | -- | 68 | 84 | -- | -- | 40 | |
| LCs | LCs Chronix | 71 | 71 | 27 | 30 | 52 | 64 | 80 | 55 | 40 | |
| LCs | LCS Fusion AX | 93 | -- | -- | -- | 58 | 75 | -- | -- | -- | |
| LCs | LCs Helix AX | 89 | -- | -- | -- | 60 | 76 | -- | -- | -- | |
| LCs | Julp Hampton | 89 | -- | -- | 38 | 57 | 74 | 74 | 61 | 35 | |
| LCs | Reverre | 90 | -- | -- | 71 | 54 | 76 | -- | -- | -- | |
| LCs | LSA Valiant | 101 | -- | -- | 40 | 59 | 79 | -- | -- | -- | |
| OGl | Baker's Ann | 89 | 69 | 25 | 40 | 64 | 63 | 78 | 59 | -- | |
| OGl | Bentley | 94 | 74 | 30 | 19 | 68 | 78 | -- | -- | 40 | |
| OGl | Big Country | 86 | 65 | 24 | 25 | 75 | 61 | 82 | 63 | 49 | |
| OGl | Breakthrough | 84 | 57 | 26 | 21 | 62 | 79 | -- | -- | 48 | |
| OGl | Doublestop CL+ | 79 | 27 | -- | 41 | 70 | 53 | 67 | 49 | 48 | |
| OGl | Duster | 85 | -- | -- | -- | 56 | 71 | -- | -- | -- | |
| OGl | Gallagher | 78 | 64 | 28 | 16 | 69 | 71 | 61 | 42 | | |
| OGl | Green Hammer | -- | -- | -- | 39 | 73 | 66 | 82 | 50 | 41 | |
| IGl | Iba | 82 | 67 | 25 | -- | 33 | 73 | 68 | -- | -- | |
| OGl | Lonerider | 87 | 66 | 26 | -- | 61 | 80 | -- | -- | -- | |
| OGl | OK Corral | 95 | 68 | 26 | 23 | 67 | 60 | 78 | 65 | 46 | |
| OGl | Showdown | 101 | 63 | 28 | 30 | 72 | 60 | 85 | 62 | 59 | |
| OGl | Skydance | -- | -- | -- | 41 | 72 | 60 | 80 | 54 | 41 | |
| OGl | Smith's Gold | 78 | 67 | 24 | 21 | 68 | 66 | 75 | 57 | 45 | |
| OGl | Strad Cld | -- | -- | -- | 35 | 80 | 61 | 79 | 55 | -- | |
| OGl | Uncharted | -- | -- | -- | 27 | 75 | 68 | 76 | 62 | 46 | |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 96 | 70 | 33 | -- | 52 | 73 | -- | -- | 44 | |
| PlainsGold | Crescent | 90 | 73 | 27 | -- | 55 | 75 | -- | -- | -- | |
| PLAinsGold | Guardian | 82 | 61 | 33 | -- | 58 | 81 | -- | -- | -- | |
| Watley | TAM112 | -- | 56 | 24 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Watley | TAM115 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Watley | TM204 | -- | 60 | 30 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Westbred | WB4269 | -- | 68 | 20 | 27 | 57 | 60 | 80 | 55 | 49 | |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 97 | -- | -- | 71 | 59 | 77 | -- | -- | 59 | 44 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 90 | 58 | 23 | 17 | 70 | 88 | -- | -- | 44 | |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 84 | 60 | 29 | 28 | 61 | 82 | 59 | 59 | 44 | |
| ESperimentalas | Umford | 88 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 61 | 75 | -- | -- | |
| KSU | KS12DH0156-88 | 88 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 61 | 73 | 57 | 39 | |
| OSU | OCW035580S-8FW | 99 | -- | -- | 22 | 66 | 58 | 83 | 60 | 39 | |
| OSU | OK12716W | 99 | 55 | 28 | 20 | 66 | 63 | 81 | 60 | 53 | |
| OSU | OK15DMASbX7 ARS 6-8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 81 | 60 | -- | -- |
| OSU | OK15MABSbX7 ARS 8-29 | 91 | 66 | 27 | 28 | 65 | 61 | 78 | 59 | 43 | |
| | LDSD (0.05) | 12 | NS | 7 | 9 | 6 | NS | 11 | 5 | 15 | |
Notes: Grain yield was adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. NS = not significant. Double-dashes "-"--- data not available.
## Summary of Regional Trial Locations
| License | Variety | Grain Yield 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|------------|-----------------|------------------------|------------------------|--------------------|
| | | | | |
| AgriPro | AP Roadrunner | 77 | 60.8 | 12.6 |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 72 | 60.3 | 13.0 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 71 | 61.6 | 12.3 |
| KWA | KS Hamilton | 71 | 60.7 | 13.2 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 70 | 60.5 | 11.6 |
| CROPLAN | CP7017AX | 69 | 61.1 | 12.1 |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 69 | 61.1 | 12.5 |
| OGI | Big Country | 67 | 60.6 | 13.8 |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 67 | 61.9 | 13.5 |
| OGI | Showdown | 67 | 61.1 | 12.7 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 66 | 60.7 | 12.4 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 66 | 61.8 | 13.6 |
| LCS | LCS Valiant | 65 | 61.5 | 13.5 |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 65 | 60.4 | 12.9 |
| LCS | LCS Atomic AX | 65 | 61.4 | 13.4 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 64 | 59.9 | 13.4 |
| KWA | LS Dallas | 63 | 60.0 | 13.5 |
| LCS | LCS Helix AX | 63 | 61.7 | 13.1 |
| AGECO | AG Radical | 63 | 59.9 | 13.2 |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 63 | 60.9 | 13.7 |
| AgriMaXX | AM Cartwright | 63 | 60.0 | 13.1 |
| LCS | LCS Julep | 62 | 60.2 | 13.1 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 62 | 60.8 | 13.5 |
| OGI | Duster | 62 | 61.0 | 12.8 |
| CHS | Allegiant 3063 | 62 | 60.2 | 12.8 |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 62 | 62.6 | 14.0 |
| KWA | Zenda | 62 | 62.1 | 12.9 |
| OGI | Bentley | 61 | 61.2 | 13.3 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 61 | 60.4 | 13.2 |
| AgriPro | AP18 AX | 60 | 60.7 | 13.1 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 60 | 61.7 | 13.1 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 60 | 59.8 | 13.3 |
| Dyna-Gro | Buckhorn AX | 60 | 61.9 | 14.4 |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 60 | 61.3 | 13.0 |
| CROPLAN | CP705AX | 59 | 61.4 | 14.4 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 59 | 61.4 | 14.3 |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 59 | 60.8 | 13.2 |
| AgriPro | AP Bigfoot | 58 | 59.3 | 13.3 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 58 | 60.9 | 13.3 |
| KWA | KS Hatchett | 58 | 57.4 | 13.8 |
| LCS | LCS Revere | 57 | 60.9 | 12.4 |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 59 | 59.4 | 14.0 |
| LCS | LCS Fusion AX | 59 | 59.0 | 12.4 |
| OSU | Experimentalis | 71 | 61.1 | 12.4 |
| KSU | KS12DH0156-88 | 60 | 60.9 | 13.5 |
| | | | | |
| Mean | 63 | 60.8 | 13.2 | |
| LSD (0.05) | 6 | 1.5 | 0.5 | |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Data for varieties reported from the Altus, Chickasha and Chickasha Intensive Wheat Management, Goodwell Irrigated, Lahoma and Lahoma Fungicide trials are included in this analysis due to freeze damage during heading.
## Afton Wheat Variety Trial
## Altus Regional Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: OSU Southwest Res. & Ext. Center Planting & harvest dates: 9/29/20 & 6/9/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 |
|------------|-----------------|-------------------|---------------|---------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | 2-Year | 3- Year | 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
| | | --- b u / a c --- | --- | ... -b/u ... | -- % -- | --- |
| OGI | Shadowown | 78 | 71 | 72 | 60.0 | 10.5 |
| AGSECO | Ag Radical | 76 | - | - | 60.5 | 10.7 |
| PlainsGold | Cafas | 75 | 71 | 71 | 61.6 | 10.3 |
| KWA | KS Hamilton | 75 | - | - | 61.6 | 10.3 |
| LCS | LS Photon AX | 70 | - | 62.7 | 62.7 | 11.7 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 70 | 68 | 65 | 60.4 | 10.8 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 70 | 49 | 67 | 63.0 | 10.0 |
| LCS | LS Atomic AX | 70 | - | - | 60.4 | 11.3 |
| Westbred | WEB4269 | 70 | 44 | 51 | 60.1 | 11.5 |
| CROPLAN | CP705AX | 69 | - | - | 62.6 | 11.6 |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 69 | 61 | 60 | 61.1 | 11.4 |
| CHS | Allegiant 3063 | 68 | - | - | 60.6 | 10.5 |
| AgriPro | AP Roadrunner | 68 | - | - | 60.6 | 10.8 |
| LCS | LC S Chrome | 63 | 60 | 60.8 | 11.6 | |
| LCS | LCS Revere | 67 | - | - | 61.5 | 10.8 |
| LCS | LCS Helix AX | 67 | - | - | 61.9 | 10.9 |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 66 | 44 | 44 | 60.4 | 9.8 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 66 | 53 | 54 | 59.9 | 10.7 |
| CROPLAN | CP7017AX | 66 | - | - | 60.6 | 9.8 |
| OGI | Bettley | 66 | 47 | 51 | 58.8 | 10.7 |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 65 | 55 | 59 | 60.4 | 11.8 |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 65 | 47 | 59 | 61.6 | 12.2 |
| LCS | LS Valiant | 65 | - | - | 61.5 | 11.3 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 65 | 49 | 49 | 60.4 | 11.3 |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 64 | 64 | - | 62.2 | 10.6 |
| AgriPro | AP 18 X | 64 | - | - | 59.2 | 10.7 |
| AgriPro | Ap Bigfoot | 63 | - | - | 61.2 | 11.1 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 63 | 50 | - | 61.5 | 10.4 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 63 | 55 | 57 | 61.0 | 10.7 |
| KWA | KS Hatchett | 62 | - | - | 59.4 | 12.4 |
| OGI | Uncharted | 62 | 45 | 51 | 60.3 | 10.1 |
| Dyna-Gro | Butchnax AX | 61 | - | - | 61.8 | 11.5 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 61 | 61 | - | 59.4 | 11.6 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 61 | - | - | 61.6 | 9.4 |
| KWA | Zenda | 61 | 53 | 54 | 61.2 | 11.2 |
| OGI | Duister | 60 | 47 | 53 | 60.7 | 11.2 |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 60 | 48 | 47 | 60.6 | 11.7 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 69 | 51 | 53 | 61.0 | 10.7 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 60 | 54 | - | 61.4 | 11.0 |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 58 | 61 | 58 | 62.2 | 12.6 |
| LCS | LS Julep | 57 | - | - | 61.2 | 12.1 |
| AgriPro | AP EverRock | 57 | 46 | - | 59.4 | 11.8 |
| AgriMaxX | AM Cartwright | 56 | 46 | - | 60.6 | 11.1 |
| OGI | Skydance | 55 | 39 | 43 | 61.8 | 11.5 |
| OGI | Big Country | 54 | 46 | - | 61.1 | 12.2 |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 52 | 39 | - | 60.1 | 11.3 |
| LCS | LCS Fusion AX | 41 | - | - | 54.8 | 11.4 |
| OSU | Experimentals | 75 | - | - | 60.0 | 11.6 |
| OSU | OCW3S580S-8WF | 63 | - | - | 58.8 | 10.9 |
| KSU | KWD12DH0156-88 | 58 | - | 59.8 | 11.7 | |
Mean
LSD (0.05)
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. There was no lodging nor foliar diseases across the trial. Double-dashes "-" = data not available
## Alva Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Joe Shirley Planting & harvest dates: 9/23/20 & 6/17/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 |
|--------------|-----------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | 2-Year | 3-Year | | Protein 2020-21 |
| | | bu/ac =========================== | -- lb/bu ================ | % ======= | | |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 65 | -- | 65.3 | 9.7 | |
| OGl | Shadowdown | 65 | 69 | 49 | 65.5 | 10.3 |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 64 | -- | -- | 65.4 | 9.9 |
| CROPLAN | CPK Corral | 63 | -- | -- | 62.7 | 10.5 |
| OGl | OK Corral | 63 | -- | -- | 61.6 | 9.7 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 63 | -- | -- | 62.5 | 10.3 |
| OGl | Bettley | 62 | 68 | 51 | 64.6 | 10.4 |
| OGl | Lomerider | 62 | 61 | 44 | 64.9 | 10.6 |
| OGl | Big Country | 61 | -- | -- | 60.4 | 10.7 |
| OGI | Breakthrough | 61 | 63 | -- | 65.1 | 10.2 |
| Westbred | WB3792 | 61 | -- | -- | 64.6 | 10.8 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 59 | -- | -- | 64.0 | 10.1 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 59 | 66 | 50 | 64.9 | 10.2 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 59 | -- | -- | 63.9 | 10.4 |
| LCS | LS Chrome | 58 | 69 | 51 | 64.4 | 10.7 |
| OGl | LCa | 58 | 62 | 45 | 65.0 | 11.1 |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 58 | 66 | 44 | 64.2 | 10.3 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 57 | 73 | 54 | 64.2 | 11.9 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 57 | -- | -- | 66.1 | 11.0 |
| AgriPro | Achieve CL2 | 56 | -- | -- | 64.4 | 11.4 |
| Westbred | WYB4401 | 56 | -- | -- | 65.0 | 10.4 |
| OGl | Gallagher | 56 | 65 | 47 | 64.0 | 10.3 |
| LCS | LS Photon AX | 56 | 63 | -- | 62.5 | 12.6 |
| OGl | Smith's Gold | 56 | 61 | 45 | 64.4 | 10.6 |
| OGl | Baker's Ann | 54 | -- | -- | 65.7 | 11.1 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 51 | 61 | -- | 64.0 | 11.7 |
| OGl | Skydance | 50 | 60 | -- | 64.8 | 12.5 |
| AgriMaXX | AM Cartwright | 47 | -- | -- | 63.8 | 11.6 |
| OGl | Dublestop CL+ | 46 | 64 | 48 | 65.2 | 13.2 |
| Experimental | OKI2716W | 73 | -- | -- | 64.5 | 9.8 |
| MEan | 58 | 64 | 48 | 64.2 | 10.8 | 0.7 |
| LD (0.05) | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. In 2020, there were no harvest results from this location. Thus, the 2-year average represent results from 2019 and 2021 harvest years, and 3-year average represent results from 2021, 2019 and 2018 harvest years. Double-dashes "-" = data not available
## Apache Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Bryan Vail Planting & harvest dates: 10/2/20 & 6/10/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional
## Apache Fungicide Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Bryan Vaile Planting & harvest dates: 10/2/20 & 6/10/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional Fungicide: 13 fl oz/ac Nexicor at complete flag leaf emergence on 04/08/21
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight | Test Weight | Protein | Protein |
|------------------|-----------------|--------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|---------------|-------------|-----------|
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | 2-Year | 3-Year | 2020-21 | 2020-21 | -- |
| | | bul/ac =========== | --- btu/a =========== | --- lb/bu =========== | --- % ====== | -- % ====== | |
| PlainsGold | Cayvas | 78 | 78 | 62.2 | 11.0 | ------ | ------ |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 73 | ------ | 61.1 | 11.0 | ------ | |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 70 | ------ | 61.7 | 11.1 | ------ | |
| Westbred | WB34792 | 70 | ------ | 63.0 | 11.5 | ------ | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 70 | ------ | 60.8 | 12.0 | -------- | |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 69 | ------ | 60.6 | 11.5 | ------ | |
| Westbred | WB34269 | 67 | 74 | 61.7 | 11.8 | ------ | |
| OGI | Showdown | 66 | 71 | 59 | 60.9 | 12.1 | |
| LCS | LS CS Chrome | 64 | 66 | 56 | 62.3 | 12.0 | |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 62 | 6 | 62.4 | 12.3 | ------ | |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 60 | 64 | 54 | 63.3 | 13.2 | |
| OGI | Gallagher | 60 | 71 | 56 | 61.7 | 12.0 | |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 58 | ------ | 62.6 | 13.5 | ------ | |
| OGI | Big Country | 58 | ------ | 61.1 | 13.2 | ------ | |
| OGI | OK Corral | 56 | ------ | 59.7 | 12.3 | ------ | |
| AgriPro | AP EverRock | 54 | ------ | 61.6 | 13.0 | ------ | |
| OGI | Skydance | 53 | 66 | 61.4 | 13.2 | ------ | |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 53 | 65 | 61.5 | 13.2 | ------ | |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 51 | 62 | 52 | 61.3 | 14.4 | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 50 | ------ | 60.5 | 13.9 | ------ | |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 48 | 58 | 49 | 60.4 | 12.9 | |
| AgriPro | SA Achieve CL2 | 43 | ---- | 62.1 | 14.8 | ------ | |
| OGI | Uncharted | 39 | ------ | 60.5 | 13.6 | ------ | |
| Experimentalas | OCK12716W | 74 | ------ | 61.8 | 11.1 | ------ | |
| OCWC03SS580S-8WF | 50 | ------ | ------ | 60.2 | 13.7 | ------ | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Mean | 60 | 66 | 54 | 61.4 | 12.6 | ------ | |
| LSD (0.05) | | 7 | 6 | 5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. There was no lodging across the trial. Light to moderate stripe rust pressure observed during grain-fill. Freeze injury occurred in late April and ranged from 0 to 30% depending on the variety. In 2020, plots at this location were lost due to the severe mid-April freeze. Thus, the 2-year average represent results from 2019 and 2021 harvest years, and 3-year average represent results from 2021 , 2019 and 2018 harvest years. Double-dashes "---" = data not available
## Apache Wheat Variety Trial - No Fungicide vs. Fungicide Comparison
Cooperator: Bryan Vail Planting date and harvest data Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional Fungicide: 13 fl oz/ac Nexicor at complete flag leaf emergence on 04/08/21
## Balko Wheat Variety Trial
## Buffalo Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: NRCS
Planting & harvest dates: 11/3/20 & 6/24/21
Management: Grain-only
Tillage: no-till
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight | Test Weight | Protein | Protein | |
|------------|-----------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|------------------|------------------|
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | 2-Year | 3-Year | 2020-21 | | 2020-21 | |
| | | bu/ac =========== | bu/ac =========== | bu/ac =========== | -- lb/bu =========== | -- lb/bu =========== | -- % =========== | -- % =========== |
| OGI | Shownown | 74 | 80 | 81 | 63.5 | 10.6 | | |
| OGl | Barber's Ann | 72 | 80 | 81 | 63.7 | 11.7 | | |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 71 | 80 | ... | 64.3 | 10.9 | | |
| LCS | LCs Chrome | 70 | 77 | 76 | 64.2 | 12.2 | | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 70 | 75 | 79 | 63.8 | 11.3 | | |
| OGl | Big Country | 65 | .... | ..... | 63.7 | 11.9 | | |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 65 | 79 | 79 | 64.0 | 10.8 | | |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 64 | 75 | 77 | 64.2 | 11.0 | | |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 64 | ........ | ........ | 64.0 | 11.0 | | |
| OGl | Iba Corral | 62 | 73 | 74 | 64.8 | 10.9 | | |
| OGl | Galagher | 60 | 65 | 72 | 63.9 | 11.3 | | |
| OGI | OS | 61 | 65 | 70 | 64.2 | 11.0 | | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 60 | ........ | ........ | 61.0 | 11.4 | | |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 60 | ........ | ........ | 64.5 | 12.7 | | |
| OGl | Lonerider | 59 | ........ | ........ | 65.5 | 11.7 | | |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 58 | ........ | ........ | 64.0 | 10.8 | | |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 58 | 70 | ........ | 62.7 | 10.0 | | |
| OGl | Doublestop CL+ | 57 | 71 | 72 | 65.5 | 13.7 | | |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 57 | ........ | ........ | 63.2 | 11.2 | | |
| OGl | Smith's Gold | 56 | 73 | 76 | 63.2 | 11.5 | | |
| OGl | Breakthrough | 55 | 66 | 67 | 65.1 | 11.3 | | |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 54 | 76 | ........ | 64.1 | 11.2 | | |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 51 | 66 | ........ | 64.8 | 11.1 | | |
| LCS | LS Photoson AX | 44 | .... | ........ | 64.7 | 12.4 | | |
| | Experimentalsts | 64 | | | | 10.3 | | |
| | | | .. | ........ | 64.0 | | | |
| | | | .... | ........ | | | | |
| | | | 74 | | | | | |
| | | | 75 | | | | | |
| | | | NS | 10 | 1.3 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. NS = not significant. Double-dashes "---" = data not available
## Cherokee Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Kenneth Failes Planting & harvest dates: 10/5/20 & 6/17/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional
## Chickasha Regional Wheat Management Variety Trial
Cooperator: OSU South Central Research Station Planting & harvest dates: 10/23/20 & 06/18/21
Soil Type: Dale silt loam
Management: Grain-only, conventional tillage
Nitrogen: 45 lbs/ac soil test + 6 lbs/ac at planting + 100 lbs/ac topdress on 2/26/21 Fungicide: none
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield |
|-----------------|---------------|--------------------|--------------------|---------------|-----------------|---------------|
| License | Variety | 2020-21 | Test Weight 2-Year | 3-Year | Protein 2020-21 | Total |
| | | --- -bu/ac --- --- | -- lb/u -- | -- % -- | --- | |
| OGJ | Big Country | 59 | 64 | 61.5 | 14.3 | OGI |
| AgriPro | AR Roadrunner | 58 | 59 | 59.1 | 12.4 | OOGI |
| LCS | Doubplost CL+ | 55 | 56 | 63.6 | 13.7 | LOGI |
| PlainsGold | KWA | 52 | 47 | 48 | 57.8 | LCS |
| GW Western Star | SW | 46 | ---- | 61.1 | 13.8 | KGWA |
| Westbred | WHB4269 | 46 | 48 | 53 | 60.3 | OGI |
| Strad CL+ | FW | 45 | ---- | 61.7 | 14.5 | PLAINS Gold |
| Dunvas | 42 | 42 | 42 | 58.8 | 13.0 | OGI |
| Duister | 42 | 38 | 42 | 61.5 | 14.0 | AGRIMaXX |
| AM Cartwright | 40 | 36 | ------ | 60.3 | 14.1 | OGI |
| Uncharted | 39 | 47 | ------ | 60.7 | 14.2 | KWA |
| KS Hamilton | 38 | ----- | 58.9 | 13.9 | LCS | |
| LS Valiant | 36 | -------- | ------ | 60.4 | 14.4 | ACSECO |
| AG Icon | 36 | 42 | 45 | 59.8 | 14.8 | OLG |
| OK Corral | 35 | ------- | 58.6 | 14.4 | LCS | |
| OSHix AX | 34 | ------ | 61.4 | 14.2 | OCIG | |
| Shownow | 38 | 42 | 49.9 | 13.8 | ORGI | |
| Smith's Gold | 33 | 39 | 47 | 60.6 | 13.8 | CROPLAN |
| SP7107AX | 33 | 39 | 58.6 | 12.7 | WORDS | |
| WWB4792 | 37 | 42 | 58.6 | 13.4 | ONES | |
| Bob Dole | 31 | 42 | 48 | 60.5 | 14.7 | AGRIPro |
| CSS Julep | 31 | ------ | 57.8 | 12.5 | LOC | |
| Zenda | 31 | 37 | 44 | 62.0 | 13.7 | KWA |
| WDB4699 | 31 | 34 | ------ | 57.1 | 11.9 | OGI |
| Green Hammer | 31 | 37 | 43 | 59.6 | 15.7 | AGRIPro |
| AP18 AX | 29 | 37 | 41 | 61.5 | 14.7 | OGI |
| Gallagher | 28 | 29 | 41 | 60.0 | 15.1 | SKIA |
| Skydance | 28 | 41 | ------ | 61.1 | 16.6 | COPI |
| CP7050AX | 27 | ------ | ------ | 61.0 | 16.4 | WESTBred |
| LC5 | DB4401 | 26 | ------ | 60.4 | 14.5 | LCS |
| LSCs Atomic AX | 26 | ------ | 61.3 | 15.7 | LCS | |
| LCS Photon AX | 25 | 32 | 43 | 60.7 | 15.8 | GOGI |
| Banker's Ann | 25 | ------ | 62.9 | 16.6 | DAY-Gro | |
| Buuckhorn AX | 25 | ------ | 60.2 | 15.4 | KDKA | |
| KCS Dallas | CC | ------ | 57.2 | 14.8 | LCS | |
| LCS Revere | 24 | ------ | 59.8 | 13.8 | LCS | |
| LCS Fusion AX | 24 | ------ | 57.6 | 12.9 | AGSECO | |
| AG Radical | 22 | 30 | 55.4 | 13.9 | PLAINS Gold | |
| Berescent AX | 22 | 30 | 57.7 | 15.3 | OGI | |
| Bettley | 21 | 31 | 37 | 60.6 | 14.5 | KWA |
| BS Silverado | 21 | ------ | 56.2 | 14.3 | CROPLAN | |
| AH7909 | 20 | 34 | 56.1 | 13.5 | CHIS | |
| Alligant 3063 | 19 | 31 | 52.0 | 13.7 | AGRIPro | |
| SY Rugged | 19 | 31 | 40.5 | 15.4 | AKR | |
| AT Bigfift | 2 | ------ | 49.2 | 14.4 | AGRIPro | |
| AS Ever River | 2 | 30 | 40.7 | 14.5 | KWA | |
| SV Achieve CL2 | 15 | ------ | 50.2 | 14.9 | AGRIPro | |
| AR Ever River | Rock | ------ | 50.2 | * | Experimentalas | |
| OP K127W6 | 45 | ------ | 60.2 | 12.3 | OCE | |
| CWC53SS805-8WBF | 35 | ------ | 59.2 | 13.6 | KWS12DH0156-88 | |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Hal storm occurred on early April and a spring freeze event occurred on late April. Average rating for hail and freeze damage was 30%. In 2020, plots at this location were lost due to the severe mid-April freeze. Thus, the 2-year average represent results from 2019 and 2021 harvest years, and 3-year average represent results from 2021, 2019 and 2018 harvest years. Severe rust stripe pressure observed during heading and flowering stages. * Data not reported due to unknown causes of atypical poor grain yield and test weight. Double-dashes "-" = data not available
## Chickasha Intensive Wheat Management Variety Trial
Cooperator: OSU South Central Research Station Planting & harvest dates: 10/23/20 & 06/18/21
Soil Type: Dale silt loam
Management: Grain-only, conventional tillage
Nitrogen: 45 lbs/ac soil test + 6 lbs/ac at planting + 100 lbs/ac topdress on 2/26/21 + 40 lbs/ac topdress on 3/24/21 Fungicide: 4 fl oz/ac Tecubre Cure Fung. 3.6 at jointing on 3/24/21 and 13 fl oz/ac Nexicon or 4/12/2021
## Chickasha Standard vs. Intensive Wheat Management Comparison
Cooperator: OSU South Central Research Station Planting & harvest dates: 10/23/20 & 06/18/21 Soil Type: Dale silt loam
Management: Grain-only, conventional tillage
Nitrogen: All plots had a total of 51 lbs/ac N at planting (45 lbs/ac soil test + 6 lbs/ac applied) and received 100 lbs/ac of N on 2/26/21
Intensive management plots received additional 40 lbs/ac of N on 3/24/21 and two fungicide applications; 4 fl oz/ac Tebucure Fung. 3.6 at jointing on 3/24/21 and 13 fl oz/ac Nexicor on 4/12/21
| | Variety | Standard | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight | Test Weight | Protein | Protein | | |
|-------------|--------------------------|------------|---------------|---------------|--------------------|---------------|--------------------|-----------|------------|------|
| Licensee | | | | Difit | Standard Intensive | Diff | Standard Intensive | Diff | Difference | |
| | | | --- | | | | | | | |
| | | | --bu/ac --- | | | | | | | |
| OGI | Big Country | 59 | 63 | 4 | 61.5 | 59.5 | -2.0 | 14.3 | 15.1 | |
| AgriPro | AP Roadrunner | 58 | 80 | 22 | 59.1 | 59.9 | 0.8 | 12.4 | 13.1 | |
| OGI | Doublestock CL+ | 55 | 62 | 7 | 63.6 | 62.8 | -0.8 | 13.7 | 14.8 | |
| LCS | LCs Chrome | 52 | 76 | 24 | 57.8 | 59.7 | 1.8 | 13.4 | 0.7 | |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 52 | 64 | 13 | 61.1 | 65.0 | 0.3 | 13.8 | 13.9 | |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 46 | 68 | 21 | 59.5 | 59.9 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 0.3 | |
| Westbred | WB42469 | 46 | 69 | 23 | 60.3 | 61.2 | 0.9 | 12.2 | 13.1 | |
| OGI | Strad CL+ | 45 | 60 | 15 | 61.7 | 60.6 | -1.1 | 14.5 | 0.2 | |
| PlainsGold | Ganvals | 42 | 73 | 31 | 58.8 | 61.7 | 2.9 | 13.0 | 13.2 | |
| OGI | Dusten | 42 | 58 | 17 | 61.5 | 61.4 | -0.1 | 14.0 | 0.9 | |
| AgriMaXX | AM Cartwright | 40 | 60 | 20 | 60.3 | 58.3 | -2.0 | 14.1 | 13.9 | |
| OOI | Unchanted | 39 | 53 | 15 | 60.7 | 60.8 | 0.1 | 14.2 | -0.2 | |
| KWA | KS Hamilton | 38 | 72 | 34 | 58.9 | 60.8 | 1.9 | 13.9 | -0.5 | |
| LCS | LCS Valiant | 36 | 52 | 16 | 60.4 | 60.2 | -0.2 | 14.4 | 15.1 | |
| AGSCO | AC lon | 36 | 61 | 25 | 59.0 | 60.0 | 0.2 | 14.8 | 15.1 | |
| OGI | OK Corral | 35 | 53 | 18 | 58.6 | 57.5 | -1.1 | 14.4 | 0.6 | |
| LCS | LCS Helix AX | 34 | 66 | 12 | 61.4 | 60.1 | -1.4 | 14.2 | 14.7 | |
| OGI | Showdown | 34 | 42 | 8 | 59.6 | 59.5 | -0.4 | 13.8 | 15.1 | 1.3 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 34 | 48 | 15 | 59.6 | 60.9 | -0.8 | 13.8 | 14.8 | |
| CROPLAN | CP7017AX | 33 | 62 | 30 | 58.6 | 61.9 | 3.3 | 12.7 | 12.9 | |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 32 | 61 | 29 | 61.1 | 61.8 | 0.6 | 13.9 | 0.5 | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 30 | 51 | 19 | 59.0 | 59.2 | -1.3 | 14.7 | 15.3 | |
| LCS | LCS Julep | 31 | 70 | 39 | 57.8 | 61.1 | 3.3 | 12.5 | 13.1 | |
| KWA | Zenda | 31 | 51 | 20 | 62.0 | 61.0 | -0.9 | 13.7 | 0.5 | |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 31 | 71 | 41 | 57.1 | 59.7 | 2.9 | 11.7 | 11.7 | -0.2 |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 31 | 45 | 14 | 59.6 | 59.5 | -0.1 | 15.7 | 16.2 | 0.5 |
| ApiR Pro | AP 18 AX | 29 | 41 | 12 | 61.5 | 59.0 | -2.5 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 0.4 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 28 | 49 | 21 | 60.0 | 57.9 | -2.1 | 15.1 | 0.0 | |
| OGI | Skydance | 28 | 34 | 6 | 61.1 | 60.3 | -0.8 | 16.6 | 16.6 | 0.0 |
| CROPLAN | CP7050AX | 28 | 38 | 11 | 61.0 | 62.0 | -0.8 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 0.2 |
| Westbred | WB440 | 27 | 48 | 21 | 60.4 | 58.4 | -2.0 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 0.4 |
| LCS | LCS Atomic AX | 26 | 32 | 6 | 61.5 | 58.5 | -2.8 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 0.3 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 25 | 38 | 13 | 60.7 | 59.9 | -0.8 | 15.8 | 16.4 | 0.6 |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 25 | 32 | 6 | 62.9 | 59.8 | -3.1 | 16.6 | 17.5 | 0.9 |
| Dyna-Gro | Buckhorn AX | 24 | 42 | 18 | 60.2 | 60.5 | 0.4 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 1.6 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 24 | 50 | 26 | 57.2 | 57.6 | 0.4 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 0.6 |
| LCS | LCS Revere | 24 | 34 | 10 | 59.8 | 59.5 | -0.3 | 13.8 | 14.7 | 0.9 |
| LCS | Fusion AX | 26 | 56 | 32 | 57.6 | 60.0 | 2.5 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 0.0 |
| AG SCEGO | AG Radical | 22 | 59 | 37 | 55.4 | 60.7 | 5.3 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 0.1 |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 22 | 43 | 43 | 57.7 | 61.0 | 3.3 | 15.3 | 15.7 | 0.4 |
| OGI | Silly | 21 | 42 | 20 | 60.6 | 60.2 | -0.3 | 14.5 | 15.5 | 1.0 |
| KWA | Silty Verado | 22 | 51 | 31 | 56.9 | 52.9 | 3.7 | 14.3 | 15.5 | 1.2 |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 20 | 49 | 28 | 56.1 | 60.7 | 4.6 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 1.1 |
| CHS | Allegial 3063 | 19 | 46 | 27 | 52.0 | 59.9 | 7.9 | 13.7 | 14.6 | 0.9 |
| AgriPro | SY Regged | 19 | 37 | 18 | 58.5 | 57.6 | -0.9 | 15.4 | 15.2 | -0.2 |
| AgriPro | AB RioGLYPH(cmap:df00)ot | 17 | 46 | 29 | 49.2 | 60.2 | 11.0 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 1.6 |
| KWA | KS Hachtett | 15 | 37 | 22 | 40.7 | 59.5 | 18.8 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 0.9 |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CLO2 | 15 | 33 | 19 | 50.2 | 61.1 | 10.9 | 14.9 | 16.0 | -1.1 |
| Ap EverRock | * | 28 | - | - | * | 57.3 | - | - | - | - |
Mean LSD (0.05) 32 52 20 58.8 60.0 1.2 14.1 14.7 0.6
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Hall storm occurred on early April and a spring freeze event occurred on late April. Average rating for hail and freeze damage was 30%. Severe stripe rust pressure observed during heading and flowering stages. * Data not reported due to unknown causes of atypical poor grain yield and test weight.
## El Reno Dual-Purpose Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Jerry Lingo Planting & harvest dates: 9/24/20 & 6/14/21 Management: Dual-purpose Tillage: Conventional
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight Protein | |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|-----------|
| License | Variety | 2020-21 2-Year | 2020-21 2020-21 | |
| | ......................bu/ac ................................. | -- lb/bu ....... -- % ... | · · · · | |
| OGI | Showedown | 75 | 73 | 61.4 10.5 |
| OGJ | Uncharted | 64 | 66 | 61.7 10.2 |
| OGl | Big Country | 63 | 68 | 60.3 10.2 |
| OGI | OK Coral | 63 | 61 | 59.6 9.8 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 62 | -- | 62.3 9.9 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 62 | 64 | 61.6 10.0 |
| OGl | Doublestop CL+ | 62 | 63 | 65.0 10.1 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 62 | -- | 60.6 9.6 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 61 | 64 | 61.2 10.1 |
| OGl | Baker's Ann | 60 | 58 | 62.9 10.4 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 59 | -- | 61.2 10.4 |
| OGl | Smith's Gold | 59 | 59 | 61.5 10.0 |
| AgriaMaxX | AM Cartwright | 58 | -- | 62.6 10.5 |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 58 | 59 | 60.4 10.3 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 57 | -- | 61.4 10.3 |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 57 | 63 | 60.6 10.2 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 54 | -- | 63.4 10.1 |
| OGl | Strad CL+ | 54 | 58 | 62.5 10.2 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 53 | 60 | 62.1 10.7 |
| OGl | Green Hammer | 52 | 54 | 62.4 10.1 |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 50 | -- | 62.1 9.8 |
| OGl | Gallagher | 50 | 50 | 60.2 10.0 |
| Experimentalas | OK12716W | 76 | -- | 62.1 9.6 |
| OK1SDMASBx7 ARS 6-8 | OK15DMASBx7 ARS 8-29 | 66 | -- | 63.2 10.0 |
| OK15SMASBx7 ARS 8-29 | 55 | -- | 60.9 | 9.7 |
| OCV03SS80S-8WF | 43 | -- | 58.0 10.1 | |
| | | | | |
| Mean | 59 | 61 | 61.6 10.1 | |
| LSD (0.05) | 5 | 5 | NS | |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Plots were grazed from 12/1/20 to 3/8/21 at an average stocking rate of 333 pounds of animal BMW per acre. NS= not significant. Double-dashes "-" = data not available
## El Reno Grain-Only Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Jerry Lingo Planting & harvest dates: 10/23/20 & 6/14/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional
| | Grain Yield Variety | Grain Yield Variety | Test Weight 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|---------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | 2020-21 | -- lb/bu -- | -- % -- | --- |
| OGI | Shownown | 78 | 614 | 9.3 | | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 69 | 61.3 | 10.2 | | |
| OGI | Big Country | 67 | 59.6 | 10.3 | | |
| OGI | Strad CL+ | 67 | 62.3 | 10.3 | | |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 67 | 62.1 | 9.3 | | |
| OGI | Douboplast CL+ | 66 | 64.9 | 11.2 | | |
| OGI | OK Corral | 66 | 58.5 | 9.5 | | |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 66 | 62.3 | 11.3 | | |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 65 | 61.6 | 10.4 | | |
| OGI | Gallagher | 64 | 61.2 | 9.8 | | |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 64 | 61.5 | 9.5 | | |
| AgriMaXX | AM Cartwright | 64 | 62.0 | 10.4 | | |
| LCS | LS Photos AX | 63 | 62.5 | 10.5 | | |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 62 | 59.7 | 10.3 | | |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 62 | 60.4 | 10.6 | | |
| OGI | Uncharted | 61 | 61.6 | 10.5 | | |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 60 | 61.4 | 10.2 | | |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 58 | 61.8 | 10.5 | | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 58 | 58.8 | 9.9 | | |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 58 | 59.4 | 9.9 | | |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 55 | 61.2 | 10.4 | | |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 51 | 60.0 | 9.7 | | |
| Experimentalas | OK12716W | 75 | 61.4 | 9.1 | | |
| Ok15MASbX7 ARS 8-29 | 69 | 61.3 | 9.4 | | | |
| OK15DMASBx7 ARS 6-8 | 65 | 62.7 | 10.2 | | | |
| OCW3OSS580S-8WF | 59 | 60.0 | 10.1 | | | |
| Mean | 63 | 61.2 | 10.1 | | | |
| LD (0.05) | 4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | | | |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column.
## El Reno Wheat Variety Trial - Dual-Purpose vs. Grain-Only Comparison
Cooperator: Jerry Lingo Planting dates: 9/24/20 (dual-purpose) & 10/23/20 (grain-only) Harvest date: 6/14/21 Tillage: Conventional
## Goodwell Irrigated Regional Wheat Variety Trial
## Hooker Wheat Variety Trial
| Cooperator: Ernest and Dan Herald Planting & harvest dates: 9/22/20 & 6/24/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Minimal tillage | Cooperator: Ernest and Dan Herald Planting & harvest dates: 9/22/20 & 6/24/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Minimal tillage | Cooperator: Ernest and Dan Herald Planting & harvest dates: 9/22/20 & 6/24/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Minimal tillage | Cooperator: Ernest and Dan Herald Planting & harvest dates: 9/22/20 & 6/24/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: Minimal tillage | Extension Educator: Dr. Britt Hicks Previous crop: Grain sorghum Soil Type: Dalhart fine sandy loam Soil test: pH= 6.6, N= 17, P= 29, K= 629 | Extension Educator: Dr. Britt Hicks Previous crop: Grain sorghum Soil Type: Dalhart fine sandy loam Soil test: pH= 6.6, N= 17, P= 29, K= 629 | Extension Educator: Dr. Britt Hicks Previous crop: Grain sorghum Soil Type: Dalhart fine sandy loam Soil test: pH= 6.6, N= 17, P= 29, K= 629 | Extension Educator: Dr. Britt Hicks Previous crop: Grain sorghum Soil Type: Dalhart fine sandy loam Soil test: pH= 6.6, N= 17, P= 29, K= 629 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Test Weight 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 | |
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | 2-Year | 3-Year | Total | | |
| | | | bu/ac _________ | | | | |
| AGSECO | Ag Icon | 80 | 66 | 58 | 61.7 | -- % -- | |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 75 | 67 | 60 | 61.7 | 14.9 | |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 75 | --- | --- | 60.8 | 13.7 | |
| OGI | Bentley | 74 | 64 | 63 | 59.7 | 15.2 | |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 73 | 62 | --- | 60.2 | 14.5 | |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 73 | --- | --- | 61.7 | 14.9 | |
| AgiPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 71 | --- | --- | 60.2 | 15.5 | |
| LCS | LSCS Chrome | 71 | 60 | 59 | 60.0 | 15.1 | |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 70 | 64 | --- | 59.9 | 14.1 | |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 69 | 61 | 59 | 60.0 | 16.3 | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 69 | --- | --- | 60.7 | 14.6 | |
| OGI | OK Corral | 68 | --- | --- | 61.5 | 14.9 | |
| Watley | TAM204 | 68 | --- | --- | 60.5 | 15.8 | |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 67 | 58 | 55 | 61.6 | 15.9 | |
| OGI | Iba | 67 | 65 | 60 | 59.1 | 13.3 | |
| OGI | Lourierder | 66 | 59 | 58 | 60.8 | 15.5 | |
| OGI | Big Country | 65 | --- | --- | 59.0 | 17.3 | |
| OGI | Gallagher | 64 | 61 | 52 | 58.9 | 16.2 | |
| OGI | Shadowown | 63 | 59 | 59 | 59.5 | 15.7 | |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 61 | --- | --- | 59.2 | 14.3 | |
| AgiPro | ST Rugged | 61 | 56 | 55 | 58.5 | 14.4 | |
| Westbred | WB34792 | 60 | 60 | --- | 59.9 | 15.0 | |
| Watley | TAM115 | 60 | --- | --- | 59.9 | 15.4 | |
| Westbred | WB34699 | 58 | 58 | 59.7 | 14.5 | 14.5 | |
| OGI | Beakthrough | 57 | 55 | 58 | 61.2 | 14.8 | |
| Watley | TAM112 | 56 | --- | --- | 59.4 | 14.6 | |
| AgiPro | Bob Dole | 55 | 54 | --- | 59.9 | 17.0 | |
| Experimental | Ok12716W | 55 | --- | --- | 58.3 | 14.6 | |
| Experimental | | | | | | | |
| Experimental | | | | | | | |
| Mean | 66 | 61 | 58 | 60.1 | 15.1 | | |
| LSD (0.05) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 1.2 | |
Notes : Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Due to the high variability of the data in 2021, no significant (NS) statistical differences were detected among varieties for yield and test weight. Double-dashes "-" = data not available
## Keys Wheat Variety Trial
## Kildare Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Don Schieber Planting & harvest dates: 11/18/20 & 7/7/21 Management: Grain-only Tillage: No-till
## Kingfisher Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Tary Helt Planting & harvest dates: 10/24/20 & 6/19/21
Management: Grain-only Tillage: Conventional
## Lahoma Regional Wheat Variety Trial
## Lahoma Regional Fungicide Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: OSU North Central Research Station Planting & harvest dates: 10/22/20 & 6/16/21 Management: Grain-only, conventional tillage Fungicide: 9 fl oz/ac Trivapro at Feekes 9 on 4/19/21
| Licensee | Variety | Grain Yield 2-Year | Test Weight 2-Year | Protein 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|----------------|---------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|--------------------|--------------------|
| | | | | --- | --- |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 98 | 93 | -- | -- % -- |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 88 | 93 | 88 | 61.8 |
| AgriPro | SY Bugged | 87 | 90 | 79 | 61.8 |
| OGI | Shownow | 85 | 88 | 78 | 63.2 |
| AgriPro | AP Roadrunner | 84 | -- | -- | 60.6 |
| LCS | LS Atomic AX | 84 | -- | -- | 63.0 |
| KWA | KS Hamilton | 83 | -- | -- | 60.5 |
| Zanda | Zenda | 82 | -- | 89 | 63.3 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 82 | 97 | 88 | 60.6 |
| OGI | Big Country | 82 | 78 | 73 | 60.2 |
| AgriPro | AP EverRock | 82 | 86 | 86 | 62.4 |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 82 | 86 | 79 | 62.9 |
| AgriPro | AP Bigfoot | 81 | -- | -- | 62.0 |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 81 | 87 | -- | 63.0 |
| AgriPro | AP18 AX | 81 | -- | -- | 62.8 |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 96 | 96 | 86 | 62.4 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 80 | 96 | 85 | 62.5 |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 80 | 85 | 76 | 61.5 |
| CROPLAN | CP7017AX | 80 | -- | -- | 61.5 |
| OGI | Loaderier | 80 | -- | -- | 62.7 |
| OGI | Skydance | 80 | -- | -- | 61.0 |
| LCS | LS Valiant | 79 | -- | -- | 62.7 |
| OGI | Straad CL+ | 79 | 95 | -- | 63.0 |
| AgriPro | AS Achieve CL2 | 79 | 84 | 77 | 61.8 |
| OGI | Breakthrough | 79 | 95 | -- | 60.4 |
| OGI | Stitley | 78 | -- | 81 | 62.1 |
| Dyna-Gro | Butchhorn AX | 78 | 93 | -- | 63.5 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 78 | -- | -- | 61.5 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 78 | 86 | -- | 62.1 |
| OGI | Walker's Ann | 78 | 85 | 81 | 62.7 |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 77 | 88 | -- | 63.7 |
| OGI | Uncharthed | 76 | -- | 79 | 61.1 |
| LCS | LCS Revere | 76 | -- | -- | 61.8 |
| LCS | LCS Helix AX | 76 | -- | -- | 62.7 |
| CHS | Alligant 3063 | 75 | -- | -- | 63.3 |
| PlainsGold | Cross Sent CAX | 75 | 88 | 80 | 63.7 |
| LCS | CLS Fusion AX | 75 | -- | -- | 61.1 |
| CROPLAN | CP7050AX | 75 | -- | -- | 62.0 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 75 | 81 | 76 | 62.7 |
| AgriMaXX | AM Cartwright | 75 | 88 | 80 | 60.4 |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 74 | 87 | 79 | 61.1 |
| LCS | LS Juliep | 74 | -- | -- | 59.5 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 74 | 83 | 79 | 60.7 |
| KWA | KS Hatchett | 74 | -- | -- | 61.7 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 74 | 84 | -- | 61.6 |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 73 | 90 | 77 | 60.8 |
| KAW | KS Western Star | 73 | -- | -- | 61.2 |
| AGSECO | AG Radical | 73 | 83 | -- | 60.4 |
| OGI | Duister | 71 | 83 | -- | 60.4 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 71 | 84 | 78 | 61.7 |
| ODI | Doublestop CL+ | 67 | 82 | 75 | 62.0 |
| Experimentalis | EXPERIMENTS | -- | -- | -- | 13.8 |
| OSU | OCW3S580S-8WWF | 83 | -- | 61.6 | 12.4 |
| OSU | K12716W | 81 | -- | 61.5 | 11.3 |
| OSU | OK15MASbX7 ARS 8-29 | 81 | -- | 61.4 | 11.7 |
| KSU | KSW12DH0156-88 | 75 | -- | -- | 62.2 |
| Mean | MS | 87 | 79 | 61.9 | 12.6 |
|------------|------|------|------|--------|--------|
| LSD (0.05) | NS | 8 | 6 | NS | 0.4 |
Notes : Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Due to the high variability of the data in 2021, no significant (NS) statistical differences were detected among varieties for yield and test weight. Severe stripe rust and leaf rust pressure observed during grain-fill. Double-dashes "-" = data not available
## Lahoma Wheat Variety Trial - No Fungicide vs. Fungicide Comparison
Cooperator: OSU North Central Research Station Planting & harvest dates: 10/22/20 & 6/16/21 Management: Grain-only, conventional tillage Fungicide: 9 fl oz/ac Trivapo at Feekes 9 on 4/19/21
## Thomas Wheat Variety Trial
| | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield | Grain Yield |
|----------------------|--------------------|----------------|----------------------|------------------|---------------|
| Licensee | Variety | 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 | |
| | | -- bu/ac ----- | -- lb/bu -- | -- % --- | |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 59 | 45 | 62.1 | 14.2 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 65 | -- | 60.8 | 14.8 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 64 | -- | 63.1 | 15.3 |
| AGSECO | AGO Icon | 63 | -- | 62.2 | 14.8 |
| OGI | Big Country | 63 | 61 | 62.5 | 15.4 |
| OGI | Uncharted | 62 | -- | 62.7 | 14.3 |
| OGI | Showdown | 62 | 53 | 41 | 64.4 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 61 | 55 | 42 | 63.3 |
| LCS | LS Photoson AX | 61 | -- | 63.9 | 15.5 |
| AgriPro | GY Achieve CL2 | 61 | -- | 64.2 | 15.6 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 59 | -- | 62.2 | 14.8 |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 59 | -- | 64.0 | 15.9 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 59 | -- | 64.4 | 14.7 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 59 | -- | 61.1 | 13.6 |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 59 | -- | 63.6 | 15.1 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 58 | -- | 62.9 | 14.2 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 57 | 55 | 43 | 63.7 |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 55 | 43 | 63.5 | 15.8 |
| OGI | Strad CL+ | 55 | -- | 62.8 | 15.7 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 55 | -- | 64.0 | 13.8 |
| OGI | Skydance | 55 | -- | 63.2 | 16.1 |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 50 | 53 | 41 | 63.2 |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 49 | 51 | 42 | 64.9 |
| Experimentalis | OL5MASBx7 ARS 8-29 | 66 | -- | 63.4 | 14.1 |
| OHk15DMASBx7 ARS 6-8 | OKDMSABx7 ARS 6-8 | 60 | -- | 65.1 | 15.1 |
| OHk12716W | OOAK7WS | 60 | -- | 64.1 | 14.3 |
| OCW30SS85OS-8WF | SOH | 57 | -- | 64.0 | 15.1 |
| Mean | 59 | 55 | 42 | 63.3 | 14.9 |
| LD (0.05) | 11 | 9 | NS | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Notes : Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. In 2020, plots at this location were lost due to waterlogging. Thus, the 2-year average represent results from 2019 and 2021 harvest years, and 3-year average represent results from 2021, 2019 and 2018 harvest years. NS = not significant. Double-dashes "---" data not available
## Walters Dual-Purpose Wheat Variety Trial
Cooperator: Jimmy Kinder Planting & harvest dates: 9/24/2020 & 6/9/21 Management: Dual-purpose Tillage: No-till
## Central Region Summary
Locations: Chickasha, El Reno, Kingfisher and Thomas
| Licensee | Variety | Grain Yield 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|----------------|-----------------|-------------------------|------------------------|--------------------|
| | | sub/acc------lb/bu----- | ----%----- | |
| OGI | Big Country | 65 | 60.5 | 13.0 |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 61 | 64.1 | 13.1 |
| OGI | Showdown | 60 | 60.9 | 12.4 |
| OGI | Strad CL+ | 60 | 62.0 | 13.0 |
| LCs | LCS Chrome | 59 | 59.6 | 12.6 |
| OGI | Uncharted | 59 | 61.4 | 12.7 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 58 | 59.1 | 12.6 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 58 | 60.8 | 12.9 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 57 | 59.5 | 11.8 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 57 | 61.3 | 12.1 |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 57 | 60.0 | 12.9 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 56 | 61.3 | 11.9 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 54 | 61.1 | 12.6 |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 54 | 61.3 | 12.5 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 53 | 60.5 | 12.6 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 53 | 60.2 | 12.8 |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 53 | 61.5 | 13.9 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 52 | 62.3 | 13.5 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 51 | 59.0 | 12.8 |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 50 | 62.2 | 14.0 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 46 | 59.6 | 12.7 |
| Experimentalas | OK12716W | 65 | 61.3 | 11.7 |
| Experimentalas | OCW35S805-8WF | 52 | 59.8 | 12.6 |
| Experimentalas | Mean | 56 | 60.8 | 12.7 |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Data for varieties reported from the Chickaska, Chickasa Intensive Management, El Reno dual-purpose, El Reno grainonly, Kingfisher and Thomas trials are included in this analysis.
## North-Central Region Summary
Locations: Kildare and Lahoma
| Licensee | Variety | Grain Yield 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 |
|------------|-----------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| | | -----bu/ac----- | --lb/bu-- |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 62 | 55.9 |
| OGI | Skydance | 60 | 55.1 |
| OGl | Baker's Ann | 60 | 56.5 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 59 | 55.1 |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 59 | 54.6 |
| OGl | Strad CL+ | 58 | 57.6 |
| OGl | Showdown | 58 | 55.0 |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 58 | 55.5 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 58 | 53.7 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 58 | 52.6 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 58 | 56.0 |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 57 | 54.6 |
| OGl | Uncharted | 57 | 55.3 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 57 | 55.0 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 56 | 55.9 |
| OGl | Big Country | 56 | 54.3 |
| OGl | Bentley | 55 | 54.8 |
| OGl | Smith's Gold | 54 | 54.4 |
| OGl | OK Corral | 54 | 54.0 |
| OGl | Doublestop CL+ | 54 | 57.2 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 50 | 50.7 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 50 | 54.3 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 49 | 53.1 |
| | Experimentalis | 55 | 51.9 |
| | OK12716W | 55 | 51.3 |
| | OCW03S580S-8WF | 54 | 53.3 |
| | Mean | 56 | 54.6 |
| | LSD (0.05) | 7 | 3.0 |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content.
Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Data for varieties reported from the Kildare and Lahoma trials are included in this analysis. Fusarium head blight (scab) disease was present at a severe level at Kildare, which prevented measurement of protein concentration in the grain based upon near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy.
## Northwest Region Summary
Locations: Alva, Buffalo and Cherokee
| | Variety | Grain Yield 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------|
| Licensee | .................................bu/ac...........lb/bui.......... | ..............%.......... | ..............%.......... | |
| OGI | Showdown | 73 | 63.6 | 9.8 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 67 | 64.1 | 10.1 |
| LCS | LCS Chrome | 65 | 63.6 | 10.6 |
| OGI | Iba | 64 | 64.0 | 10.1 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 64 | 63.6 | 9.8 |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 63 | 62.4 | 9.9 |
| OGI | Big Country | 63 | 61.3 | 10.3 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 63 | 63.0 | 11.0 |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 63 | 64.1 | 9.7 |
| OGI | Lonerider | 63 | 63.9 | 10.5 |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 62 | 62.8 | 9.7 |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 62 | 64.1 | 10.5 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 62 | 61.7 | 9.7 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 61 | 61.0 | 9.5 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 61 | 62.4 | 10.0 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 60 | 63.4 | 10.0 |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 60 | 63.6 | 10.9 |
| OGI | Breakthrough | 60 | 64.1 | 9.9 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 59 | 62.8 | 10.1 |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 58 | 63.1 | 10.8 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 58 | 64.0 | 10.2 |
| LCS | LCS Photon AX | 54 | 63.5 | 11.5 |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ Experiments | 53 | 64.8 | 12.6 |
| | | | | |
| | Ok12716W | 73 | 63.0 | 9.3 |
| | | | | |
| | Mean | 62 | 63.3 | 10.3 |
| | LSD (0.05) | 6 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
## Panhandle Region Summary
Locations: Balko, Goodwell, Hooker, Keyes
| | Licensee | Variety | Grain Yield 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|---------------|-----------------|-----------|------------------------|------------------------|--------------------|
| | | | | | ---%*** |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 65 | 60.0 | 13.2 | |
| KWA | KS Western Star | 64 | 60.9 | 13.3 | |
| OGI | Bentley | 64 | 59.4 | 13.9 | |
| CROPLAN | CP7909 | 63 | 59.4 | 13.8 | |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 63 | 59.6 | 14.1 | |
| OGI | Showdown | 63 | 59.6 | 14.0 | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 62 | 59.3 | 13.7 | |
| OGI | OK Corral | 61 | 57.9 | 13.8 | |
| PlainsGold | Crescent AX | 61 | 60.1 | 13.7 | |
| LCs | LCS Chrome | 61 | 59.9 | 14.1 | |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 60 | 61.3 | 15.0 | |
| PlainsGold | Guardian | 60 | 61.2 | 13.8 | |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 59 | 58.6 | 13.0 | |
| OGI | Lonerider | 61 | 61.1 | 14.6 | |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 59 | 58.7 | 13.2 | |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | 58 | 60.3 | 14.6 | |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CL2 | 58 | 60.4 | 15.0 | |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 58 | 60.7 | 14.4 | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 57 | 59.2 | 13.7 | |
| OGI | Big Country | 57 | 58.7 | 15.0 | |
| OGI | Breakthrough | 55 | 60.6 | 13.8 | |
| OGI | Iba | 55 | 59.5 | 13.0 | |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 55 | 60.2 | 14.3 | |
| OGI | Gallagher | 54 | 58.9 | 14.4 | |
| ExperimentalS | Ok12716W | 61 | 59.4 | 13.4 | |
| | | | | | Mean |
## Southwest Region Summary
Locations: Altus, Apache and Walters
| Licensee | Variety | Grain Yield 2020-21 | Test Weight 2020-21 | Protein 2020-21 |
|------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-------------------|
| PlainsGold | --------bu/ac------|lb/bu------ | ---------%------ | -------%------ | |
| OGI | Canvas Showdown KS Western Star | 68 66 | 61.1 60.4 | 10.6 11.2 |
| KWA | WB4792 WB4699 | 63 63 | 61.3 61.1 | 10.8 11.4 |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 63 | 62.8 | 10.8 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 61 | 60.0 | 10.6 |
| CROPLAN | CS Chrome CP7909 | 58 59 | 60.8 59.9 | 10.8 11.7 |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 56 | 60.1 | 11.4 |
| LS | LS Photon AX | 55 | 62.1 | 12.5 |
| OGI | Doublestop CL+ | 55 | 62.9 | 12.9 |
| OGI | Gallagher | 54 | 61.0 | 11.4 |
| OGI | Big Country | 54 | 60.3 | 12.7 |
| OGI | OK Corral | 54 | 59.7 | 11.9 |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 53 | 61.2 | 11.2 |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 52 | 61.4 | 12.1 |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 52 | 60.1 | 12.5 |
| AgriPro | SY Rugged | 52 | 59.6 | 11.9 |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 51 | 61.3 | 13.5 |
| OGI | Skydance | 50 | 61.6 | 12.7 |
| AgriPro | AP EverRock | 48 | 60.3 | 12.2 |
| OGI | Uncharted | 46 | 60.7 | 12.3 |
| OSU | Experimental OK12716W | 67 | 60.8 | 11.0 |
| | OCW03SS80S-8WF | 49 | 12.4 | |
| | Mean | 56 | 60.8 | 11.8 |
| | LSD (0.05) | 5 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
Notes: Grain yield and protein concentration were adjusted to 12% moisture content. Shaded values are not statistically different from the highest value within a column. Data for varieties reported from the Altus, Apache, Apache Fungicide and Walters dual-purpose trials are included in this analysis.
## Heading Date and Plant Height
| | | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | | |
|----------------|---------------------|------------|-----------------|------------|-------------------|-----------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------|-----|----|
| | Licensee | Variety | Altus Chickasha | Irrigated | Lahoma Stillwater | Altus Chickasha | Rodwell Laguna Stillwater | Goodwell Lahoma Stillwater | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| AgriMaxX | AM Cartwright | 4/16 | 4/28 | 5/10 | 5/3 | 4/23 | 78 | 73 | 85 | | |
| AgriPro | AP Bigfoot | 4/14 | 4/19 | 5/8 | 5/3 | 4/19 | 66 | 76 | 91 | | |
| AgriPro | AP EverRock | 4/15 | 4/19 | 5/7 | 5/2 | 4/18 | 63 | 68 | 85 | | |
| AgriPro | AP Roadrunner | 4/20 | 4/28 | 5/9 | 5/1 | 4/25 | 67 | 82 | 87 | | |
| AgriPro | AP 18 AX | 4/13 | 4/19 | 5/7 | 5/1 | 4/18 | 70 | 80 | 89 | | |
| AgriPro | Bob Dole | 4/10 | 4/20 | 5/8 | 5/4 | 4/19 | 84 | 84 | 97 | | |
| AgriPro | SY Achieve CLO | 4/10 | 4/19 | 5/5 | 5/1 | 4/18 | 64 | 72 | 83 | | |
| AgriPro | S Y Rugged | 4/12 | 4/22 | 5/7 | 5/1 | 4/19 | 73 | 68 | 84 | | |
| AGSECO | AG Icon | 4/12 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/2 | 4/19 | 79 | 78 | 96 | | |
| AGSECO | AG Radical | 4/14 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/1 | 4/20 | 70 | 72 | 93 | | |
| CHS | Aleglanty | 4/13 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/1 | 4/20 | 80 | 70 | 90 | | |
| CROPLAN | CP7017AX | 4/9 | 4/26 | 5/9 | 5/3 | 4/22 | 72 | 71 | 92 | | |
| CROPLAN | CP7050AX | 4/12 | 4/15 | 5/6 | 5/1 | 4/16 | 83 | 72 | 85 | | |
| CROPLAN | CP7909AX | 4/17 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/1 | 4/20 | 80 | 78 | 85 | | |
| Dyna-Gro | Buckhorn AX | 4/8 | 4/26 | 5/4 | 5/1 | 4/20 | 78 | 76 | 94 | | |
| KWA | KS Dallas | 4/18 | 4/28 | 5/10 | 5/3 | 4/24 | 70 | 66 | 86 | | |
| KWA | HS Hamilton | 4/17 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/3 | 4/24 | 72 | 78 | 84 | | |
| KWA | KS Hatchett | 4/13 | 4/15 | 5/6 | 5/1 | 4/18 | 75 | 67 | 92 | | |
| KWA | KS Silverado | 4/11 | 4/26 | 5/6 | 5/1 | 4/20 | 71 | 72 | 80 | | |
| KWA | WS Western Star | 4/23 | 4/30 | 5/10 | 5/5 | 4/30 | 73 | 79 | 96 | | |
| KWA | Zenda | 4/9 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/2 | 4/24 | 72 | 74 | 64 | | |
| LCS | LS Atomic AX | 4/8 | 4/5 | 5/15 | 5/4 | 4/18 | 72 | 79 | 83 | | |
| LCS | LCs Chrome | 4/24 | 4/30 | 5/10 | 5/4 | 4/27 | 83 | 88 | 91 | | |
| LCS | LCS Fusion AX | 4/18 | 4/26 | 5/10 | 5/2 | 4/24 | 77 | 80 | 90 | | |
| LCS | HCL Hesix AX | 4/14 | 4/26 | 5/9 | 5/1 | 4/21 | 80 | 72 | 90 | 90 | |
| LCS | LCS Julie | 4/25 | 4/30 | 5/10 | 5/3 | 4/27 | 83 | 76 | 87 | | |
| LCS | LCS Protonox AX | 4/9 | 4/15 | 5/5 | 5/1 | 4/17 | 81 | 73 | 94 | 96 | |
| LCS | LCS Revere | 4/11 | 4/22 | 5/6 | 5/2 | 4/18 | 71 | 74 | 88 | | |
| LCS | LCS Valiant | 4/14 | 4/26 | 5/9 | 5/1 | 4/18 | 71 | 74 | 89 | 90 | |
| OGI | Baker's Ann | -- | 4/15 | 5/2 | 5/1 | 4/17 | 81 | 74 | 64 | | |
| OGI | Betley | 4/12 | 4/28 | 5/2 | 5/1 | 4/21 | 81 | 77 | 67 | 90 | |
| OGI | Big Country | 4/19 | 4/26 | 5/10 | 5/3 | 4/25 | 76 | 73 | 98 | 98 | |
| OGI | Breakthrough | -- | -- | 5/7 | 5/4 | 4/21 | 83 | 68 | 91 | | |
| OGI | Butler's Gold | 4/20 | -- | 5/7 | -- | 4/11 | -- | -- | -- | 85 | |
| OGI | Doublestop CLO+ | 4/21 | 4/28 | 5/9 | 5/2 | 4/25 | 80 | 90 | 74 | 96 | |
| OGI | Duster | 4/20 | 4/26 | 5/9 | 5/2 | 4/20 | 75 | 76 | 86 | 88 | |
| OGI | Gallagher | 4/19 | 4/26 | 5/9 | 5/2 | 4/21 | 73 | 71 | 63 | 90 | |
| OGI | Green Hammer | 4/11 | 4/26 | -- | 5/9 | 5/2 | 4/23 | 88 | 73 | -- | |
| OGI | Iba | -- | -- | 5/9 | 5/3 | 4/21 | -- | -- | 67 | 100 | |
| OGI | Lonerider | -- | -- | 5/10 | 5/3 | 4/23 | -- | -- | 66 | 88 | |
| OGI | OK Corn | 4/19 | 4/26 | 5/10 | 5/3 | 4/25 | 76 | 73 | 72 | 88 | |
| OGI | Showdown | 4/14 | 4/26 | 5/8 | 5/2 | 4/23 | 78 | 77 | 81 | 104 | |
| OGI | Skydance | 4/15 | 4/19 | 5/8 | 5/1 | 4/18 | 79 | 88 | -- | 93 | |
| OGI | Smith's Gold | 4/20 | 4/28 | 5/10 | 5/1 | 4/21 | 72 | 71 | 58 | 84 | |
| OGI | Strad Clut- | -- | 4/26 | -- | 5/2 | 4/18 | -- | 88 | -- | 97 | |
| OGI | Unchart | 4/13 | 4/22 | -- | 5/2 | 4/18 | 78 | 84 | -- | 89 | |
| PlainsGold | Canvas | 4/16 | 4/26 | 5/10 | 5/4 | 4/24 | 86 | 71 | 61 | 84 | |
| PlainsGold | Crescent | 4/10 | 4/15 | 5/6 | 5/1 | 4/16 | 86 | 68 | 75 | 90 | |
| PlainsGold | Guardian AX | 4/20 | 4/28 | 5/7 | 5/4 | 4/25 | 86 | 83 | 63 | 91 | |
| Westbred | WB4269 | 4/10 | 4/26 | 5/7 | 5/2 | 4/19 | 65 | 82 | 65 | 84 | |
| Westbred | WB4401 | 4/15 | 4/15 | 5/10 | 5/2 | 4/18 | 72 | 80 | 62 | 95 | |
| Westbred | WB4699 | 4/23 | 4/28 | 5/10 | 5/4 | 4/15 | 245 | 60 | 73 | 57 | 82 |
| Westbred | WB4792 | 4/22 | 4/26 | 5/8 | 5/4 | 4/18 | 80 | 81 | 67 | 93 | |
| Experimentalis | KSU KS12DH0156-88 | 4/22 | 4/30 | 5/10 | -- | 4/25 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 80 | |
| OSU | OCW035S805-8WW | 4/8 | 4/26 | 5/8 | 5/4 | 4/20 | 76 | 78 | -- | 96 | |
| OSU | OK12716W | 4/19 | 4/19 | 5/8 | 5/4 | 4/24 | 91 | 83 | 70 | 95 | 97 |
| OSU | OK15DMASBx7 ARS 6-8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 4/23 | -- | -- | -- | 93 | |
| OSU | OK15MASBx7 ARS 8-29 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 4/23 | -- | -- | -- | 93 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note: Double-dashes '---' = data not available.
## Participating Seed Companies
7167 Highbanks Road Mascoutah, IL 62258 Phone: (855) 629-9432 Email: matt@agrimaxwxheat.com www.agrimaxwheat.com
Variety: AM Cartwright
## AgriPro
Greg McCormack 8750 NW 66th st. Silver Lake, KS 66539
Phone: (620) 532-6283
Email: greg.mccormack@syngenta.com
www.agripowheat.com www.agirprowheat.com AP Bigfoot, AP EverRock, AP Roadrunner, AP18 AX, Bob Dole, SY Achieve CL2, SY Rugged, SY Wolverine
## AGSECO, Inc.
Steve Ahring
P.O. Box 7
Girard, KS 66743
Phone: (620) 724-6232
Email: steve @delangeseed.com www.agseco.com
Varieties: AG Icon, AG Radical
## CHS
Zack Meyer
PO Box 187
Okarche, OK 73762
Phone: (580) 938-1198
Email: zackmeyer@chsisinc.com
www.chsisterown.co.n
Variety: Allegiant 3063
## CROPLAN by Winfield United
Cameron Aker 500 North 1st street Vincent, IA 50594
Garrison, ND 58540
Phone: (515) 356-4524
Email: claker@landokes.com
www.croploan.com
Varieties: CP7017 AX, CP7050 AX, CP7909
## Dyna-Gro Seed
Shawn Carter 3492 Long Prairie Road Suite 200 Flower Mound, TX 75022
Phone: (318) 282-9804
Email: shawn.carter@nutrien.com
www.dynasgoreseed.com
Variety: Buckhorn AX
## Kansas Wheat Alliance (KWA)
Daryl Strouts
1990 Kimball Ave., Suite 200
Manhattan, KS 66502
Phone: (785) 320-4080
Email: kwa@kansas.net www.kswheatalliance.org
Varieties: KS Dallas, KS Hamilton, KS Hatchett, KS Silverado, KS Western Star, Zenda, KS12DH0156-88
## Limagram Cereal Seeds (LCS)
Nathan Miller
6414 N Sheridan street
Wichita, KS 67204
Phone: (316) 755-2042
Email: nathan.miller@limagrain.com www.limagraincrealseed.com
Varieties: LCS Atomic AX, LCS Chrome, LCS Fusion AX, LCS Hilsax, XLY, LCS Julep, LCS Photon AX, LCS Revere, LCS Valiante
## Oklahoma Genetics, Inc. (OGI)
Mark Hodges
201 South Range Road
Stillwater, OK 74074
Phone: (405) 744-4347
Email: hodgesmel@cox.net www.okgenics.com
Varieties: Baker's Ann, Bentley, Big Country, Breakthrough, Doublestop CL Plus, Duster, Gallagher, Green Hammer, Iba, Lonerider, OK Corral, Showdown, Skydance, Smith's Gold, Strad CL+, Uncharted
## PlainsGold
## (Colorado Wheat Research Foundation)
Brad Erker/Tyler Benninghoven
4026 S. Timberline Road Suite 100
Collins, FOR 80525
Phone: (970) 449-6994
Email: tbenninghoven@coloradoweat.org
www.plainsgold.com
Varieties: Canvas, Crescent AX, Guardian
## Wateley Seed
Andy Watley
Box 51
Spearman, TX 79081
Phone: (806) 659-3838
Email: wateleyseed@valonetroom
www.watleyseeds.com
Varieties: TAM 112, TAM 115, TAM 204
## Westbred
John Fenderson
1616 E. Glencoe Road
Stillwater, OK 74075
Phone: (620) 243-4623
Email: john.fenderson@bayer.com
www.westbreds.com
Varieties: WB4269, WB4401, WB4699, WB4792
## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service WE ARE OKLAHOMA
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world.Itisanationalwesystemfundedandguided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:
- · The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
- · It provides practical, problem-oriented education
for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university.
- · It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own decisions.
- · More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
- · It dispenses no funds to the public.
- · It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and of their options in meeting them.
- · Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
- · The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media.
- · Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/lesser-canna-leafroller | Lesser Canna Leafroller | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic",
"Leafroller"
] | NC | ## Lesser Canna Leafroller
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The lesser canna leafroller, Geshna cannalis , is a small caterpillar related to the European corn borer, pickleworm, coneworms, sod webworms and others. The lesser canna leafroller overwinters as slender caterpillars in the leaves and stems of canna. After pupating, new moths emerge to mate and lay eggs after new growth emerges in spring. When the tiny, new caterpillars hatch, they feed within the new, still rolled up leaves. Older caterpillars can actually tie the edges of older leaves together and roll the leaf back up! The lesser canna leafroller is evidently not cannibalistic as several caterpillars can be found feeding or overwintering inside one rolled leaf.
## Host Plants
Cannas, wild and cultivated, seem to be the only host plant of the lesser canna leffroller. Theser caterpillars only feed on the upper epidermis and mesophyll primarily inside rolled up leaves. If not managed, lesser canna leffrollers may completely destroy the aesthetic value of cannas.
## Residential Recommendation
One mistake canna growers make is to leave the old dead growth on the canna bed as a sort of mulch. Canna seems to be the only host plant for this pest, so that if the plants are somewhat remote from other cannas, it may be possible to drastically reduce the lesser canna leafrollers just by carefully removing and destroying all dead leaves and stems in the fall after the frost has killed it back. It is possible to eradicate this pest by using Orthene as a spray several times perhaps at ten day intervals. The Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides are also effective for this pest. Spray the dilute pesticide mixture directly downward into the rolled leaves so that the pesticide can soak into the shelter around the worms. Also pick up and destroy all of the dead tops from the cannas this winter after frost.
## References
- · Common name: lesser canna leafroller, scientific name: Geshna cannalis (Quaintance).(Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). McAuslane, H. J. 2000. Featured Creatures, Entomol. & Nematol. FDACS/DPI, Univ. Florida.
- · Insect and related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants. Baker, J. R., ed. 1994. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-136. 106 pp.
- · Three injurious insects: bean leaf-roller, corn delphax,.cannabis leaf-roller. Quaintance AL. 1898. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 45: 53-74.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: July 1, 2013
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 1, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2024/04/24/atencion-productores-de-aguacate-encuesta-multiestatal-de-uf-ifas-busca-saber-mas-sobre-el-manejo-de-las-enfermedades-del-aguacate/ | Atención productores de aguacate: Encuesta multiestatal de UF/IFAS busca saber más sobre el manejo de las enfermedades del aguacate | University of Florida | [
"Luz Bahder"
] | 2024-04-24 | [
"Agribusiness",
"Agriculture",
"Farm Management",
"Pests & Disease",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"aguacate",
"alternativas de manejo",
"arboles",
"Centro de Investigacion y Educacion Tropical",
"costos economicos",
"empacadores",
"encuesta",
"encuesta en espanol",
"Encuesta en linea",
"enfermedades",
"escarabajo de ambrosia",
"Español",
"fincas",
"Florida",
"Jonathan Crane",
"manejo",
"marchitez del laurel",
"miembros de la industria del aguacate",
"ML",
"multiestatal",
"palta",
"plantaciones",
"produccion comercial",
"productores´",
"PRP",
"pudricion de la raiz por Phytophthora",
"sembradios",
"Spanish",
"transportistas",
"TREC",
"USDA NAAS"
] | FL | ## Atención productores de agucatase: Encuesta mutiestatal de UF/IFAS busca saber más sobre el manejo de las enfermedades del agucatase
Creado por Lourdes Mederos, gerente de relaciones públicas en
español para el Departamento de Comunicaciones de UF/IFAS.
El apetito
de los
consumido
res por los
aguacates
paltas no
muestra
signos de
disminució
n. Con
frecuencia
incorporad
os en una
variedad
de platillos
y postres,
la
demanda de aguacates ha ganado tal popularidad que rivaliza con la icónica tarta de manzana estadounidense.
Mientras tanto, la producción de aguacate en los Estados Unidos está bajo constante amenaza de enfermedades como la marchitéez del laurel(ML) y la pudrición de la raíz por Phytophthora (PRP), que
pueden devastar los sembradios si no se controlan. Si bien se han realizado investigaciones exhaustivas, todavía queda mucho por conocer sobre cómo los productores toman sus decisiones con respecto al manejo de enfermedades y los costos y beneficios económicos de las múltiples opciones de manejo.
Al reconocer la necesidad urgente de llenar estos vacíos de información, los científicos de University of Florida están colaborando para llevar a cabo una innovadora encuesta multiestatal sobre MLY\_PRP . La encuesta tiene como objetivo recopilar datos críticos sobre la toma de decisiones por parte de los productores, las implicaciones económicas y las estrategias de manejo. Al comprender esta dinámica, los investigadores pretenden desarrollar estrategias de gestión de enfermedades racionales y sostenibles adaptadas a las circunstancias únicas de cada estado.
Los investigadores buscan las respuestas de los productores de aguacate, partes interesadas de la industria e instituciones de investigación en los Estados Unidos.
El grupo de investigadores multiestatal incluye a University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, University of California Davis, University of Hawaii v Texas A&M University.
"Es importante que todos los miembros de la industria del aguacate, productores, empacadores, transportistas, entre otros, participen en la encuesta para conocer sus estrategias pasadas y presentes a la hora de combatir con estos dos hongos patógenos devastadores que amenazan la producción de aguacate", explícó Jonathan Crane, profesor de ciencias hortícolas y especialista en Extensión en frutas tropicales en el Centro de Investigación y Educación Tropical (TREC) de UF/IFAS en Homesteard." La información obtenida de esta encuesta ayudará a mejorar los esfuerzos actuales y colaborara en el manejo futuro de las plagas invasoras que amenazan la producción agrícola" .
La industria del aguacate es un cultivo económicamente importante para varios estados del sureste de los Estados Unidos. La mayor parte de la producción de aguacate en los Estados Unidos proviene de California, segunda de Florida y Hawaii. Con una producción nacional total de 149.600 toneladas en el 2021, la industria alcanzó un valor de $341,9 millones, según el Servicio Nacional de Estadisticas Agrícolas del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA-NAAS, por sus siglas en inglés).
marchitez del laurel se observaron por primera vez en un sembradio comercial de aguacates de Florida en el 2012, pero habían sido detectados en Georgia en el 2002. Se conocía poco sobre la enfermedad y del escarajo de ambrosia que la transmite. Desde el 2003, esta enfermedad ha matado a millones de árboles nativos ya impactado la producción comercial de aguacate en el sur de Florida.
El PRP induce a la descomposición de las raices en los árboles de aguacate, lo que provoca la mortalidad de los mismos si no se trata a tiempo. El exceso de agua intensifica la susceptibilidad de las plantas al PRP. Esta enfermedad no es un problema importante en el sur de Florida gracias a la presencia de suelos de piedra caliza y sistemas de drenaje eficaces. Sin embargo, un objetivo clave del proyecto de restauración de los Everglades implica elevar el nivel freático con el fin de rejuvenecer el flujo de agua dentro del Parque Nacional Everglades.
La encuesta estará disponible hasta el 31 de mayo del 2024.
## ###
Traducido al español por Luz Bahder luzdenia@ufl.edu
To access this content in English . please use this link.
## ACERCA DE UF/IFAS
La misión de University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) es desarrollar conocimientos relevantes para los recursos agrícolas, humanos y naturales, así como hacer que se conocimiento esté disponible para mantener y mejorar la calidad de vida humana. UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences cuenta con más de una docena de centros de investigación, 67 condados con oficinas de extensión, así como estudiantes y profesores galardonados. UF/IFAS ofrece soluciones basadas en la ciencia a las industrias agrícolas y de recursos naturales del estado, así como a todos los residentes de Florida.
```
ifas.ufl.edu | @UF IFAS
O
by Luz Bahder
Posted: April 24, 2024
```
Category: Agribusiness, Agriculture, Farm Management, Pests &
Disease, UE/IFAS, UE/IFAS Extension, UE/IFAS Research
Tags: Aguacate, Alternativas De Manejo,árboles, Centro De
Investigacion Y Educacion Tropical, Costos Economicos,
Empacadores, Encuesta, Encuesta En Espanol, Encuesta En Linaea,
Enfermedades, Escarabajo De Ambrosia, Espanol, Cincas, Florida,
Jonathan Crane, Manejo, Marchitez Del Laureil, Miembros De La
Industria Del Aguacate, ML, Multiestatal, Palta, Plantaciones,
Produccion Comercial, Productores, PRP, Pudricion De La Raiz Por
Phytophthora, Sembradios, Spanish, Transportistas, IREC, USDA
NAAS
More From Blogs.IFAS
4-H Camp Cherry Lake renovations in full swing
UF/IFAS study: This bird's eye view confirms bird diversity
dropping in urban areas, scientists say ...
UF/IFAS study: This bird's eye view confirms bird diversity
UF/IFAS study: This bird's eye view confirms bird diversity
Majority of Florida mosquito species are understudied, UF/IFAS survey illustrates |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/interprofessional-aspects-healthcare-web-connections-activity | Interprofessional Aspects of Healthcare: A Web of Connections Activity | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"David Buys",
"Victorian Tilley",
"Brittney Oliver",
"Laura Brumbaugh-Robertson"
] | null | [
"Leadership",
"Health"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s "
Interprofessional Aspects of Healthcare: A Web of Connections Activity
## Interprofessional Aspects of Healthcare: A Web of Connections Activity
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3137
View as PDF: P3137.pdf
Publication File:
- ·
.
Interprofessional Cards P3137.pdf
## Introduction to the Web of Connections
This activity enables participants to recognize the interconnectedness of their professions and communities and the vital roles they each play in addressing key issues.
Groups and teams benefit from a variety of perspectives and insights. When each group member brings experiences and expertise to their group, the whole group or team emerges with a more complete and robust result or solution. This multidisciplinary approach helps groups solve problems in a more holistic and comprehensive way.
The Web of Connections exercise is designed to help participants better understand and visualize the relationships between their different areas of experience and expertise as it relates to their group or team's purpose. This Web of Connections activity, regardless of the issue being addressed or the nature of the group, is a great way to get the creative and innovative juices flowing! This activity is suitable for groups 12 years of age and older.
## Materials Needed
- A ball of yarn
- Scissors
- Signs/objects that represent academic disciplines, professions, social issues, resources, parts of systems, etc.
- (See table on pages 3-5.)
- Space for participants to sit or stand in a circle
## Instructions
- The facilitator will explain to participants the focus of the activity. Participants should collaborate and think critically on how the components or roles relate to each other.
assigned component/role (represented by the sign or object).
- While holding onto the string, the first person will pass the ball of yarn to another person or group with
- The next person or group then will explain the details of their topic, as well as how theirs is connected to the group before them. The first connection of the web is now made.
- Continue to pass the ball of yarn until everyone has presented their connection, and then cut the string.
- *Note that participants can mention how their topic relates to several of the previously presented ones. For instance, the fourth component/role can be connected with the third, second, or first.
- Lastly, the audience may take the time to discuss the connection made during the activity. A few examples of discussion questions include:
- 1. What other connections are possible that have not been made?
- 2. What connections were the most obvious?
- 3. What connections surprised you?
- 4. How does this exercise influence your feelings about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
- 5. Which additional roles or issues could be added to the web?
- 6. Do you feel like more can be accomplished when groups/interdisciplinary teams are formed?
- Why or why not?
- 7. How can the connections represented here today help solve problems? Could they complicate
- issues even further?
- 8. How can you use what you learned during this activity?
## Want to expand this activity and make it a multissession set of experiences?
If time permits, students can apply this activity to another specific topic area they are studying. Students may research components and/or professions within that area, and then lead their own Web of Connections activity. Another way to expand this activity is to host a follow-up discussion panel featuring professionals within the field. These additional activities can help students think more independently and gain a deeper perspective of the topic.
To help you facilitate your own Web of Connections activity, we have provided examples for the following topics:
- Community Organizing (MSU Extension Publication 3093)
- Global and Domestic Issues with Hunger (MSU Extension Publication 3136)
- Interprofessional Aspects of Healthcare (MSU Extension Publication 3137)
Each Web of Connections activity also includes an evaluation form for facilitators to obtain participants' feedback.
## Interprofessional Aspects of Healthcare
Healthcare involves different types of professionals who are highly educated and trained in their respective areas of expertise. Healthcare requires interprofessional collaboration in order to most efficiently and effectively address patients' and clients' health needs. You may find healthcare teams in clinical settings-such as primary care offices, rehabilitation units, and surgical centers-but also in long-term care settings, community-based health settings, and social-service settings. Teams like these ensure a patient's biological, psychological, and social needs all are taken into consideration for more comprehensive care. Patients aren't the only ones who benefit from interprofessional healthcare; providers and the healthcare system as a whole benefit because of increased access to services; lower healthcare expenditures; and coordination, communication, and teamwork among healthcare professionals. Here are several professions and their roles within the healthcare system.
| Healthcare Professional | Focus | Physician (MD/DO) | Physicians examine patients; obtain medical histories; order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests; and prescribe and administer treatment for people suffering from injury or disease. They counsel patients about illness, injuries, health conditions, and preventive healthcare (diet/fitness, smoking cessation, etc.). They can also conduct medical research, teach, and run medical centers. |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Health Educator (CHES) | Health educators may develop community-wide education initiatives on health topics ranging from nutrition and fitness to injury and disease prevention. They may also engage in: · helping to stop the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, such as cervical cancer and HIV/AIDS. · helping young people recognize and avoid the dangers of unprotected sex, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. · reducing obesity and related health problems in youth and adult populations. · improving the quality of life for the growing population of seniors. · investigating and implementing health promotion programs, such as smoking cessation · initiatives, water and sanitation projects, and occupational safety courses. | | |
| Social Worker (LSW, LMSW, LCSW) | A social worker's approach to care is oriented toward solving problems and promoting positive social change. Professional social workers respond to and help prevent crises, and they counsel individuals, families, groups, and communities on how to cope with the stresses of everyday life. They often help people with socioeconomic disadvantages, including severe | | |
| Healthcare Professional | Focus |
|---------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Psychologist | Psychologists traditionally treat patients with mental and emotional problems, but they also serve as scientists researching the phenomenon of human (and nonhuman) behavior. They study how human beings relate not only to each other but also to machines, and they work to improve these relationships. In particular, they concentrate on behaviors that affect the mental and emotional health and mental functioning of healthy human being. Optometrist (OD) Optometrists diagnose and treat the eyes, prescribe medications, perform certain surgical procedures, provide vision therapy and low-vision rehabilitation, and assist patients with eyeglasses and contact lenses. They counsel patients regarding surgical and nonsurgical options to meet their visual needs. ODs also diagnose systemic conditions that have eye-related symptoms (i.e., diabetes or high blood pressure) and refer patients to other health practitioners, as needed. Nurse Practitioner (NP) Nurse practitioners are registered nurses with advanced education that prepares them to take on management positions within the field. Nurse practitioners also are qualified to provide basic primary care. An NP, working under the supervision of a physician, can do much of what the physician does. Some NPs with advanced training can prescribe medications and diagnose and treat common acute illnesses and injuries. Registered Nurse (RN) Registered nurses provide direct patient care; observe, assess, and record symptoms; administer medications; and assist physicians during treatment and examination. Nurses can specialize in areas such as emergency room, operating room, or pediatric nursing with additional training. RNs must graduate from a nursing program and pass a national licensing examination. Audiologists determine if a person has hearing loss and what type of loss it is. If a person can benefit from using hearing aids or other assistive listening systems, the audiologist can assist with the selection, fitting, and training in their effective use. Speech language pathologists evaluate speech, language, cognitive communication, and swallowing skills of adults and children, and then determine what problems exist and the best |
| Healthcare Professional | Focus | treatment. A degree in communication sciences and disorders is required, which may be acquired at the undergraduate or graduate level. |
|------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Registered Dietitian (RD) | Dietitians and nutritionists plan food and nutrition programs and supervise the preparation and serving of meals. They help prevent and treat illnesses by promoting healthy eating habits and suggesting diet modifications. Dietitians run food-service systems for institutions such as hospitals and schools, promote sound eating habits through education, and conduct research. To become an RD, you must complete an undergraduate degree (at minimum) or a 2-year post-baccalaureate degree in dietetics, foods and nutrition, or a related field. | |
| Physical Therapist (PT) | Physical therapists most often work with patients who are recovering from an accident, injury, or ailment (such as a stroke) or who have a disability that affects their strength or mobility. PTs practice in hospitals, clinics, and private offices and consult with other healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, educators, and social workers. Some PTs specialize in areas such as sports, pediatric, neurologic, or geriatric physical therapy. Physical therapists in every state must graduate from an accredited physical therapist educational program and be licensed before they can practice. | |
| Occupational Therapist (OT) | Occupational therapists work with people of all ages who have suffered from some type of injury, illness, or other impairment that hinders them from conducting basic work or life tasks. Occupational therapists provide exercises and sometimes orthotic devices to help these patients improve their life and work functioning. Some OTS specialize in areas such as pediatrics, neurology, burns, or geriatrics. Occupational therapists undergo a training program similar to the one physical therapists complete. In order to sit for the national certification exam administered by the American Occupational Therapy Certification Board, a person must have a master's or doctoral degree in occupational therapy. | |
| Pharmacist (RPh, PharmD) | Pharmacists dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. They advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. Most pharmacists work in a community setting, such as a retail drug store, or in a hospital or clinic. Pharmacists in community or retail pharmacies counsel patients and answer questions about prescription drugs. They also provide information about over-the-counter drugs. A PharmD (doctor of | |
| Healthcare Professional | Focus | Pharmacy) requires at least 2 years of specific preprofessional (undergraduate) coursework, followed by 4 years of professional study. |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Physician Assistant (PA) | A PA always works under a physician's supervision, though in understaffed facilities where a primary-care physician may not be available every day, a PA might handle all the patient care. More often, a PA will interview patients to record their medical histories, give basic physicals, interpret lab results, and make tentative diagnoses to confirm later with a physician. Many PA's also follow up with patients to monitor their reaction to drugs, teach them about nutrition, and consult with their family members. PA is a master's degree program. | |
## Adapted From
http://www.apa.org/about/gr/issues/health-care/integrated.aspx
http://career.opcd.wfu.edu/explore-careers/allied-health/
http://explorehealth careers org/en/Career/17/Allopathic\_Physician\_MD
http://explorehealth careers org/en/Career/46/Behavioral ScienceHealth Education
http://explorehealth careers org/en/Career/11/Optometrist
http://explorehealth careers org/en/Career/116/Social Worker
## Web of Connections Evaluation Survey
Workshop: Interprofessional Aspects of Healthcare
Facilitator: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ County: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Group participating in the activity: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Please indicate your response to each item:
Strongly Disagree (SD) | Disagree (D) | Neutral (N) | Agree (A) | Strongly Agree (SA)
This activity...
- a. related to my needs.
- b. was understandable.
Participating in this activity was worth my time.
I would recommend this activity to others.
My knowledge increased about how people are connected, in general.
My knowledge increased about how different healthcare fields are connected.
My understanding of how different healthcare fields can work together to improve patient outcomes has increased.
I will tell others what I learned through this activity about the interconnectedness of healthcare.
The most important thing I learned through this activity was:
One specific thing that I plan to use or apply as a result of this activity is:
```
Publication 3137 (POD-11-17)
```
By David Buys , PhD, MSPH, CPH, Assistant Extension/Research Professor and State Health Specialist, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion; Victorian Tilley, Graduate Assistant, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion; Brittney Oliver, PhD, Assistant Professor, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion; and Laura Brumbaugh-Robertson, Extension Agent, Tate County.
Print PDF The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662325-2262.
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https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2013/07/31/how-to-reduce-asthma-allergy-triggers-in-your-home/ | How to Reduce Asthma & Allergy Triggers in Your Home | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2013-07-31 | [
"Children",
"Healthy Housing"
] | GA | ## How to Reduce Asthma & Allergy Triggers in Your Home
Written by
July 31, 2013
Pamela Turner
Here comes company...
It is a given fact that every one of us has visitors in our home throughout the year. Sure, some of us entertain more than others, but whether we like it or not we all have the occasional house guest. If it's not family visiting during the holidays, then it's the delivery person, a co-worker, friends visiting from out of town, or the monthly book club. It is also true that not all of our house guests come in human form. I'm not talking about aliens -that is for another day -I am talking about the critters, dust mites, roaches, and other indoor environmental asthma triggers that easily enter our homes and greatly affect the people who follow them inside. The EPA estimates that around 25 million people in the U.S. suffer from asthma with around 17 million of those being children. That's a lot of people! LOTS of things in our homes that could lead to an asthma attack or allergic reaction.
Pets Exercise Pollen Stress Bugs in the home Anger Chemical fumes Pollution Cold air Strong odors Fungus spores Smoke Dust Asthma Triggers
So what can you do? Don't let me lose you here - I'm not about to ask you to spend exorbitant amounts of money on ventilation systems or breathing masks - many asthma triggers can be wiped out with a little bit of elbow grease and a five-letter verb: CLEAN . Get rid of the dirt, pollen, pet hair, pests, mold and smoke in and around your home. When you are cleaning, don't add to the problem by using lots of chemicals and aerosols, instead use the University of Georgia Extension green cleaning recipes. In addition to cleaning more often and using fewer harsh chemicals, here are 5 more things you can do to reduce asthma triggers in your home.
- 1. Eliminate tobacco smoke by not allowing people to smoke inside
- 2. Control dust mites by washing all bedding in hot water once a week
- 3. Reduce dust by cleaning hard surfaces with a microfiber wipe or damp cloth
- 4. Keep indoor humidity below 50%. One way to reduce moisture is to use bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans.
There are plenty of other things that can trigger a reaction, including: outdoor air pollution, physical exercise, stress and strong fragrances, but a clean house goes a long way in keeping your family healthy and your guests from having to break out the emergency inhaler.
You can learn more about asthma triggers on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website or from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
This blog was written by Guest Bloggler Allison Freeman Williams, Senior Economics and International Business student at the University of Georgia, and Healthy Homes Student Intern
Posted in: Children, Healthy Housing
Tags: allergens, asthma triggers, Athens, CDC, Cooperative Extension, dust mites, EPA, Extension, Family and Consumer Sciences, Georgia, green cleaning, healthy home, making your home healthier, mold & allergies, pests, pet hair, reducing asthma triggers, tobacco smoke, UGA, UGA Extension, UGA GreenWay, University of Georgia
One response to "How to Reduce Asthma & Allergy Triggers in Your Home"
shakibkhan
March 21,2022
## This is awesome and helpful.
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https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2015/check-canola-for-aphids-and-diamondback-moth-april-14-2015.pdf | Plant Disease and Insect Advisory | Oklahoma State University | [
"Administrator"
] | Error: time data "D:20150414160935-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK74078 405.744.5527
Vol. 14, No. 14
http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/
Apr 14, 2015
## Check Canola for Aphids and Diamondback Moth
Tom Royer, Extension Entomologist
Cabbage aphids (right) are small, 2.0-2.5 mm (1/12 inches) blue-gray aphids with short cornicles. They are usually covered with a powdery wax coating. They will feed on the underside of canola leaves and are often found clustering on the developing panicle. They can cause plant stunting and distortion of growth.
Turnip aphids (left) are gray-green with short swollen cornicles, and measure 1.6 - 2.2 mm (1/16 inches). Turnip aphids will infest canola throughout the year, but are particularly of concern during the winter. They feed underneath the leaves, but will also be found feeding on terminals.
Green peach aphids are pale green to yellow (and sometimes pink, see right) with long cornicles and antennae and measure 1/8 inch. Adults may be winged or wingless. They feed on more than 40 plant families, including canola! They are found in winter and spring underneath leaves. Their feeding can cause stunting, stop terminal growth, and defoliation. They can also transmit plant disease-causing viruses such as cauliflower mosaic and turnip mosaic viruses.
Two new products have been registered for aphid control, Beleaf® (FMC Corporation) and Transform® (Dow AgroSciences). Both products are effective on aphids, including the green peach aphid but they work very differently. Beleaf kills aphids by paralyzing their mouthparts, so they cannot feed and eventually die. Transform is a systemic insecticide that kills aphids fairly quickly. Beleaf does not have any restrictions on application during bloom, whereas Transform can only be applied 3 days before bloom or after petal fall but probably has enough residual activity to maintain control through petal fall. Both products are relatively safe for beneficial arthropods, but our research shows that Beleaf is particularly benign because of its slow acting efficacy on aphids, which allows aphid-feeding beneficials to continue to eat them with little to no consequence on their biology.
Scout for aphids by looking on the underside of the leaves, and panicles. Although no researchbased thresholds have yet been determined, during bud-early bloom, we suggest treatment if 20% of the racers come are infested. Green peach aphids are notorious for developing resistance to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, which are the primary registered insecticides for use in canola. Regardless of the application method it is advantageous to apply an insecticide with as high of spray volume as possible to increase coverage on the plants.
Review label restrictions for applications during bloom, as honeybees can be killed if exposed to several of the registered products. Current recommendations for control of aphids in canola are listed in CR-7667, Management of Insect and Mice Pests in Canola which can be obtained online at http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docshare/dsweb/Get/Document-3045/CR-667web2009.pdf.
## Dr. Richard Grantham - Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1994, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veterinarian in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of Mary & June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Director of Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fire/prescribed-fire-promoting-better-forest-and-wildlife-management/ | Prescribed Fire: Promoting Better Forest and Wildlife Management | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
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"John Kush",
"Jim Armstrong"
] | 2018-07-24 | [
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button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
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top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
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color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3924 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-35023961"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-41953285"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
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<article id="post-3924" class="post-3924 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-fire category-forestry-wildlife tag-anr-2411 tag-fire tag-prescribed-fire-promoting-better-forest-and-wildlife-management first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Prescribed Fire: Promoting Better Forest and Wildlife Management">
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Prescribed Fire: Promoting Better Forest and Wildlife Management </div>
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<li>July 24, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Adam Maggard, Becky Barlow, John Kush, and Jim Armstrong</li>
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<p class="column">In this four-part series, you will learn the importance of prescribed fire for forest and wildlife management. Specific elements covered will be site conditions, weather, and timing.</p>
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<p>In 1942, R. M. Canarro, writing in the <em>Journal of Forestry</em>, defined prescribed burning as “burning to a prescription which prescribes the area to be burned, the degree of burn, the method and time. Simple, concise, effective, leaving no room for criticism, for controversy, for misunderstanding.”</p>
<div id="attachment_9547" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-9547" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="wp-image-9547" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Credit-Don-Chance-Miss-State-e1612378520185-600x399.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Wild turkeys are just one of many species of wildlife that benefit from prescribed burning. (Photo credit: Don Chance, Graduate Student, Mississippi State University)" width="400" height="266" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Credit-Don-Chance-Miss-State-e1612378520185-600x399.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Credit-Don-Chance-Miss-State-e1612378520185-768x510.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Credit-Don-Chance-Miss-State-e1612378520185-1536x1021.jpg 1536w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Credit-Don-Chance-Miss-State-e1612378520185.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-9547" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. Wild turkeys are just one of many species of wildlife that benefit from prescribed burning. (Photo credit: Don Chance, Graduate Student, Mississippi State University)</p></div>
<p>Prescribed fire has been a part of land management across most of the South for as long as people have been living here. In 1982, fire historian Stephen Pyne noted that the South has long dominated national fire statistics, leading in both frequency and acreage burned. Its fire history is a history of its fuels. The forest understory with its tall grass, hardwood saplings, reproduction, and vines provides the fuel for woods fires. The regular firing of the woods prevented fuel buildups that encouraged episodic fires elsewhere, and the fire history of the South is remarkable for the absence of conflagrations until the advent of industrial forestry in the early to mid-1900s.</p>
<p>Fire was once one of the most common, ecologically important natural disturbances in North America and, despite anthropogenic disruptions, remains vital for creating and maintaining many ecologically significant terrestrial ecosystems.</p>
<p>Prescribed burning has long been used as a forest management tool, but only lately has the concept of a fire regime formally been applied to meet management goals. Burn frequency may have been the major factor in determining relative abundances of pines in the Southeast before European settlement, and that fire regime factor has garnered the most attention in management. It has been estimated that most locations in the upland landscape burned on average every two to five years, but at some sites and/or during some time periods, fire frequency varied. Over many decades, differences in frequency of as small as one year may alter the landscape.</p>
<p>Fire regimes include many factors in addition to burn frequency: month of burn, day of burn weather, ignition pattern, and fuel type or load among others. Shifts in any combination of the burn regime elements have the potential to alter the landscape. In the modern landscape, sites with altered vegetation or fuel are of special concern.</p>
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<p>Figure 2 illustrates the difference in the structure of a southern pine forest as a result of different prescribed burn frequencies of one to three years, including not burned. The area not burned has a dense midstory of small hardwood species with minimal to no understory vegetation (fig. 2A). The areas burned at two- and three-year intervals do not have the abundance of hardwoods in the midstory as does the unburned area. Rather, they have scattered smaller trees and woody vegetation reaching just above an understory composed of increasingly dense grasses and herbaceous plants (fig. 2B and fig. 2C). The area burned on a one-year frequency has a dense understory of grass and herbaceous plants, and the small trees and brush are illuminated (fig. 2D). Regular burning of these areas has resulted in more open-forest ecosystems compared to areas not burned.</p>
<div id="attachment_9463" style="width: 610px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-9463" decoding="async" class="wp-image-9463" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pic-for-first-pub-in-series-cropped-600x450.png" alt="Figure 2. Structural characteristics of a southern pine forest from different intervals of prescribed burning: (A) control–no burn, (B) prescribed burn on a three-year interval, (C) prescribed burn on a two-year interval, and (D) prescribed burn on a one-year interval." width="600" height="450" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pic-for-first-pub-in-series-cropped-600x450.png 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pic-for-first-pub-in-series-cropped-768x576.png 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pic-for-first-pub-in-series-cropped.png 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /><p id="caption-attachment-9463" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2. Structural characteristics of a southern pine forest from different intervals of prescribed burning: (A) control–no burn, (B) prescribed burn on a three-year interval, (C) prescribed burn on a two-year interval, and (D) prescribed burn on a one-year interval.</p></div>
<p>Fire effects will vary depending on the amount and composition of fuel. A burn plan designed to maintain a stand in good health cannot be the same as one needed to recover forest health of a degraded stand.</p>
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<p>Even when burn plans are appropriate for management objectives, application of fire as a rigid regime does not guarantee management goals will be met. The objective is not to burn but rather to promote forest health via ecological work accomplished by fire.</p>
<p>Prescribed fire is an important management tool throughout Southern forests. It provides multiple benefits for both timber and wildlife.</p>
<h1>Benefits of Prescribed Fire</h1>
<ul>
<li>Reduces fuel loads to prevent catastrophic fire</li>
<li>Controls low-quality, undesirable competing vegetation to allow establishment of seedlings following planting and increased water, soil nutrients, sunlight, and resource availability for already established trees</li>
<li>Improves wildlife habitat by creating a more open midstory and understory and improving browse and forage quality and quantity.</li>
<li>Improves aesthetic values by creating open spaces and increasing the presence of flowering plants and native pollinators.</li>
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<p>Along with increasing soil nutrients, controlling competition, reducing hazardous conditions, improving wildlife habitat, and improving aesthetic values, prescribed fire has many other benefits. It can be used to manage insects and disease, improve access for timber operations, and improve forage for grazing opportunities.</p>
<p>The specifics of prescribed fire highly depend on the site, weather conditions, and landowner objectives. The benefits of prescribed fire greatly outweigh its costs if conducted appropriately.</p>
<p>In this series, we discuss the importance of prescribed fire for forest and wildlife management, and, specifically, the important elements, such as site conditions, weather, and timing, involved in conducting a prescribed burn. Many landowners are interested in prescribed burning and are capable of burning their own property but are apprehensive because of uncertainty. These landowners intend to burn, but when the day comes to light the fire, they hesitate because of a lack of knowledge or experience using prescribed fire. Many landowners have expressed a need for a day-of-burn guide to help them determine if conditions are right to burn that day.</p>
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<p>Several topics—all of equal importance—will be covered in this series. Descriptions of each article follow. This series will start with a discussion of the fuels and the importance of having some idea of what will be burned during a prescribed fire.</p>
<h1>Prescribed Fire: Fuels</h1>
<div id="attachment_9464" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-9464" decoding="async" class="wp-image-9464" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Figure-3-Article-1-of-series-600x450.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Prescribed fire conducted in a one-year fire return interval plot at the Mary Olive Thomas Demonstration Forest in Auburn, Alabama." width="400" height="300" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Figure-3-Article-1-of-series-600x450.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Figure-3-Article-1-of-series-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Figure-3-Article-1-of-series.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-9464" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 3. Prescribed fire conducted in a one-year fire return interval plot at the Mary Olive Thomas Demonstration Forest in Auburn, Alabama.</p></div>
<p>Fuels are defined as any living or dead plant material that can be ignited by a fire. How a fire will burn is often based on the volume, arrangement, shape, size, and moisture content of the fuel. These characteristics are all interrelated. They affect each other and strongly influence fire behavior and the resulting effects of the fire. How fuel and its characteristics affect fire behavior will be discussed.</p>
<h1>Prescribed Fire: Weather</h1>
<p>To execute a safe and successful prescribed burn, an understanding of several important weather elements is essential. Wind, relative humidity, temperature, and precipitation are the important elements to consider when planning a prescribed burn. The importance of each of these elements, desirable burning ranges for each, and the potential impacts of these conditions on the day of a burn will be described.</p>
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<h1>Prescribed Fire: Time of Year</h1>
<p>Depending on the objectives of conducting a prescribed burn and the conditions of the site to be burned, it may be best to burn during the growing season or during the winter months. In general, most prescribed burning objectives can be accomplished during the winter months. However, burning during the growing season when temperatures are hotter may be beneficial or necessary. The effects of the time of year a prescribed burn is conducted and how to determine when to burn based on the goals and objectives of conducting a prescribed burn will be discussed.</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Adam Maggard</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist</em>, Assistant Professor; <strong>Becky Barlow</strong>,<em> Extension Specialist</em>, Professor; <strong>John Kush</strong>, Research Fellow; and <strong>Jim Armstrong</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist</em>, Professor, all in Forestry, Wildlife, and Natural Resource Management with Auburn University</p>
<p>Reviewed July 2023, <strong>Prescribed Fire: Promoting Better Forest and Wildlife Management</strong>, ANR-2411</p>
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/lactic-acid-fermentation | Lactic Acid Fermentation | NC State Extension | [] | null | [] | NC | ## Lactic Acid Fermentation Requirements
- · Starting fermentable sugar (glucose, lactose). (Figure 1 and Figure 2) .
- Microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria or fungi). (Figure 3) .
## Fermentation
See Figure 4.
- Some fungi and bacteria produce lactic acid during fermentation.
- An example of a lactic acid producing bacteria is Lactobacillus .
- Other bacteria which produce lactic acid include:
- leuonostoc mesenteroides
## Homolactic fermentation
- The fermentation of 1 mole of glucose yields two moles of lactic acid
## Heterolactic Fermentation
- The fermentation of 1 mole of glucose yields 1 mole each of lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide
## Nisin
- Nisin was the first bacteriocin derived from the fermentation of a lactic-acid bacterium
- Approved by the FDA in April 1989 to prevent the growth of botulism spores in pasteurized process-cheese spreads.
- Does not inhibit Gram-negative organisms, yeasts, or fungi but does inhibit most Gram-positive organisms, including spore-formers such as Clostridia botulinum and heat-resistant spoilage organisms.
## Homofermenter
## Facultative homofermenter
- Lactobacillus bavaricus
- Lactobacillus casei
- Lactobacillus coryniformis
- Lactobacillus curvatus
- Lactobacillus plantarum
- Lactobacillus sake
## Obligate heterofermenter
- Lactobacillus brevis
- Lactobacillus buchneri
- Lactobacillus cellobiosus
- Lactobacillus confusus
- Lactobacillus coprophilus
- Lactobacillus fermentatum
- Lactobacillus sanfrancisco
- Leuconostoc extranicum
- Leuconostoc mesenteroides
- Leuconostoc paramesenteroides
## Conditions for Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Addition of a sufficient amount of fermentable carbohydrates
- Reduced O$\_{2}$ during the fermentation process and storage of the fermented product.
- Rapid multiplication of the starter culture and sufficient production of lactic acid
## Lactic Fermentation Products
- Western world: yogurt, sourdough bread, sauerkraut, cucumber pickles, and olives
- Fermented meats
- Middle East: pickled vegetables
- Korea: kimchi (fermented mixture of Chinese cabbage, radishes, red pepper, garlic, and ginger)
- Russia: kefir
- Egypt: laban rayab and laban zeer (fermented milks), kishk (fermented cereal and milk mixture)
- Nigeria: Nigeria: gari (ferred cassava)
## Fermented Vegetables
- Sauerkraut
- Pickles
## Fermentation
- Lactic acid fermentations are carried out under three basic types of conditions:
- dry salted
- brined
- non-salted
- Salting provides a suitable environment for lactic acid bacteria to grow, imparting an acid flavor to the vegetable.
## How does salt preserve food?
- The chloride ion is a bacterial poison.
- Limits moisture availability.
- Oxygen solubility is reduced.
- Dehydrates protoplasm causing plasmolysis.
- Interfere with enzyme action.
- Generally, yeast, bacteria, and molds do not grow in saturated salt solution at 26.5% sodium chloride at room temperature.
## Dry Salted
- Vegetable is treated with dry salt.
- The salt extracts the juice from the vegetable and creates the brine.
- As soon as the brine is formed, fermentation starts, and carbon dioxide bubbles appear.
- Fermentation takes one to four weeks, depending on the ambient temperature.
## Sauerkraut
- Sauerkraut translates as acid cabbage. (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
- Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
## Temperature Effect
- The optimum temperature for sauerkraut fermentation is around 21º C.
- A variation of just a few degrees from this temperature alters the microbial process's activity and affects the final product's quality
- Therefore, temperature control is one of the most critical factors in sauerkraut processing.
- A temperature of 18º to 22º C is most desirable for initiating fermentation since this is the optimum temperature range for the growth and metabolism of L. mesenteroides .
## Effects of Salt
- Imparts firmness
- Inhibits putreactive bacteria formation
- Withdraws water from the cabbage
- Added to a final concentration of 2.0 to 2.5%
## Spoilage
- Aerobic soil micro-organisms break down the protein and produce undesirable flavor and texture changes
- Dark-colored sauerkraut (caused by spoilage organisms)
## Brine Salted Fermented Vegetables
- For vegetables that inherently contain less moisture.
- A brine solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water (a 15 to 20% salt solution).
- Fermentation takes place well in a brine of about 20 salometers.
- The vegetable is immersed in the brine and allowed to ferment.
- The strong brine solution draws sugar and water out of the vegetable, which decreases the salt concentration.
- The salt concentration must not fall below 12%. Otherwise, conditions do not allow for fermentation. To achieve this, extra salt is added periodically to the brine mixture.
## Pickles
- The washed cucumbers are placed in large tanks, and a salt brine (~15 to 20%) is added.
- The cucumbers are submerged in the brine, ensuring that no cucumbers float on the surface - this is essential to prevent spoilage.
- The strong brine draws the sugar and water out of the cucumbers, which reduces the solution's salinity.
- In order to maintain a salt solution so fermentation occurs, more salt must be added to the brine solution.
- If the concentration of salt falls below 12%, it will result in spoilage of the pickles through putrefaction and softening
- The color of the cucumber surface changes from bright green to a dark olive green as acids interact with the chlorophyll (Figure 7).
- The interior of the cucumber changes from white to a waxy translucent shade as air is forced out of the cells.
- The specific gravity of the cucumbers also increases due to the gradual absorption of salt, and they begin to sink in the brine rather than floating on the surface.
Publication date: Aug. 8, 2005 Reviewed/Revised: May 17, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hernandoco/2023/02/08/financial-review-for-the-new-year/ | Financial Review for the New Year | University of Florida | [
"staylor"
] | 2023-02-08 | [
"Money Matters",
"UF/IFAS",
"Work & Life"
] | FL | ## Financial Review for the New Year
With hope springing into the New Year, now is a good time to review our financial situation for the upcoming year.
First, is our emergency fund big enough? Many of us have had to use some or all of our emergency fund during the uncertainty of the last year or so, so now is a good time to ensure we are prepared or at least building that reserve fund for emergencies.
Second, now is the perfect time do review our credit situation to ensure all information being reported is accurate and to protect against possible identity fraud. The recommended website to review your credit is www.annualcreditreport.com.
And third, now is a great time to review your financial goals and banking strategies to ensure the best fit for your current (and future) situation. Make sure your mediumterm and long-term goals are still in line with your lifestyle and/or retirement strategy. Check to see if current financial (checking, saving, retirement, etc.) accounts are the best fit for your needs. Compare your financial institution products with those of competitors for fit and fees and are they still in line with your goals. If any need revising, then now is the best time to get started.
1
by staylor
Posted: February 8, 2023
Category: Money Matters , UF/IFAS, WORK & LIFE
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Wildlife And Invasive Species Education (WISE) Species Profile: Hooded Merganser
- · Savings Tips For Tax Season
- · American Beautyberry: An Easy Grow Beauty And Biodiversity Knock-Out
- · Have YOU Taken The Pledge? |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/foliar-fungal-diseases-on-high-tunnel-and-greenhouse-tomatoes | Foliar Fungal Diseases on High Tunnel and Greenhouse Tomatoes | NC State Extension | [
"Amanda Scherer",
"Inga Meadows"
] | null | [
"Tomato",
"Disease Control",
"Disease Management",
"High Tunnel",
"Tomato Disease",
"Fungus",
"Vegetable Disease",
"Greenhouse Pest",
"Plant Disease"
] | NC | ## Foliar Fungal Diseases on High Tunnel and Greenhouse Tomatoes
Vegetable Pathology Factsheets
## General Information
Production of tomatoes in protected environments, such as greenhouses and high tunnels, has gained in popularity in the last decade and requires a different approach to disease management than field production. Diseases such as bacterial spot and speck, Septoria leaf spot, and early blight are easier to manage in greenhouses and high tunnels because plants are protected from heavy rainfall events, which promotes these diseases. However, these structures are prone to high humidity and tend to be wind free, which can encourage disease problems that are uncommon in field production such as leaf mold and powdery mildew. Cool temperatures are conducive for Botrytis.gray\_mold development and are common during spring greenhouse and high tunnel production.
EXTENSION
Powdery mildew caused by Oidium spp. on tomato.
Attribution: NCSU Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
## Pathogens
Gray mold is caused by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea . Notable vegetable high tunnel host crops include tomato, pepper, lettuce, and cucumber.
Leaf mold is caused by the fungal pathogen Passalora fulva (syn. Fulvia fulva). Notable vegetable high tunnel host crops include tomato, pepper, and eggplant.
Powdery mildew on tomato can be caused by three different fungal pathogens Leveillua taurica , Oidium neolycopersici , and O. lycopersici . Notable vegetable high tunnel host crops include tomato, pepper, and eggplant.
## Symptoms and Signs
Gray Mold can occur on all aboveground plant tissue. The most characteristic sign of gray mold is the profuse fuzzy, gray-brown growth of conidiophores (spore-bearing structures) from necrotic plant tissue. Lesions on leaflets will expand to cover the whole leaflet, to the petiole, and finally the stem. Stem lesions may girdle the stem and cause wilting above the lesion. Stem lesions are the primary cause of plant death in high tunnels. On fruit, B , cinerea causes typical soft rot symptoms and decayed areas are whitish in color, which may contain sporophores, B , cinerea can also produce
ghost spots characterized as necrotic flecks surrounded by whitish halos that are 3 to 8 mm in diameter on the fruit. Ghost spots result from aborted infections by spores of B. cinerea and typically occur on mature-green fruit.
Gray mold lesions can be confused with lesions caused by other fungi, damage caused by high salt content in the soil, or wind damage. Gray mold can be distinguished from other disorders by the presence of conidiophores on the surface of diseased, necrotic areas, although spores may not always be present. Spore clouds can be shaken from the conidiophores after prolonged periods. Spores (conidia) are colorless, single celled, ovoid, and are 7.3 x 8.0 to 9.7 x 11.1 µm in size.
Leaf mold primarily occurs on the foliage, but may spread in some cases to the petioles, stems, blossoms, and fruit. Older leaves are affected first and then the younger leaves. Leaf mold initially appears as pale-green or yellowishpots on the upper leaf surfaces that later turn yellow. On the underside of leaves, an olive-green mold is associated with the spots. The mold is more dense and deeper in color in the center of the spots. Spots can coalesce (grow together) and kill the foliage when infection is severe. Leaves may curl, wither, and drop from plants. In some cases, green and mature fruit may develop a black, leathery rot on the stem end.
Leaf mold may be confused with Botrytis gray mold, late blight, and powdery mildew. Under a dissecting microscope, P. fulva has a buff to brown and velvety appearance. Under a light microscope, spores can be readily observed in diseased tissue. Conidia are pale to dark brown, have zero to three septa, contain a thickened hilum (microscopic indentation), and are 4-10 x 12-47 µm in size. Condiophoresis (spore-bearing structures) of P. fulva are ≤ 200 µm in size, unbranched, and restricted at the base with a broader tip.
As noted earlier, powdery mildew of tomato is caused by three pathogens. The most common symptom of powdery mildew causes by L. taurica is the development of small (≤ 1 cm), irregularly shaped, light-green to bright yellow lesions on the upper leaf surfaces and will first appear on older leaves. Lesions may become necrotic, coalesce, and expand resulting in the death of entire leaflets. A powdery sporulation typically occurs on the undersides of leaves but may occur on both sides under conditions of humidity. In contrast, the most common symptom of powdery mildew caused by species of Oidium is the appearance of white, powdery growths of mycelia and condidia on the upper leaf surface. These areas can coalesce and form dense powdery sporulation over much of the leaf surface. Severely infected leaves can become chlorotic and necrotic.
On infected plant tissue, L. taurica will produce long conidiophores that are often branched with conidia that are either cylindrical or pyriform (pear-shaped) in shape. Conidia can be formed singly or in short chains. Cylindrical conidia are 16-23 x 45-65 µm in size and pyriform conidia are 14-24 x 50-71 µm in size. In contrast, O. neolycopersici produce erect, long, unbranched conidiophores with a single conidium. However, under conditions of high humidity, spores can be produced in chains of two to six. Conidia are ellipsoid-ovoid in shape and are 10-20 x 22-46 µm in size. The morphological characteristics of conidiophores and condidia produced by O. lycopersici are similar to those of O. neolycopersici . However, conidia are formed in chains of three to five.
Upper side of a tomato leaf with distinct yellow leaf mold spots caused by Passalora fulva.
Attribution: NCSU Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
## Disease Cycle and Epidemiology
There are several sources of inoculum for gray-mold. B. cinerea has a wide host range and disease can be present on perennial plants in any geographical location. Spores are easily windborne. Sporulation can occur under wet conditions with high humidity (>80%) and moderate temperatures (65 to 75°F). Gray mold begins in relatively cool weather and does not require prolonged periods of high humidity. B. cinerea can survive as a saprophytic on organic matter in the soil. The fungus can also survive from season to season as sclerotia, which form on woody tissues of tomato plants. The fungus will grow from sclerotia or organic matter in the soil and can infect leaves lying on the ground. B. cinerea can infect plant tissue directly or through some type of wound. Thus, use good pruning techniques to avoid excessive damage to plants.
P. fulvà , the leaf mold pathogen, needs excess water on foliage or high humidity (>85%) to grow and can cause disease at any temperature ranging from 40 to 94°F. However, disease development is optimal at 72-75°F. P. fulvà can survive for at least 1 year as a saprophyte on crop residue and in the soil as conidia or sclerotia. Conidia are spread by wind and rain. The fungus can also be spread from plant to plant via tools and clothing.
The powdery mildew pathogens have a broad host range and can infect several crop and weed species. Weeds and other solanaceous crops can serve as inoculum sources. L. taurica, O. neolycopersici , and O. lycopersici require high relative humidity (75-85%) and can cause disease at any temperature ranging from 50 to 98°F with 70°F being optimal for spore germination. Infection can occur with little or no free moisture under high humidity. Spores are readily windbome and secondary infections also occur under conditions of high humidity.
Attribution: Inga Meadows
Gray mold (Botrytis blight) caused by Botrytis cinerea on geranium.
Attribution: S. Sharpe NCSU
## General Disease Management
Losses from Botrytis gray mold, leaf mold, and powdery mildew can be reduced by adopting the following management strategies:
- · Wider plant spacing and improved ventilation can reduce disease incidence. Raise the sides of high tunnels to improve air movement. Use fans to replace the air multiple times per day especially during rainy or cloudy periods. Air movement inhibits Botrytis spores from germinating.
- · Remove lower leaves as the plant ages to improve air movement. Sucering below the first flower cluster on tomato plants will promote air circulation, but be sure the particular variety will respond as desired to sucking.
- · Manage temperatures to reduce condensation. Fans or tubing can be used to distribute heated air throughout the structure. Heating under the bench can also reduce condensation on the plants and reduce disease.
- · Trays, benches, tools, stakes, twine, wire, high tunnel structures, and any other tools should be washed and sanitized between crops.
- · Workers should wash hands often-at least at the end of each row-to minimize spread of pathogens.
- · Eliminate weeds from the high tunnel. Weeds can harbor diseases that can affect vegetables.
- · Scout for disease routinely.
- · Remove infected seedlings and diseased tissue.
## Disease Control for Conventional Growers
There are several products that are labeled for use on high tunnel tomatoes for managing Botrytis gray mold, leaf mold, and powdery mildew (Table 1). Not all products listed can be used in the greenhouse; refer to the table for location use. This is not an exhaustive list of all available products, for the latest fungicide recommendations see the Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook. All products provide the best control if applied preventatively. According to the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC), B. cinerea has been categorized as a high-risk pathogen due to the development of fungicide resistance and resistance management is required.
| Active Ingredient | Example Product | PHI (days) 1 | FRAC Group 2 | Disease | Application Interval |
|--------------------------------|--------------------|-----------------|-----------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| azoxystrobin | Quadris 3 | 0 | 11 | Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7- 21 day interval. |
| azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | Quadris Opti 3 | 0 | 11 + M03 | Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7- 21 day interval. |
| azoxystrobin + difenoconazole | Quadris Top 3 | 0 | 11 + 3 | Leaf mold Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
| azoxystrobin + flutriafol | Topguard EQ | 0 | 11 + 3 | Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7- 21 day interval. |
| boscalidR | Endura 3 | 0 | 7 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| chlorothalonil | various | 0 | M05 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval for foliage, and 7-14 day interval for fruit. |
| chlorothalonil + cymoxanil | Ariston | 3 | M05 + 27 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply every 7 days beginning at fruit set. |
|--------------------------------------|-----------------------|-----|------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| cyprodinil$^{R}$ + fluidoxoni$^{R}$ | Switch 62.5 WG$^{3}$ | 0 | 9 +12 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day schedule when conditions are conducive for disease development. |
| difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr | Apr ovia Top$^{3}$ | 0 | 7 + 3 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| difenoconazole + cyprodinil | Inspire Super$^{3}$ | 0 | 3 + 9 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
| difenoconazole + mandipropamid | Revus Top$^{3}$ | 1 | 3 + 40 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
| famoxadone + cymoxanil | Tanas$^{3}$ | 3 | 11 + 27 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 5- 7 day interval. |
| flutriafol | Rhyme$^{3}$ | 0 | 3 | Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7 day interval. |
|--------------------------------|-------------------------|-----|------------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| fluopyram + pyrimethanil R | Luna Tranquility$^{3}$ | 1 | 7 + 9 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| fluopyram + trifoxystrobin | Luna Sensation$^{3}$ | 3 | 7 + 11 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | Priaxor Xemium$^{3}$ | 7 | 7 + 11 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day schedule when conditions are conducive for disease development. |
| mancozeb$^{5}$ | various | 5 | M03 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 3- 7 day interval. |
| mancozeb + azoxystrobin | Dexter Max$^{3}$ | 5 | M03 + 11 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
| macozeb + copper hydroxide | ManKocide | 5 | M03 + M01 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
| mancozeb + zoxamide | Gavel$^{3}$ | 5 | M03 + 22 | Leaf mold | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
|------------------------|------------------------|------------|------------|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| myclobutanil | various | 1 | 3 | Powdery mildew | Do not exceed 21 days between applications. |
| pentiophyrad$^{3}$ | Fonteis 1.67 SC$^{3}$ | 0 | 7 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| pyraclostrobin | Cabrio EG$^{3}$ | 0 | 11 | Pottytis gray mold (suppression only) | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| pyrimethaniiR | Scala SC$^{3}$ | 1 | 9 | Botrytis gray mold | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| sulfur$^{4}$ | various | See label | M02 | Powdery mildew | Follow label. |
| tetracanazole | Mettle 125 ME$^{3}$ | 0 | 3 | Leaf mold Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7- 14 day interval. |
| trifoxystrobin | Flint Extra 3 | 11 | Powdery mildew | Apply on a 7- 10 day interval. |
|------------------|-----------------|------|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| tolfenyprad | Torac 3 | 1 | 39 | Powdery mildew Allow at least 14 days between applications. |
$^{1 }$PHI= preharvest interval
$^{2 }$FRAC code (fungicide group)
$^{3}$ Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a of action.
- $^{4}$ OMRI listed products available
$^{5}$ Avoid repeated applications of ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates (i.e. mancozeb) fungicides as they me severity of gray mold in high tunnel production.
R Resistance to this fungicide group is known to occur in Botrytis cinerea .
## Disease Management for Organic Growers
Organic growers should follow the general disease management recommendations above in addition to the products listed below. All products listed are OMRI-approved at the time of this publication. Always check the label for current restrictions.
| Active Ingredient | Product Name | PHI | Group 1 | Disease |
|---------------------------------------------|----------------|--------------|-----------|---------------------------|
| Bacillus amyloliquefasciens strain MBI 600 | Serifel | 0 | 44 | Gray mold |
| Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 | Serenade ASO | 0 | 44 | Gray mold Powdery mildew |
| | Serenade Opti | 0 | 44 | Gray mold |
| Bacillus mycoides isolate I | LifeGard WG | (see | M01 | (see label) |
| copper (various formulations) | (various) | label) | P05 | Gray mold |
| extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis | Regalia | 4 hr | P05 | Gray mold Powdery mildew |
| potassium bicarbonate 4 | Carb-O-Nator | 0 | NC | Botrytis gray mold |
| potassium bicarbonate 4 | MilStop | | | powdery mildew |
| sulfur (various) | (various) | (see label) | M02 | powdery mildew |
## Disease Management for Home Owners
Home owners using high tunnels for tomato production should follow the General Disease Management guidelines. For a list of fungicides available to home owners, see UGA Fungicide Guide for Hommowers.
## Resources
- · The NCSU Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations
- · The NC State Extension Plant Pathology\_portal provides information on crop disease management
- · The Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook provides information on vegetable disease management
- · The USDA Fungus-Host Distributions Database provides information about reported hosts for fungal and oomycete pathogens
## Acknowledgments
This disease factsheet was prepared by the Meadows Plant Pathology Lab.
Funding for creating this fact sheet comes from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) (2017-70006-27141).
## Authors
## Amanda Scherer
Postdoctoral Research Scholar Entomology & Plant Pathology
## Ingta Meadows
Extension Associate, Vegetable and Herbaceous Ornamental Pathology Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: May 8, 2019
Reviewed/Revised: May 4, 2020
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Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
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This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/afs/spreadsheet-for-evaluating-preconditioning-programs-for-weaned-calve-precon2-afs-3277.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20150730140912-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Extension Service ANSI-3277
## Spreadsheet for Evaluating Preconditioning Programs for Weaned Calves (PRECON2)
Chris Richards Associate Professor, Animal Science
David L. Lalman Extension Beef Cattle Specialist
Preconditioning is the practice of preparing calves for the stresses encountered during the transition from nursing to confined feeding. The concept has existed since the largescale cattle feeding industry first evolved in the late 1950s. The goals are to overcome the stress of weaning, teach calves to eat milled feed, administer appropriate immunizations, reduce sickness and increase the value of the calves to cattle feeders. Preconditioning usually involves a period of time between weaning and the sale or transfer to a feeding facility. Calves are accustomed to feed, immunized and given time to overcome the stresses of weaning. Numerous variations in preconditioning programs are practical, depending on management options available to the cow-calf producer and the feeder.
Regardless of the preconditioning program used, evaluation of the profitability of the practice will always be based on calculations of the costs involved compared to the returns from the practice. Spreadsheet programs for personal computers provide ideal methods of evaluating programs like preconditioning. Complex calculations involving many variables are performed almost instantaneously. Once the basic variables have been entered, changes in the preconditioning program can be evaluated by changing individual practices and observing the effect on returns.
PRECON2 is a file or template designed to run with Lotus 1-2-3 or a compatible spreadsheet. The template is available at most Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service offices, but users wanting the Lotus or compatible programs will need to purchase the spreadsheet software to run the program. Also, PRECON2 is available in compiled form. This permits use of the spreadsheet by users who do not have LOTUS 1-2-3 or compatible spreadsheet software. Operation is very similar to that of LOTUS 1-2-3. The major difference is that equations used in the spreadsheet cannot be seen or altered.
## Entering Data Into PRECON2
The spreadsheet, as it will appear on the screen and be printed out, is shown in Table 1. Data are entered by moving the cursor to the desired coordinate and entering the appropriate information. Values generated by the program are "protected" so they cannot be accidentally overwritten and the equations erased. Coordinates for data entry are unprotected and will appear highlighted on the screen. The program is set
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
to automatically update all calculations after any new data entry. Users unfamiliar with LOTUS 1-2-3 should review an instruction manual or have someone give them a short lesson in the basic commands, such as retrieving a file, saving a file, etc. The compiled version is very similar to operation of LOTUS 1-2-3. An instruction sheet for using compiled programs is available.
## Inputs
Enter the following where indicated under the column titled INPUTS . Cost items should be for expenses incurred as a result of preconditioning.
Ranch weaning weight. The full weight of calves at weaning. Shrink to pay weight. The estimated or pencil shrink (%) between the full and sale weight. The program will then calculate the weaning pay weight. If the only weight known will be the sale weight at an auction barn, enter that weight for the Ranch weaning weight and enter a zero for percent shrink.
Estimated S/CWT. at weaning. Enter the estimated value ($/CWT.) of the calves for the weight conditions just entered above. The total net value of the calves will then be computed.
Days of preconditioning. Number of days the calves will be preconditioned.
Cattle interest rate, %. Rate interest is charged against the cattle.
Vaccines. Total cost per animal for vaccines.
Antibiotics, medicines. Total costs per animal for all treatments.
Internal parasites. $ per animal for deworming.
External parasites. $ per animal for fly, tick, lice control, etc. Death loss. Expected percent death loss.
Equipment. Cost per animal of trucks, tractors, etc. needed for preconditioning.
Labor. Costper animal for added labor during preconditioning. Freight for cattle. Cost per animal for added hauling during preconditioning.
Marketing costs. $ per animal commissions, options, or futures trades encountered as a result of preconditioning. Hay costs. Enter cost of hay ($/t), amount fed daily per animal, and number of days hay is to be fed. The total cost for hay is then computed by the program.
| INPUTS | INPUTS | INPUTS |
|-----------------------------|-----------|------------------------|
| RANCH WEANING WEIGHT, LB. | 500 | $0 |
| SHRINK TO PAY WT., % | 0 | $0 |
| WEANING PAY WEIGHT | 500 | $93.67 |
| EST $/CWT. AT WEANING | 45.00 | NET CALF VALUE $468.35 |
| INPUTS | INPUTS | INPUTS |
| CATTL E INTEREST (RATE) % | 8.00 | $4.68 |
| VACCINES, $/HEAD | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| ANTIBIOTICS, MEDICINES | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| INTERNAL PARASITES, ($)/Hd | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| EXTERNAL PARASITES, ($)/Hd | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| DEATH LOSS, (%) | 1.00 | 4.68 |
| EQUIPMENT, $(/HD | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| LABOR, ($)/Hd | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| FREIGHT FOR CATTLE, $/CWT. | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| MARKETING COST, ($)/Hd | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| HAY COST ($)/TON | 0.00 | 60.00 |
| LB. HAY/HEAD/DAY | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| NO. DAYS, HAY IS FEED | 7.00 | 0.00 |
| TOTAL HAV COST/HEAD | 180.00 | 0.00 |
| PRECOND FEED ($)/TON | 4.57 | 0.00 |
| PRECOND FEED LB./HEAD/DAY | 45.00 | 0.00 |
| N.O. DAYS PRECOND FEED | 45.00 | 18.50 |
| PRECOND FEED COST/HEAD | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| OTHER COSTS, $/HEAD | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| OPERATING INTEREST RATE (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| | TOTAL ($) | 37.87 |
## Analysis of Preconditioning Program on Estimated Rate of Gain.
| | | Calculated | Your |
|-----------|---------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| | | Sale Price | Sale Price |
| Sale Wts. | $/(CWT. | Rate of Gain (Lb./Day) | 1.11 |
| 350 | $116.46 | Value of Gain ($/CWT.) | $60.70 |
| 400 | $109.49 | Sale Pay Wt. | 550.02 |
| 450 | $104.07 | Sale Price ($/CWT.) | 96.18 |
| 500 | $99.73 | Breakeven ($/CWT.) | $92.04 |
| 550 | $96.18 | Total $/Calf | $529.02 |
| 600 | $93.23 | Returns | ($7.62) |
| 650 | $90.72 | Average Wt. For CME Feeder Contract | $22.80 |
| 700 | $88.58 | 800 | $85.09 |
| 750 | $86.72 | Average Wt. For CME Feeder Contract | $83.66 |
| 800 | $85.09 | 850 | $83.66 |
| 900 | $82.38 | Program developed by Keith Lusby, Don Gill, and Kent Barnes | 900 |
Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University. Copyright 1994.
Oklahoma Board of Regents for A&M Colleges. All rights reserved.
Preconditioningfeed . Enterthe cost of purchased feed used for preconditioning, the amount fed daily per animal and the number of days fed. The total purchased feed cost is then computed.
Other costs. Enter any other costs (per animal basis) not
previously covered.
Operating interest rate. Percent interest to be charged for all costs other than value of cattle.
Total Costs . After each expense item is entered, the total cost for each item for the entire preconditioning period is computed and listed under the column titled TOTAL COST .
## Analysis of the Preconditioning Program
Two items are critical here. First the Rate of Gain (lb./ day) from pay weight at weaning to pay weight at the end of preconditioning must be estimated and entered. Gain can vary greatly depending on the type of feeding program used as well as the quality of the cattle and weighing conditions at the start and finish of preconditioning. Weighing conditions can greatly affect apparent daily gains during short periods like those typically seen in preconditioning programs.
The other critical item is the value of the calf after preconditioning. Cattle prices will change during the preconditioning period; therefore, the value at the end of preconditioning should be estimated unless the cattle have been contracted
at a set price for a given weight. The program permits prices to be estimated two ways, either calculated based on estimated prices for different weights of cattle or by entering a sale price directly.
A sale price ($/CWT.) can be calculated by entering the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Feeder Cattle Contract price for the month the cattle will be finished with preconditioning. This price is entered for the 750 lb. cattle sale weight because the Feeder Cattle Contract is for feeder steers weighing between 700 pounds and 800 pounds. Therefore, if the correct basis for each location and type of calves can be established, a price can be established. Preconditioned calves will probably weigh less than 750 pounds. (average weight for the Feeder Contract) and will be worth more per pound because calves generally increase in value per pound as they get lighter. In the program, a price "slide" is computed for calves weighing from 350 pounds to 900 pounds. by entering the "Value of gain ($/CWT.") anticipated during the preconditioning period. Adjust the value of gain until the desired price for your weight of calves (after preconditioning) is computed.
A simpler way to enter a sale price is to directly enter the estimated sale price ($/CWT). if already known under the column titled "Your sale price."
After all the data have been entered, the program computes a Breakeven ($/CWT.) and the Total dollars per calf at sale (end of preconditioning).
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SS495 | Collecting a Poultry Litter Sample for Analysis | University of Florida | [
"George J. Hochmuth",
"Justin T. Jones"
] | 2019-03-24 | [
"2. Water Quality, Quantity, and Supply"
] | FL | ## Collecting a Poultry Litter Sample for Analysis
George J. Hochmuth and Justin T. Jones
Through research, tables have been developed that describe the average nutrient concentration of animal wastes. However, the actual nutrient concentration of manures may vary from one livestock operation to another. Factors that contribute to this variation include composition of the feed ration, design of the waste management system, season of year, animal health, etc. Therefore, it is important that livestock wastes are sampled and analyzed to determine their nutrient concentrations before a sound, nutrient management plan can be designed, implemented, or maintained.
## Sampling Frequency
Ideally, manure should be sampled before each field application is made. Although accurate, sampling at this frequency can be costly when using commercial laboratories for analysis and can be somewhat time consuming. Even in the most consistent conditions, manures should be sampled at least twice per year, preferably in winter and late summer to capture seasonal variation in the manure. Management of the waste can be improved if a sample is taken about a month prior to field application and again during field application. The first sample will allow time for a testing lab to analyze the manure and provide results of the analysis. Sampling when the manure is field applied allows you to calculate the amounts of nutrients that were actually applied. A historical record can further provide guidance as to how often samples should be collected as long as consistent management of the operation is maintained.
## Collecting a Poultry Litter Sample
Poultry litter generally has a moisture content of less than 30% and also includes a large percentage of bedding material. This material usually consists of sawdust, but can also include wood chips or wood shavings. Manure and bedding materials are removed together during the cleanout procedures of a poultry house. The wood fibers within the litter tend to become compacted over time, adding to the difficulty in collecting a representative sample. Following are guidelines for collecting solid manure samples.
## Manure Spreader
Collecting a sample from the manure spreader is one of the preferred methods of collecting a poultry liter sample, because it represents what is being applied to the field. Collecting a sample from the spreader is also the most convenient method as compared to collecting a sample from a manure stack or house.
## Stacks (Including Surface Scrapings and Mortality Compost)
Poultry litter will generally be stored on a concrete floor under roofed structures. As such, they will be stored in stockpiles or stacks 5 to 6 ft tall and may require special equipment to obtain a representative sample. In general, stacks are created in layers as houses are cleaned after a poultry grow-out. This layering effect both changes the dynamics involved in collection and overall effort required to collect a representative sample. Each layer in the stack will have slightly different properties within it, like moisture percentage, ammonia levels, etc. As equipment brings in additional layers, the stack becomes more compact and difficult in gathering a sample.
## Collection tools:
- Shovel. Using a narrow bladed shovel, brush away the exterior crust and dig down into the stack and withdraw manure from various depths. Each sub-sample should be collected at least 18 inches from the surface crust.
- Auger. Using a soil auger, a hole can be drilled more easily penetrating the compact layers of litter deep within the stack. The auger also facilitates collecting deep samples much more easily than the shovel. As with other samples, brush aside the loose surface litter and collect the sub-samples starting at least 18 inches below the litter surface.
- Pipet. It is also possible to use a thin-walled metal pipe that has a 3-inch diameter, is 4 to 5 ft long, and is sharpened on the bottom end. This pipe can be pressed or driven into the pile, using a wooden dowel or a broom handle to dislodge the sample from the pipe after it has been withdrawn.
- Collect 10 to 12 sub-samples from all over the stack, extending as deeply as possible.
## In-House Poultry Litter
If a sample is to be collected while the manure is still in the poultry house, make special effort to collect a sample that is representative of conditions within the house. For example: if watering systems, feeders or cages take up 20% of the space within the house, then 20% of the sub-sample should represent these areas (2 out of 10, or 3 out of 15 sub-samples should be taken from these areas).
- Using a small bladed shovel, collect at least 10 sub-samples of the litter from the surface to the full depth of the accumulation.
- Place all sub-samples into a clean plastic bucket and mix all sub-samples well.
- Place about a quart of the litter in a "ziploc"-type plastic bag.
- Label bag (date, time, location), keep cool, and deliver to testing lab as soon as possible.
- For layer operations, or other operations where cages are used, collect at least 10 sub-samples to the full depth of accumulation under the cages, following the directions outlined above.
## Preparing the Sample for Delivery to a Testing Lab
The first step in preparing a sample for analysis involves completing all required information forms as accurately as possible. This will begin primarily with the Sample Submission Form. Each lab analyzing livestock wastes will have their own list of required information needed to analyze the waste and create the analysis report. Provide as much information as is required by writing legibly and consciely.
It is also important to take special care of the sample once collected. All samples should be delivered to the lab as soon as possible after collection. If immediate delivery is not possible, refrigerate samples until delivery is possible. Samples that are stored more than 14 days before delivering to the lab should be frozen.
- Deliver or mail samples to the lab as soon as possible.
- /DO NOT USE GLASS OR METAL CONTAINERS to collect or ship the sample. Glass can break if miss-handled and certain metals can contaminate samples. Use only clean plastic bottles, buckets, and/or bags.]
- Double bag all solid samples in a "ziploc" - type plastic bag.
- Attach a completed sample submission form to the samples, making sure that labels on the samples match what is on the form. It is helpful to enclose sample submission forms (and payment, if applicable) in a separate "ziploc"-type plastic bag to protect it in case of condensation, etc.
- Consider the postal schedule before collecting a sample. Samples collected and mailed early in the week will stand less chance of sitting idle in the postal system over a weekend.
- The Livestock Waste Testing Lab for the University of Florida is located with the University of Florida IFAS Analytical Services Labs. The website is: http://soillab.fras.ufl.edu/LWLEports.asp .
Publication #SJ, 282
Release Date:
March 25, 2019
April 4, 2022
Critical Issue: 2. Water Quality, Quantity, and Supply
Contacts: George HochmuthRao Mylavarapu
About this Publication
This document is SL 282, one of a series of the Department of Soil and Water Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2003. Revised June 2016. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
George J. Hochmuth, professor emeritus, Department of Soil and Water Sciences; and Justin T. Jones, former coordinator, research programs and services, UF/IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
North Florida RECSuwannee Valley
Soil and Water Science |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/carotenoid-pigments | Carotenoid Pigments | NC State Extension | [
"Joe Neal",
"Doug Goodale",
"Katie Jennings",
"Wayne Mitchem"
] | null | [
"Herbicide Injury",
"Pigment Inhibitor",
"Herbicide",
"Pigment"
] | NC | ## Carotenoid Pigments
Herbicide Injury Factsheets
## Problem
Herbicide injury from carotenoid pigment inhibitors including clomazone, fluoride, isoxaflutole, mesotropione, norflurazon, and others.
## Symptoms
- · White, pale yellow to pale green foliage on new shoot tips and leaves of sensitive plants.
- · Occasional pink to purple margins as pigment loss occurs.
- · Affected tissues and growing points may become necrotic over time.
- · Reduced growth.
- · Over time, new growth may resume normal appearance resulting in green young growth but older white foliage.
Mezotrione injury to taxus.
Attribution: J Neal cc BY-NC-SA 4.0
mesotrione injury to squash
Attribution: J. Neal cc BY-NC-4.0
## Plant Entry and Symptom Expression
Most carotenoid pigment inhibitors are foliar applied and symplastically translocated throughout the plant. Some can be soil applied but must be incorporated to avoid volatilization or photodegradation. Soil applied carotenoid inhibitors (such as norflurazon and clomazone) enter the plant through the mesocotycl or hypocoty of germinating seedlings and translocate symplastically. Clomazone has a high potential for vapor drift resulting in non-targeted plant bleaching. Carotenoid synthesis inhibition leads to loss of chlorophyll. Less sensitive plants, may resume normal growth within weeks of exposure.
## Similar Problems
Carotenoid pigment inhibitor injury may be confused with symptoms from:
- · Certain bacterial and fungal infections may cause bleaching of the growing points. For example, plants in the aster family can exhibit white growing points caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. targets. This may be separated from carotenoid pigment inhibitor damage by the absence of symptoms on species from other plant families.
- · Severe micronutrient deficiency, such as late stages of severe Fe deficiency may bleach tissues.
- · Contact herbicides such as paraquat will bleach more rapidly than carotenoid pigment inhibitors and typically lead to rapid necrosis.
- · Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor such as acifluorfen shows tissue discoloration but bronzing appears rather than bleaching.
- · Air pollution and car exhaust may cause white foliage. This can usually be distinguished by proximity to vehicle exhaust.
- · Insect growth regulators have been shown to cause bleaching in sensitive greenhouse crops.
## Herbicide Mode of Action Categories
| DOXP synthase (clomazone) | Phytoene desaturase (fluridone, norflurazone, & others) | HPPD inhibition (mesotrione, topramezone, & others) |
|------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 13 | 12 | 27 |
## Useful Resources
North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium
Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook
Wolfpack Weeds
Weed Management in Nurseries . Landscapes & Christmas Trees Information Portal
Herbicide Handbook, Weed Science Society of America
Applied Weed Science: Including the Ecology and Management of Invasive Plants (3rd Edition), Merrill Ross & Carol Lembi, pages 165, 170-172.
## Authors
Joe Neal Professor of Weed Science and Extension Specialist Horticultural Science
Doug Goodale
Professor Emeritus Cobleskill Univ.
Katie Jennings
Assistant Professor Horticultural Science
Wayne Mitchem
Extension Associate, Horticulture Horticultural Science
Publication date: Sept. 10, 2015
Reviewed/Revised: March 26, 2025
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/kale | Kale | NC State Extension | [
"Extension Master Gardener Volunteers",
"Jeannie Leonard",
"Lucy Bradley"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Cooking",
"Health And Nutrition",
"Vegetable",
"Recipe"
] | NC | ## Kale
NC STATE
EXTENSION
## Grow It, Eat It
Often called the queen of greens , kale is rapidly gaining popularity because of its exceptional nutrient richness, health benefits, and delicious flavor.
Kale is one of the healthiest vegetables you can eat-one serving is both low in calories and packed with vitamins and minerals, including 200% of your daily Vitamin C requirement.
Attribution: Linda Hall/Bigstock.com
## Growing
When and Where to Plant Kale is a leafy green, cool season crop. Grow it during early spring or fall for maximum yields and quality, but this season can be extended if desired. Plant four weeks before your last frost date in spring for a summer harvest and again six weeks before your first frost date in fall for an autumn and early winter harvest. Kale will grow in full sun to part shade.
## How to Plant
Amend the soil with a 1 - to 2-inch layer of compost. Leafy vegetables require quick, continuous growth for best quality. They especially need nitrogen for good color and tenderness. Sow seeds ½ inch deep and an inch apart, or transplant seedlings 6 inches apart in rows 2 to 3 feet apart. Thin seedlings to 1 foot apart. Mulch with a 2- to 3-inch layer of organic material, such as straw, to conserve moisture, keep the soil cool, and prevent weed growth.
## Soil Requirements
Kale grows best in well-drained, fertile soil that is high in organic matter and has a pH of 6.0 to 7.5. It can tolerate slightly alkaline soil. Test the soil and amend according to recommendations at least seven days before planting. Kale prefers plentiful, consistent moisture. It can tolerate drought, but quality and flavor of leaves suffer.
## Harvesting
Pick baby greens 20 to 30 days after seeding, and mature leaves 50 to 75 days after seeding. Wait until frost or cold weather for sweeter tasting leaves. To keep a plant producing, pick the big outer
leaves and let the center continue to grow. The tender young center leaves are fine in salads. The chewier larger older leaves are best steamed, sautéed, or cooked like cabbage. Fresh greens can be stored for up to one week in the refrigerator.
## Recommended Varieties
Improved Dwarf Siberian (50 days) has dark green frilly leaves and is very cold tolerant. Red Russian (50 days) has purple stems and purple-veined flat leaves that are more tender than the frilly kale. Redbor hybrid (55 days) has highly attractive frilly burgundy red leaves that get darker with cold weather.
Toscano (65 days) is a dinosaur, or laciniata-type, kale with long thin puckered dark green leaves that tolerate heat and cold. For additional recommendations visit Cornell University's Vegetable Varieties for Gardeners database.
## Purchasing
- · Choose dark colored kale bunches with small to medium leaves. Avoid brown or yellow leaves.
- · Store kale in a plastic bag in the coldest part of the fridge for three to five days.
This section adapted from information found at Fruits & Veggies-More Matters® .
Kale is usually cooked to soften it before eating, though you can shred some of the more tender small leaves and add them to salads. The stems tend to be tough, so you may want to remove them before use. The leaves are easier to purée without stems.
This section adapted from information found at Fruits & Veggies-More Matters® .
Attribution: bhofack22/Bigstock.com
## Freezing
Choose young, tender green leaves. Wash thoroughly and remove woody stems. Water blanch for 2 minutes. Cool, drain, and package, leaving ½-inch headspace. Seal and freeze.
This section adapted from information from the National Center for Home Food Preservation .
## Recipes
Garden Fritata Recipe
Preparation Time: 25 minutes Serves: 4
## Ingredients:
- · 4 large eggs
- · ¼ tsp. ground black pepper
- · ¼ tsp. salt
- · 2 medium unpeeled red potatoes
- · ½ Tbsp. olive oil
- · 1 bunch kale, approx. 6 oz.
- · ¼ cup chopped onion
- · ½ red bell pepper, chopped
Beat eggs, pepper, and salt in a large bowl; set aside. Microwave potatoes until slightly soft, but not completely cooked, then cube. (Alternate method without microwave: cube potatoes and boil 5 minutes until slightly soft; drain) Chop remaining vegetables while potatoes cool. Mix vegetables together. Heat oil in a 10-inch non-stick skillet. Sauté vegetables for 5 to 8 minutes; add to eggs and mix well. Pour egg-vegetable mixture into the same skillet. Cook over low to medium heat until eggs are almost set, about 8 to 10 minutes. Cover and let sit until eggs are completely set, about 5 minutes.
## Potato, Black Bean and Kale Skillet Recipe
Preparation Time: 30 minutes Serves: 4
## Ingredients:
- · 4 potatoes
- · 1 bunch kale, approx. 6 oz.
- · 2 Tbsp. olive oil
- · 1 garlic clove, minced
- · ¾ cup chopped onion
- · 1 tsp. chili powder
- · ¼ tsp. salt
- · ½ tsp. cayenne pepper
- · 1 15-oz. can no-salt-added black beans, drained and rinsed
Dice potatoes into ¼-inch pieces. Chop kale. Heat oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add garlic and onions; cook 2 to 3 minutes until just starting to brown. Add diced potatoes, chili, salt, and pepper to skillet, cover with lid and cook 8 to 10 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add chopped kale and black beans. Cook about 3 to 5 more minutes, stirring gently. Serve with Greek yogurt.
## Kale with Raisins
Preparation time: less than 30 minutes
Serves: 6
## Ingredients:
- · 12 cups chopped kale (about 3 bunches)
- · 2 Tbsp. walnuts, chopped
- · 1½ Tbsp. oil
- · 3 cloves garlic, chopped
- · ¼ cup water
- · ½ tsp. salt
- · ½ tsp. pepper
- · 2 Tbsp. raisins, chopped
Wash kale well and trim tough stems. Pile several leaves together and slice into ribbons about 1 inch wide.
Heat a large, dry skillet and toast chopped nuts for 3 to 5 minutes until fragrant, stirring frequently. Set aside to cool.
Heat oil in the same skillet and sauté garlic for 1 minute until soft -do not brown. Add kale ribbons and ¼ cup water and cover. Cook over medium heat until soft -to 10 to 15 minutes-adding more water if necessary.
Add salt, pepper, nuts, and raisins and stir to combine. Allow remaining liquid to evaporate. Serve.
Recipes in this section were adapted from information found at Fruits & Veggies -More Matters ® .
## Top 10 Ways to Enjoy Kale
- · With Your Favorite Noodles-soba, fettuccine, or rice noodles. Add chopped kale when pasta is about 5 minutes from being done. Season with a small amount of sesame oil, sesame seeds, and salt.
- · Quickie Kale Salad. Toss canned sliced beets with cooked fresh or frozen kale, 1 to 2 chopped scallions, and a graded carrot. Top with low-fat balsamic vinaigrette.
- · Sweet and Irresistible. Sweeten your kale with raisins and nuts.
- · One-Pot Meal. Braise kale in chicken or vegetable stock. Add garlic that has been sautéed in olive oil before adding stock and kale.
- · Steamed and Tangy. Steam kale and season with lemon juice, olive oil, salt, and pepper.
- · Stir-Fry. Add chopped kale to a stir-fry.
- · A Tasty Substitute . Subsitute kale in recipes that use spinach or collard greens.
- · Veggie Sauté . Sauté diced potato, acorn squash, mushrooms, and onion in a small amount of olive oil until tender. Add chopped kale (tough stems removed) and cook until wilted. Season with sage.
- · Soups. Add chopped fresh or frozen kale to vegetable or bean soups.
- · Kale Chips . Drizzle chopped fresh kale with olive oil (tough stems removed), sprinkle with seasoning, and bake on a cookie sheet until crisp.
This section adapted from information found at Fruits & Veggies-More Matters®.
## Nutrition Facts
Amount Per Serving
Calories 20
Calories from Fat 0
Total Fat 0g
% Daily Value*
Saturated Fat 0g
0%
Trans Fat 0g
0%
Cholesterol 0mg
0%
Sodium 0mg
0%
Total Carbohydrate 4g
1%
Dietary Fiber 2g
8%
Sugars 2g
Protein 2g
Vitamin A 10% · Vitamin C 20%
Calcium 0%
Iron 4%
'Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.
Calories: 2,000 2,500 Total Fat Less than 80g Saturated Fat Less than 25g Cholesterol Sodium 300mg 300mg Less than 2,400mg Total Carbohydrate 375g DietaryFiber 25g
Protein 4
Fat 9 ·Carbohydrate 4 · Protein 4
Attribution:Courtesy of Fruits & Veggies-More Matters®.
## Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express appreciation to Chris Gunter, Rachel Herring, Debra Ireland, Isaac Lewis, Chantel Lumpkin, Karen Neill, and Linda Brandon for their assistance in preparing this publication.
## Sources
NC State Extension Gardening Portal.
Fruits & Veggies-More Matters®. Accessed June 2020.
National Center for Home Food Preservation. Accessed June 2020.
## Authors
Extension Master Gardener Volunteers Guilford County Extension Center
Jeannie Leonard
Extension Agent, Family and Consumer Sciences Davidson County
Lucy Bradley
Urban Horticulture Professor and Extension Specialist Horticultural Science
Publication date: June 22, 2020
AG-808-03
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/agribusiness-management-series-valuing-poultry-litter-in-meeting-soil-fertility-requirements.html | Agribusiness Management Series: Valuing Poultry Litter in Meeting Soil Fertility Requirements - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Eric A. DeVuyst",
"Bill Burton"
] | 2017-01-04 | [] | OK | ## Agribusiness Management Series: Valuing Poultry Litter in Meeting Soil Fertility Requirements
Published Apr. 2017 | Id: AGCE-254
By Eric A. DeVuyst, Bill Burton
Print-friendly PDF (/fact-sheets/printpublications/agec/agribusinessmanagement-series-valuing-poultry-litter-inmeeting-soil-fertility-requirements-agec-254.pdf)
JUMP TO:
Poultry litter management spreadsheet instructions / User supplied information / Reports
## Poultry litter management spreadsheet instructions
The spreadsheet can be downloaded for free at
Department(http://www.agcount.okstate.edu/faculty/publications.asp)
of
Agricultural
Economics
This spreadsheet was developed to help producers place a value on poultry litter in comparison to commercial fertilizers. Prior to using the spreadsheet, producers are encouraged to have their pasture or field soil tested. The spreadsheet requires nutrient recommendations from a soil testing laboratory. Contact your county Oklahoma Cooperative Extension
Service (OCES) office or OSU Soil, Water and Forage Analytical (http://soilstesting.okstate.edu/) Laboratory
if you have questions regarding soil testing.
The spreadsheet has four pages, "Inputs," '$ per ton,' ' $ per acre,' and 'Additional nutrients needed.' Click on the tabs on the bottom left of the MS Excel spreadsheet to navigate between the pages.
## User supplied information
In order to value litter, users are required to enter information regarding nutrient requirements, pH, nutrient composition and availability of litter and cost information. This information is divided into five areas on the Inputs tab.
First, the Inputs page requires that the user enter nutrient recommendations from soil test results and soil pH level as in Table 1. More information on soil test results and interpretation can be found in the pdf at
OSU Soil Test (/fact-sheets/osu-soil-testInterpretation interpretations.html)
| N | P2O5 | K2O | pH |
|-----|--------|-------|------|
| 80 | 45 | 40 | 5 |
Second, users are required to enter prices for commercial fertilizers including urea (46-0-0), DAP (18-46-0)-and potash (0-0-60). These should be the price paid to the fertilizer dealer plus delivery and application cost on a per ton basis (see Table 2). The spreadsheet will impute the price per pound of actual N, P2O5 and K2O based on these prices entered by the user. Note, OSU does not maintain a list of commercial fertilizer prices. Users will need to contact a local fertilizer dealer to get nearby prices.
| $/ton | Implied Price | $/lb |
|---------|-----------------|--------|
| 46-0-0 | 914 | N |
| 18-46-0 | 1250 | P2O5 |
| 0-0-60 | 800 | K2O |
Third, users enter the pounds of N, P2O5 and K2O contained in one ton of litter (see Table 3). Sellers of litter may be able to provide this information or purchasers can have samples analyzed. Again, your county OCE's office or SOU Soil, Water and Forage Analytical Laboratory can assist with obtaining a litter nutrient analysis.
| N | P2O5 | K2O |
|-----|--------|-------|
| 60 | 60 | 50 |
Fourth, users provide an estimate of nitrogen availability over time from litter as in Table 4. As nitrogen is tied up in organic form, not all nitrogen from litter is available during the first growing season. Nitrogen is gradually converted in the soil from its organic form to forms available to plants. Additionally, some nitrogen will be lost due to volatilization or runoff. As a result, only a fraction of nitrogen applied as poultry litter (or other animal waste) will be available to plants in the first growing season. Note, that incorporating litter into the soil will decrease the amount nitrogen lost to volatilization or run-off. More information on nutrients in animal waste can be found at the
OSU Manure and Animal Waste (http://animalwaste.okstate.edu/)
## Management website
- .An estimate of the liming value of litter is also required if soil pH is less the 6. A default value of $2 per ton is based on the opinion of several OSU waste management and soil fertility researchers.
| Year | Surface Applied | Incorporated |
|----------------|-------------------|----------------|
| 1 | 50% | 60% |
| 2 | 15% | 15% |
| 3 | 6% | 6% |
| Limating Value | S/ton | 2.00 |
The fifth set of inputs (Table 5) address costs, interest rate and frequency of application. Costs include the Purchase, Loading, Application, and transportation costs. Purchase, loading and application costs are per ton values. Transportation costs are computed using Hauling Cost per loaded mile multiplied by the Hauling Distance (miles) and divided by the loaded weight (Tons per load). Enter Operating Note Interest Rate as a percent. This value will be used to discount the value of nutrients supplied by a current application of litter to future growing seasons. Years between applications is used to determine the amount of P$\_{2}$O$\_{5 }$ and K$\_{2}$O available after the first growing season.
| Costs | Costs | Costs |
|------------------------------|---------|---------|
| Purchase | $/ton | 10.00 |
| Loading | $/ton | 5.00 |
| Application | $/ton | 4.00 |
| Hauling Cost per loaded mile | $/mile | 4.00 |
| Hauling Distance | miles | 50.00 |
| Tons per load | tons | 25.00 |
| Operating Note Interest Rate | 7.00% | |
Costs
Years between applications
## Reports
The spreadsheet reports results on three separate pages, $ per ton, $ per acre, and Additional nutrients needed. The spreadsheet computes the amount of litter needed to meet 1) N requirements, 2) P$\_{2}$O$\_{5 }$requirements and 3) P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ requirements. When balancing on either P$\_{2}$O$\_{5 }$or K$\_{2}$O, up to three years of P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ or K$\_{2}$O will be applied based on the value entered by users on the inputs tab. Years between application is used to determine how many year's requirement of P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ or K$\_{2}$O will be applied. For example, entering a "3" in the Years between application generates an application rate that will supply three year's requirements of P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ (if balancing on P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$)or K$\_{2}$O (if balancing on K$\_{2}$O).
The first set of results are reported in $ per ton (as in Table 6). The table reports tons of litter to apply per acre if balancing on N, P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ or K$\_{2}$O. However, the recommended application rate is constrained to comply with Oklahoma regulations on P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$. The spreadsheet will not recommend an P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ equivalent in excess of 200 pounds per acre surface applied or 400 pounds per acre incorporated.
| Value of Nutrients Balancing on N | Value of Nutrients Balancing on P | Surface Incorporated Applied | |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|---------------|
| Tons Applied | 2.67 tons/ac | Incorep Applied | 1.67 tons/ac |
| $/acre | $/acre | $/acre | $/acre |
| | Value of Nutrients Balancing on N | Value of Nutrients Balancing on P | Value of Nutrients Balancing on P |
|------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Value of N | 110.09 | 104.99 | 68.81 |
| | | | |
|------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Less Costs | 72 | 60 | 45 |
| Net Value | 179.45 | 185.46 | 160.06 |
Notes: The value of Nitrogen available in years 2 and 3 is discounted to present values.
90% of P and K applied is available in years 1 though 3. The economic values are discounted to present values.
To comply with OK regulations, no more than 200# surface applied or 400# incorporated P$\_{2}$O$\_{5 }$ equivalent is allowed.
90% of P and K applied is available in years 1 though 3. The economic values are discounted to present values.
To comply with OK regulations, no more than 200# surface applied or 400# incorporated P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ equivalent is allowed.
The values of N, P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ and K$\_{2}$O are reported for surface applied and incorporated litter. The values vary depending on the nutrient that is used for balancing. Liming value is included if pH is less than 6 and the user provided a nonzero value on the Inputs page. Gross value sums the values for each of the three nutrients and liming value. Costs are the sum of Purchase, Loading, Application , and transportation costs. Net values are the values of litter per ton in comparison to commercial fertilizer. In other words, Net Value is the cost advantage (or disadvantage) over (under) commercial fertilizer given the values that the user entered.
The values of N, P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ and K$\_{2}$O available after the first growing season are discounted to present value using the Operating Note interest rate as the discount rate.
The next page or tab. $ per acre , multiplies the values from the $ per ton page by the number of tons applied per acre. Thus, all values in $ per acre (see Table 6).
The final page or tab. Additional nutrients required (Table 7), computes YEAR 1 nutrient requirements above the amounts supplied by litter. These additional nutrients will need to be provided using commercial fertilizer or other sources. Note even if the user balances on nitrogen, additional N may be necessary. Recall litter is limited to providing less than 200 pounds P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ surface applied and 400 pounds P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ incorporated. Even when balancing on P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$, additional phosphorous may be required as applied nitrogen from litter is also limited to plant uptake as indicated by recommended N.
N
O
O
30
Needed
P2Os
O
O
O
K2O
O
O
O
Use of litter may not meet all nutrient requirements. Additional nutrients may be needed depending on recommendations, nutrient content of litter and whether balancing on N, P or K.
## Print-friendly PDF (/fact-sheets/printpublications/agec/agribusiness management-series-valuing-poultry-litter-in meeting-soil-fertility-requirements-agec 254.pdf)
## Topics:
Farm & Ranch Finances /(topics/business-and-community/farm-and-ranch-financ es/)
Soil Health & Fertility /(topics/environment-and-natural-resources/soil/soil-health-and-fertility/)
Soil /(topics/environment-and-natural-resources/soil/)
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/site-preparation-planting-and-establishment | Site Preparation, Planting, and Establishment | NC State Extension | [
"Gina Fernandez",
"Amanda McWhirt",
"Christine Bradish",
"John Havlin"
] | null | [
"Caneberry Production",
"Agriculture",
"Horticulture"
] | NC | ## Site Preparation, Planting, and Establishment
## Site Preparation
After selecting a site for caneberry production, it is important to prepare the site thoroughly to ensure the longevity of your planting. Ideally, site preparation would occur one year before the caneberry crop will be established. Destroy perennial weeds and all established sod before planting. Kill wild caneberries with an herbicide and remove the dead plant material and residue from the field. Perform several tillage passes before planting to destroy weeds and loosen the soil. Pre-plant land preparation should be completed by February to March in the coastal plain and more southern regions or in the preceding fall in the mountains for an early spring plant date.
If possible, avoid planting caneberries on a site previously planted with fruit crops, such as peaches, apples, grapes, raspberries, or blackberries. Some pathogens can live for several years in the soil, and a previous orchard or vineyard site is more likely to harbor pathogens that can also infect caneberries.
Since many blackberry and raspberry varieties are susceptible to viruses, insect pests, double blossom disease, and orange rust, cultivated plants should not be planted near wild blackberries.
If possible, at least one year before planting caneberries, grow a summer cover crop (such as Sudangrass) or a winter cover crop of rye, oats, or wheat. A cover crop will suppress weeds and increase organic matter in the soil. Test soils for fertility and nematodes. Apply lime and nutrients according to soil test recommendations.
Fumigation and the use of raised beds will give newly set blackberry and raspberry plants an advantage by killing most weed seeds and soil pathogens. Fumigation is highly recommended if high populations of nematodes are present in the soil. Dagger ( Xiphinema americana ) nematodes are of concern because they are associated with transmission of several caneberry viruses.
## Soil Tests
Soil testing is essential to change soil pH and essential plant nutrient levels prior to planting. Soils should be sampled in late fall (October to December) before early spring planting or sampled in early spring, if fall planting, to provide sufficient time to review soil test results and apply the recommended amendments. Soil tests include pH, phosphorus, potassium, and other parameters essential for establishing optimum lime and nutrient rates. Because soil testing for nitrogen is not reliable in the southeastern United States, nitrogen rates focus on maintaining plant tissue (leaf/petiole) nitrogen concentrations at or above the established critical ranges.
Since most blackberry and raspberry roots occur in the surface 12 to 18 in. of soil, soil samples should be pulled from a sampling depth of 0 to 8 in. When sampling a new planting, multiple soil cores should be collected across a field for a single composite sample. In established fields, soil samples should be collected based on the application of fertilizer. If fertilizer is applied by fertigation, soil samples can be pulled within the planted row, but if fertilizer is banded or broadcast in the field,
the samples should be collected 1 to 2 ft from either side of the row. Each composite should include 20 to 40 soil cores collected from a relatively uniform area of the field (soil type, slope, past management).
The soil test report will include nutrient levels and amendment recommendations. In the Southeast, it is very common for soil tests to recommend lime to raise the soil pH. When adding lime, consider the soil test levels of calcium and magnesium in order to determine whether to apply calcitic or dolomitic (higher magnesium content) limestone. Before planting, lime, phosphorus, and potassium amendments should be broadcast evenly across the field and then incorporated with a rototill or disk. Lime, phosphorus, and potassium products have limited mobility in the soil, and subsequently, changes to soil pH, soil phosphorus, and soil potassium content are commonly observed only to the depth at which these products are incorporated into the soil. Surface applied materials will move very slowly down into the soil profile. Estimates suggest limge time moves downward in the soil at a rate of approximately ½ in. per year. The limited soil mobility of these products is the reason that proper soil preparation before planting is key to the health and vigor of the planting over the long-term.
If a high rate of lime (greater than 2 tons/acre) is recommended prior to planting, the response of soil pH to applied lime is enhanced if 50% to 70% of the rate is applied, and then followed by an application of the remaining amount with a second pass for final incorporation. In established fields where incorporation of lime or other materials is not possible, the ability to impact soil pH and phosphorous content is limited. More frequent application of surface applied materials with partial rates at each application may be required to modify fertility levels in the roofing zone.
After planting, plant analysis is used to assess if applied nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are sufficient to meet plant demand. Soil testing should be done every two years to monitor soil pH levels and amend as needed.
## Nematode Tests
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause direct damage to roots and can transmit viruses that may significantly suppress yield and fruit quality in canberries. The only reliable way to determine if nematodes are present in a site is by collecting a soil sample and submitting the sample to a nematology laboratory for assay. It is best to thoroughly sample fields during the summer or early fall to identify the types of nematodes present in the soil and their population density. Guidelines for proper sampling and sample handling procedures are available through local Cooperative Extension centers.
## Planting
Order plants a year before you intend to establish your new planting. Several types of nursery stock plants are available (Figure 4-1). Bare root dormant nursery stock and tissue culture plug plants are usually available from November to March. A limited number of nurseries are able to ship plants for fall planting. Be sure to contact nurseries ahead of time to determine availability and shipping dates.
Purchase plants only from reputable nurseries to increase the chances of receiving healthy plants of the desired cultivars. Healthy planting stock is key to the cost-effective production of canberries.
Healthy plants will produce higher crop yields and sustained crop quality over the long term. Nurseries that produce healthy plants have programs in place to screen plants for viruses and other diseases that can be spread through contaminated material. Quarantine services provided by clean stock programs also reduce the chance of introduction of exotic pests that can be difficult and costly to control. The use of clean, healthy plants must be emphasized. Growers throughout the region
have observed superior vigor of tissue culture plug plants in the first year after planting. This is likely
to be due to the virus screening process that most tissue culture plants use. New bare rootstock should be purchased from nurseries that grow plants in a greenhouse or on fumigated land that is isolated from other canberries. The plants should have regular monitoring and spray schedules for insect and disease control and be inspected by state officials.
The importance of clean plants is not always apparent. However, in the early 2000s, the newly emerging blackberry industry in the southeastern US was affected by blackberry yellow vein disease. Fields with the virus became unproductive in just a few years. Fortunately, since 2010, there has been a national initiative to provide clean plants to berry nurseries, improve awareness of the need for clean plants, and educate nurseries and growers on the detrimental effects of viruses and other pathogens on plant performance. This initiative is called the National Clean Plant Network (NCPN). The NCPN produces clean planting stock for many nurseries that increase the planting stock under strict practices that maintain clean plants and then sell those plants to growers. The NCPN is funded by the US Department of Agriculture and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS).
Early spring planting of dormant stock is acceptable in most regions. Plug plants have green tissue and should not be planted until after the last frost date. Plants that are set late in the spring may be adversely affected by drought or drying winds. In warmer areas, early fall planting is possible, if the soil is still warm and not excessively wet. Fall planting enables a good root system to develop. Avoid planting on wet or flooded soil. When planting both bare rootstock and tissue-culture plugs, be sure to give plants a thorough drenching with water, especially if the soil is dry and the weather is hot. After planting, cut off the stem of bare root plants to at least 3 to 4 in. from the ground.
Bare root nursery stock (Figure 4-2). Plants should arrive just a day or two before planting. Do not keep plants in a cooler for an extended period or allow the roots dry out. If the bare root plants are dry upon arrival, soak the roots in water for several hours before planting. If they cannot be planted immediately, you can "heel in the plants" by digging a soil trench deep enough to contain the roots. Spread the plants along the trench, roots down, and cover the roots with moist soil. Plants can be held in this manner until buds begin to swell, which usually occurs in a few weeks. To plant, dig a hole large enough for the root system to be spread in the hole. Cover the roots of bare-root plants with soil to a depth of 2 to 3 in., and firm the soil around the roots.
Tissue-culture plug plants (Figure 4-3). Tissue-culture plants should be allowed to harden in a protected, shaded location outdoors for several days prior to planting. When planting, take only the number of plants that can be transplanted in half a day to the field. Be sure to water the plants well prior to planting. Set tissue-culture plants in holes so that the top of the root ball is even with the soil surface. Move a thin layer of soil around the top of the plug's root system. Growers have found that tissue-culture plants perform well in the southern United States.
Tip-layered canes . These types of plants are produced when growing tips come in contact with the ground and form roots. After root systems are well established, the newly formed plants are cut from the mother plant and stored for shipping later. This type of propagation method is most often used with black raspberry. These plants should be hardened just like the tissue-culture plants.
Root section . A root section (root cutting) should be about 3 to 4 in. in length and 14 to 38 in. in diameter. Plant the root section about 2 to 3 in. in depth. New canes will originate from adventitious buds on the root section. A new planting can be established as quickly and successfully with root cuttings as it can with rooted suckers. There is a high risk of introducing disease and nematodes into a planting when root cuttings are used as the source of plant stock.
## Establishment
## Spacing-Blackberry
Optimal spacing between plants and rows varies by the plant type, training method (trellis type), terrain, and size of farm equipment. Allow at least 10 to 12 ft between rows to facilitate tractor operations. On sloping ground, wider spacing is recommended. Space erect blackberries 2 to 4 ft apart in the row. Both semi-rect and trailing types require 4 to 8 ft between plants. In southern Georgia, since many cultivars have fewer canes, a spacing of 2 to 3 ft between plants is recommended. In general, the maximum row length should not exceed 600 ft. When planting before trellis are erected, align plants carefully in the rows to accommodate the trellises. To calculate how
many blackberry or raspberry plants you will need per acre, multiply the distance between plants in a row by the distance between rows and divide 43,560 sq ft per acre by this number, or simply refer to Table 4-1.
## Spacing -Raspberry
Primocane-fruiting raspberries can be set 2 to 3 ft apart in the row, while floricane-fruiting types should be set 3 to 4 ft apart within a row. The row-width range is from 8 to 15 ft, depending on the equipment. However, rows should be spaced as closely as possible to ensure the highest possible planting yields. To calculate how many plants you will need for each acre, see Table 4-1.
## Alleys
Maintain the alleys, the space between the rows, with a ground cover. In areas where there is no soil erosion and cool temperatures, cultivation can be used. Perennial grass species are preferable in most areas because they hold soil in place year round and are not host to botrytis and verticillium. A good ground cover will serve as a deceleration/diffusion strip for run-off water and as support for equipment used in caring for the crop. Sod that is allowed to develop in between rows should be kept mowed. Tall fescue is well adapted to non-coastal plain regions of the Southeast and has proven to be an effective ground cover in the piedmont and mountains of North Carolina.
In the plant row, a 4-ft wide, weed-free strip must be maintained, either by physical or chemical means, to prevent weed competition with the caneberry plant (Figure 4-4). The use of landscape fabric has been very successful to control weeds and the fabric usually lasts the lifetime of the planting (Figure 4-5). Chemical weed control, when used correctly, can also be very effective but requires timely application of herbicides. The choice of herbicide depends on soil type, weed species present, season of the year, herbicide application timing, and bearing status of the planting. The correct herbicide must be used at the proper time, or serious injury to the caneberry plants may result. Pesticides, including herbicides, should always be applied by a licensed applicator wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment. For detailed information on managing weeds and using herbicides, see the Southeastern Regional Canenebries Integrated Management Guide, located on the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium's IPM/Production Guides web page.
| | Spacing between rows (ft) | Spacing between rows (ft) | Spacing between rows (ft) | Spacing between rows (ft) | Spacing between rows (ft) | Spacing between rows (ft) | Spacing between rows (ft) |
|-------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Spacing within row (ft) | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
| 2 | 2,722 | 2,178 | 1,815 | 1,675 | 1,556 | 1,425 | |
| 3 | 1,815 | 1,452 | 1,210 | 1,117 | 1,037 | 968 | |
| 4 | 1,360 | 1,090 | 907 | 838 | 778 | 726 | |
| 5 | 1,090 | 870 | 726 | 670 | 662 | 581 | |
| 6 | 907 | 726 | 605 | 558 | 519 | 484 | |
| 8 | 680 | 544 | 453 | 419 | 389 | 363 | |
| 10 | 544 | 435 | 362 | 335 | 311 | 290 | |
Attribution: Source: Absalom Shank.
Figure 4-5. Landscape fabric prevents weeds on a new blackberry planting, utilizing a raised bed system.
Attribution: Source: Gina Fernandez
## Authors
Gina Fernandez Extension Specialist (Small Fruits), Distinguished Professor Horticultural Science
Amanda McWhirt
Extension Specialist, Horticultural Crops Production Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas
Christine Bradish
Extension Assistant Horticultural Science
John Havlin
Professor Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Feb. 23, 2023 AG-697
## Other Publications in Southeast Regional Caneberry Production Guide
Water Management
Integrated Pest Management and Pollination
Fertility Management
Fruit Development
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Food Safety Considerations for Caneberry Production
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/bae/composting-system-for-small-horse-farms-bae-1729.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20070504110924-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Composting System for Small Horse Farms
Douglas W. Hamilton Waste Management Specialist
## Why compost?
Gardeners understand the value of composted horse manure for improving soil fertility, tith, and moisture holding capacity. Horse stall compost has almost a perfect proportion of nutrients to organic matter for garden crops. Horse owners should consider other reasons for composting. (1) Maintaining a compost pile reduces the volume of waste produced on the farm. (2) Composting is a clean alternative to storing manure and dirty bedding in piles. (3) The high temperatures created during composting kills fly eggs, and well-composted cleanings will not attract adult flies.
## Composting Basics
Composting is easy. There is not a complicated recipe to produce good compost from horse manure and wood shavings. Just add water and stir. The stall waste will compost on its own. Figure 1 shows the temperature and volume changes taking place in a compost pile made with stall waste from horses bedded on wood shavings.
Composting takes place in three phases:
- 1. A short warm-up phase lasting a few days to a month
- 2. A hot composting phase lasting three to four months
- 3. A cool curing phase lasting another three to four months
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
Bacteria create the heat during the hotcompostingphase. Curing takes place at lower temperatures, and it is the work of fungus, worms, and other animals. Stall waste that has gone through hot composting makes good fertilizer, but the nitrogen and organic matter in cured compost are more stable than in uncured compost. Most gardeners want cured compost because adding this is like giving the garden an extra dose of fertilized soil. It takes six to eight months to produce cured compost from raw stall waste.
## Continuous Composting System
The continuous composting system developed at Oklahoma State University reduces the drudgery of making good compost. Figure 2 illustrates the concept behind the process. The idea is to keep adding fresh stall waste to a pile of hot compost. The pile grows as new material is added. The old compost in the back of the pile will cure if no new waste is added to it. After six or eight months, remove the cured compost and start adding stall waste to the backside of the hot pile.
Mix and add water to first Leave rest of the bin alone. 6 feet of the bin.
Figure 2. Composting processes take place in different parts of a continuous composting bin.
## Figure 3. How to build a 18' Continuous Composting bin (Good for 1 to 3 Stalls)
- 1. Place loads of stall cleanings and/or stripping against the enclosed end of the bin. Mix and add water.
- 2. Each time material is added, take a pitchfork and pull out the first six feet of the pile. Dump new loads of stall waste on the compost.
- 3. Add water, mix, and throw the moist mixture back up against the pile. Add just enough water that the pile appears wet, but does not ooze liquid.
- 4. Eventually, the end of the bin will be reached. Close the opening and even out the pile, completely filling the bin.
- 5. Restart the process by opening the fencing that held up the pile in step 1. Remove cured compost until the hot portion of the pile is reached. Continue filling the bin from the new opening.
| Number of Stalls | Number of Bins (ft) | Length Number of Bins of Posts | Number and Length of Fencing rolls |
|---------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| 1 to 3 | 1 | 18 | 8 |
| 3 to 5 | 1 | 30 | 12 |
| 6 | 2 | 18 | 16 |
| 7 or 8 | 2 | 30 | 24 |
| 9 | 3 | 18 | 24 |
| 10 or 11 | 3 | 30 | 36 |
## Building a Continuous Composting Bin
Instructions for building a continuous composting bin for one to three horses in stalls are given in Figure 3. Consult Table 1 for construction recommendations for bin sizes that can handle waste taken from more than three stalls. The bins listed in Table 1 are designed to fill in approximately eight months. Where the table lists two or three bins, all the bins should be used at the same time so all bins fill evenly. Adding an extra bin to those listed in Table 1 provides storage room for times when cured compost cannot be removed.
## Operating a Continuous Composting Bin
Operating a continuous compost bin is simple. The procedure is given in Figure 4. Add stall waste to the front of the pile and mix with old compost, wetting the mixture with a garden hose. There is no need to mix more than the first six feet of the pile. Compost cures in the back as the pile grows forward. After six or eight months, dig out cured compost to a hot core, and start adding fresh material in the opposite direction.
## Producing Quality Compost
Composting is a simple process, but there are a number of things in to remember to produce quality compost:
- 1. Thoroughly mix raw waste with hot compost.
- 2. Maintain 50 percent moisture content in the first six feet of the bin. (Squeezing moist compost should yield just a few drops of liquid.)
- 3. Stack enough material in the bin to insulate the hot compost. The pile should be at least 6 feet wide and 3 feet high.
- 4. If the pile is too wide or too high, the flow of oxygen to the micro-organisms composting the mixture may be cut off. Make sure the bin is less than 10 feet wide and 5 feet high.
- 5. Arrange bins so they can be reached from both ends.
- 6. Choose the right number and size of bins for the number of stalls according to Table 1. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/watch-properties-of-a-healthy-soil/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-09 | [] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
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top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
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color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-4768 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-47271290"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-37374751"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
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<article id="post-4768" class="post-4768 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-healthy-soils category-indicators-of-soil-health category-soil-health-benefits category-what-is-soil tag-about-soils tag-alabama-healthy-soils tag-healthy-soil tag-row-crop-soils tag-soil-health tag-soils-of-alabama first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Watch: Properties of a Healthy Soil">
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Watch: Properties of a Healthy Soil </div>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/watch-properties-of-a-healthy-soil/"></div><p>Many soils in Alabama have low levels of soil organic matter due to the warm climate, coarse-textured soils and intensive farming practices historically used in the state. Rebuilding soil health is important! Soil is a natural resource we must work to conserve for future generations. Practices such as reduced tillage and cover cropping can increase organic matter and improve soil health. There are several important ways producers can improve soil health.</p>
<h1>Properties of a Healthy Soil</h1>
<ul>
<li>High organic matter content.</li>
<li>Optimal nutrients and pH for plant growth.</li>
<li>Stable aggregates to promote water infiltration.</li>
<li>Large population of beneficial organisms.</li>
<li>No compaction layers.</li>
<li>No contamination.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/coastal-hazards-and-tourism | Coastal Hazards and Tourism: Exploring Outer Banks Visitors’ Responses to Storm-Related Impacts | NC State University | [
"Erin Seekamp",
"Matthew Jurjonas",
"Karly Bitsura-Meszaros"
] | null | [
"Climate Change",
"Outdoor Recreation",
"Nature-Based Tourism",
"Sea Level Rise",
"Beach Ecosystem",
"OBX",
"Natural Resource Tourism",
"Beach Nourishment",
"Economy",
"Hurricane",
"Natural Disaster"
] | NC | ## Coastal Hazards and Tourism: Exploring Outer Banks Visitors' Responses to StormRelated Impacts
The Outer Banks (OBX) region of North Carolina (the remote barrier island portions of Currituck, Dare, Hyde, and Carteret counties); has long been an important tourism destination, drawing visitors to its sand and sea activities. For example, Dare County had the fourth highest tourism expenditures in North Carolina in 2016 at $1,101,600,000 (U.S. Travel Association, 2016), demonstrating the value of natural resources to the OBX tourism economy. Only three predominantly urban counties in North Carolina have greater tourism expenditures: Mecklenburg, Guilford, and Wake.
The natural resources that draw visitors to the OBX-predominately the beach ecosystem-are jeopardized by coastal hazards, including hurricanes, northeasters, and sea level rise, which are predicted to intensify from climate change (Kopp et al., 2015). The constantly shifting sands on the 200-mile narrow chain of islands change dramatically after storm-related flooding as new channels through the islands are formed and beaches are eroded (Riggs et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2008). Coastal hazards can impact the OBX tourism industry by disrupting transportation flows because of closed roads and bridges and canceled ferry service, by changing the visual quality of the beaches and the width of beaches, and by destroying infrastructure (hotels, vacation homes, restaurants, piers).
Beach nourishment has become a common tool to protect oceanfront property and the visual appeal of the beach itself (Phillips and Jones, 2006). Beach nourishment projects add sand that is dredged offshore and pumped onto a beach to increase width. These projects temporarily close beach access. Dare County has a Beach Nourishment Fund that is generated by a 2% occupancy tax on hotel and motel rooms, vacation rental houses, and campsites. Additionally, the NC Department of Transportation is currently building a new 2.4-mile Bonner Bridge (construction began in 2016) to maintain access to Hatteras Island from Pea Island. A second phase of the project will implement permanent solutions for NC Highway 12 in Pea Island and Rodanthe, where the highway was breached due to Hurricane Irene storm surges and erosion in 2011. Adding sand back to beaches and building better transportation corridors may help sustain tourism to the OBX. Despite these efforts, coastal hazards will continue to create disruptions that may lead visitors to change their OBX vacation plans and travel elsewhere.
To better understand how tourism may change due to coastal hazards, we conducted survey research with a sample of OBX visitors during the summer of 2016. We were interested in understanding if and how potential storm-related damage would change these visitors' vacation plans. Additionally, we wanted to know the specific types of amenities desired by visitors if tourism development were to occur in the adjacent Inner Banks (IBX) region of North Carolina (Figure 1).
We selected the IBX as an alternative location because this predominately rural region currently does not have a large tourism tax base. For example, OBX tourism provided each Dare County resident with roughly $2,800 in personal tax savings in 2016, whereas IBX tourism provided each Tyrrell County resident with about $122 in personal tax savings in the same year (Visit North Carolina, 2018). Should OBX tourism be impacted by coastal hazards, the IBX scenario represents
an option that retains tourism dollars in North Carolina and promotes tourism development in a region with declining traditional economies (such as farming, fishing, and forestry) but rich with nature-based tourism opportunities, including kayaking, bird-watching, and wildlife viewing.
Attribution: Map designed by K. Bitsura-Meszaros, 2016
## Overview
In this report, we first present the research methods used in the study. Then we present research findings to answer the following questions:
- 1. Who are OBX visitors?
- 2. What are the recreational preferences of OBX visitors?
- 3. How will OBX visitors respond to coastal hazards?
For the third question, we were specifically interested in exploring (a) if OBX visitors will change their vacation plans given impacts from coastal hazards, (b) how likely OBX visitors are to cancel their trip in response to impacts from coastal hazards, and (c) if OBX visitors canceled their trip, where they would go instead. Additionally, we were interested in understanding a fourth question:
- 4. How important are specific tourism amenities to future IBX trips?
We conclude by summarizing the implications of this study for the future of North Carolina's coastal tourism.
## Methods
A team of researchers from NC State University's Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management intercepted OBX visitors at four locations: the Tyrrell County Visitor Center, the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge Visitor Center in Manteo, the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge Visitor Center on Pea Island, and the Swan Quarter-Ocracoke Ferry. Sampling dates and time blocks were randomly selected during the 2016 summer season. Visitors were asked to voluntarily participate in the study, with an incentive of possibly receiving one of five $50 gift cards. If
visitors agreed to participate, they completed the questionnaire on a tablet computer using Qualtrics Offline Survey App software. Those who completed the questionnaire are referred to in this report as the respondents.
Respondents were shown a map that illustrated the OBX and IBX regions (Figure 1). Additionally, each respondent was shown one of four scenarios describing possible future conditions. Each of the four scenarios included a set of conditions that involved transportation closures, increases in occupancy taxes, likelihood of beach nourishment project occurring at destination, and decreases in beach width (Table 1). Each scenario was randomly selected by the Qualtrics Offline Survey App software. For example, one scenario may have specified a 50% likelihood of a beach nourishment project occurring at destination, NO Highway 12 being closed at the Oregon Inlet, 150 feet of beach width, and a 5% increase in occupancy taxes for additional beach nourishment projects. After reviewing these scenarios, respondents were asked to indicate how the potential conditions would influence their vacation plans to the OBX. Respondents were also asked to report their likelihood of visiting other destinations if they could not reach the OBX due to impacts from coastal hazards (their substitution behaviors). Other questionnaires captured respondents' planned activities and destinations, trip characteristics, place connections, and demographic information. Data were downloaded and cleaned following standard procedures before uploading into SPSS v.24 software for analysis.
| Likelihood of Beach | Likelihood of Beach | Likelihood of Beach | Likelihood of Beach | Lodging Tax Increase for Additional Beach | Lodging Tax Increase for Additional Beach | Lodging Tax Increase for Additional Beach | |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Nourishment Project | with | Transportation | Beach | Width$^{3}$ | Nourishment$^{4}$ | | |
| Closures at Destination$^{1}$ | Disruptions$^{2}$ | Example A | Example A | Example A | Example A | Example A | Example A |
| 50% | Highway 12 Closed at Oregon Inlet | 50 feet | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% |
| | Example B | Example B | Example B | Example B | Example B | Example B | Example B |
| 25% | Hatteras - Ocracoke Ferry Closed | 150 feet | 7.5% | 7.5% | 7.5% | 7.5% | 7.5% |
| | Example C | Example C | Example C | Example C | Example C | Example C | Example C |
| 75% | Highway 64 Bridge Closed | 100 feet | 5.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% |
## Results
Of the 463 visitors invited to participate in the study, 382 completed the survey (83% response rate). Only a few visitors were sampled at the Tyrrell County Visitor Center (4%), as most tourists were stopping only for a bathroom break and did not enter the Visitor Center (where permission was granted to intercept visitors). All other visitors were intercepted at the North Carolina Wildlife Refugees Visitor Center in Manteo (36%), on the Swan Quarter-Ocracoke Ferry (34%). and at Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (26%).
Nonresponse bias was accounted for by asking the 60 visitors who declined participation to answer five questions on their trip characteristics, climate change perceptions, home ZIP code, and age. The respondents also answered the same five questions. No significant differences were found between responses of the nonparticipating visitors and the respondents who completed the full survey. This suggests that findings are representative of OBX visitors who travel on the Swan Quarter-Ocracoke Ferry and visit the National Wildlife Refuge Visitor Centers located in Manteo and on Pea Island. Results may not be generalizable to other OBX tourists who use different access points and those who may not be interested in learning about the region's wildlife, habitat, or outdoor recreational activities (the typical interests of visitors to national wildlife refuge visitor centers).
## Who are OBX visitors?
Most respondents were not North Carolina residents (76% out-of-state, 21% in-state, 3%) international). Slightly more respondents were female (51%); a few respondents preferred not to report their gender (3%). The average age of respondents was 46, with a range of ages from 18 (
44% of survey respondents have previously visited the IBX as part of a vacation or recreational trip.
Most respondents reported that the primary purpose of their trip was to vacation or recreate in the OBX (88%). Relatively few respondents reported that their primary trip purpose was to vacation or recreate in the IBX (3%) or in both the IBX and OBX (4%). However, nearly one-half of visitors reported previously visiting the IBX as part of a vacation or recreational trip (44%). Relatively few respondents reported that they were traveling through the area to another destination (5%). Respondents' visitation history to the OBX was diverse, with the majority indicating it was their first time visiting (27%) or that they had made two to five previous visits (28%) (Figure 2). While most respondents had never visited the IBX as part of a vacation or recreational trip (56%), one-half reported being aware of IBX recreation or tourism opportunities (50%).
We also asked respondents about their place connections to the OBX. More than one-half of respondents agreed that they were very attached to the OBX (57%) and identified strongly with the OBX (53%) (Figure 3). More than one-half of respondents also agreed that the OBX region is a special place for their families (65%), many important family memories are tied to the OBX (61%),
and that no other place compares to the OBX (54%). It is important to note that most respondents who didn't agree with these questionnaire items reported neutral opinions (that is, not many disagreed with the statements).
Ocrocake was the most popular primary destination for tourists (29%) followed by Nags Head (17%), Kill Devil Hills (12%), Manteo (8%), and Kitty Hawk (6%) (Figure 4). The predominance of Ocrocake as the primary destination could be attributed to sampling on the Swan Quarter-Ocracoke Ferry. Only nine respondents indicated that the closest town to their primary destination was on the IBX. The most common type of accommodation was vacation home rentals (45%), followed by hotels or motels (31%) and campsites (10%) (Figure 5). Some respondents reported 'other' accommodations (14%), and described their accommodation as an Airbnb rental, condominium, townhouse, timeshare, their own vacation home, a friend's house, or a boat. The average length of stay was five to six nights, with a range from a one-day trip (3%) to more than two weeks (4%). Respondents typically reported planning their trip two to five months in advance (34%) or a minimum of six months in advance (35%), but the trip planning durations ranged from day-of planning (2%) to advance planning of more than one year (5%).
Most survey respondents were seeking "sun & sand" activities during their OBX vacations.
## What are the recreational preferences of OBX visitors?
Most respondents planned to visit state or federal lands during their trip (85%), with more than onehalf of respondents reporting that they planned to visit Cape Hatteras National Seab shore (53%). Other sites that respondents planned to visit included Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (34%) and the Wright Memorial (33%) (Figure 6). Respondents most frequently engaged in beach-related activities on the OBX (such as ocean swimming, sunbathing, and shell collecting) (Figure 7).
Nearly all respondents indicated that they were aware of recreation and tourism activities in the IBX (99%), with wildlife viewing (40%), fishing (37%), bird-watching (36%), kayaking (36%), and canoeing (31%) being the most common activities of which these visitors were aware (Figure 8). A few respondents, however, indicated that they planned to engage in outdoor recreation activities in the IBX (3% bird-watching, 3% motorized boating, 2% fishing, 2% canoeing, 1% kayaking, and 1% wildlife viewing).
## Will OBX visitors respond to coastal hazards?
Most survey respondents were aware of climate change and perceived the North Carolina coast to be threatened by climate change impacts.
To understand how visitors might respond to coastal hazards, we must first understand respondents' climate change perceptions. In general, respondents were aware of and concerned about climate change and its impacts on coastal North Carolina. Most respondents agreed that climate change is happening (74%) and that it is caused by humans (56%) (Figure 9). Most respondents also indicated that they were concerned with global climate change (65%), coastal flooding (65%), and sea level rise (65%). Additionally, most respondents agreed that sea level rise is a threat to North Carolina
(68%), and that the OBX is vulnerable to sea level rise (78%) and coastal flooding (75%). Respondents also agreed that the IBX is also vulnerable to sea level rise (67%) and coastal flooding (68%).
55% of survey respondents were not likely to cancel their OBX trip due to potential impacts from coastal hazards.
After respondents were presented with the potential future conditions (scenarios) in the OBX, they were asked how likely they would be to cancel their trip entirely. Few respondents indicated that they would be likely (10%) or extremely likely (3%) to cancel their trip entirely. More than one-half of respondents indicated that they were either unlikely (38%) or extremely unlikely (17%) to cancel their trip entirely. About one-third of respondents were undecided as to how they would respond to the potential impacts from coastal hazards (32%).
Respondents were also asked what they would do if they could not visit the OBX for a typical vacation due to any form of storm-related damage. The most likely options reported by respondents were to put their plans on hold (37%), go to another beach within North Carolina (41%), or to go to another beach outside of North Carolina (48%) (Figure 10). The most unlikely options reported by visitors were to stay in the IBX (49%) or to stop visiting the OBX altogether (80%).
## How important are specific tourism amenities to future IBX trips?
We asked respondents to indicate the importance of specific tourism amenities for future trips to the IBX (Figure 11). Key amenities included local restaurants, vacation house rentals, and hotels; however, these amenities were, on average, only considered to be of moderate importance. Other amenities that respondents viewed being at least slightly important included those that would enable outdoor recreation, except for hunting access. Only 15% of respondents thought hunting access was moderately, very, or extremely important. In terms of shopping, coffee shops and local arts and crafts shops were perceived to be at least of moderate importance by about one-half of respondents. Approximately one-half of respondents perceived antique shops and outlet shops to be not at all important.
## Discussion and Implications
We conducted this study to better understand how OBX tourism may change given coastal hazards. We surveyed 382 OBX visitors during the summer of 2016 to understand if and how potential coastal hazards would change these visitor's vacation plans. Possible road closures, increasing occupancy taxes to pay for beach nourishment projects, the presence of beach nourishment projects, and beach width were presented to the respondents as possible future conditions. Additionally, we specifically wanted to know the types of amenities potential visitors desired, should tourism development occur in the adjacent IBX region.
This study highlights key implications of coastal hazards for the OBX tourism industry. Based on survey responses, OBX visitors are seeking traditional "sun and sand" activities associated with beach tourism but are also interested in nature-based recreational opportunities available in the region's ample federally and state protected lands. Moreover, our study suggests that OBX visitors form deep connections with the region. Such sentiments may explain why relatively few respondents indicated they would cancel a planned trip if the OBX was dealing with impacts from coastal hazards, even though respondents typically felt that climate change impacts (including coastal flooding and sea level rise) threaten the region. Although this finding suggests some stability in the OBX tourism industry, it also means that significant and continual investments in infrastructure (such as bridges, roads, dunes, beaches, piers) and disaster recovery efforts (including beach nourishments or rebuilding of vacation homes, hotels, and motels) will be necessary to meet visitation demand. Yet, development on barrier islands also increases the vulnerability of islands to impacts from coastal hazards. Additionally, more extensive infrastructure can increase the cost of recovery from possible damages to property. Therefore, a critical first-step for anyone interested in entering the OBX tourism industry, as well as those responsible for managing tourism in the future, would be to gain a thorough understanding of current regulations of federal or state disaster recovery assistance programs.
## Key Findings
- · OBX visitors are seeking traditional "sun and sand" activities but are also interested in nature-based recreational opportunities
- · The IBX tourism industry could benefit from a market analysis and increasing marketing efforts of current tourism offerings and accommodations.
- · OBX visitors form deep connections with the region.
- · Disruptions from disasters may result in substantial OBX tourism declines.
Although most respondents reported being unlikely to cancel their vacation given the potential coastal hazards our survey posed, nearly one-third reported that they were undecided if they would cancel their visit given potential coastal hazards. Such indecision indicates substantial uncertainty for the OBX tourism industry. Given the history of coastal hazards on the OBX and the likelihood that storms will become more severe and possibly more frequent, continual long-term planning efforts are needed, such as the 2015 efforts of North Carolina Sea Grant with the town of Nags Head (Whitehead and White, 2017).
If unable to visit the region because of impacts from coastal hazard, respondents reported that they would be most likely to visit another beach, either within or outside of North Carolina. This study finding reinforces that most OBX visitors are typical "sun and sand" beach tourists. Tourism planners in the IBX should consider the real possibility that OBX visitors simply might not be willing to replace a beach vacation with nature-based opportunities available within the IBX. In other words, the nature-based recreation opportunities (such as fishing, wildlife viewing, kayaking, canoeing) found within the IBX do not align with the motivations of the majority of OBX visitors (that is, beach vacation activities). Yet, 20% of respondents indicated that they would be likely or extremely likely to visit the IBX, which suggests that at least some OBX visitors seek nature-based recreational activities in addition to 'sun and sand' activities. Thus, some investment in an IBX tourism economy seems warranted so long as that investment corresponds with more intensive marketing of IBX tourism activities.
The IBX tourism industry could benefit from a market analysis followed by increased marketing efforts that focus on current tourism offerings and accommodations, as less than one-half of the survey respondents were aware of any one specific activity available within the IBX. This tourism development potential for the IBX presents opportunities, particularly for individuals interested in managing vacation home properties and opening local restaurants. Investment priorities should also focus on hotels, canoe and kayak rentals, wildlife watching guiding services, coffee shops, and local arts and crafts shops. Again, individuals interested in investing in tourism development need to be aware of current regulations for developing in flood zones and for federal and state disaster recovery assistance, as the IBX region is also threatened by storm-related flooding and sea level rise.
## Sustaining Coastal Tourism in North Carolina
It will be important for the OBX and IBX tourism industries to continue coastal hazards planning efforts and to update current plans as the land changes in response to storm-related flooding and sea level rise. Individuals interested in entrepreneurial tourism development opportunities should familiarize themselves with the National Flood Insurance Program and other federal and state disaster recovery assistance programs.
This study will need to be replicated immediately after impacts from coastal hazards occur and as conditions gradually change to determine post-disaster and long-term climate-related impacts (such as sea level rise) to the OBX tourism economy. The continued assessment of changes in OBX tourism is needed as the potential loss of tourism revenue for North Carolina could be substantial. One near-term, proactive strategy to reduce negative impacts to the state's tourism economy from
coastal hazards would be to develop a rapid-response communication plan (hosted on multiple website and social media platforms) that provides suggestions for other vacation destinations in the state that are not experiencing coastal hazard impacts. By using the findings from this study and ongoing assessments, OBX and IBX tourism providers will be better prepared to sustain coastal tourism.
## References
Kopp, R. E., B. P. Horton, A. C. Kemp, and C. Tebaldi. 2015. Past and future sea-level rise along the coast of North Carolina, USA. Climatic Change , 132(4), 693-707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584015-1451x .
Nicholls, R. J., and A. Cazenave. 2010. Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones. Science , 328(5985), 1517-1520. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185782 .
Phillips, M. R., and A. L. Jones. 2006. Erosion and tourism infrastructure in the coastal zone ; Problems, consequences and management. Tourism Management , 27(3), 517-524.
Riggs, S., D. Ames, S. Culver, and D. Mallinson. 2011. The battle for North Carolina's coast : Evolutionary history, present crisis, and vision for the future. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Smith, C. G., S. J. Culver, S. R. Riggs, D. Ames, D. R. Corbett, and D. Mallinson. 2008. Geospatial analysis of barrier island width of two segments of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA: Anthropogenic curtailment of natural self-sustaining processes. Journal of Coastal Research , 70-83.
U.S. Travel Association. 2017. The Economic Impact of Travel on North Carolina Counties. A study prepared for Visit North Carolina. Washington, DC: U.S. Travel Association.
Visit North Carolina. 2018, March 18 (accessed). Economic Impact Studies webpage . Cary, NC: Economic Development Partnership of North Carolina.
Whitehead, J., and H. White. 2017. Adaptation Planning in the Town of Nags Head: Vulnerability , Consequences, Adaptation, Planning Scenarios (VCAPS) Report. Nags Head, NC: Town of Nags Head.
## Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the respondents who voluntarily agreed to participate in this study. We would also like to thank the two peer reviewers for their valuable feedback. Funding for this project was provided by the College of Natural Resources at NC State University as part of a strategic initiative to build interdisciplinary strengths.
## Authors
## Erin Seekamp
Associate Professor and Extension Tourism Specialist Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management
## Matthew Jurjonas
PhD Candidate and Research Assistant Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management
## Karly Bitsura-Meszaros
Research Assistant Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management
Publication date: May 3, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Feb. 17, 2023
AG-841
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This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/madison-county-economic-contribution-agricultural-sales | Madison County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Madison County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
## Madison County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
PUBLICATIONS
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View as PDF: P3389-46.pdf
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/community-nutrition-education-program/recipes/rainbow-pita-pockets.html | Rainbow Pita Pockets - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-05-13 | [] | OK | ## RAINBOW PITA POCKETS
Learn how to make rainbow pita pockets for a fun, kid-friendly snack. Find the ingredients, equipment and directions needed below to get cooking!
RAINBOW PITA POCKETS PDF (/PROGRAMS/COMMUNITYNUTRITION-EDUCATION PROGRAM/RECIPES/SITEFILES/DOCUMENTS/KIU-2 A.PDF)
## Ingredients
- · 1 whole wheat pita pocket
- · 2 to 3 grape tomatoes
Makes 1 serving
## Directions
- Wash hands and surfaces. 1.
- Wash tomatoes. 2.
- Cut the pita pocket in half. 3.
- Fill pita pocket with tomatoes, cheese, meat and dressing. 4.
- Refrigerate leftovers immediately. 5. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1999/1999-3-bodine.pdf | EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTING PRAIRIE HAY WITH TWO LEVELS OF CORN AND FOUR LEVELS OF DEGRADABLE INTAKE PROTEIN. I. INTAKE AND DIGESTION BY STEERS | Oklahoma State University | [
"Kari Hart"
] | Error: time data "D:20100112125045-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTING PRAIRIE HAY WITH TWO LEVELS OF CORN AND FOUR LEVELS OF DEGRADABLE INTAKE PROTEIN. I. INTAIKE AND DIGESTION BY STEERS
1999 Animal Science Research Report
Authors :
Story in Brief
T.N. Bodine, H.T. Purvis II and C.J. Ackerman
When forage is not adequate to maintain a desired level of animal performance, supplementation is needed to overcome nutrient deficiencies. Supplementation of cattle with 20% cubes is a common practice, with byproduct feeds often used. However, corn is one of the cheapest energy sources available on a cost per unit of energy basis. Based on previous research, it appears that insufficient ruminally degradable protein limits the usefulness of corn-based supplements for cattle consuming low-quality grass hay. Ruminally cannulated steers were used to determine the effects of feeding supplemental corn with varied levels of degradable protein from soybean meal on intake and digestion of prairie hay. Steers had ad libitum access to prairie hay and were supplemented with two levels of corn (or 0 .75% BW dry matter) and four increasing levels of degradable protein. Intake of hay and total diet organic matter increased quadratically as protein increased for supplements with and without corn. Forage organic matter digestibility increased linearly for corn diets while no change was noted in diets without corn. Total diet digestibility increased linearly in response to protein addition for treatments with or without corn. Total digestible organic matter intake was increased for corn-supplemented cattle, while additional protein resulted in increased digestible intake regardless of corn level. Inadequate degradable protein in grain-based supplements decreased forage intake and digestibility and total diet energy intake of cattle fed low-quality prairie hay.
Key Words: Grain, Degradable Intake Protein, Intake, Digestion
## Introduction
Efforts to increase forage intake, digestion and subsequent conversion of forage into beef by supplementing cattle are of major importance to the beef industry. This is especially true in Oklahoma because forage quality typically limits cattle performance before forage quantity does. Supplements for grazing cattle are usually composed of high-protein (from oilseed meals) or high-energy (byproduct fiber or grain starch) feedstuffs. Effects of both energy (Horn and McCollum, 1987; Caton and Dhuvuether, 1997) and protein (McCollum and Horn, 1991) supplementation have been documented. Improvements in rate of gain, efficiency of gain, cost of gain, carrying capacity of rangeland, or to improve or maintain body condition due to supplementation depends on many factors. Previous research with low-quality prairie hay supplemented with large amounts of grain (Chase and Hibberd, 1985) has indicated the existence of negative associative effects including a substitution effect of supplement for forage and reduced forage digestion. Utilization of grain-based supplements by forage-fed cattle in previous research (Chase and Hibberd, 1985) has been reduced by deficiencies in ruminally degradable intake protein (DIP). Recent research (Cochran et al., 1998) has focused on DIP supply in relation to energy supply from digestible organic matter (DOM). This relationship is represented as total diet DIP:DOM. Previous research (Bodine et al., 1999) using low-quality forages suggested the possibility of minimizing negative associative effects of grain supplementation by balancing DIP:DOM. The current trial was designed to determine the effects on intake and digestion of supplementing cattle fed low-quality prairie hay with two levels of corn and four increasing DIP levels.
## Materials and Methods
Animals, Diets and Samples. Eight ruminally cannulated steers (Angus and Angus x Hereford; 699 ± 55 lb) were weighed at the start and end of each 14-d period and housed in individual indoor pens with ad libitum access to fresh water and trace mineral salt. Steers were moved to individual metabolism stalls for a 3-d adaptation prior to a 4-d collection period. Feed ingredients and nutrient composition are shown in Table 1. Experimental diets were formulated (NRC, 1996) using average intake and digestibility of hay measured in a preliminary trial, corn intake, 11.5% microbial efficiency and balanced for DIP (CORN100) with SBM. Grams of supplemental DIP in CORN100 were multiplied by 0, 33 and 66% (CORN0, CORN33 and CORN66) and similar grams of supplemental DIP per kg of BW were fed for supplements without corn (NOCORN0, NOCORN33, NOCORN66 and NOCORN100). Dry matter intake from supplement was equalized within level of corn by the addition of cottonseed hulls (CSH). Supplements were fed daily prior to hay. During each period, feeds and total fecal collections were weighed daily and subsamples collected.
Laboratory and Statistical Analysis. Concentrations of DM, OM, CP, DIP, starch, NDF and ADF in feed samples and DM and OM in fecal samples were determined by methods in accordance with AOAC (1990). Variables were analyzed as a 2 x 4 factorial (2 levels of corn and 4 levels of DIP) using MIXED procedures of SAS (1996). Effects modeled included level of corn, level of DIP, steer, period and all appropriate interactions. Orthogonal contrasts were performed to test for linear and quadratic trends.
## Results and Discussion
Intake and digestibility of hay and total diet OM are reported along with DOM in Table 2. Interactions ( P
Intake. Intake of prairie hay OM (HOMI; Table 2) was similar (P > .96) between CORN and NOCORN supplements at the lowest level of DIP. While substitution has been found in previous work (Chase and Hibberd, 1985) with corn supplementation of prairie hay, similar HOMI indicated no substitution of corn for forage existed at this level of DIP in the current trial. Forage OMI and total OMI (TOMI; Table 2) increased quadratically (P
Digestibility. Total tract apparent hay organic matter digestibility (HOMD; Table 2) was not affected (P ≤ .43) by increasing DIP for NOCORN treatments. However, HOMD improved quadratically (P
supplement.
Energy Status. Intake of digestible organic matter (DOM) is a function of intake and digestibility. Supply of DOM to an animal can be used as a predictor of expected animal performance and DOM is often used interchangeably with TDN to approximate dietary energy supply. Therefore, changes in DOM should be more closely related to changes in animal performance than either intake or digestibility alone. While previous work (Chase and Hibberd, 1985) has shown a reduction in DOM with increasing levels of corn supplementation, the current trial found feeding CORN supplements increased (P
Total Diet DIP:DOM Ratio. While experimental diets were formulated on the basis of DIP supply in relation to DOM supply, recent research (Cochran et al., 1998) has shown a possible breakpoint (10%) in this ratio. It is thought that increasing DIP beyond 10% results in increases in intake and digestibility occurring at a decreasing rate. The ratio between DIP and DOM in the total diet can be used to evaluate potential effects of supplements on forage-fed cattle. Greater responses in forage intake and utilization would be expected as DIP:DOM is increased up to 10% than would be seen for increases above 10%. Cumulative effects on intake and digestibility are represented in DOM and appear to suggest the importance of DIP:DOM ratio in balancing and formulating supplements for forage fed cattle, especially when grain is utilized.
With increasing knowledge of the interaction between DIP and DOM, actual requirements for DIP will become better defined as the understanding of differences in forages, sources of DIP and DOM aid in improving the overall efficiency of supplementation. In the current study, it appeared that we may have overestimated the microbial efficiency of DOM use, thereby actually overfeeding DIP at the highest levels. This is somewhat apparent in the graphical presentation of the data, as it appears the greatest increase in intake or digestion was found with the first increment of supplemental DIP from SBM (0 to 33). Smaller improvements were noted between increases of DIP from SBM at higher levels (33, 66 and 100) and were not always consistent. Our results allow us to conclude that increasing DIP was beneficial to intake and digestion of hay and total diet organic matter in steers consuming prairie hay and individually fed supplements containing either level of corn.
## Literature Cited
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15 th Ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Bodine, T.N. et al. 1999. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. P-973:
Caton, J.S. and D.V. Dhuyvetter. 1997. J. Anim. Sci. 75:533.
Chase, C.C. and C.A. Hibberd. 1985. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. MP-117:207.
Cochran, R.C. et al. 1998. Proc. 9 th Annual Florida Rum. Nutr. Symp. Gainseville. p 123.
Horn, G.W. and F.T. McCollum III. 1987. Proc. Graz. Livest. Conf. Jackson, WY. p 125. McCollum, F.T. III and G.W. Horn. 1991. The Professional Animal Scientist. 6(2):1.
NRC. 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7 th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
SAS. 1996. SAS System for Mixed Models. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
## Acknowledgements
The authors thank Steve Welty and the crew at the Nutrition and Physiology Research Center for animal care, feeding and sampling assistance, Dr. Carla Goad for statistical assistance and Jeff Carter, Ryan Reuter, John Wheeler, Brett Gardner and Turk Stovall for assistance in collecting samples.
| Table 1. Supplement DM ingredient (lb) and nutrient composition (%). | Table 1. Supplement DM ingredient (lb) and nutrient composition (%). | Table 1. Supplement DM ingredient (lb) and nutrient composition (%). | Table 1. Supplement DM ingredient (lb) and nutrient composition (%). | Table 1. Supplement DM ingredient (lb) and nutrient composition (%). | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|
| | Level of | Level of DP | Total | - | |
| Ingredient (lb) | corn | 0 | 33 | 100 | |
| Ingredient (lb) | Corn | CORN | 5.11 | 5.11 | 5.11 |
| Ingredient (lb) | NOCRN | - | - | - | - |
| Soybean meal | CORN | - | .64 | 1.28 | 1.92 |
| Soybean meal | NOCRN | - | 1.29 | 1.90 | 2.62 |
| Cottonseed hulls | CORN | 1.88 | 1.27 | .64 | 0 |
| Cottonseed hulls | NOCRN | 2.54 | 1.27 | .64 | 0 |
| Total | CORN | 7.11 | 7.11 | 7.11 | 7.11 |
| NOCRN | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | |
| Composition (%) | | | | | |
| DM$^{a}$ | CORN | 88.20 | 88.13 | 88.06 | 87.98 |
| | NOCRN | 90.16 | 89.74 | 89.55 | 89.33 |
| OM$^{a}$ | CORN | 96.16 | 95.72 | 95.30 | 94.91 |
| | NOCRN | 92.26 | 90.13 | 88.98 | 87.99 |
| | CORN | 7.62 | 12.10 | 16.43 | 20.87 |
| | NOCRN | 4.01 | 27.26 | 38.64 | 50.36 |
| DIPb | CORN | 3.52 | 6.41 | 9.28 | 12.22 |
| | NOCRN | 2.01 | 17.42 | 24.97 | 32.74 |
| NDF$^{a}$ | CORN | 38.51 | 31.81 | 25.08 | 18.20 |
| | NOCRN | 85.29 | 48.83 | 30.85 | 12.54 |
| | CORN | 22.67 | 17.31 | 11.92 | 6.39 |
| | NOCRN | 65.34 | 36.07 | 21.64 | 6.94 |
| Starch$^{a}$ | CORN | 51.10 | 51.08 | 51.11 | 51.17 |
| | NOCRN | .35 | 1.06 | 1.40 | 1.76 |
| DIP g/kg BW | CORN | .39 | .69 | .99 | 1.30 |
| | NOCORN | .09 | .69 | .99 | 1.30 |
|--------------------|----------|-------|-------|-------|--------|
| DIP: DOM$^{®}$ (%) | CERN | 4.73 | 8.05 | 11.11 | 13.95 |
| DIP: DOM$^{®}$ (%) | NOCORN | 5.06 | 28.3 | 34.63 | 39.45 |
*Proximate analysis.
b Calculated from values obtained from NRC (1996).
c Calculated from observed values for DOM and NRC (1996) values for DIP.
Table 2. Organic matter intake (lb) and digestibility ( % of intake ) of selected dietary components.
| | Table 2. Organic matter intake (lb) and digestibility ( % of intake) of selected dietary components. | Table 2. Organic matter intake (lb) and digestibility ( % of intake) of selected dietary components. | Table 2. Organic matter intake (lb) and digestibility ( % of intake) of selected dietary components. | Table 2. Organic matter intake (lb) and digestibility ( % of intake) of selected dietary components. | Table 2. Organic matter intake (lb) and digestibility ( % of intake) of selected dietary components. |
|--------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Level of DIP | 0 | 33 | 66 | 100 | Effect 1 |
| Hay OMI | CORN | 8.51 | 11.09 | 11.71 | Q |
| NOCORN | 8.49 | 13.82 | 14.43 | 14.89 | Q |
| Total OMI | CORN | 15.34 | 17.91 | 18.50 | 18.53 |
| NOCORN | 10.91 | 16.24 | 16.81 | 17.30 | Q |
| ADF intake | CORN | 5.73 | 6.59 | 6.50 | 6.06 |
| NOCORN | 5.84 | 7.62 | 7.52 | 7.36 | L |
| Hay OMD | CORN | 29.91 | 45.89 | 41.99 | 49.39 |
| NOCORN | 57.60 | 54.79 | 56.18 | 55.22 | Q |
| Total OMD | CORN | 51.99 | 60.34 | 58.89 | 65.59 |
| NOCORN | 54.13 | 56.79 | 59.75 | 60.72 | L |
| Total DOMI | CORN | 7.94 | 10.78 | 10.87 | 12.15 |
| NOCORN | 5.90 | 9.17 | 10.03 | 10.50 | L |
| | | | | | |
. |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/dairy-cattle/double-sic-herringbone-milking-barn | Double Sic Herringbone Milking Barn | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Jessica Halfen"
] | null | [
"Dairy",
"Agriculture",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Dairy-Cattle »
Double Sic Herringbone Milking Barn
## Double Sic Herringbone Milking Barn
DAIRY CATTLLE
Publication Number: 5868-A
View as PDF: 5868-A.pdf
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/anomala-flavipennis-1 | Anomala flavipennis Scarab Beetle | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pest",
"Pdic",
"Beetle",
"Scarab Beetle"
] | NC | ## Anomalala flavipennis Scarab Beetle
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The Anomala flavipennis beetle is a shiny scarab with ochre-brown wing covers and a reddish brown thorax. Beetles in the genus Anomala are informally called cockchafers. In Florida this species is called the panhandle beach anomala scarab beetle. It is about the size of the Japanese beetle (half inch long), and is attracted to lights. The larvae are C-shaped grubs that feed on the roots of grasses including corn, wheat, and sorghum (in Northeastern Mexico, it is a major soil pest of corn and sorghum). In North Carolina, this species has one generation per year. The beetles emerge in the spring especially after rain. Females lay their eggs in the soil from which hatch tiny grubs. The grubs feed primarily on the roots of grasses.
## Host Plants
The only references to the feeding habits of A. flavipennis include feeding on the roots of grasses, corn, sorghum, and wheat. Other scarab grubs are sometimes pines of piesel seeds and boxwoods in nurseries, and it would not be surprising if A. flavipennis did feed some on the roots of shrubs and trees especially in the fall when annual grasses are dying back. Adults in the genus Anomala are called cockchafers that feed on foliage and flowers of various plants.
## Residential Recommendation
If Anomala flavipennis grubs become a nuisance in turf (more than 10 grubs per square foot), an insecticide labeled for insect control in home yards should give adequate control. Because they are attracted to lights, adults can be killed by using a light bulb suspended over a pan of soapy water at night.
## References
- · 2023 Pest Control for Professional Turfgrass Managers . Billeisen, T. et al. 2023. NC State Extension Publication AG-408. 81 pp.
- · A Sixteen-Year Study on the Biovoltinism of Anomala flavipennis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Mexico. Rodriguez-del-Bosque, L. A. 1998. Environ. Entomol., Vol. 27 ( 2). pp. 248-252.
- · Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against Phyllophora crinita and Anomala flavipennis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Rodríguez-del-Bosque, L. A. et al. 2005. J. Entomol.I Sci. 40: 67-73.
- · Modelo conceptual de coexistencia entre Phyllophora crinita y Anomala flavipennis en agroecosistemas del Noreste de México. Rodríguez-del-Bosque, L. A. 2007. J. Agricultura Técnica en México. Vol. 33 (1) pp. 89-94.
- · Species.Anomala flavipennis . Rose, J. S. 2022 (update). BugGuide. Iowa State University Dept. Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Nov. 19, 2012 Review/Reviewed: May 4, 2023
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/repairing-storm-damaged-shade-ornamental-and-fruit-trees | Repairing Storm-Damaged Shade, Ornamental, and Fruit Trees | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Gary R. Bachman"
] | null | [
"Disaster Response",
"Trees"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Repairing Storm-Damaged Shade, Ornamental, and Fruit Trees
## Repairing Storm-Damaged Shade, Ornamental, and Fruit Trees
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Disaster Response, Trees |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3667 | |
| View as PDF: P3667_pdf | |
Storm season can wreak havoc on our landscape trees. The type of care you give damaged trees depends on their size, the extent and type of damage, and the time required for surrounding soil to reach normal moisture levels.
A tree's size largely determines its ability to recover. A small, vigorous tree is more likely to survive than a larger one. In general, a damaged large tree is weakened more than a smaller tree receiving the same kind of damage. Types of damage to trees include falling and being uprooted, broken and torn limbs, wounds, split branches, and exposed roots. In many cases, the damaged tree will have to be removed and replaced.
Decide what to do with tree stumps. If you are going to leave them, cut them off flush with the ground. If you plan to have them removed, leave 4 feet of stump. Removal is cheaper and easier if stumps can be pulled out rather than dug out. Stumps can be cut at ground level and the remains removed using a stump grinder.
## Broken and Torn Limbs
Limb damage affects the shape and general health of the tree. The tree must be pruned properly to avoid additional damage. Removing tree limbs is dangerous work. If you are unsure about your ability to perform the proper repairs, you should hire a certified arborist for the job.
- 1. Cut off small broken or torn limbs 1 inch or less in diameter with a single cut at the branch collar to avoid unnecessary bark stripping.
- 2. To remove large, heavy limbs greater than 1 inch in diameter, use the drop cut method (1-2-3 technique) to avoid ripping bark and wood (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Example of the drop cut used to remove large limbs. (With permission from Edward F. Gilman, An Illustrated Guide to Pruning, 2nd edition.)
- 1. Make a cut on the underside of the limb, about 1 foot from the trunk or branch from which you are pruning. Cut about one-third to one-half of the way through the limb.
- 2. Make a second cut on the upper side of the limb, about 2 to 6 inches farther out on the limb than the first cut. Continue sawing until the branch splits off.
- 3. Remove the remaining stub by making a single cut at the branch collar. Never cut flush with the trunk or branch from which you are pruning. This will delay healing and possibly allow an entry for rot organisms into the tree.
## Split Branches and Trucks
Trees that have certain types and degrees of structural damage may have the potential for mechanical repair using bolts and cables. Repairing large branches and trunks can be very dangerous for the homeowner. Any such repairs to large branches or trunks must be performed by a certified arborist. Contact your local MSU Extension office for more information on certified arborsists in your area.
If small branches are split at the crotches, these can be pulled back into place and secured with lagthreaded screw rods.
## Steps to repair small split branches or trunks :
- 1. Bore a hole through the trunk or branch at a place above the split. The hole should be at least two times the diameter of the largest affected stem. This is where the screw rod will be inserted. Make the hole one-sixteenth of an inch smaller in diameter than the diameter of the screw rod. 2. Insert screw rod until the point is through the opposite side.
- 3. Tighten with nuts and washers to secure the split.
If the crowns of larger trees need strengthening, cables can be used between the weakened branches. Hire a certified arborist to see if cabling is an appropriate repair method.
## Wounds
The amount of damage to tree bark inhibits the plant's ability to recover, especially when there is more than one type of injury. Just like when we cut our finger, it is important to "clean" the wound on a tree.
- 1. Remove all jagged and protruding wood. Make smooth, clean cuts with a saw or chisel. It is important to remove and smooth out any rough places where water could accumulate and allow rot organisms to grow.
- 2. If there are bark wounds, remove loose bark. Return as much bark as possible, including peninsula s of soundly attached bark.
- 3. To remove bark, make smooth, clean cuts to form a boat-shaped area pointed at both ends. Again, this is to make sure water cannot gather.
- 4. Do not paint or dress the wound edges or the exposed wood surfaces with a prepared tree paint or dressing.
As a general rule, wounds to a tree will heal themselves through the growth of callus tissue. This callus tissue will seal off, or compartmentalize, the damage from the rest of the tree. There are products marketed as tree or wound dressing. There is little evidence that these products actually provide a benefit, and they can in fact slow the wound-healing process. Sealing a wound can trap moisture and harmful organisms and stimulate the rotting process.
## Uprooted Trees
Leaning trees less than 4 inches in diameter can be straightened and staked or braced back into an upright position. The staking/bracing may be required for an extended period, up to 2 years. It is important to remove any wires or bracing material that surrounds the trunk after the tree has become stable. Otherwise, the wires will girdle the trunk and inhibit future growth.
- 1. Before you straighten a tree, cut and smooth all jagged and irregular root breaks.
- 2. Prune the damaged tree just enough to balance root losses. Severe pruning should be avoided. 3. Cut out broken, diseased, and malformed branches to give the tree desirable shape.
- 4. After straightening, water the tree well, and maintain moisture during dry periods.
- 5. Fertilization should help induce improved vigor for fall root growth. Use a tree/shrub fertilizer available at your local garden center or nursery. Follow label application rates carefully.
Trees larger than 4 inches can be difficult to fully straighten. Survey the damage if large trees were uprooted by heavy winds. At least one-half or more of the root system may have been eliminated. Reduction pruning on the leaning side can relieve stress on the trunk and root system. In these cases, a certified arborist should be consulted. It may be best to remove the tree and plant a new one in its place.
## Exposed Roots
Cover exposed roots. Use nearby sand and silt deposits, if there are any. It is not essential to use regular soil to cover roots. Build the root cover to the level it was before the damage. Do not build it higher. A 2- to 3-inch-deep mulch layer retards drying of exposed roots.
## Silting
If you are in an area prone to flooding during hurricane season, silting is one of the greatest threats to shade, ornamental, and fruit trees.
Silting occurs when soil is carried by rapidly moving water and left behind. Silt deposits can vary in depths of up to several inches. Trees and shrubs usually are not harmed by small silt deposits. The degree of injury increases based on how long water remains and the depth of silt deposited. To reduce silt injury to plants:
- 1. Remove the silt from the bases of the tree trunks. If the trees are on well-drained soil, simply wash the silt away from the trunks. A mild detergent helps remove silt from the foliage.
- 2. On soils that drain more slowly, wait until the silt dries, then rake and remove the excess.
If excess silting causes a change in grade and is deposited around the bases of trees, remove excess silt to the level as close to the original grade as possible. Be careful not to rake or cut into the root system.
On the other hand, erosion can take place during a flooding event. If too much soil has eroded, replace it with good topsoil around the bases of plants. The depth should equal the original soil depth. Mulch newly applied topsoil to prevent runoff.
## Continue Care
Continue to care for the injured tree after repairs are completed.
- 1. Remove silt and sand deposits. To prevent further damage to root systems, remove all deposits to the level of the soil before the damage.
- 2. Check soil moisture. The variety and species of trees and the soil's natural ability to retain or expel excess moisture determine what actions are necessary to avoid losses caused by excess moisture.
- 3. Mulching is needed to conserve moisture as the dry fall months approach.
- 4. Prune a damaged tree just enough to balance the loss of roots; avoid severe pruning. Cut out broken, diseased, and malformed branches, and give the tree a desirable shape.
- 5. Don't use excessive fertilizer because overdoses damage plants further. Follow label rates carefully.
Consult a certified arborist if you are uncertain as to the best procedure for repairing or replacing damaged trees. Contact your local MSU Extension office for the names of International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) board-certified arborists in your area.
Publication 3667 (POD-08-24)
Reviewed by Jeff Wilson , PhD, Assistant Professor, North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, from a previous revision by Gary R. Bachman, PhD, Extension/Research Professor Emeritus, Horticulture. Written by Richard Mullenax, PhD, former Extension Professor, Horticulture.
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DAWG TRACKS SAFETY TALK
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/conservation-tillage-row-crop-soils/soil-health-stewards-mitch-lazenby/ | Conservation Tillage | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Mitch Lazenby"
] | 2018-08-09 | [
"Farming",
"Soil Health",
"Conservation Tillage"
] | AL | ## Soil Health Stewards: Mitch Lazenby
Mitch Lazenby, of Lazenby Farms, discusses soil health stewardship. Lazenby has been farming in Lee County for more than 25 years. He began intensively managing crop land through conservation practices in 1996.
Lazenby said he uses cover crops, as well as upland storage projects with water runoff-off and irrigation management practices on his operation. Learn more about Lazenby Farms' use of cover crops in this edition of Alabama Soil Health Stewards with Mitch Lazenby. |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/4H421 | Tips on Halterbreaking Cattle | University of Florida | [
"Chris DeCubellis"
] | 2021-11-14 | [
"7. 4-H Youth Development"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Tips on Halterbreaking Cattle
Chris DeCubellis
Raising an animal has traditionally been one of the most popular and rewarding 4-H projects. Raising a steer or heifer can teach a young person valuable life skills including time management, decision-making, and problem-solving. Young people can also learn how to properly care for a livestock animal as they learn the science of animal husbandry. When working with an animal as large as a steer or heifer, some risks are involved. These risks can be greatly reduced if project animals are properly halterbroken and trained before any fairs or exhibitions.
## Here are some tips on halterbreaking cattle:
- · The younger the calf at the time of halterbreaking, the easier it is.
- · A beef project is much easier when a calf is halterbroken before the initial weigh-in.
- o Ideally your animal will already be weaned before the first weigh-in.
- o Both weaning and transporting to the weigh-in can be stressful to the animals. Breaking these up into two separate events will lower the overall stress to the calf'.
- · Your equipment, your facilities, your demeanor, and the demeanor of your animal will all play a role in how difficult or easy the halterbreaking process will be for your animal.
- · It is important to have a solid and secure pen/paddock in which to initially halterbreak your animal.
- · It is best if the youth (with parental oversight/supervision) is the one who feeds/cares for the animal daily. This will allow the animal to become comfortable with the youth's presence.
- · A good training halter and lead is necessary to control your animal.
- · Always make sure the halter is properly positioned high up on the bridge of the nose so that it won't cut off airflow if the animal balks/resists leading. Check the fit of the halter badly—these animals can grow fast, and you do not want a halter squeezing the animal too lightly.
- · Often, teaching cattle to be tied to a solid post, tree, or something solid will go a long way to teaching an animal to lead. The animal learns it can't escape/break the rope.
- · Make sure that you do not position yourself between the animal and a fence until the animal has learned to be calm and no longer afraid of you.
- · Never tie an animal to something that is rickley, loose, or easy to break.
- · Tie animals high (about 3-4 feet off the ground) with about 12-18 inches of slack between the halter and whatever they are tied to.
- · Always tie the animal with a quick-release slipknot, like a 'manger knot.' See Figure 1 below for an example of a quick-release knot.
- · Once the animal is used to being tied and stands quietly while tied, you can start handling/petting/touching the animal to get it used to being touched.
- · Begin handling on the tail head and along the back. Don't begin rubbing the head, because this can encourage your animal to butt you with its head.
- · Some cattle love to kick, so proceed with care when handling.
- · When an animal is comfortable being handled and respects being tied, you can begin leading. Young people should be supervised at all times, but especially during leading. Leading an animal to and from water is often a good way to begin leading an animal.
- It's good to find a treat that your animal really likes, alike alfalfa cubes or pieces of apple. Give this treat to your animal only when you are handling or leading it. The calf will learn to associate this treat with you working with it.
- · After an animal is used to being handled, you can often calm a beef animal down by rubbing or brushing it.
- · After the animal is used to being handled and is leading fairly well, you can begin introducing a show stick to help train the animal how to properly "set up." You can also use the show stick to rub the animal to provide a soothing, calming effect.
- · Practice early and often with the show stick at home! Always keep the tip pointed down while leading. The show stick is a tool to calm your animal and help it set up its feet and legs and straighten its back. It is not a tool to hit your animal.
- · The more you groom your animal during your project, the easier grooming will be at the show.
- Leading your animal every day after breaking it will increase its muscle definition and make it behave better at the fair/show.
- Families are encouraged to watch this excellent video on halterbreaking a heifer from the UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center's Virtual Youth Field Day in 2020: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=AQYP6VlYbWA .
There are many ways to halterbreak a seer or heifer; keep in mind that these are just some tips to help you succeed. If a youth exhibitor takes time to properly train their project animal, they will lay the foundation to have a successful experience at a fair or exhibition. Safety is always the most important aspect of working with large animals, and youth should always have knowledgeable adult supervision while working with their animals. Youth can constantly build on their knowledge of working with animals by learning all they can from other exhibitors, experienced adults, county Extension agents and FFA advisors, parents, and their own past experiences.
Credit: Courtesy of the Florida State Fair 2022 Beef Skillathon Manual (2021)
## References
DeCubellis, C. D. (2021, in press). Florida state fair 2022 beef skillathon manual .
Ward, C. K. (1996). Life skill development related to participation in 4-H animal science projects. Journal of Extension , 34(2), 2RIB2. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://archives.joe.org/joe/1996april/rb2.php
Warren, M. (2020, July 16). Halter breaking live class session - video and Q & A. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQYp6VlYbWA
Release Date: November 15, 2021
Reviewed At: November 6, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-4H421-2021
Critical Issue: 7. 4-H Youth Development
Contacts: Chris DeCubbellis
View PDF
About this Publication
This article is 4H421, one of a series of the Florida 4-H Youth Development Program, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.uf.edu/ for the currently supported version of this publication.
Chris DeCubellis, dairy/animal sciences 4-H state specialized agent, UF/IFAS 4-H Youth Development Program; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Decubellis, Chris
Specialist
University of Florida
## 4-H Animal Science |
https://extension.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/publications/publications/P2289_web.pdf | 4-H Livestock Judging Manual | Mississippi State University Extension | [] | null | [] | MS | | Contents Introduction ................................................................. | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Why Judge Livestock? ......................................................2 | |
| Breeds of Livestock ...........................................................2 | |
| Livestock Judging ..........................................................2 | |
| Basics..............................................................................2 | |
| Placing Card .................................................................2 | |
| Class of Livestock .........................................................2 | |
| Livestock Judging Contest ..............................................2 | |
| How to Begin ..............................................................3 | |
| Developing a Judging System ............................................3 | |
| Oral Reasons ..............................................................4 | |
| How Good Are Your Oral Reasons? .................................4 | |
| Rules for Giving Oral Reasons ............................................4 | |
| Importance of Accuracy ....................................................5 | |
| Organization of a Set of Reasons ............................................6 | |
| Sample Notes ..............................................................6 | |
| Reasons Format ............................................................6 | |
| Transitions .................................................................7 | |
| Sample Set of Reasons ....................................................8 | |
| Delivering a Set of Oral Reasons ............................................8 | |
| Terminology for Oral Reasons ............................................8 | |
| Beef Cattle ..............................................................9 | |
| Breeds of Beef Cattle ....................................................11 | |
| Parts of Beef Cattle ....................................................12 | |
| Handling Market Steers ................................................17 | |
| Beef Cattle Terminology ................................................18 | |
| Production Situations for Beef Cattle ................................. 21 | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Sample Oral Reasons for Beef Cattle ................................. 24 | |
| Junior Yearling Brangus Heifers .................................... 24 | |
| Limousin Heifers ............................................................ 24 | |
| Market Steers ............................................................... 24 | |
| Performance Limousin Bulls ............................................ 25 | |
| Sheep ............................................................................... 25 | |
| Breeds of Sheep .............................................................. 27 | |
| Parts of Sheep ............................................................... 28 | |
| Handling Market Lambs .................................................. 30 | |
| Sheep Terminology ........................................................... 32 | |
| Performance Data for Sheep ............................................ 35 | |
| Production Situations for Sheep ........................................ 36 | |
| Sample Oral Reasons for Sheep ............................................ 37 | |
| Dorset Ewes .................................................................. 37 | |
| Market Lambs ............................................................... 38 | |
| Swine .............................................................................. 38 | |
| Breeds of Swine .............................................................. 38 | |
| Parts of Swine .................................................................. 40 | |
| Swine Terminology ............................................................ 42 | |
| Performance Data for Swine ............................................ 44 | |
| Production Situations for Swine ........................................ 45 | |
| Sample Oral Reasons for Swine ............................................ 46 | |
| Markets Hogs ................................................................ 46 | |
| Hampshire Gilts ............................................................ 46 | |
| Glossary ........................................................................ 48 | |
## Introduction
Livestock judging is a process of evaluating, selecting, placing, and learning the various livestock species-beef cattle, sheep, and swine. Judging is the foundation of any 4-H livestock project. Feeding, exercising, grooming, and showing the animal are all important aspects of your 4-H project; however, none may be as exciting as selecting your project animal. Selection of project animals is actually judging livestock, comparing the merits of one animal against the merits of other potential project animals. This selection process is just one of many applications of livestock evaluation and judging. Livestock producers, breeders, feeders, buyers, and packers evaluate livestock for their potential as either breeding or market animals. These people try to relate the "form" of an animal with the "function" for which it is intended to serve. That is why livestock judging is often called the application of "form and function" to livestock.
## Why Judge Livestock?
Stockperson judges livestock to differentiate between superior, average, and inferior animals within each of the livestock industries. They are looking for the most desirable animals for their particular needs. Stockpersons often compare their own livestock to those of others. Using their judging knowledge and skills, producers analyze the potential value of animals for particular purposes.
As a result of reading this manual; listening to your parents, 4-H leaders, and county Extension agents; and practicing on your own, you should be able to do the following:
- · Identify the different breeds of livestock
- Compare livestock for their merit and value as either breeding or market animals
- · Look at an animal and determine desirable characteristics and faults
- Improve your livestock project by selecting more desirable animals and gain an appreciation of their value for a particular purpose
- Make decisions and defend them in a logical, wellorganized manner
- Make complex decisions based on available information
- Develop confidence
- Develop oral communication skills
- Appreciate the opinions of others
## Breeds of Livestock
Before learning to compare animals of the same breed, you need knowledge of the most popular breeds. This manual outlines distinguishing characteristics of the major
breeds within each species: beef cattle, hogs, and lambs. Use the pictures under each species as a reference.
## Livestock Judging Basics
After learning why livestock are judged, you can begin to appreciate why it takes considerable practice to become a good judge of livestock. In this section, the placing card, a class of livestock, and the livestock judging contest will be discussed.
## Placing Card
The placing card is the official record of how a person placed a class. Every time you judge a class of livestock, you will be given a placing card. The type of placing cards used in Mississippi contests is shown in Figure 1 (below). Other contests may use similar placing cards. In contest block A, indicate which division you are competing in (most likely, Junior or Senior). Block B is for your team number and contestant number (example 1-A). Block C is for the class name and the class number. Put the name of the class in this block (for example, Angus Heifers). The blocks for D and E are for official use only and should remain blank. Finally, draw a circle around your desired placing in the bottom section of the card.
In the example, a Junior contestant (1-A) placed Class 4, Angus Heifers, 3-1-4-2. This placing indicates the most desirable animal is number 3 and the least desirable animal is number 2.
Be sure each card you turn in has your contestant number and that you have indicated the name of the class. Circle only one placing on your judging card, and check your placing before turning in your card.
## Class of Livestock
A class in a livestock judging contest consists of four animals of one particular breed, sex, and age group, such as Suffolk Yearling Ewes, Dorset Ram Lambs, Crossbred Market Hogs, Duroc Boars, Summer Yearling Hereford Bulls, and Brangus Heifer Calves. The animals will be numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 so they can be readily identified. Numbers will probably be on the backs or arms of the people holding the animals. A possible exception to this system is when judging beef cattle or sheep and the animals are halted or are being held in racks. When this is the case, number the animals from left to right as you stand behind them.
## Livestock Judging Contest
A livestock judging contest includes classes of beef cattle, sheep, and swine. You may judge either market or breeding classes or both. If you place the class correctly,
| | B | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Juanio | 1-A | Angus Heifers | 4 |
| Contest | Team No. and Contestant No. | Class | Reason Score |
| DIRECTIONS - Below are all the possible placings for a class of four individuals. Draw a circle around the placing that you consider correct for the class you are judging. | DIRECTIONS - Below are all the possible placings for a class of four individuals. Draw a circle around the placing that you consider correct for the class you are judging. | DIRECTIONS - Below are all the possible placings for a class of four individuals. Draw a circle around the placing that you consider correct for the class you are judging. | DIRECTIONS - Below are all the possible placings for a class of four individuals. Draw a circle around the placing that you consider correct for the class you are judging. |
| A = 1-2-3-4 | G=2-1-3-4 | M=3-1-2-4 | S=4-1-2-3 |
| B = 1-2-4-3 | H=2-1-4-3 | N=3-1-4-2 | T=4-1-3-2 U=4-2-1-3 |
| C = 1-3-2-4 | I=2-3-1-4 | O=3-2-1-4 | V=4-2-3-1 |
| D = 1-3-4-2 | J=2-3-4-1 | P=3-2-4-1 | W=4-3-1-2 |
| E = 1-4-2-3-3 | K=2-4-1-3 | Q=3-4-1-2 | R=3-4-2-1 |
| F = 1-4-3-2 | L=2-4-3-1 | | X=4-3-2-1 |
## How to Begin
Before you start judging livestock, try to make a mental image of the perfect animal. Do this by recalling the most desirable features of the high-quality animals that you have seen and by thinking of them as belonging to one animal. You can also study pictures of champions, show reports, current livestock magazines, or ideal-type pictures from the breed associations.
In the contest system, four animals are typically in each class. As you judge, divide the class into three pairs: a top pair, a middle pair, and a bottom pair. Make comparisons between these pairs. As you look at any class, have five animals in mind: the four in the class and the ideal animal of that breed, sex, and age group.
## Developing a Judging System
Each time you judge a class of livestock or analyze a group of livestock, rely on a system of observing the animals.
Following are a few pointers for judging a class of livestock:
- · Stand Back Allow enough room between yourself and the animals so you can see all four animals at once. Usually, 25 to 30 feet is a good distance from which to view the class. Become skilled in placing the classes from a distance, and handle the animals only to confirm your observations. It is a mistake to place a class only with your hands. An exception is market lambs, which are often placed on visual appraisal as well as on handling.
- · Three Angles Try to look at the class from the side, front, and rear views. Compare each animal to the
others in the class and to the "ideal" animal that you have pictured in your mind.
- · Big Things First - Always look for and analyze the good and bad characteristics of each animal in the major areas such as frame size, volume, condition, muscling, balance, structural correctness, movement, and breed character. Learn to study the animals carefully. Concentrate on the parts of the animal that yield the high-priced cuts. A keen judge of livestock is orderly and is never haphazard. Make your placings according to the big things, unless a pair of animals are very similar, causing you to analyze the minor differences between the animals.
- · Place the Class - Once you have analyzed the important factors that go into placing a class, place the class. Mark your placing at the top of your notebook or reasons card, and begin taking notes. A more thorough discussion of note taking and reasons format is in the "Oral Reasons" section of this manual.
- · Close Inspection - Usually, you will be given some time for close inspection of a class. When you are near the animals for close inspection or handling, simply confirm the decisions you made at a distance. If an animal appears different (or handles differently) from what it looked like from a distance and if the difference merits consideration, then change your placing. Close inspection is different for each species, so they will be dealt with separately.
Beef Cattle - During close inspection of beef cattle, you probably will not be permitted to handle breeding animals, but you may be allowed to handle animals in a market class. If you are permitted to handle the animals, move quietly and cautiously so you don't excite or frighten the animals (See "Handling Market Steers").
Sheep - During close inspection of sheep, you may or may not be permitted to handle breeding and market classes. Again, move quietly and cautiously so the animals do not become nervous or excited. A section in this manual deals with the preferred method of handling sheep (See "Handling Market Lambs").
Swine - There are no predetermined guidelines for close inspection of swine because hogs are usually judged loose in a pen. At any time during the class, you may kneel and look at underlines, ear notches, or feet and legs. Make this part of your normal routine for judging pigs.
## Stand Back and Take Notes - Even if it is not a reasons or questions class, write down a few notes on why you placed the class the way you did. If it is a reasons class or a class with questions, stand back from the class and write your notes for reasons. If you are unsure of something, either try to look at it again or omit it. If you are unsure and guess, you will probably be wrong. Try to be accurate and descriptive when writing notes, and remember what the animals look like.
## Oral Reasons
Good judges of livestock have a special quality that an average judge does not possess. A good judge can accurately and concisely describe an animal or group of animals so that an audience knows exactly what the judge saw. The ability to describe animals accurately and concisely is the basic foundation of the reasons process. This section is devoted to reasons, starting with the basics and ending with a lengthy list of terminology.
- · Giving reasons will help you do the following:
- · Develop a system for analyzing a class of livestock
- Think more clearly on your feet
- · Organize and state your thoughts more clearly
- Improve your speaking poise and presentation
- · Improve your voice
- Develop your memory
You should know the parts of the various livestock species and how they join to make a particular breeding or market animal. Every animal is different and so is every class of livestock. Therefore, there are no guidelines or rules for placing a class. Nor is there a right way or a wrong way to deliver or present a set of reasons.
## How Good Are Your Oral Reasons?
The judge will determine the value of your reasons by the following:
you say doesn't "get through" to the listener. Speak slowly and clearly in a conversational tone. Speak loudly enough to be understood, but avoid talking too loudly or too rapidly. Use well-organized statements and use correct grammar. Emphasize the important comparisons and be confident in your presentation.
- · Terminology -Use correct terminology. Incorrect terminology greatly detracts from the value of your reasons. Study and use the terms in this guide (See "Terminology for Oral Reasons").
## Rules for Giving Oral Reasons
- · Do not claim strong points for one animal unless the animal has them. Claim the points when one is superior, and then grant to the other animal its points of advantage.
- · Strongly emphasize major differences. Present the important differences first on each pair.
- · Be concise and definite. Don't search for things to say. If you don't remember, go on to the next pair you are to discuss.
- · State your reasons with confidence and without hesitation. Talk with enough vim and vigor to keep the judge interested, but do not yell or shout.
- · End reasons strongly. Give a concise and final statement on why you placed the fourthplaced animal last.
- · Be sure you have your reasons well organized so you do not hesitate when you present them to the judge.
The most important factors that go into an effective set of reasons include the following:
- · Accuracy
- Organization
- Delivery
- Terminology
Let's review these factors to improve your set of reasons.
## Importance of Accuracy
Accuracy is the most important aspect of a good set of reasons. Not only must you be able to see important differences among animals, but you must be able to describe these differences accurately. Two animals may be extremely similar except for one or two minor differences, or they may be extremely different and have very little
| Identification | Identification |
|-----------------------------|------------------|
| Placing | 1 |
| Opening Statement | 2 |
| Top Pair - Reasons for over | 4 |
in common. In your reasons, you must be able to identify the important differences and similarities among animals and convey these traits to the judge. The official judge will want you to paint a picture of the animals by using the proper terminology to describe the animals.
Correct phrases about the livestock are the foundation of accuracy. Claim strong points for an animal only if the animal has them. Do not try to make small differences into big placing points. Furthermore, do not try to impress the judge with a discussion of every point that is different among animals. Discuss only the most important reasons for placing one animal above another.
## Organization of a Set of Reasons
Organization is the second important factor that should be a part of your reasons. It is easier for the person listening to you to understand what you are saying if you present things in a logical, wellordered fashion. This organization begins with taking notes. If your notes are organized, your reasons will be organized also.
In your reasons, divide a class into three pairs: a top pair, a middle pair, and a bottom pair. Your notes for reasons also should be divided into three pairs.
When taking notes, use either the 4-H Judging Reasons Notecard or a notebook, both of which will be described in this section.
You may use the Reasons Notecard or a notebook in the same manner as shown in Figures 2 and 3. However, the notecard may be easier for beginners and juniors. Line A is used for class name and Line B is for class placing. Section C refers to the opening statement for the class. Boxes D, E, and F refer to the top pair; boxes G, H, and I refer to the middle pair; and J, K, and L refer to the bottom pair. Boxes D, G, and J are for placings; boxes E, H, and K are for grants; and boxes F, I, and L are for faults or criticisms. This outline for note taking can be used for any class of four animals with any placing.
## Sample Notes
When you begin taking notes, always write down the most obvious characteristics first, then underneath the big things, write the details or specific differences.
## Reasons Format
The format used for reasons is simple and straightforward and allows for a complete description of a class. This style does require an understanding of livestock evaluation as animals are analyzed in great detail, and one must have the ability to recognize important differences and to place these differences in a priority order.
Following is an outline that demonstrates the basic format:
Opening statement Selecting the most . , I chose the alignment of 1-2-3-4 for the (name of class).
Criticism of top animal
I realize that 1 could be ...
Comparison of 1 over 2
Nevertheless, I used 1 over 2 in the top pair as he was ...
Grants 2 over 1
Sure, 2 was ...
Criticism of 2
but, the Duroc barrow is ... so he is second.
Comparison of 2 over 3
However, with these faults aside, it is the ... of 2 over the ... of 3.
Grants 3 over 2
I recognize that 3 is ...
Criticism of 3
but at the same time, he is ...
Comparison of 3 over 4
Even so, in my concluding pair, 3 beats 4. He is a more ...
Grant 4 over 3
I realize 4 is ...
Criticism of 4
However, this does not make up for the fact ...
The type of terminology used in each section of the reasons is important. In the opening statement on the top animal, you may use either descriptive terms or class comparisons. In the pair comparisons, you may use either class comparisons (. . est) or simple comparative (. . er ) terms. Grants are comparative terms or class comparisons. Criticisms are descriptive (no "er" terms) or class comparisons.
Properly used, this format will allow you to completely describe all of the important points in a class in a wel -organized, easy-to-follow manner.
## Transitions
Transitions are a way of moving smoothly from one section of the reasons to another. This is done as simply as possible while still maintaining a smooth transition. We strongly discourage excessively wordy transition statements.
Listed below are words to use when moving into a
grant:
- · Grant
- · Recognize
- · Realize
- · Concede
- · Admit
- · Yes
## Sample Set of Reasons
"I placed the Angus Heifers 3-1-4-2.
I started the class with 3, the heaviest muscled, highest volumed, growthiest heifer in the class. Ideally, I would like to see her longer necked and smoother shoulderd! Even so, I used 3 over 1, as she was a larger framed, heavier muscled, bigger volumed, growthier heifer. She was a longer bodied, taller topped heifer that has more arch and spring of rib, with more width and natural thickness down her top and through all portions of her quarter. In addition, she appeared to have a higher weight per day of age. However, I do admit that 1 was a more feminine-fronted heifer, being more refined about her head, longer necked, and laid in smoother about her shoulder, but she was a shallower ribbed, lighter muscled heifer that is pinched in her forerib.
Coming to my middle pair, I placed 1 over 4 because she was a more feminine, longer bodied, and more structurally correct heifer. She was especially smoother through her neck/shoulder junction, longer sided, and stood more squarely on her feet and legs. Granted, 4 was a heavier muscled, more ruggedly designed heifer that stood on more substance of bone, but I criticized her for being a more conventional, coarser shoulderd heifer that was cow hocked and splay footed.
Dropping to my bottom pair, I placed 4 over 2 as she was a heavier, bigger volumed, heavier muscled heifer that stood on a greater diameter of bone. She had more arch and spring through a deeper rib, with more thickness down her top and a greater volume of muscle from hip to hock. However, 2 was a more feminine, leaner about her neck, and smoother shouldered. Nonetheless, 2 was the smallest framed, lightest muscled, narrowest made heifer in the class and stood on the finest bone with the lowest weight per day of age. Thank you."
## Delivering a Set of Oral Reasons
Delivery is the third factor that is necessary for a good set of reasons. Everyone is nervous the first time he or she gives a set of reasons, but with practice, it will become easier. These six factors for delivering a good set of reasons will help you:
- · Flow - The way you put words together into phrases, sentences, and paragraphs is considered flow. A group of short, choppy phrases, each standing alone, is boring and difficult to follow. A group of long, smooth-flowing phrases is enjoyable for the listener. Begin your reasons at one speed and keep a similar pace throughout the entire set. Don't talk too quickly or too slowly. Speaking without hesitation will allow you to receive a higher score for your reasons. The
only times to pause are between pairs and when you need to take a breath. Follow every set of reasons with a sincere "Thank you."
- · Inflection - Voice inflection is one of the most important items in your delivery. Place emphasis on the words that describe the important characteristics of each animal. Careful selection of key words to emphasize will take some practice, but in time, it should become a normal part of your oral reasons.
- · Volume - The volume you use to deliver your reasons will depend on how you normally speak and the size of the room. If you are soft spoken and are in a large room, increase the volume of your voice in order to be heard and understood clearly. If you are normally loud and are giving reasons in a small room, decrease the volume of your voice so it doesn't echo.
- · Eye Contact - Try to look at the person who is listening to your reasons. If you maintain eye contact throughout the entire set, your reasons will be more professional. Direct your discussion toward the official even if you do not look the judge straight in the eye.
It is easier for some people to look at the top of the judge's head when giving reasons rather than looking him or her directly in the eye. You will receive a higher score if you do not gaze into space or look around the room.
- · Distance - Depending on your voice and stature, the distance you stand from the judge will vary. A short, soft-spoken person should stand closer to the judge than a tall, deep-voiced person whose voice carries well. Nonetheless, 6 to 10 feet is generally adequate.
- · Stance - When giving a set of reasons, make the situation as comfortable as possible for the judge and for yourself. Stand upright, with your hands behind your back or folded at your waist. Place your feet squarely at shoulders' width. Avoid rocking back and forth or rolling on the balls of your feet.
## Terminology for Oral Reasons
Terminology is the fourth and final factor that goes into an effective set of reasons. Try to put the words and phrases together in a well-organized, logical fashion when describing livestock. Be sure to describe only what you see, and never invent things that are not there.
It is important to know the meaning of every term or phrase you use. An official who is unfamiliar with a certain term may ask you to define it further. As you look over the terms, try to picture an animal with the characteristics described by the terms, or terminology. If you are uncertain about the exact meaning of a term or phrase, ask your parents, 4-H leader, or Extension agent.
More desirable and less desirable characteristics are listed on the terminology pages for several traits of each species (beef, swine, sheep). Use caution when applying the terminology in a set of reasons; in some instances, a desirable characteristic in one situation may actually be an undesirable characteristic in another (for example, larger
## Beef Cattle
## Breeds of Beef Cattle
Table 1 outlines some breeds of beef cattle that are common in the United States. Each breed is categorized by frame size, muscling, mature cow weight, milking ability, and some of the more distinguishing features of the breed. Frame size is divided into three categories: small, average, and large. Muscle is divided into three categories:
framed versus smaller framed). Furthermore, not every term in the lists has an appropriate opposite term; if there is no term, it is shown as --. For terms that contain a blank (\_\_\_\_\_\_), insert the appropriate part of the animal you are describing.
It is important to remember that this table is for reference only. As much variation exists within a particular breed of livestock as among breeds for such characteristics as milking ability, muscle, and so on. Therefore, the data contained in this table represent averages, not absolute values, for particular breeds. The table is provided as a reference to help you better distinguish one breed from another.
| Breed | Frame size | Muscle | Avg. cow wt. | Birth wt. a | Wean wt. c | Post-wean wt. c | Characteristics |
|--------------------|--------------|----------|----------------|---------------|--------------|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Angus | avg. | med. | 1,100 | 2 | 4 | 4 | black; polled; pigment; fertility |
| Beefalo | small | med. | varies | -- | -- | -- | brown; % Buffalo, % Bovine |
| Beefmaster | avg. | med. | varies | 4 | 2 | % Brahman, % Hereford, % Shorthorn | |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | large | thick | 1,500 | 4 | 3 | 2 | blonde; terminal sire |
| Braford | avg. | med. | 1,250 | -- | -- | -- | reddish; % Brahman, % Hereford |
| Brahman Brangus | avg. | med. | 1,400 | 4 | 1 | 3 | various colors; heat tolerance; "hump" black or red; % Brahman, % Angus |
| Charbray | large | med. | 1,500 | -- | -- | -- | whitish gray; % Brahman, % Charolais white; muscle; growth |
| Chariana | large | thick | 1,550 | 5 | 1 | 1 | white; silver; brindle, or black; terminal sire |
| Chianina | large | med. | 1,600 | 5 | 1 | 1 | dark red; carcass quality |
| Devon | small | flat | 1,100 | 3 | 4 | 2 | black; long, curly hair; late maturing |
| Galloway | small | fat | 950 | 3 | 4 | 3 | blue brownish-orange; milk; growth pale |
| Gelbvieh | avg. | thick | 1,450 | 4 | 1 | 2 | red with white face; adaptability; fertility |
| Hereford | avg. | med. | 1,100 | 3 | 4 | 3 | pale brown; golden; muscle; cutability |
| Limousin | avg. | thick | 1,300 | 4 | 3 | 3 | veryous colors; late maturing; long, slender horns |
| Longhorn | small | fat | varies | 1 | 5 | 5 | dans |
| Maine-Anjou | large | thick | 1,600 | 5 | 1 | 1 | deep red and white; frame; growth rate; muscle |
| Marchigiana | large | thick | 1,500 | -- | -- | -- | grayish-white; muscle; terminal sire |
| Murray Grey | small | med. | 1,150 | 3 | 3 | 4 | gray; low birth weights |
| Pinzqauer | avg. | hed. | 1,350 | 4 | 2 | 2 | brown with white topline, underline; hardi- ness |
| Red Angus | avg. | med. | 1,100 | 2 | 4 | 3 | red; polled; fertility |
| Salers | avg. | med. | 1,300 | -- | -- | -- | dark red or black; low birth weight; growth |
| Santa Ger- trudis | large | med. | 1,450 | 4 | 2 | 3 | deep red; % Brahman, % Shorthorn |
| Scotch Highland | small | flat | 900 | 2 | 4 | 4 | dun; long, dense, shaggy hair |
| Shorthorn | avg. | med. | 1,100 | 3 | 4 | 3 | red, roan, or white; calving ease; early maturing |
| Simmental | large | thick | 1,500 | 5 | 1 | 1 | red, cream, or black with white; muscle; milk |
| South Devon | large | fast | 1,450 | -- | -- | -- | light red; milk; growth rate |
## Parts of Beef Cattle
After you have become familiar with the breeds of beef cattle, learn the external parts and carcass regions. This section provides diagrams of the external parts (Figure 4), characteristics of an ideal breeding heifer (Figure 5), and characteristics of an ideal market steer (Figure 6). Take time to study all of the parts and to become familiar with them so you can refer to them without hesitation. Use these terms as part of your reasons.
| 1 muzzle | 13 forearm | 25 pin bone |
|------------|------------------------------|----------------------------|
| 2 face | 14 knee | tailhead |
| 3 forehead | 15 cannon | quarter |
| 4 poll | 16 dewclaw | stiff 28 29 rear flank |
| 5 throat | 17 hoof | switched |
| 6 dewlap | 18 lower forerib, fore flank | switch 31 hock |
| 7 brisket | 19 forerib | back or top 32 pastern |
| 8 neck | 20 point of shoulder | rib 33 uder (cow, heifer). |
| 9 shoulder | 21 loin | cod (steer), |
| 10 | 11 top of shoulder | hook or hip |
| 12 elbow | 23 elbow | scrotum (bull) |
Figure 5. Characteristics of an ideal breeding heifer.
Figure 6. Characteristics of an ideal market steer.
Figure 8. Ideal market steer rear leg alignment.
Handling Market Steers There are no predetermined guidelines for handling steers. The primary objectives when handling steers are to estimate accurately the amount and uniformity of finish
Step 1. With fingers extended and together, place the palm of your hand and fingertips on the steer at the top to determine the quantity of muscle down his top. Heavily muscled steers will be wide and full; lightly muscled steers will be narrow. Move your hand down his topline and toward his loin.
Cup your hand and place the palm of your hand on the loin of the steer and evaluate the depth and width of his loin. The loin should be wide and deep with muscle.
and to determine the quantity of muscle in the loin - and maybe in the rump or in the quarter - as an indicator of total muscle volume.
Step 2. Determine the amount of finish over the last rib and along the edge of the topline, progressing toward the top of his shoulder.
## Beef Cattle Terminology General
More Desirable Characteristics more progressive more dimensional stouter more upstanding growthier Structure
More Desirable Characteristics fault free problem free straighter lined more structurally correct better balanced tighter framed stronger topped, loined squarer, leveler rumped higher and wider at the pins more nearly level in the rump Frame and Growth
More Desirable Characteristics more moderate framed larger framed smaller framed more size and scale longer \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ more ruggedly designed higher weight per day of age more performance oriented Head Neck, Chest, and Shoulder
More Desirable Characteristics fresher appearing later maturing more future growth potential more extended through the front end longer, leaner neck laid in more neatly about the shoulder smoother, tighter shouldered smoother neck/shoulder junction more desirable slope to the shoulder wider chested Condition
More Desirable Characteristics trimmer, cleaner patterned cleaner conditioned more ideal in (his/her) condition trimer dewlap, brisket easier fleshing
| Less Desirable Characteristics conventional | Less Desirable Characteristics conventional |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| needs more size and performance | needs more size and performance |
| lacks growth and do-ability | lacks growth and do-ability |
| Less Desirable Characteristics ill structured poorer structured slack framed structurally incorrect, poorer structured more off-balance, poorly balanced | Less Desirable Characteristics ill structured poorer structured slack framed structurally incorrect, poorer structured more off-balance, poorly balanced |
| weaker topped, loined dropped at the pins narrower at the pins steeper in the rump | weaker topped, loined dropped at the pins narrower at the pins steeper in the rump |
| less Desirable Characteristics smaller framed or larger framed smaller framed larger framed lacks size and scale shorter _____ finer boned, frailer made lower weight per day of age lacks growth and performance | less Desirable Characteristics smaller framed or larger framed smaller framed larger framed lacks size and scale shorter _____ finer boned, frailer made lower weight per day of age lacks growth and performance |
| Less Desirable Characteristics staler appearing earlier maturing less future growth potential shorter fronted shorter, leathery fronted | |
| coarser fronted Moore open shouldered coarser neck/shoulder junction straight shoulder denser | |
| less Desirable Characteristics | |
| less desiendal in (his/her) condition wastier through the front end harder doing, harder fleshing | |
## Volume and Capacity
More Desirable Characteristics
Less Desirable Characteristics
wider sprung
narrower made
deeper \_\_\_\_
shallower \_\_\_\_
more capacious, higher capacity
less capacious
bigger volumed
less volume
more dimensional\_\_\_\_
less dimensional \_\_\_\_
more arch and spring of rib
flatter ribbed
bolder spring of rib
pinched in the forerib
longer ribbed
shorter ribbed
more dimension through center of the rib
less dimension through center of the rib
## Muscle and Muscle Design
| More Desirable Characteristics longer, smoother muscle design | Les Desirable Characteristics shorter, tighter muscle design |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ___muscle make-up heavier muscled thicker made deeper quartered thicker top thicker loin | __lighter muscled shallower quartered narrow topped |
| Feet and Legs More Desirable Characteristics stood on more bone heavier boned stood on more rugged bone stood squarer in (his/her) foot placement greater diameter of bone stands wider both front and rear more desirable set to the hock stronger pasterns | Less Desirable Characteristics stood on finer bone finer boned stood on finer bone splayedfooted, pigeon-toed, toes out fine boned stands narrower both front and rear posy legged, sickle hooked weak pasterned |
| Stride and Movement More Desirable Characteristics more mobile more fluid moving easier moving, sounder footed moved out freer and easier farther reaching in (his/her) stride rufter tracking longer strided moves with more strength of top moves with more wellness of rump | Less Desirable Characteristics restricted in (his/her) movement stiff strided restricted in (his/her) movement shorter strided shorter strided narrower tracking, cow hooked shorter strided roaches (his/her) top on the move drops (his/her) pins on the move |
| Bull More Desirable Characteristics stouter more powerful cleaner sheath neater sheath more scrotal circumference greater testicular development more testicular distention more uniform-sized testicles | Less Desirable Characteristics pendulous sheath pendulous sheath less scrotal circumference less testicular development less testicular distention uneven-sized testicles |
testicles hang more correctly more ruggedly designed wider chested
| more potential to sire calves with ________ | more potential to sire calves with ________ | should sire calves with __________ |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | frame length volume growth muscle trimness performance weight per day of age | frame length volume growth muscle trimness performance weight per day of age |
## Heifer
More Desirable Characteristics
Less Desirable Characteristics
broodier
less angular, coarser
more angular
less angular, coarser
more stylish
hader fleshing
easier fleshing
hader keeping
easier keeping
hader keeping
combines correctness, length, and eye appeal
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
nicer brood cow prospect
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
larger vulva
smaller vulva
trim-clean navel
loose, wasty navel
## Steer
More Desirable Characteristics moderate framed nicer balanced tighter framed trimmer, cleaner patterned heavier muscled more total muscle mass wider, thicker topped wider, more expressively muscled longer \_\_\_\_\_ deeper, wider, thicker quarter pushes more stifle on the move more ideally finished handles with \_\_\_\_\_
cleaner in his condition possesses less waste through \_\_\_\_\_ trimmer \_\_\_\_\_ should rail a carcass with a higher lean-to-fat ratio more desirable yield grade
Less Desirable Characteristics taller more off-balance slack framed heavy middled, off-balance lighter muscled less total muscle mass narrow down his top shorter \_\_\_\_\_ narrower based, lighter muscled quarter \_\_\_\_\_ patchy, uneven finish
## Performance Data for Beef Cattle
Performance data, or performance records, allow producers to objectively evaluate economically important traits associated with livestock production. The major
- · Measurement of reproductive performance and mothering ability
- Quantification of growth rate and efficiency of gain
- Objective analysis of carcass merit
Performance evaluations can be reported as performance records, or as genetic evaluations of those records and of an animal's relatives.
In the past several years, an ever-increasing emphasis has been placed on the understanding and use of performance evaluations. The next sections will discuss the importance and application of performance evaluations to beef cattle judging and the combined use of visual appraisal and performance records (actual or genetic) for live animal selection.
Beef cattle performance data can be listed in several different ways. For example, an Angus bull calf might have a 600-pound weaning weight, or a Polled Hereford heifer might have a 750-pound yearling weight. Both of these examples represent actual records of the individual, but they don't depict how these animals have performed relative to other animals in the herd. Therefore, a more accurate representation of performance would be to rank animals within the same herd. However, ranking animals within the same herd can be biased if they are born at different times of the year or if they are housed and managed differently. Thus, we often need to rank animals within a contemporary group, which is comprised of animals that are of the same breed, age, and sex and that have been raised in the same management group (same location and access to the same feed).
Generally, use a ratio to rank animals within a contemporary group in the herd. A ratio consists of a number, typically around 100 (average), that compares each animal to the other animals in a particular group. Any number below 100 indicates that the animal's performance was below the average of the group. A ratio of 110 for weaning weight means the animal was 10 percent above average for weaning weight. Likewise, a ratio of 85 for weaning weight means the animal was 15 percent below average for weaning weight. However, use of ratios does not indicate the exact average for a certain trait. Also, ratios may only be used to compare animals within a contemporary group.
When judging livestock and evaluating performance records, select animals for a particular purpose. Ideally,
a comparison is made between progeny, or offspring, of one animal with progeny of another animal for a certain economically important trait.
Producers need to be able to compare animals on the same farm that were raised in different contemporary groups or to compare one animal on a particular farm with another animal on a different farm. However, neither actual records nor ratios allow producers to compare animals accurately from different contemporary groups or herds.
In order to compare animals accurately within a breed and across different herds, an expected progeny difference (EPD) must be used. EPDs are a reliable tool to predict the true genetic value of an animal because they consider the individual performance of the animals as well as data from parents, full siblings, and other relatives in all herds that report the information. The biggest advantage is that EPDs allow producers to make comparisons across contemporary groups and herds. However, you cannot compare EPDs of one breed against the EPDs of another breed (example: EPDs of Brangus cannot be compared to the EPDs of Angus). Therefore, a bull with a yearing weight EPD of +55.0 would be expected to sire offspring that are 55 pounds heavier at 365 days of age than offspring from a bull with a yearing weight EPD of 0 (zero). Likewise, a bull with a weaning weight EPD of +45.0 would be expected to sire progeny that are 30 pounds heavier at weaning than the average of the progeny from a bull with a weaning weight EPD of +15.0.
The student who wishes to excel in beef cattle judging must fully understand the importance and accuracy of using actual records on an individual, ratios from within a herd, and EPDs for the following beef cattle production traits:
When presenting more than one type of data for a particular trait, such as ratios and EPDs for weaning weight, rank and use the data according to the accuracy with which future performance of offspring can be predicted. Give emphasis to the data in the following sequence:
- 1. EPD
- 2. Ratio within a contemporary group
- 3. An individual animal's actual records
## Production Situations for Beef Cattle
The types of beef cattle data and the selection of livestock based solely on visual appraisal have been discussed previously. When practical, use additional information to aid in the selection process. The availability of actual data, ratios, and EPDs allows judges to compare animals using objective criteria of performance. However, without some guidelines, the justifications for various placings of a class with performance data may be even more numerous than the reasons based on visual appraisal alone.
Understanding the scenario is possibly the most important factor when placing a performance class. A scenario is the assumed situation you are in while ranking the class. In each scenario, address three important factors for a complete description:
- · Breeding Program
What type of breeding program is being used?
How are the selected animals to be used in that program?
What are the goals or objectives of this breeding program?
- · Feed and Labor Resources
Under what conditions are the animals being raised? Are feed resources readily available or limited?
- Are labor resources readily available or limited?
- · Marketing Program
How are the cattle marketed?
At what age and/or weight are the cattle to be sold? For what type of buyer are the cattle being produced?
Using the three factors discussed above, analyze the following three scenarios and data:
| Scenario 1 Angus Bulls |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| These bulls will be used as natural service sires in a |
| two-breed rotational crossbreeding system with Hereford. |
| Cows are medium mature weight and moderate for milk |
| production, and they will be maintained similar to range |
| conditions, with low labor and limited feed availability |
| for larger sizes of cattle. The top 20 percent of heifer calves |
| will be retained as replacements, and the remaining heifer |
| feedlot. |
will be retained as replacements, and the remaining heifer and steer calves will be sold at weaning to be finished in a
| | Birth weight EPD | Birth weight EPD | Weaning weight EPD | Weaning weight EPD | Yearling weight EPD | Yearling weight EPD | Maternal milk EPD |
|------------------|--------------------|--------------------|----------------------|----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|---------------------|
| No. | Birth date | EPD | Weight | weight | height | weight | Maternal |
| 1 (7028) | 2/06/97 | +2.1 | +26.0 | +35.0 | +5.0 | +5.0 | +5.0 |
| 2 (7126) | 2/25/97 | +0.9 | +33.0 | +59.0 | +11.0 | +59.0 | +11.0 |
| 3 (7003) | 1/28/97 | +5.3 | +29.0 | +38.0 | -3.0 | +38.0 | -3.0 |
| 4 (7114) | 2/24/97 | +4.0 | +28.0 | +40.0 | 0.0 | +40.0 | 0.0 |
| Breed Avg. EPDs: | +3.0 | +29.1 | +52.5 | +11.5 | | | |
## Scenario 2
## Simmental Heifers
These heifers will be used in a purebred Simmental herd that produces commercial bulls. The bulls will be used on Angus x Polled Hereford crossbred cows and heifers. Mature cow size in the commercial herd is 1,000 to 1,150 pounds. Feed and labor resources in this purebred Simmental herd are adequate to maintain a mature cow size of 1,300 to 1,500 pounds. The primary income is from the sale of commercial bulls, but some income is from the sale of a few purebred bulls and heifers to other purebred Simmental breeders.
| Table 3. Performance data for Simmental heifers | Table 3. Performance data for Simmental heifers | Table 3. Performance data for Simmental heifers | Table 3. Performance data for Simmental heifers | Table 3. Performance data for Simmental heifers | | |
|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|-------------------|----|
| No. | Birth date | 205-day weight EPD | 205-day weight EPD | 365-day weight EPD | Maternal milk EPD | |
| 1 | 1/30/94 | +4.7 | +24.2 | +44.0 | +1.5 | |
| 2 | 3/01/94 | +11.1 | +42.7 | +68.0 | +11.0 | |
| 3 | 1/22/94 | +4.0 | +28.0 | +51.0 | +1.0 | |
| 4 | 2/11/94 | +3.8 | +24.0 | +53.0 | +0.8 | |
| Breed Avg. EPDs: | +3.3 | +21.0 | +33.8 | +0.6 | | |
## Scenario 3
## Brangus Bulls
Rank these bulls in the order they should be selected as potential herd bulls for a commercial cattle operation. This progressive ranch is looking for a terminal sire to breed to 1,200-pound Black Baldie cows (Angus X Hereford). The progeny from these bulls will be retained by the ranch in
the feedlot and sold on a value-based program using a grid that pays premiums for high cutability cattle. Feed and labor resources are abundant.
| Table 4. Performance data for Brangus bulls. | Table 4. Performance data for Brangus bulls. | Table 4. Performance data for Brangus bulls. | Table 4. Performance data for Brangus bulls. | Table 4. Performance data for Brangus bulls. |
|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| | Birth weight EPD | Weaning weight EPD | Yearling weight EPD | Maternal milk EPD |
| No. | Tag | +18.2 | +33.0 | +4.0 |
| 1 | 604 | +3.9 | +18.2 | +33.0 |
| 2 | 666 | +1.3 | +9.8 | +25.0 |
| 3 | 699 | -1.5 | +19.2 | +43.0 |
| 4 | 714 | +3.2 | +28.5 | +47.9 |
| Breed Avg. EPDs: | +1.3 | +15.5 | +27.1 | +0.9 |
First, describe the breeding program. Is this a purebred or a commercial operation? If cattle are crossbred in this operation, what other breeds are being used? A class of heifers could be replacement females for a purebred program, or a class of bulls could be intended as natural service sires for a purebred or a commercial program. Regardless of the situation, outline an accurate and complete description of the breeding program. Following are analyses of scenario examples of possible breeding programs:
Angus Bulls - Use them as natural service sires in a two-breed rotational crossbreeding system with Hereford. Cows are medium for mature weight and moderate for milk production.
Simmental Heifers - Assume these heifers will be used in a purebred Simmental herd that produces commercial bulls. The bulls will be used on Angus x Polled Hereford crossbred cows and heifers. Mature cow size in the commercial herd is 1,000 to 1,150 pounds.
Brangus Bulls -Use them as natural terminal service sires in a commercial operation with 1,200-pound Black Baldie cows (Angus X Hereford).
## Second , discuss the feed and labor resources.
Specifically, describe the quality and quantity of feed. For example, cattle that are managed on low-feed resources or range conditions need ample capacity to efficiently use the limited nutrients and probably should not have excessively high milk production. Labor resources will impact body type and birth weight performance records of cattle to be selected. Cattle with high birth weight, coarse shoulders, and narrow rump design with narrow pin placement typically require more physical-labor assistance in the calving process than cattle with low birth weight, smooth shoulders, and wide rump design with added width at the pins. Even with adequate labor available at calving, calves with high birth weights can create unwanted problems and
economic hardships for cattle producers. Feed and labor resources are as follows:
- Angus Bulls -Cows bred to these bulls will be maintained similar to range conditions, with low labor and limited feed availability for larger sizes of cattle.
Simmental Heifers -Feed and labor resources in this purebred Simmental herd are adequate to maintain a mature cow size of 1,300 to 1,500 pounds.
Brangus Bulls -Feed and labor resources are abundant.
Third , the scenario should discuss the marketing program in enough detail so that performance traits and physical characteristics of the animals can be prioritized. Depending on the marketing program used, place emphasis on traits and characteristics that optimize production of beef cattle for the desired market. Examples follow of marketing programs from each scenario:
Angus Bulls -Retain the top 20 percent of heifer calves as replacements and sell the remaining heifer and steer calves at weaning to be finished in a feedlot.
Simmental Heifers -Sale of commercial bulls is the main benefit, but some income comes from the sale of a few purebred bulls and heifers to other purebred Simmental breeders.
Brangus Bulls -The ranch retains the progeny in the feedlot and sells on a value-based program using a grid that pays premiums for high cutability cattle.
After looking at each part of the scenarios, consider the following priorities:
## Scenario 1
Priorities : Select bulls that will maintain mature weight and milk production (maternal traits -birth weight EPD and maternal milk EPD). Maternal traits are very important because top heifers are retained. Remaining heifers and steers are sold at weaning; therefore, paternal traits (weaning weight EPD) are very important.
## Scenario 2
Priorities : Maintain a balanced program in all areas. Select cattle that maintain or slightly increase performance in maternal (birth weight EPD and maternal milk EPD) and paternal (weaning weight EPD and yearling weight EPD) traits. Extremes are faulted.
## Scenario 3
Priorities: Select bulls that will produce fast-growing calves; therefore, paternal traits (yearling weight EPD) are very important. Material traits in this scenario are not really considered because of the abundance of labor and feed; however, extremes are faulted.
Sample Oral Reasons for Beef Cattle Prepared by Jeremy White, former Union County 4-H'er
## Junior Yearling Brangus Heifers 3-4-2-1
"After analyzing this class of Brangus heifers, my placings were 3-4-2-1. I started with the split-eared heifer in the class, as she was the freest-moving and the longest, smoothest muscle, patterned heifer in the class. I realize 3 could have been heavier muscled throughout; nonetheless, I used 3 over 4 in my top pair, as 3 was a more moderate framed, smoother shoulderdheifer that shows more femininity and refinement about her front. She was especially freer from excess leather in the dewlap and brisket and was cleaner and trimmer in the navel. 3 was the most progressive heifer in terms of her muscle length and smoothness, and she moved out with a freer, easier, and more ground-covering stride. She stood on more length of cannon and more closely follows that modern Brangus ideal. I must admit that 4 was a deeper ribbed heifer that showed more thickness down her top and through the center and lower portions of her quarter, while standing on more substance and diameter of bone. However, I would like to see 4 flatter and smoother in her muscle structure and more refined about her front end. In spite of this, I preferred 4 over 2 in my middle pair, as 4 more closely followed my top heifer in terms of skeletal size and scale. Of the pair, 4 was a larger framed, deeper ribbed, wider sprung, higher capacity heifer that exhibited more total volume and capacity from end to
In spite of this, I preferred 4 over 2 in my middle pair, as 4 more closely followed my top heifer in terms of skeletal size and scale. Of the pair, 4 was a larger framed, deeper ribbed, wider sprung, higher capacity heifer that exhibited more total volume and capacity from end to end. She was a more ruggedly made heifer that showed more thickness of muscling down her top and through all dimensions of her quarter. She stood on more substance of bone and more correctly on her feet and legs. I must admit that 2 did more closely follow my top heifer in terms of muscle length and smoothness and was more refined about her front end, but she splayed out up front and was cow hocked.
But I did prefer to use 2 over 1 in my bottom pair of smaller framed heifers, as 2 was a growtither heifer that was cleaner about her middle, trimmer about her front, and showed more youthfulness and growth potential about her head and neck. She was more progressive in her muscle length and smoothness and blended in neater and smoother through her shoulders. She appeared to be a later maturing heifer that should grow into a more progressive and productive herd matron. I must admit that 1 was a straighter, stronger topped, leveler rumped heifer that was more structurally correct, but I faulted 1 and placed her last in this class as she was the smallest framed, lowest set, heaviest fronted heifer that had the most leather in
her dewlap, brisket, and navel. She lacked the overall size, scale, balance, and smoothness of the heifers placed above her in the class today. Thank you."
## Limousin Heifers 2-1-4-3
"Selecting the most production-oriented heifer that best combines volume, structural soundness, and balance, I chose the alignment 2-1-4-3 for the Limousin heifers. I realized 2 could be trimmer in her condition and wider tracking, but compared to 1 in my initial pair, she was a broody-appearing, easy-fleshing heifer that carried more length and spring from fore to rear ribs.
Sure, 1 was a stout-made, powerfully constructed heifer, but she was short bodied and restricted in her movement. However, with these faults aside, it was the muscle and volume of 1 over the balance of 4. Also, 1 was wider chested, being deeper and bolder sprung. Likewise, she carried more width and dimension down her top while maintaining this advantage into a more three-dimensional quarter.
Yes, 4 was a more feminine-fronted heifer, but at the same time, she was narrow treacking off both ends and tapered through her lower quarter. Even so, in my concluding pair, 4 beat 3. She was a more attractive profiling, more eye-appealing heifer that was more angular fronted. In addition, she was straighter, stronger down her top, and longer and leveler out of her hip, allowing her to be longer striding off her rear legs.
I realize 3 was a long-bodied, deep-sided heifer. However, this does not allow for the fact that she was the narrowest made, lightest muddled that was the poorest structured; so she was last. Thank you."
## Market Steers
## 4-2-1-3
'My placing of the market steers is 4-2-1-3. I started the class with 4, the most powerfully muscled, most correctly finished steer in the class. I realized he was wastier fronted and middled; nonetheless, I used 4 over 2 in my top pair because he was a thicker made, heavier muscled steer throughout. He was a leveler topped steer that was longer in his rump. He had more thickness working down his top and out through a fuller rump. As viewed from behind, he had more thickness of muscle in the upper and center portions of his quarter and pushed more stiff on the move. He handled with more condition over his loin edge and down over his rib and should be more apt to reach that Choice quality grade. However, I do realize that 2 was a cleaner middled, trimmer fronted steer, but he simply lacked the volume and dimension of muscle of my top steer.
Concerning my middle pair, I placed 2 over 1, as 2 was a longer bodied, more upstanding steer that was trimmer through his front and middle. As viewed from behind, he had more thickness through the center and lower portions of his quarter and should go to the rail and hang a higher cutability carcass. I will admit that 1 was a deeper ribbed, wider spring, higher capacity steer that stood down on more substance of bone. Also, he was a squarer rumped steer that was more ideal in the amount and uniformity of his finish.
I confidently placed 1 over 3 in my bottom pair, as he was a thicker made, heavier muscled steer that was more nearly ideal in his finish. He had more natural thickness down his top and through his quarter. He should hang a heavier muscled carcass that should be more likely to grade Choice. I do realize that 3 was a trimmer made steer, having less waste throughout. However, he was the lightest muscled, most underfinished steer of the class. He would hang up the least merchandizable carcass and, therefore, cannot merit a higher placing today. Thank you."
## Performance Limousin Bulls 1-4-2-3
"With the given scenario in mind, I placed my emphasis on weaning and yearling weight expected progeny differences as well as structural correctness and found that 1 best satisfied the scenario.
## Sheep Breeds of Sheep
Table 5 outlines some of the breeds of sheep that are common in the United States. Each breed has been assigned a breed class (ram, ewe, or dual) according to whether the dominant characteristics of the breed are associated with growth and carcass traits (ram) or reproductive characteristics (ewe). The dual breed class indicates that the breed is noted equally for growth, carcass, and reproductive characteristics.
I realize 1 was not the highest in his growth data. Even so, the dehorned bull easily beats 4 in the top pair as he was the heaviest muscled, nicest balanced, easiest fleshing bull in the class. Plus, he's the deepest ribbed, the heaviest boned, and the straightest in his lines.
Yes, 4 had the highest weaning and yearling weight EPDs, but he was also the poorest structured bull that was straight in his shoulder and hock, was steep hipped, and was restricted in his movement, so he's second.
Still, I opted to use 4 over 2 in the middle pair, as 4 simply dominated in terms of weaning and yearling weight EPDs. In addition, he's a larger framed bull that was stronger topped, smoother shoulderdered, and cleaner fronted.
I admit 2 was leveler hipped and took a longer, freer stride from behind, but his weaning weight EPD of +6.9 was the lowest in the class; he's deep and course fronted, weak topped, and sickle hooked, so he's third.
Even so, I used 2 over 3 in the bottom pair as he's higher in his yearling weight EPD. He was thicker down his top and through his quarter, leveler hipped, and he tracked wider based behind.
I realize 3 was taller fronted, deeper ribbed, and straighter on his hind legs. But, at 9.7, he had the lowest yearling weight EPD of the class. He was the lightest muscled, narrowrest chested, hardest doing bull that's steep hipped and twisted in his scrotum, so he's last. Thank you."
Average weights for mature rams and ewes are listed. Again, these are included to allow you to compare one breed with another breed. The weights and other characteristics listed are breed averages; there is as much variation within a breed as there is among breeds for these traits.
Growth rate, hardiness, gregariousness, prolificacy, and milking ability are ranked among breeds, using a 6-point scale, with 1 as the most desirable and 6 as the least desirable. Fleece weight is given in pounds of wool per year from the average animal of that breed. Fleece type is listed as either fine, medium, or long and describes the type of wool fiber characteristic of the breed.
| Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | Table 5. Breeds of sheep. | | |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|-------------|
| Breed | Breed class | Ram wt. | Ewe wt. | Growth rate" | Hardiness" | Gregariousness" | Prolificacy" | Milking ability" | Fleece weight | Wool type | Face color |
| Border | ram | 210 | 160 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | q | long | white |
| Leicester | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cheviot | ewe | 180 | 135 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | medium | white |
| Columbia | dual | 260 | 165 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 11 | medium | white |
| Corriedale | ewe | 190 | 140 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 11 | medium | white |
| Debouillet | ewe | 190 | 140 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 11 | fine | white |
| Delaine | ewe | 195 | 130 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 11 | fine | white |
| Dorset | dual | 225 | 170 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 6 | medium | white |
| Finnsheep | ewe | 200 | 140 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 6 | medium | white |
| Hampshire | ram | 275 | 200 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 7 | medium | black |
| Lincoln | dual | 300 | 225 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 12 | long | white |
| Montdale | ram | 235 | 160 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 8 | medium | white |
| Oxford | ram | 250 | 190 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 8 | medium | brown |
| Rambouillet | ewe | 225 | 160 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 11 | fine | white |
| Romney | dual | 220 | 175 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 10 | long | white |
| Shropshire | ram | 235 | 170 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 8 | medium | dark brown |
| Southdown | ram | 200 | 145 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | medium | light brown |
| Suffolk | ram | 300 | 215 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 5 | medium | black |
| Targhhee | ewe | 250 | 175 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 11 | medium | white |
(Adapted from The Sheepman's Production Handbook, 1982, George E. Scott, editor)
## Parts of Sheep
Become familiar with the parts and carcass regions of sheep. In this section, you are provided diagrams of the external parts of sheep (Figure 11), characteristics of an ideal breeding ewe (Figure 12), and characteristics of an ideal market wether (Figure 13). After becoming familiar with all the parts, use those terms as part of your reasons.
| 1 face | 10 forearm | 19 middle |
|---------------------|------------------|---------------|
| 2 forehead | 11 knee | 20 rear flank |
| 3 poll | 12 canon | 21 coin |
| 4 neck | 13 devclaw | 22 hip |
| 5 breast shoulder | 14 foot | 23 rump |
| 6 top of shoulder | 15 forerib | 24 dock |
| 7 shoulder | 16 lower forerib | 25 leg |
| 8 point of shoulder | 17 rib | 26 hock |
| 9 elbow | 18 back or top | 27 pastoral |
Handling Market Lambs
One key to handling market lambs is to develop a system to accurately determine differences in muscle and finish. Handle each lamb in the same manner. If you
Step 1. The way the sheep stands affects what you are able to feel. Stand the sheep squarely on all four feet while it is being handled.
Step 2. With your fingers extended and together, check the width and the smoothness of the top of its shoulders.
Step 7. The final location used to determine the finish of a lamb is at the last rib. Lambs should feel trimmer at the last rib compared with the forerib. Trim, muscular lambs are firm and hard when handled. Fat lambs are soft to the touch, and it is difficult to distinguish the bones of the shoulder, spine, and ribs.
Step 8. To handle for length of loin, place your fingertips at the last rib and determine where the lamb's hocks fall on your hand or forearm. The three dimensions-width, depth, and length-contribute to the total volume of muscle in the loin, which is one of the more valuable cuts.
## Sheep Terminology General
More Desirable Characteristics more progressive more dimensional more dimensional stouter more upstanding growthier Structure More Desirable Characteristics more fault free
more problem free straighter lined more structurally correct nicer balanced tighter framed stronger topped, loined squarer, leveler rumped more nearly level in (his/her) rump Frame and Growth
## More Desirable Characteristics
larger framed more size and scale
longer \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ more ruggedly designed higher weight per day of age more performance oriented Head, Neck, and Shoulder
More Desirable Characteristics fresher appearing later maturing
more future growth potential more extended through the front end longer, leaner neck
laid in more neatly about the shoulder
smoother, tighter shouldered
smoother neck/shoulder junction
more desirable slope to (his/her) shoulder
## Condition
More Desirable Characteristics trimmer, cleaner patterned cleaner conditioned more ideal in (his/her) condition trimmer breasted easier fleshing
## Volume and Capacity
More Desirable Characteristics wider sprung deeper \_\_\_\_\_ higher capacity more capacious more internal volume more dimensional \_\_\_\_\_ more arch and spring of rib bolder spring of rib more dimension through the center of the rib Muscle
More Desirable Characteristics longer, smoother muscle design \_\_\_\_\_ muscle make-up heavier muscled thicker made more expressively muscled in (his/her) leg
poorer structured slack framed structurally incorrect, poorer structured off balance slack framed weak topped, weaker loined dropped at the dock steeper in (his/her) rump
Less Desirable Characteristics smaller framed lacked size and scale shorter \_\_\_\_\_ finer bonded lower weight per day of age lacked growth and performance
Less Desirable Characteristics staler appearing earlier maturing less future growth potential shorter fronted shorter, more pelly in (his/her) neck coarser fronted more open shouldered coarser neck/shoulder junction tallerhoulder
Less Desirable Characteristics
heavier condition
wasser through (his/her) breast harder fleshing, harder doing
Less Desirable Characteristics narrower made shallower \_\_\_\_\_ shallower bodied, tighter ribbed less capacious less internal volume less dimensional \_\_\_\_\_ flatter ribbed
Less Desirable Characteristics shorter, tighter muscle design lighter muscled lighter muscled in (his/her) leg
## Feet and Legs
More Desirable Characteristics stood on more bone heavier boned stood on more rugged bone stood squarer in (his/her) foot placement stood wider both front and rear
more desirable set to the hock stronger pasterns
## Stride and Movement
More Desirable Characteristics more mobile more fluid moving easier moving, sounder footed moved out freer and easier farther reaching in (his/her) stride truer tracking longer strided moved with more strength of top moved with more levelness of rump Fleece
More Desirable Characteristics freer from black fiber tighter, denser fleece fleece with finer crimp
## Ram
More Desirable Characteristics greater scrotal circumference "buck"
cleaner, harder handling firmer handling handled with heavier muscled more dimensional leg wider, fuller rump heavier muscled hindsaddle should hang a carcass with should rail a \_\_\_ carcass
overfinished, fatter, wastier
softer handling
lighter muscled
narrower, lighter muscled leg
narrower rump, pinched at (his/her) dock
lighter muscled hindsaddle
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
## Performance Data for Sheep
Much like performance data for beef cattle, performance data for sheep can be listed in several different ways. Both actual data and ratios are used to select animals that are superior for lamb and wool production. Performance data are important for selecting replacement animals and crulling poor-producing animals. In judging classes, stud rats or ewes in production are typically not evaluated. Therefore, the use of performance data for selecting replacement ewes and potential stud rams is of primary concern.
Familiarize yourself with the following sheep production traits and the associated terms in order to understand performance data for sheep:
- · Birth Date - Actual date an animal was born.
- Birth Weight - The weight of a lamb taken within 24 hours after birth. Heavy birth weights are associated with lambing problems (actual, ratio).
- Type of Birth and Type of Rearing - The number of lambs born and raised by a ewe. The following designations are used: S-single, TW-twin, TR-triplet, and Q-quadruplet (Examples: Type of birth-TW, Type of rearing-S).
- Preweaning and Postweaning Weights - Considerable variation exists among sheep producers for age at weaning. Because all performance records for sheep are to be evaluated within a flock, preweaning and postweaning weights will be listed according to management procedures for a particular flock.
Age-Weight Categories - The weight of a lamb adjusted to a particular age (actual, ratio, EPD). Standard age-weight categories for sheep according to National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) guidelines are as follows:
| Age-Weight Category | Allowable Range in Age |
|-----------------------|--------------------------|
| 30-day | 23 to 37 days |
| 60-day | 38 to 83 days |
| 90-day | 68 to 113 days |
| 120-day | 98 to 143 days |
| 180-day | 150 to 210 days |
| 365-day | 335 to 395 days |
- Weaning Weight - A specified weaning weight will be given for one of the age-weight categories listed on the last page. Usually, weaning weight corresponds with 30-, 60-, 90-, or 120-day weight (actual, ratio, EPD).
- Yearling Weight - The weight of a sheep taken after 335 days of age and before 395 days of age and adjusted to a constant age of 365 days (actual, ratio, EPD).
- Fleece Quantity and Quality - Wool measurements on an animal are taken only once in its lifetime and should be measured at approximately 1 year of age. Wool measurements include the following: Grease Weight - Weight of the freshly shorn fleece in pounds to the nearest tenth of a pound.
- Clean Weight - Weight of the cleaned fleece in pounds to the nearest tenth of a pound, as determined by a wool testing laboratory.
Staple Length - Length of the unstretched wool fibers in inches to the nearest tenth of an inch, obtained from the midside area of the animal. Grade - Fleece grade is recorded to the nearest tenth of a micron (1 micron = 1/25,400 inch).
## Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) for Sheep
In the past, data were calculated only as FEPDs, which is the same as EPDs except that all the data were derived from a single flock. The "F" stands for "Flock." However, FEPDs do not use across-flock data.
FEPDs were used for several years because acrossflock analyses for sheep were not feasible. There was not enough reliable information on identifiable genetic linkages between flocks. Today, however, across-flock EPDs provide far more information about genetic value than FEPDs because they are derived from many flocks and over different management systems.
By using EPDs, a breeder can make genetic improvements efficiently and reliably. EPDs allow a breeder to rank all the animals by genetic value, identify high-producing replacements, and cull poor-producing animals.
EPDs for sheep are developed primarily for these economically important traits:
- · Maternal EPDs
Number of Lambs Born - A positive EPD indicates the ewe has the capability to produce more lambs than a ewe with a 0 (zero) or negative EPD for this trait. This EPD is an indicator of prolificacy, or the genetic ability of the ewe to produce lambs.
## Production Situations for Sheep
As in the beef cattle section, three classes of sheep with performance data are included as examples of different scenarios and ways of presenting performance data. Also, the priorities of each are listed.
## Scenario 1
## Suffolk Ram Lambs
Rank these rams as you would use them for stud rams in a purebred Suffolk flock. Feed and labor resources are more than adequate to maintain the flock of ewes. You profit mainly from selling rams and ewes to other purebred Suffolk breeders, and a few rams to commercial sheep producers. You retain your own replacement ewes.
| No. | Birth type | Birth rearing | Birth weight | Lambs born | Maternal milk | Growth | Dam's fleece weight |
|-------|--------------|-----------------|----------------|--------------|-----------------|----------|-----------------------|
| 1 | TW | TW | 9.3 | -0.042 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 3.2 |
| 2 | S | S | 12 | 0.41 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 9.7 |
| 3 | TR | SW | 10.2 | 0.036 | 5 | 2 | 10.3 |
| 4 | TR | TW | 9.6 | -0.022 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 5.3 |
- · Maternal Milk - This trait refers to the difference in pounds of a lamb/lambs expected at weaning because of differences in milking and mothering ability of the ewe. An EPD of +6.0 means the ewe should wean lambs that are 6 pounds heavier at weaning than lambs produced by a ewe with a EPD of 0.
- · Growth EPDs
Weights at Preweaning, Weaning, and Postweaning These EPDs correspond to the age-weight categories of 60-, 90-, 120-, 180-, and 365-day weights in lambs and are used to evaluate the genetic merit for growth.
In each instance, the age should be listed also. These EPDs are very similar to and should be interpreted much like the EPDs for other age-weight listings (Example: 205-day weight in beef cattle).
- · Wool EPDs
Wool EPDs are calculated for grease fleece weight, fiber length, and fiber diameter.
## Scenario 2
## Dorset Fall Ewe Lambs
Rank these ewes as you would use them as replacement ewes in a purebred flock of Dorset sheep. You sell a few rams to other purebred Dorset breeders, but you mainly profit from the sale of rams and ewes to commercial sheep operations.
| No. | Birth date | Birth type | Rearing type | Birth weight | Weight | Ratio | Weight | Rate |
|-------|--------------|--------------|----------------|----------------|----------|---------|----------|--------|
| 1 | 9/5 | S | S | 12 | 61 | 91 | 120 | |
| 2 | 9/7 | TW | TW | 7.5 | 66 | 99 | 123 | |
| 3 | 9/20 | TW | TW | 8.5 | 72 | 108 | 130 | |
| 4 | 9/22 | TR | TR | 10.5 | 76 | 114 | 136 | |
## Scenario 3 Yearling Hampshire Rams
Assume these rams are terminal sires to be used on Rambouillet x Dorset crossbred ewes for production of feeder lambs. All lambs are finished in a feedlot on the farm. Ewes are maintained on range conditions, typical of sheep production operations in the Rocky Mountain states.
| | | | EPDs | EPDs | EPDs | EPDs | EPDs |
|-----|------------|------------|--------------|--------------|------------|----------|--------|
| No. | Birth date | Birth type | Rearing type | Birth weight | Lambs born | Maternal | Growth |
| 1 | 2/5 | S | S | 12.3 | - .010 | +2.6 | +5.2 |
| 2 | 2/7 | S | S | 14.0 | +060 | +1.9 | +3.2 |
| 3 | 2/20 | TW | S | 10.2 | +210 | -1.6 | -2.2 |
| 4 | 2/22 | TR | TR | 9.6 | +1.22 | +1.1 | +4.4 |
After looking at the three scenarios, consider the following priorities:
## Scenario 1
Priorities: Balanced program in all areas. Select rams that maintain or slightly increase maternal and growth traits, but extremes ones are to be faulted.
## Scenario 2
Priorities: Again, this is a balanced program; however, more emphasis should be placed on growth traits because rams and ewes are sold to commercial operations.
## Scenario 3
Priorities: Select rams that will improve the growth traits. Growth is very important because all lambs are finished in a feedlot.
## Sample Oral Reasons for Sheep Dorset Ewes
## 3-2-1-4
"My placing of the Dorset ewes was 3-2-1-4. I found a top pair of more modern-type ewes and started the class
with the combination ewe in 3. Ideally, I would have liked to see 3 with more capacity in the forerib. Even so, I placed 3 over 2 as she was a leveler-topped, leveler-rumped ewe that was more progressive in her type and muscle makeup. She was a stretchier wee that put a longer, smoother muscle structure onto a longer skeletal framework, and she was taller. She was a cleaner fronted, more feminineheaded female. However, I concede that 2 had more arch and spring to her ferib.
Nevertheless, I placed 2 over 1 in my middle pair, as 2 more closely followed the type and pattern set by my top ewe. She was a more feminine-fronted ewe that was laid in tighter about her shoulder, was longer and leaner about her neck, and exhibited more femininity about her head. She was a longer bodied ewe that was higher at her dock and had a more desirable set to her hock. I will admit that 1 was a thicker made ewe, although she was weaker on her rear pasters.
With this in mind, it was 1 over 4 in my final comparisons. 1 was a longer bodied, larger framed ewe that had more natural thickness of muscle and more total
volume and capacity. She was a longer bodied ewe that was trimmer in her breeding condition. However, I realize that 4 was a smoother shoulder edewe, but she was the smallest framed, shortest bodied ewe that was the most conventional in her type. Thank you."
## Market Lambs
## 1-2-3-4
"My placing of the market lambs was 1-2-3-4. I started with 1, the growthiest, most correctly finished lamb in the class. Ideally, I would have liked to see 1 with more muscling throughout. Nonetheless, I placed 1 over 2 as he was a trimmer made lamb that was cleaner and neater about his front end. He handled with less finish over his rib and was a larger framed, longer bodied lamb. He should go to the rail and hang a trimm er, higher cutability carcass. I realized that 2 was a heavier muscled lamb that had more dimension of muscle in his loin, over his rump, and down through his leg, but he was a softer handling, heavier finished lamb.
## Swine
## Breeds of Swine
The following table compares characteristics of the breeds of swine that are common in the United States.
A 5-point scale is used, with 1 and 2 representing a breed that is above average for a particular trait, 3 is average for the trait, and 4 and 5 are below average for the trait.
Litter size and litter weight are characteristics associated with reproductive performance of females in the herd. Growth rate and feed efficiency are traits related
| Breed | Litter Size | Litter Weight* | Growth Rate* | Backfat Thickness* | Loin Muscle Areaa | Ear Set* | Characteristics |
|---------------|---------------|------------------|----------------|----------------------|---------------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| Berkshire | 4 | 4 | -- | 3 | 3 | erect | black with white on face, legs, possibly the switch |
| Chester White | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | down | solid white |
| Duroc | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | down | solid red, from bright orange to chocolate-red |
| Hampshire | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | erect | block with white belt across the front legs |
| Landrace | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 4 | down | solid white |
| Poland China | -- | -- | 3 | 2 | 2 | down | black with white face, legs, possibly the switch |
| Spotted | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | down | white with black spots |
| Yorkshire | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | erect | solid white |
to an animal's ability to grow rapidly and convert feed to body weight. Backfat thickness and loi nyeo area describe the relative merits of market animals to yield muscular, trim carcasses.
The ear set of swine is either erect or down. That ear characteristic will help you distinguish some breeds from others.
Spot
## Parts of Swine
After you have become familiar with the breeds of swine, learn the external parts and carcass regions. This section provides diagrams of the external parts (Figure 14), characteristics of an ideal breeding gilt (Figure 15), and characteristics of an ideal market barrow (Figure 16). Take
time to study all of the parts and to become familiar with them so you can refer to them without hesitation. Use these terms as part of your reasons.
Characteristics of the ideal breeding gilt and the ideal market barrow are included for reference only. Depending on the location and production situation, an ideal can take on various shapes and forms.
Figure 16. Characteristics of an ideal market barrow.
## Swine Terminology General
More Desirable Characteristics growthier more performance oriented faster growing
higher performing
more functional
more problem free
more complete
more fault free
larger outlined
larger scale
longer sided
nicer balanced
more desirable composition of gain
## Durability and Bone
More Desirable Characteristics
more durable
heavier boned
stood on more substance of bone
more ruggedly designed
bolder fronted
bolder sprung
stood on greater substance of bone
greater diameter of bone
## Structure and Movement
More Desirable Characteristics
more confinement adaptable
looser \_\_\_
looser in (his/her) skeleton
sounder
sounder designed
leveler topped
leveler rump
leveler in (his/her) ramp design
more curvature to (his/her) knee
more even in (his/her) toe length
more desirable slope to (his/her) shoulder
more flex of hock
more animation to (his/her) hock
more cushion to (his/her) pasterns
looser strided
freer strided
longer strided
more flexible
wider tracking
moves out with more\_\_\_
Less Desirable Characteristics
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_
slower growing
lower performing, poorer performing
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
smaller outlined
smaller scale
shorter sided
more off balance
less desirable composition
Less Desirable Characteristics
frailer
finer boned
stood on finer bone
narrow fronted
\_\_\_\_\_
frailer
finer boned
less Desirable Characteristics
less confinement adaptable
tighter \_\_\_\_\_
tighter \_\_\_\_\_
poorer structured
tighter structured
higher topped
steeper rump
steeper in (his/her) rump design
buck-kneed, straighter through (his/her) knee
more uneven in (his/her) toe length
straighter in (his/her) shoulder
straighter in (his/her) hock
posty legged
straighter in (his/her) pasterns
more tightly wound
\_\_\_\_\_
shorter strided
more tightly wound
narrower tracking
moves out with less \_\_\_\_\_
## Volume and Capacity
More Desirable Characteristics bigger volumed higher capacity roomier middled looser middled deeper chessted deeper ribbed
deeper sided
deeper flanked
looser flanked
wider based
wider through (his/her) lower one-third
wider through (his/her) chest floor
wider sprung
bolder sprung
more expanded in (his/her) chest floor
more expanded in (his/her) forerib
more natural width through (his/her) rib
more internal capacity
## Muscle
## More Desirable Characteristics
heavier muscled
more expressively muscled
more natural thickness
more natural turn of top
more desirable turn to (his/her) top pushes more stifle on the move
wider and more expressively muscled from stifle to stifle
wider and squarer unp
thicker through (his/her) rump
## Condition
## More Desirable Characteristics
leaner turn to (his/her) top less condition over (his/her) loin edge
leaner through (his/her) lower one-third
cleaner topped
leaner made
leaner designed
had a groove down (his/her) top
had a dimple above (his/her) tail
## Market and Carcass
## More Desirable Characteristics
more producer oriented
more packer oriented
more packer acceptable
more industry oriented
required fewer days to 230
took fewer days to reach 230
should rail \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
higher lean-to-fat ratio
heavier muscled carcass
| Less Desirable Characteristics | Less Desirable Characteristics |
|--------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| less capacious, tighter ribbed | |
| tighter middled | shallower chest |
| shallower ribbed | _______ |
| shallower in (his/her) flank | _________ |
| fighter in (his/her) flank | ________________ |
| narrower based | _____ |
| narrower through (his/her) lower one-third | _______ |
| narrower through (his/her) chest floor | _______ |
| narrower chest | _______ |
| pinched in (his/her) foreign | _______ |
| constricted in (his/her) rib | _______ |
| less capacious | _______ |
| Less Desirable Characteristics | Less Desirable Characteristics |
| lighter muscled | _______ |
| flatter in (his/her) muscle | _______ |
| lacks muscle expression | _______ |
| flatter in (his/her) stifle | _______ |
| narrower through (his/her) rump | _______ |
carcass with the most edible lean carcass with a higher percentage muscle carcass with a higher percentage ham/loin carcass with a higher percentage lean cuts carcass with more loin muscle area more muscular turn to (his/her) top more muscle thickness deeper into the ham wider in the lower one-third of the ham Femininity and Underline
## More Desirable Characteristics
more feminine fronted, as evidenced by longer in her neck
longer fronted
higher quality underline that was
more functional underline
more evenly spaced teats
more refined teats
more numerous
more prominent underline
\_\_\_\_\_
## Performance and Miscellaneous
More Desirable Characteristics
more desirable EPDs across all traits
more desirable \_\_\_\_\_ EPDs
| more potential to sire pigs with | should sire pigs with | less potential to sire pigs with |
|------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------------|
| | with | with less |
| width | with | width |
| muscle growth | growth | muscle growth |
| leanness | without | without |
| soundness | confinement adaptability | without |
## Performance Data for Savine
As with classes of beef cattle and sheep, inclusion of performance data with a class of swine challenges you to make complex decisions while using a variety of information. Not only must the physical characteristics of each animal be evaluated, but the appropriateness of the data for the given production situation must also be considered. A complete understanding of the following swine production terms will enable you to evaluate a class of swine more critically.
- · Birth Date - Actual date an animal was born.
- · Number Born Alive - The number of pigs in a litter that were born alive (actual, NBAEPD).
- · Number Weaned - The number of pigs in a litter that were weaned. The standard weaning age for swine is 21 days (actual).
- · Litter 21-Day Weight - Weight of an entire litter of pigs between 14 and 28 days of age and adjusted to a constant age of 21 days (actual, ratio, LW21EPD).
carcass with the least edible lean carcass with a lower percentage muscle carcass with a lower percentage ham/loin carcass with a lower percentage lean cuts carcass with less loin muscle area narrower in the lower one-third of the ham Less Desirable Characteristics shorter in her neck shorter fronted poorer quality underline that was blind teats uneven in her teat spacing thicker, coarser teats
possessed a pin teat (where?) was blunt in her teats (where?) looser in her rear udder sections
Less Desirable Characteristics less desirable \_\_\_\_\_ EPDs
should sire pigs
with
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
- · Sow Productivity Index - Also referred to as SPI. The sow productivity index is an indicator of maternal ability, and it combines the number of pigs born alive and the 21-day litter weaning weight into an index (actual, ratio).
- · Days to 230 Pounds - An indicator of growth rate, days to 230 is the number of days that a hog required to reach 230 pounds. A lower number is more desirable than a higher number (actual, DAYSEPD).
- · Backfat Thickness - The depth of backfat listed either as average backfat thickness or 10th-rib fat depth. A lower number indicates that a hog is leaner than a hog with a higher number (actual, ratio, BFEPD).
## Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) for Swine
Much like sheep producers, swine producers have requested more objective selection tools for selecting replacement gilts and boars within and across herds. Expected progeny differences have been used in the beef
cattle industry for some time and are now also being used in swine selection programs. These EPDs are very similar to those used by the beef cattle industry to predict progeny performance of animals.
Expected progeny differences for swine have been developed primarily for the economically important traits associated with swine production: an indication of maternal ability and of growth and carcass characteristics. The EPDs include the following:
- · Maternal EPDs
Number Born Alive (NBA) - Daughters of sires or dams with a positive NBAEPD would farrow larger litters than sows with an NBAEPD of 0.
Litter 21-Day Weight (W21) - A positive LW21EPD indicates that daughters of sires or dams would produce litterhes heavier than average.
- · Growth and Carcass EPDs
Days to 230 (DAYS) -A DAYSEPD of -3.00 indicates that progeny from this boar or gilt should reach 230 pounds 3 days sooner than progeny from an animal with a DAYSEPD of 0. Backfat Depth (BF) -An BFEPD of-.05 indicates that a boar should sire pigs having .05 inches less backfat than pigs from a boar with a BFEPD of 0.
Careful interpretation of EPDs for swine is necessary. Most producers want large litters of pigs that wean heavier, reach market weight sooner, and have less backfat. Therefore, NBAEPD and LW21EPD should be positive, indicating more pigs in the litter and heavier pigs at 21 days of age. Also, DAYSEPD and BFEPD should be negative, indicating fewer days required to reach 230 pounds and less backfat thickness at 230 pounds.
Selection indexes have been incorporated into the genetic evaluation of swine performance records. These selection indexes provide for consistent and accurate combining of various performance traits.
- · Selection Indexes
Sow Productivity Index (SPI) -Ranks individuals on the number born alive (NBA) and litter 21-day weight (LW21). It does not include any growth or carcass information.
Maternal Line Index (MLI) -This index uses growth and maternal EPDs, with emphasis on maternal EPDs for a maternal line.
General Purpose Index (GPI) -Ranks animals on both growth and maternal traits. This index is well suited for use on maternal and paternal lines, as in a rotational crossbreeding system.
Terminal Sire Index (TSI) - Ranks individuals on days to 230 (DAYS) and backfat depth (BF) only. This index does not include any maternal information.
All four indexes are listed in a manner similar to that for ratios (average = 100), with superior parents having values greater than 100 and inferior parents having values less than 100. These selection indexes have been developed based on the economic values associated with costs of production. Therefore, each index is listed in dollar units. For example, consider that a sow's SPI is 106; then each of her daughters would be expected to produce litters worth $6 more at 21 days of age than the daughters of a sow with an SPI of 100.
## Production Situations for Swine
Production situations for swine classes with performance data take on slightly different formats than for classes of beef cattle or sheep. In the scenarios for swine, a complete description of the following important factors must be addressed:
- · Breeding Program
What type of breeding program is being used? How are the selected animals to be used in that program?
- · Marketing Program
How are the hogs marketed?
For what type of buyer are the hogs being produced?
- · Type of Environment
In what type of environment are the hogs being raised? Examples: confinement, partial confinement, or nonconfinement.
The combination of a situation, performance data, and visual appraisal offers you the opportunity to make reallife animal-selection decisions.
## Scenario 1
## Hampshire Boars
Assume these Hampshire boars are to be used as terminal sires on Yorkshire x Landrace sows. You do not retain any gilts as replacements; therefore, all hogs are sold as market hogs. You generally sell market hogs on a carcass merit buying program, and all of your hogs are raised in confinement.
| Table 10. Performance data for Hampshire boars. | Table 10. Performance data for Hampshire boars. | Table 10. Performance data for Hampshire boars. | Table 10. Performance data for Hampshire boars. | Table 10. Performance data for Hampshire boars. | |
|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| No. | Birth Date | Dam's SPI | Doys to 230 | Adj. 10th- Rib Fat | Loineye Area |
| 1 | 10/20 | 104 | 165 | .81 | 5.95 |
| 2 | 10/24 | 101 | 165 | .71 | 6.05 |
| 3 | 10/31 | 101 | 173 | .67 | 5.70 |
| 4 | 11/2 | 100 | 157 | .73 | 6.65 |
## Scenario 2 Yorkshire Gilt s
Rank these gilts as you would use them as replacements in a purebred Yorkshire herd. You profit mainly from the sale of performance-tested boars and gilts to commercial swine operations; however, you do sell a few boars as herd sires. All of your hogs and your customers' hogs are raised in total confinement.
| Table 11. Performance data for Yorkshire gilts. | Table 11. Performance data for Yorkshire gilts. | Table 11. Performance data for Yorkshire gilts. | Table 11. Performance data for Yorkshire gilts. | Table 11. Performance data for Yorkshire gilts. |
|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| | EPDs | EPDs | EPDs | EPDs |
| No. | Birth Date | NBA | LW21 | Days |
| 1 | 3/27 | +0.25 | +1.92 | -1.22 |
| 2 | 4/4 | +0.32 | +3.40 | -2.18 |
| 3 | 4/8 | +0.15 | +2.33 | -0.94 |
| 4 | 4/8 | -0.05 | -0.39 | -2.05 |
## Scenario 3 Duroc Boars
Assume these boars are to be used in a three-breed rotational crossbreeding system (Duroc x Yorkshire x Hampshire). Before selling feeder pigs, a group of replacement gilts is selected to be retained for breeding purposes. All hogs are maintained in a partial confinement situation.
| Table 12. Performance data for Duroc boars. | Table 12. Performance data for Duroc boars. | Table 12. Performance data for Duroc boars. | Table 12. Performance data for Duroc boars. | Table 12. Performance data for Duroc boars. |
|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| No. | Brent Date | NBA | EW21 | Days |
| 1 | 2/10 | -0.11 | -2.22 | +1.24 |
| 2 | 2/15 | +0.05 | +0.55 | -2.15 |
| 3 | 2/17 | -0.07 | -1.38 | -0.85 |
| 4 | 2/20 | +0.08 | +1.33 | -3.42 |
## Scenario 1
Priorities: Select boars that will increase performance of growth and carcass traits. Growth and carcass traits are extremely important because all hogs are sold as market hogs. Soundness is a priority.
## Scenario 2
Priorties: Balanced program in all areas. Select gilts that are strong in maternal, carcass, and growth traits. Soundness is a priority.
## Scenario 3
Priorties: Select boars that are strong in maternal traits (NBAEPD and LW21EPD) and growth traits (DAYEPD). Backfapt EPD is of no concern in this scenario.
## Sample Oral Reasons for Swine Market Hogs
2-4-1-3
"My placing of the market hogs was 2-4-1-3. I started with 2, as she had the best combination of muscle volume, leanness, and capacity in this class. Ideally, I would have liked to see my class winner more correct structurally and freer moving. Even so, I used 2 over 4 in my top pair as he was more pulled apart at his blades and carried more width and expression of muscle down his top and into the center and lower portions of his ham. He was also a trimmer made barrow that showed more blade action on the move and pushed less fat into his elbow pocket; he should hang the carcass with the highest percent muscle in the class. I concede that 4, the blue-butt barrow, was a more structurally correct barrow that was leveler topped and freer moving.
In a closer middle pair, I placed 4 over 1, as 4 was a more producer-oriented and practical barrow. He was a bigger volumed barrow that had more width to his chest floor, had more dimension to his rib, and was more expanded through his lower one-third. He was a more structurally correct barrow, with more give and cushion to his knee and hock. I recognized 1 as being a trimmer made barrow, with less fat out over his loin edge, but he was a narrow-made barrow that was constricted in his chest floor, flatter ribbed, steeper out through his rump, and straighter on his front and rear underpinning.
Nevertheless, in my bottom pair, I placed 1 over 3, as 1 was a leaner made, more packer-acceptable barrow. He was a longer bodied barrow that showed more overall muscle expression and dimension down his top and through the base of his ham. He had less fat over his blades and should hang a carcass with more packer and consumer appeal. I grant that the black barrow was deeper flanked and looser made, but he was a short-bodied barrow whose combination of wide top and narrow base indicated he was the fastest barrow in the class. Thank you."
## Hampshire Gilts 3-4-2-1
'My placing of the performance Hampshire breeding gilts was 3-4-2-1. I started with 3, as she combined muscling, broodiness, and performance data to the highest degree. Ideally, I would have liked to see my class winner even longer fronted.
Realizing this in my initial decision, I still preferred 3 over 4, as 3 was the thickest hipped, heaviest muscled gilt that displayed the most volume of ham and had the most shape and dimension down her top, both visually and by the paper. More importantly, she was the boldest
bladed, broodiest appearing gilt that had the most depth and spring to her fore and center rib, while possessing the highest dam's SPI.
a taller fronted, larger scaled gilt that was longer bodied and later maturing. She too was a nicer designed, more structurally correct female that was leveler topped and had a more correct slope to her shoulder.
I grant that 2 was another clean-headed, lean-designed gilt that scanned with a larger loineye.
With this in mind, it was 2 over 1 in my final decision, as 2 was a cleaner bladed gilt that was freer of fat through her lower body. She also had more lean muscle shape down her top both visually and by the scan data. In addition, she had a more distinct, higher quality underline, with a higher teat count.
There was no doubt that 1 was a bolder ribbed, sounder structured female that required fewer days to reach 230. However, this failed to compensate for the fact that she was the heaviest conditioned gilt with the poorest quality underline and the lowest in her dam's SPI. Quite simply, she was the least scenario-suited gilt in this class. Thank you."
## Glossary
Accuracy (Reasons) - In a livestock judging contest, the contestant's ability to describe correctly the differences among animals in a class.
Actual Data - The actual records of the individual. For example, an Angus bull calf might have a 600-pound weaning weight, a Dorset ewe might have a 90-pound weight at 90 days, or a Hampshire boar might have a loin-muscle area of 6.55 square inches.
Adaptability - The ability of an animal to adapt to changes in the environment in which it lives.
Age-Weight Categories (Sheep) - Specific ages at which an animal's weight should be taken and recorded for evaluation of performance records and calculation of the appropriate FEPDs.
Backfat Thickness (Swine) - The depth of backfat, listed as either average, last-rib backfat thickness, or 10th-rib fat depth. A lower number indicates a leaner hog; a higher number, a heavier hog.
Barrow (Swine) - A castrated male; a castrated boar pig.
Birth Date - The date an animal was born.
Birth Weight - The weight of an animal at birth. Heavy birth weights are associated with calving problems in beef cattle, lambing problems in sheep, and farrowing problems in swine. Heavier weights are usually associated with greater survival rates.
Boar (Swine) - An intact male; a male that is not castrated; a male capable of breeding females.
Bovine (Beef Cattle) - Scientific name for domestic beef cattle.
Breed Character - Particular characteristics of separate breeds (such as color, horns, ear set, and wool type) that distinguish animals among the various breeds.
Breed Class - Any set of categories that classifies breeds according to appearance or function.
Breeding Animal - An animal kept for the purpose of breeding, as opposed to a market animal.
Bull (Beef Cattle) - An intact male; a male that is not castrated; a male capable of breeding females.
Calf (Beef Cattle) - A bovine that is younger than 1 year of age.
Calving Ease (Beef Cattle) - The ability of a heifer, or cow, to deliver a calf without difficulty.
Carcass - The muscle, bone, and fat associated with the slaughter of an animal after removal of the head, hide, and viscera (internal organs).
Carcass Length (Swine) - The linear measurement from the anterior of the first rib to the anterior of the aitch bone (hipbone).
Carcass Quality - The observed properties of a carcass that may directly or indirectly influence the palatability characteristics of the edible lean meat.
Completeness (Reasons) - In a livestock judging contest, the contestant's ability to describe thoroughly the differences among animals in a class.
Conformation - The overall composition or appearance of an animal or a carcass.
Cow (Beef Cattle) - A female that has had a calf.
Cutability - The percentage of boneless, closely trimmed retain cuts of a carcass.
Dam - The female parent of an animal.
Days to 230 (Swine) - An indicator of growth rate, days to 230 is the number of days that a hog required to reach 230 pounds. A lower number is more desirable than a higher number.
Delivery (Reasons) - The manner with which a livestock judging contestant presents his or her reasons.
Distance (Reasons) - How far a livestock judging contestant stands from the judge. Depending on voice and stature, the distance varies. A distance of 6 to 10 feet is generally adequate.
Dressing Percent - The proportion of carcass weight to live weight of an animal; carcass weight divided by live weight.
Early Maturing - An animal or breed that typically reaches puberty and the ability to reproduce at an earlier age than other animals of that breed or species.
Ewe (Sheep) - A female sheep of any age.
Expected Progeny Difference - An Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) takes into account the relationships in a pedigree and predicts how progeny or offspring of a particular animal should perform relative to animals from an average parent.
Eye Contact (Reasons) - The livestock judging contestant should look at the person that is listening to his/her reasons. If eye contact is maintained throughout the entire set, his/her delivery will be more professional.
Fat Depth 10th-Rib (Swine) - The linear measurement of fat taken at the 10th rib and at a position that is three-fourths of the length of the loineye.
Fat Thickness (Sheep, Beef Cattle) - The typical linear measurement of fat taken over the ribeye.
Feed Efficiency - The calculated measurement of conversion of feed to body weight gain; pounds of feed divided by pounds of body weight gain.
Fertility - The associated characteristics of reproduction.
Fleece (Sheep) - The coat of wool covering a sheep.
Fleece Clean Weight (Sheep) - The weight, in pounds, of a fleece that has been washed appropriately.
Fleece Grade (Sheep) - The classification system used to describe grease wool. Three systems are used: the blood, or American, system; the numerical, or English, system; and the metric system.
Fleece Grease Weight (Sheep) - The weight, in pounds, of a freshly shorn fleece that has not been washed or scoured.
Fleece Staple Length (Sheep) - The length, in inches, of a lock of shorn wool.
Fleece Type (Sheep) - A classification system to group sheep according to wool quality. Fleece type or wool type is considered as either fine, medium, long, or crossbred and describes the type of wool fiber characteristic of the breed.
Flock EPD (Sheep) - These EPDs are similar to those used by the beef cattle industry to predict progeny performance of the animal. The EPDs can be listed as such, or they may take the form of Flock Expected Progeny Differences (FEPD) for sheep; presently, they can be used only within a flock.
Flow (Reasons) - The way words are put together into phrases, sentences, and paragraphs is considered flow. A smooth flowing set of reasons is desirable.
Frame Score (Beef Cattle) - A numerical value associated with height at the hip, in inches, for a particular age.
General Purpose Index (Swine) - Ranks hogs on growth and maternal traits and is well suited for use in a rotational crossbreeding system.
Gilt (Swine) - A female that has not had a litter of pigs.
Gregariousness (Sheep) - The characteristic of a group of sheep to remain in close proximity to one another; flocking instinct.
Growth Rate - Typically, the pounds of body weight gained during a specified period of time (average daily gain).
Hardiness - The ability of an animal to withstand the environment.
Heifer (Beef Cattle) - A female that has not had a calf.
Hip Height (Beef Cattle) - Height at the hip, in inches.
Inflection (Reasons) - Voice inflection is one of the most important items in the delivery of oral reasons. Emphasis should be placed on the words that describe the important differences among animals and the important characteristics of each animal.
KP Fat Percent (Sheep) - The amount of fat contained in the kidney and pelvis regions relative to the carcass weight.
KPH Fat Percent (Beef Cattle) - The amount of fat contained in the kidney, pelvis, and heart regions relative to the carcass weight.
Lamb (Sheep) - Any sheep younger than 1 year of age.
Late Maturing - An animal or breed that typically reaches puberty late; the ability to reproduce at a later age than other animals of that breed or species.
Leg Score (Sheep) - The subjective characteristic indicative of the total volume of muscle in the leg of a lamb. Muscle volume in the leg is reflective of total carcass muscle.
Litter Size (Swine) - The number of pigs in a litter.
Litter Weight 21 Days (Svine) - Weight of an entire litter of pigs between 14 and 28 days of age and adjusted to a constant age of 21 days.
Loin Muscle Area (Swine) - The surface area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle at the 10th rib of a pork carcass.
Market Animal - Any young animal intended for slaughter.
Maternal - The dam or the dam's side of the pedigree.
Maternal Line Index (Swine) - Ranks hogs by growth traits and maternal traits, with emphasis on the maternal EPDs.
Mature Cow Weight (Beef) - Average weight of a group of cows from 6 to 10 years of age.
Milling Ability - The ability of a female to produce milk. Typically, larger quantities of milk result in heavier offspring at weaning.
Number Born Alive (Swine) - The actual number of pigs in a litter that were born alive.
Number Weaned (Swine) - The number of pigs in a litter that were weaned. The standard weaning age for swine is 21 days.
Organization (Reasons) - The manner in which notes are assembled and reasons are presented to an official judge.
Paternal - The sire or the sire's side of the pedigree.
Pedigree - A diagram of the sire, the dam, and the grandparents of an animal (similar to a family tree).
Percent Muscle (Swine) - The amount of lean meat contained in the carcass of a pig relative to the carcass weight.
Performance Data and Records - Objective numerical indexes of economically important traits associated with livestock production.
Pigment (Beef Cattle) - The characteristic color found around the eyes of certain breeds of beef cattle.
Polled (Beef Cattle) - Natural trait of not having horns nor the genetic ability to develop horns.
Postweaning - After weaning.
Preweaning - Before weaning.
Presentation (Reasons) - The manner in which oral reasons are spoken to an official judge.
Production Situation - A description of particular limitations or goals of a breeding program that provides guidance for selection decisions involving the use of performance records (sometimes called scenario).
Progeny - All offspring from a particular parent animal.
Prolifacy - The ability to reproduce in quantity.
Puberty - The age at which an animal is capable of reproducing.
Quality Grade - Those factors associated with palatability characteristics of the lean, edible portion of meat, including color, texture, firmness, marbling, and age.
Ram (Sheep) - An intact male; a male that is not castrated; a male capable of breeding females.
Ratio - To rank animals within the same herd or flock, a ratio is used generally. A ratio consists of a number, typically around 100, that compares each animal to the other animals in a particular group. Any number less than 100 indicates that the animal's performance was inferior to or less desirable than the average of the group; any number greater than 100 indicates that the animal's performance record was superior to or more desirable than the average of the group.
Reasons - The verbal justification for placing animals in a certain order.
Ribeye Area (Beef Cattle, Sheep) - The surface area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs of a beef or lamb carcass.
Scrotal Circumference (Beef Cattle, Sheep) - The distance around the testicles in the scrotum of a bull or ram, in centimeters, usually adjusted to 365 days of age. A greater scrotal circumference indicates that a male should have the capacity to produce greater volumes of semen, and his progeny should reach puberty at earlier ages.
Sire - The male parent of an animal.
Sow (Swine) - A female that has had a litter of pigs.
Sow Productivity Index (Swine) - Also referred to as SPI. Sow productivity index is an indicator of maternal ability and combines the number of pigs born alive and the 21-day litter weaning weight into an index.
Stance (Reasons) - The way a judging contestant stands when giving reasons. When the contestant gives a set of reasons, the situation should be as comfortable as possible for the judge and for the contestant.
Steer (Beef Cattle) - A castrated male; a castrated bull.
Terminal Sire - A breeding male that is used for generating market animals; it typically has a high growth rate and desirable carcass characteristics.
Terminal Sire Index (Swine) - Ranks hogs on DAYSEPD and BFEPD only and does not include any maternal information. Terminology (Reasons) - The words and phrases used to describe differences among animals.
Type of Birth (Sheep) - The number of lambs born to a ewe. The following designations are used: S-single, TW-twin, TRtriplet, and Q-quadruplet.
Type of Rearing (Sheep) - The number of lambs raised by a ewe. The following designations are used: S-single, TW-twin, TR-triplet, and Q-quadruplet.
Underline (Swine) - The eats or nipples on the underside or belly of a pig.
Volume (Reasons) - How loud a contestant talks when giving reasons. The volume used to deliver reasons depends on how the contestant normally speaks and the size of the room.
Weaning - The time when young animals are removed from their mothers and are forced to give up their dam's milk as a source of nutrients.
Weaning Weight - The weight of an animal at weaning or at a standard weaning age. Adjusted weaning weight is calculated for one of the standard weaning ages listed, and the standard age is listed also. The weight of a calf taken from 160 to 250 days of age and then adjusted to a constant age of 205 days. Standard weaning ages for lambs are 45, 60, 90, and 120 days. The standard weaning age for swine is 21 days.
Wether (Sheep) - A castrated male sheep; a castrated ram.
Yearling - An animal that is more than 1 year of age, but not more than 2 years old.
Yearling Weight - The weight of an animal taken after 330 days of age and adjusted to a constant age of 365 days.
Yield Grade (Beef Cattle, Sheep) - The numerical designation (1-5) for the percentage of boneless, closely trimmed, retail cuts obtained from a carcass.
Publication 2289 (POD-02-20)
Distributed by Dean Jousan, PhD, Associate Extension Professor, Animal and Dairy Sciences. Written by Gale Chestman, former Extension Associate, and Keith A. Bryan, PhD, Pennsylvania State University Dairy and Animal Science Instructor.
Gale Chestman, Keith A. Bryan, and Lowry Sumrall provided photography for the publication. The authors greatly appreciate the efforts and support of Roy Higdon, Mike Howell, and Blair McKinley for reviewing this publication. Donald L. Boggs and Robert A. Merkel are acknowledged for giving their permission to use material adapted from Live Animal Carcass Evaluation and Selection Manual, 4th edition, 1993. Gary L. Minish and Danny G. Fox are acknowledged for giving their permission to use material adapted from Beef Production and Management, 2nd edition, 1979.
Copyright 2020 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Produced by Agricultural Communications.
Mississippi State University is an equal opportunity institution. Discrimination in university employment programs, or activities based on race, color, ethnicity, sex, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability, age, sexual orientation, genetic information, status as a U.S. veteran, or any other status protected by applicable law is prohibited. Questions about equal opportunity programs or compliance should be directed to the Office of Compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, P.O. 6044, Mississippi State, MS 39762, (662) 325-5839.
Extension Service of Mississippi State University, cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published in furtherance of Acts of Congress, May 8 and June 30, 1914. GARY B. JAckson, Director |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-transitions/first-steps/site-files/chapter-1-first-steps.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20201102110827-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Table of Contents
| CHAPTER 1: FIRST STEPS | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1.1. Examining the "Core Values" to determine what matters most ...............................................................3 | Where do you stand financially? ..................................................................................................................5 |
| 1.3. Evaluating financial feasibility.....................................................................................................................11 | Developing a Farm Game Plan ....................................................................................................................16 |
| 1.4. | Wants, Needs, Expectations, and Fears Exercise ......................................................................................19 |
| 1.6. Internal and External Factors ......................................................................................................................20 | Selecting and Engaging Your Professional Team ............................................................................................21 |
| 1.7. | Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................23 |
## First Steps
Arguably, the hardest part of the transition planning process is figuring out where to start. One place to start is to simply create an inventory of what you have to work with in creating a transition plan for your farm. Thus, you can begin by rounding up information not only about the property that makes up your farm, but also the people and intangible assets that contribute to your operation. To help you with this process, consult the Transition Planning Inventory included in the references and tools portion of this section.
## 1.1. Examining the "Core Values" to determine what matters most
Our "value" system (our character, if you will) has been developed based on experiences and exposures over our entire lives. The list of influencing factors includes all of our long history of experiences, education, family upbringing, friends, and religious beliefs or training. In addition, various contemporary influences such as media of all types, books we read, and even our government can influence our values. Our core (strongly held) values influence our beliefs, our attitudes, and ultimately our behaviors, which is why it is important to start the transition thought process by reflecting on not only your own individual values, but how your values mesh with those of the rest of your family business stakeholder team.
Reflecting on values is a difficult exercise. It is often suggested that you begin by thinking about other people that you really respect or admire (your true heroes). Why do you look up to them? Looking inwardly to yourself, what is your proudest accomplishment? What characteristics do you see when you imagine "your best self?" Taking time for various members of your stakeholder team to ponder such questions can begin the process of sorting out what is really important to your team from a big picture, very long-term perspective.
Core values of the team help guide the transition planning process. Some common categories of strongly held beliefs that may need to be considered include:
- 1. How do the stakeholders feel about various ownership and operational models for the future of the family business, and the process to get to a potential new model? For example, is it important that the business continue after the current management generation retires, and is it important that it remain completely within family ownership and/or management?
- 2. How important is family consensus regarding the future of the farm, and how important is shared input and decision making?
- 3. What roles will various stakeholders take in managing the business, and how will they be compensated?
- 4. What are the perceptions of fairness vs equality as business assets transition to the next generation? How does everyone feel about providing additional assistance to younger generation members who will be actively involved in the family business?
- 5. Do stakeholders feel strongly about particular products, services, production practices, or social and environmental responsibilities? These are simply examples of categories to think about when reflecting on core values. Business stakeholder teams may add to the list and come up with other categories of issues that are important to them.
It is important to remember that while reflecting on core values will likely begin as an exercise for each individual stakeholder in the business, ultimately agreement will need to be reached on the core values that reflect the consensus of the business stakeholders. These values will guide the rest of the planning process as an overall vision and mission are solidified into more concrete objectives and goals, and ultimately into specific
strategies and tactics for implementation. The questions need to evolve from the individual perspectives, to the "business" perspective, as illustrated in the following table, a process that can be difficult when the business is not used to having multiple stakeholders with significant roles.
| Individual Perspective "Core Values" Questions | Individual Perspective "Core Values" Questions | Stakeholder Team (The Business) Perspective | Stakeholder Team (The Business) Perspective |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| to Ponder | What is important to me? | "Core Values" Questions to Ponder | "Core Values" Questions to Ponder |
| Who would I like to be? | | What is important to our business? | |
| Who am ? | | What we like to be? | |
| How do I want to do? | | Do we want to do? | |
| How will I measure activity? | | How will we measure activity? | |
| How is my plan? | | What is our plan? | |
| How do I implement the plan? | | How do we implement the plan? | |
The "Zeroing in on Core Values" planning tool is included here to help stimulate thought. Individual business stakeholders can jot down thoughts regarding what is very important to them in the various categories listed, or add appropriate categories that capture what is important to them. Two columns are provided to reflect that fact that there may be a recognition that values might need to evolve over time as the business thinks about the long-term. These thoughts from individuals can then be discussed and combined into a set of over-arching core values that reflect the consensus of what is important to the entire stakeholder team as it pertains to the business.
| Zeroing in on Core Values | Zeroing in on Core Values | Zeroing in on Core Values | Zeroing in on Core Values |
|----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Category | Now | Future | |
| (Mission Statement) | (Vision Statement) | | |
| How is the business managed, owned, and organized? | | | |
| How are decisions made? | | | |
| Work - family balance issues | | | |
| Other issues: | | | |
## 1.2. Where do you stand financially?
A detailed financial assessment of the existing business is a critical component of any successful business transition plan. The assessment will address such issues as whether the business has adequate resources, whether the business can pay obligations, and whether the business is the type of profitable and efficient enterprise that you would want to pass on to heirs or successors. This will help determine if the existing business can achieve the objectives and goals that the various stakeholders have in mind, or if changes will need to be made before the transition process can begin. OCES publication AGE-790 provides more detail and examples regarding the evaluation of financial performance and position.
The financial position and performance of a farm business needs to be evaluated based on the following criteria:
- 1) solvency,
- 2) liquidity,
- 3) profitability,
- 4) financial efficiency, and
- 5) repayment capacity.
Solvency measures the ability of the business to pay all debts if the business were to be sold. In general, if the market value of the total assets (things of value owned by or owed to the business) of the business exceeds the amount of debt (financial obligations) owed by the business, then the business is solvent. Common solvency measures assess the "degree" of solvency. Examples include the absolute level of net-worth (equity), the debt-tosevent asset ratio, and related measures such as the equity-to-asset ratio and the debt-to-equity ratio.
Liquidity is a measure of the ability of the business to pay bills in a timely fashion in the short run. For agricultural businesses it is common to measure liquidity based expected sources of cash over the next year relative to bills and financial obligations over the next year. Liquidity is typically measured by either the absolute level of working capital, or by the ratio of current assets to current liabilities (current ratio). Profitability means the level of income the business generates after paying all expenses.
Profitability is typically measured over an accounting period (usually a year). Common measures include absolute level of net farm income, rate of return on assets, rate of return on equity, and operating profit margin ratio. Financial efficiency measures the ability to convert inputs to saleable output, or how good the business is at utilizing the inputs and resources it has available.
Financial efficiency is directly related to profitability, though it is not the sole driver of all profitability measures. Numerous measures are utilized to relate physical output to various physical and financial inputs. The most commonly utilized measures that can be applied to a wide variety of agricultural businesses include the asset turnover ratio, the operating expense ratio, the depreciation expense ratio, and the interest expense ratio.
Repayment capacity is closely related to liquidity, but more specifically provides an indication of the ability of the business to meet debt payment commitments. The absolute measure (known as the capital replacement and term debt repayment margin) and the relative measure (known as the term debt and capital lease coverage ratio) are the most commonly utilized indicators of repayment capacity.
So, what do we do with all this information regarding financial position and performance? By examining trends in measures over time or comparing measures to benchmarks, problems can be identified, mistakes can be corrected or avoided, and strengths can be identified so that opportunities can be pursued. Looking at the trend in key measures over time reveals important information such as whether or not the equity position of
the business is improving over time, whether a liquidity or debt repayment problem is developing, and how consistently profitable and efficient the business has been historically. The farm financial trends worksheet from OCES publication AGC-238 is included as a starting point for evaluating trends in financial performance. Recent measures can also be compared to benchmarks that have either been established by the business as internal targets, or have been drawn from external sources such as comparative farms or industry standards. Numerous farm management benchmarking data sets are maintained across the U.S., and general industry standards have been established for many of the most common financial measures. An example resource is OCES publication AGC-237 . We have included the benchmark page from that resource in this manual.
The information needed to obtain the aforementioned position and performance measures comes from the two most basic financial statements, the balance sheet (also known as the net-worth statement), and the accrual income statement (also known as the profitability statement). The balance sheet is a systematic organization of everything owned and owed by the business at a single point in time, so it is a "snapshot" of the financial position of the business at that point in time. Assets values are presented from "most liquid" to "least liquid," and similarly the corresponding liabilities are arranged based on when they are due. Assets that are cash equivalents or are expected to be converted to cash within one year (like grain produced to be sold, for example), and debts that are payable within one year (like an operating note, for example) are classified as current assets and liabilities respectively. Assets that would not typically be sold within a year (breeding livestock, for example), and debts that are not payable with a year (the non-current portion of a land loan, for example), are classified as non-current assets and liabilities respectively. Some agricultural balance sheets also include an intermediate (1 to 7 year) category for both assets and liabilities. This "term-structure" breakdown allows the balance sheet to reveal information about liquidity. The basic accounting identity that is revealed by the balance sheet is that the total value of the assets is equal to the sum of the creditor's claims (liabilities) plus the owner's claims (equity), assuring that the balance sheet will reveal information about profitability.
The balance sheet can be prepared based on a market-basis valuation of the assets (fair market value minus selling costs), or based on a cost-basis valuation of the assets (original cost adjusted for depreciation). Each method has advantages and disadvantages. As a general rule, the market-based method is considered most useful for credit analysis and estimating true owner equity, while the cost-based method is considered most useful for evaluating true financial progress resulting from business management decisions over time. It is important that sequential balance sheets be prepared at the same time each subsequent year, and that the same valuation method be used for consistency. A typical farm looks a lot different in June than it does in December, so comparing snapshots over multiple years is most useful if they are prepared at the same time. Accurate inventories of everything owned and owed by the business are essential. An example balance sheet template extracted from OCES publication AGC-752 is included in this workbook.
The income statement is a summary of revenues and expenses over an accounting time period (typically a year), and as such it reveals profitability. A critical point to remember is that accrual revenues and expenses are not the same as simple cash inflows and outflows. Accrual revenue represents the true value of anything produced during the accounting period, so it typically includes receipts from commodity sales adjusted for inventory changes that need to be accounted for in determining that true value of production. Accrual expenses represent the true costs of doing business, to it includes operating expenses (including non-cash expenses such as depreciation) adjusted for relevant expense inventory changes. Accrual net income (profit) is the difference between revenues and expenses. An example income statement template extracted from OCES publication AGC-753 is included in this workbook.
Financial efficiency, repayment capacity, and some other financial indicators, typically combine information from both the balance sheet and the income statement. It is good business practice to develop and evaluate measures at least annually, but this is especially critical when working through the business transition planning process. Be consistent in how information is tracked and evaluated, and utilize the information to improve the business and to facilitate a smooth transition. Be sure to note and discuss reasons for unusual
measures (such as drought, etc.) and discuss ways to work through unusual times. It is important that all stakeholders be involved in the financial evaluation part of the transition process. Here is an example of a tool to monitor financial position and performance trends (taken from OSU Fact Sheet AGEC-238).
| Farm Financial Trends Worksheet | Farm Financial Trends Worksheet |
|----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Year (fill blank with year) | |
| From the balance sheet | |
| Total assets | |
| Total debt | |
| Total equity = Total assets - total debt | |
| D/A ratio = Total dobt/total assets | |
| Credit line balance | |
| Credit card dob | |
| FromTax reports | |
| Gross income (Schedule F, Line 9) | |
| Interest expense (Schedule F, line 21a + line 21b) | |
| Depreciation expense (Schedule F, line 14) | |
| Repairs expense (Schedule F, line 25) | |
| Net farm profit or loss (Schedule F, line 34) | |
| Intorest expense/Gross income | |
| Family living expense | |
The following benchmarks for important financial position and performance measures were taken from OSU Extension Fact Sheet AGEC-237 .
| BALANCE SHEET | BALANCE SHEET | BALANCE SHEET | BALANCE SHEET | BALANCE SHEET |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| ASSETS: | January 1 | December 31 | Average | Notes |
| 1) Cash | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| 2) Marketable Securities | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 3) Accounts Receivable | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 4) Fertilizer and Supplies | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 5) Investment in Growing Crops | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 6) Crops Held for Sale and Feed | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 7) Market Livestock | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 8) TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS | 50 | 50 | (Add lines 1 through 7) | |
| 9) Breeding Livestock | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 10) Machinery and Equipment | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 11) Buildings | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 12) Investments in Cooperatives | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 13) Land | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 14) TOTAL NONCURRENT ASSETS | 50 | 50 | (Add Lines 9 through 13) | |
| 15) TOTAL ASSETS | 50 | 50 | (Add Lines 8 and 14) | |
| LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITY: | LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITY: | LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITY: | LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITY: | LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITY: |
| 16) Accounts Payable | 15) December 31 | Average | Notes | |
| 17) Taxes Payable | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 18) Accrued Expenses | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 19) Current Portion: Deferred Taxes | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 20) Notes Due Within One Year | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 21) Current Portion of Term Debt | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 22) Accrued Interest | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 23)TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES | 50 | 50 | (Add Lines 16 through 22) | |
| 24) Noncurrent Portion: Deferred Taxes | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 25) Noncurrent Portion: Notes Payable | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 26) Noncurrent Portion: Real Estate Debt | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| 27) TOTAL NONCURRENT LIABILITIES | 50 | 50 | (Add Lines 24 through 26) | |
| 28) TOTAL LIABILITIES | 50 | 50 | (Add Lines 23 and 27) | |
| 29)OWNER EQUITY | 50 | 50 | (Subtract Line 28 from Line 15) | |
| 30) TOTAL LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITY | 50 | 50 | (Add Lines 28 and 29) | |
The following income statement example is taken from OSU Extension Fact Sheet AGEC-753.
## INCOME STATEMENT
For the period:
Sales of Livestock Bought for Resale Sale of Livestock Products Livestock Sales (raised)
CF1
CF2
CF3
3
3
| Change in Market Livestock Inventories | BSG 4 (142-34) 5 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| | |
| Gross Revenue from Market Livestock and Products | (142-34) 5 |
| Crop Sales | CF 4 (6-7-4) 9 |
| b. Change in Stored Crops/Feed Inventories | CF 5 (7-8) 7 |
| Gross Revenue from Crops | BSSC 8 (6-7-4) 9 |
| Ag Program Payments Other Farm Income Patronage Dividends Gain or Lota from Sale of Cultured Breeding Stock Change in Value Due to Change in Quantity of Rialed Breeding Livestock | CF 8 (12) 13 |
| + Change in Accounts Receivable + Change in Prepaid Expenses + Change in Cash Investment Growing Crops + Change in Supplies + Change in Other Current Assets + Change in Other Assets + Change in Contracts & Notes HocVable + Change in Investment in Cooperatives | BSSC 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 |
| Other Farm Revenue | (10 th 21) 22 |
| GROSS FARM REVENUE | (54-02) 23 |
| EXPENSES Purchased Market Livestock Car, truck Chemicals Custom Hire Purchased Feed/Grain Fertilizers, Limited Freight, Trucking Gas, Fuel, Oil Insurance Labor Hired Rents, Leases Repairs, Maintenance Seeds, Plants Storage, Warehousing Supplies (Ad Valorem) Taxes (Utilities Petitioning Other Expenses Marketing Expenses Sales Commission Change in Funded Investmen t Change in Payments Change in Payments Other Non-Current Liabilities Depreciation, Other Expenses Total Operating Expenses Cash Interest Paid - Change in Accrued Interest Total Interest Expense TOTAL FARM EXPENSES NET FARM INCOME FROM OPERATIONS Gain/Loss on Sale of Farm Capital Assets Gain/Loss Due to Change in Base Values of Breeding Livestock Net FARM INCOME, Accrual Adjusted Wages, Salaries Other Non-Farm Income - Change in Nonfarm Assets Total Nonfarm Revenue NonFARM EXPENSES Cash Interest Paid - Change in Accrued Interest Depreciation, Expense Other Cash Payments Total Nonfarm Expenses Gain/Loss on Sale of Nonfarm Capital Assets & Marketable Securities Total Nonfarm Income | |
| NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES & EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS Cash Income Taxes Paid - Change in Accrued Income Taxes Change in Current Portion of Deferred Taxes Total Income Tax Expense Income Before Extraordinary Items (Net of Tax) Extraordinary Items (Net of Tax) NET INCOME | |
## 1.3. Evaluating financial feasibility
The previous section provided a discussion regarding evaluating financial position and performance. The other important financial aspect that must be addressed is financial feasibility, or "can we make this happen?" The fundamental difference between the concepts of "are we profitable and in a solid financial position?" and the concept of "can we make this happen?" is an important one that is often overlooked and misunderstood. It is definitely a mistake to assume that just because a business has been historically profitable that it can successfully navigate all of the complex financial obstacles associated with a major change, such as ownership and/or management transition. The business must also look at several issues of financial feasibility.
The first feasibility concept is one of business size. In this context we are not referring to the obvious issues related to economies of scale and business efficiency, as those issues would show up in the performance indicators discussed in the previous section. Here we are simply examining the level of net income needed from the business to support family living needs and to facilitate needed growth for the future. In many agricultural businesses it is the residual that is left over after paying all the operating expenses, paying the outside investors, and reinvesting some earnings back into the business for growth and expansion that is used to support the primary operators on the farm.
Therefore, the level of net income needed becomes a question of "how many people can the business support?" This often becomes an issue when planning a family business transition because the fact of the matter is that people come in whole units of one, rather than in fractions. For example, if there is a desire for a family from the younger generation to return to the farm in an active role while the more senior generation is not yet ready to fully retire, there is a time period when the business will need to grapple with the issue of how to provide income for another whole person or an entire additional family. There always seems to be plenty of work to do around a farm, which often leads to the assumption that another person can easily be added. From a financial perspective that may not be the case.
For most of our modern commercial agricultural enterprises using modern technology, one person can and certainly needs to generate a lot of productivity. In order to do that, a significant amount of assets are needed. When faced with this issue, questions regarding how much income will be needed and how much of that will come from the farm or ranch business need to be addressed. This becomes the issue of business size. A simple evaluation that utilizes some of the financial performance measures discussed in the previous section can be conducted using the mathematical process imbedded in the following worksheets. Worksheets 1 and 2 help to identify the total net income that the business will need to generate to accommodate the sum of family living needs and equity growth. Worksheet 3 provides the calculations to compute the performance measures needed to plug into worksheet 4. Information to compute these measures is derived from the balance sheet and income statements. Worksheet 4 provides the calculations to estimate the size of the business that will be needed in terms of gross farm revenue, and in terms of the value of the asset base needed to achieve the target level of net income from the business.
## Worksheet 1
| Spendable Income Plus Growth That The Business Is Expected To Generate | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Family Living Expenses | $ |
| Non-Farm Savings | + |
| Other Wants or Needs | + |
| Capital Needed for Farm Growth (from Worksheet 2) | + |
| Less Non-Farm Income | -$ |
| Income Needed From Business = $ | = |
## Worksheet 2
## Growth Worksheet
| (A) Current Farm Equity | $ |
|-------------------------------------|---------|
| Real Growth Rate Needed | % |
| Projected Inflation Rate | + |
| (B) Nominal Growth Rate | % |
| Projected Capital Needed For Growth | (A*B) $ |
## Worksheet 3
## Ratios Needed For The Evaluation
Net Farm Income From Operations
Net Farm Income
,
Gross Farm Revenues
s
NIFFO Ratio
=
Asset Turnover Ratio
S
Gross Farm Revenues
s
Average Farm Assets
s
Asset Turnover Ratio (ATR)
=
## Worksheet 4
## Business Size Evaluator
| Gross Farm Income Needed | Gross Farm Income Needed |
|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Income Needed From Business (Worksheet 1) | $ |
| NFIFO Ratio (Worksheet 3) | + |
| Gross Farm Revenue Target | = $ |
| Assets Required To Generate Desired Revenue | $ |
| Gross Farm Revenue Target | = |
| Asset Turnover Ratio (ATR) (from Worksheet 3) | - |
| Asset Base Needed To Achieve Goals | = $ |
For illustration, assume that a farm has generated an average of about $50,000 in net income to cover the current operator's family living plus grow the business investment a little bit each year. Also assume that this net income has been generated from an average gross income of about $250,000 per year utilizing an asset base valued at about $715,000 . These historical facts result in a net farm income from operations ratio of 0.2 , and an asset turnover ratio of 0.35 . Now assume hypothetically that a transition is being considered where the current operator will semi-retire and live on only a $20,000 family living draw from the farm, to make way for a young family that will manage the operation for family living draw from the farm of $50,000, and an additional $10,000 is assumed to be needed for continued growth resulting in a total $80,000 net income requirement. Using worksheet 4 and the relevant historical ratios from this business, the new gross farm income target for this farm will need to be $400,000 per year, and the asset base needed to generate that level of gross income will need to be close to $1.15 million . Can the business make a one-time jump in size to accommodate these new realities? If this growth is not planned for and the higher levels of family living withdrawals occur anyway, then equity levels are quickly drained from the business to support family living. What if growth cannot occur that quickly? Then other models that include a slower transition, perhaps including more off-farm income may need to be considered. In any case these issues are much easier to grapple with if they are addressed in the planning stages of the transition, rather than in the later stages.
Another feasibility issue is whether or not the proposed enterprises of the farm or ranch will actually make money. Enterprise budgets can be used to answer this question. Enterprise budgets are an organization of revenue projections, expense projections, and profit projections for a single enterprise of the farm. Therefore, the enterprise budget can be thought of as an enterprise specific "income statement" projection, useful for identifying the most profitable enterprises to be included in the whole farm plan and for identifying bottlenecks to overall profitability. Alternatives can be explored and compared before significant resources are committed to the production process. Separate enterprise budgets can be constructed and evaluated for each different crop type and land tenure arrangement, and for each type of livestock enterprise being considered. The format is similar no matter what the enterprise, with the primary difference being that cropping budgets are typically done on a per-acre basis, while livestock budgets are typically done on a per-head basis (though it does not have to be done that way). All cash and non-cash revenues are projected, followed by operating or variable costs, then ownership or fixed costs. Finally, projected profits are calculated as the net return to all resources that were not charged in the budget (usually management and unpaid operator labor). Example budgets and budget
templates are available from a number of different sources, including most Land-Grant-University Extension Services. If the particular budget examples you are utilizing are not already in a spreadsheet template, it is highly recommended that users convert them to a spreadsheet format. This is to simplify the ability to conduct "sensitivity" analysis, or examining best and worst case production or price assumptions through a series of "what if" calculations.
## The following is an example generated by the OSU Enterprise Budget Software.
It is also useful to summarize all of the cash inflow and outflow projections into a cash flow budget projection. The cash flow projection is useful for examining the timing of cash flow sources and needs, so it is typically broken down into smaller time intervals, such as months, or at least quarterly. For each time period potential sources of cash include the beginning cash balance for the period, product sales, capital sales, new borrowing, government payments, and non-business cash inflows. Uses of cash include operating expenses, capital purchases, loan payments, and non-business expenses such as family living withdrawals. The cash flow plan helps answer the question "can the business actually make this work?" by examining the timing of cash inflows and outflows, the management team can project the timing and amount of new borrowing that will be needed during the year, and when loans can be projected to be paid down. Purchases, production plans, and non-business expenses can be planned to minimize the need for borrowing, etc. The following example is extracted from OCES publication number AGEC-751, "Developing a Cash Flow Plan."
A partial budget is another feasibility tool that is often used to fine tune the operation on a day-today basis by examining smaller questions. Examples might include "should we harvest our own crops or hire a custom operator?" or "should we sell our calves at weaning or hold onto them for a while in a growing program?" The standard partial budgeting format provides a formal and consistent method for examining the expected profit impacts from proposed alternatives. Only changes in expected revenues and costs are considered in a very organized approach so that the chances of overlooking something or counting an item more than once are minimized. Typically, a proposed alternative way of doing something is compared to the existing way of doing it. Positive financial effects of the proposed alternative are listed on one side of a "T" accounting page as either added receipts or reduced expenses. Negative financial effects of the proposed alternative are then listed on the other side of the tee account as either added expenses or reduced receipts if the alternative were pursued rather than the existing plan. The net expected financial impact is simply the total positive effects minus the total negative effects.
For really significant changes to the business, stakeholders may want to consider developing whole-farm pro-forma financial statement projections, perhaps for multiple years into the future in order to help develop plans to most efficiently utilize the resources available. Budgeting is an important component of planning for smooth farm operations, and is an important component of the development of sound marketing plans as well.
| Example Partial Budget Form | Example Partial Budget Form |
|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Column 1 | Column 2 |
| Additional costs | Additional returns |
| Reduced returns | Reduced costs |
| Total additional | B. Total additional |
| costs and reduced returns | returns and reduced costs |
| Net change in income (B minus A) | |
## 1.4. Developing a Farm Game Plan
Strategic planning involves thinking about where the farm or ranch business needs to be positioned in the future. It involves considering what the various stakeholders want to see happen to the business as a whole. It also involves evaluating what skills and resources the business and business participants bring to the table, and subsequently where efforts and resources need to be focused in order for the business to remain competitive into the future.
Historically, for many farms and ranches this planning for the future of the business has been done in a very informal manner. The thought process starts with a consideration of the resource base. Activities and enterprises are then selected to "fit" with the resource base. In many cases, vague objectives and goals remain in the minds of the individual managers or owners. As businesses, including farms, become larger, more complex, and involve more stakeholders there is benefit in replacing this traditional management style with a more strategic and participatory management style. The flow of the thought process for a "strategic" management style is dramatically different. The significance of this difference cannot be over-emphasized, as it dramatically opens
up the scope of possibilities available to the organization. The stakeholders begin with an overarching vision of where they want the business or entity to go. The vision is then focused down to a more concrete mission, which is made workable through well thought out and documented long-term objectives and short-term goals. A strategy is formulated, selecting enterprises and activities that lead to accomplishment and fulfillment of goals and objectives. Specific tasks and tactics are spelled out, and a resource base is assembled (beginning of course with the existing resource base) to implement the plan.
Vision and/or mission statements form the foundation of a strategic management system. Vision is a long-term concept, focusing on where the business hopes to be in the future, and providing guidance for the organization over the long-term. Knowledge and broad acceptance of what it is that the organization needs to accomplish always makes the path more clear. Vision statements often directly reflect deeply held core values such as honesty, integrity, passion for rural lifestyle, concern for the environment, etc. They focus on what is really important, emphasize the future, and can be a unity building instrument to facilitate the planning process. More specific characteristics such as business size and scope, composition and quality of products or services, target markets, and work force composition may also be reflected in the vision statement, or these specifics may be relegated to the mission statement.
The mission statement embodies the broader vision, but is much more specific and focused on the present, rather than the future. A well written mission statement outlines the basic purpose of the business and summarizes what is done, who it is done for, and how the organization conducts itself. The mission statement reflects the true strengths of the overall business. Therefore, in formulating a mission statement it is important to focus attention on the guiding values, principles, and primary roles of the organization to provide direction when making major decisions.
To illustrate the flow from an overarching "vision" to a more focused "mission," a ranch could have a vision of producing the highest quality beef products possible. More concrete attributes like genetic characteristics, environmental responsibilities, commitment to the community, employee friendly workplace, etc., then need to be incorporated into the mission statement. The process of developing vision and mission statements is as important as the product. Getting input from every stakeholder, drafting statements, getting feedback, revising, and re-writing gets the communication flowing regarding things that really matter. However, due to the abstract nature of the activity, developing vision and mission statements can be one of the more difficult tasks for the farm business management team. Those who expend the time and effort to base their planning activities on a vision and a more specific mission for their organization will find that they provide a solid foundation for the business and provide guidance for day-to-day activities.
Individuals and organizations approach the visioning process differently, however, and a few general guidelines should be kept in mind. Relegate long-term planning activities (visioning) to non-crisis time periods so that attention can be focused on long-term issues. It is critical to discover the expectations of all family stakeholders during the visioning process. This reduces the risk of incorrect assumptions, increases cooperation in creating the plan, and helps to reduce conflict, ultimately resulting in a more effective plan. One danger of written vision and mission statements (and the most common criticism) is that they can quickly become too abstract and all encompassing, making them essentially useless for directing day-to-day management. The most effective way to avoid this pitfall is for the stakeholder team to keep this danger in mind as the statements are being drafted. Keep the purpose and intent of the visioning activity in mind throughout the process: to inspire and direct you and others in the business, not to impress outsiders. In their final form both the vision statement and the mission statement should be relatively brief (a rule of thumb for the mission statement is 100 words or less). There are many ways to begin pulling various stakeholder thoughts and expectations into vision and mission statements. Refer to the points various stakeholders made during the core-values exercise to help formulate vision and/or mission statements, perhaps utilizing generic templates like the following to illustrate and stimulate the thought process regarding "why the business exists," and "what the business needs to look like in the future."
Vision Statement Template: In ten years our business will be providing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. We will be recognized for our ability to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ . We are pursuing these activities because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mission Statement Template: The mission of \_\_\_\_\_ is to operate a \_\_\_\_\_. This endeavor will provide \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (desired financial results, desired product results, desired family and living environment, desired business transition results, recognition within industry, community, etc.)
Finally, realize that developing vision and mission statements that are appropriate for your farm or ranch will require a significant amount of time and effort. Spread that effort over numerous family and stakeholder discussions (family meetings).
The next step in the strategic planning thought process (goal setting) helps formalize informal "dreams" into concrete short-term goals and longer-term objectives that support the over-riding vision and mission of the organization. As with the visioning process, the goal setting process is often challenging for agricultural business managers because many have not tried to formalize their abstract ambitions. However, clearly defined written objectives and goals are essential for developing a serious business strategy, as they provide a solid framework for achieving the mission and vision of the organization.
When taken seriously, the goal setting process takes time, a precious commodity for everyone. Goal setting requires creative thinking, discussion and compromise among family and business partners (communication is critical throughout the strategic planning process). It is critical that the objectives and goals build on what is important and flow seamlessly from the over-riding vision and mission of the organization. Well-expressed objectives and goals provide management direction and consistency, and add precision to the decision making process so that resources can be allocated more effectively. Under the terminology convention adopted for this publication (certainly not universal), objectives are more general, have a longer (or undefined) time horizon, and provide overall direction. They reflect what the organization hopes to accomplish over the long-run. They should flow directly from the mission statement, translating it into motion. A widely used acronym for long-term objectives is DRIVE (Directional, Reasonable, Inspiring, Visible, and Eventual). Examples for a farm or ranch business might include:
Increase gross income per acre by an amount of X
Reduce work load by a number of Y man-hours per year
Transfer the family business to the next generation within Z years
Goals, on the other hand, should be specific statements that set a timetable and provide benchmarks for measuring success. Goals translate general objectives into specific action statements. They work on the principles of focusing attention, mobilizing energy, increasing persistence, and developing work habits. The commonly used acronym for short-term goals is SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Rewarding, and Timed). Examples that directly relate to the previously illustrated example objective might include:
Increase average wheat yield to 42 bushels per acre next year
Contract with a custom operator to put up alfalfa crop beginning this year
Schedule succession planning family meetings each month this year
Goals that are too general and vague provide little direction for the management team. Remember, specific strategies and tactics (production, marketing, financing, and transition plans) need to flow easily from the objectives and goals. To implement the objective and goal setting process, some businesses may find it useful to have each stakeholder or business partner fill out a goal setting matrix like the one illustrated here.
| Category | Longer - Term | Longer - Term | Short - Term |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------|
| | (Objectives - 1, 2, ...) | (Objectives - 1, 2, ...) | (Goals - a, b, ...) |
| The overall business production enterprises, activities, and production practices | 1. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. 2a. 2b. ... etc. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. |
| Marketing products, services, and our business | 1. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. 2a. 2b. ... etc. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. |
| Financial position, size, structure | 1. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. 2a. 2b. ... etc. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. |
| Environmental, community, and resource stewardship | 1. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. 2a. 2b. ... etc. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. |
| Personal / family family - business interaction family communication | 1. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. 2a. 2b. ... etc. | 1a. 1b. ...etc. |
The broad array of objectives and goals that various stakeholders bring to the table from this exercise can then be "thinned out" and prioritized, in order to reduce the demands on limited resources, reduce conflicts between business and family activities, and ensure consistency between objectives and goals, and with the overall mission and vision of the organization. Begin by developing a list of long-term objectives that are agreed upon by all stakeholders. Start with the objectives because typically the list of long-term objectives is shorter (and less controversial) than the list of short-term goals presented by various stakeholders. With the list of agreed upon objectives in front of the planning team, separately created a master list combining each stakeholder's list of shortterm goals. Consider the primary resource requirements (money, labor hours, etc.) for each goal. In addition, consider how well each individual goal matches up with other goals, and with other long-term objectives (complementary or conflicting). Numerous meeting and conversations involving all stakeholders will be needed over time to develop a more manageable list of the most important commonly agreed upon objectives and goals for the organization. The goal setting process is iterative. After contemplating prioritizing short-term goals, the management team may find that there is a need to go back and re-visit long-term objectives, or even revise the mission and/or vision statements of the organization.
## 1.5. Wants, Needs, Expectations, and Fears Exercise
Farm and ranch families often find it difficult to express all of their concerns when a successor plans to return to the farm family business. It is often most difficult for individual family members to discuss their concerns with other family members. This exercise is designed to help families explore their deepest feelings regarding the transition process. Every stakeholder, including fathers, mothers, successors and their spouses, and siblings or others who may have either an emotional or a financial stake in the family business needs to answer the following questions:
After each individual stakeholder answers all four questions, the stakeholders need to openly discuss the individual desires and concerns openly.
## 1.6. Internal and External Factors
Large businesses often engage in a strategic planning exercise that has long been advocated by business schools and management consultants known as a "SWOT" analysis, or an examination of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the business. You may not consider yourself a large business; however, conducting a SWOT analysis is an important step to keep a business competitive, and is especially useful when the business is facing significant change.
Strengths and weaknesses are associated with the internal workings of your farm, and are things that are generally within the control of the business. Skill set, machinery compliment, and how the business is financially structured are just a few examples that would be considered "internal factors," things the business can control that might put them in a better or worse competitive position than others in the industry. Opportunities and threats are associated with external forces that can impact the business. External factors are important to consider so that strategies can be considered that will manage the impacts on the business. Things beyond your control that are happening in your community (zoning regulations, for example), your geographic area (persistent drought, for example), or around the world (expanding markets, for example) are sources of opportunities and/or threats. Businesses planning for any type of a transition would be well served to engage in some form of a SWOT exercise. Facilitating discussions regarding the following questions, and perhaps incorporating the results of those discussions into a SWOT matrix is one way to begin this thought process.
- 1. Identify two internal strengths (what the business does well). How important are these strengths to the overall competitive advantage of the business, and what (if anything) is the business doing to maintain this advantage?
- 2. Identify two internal weaknesses (what the business does not do well). How important are these weaknesses to the overall competitive advantage of the business, and what (if anything) is the business doing to improve on these weaknesses?
- 3. Identify one external opportunity that the business might consider taking advantage of. How important is this opportunity to the future of your business, and what (if anything) is the business doing to take advantage of this opportunity?
- 4. Identify one external threat that the business might face in the future. How important is this threat to the future of your business, and what (if anything) is the business doing to respond to this threat?
In each quadrant of the following SWOT matrix, stakeholders can develop strategies and responses to deal with strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as they intersect.
## 1.7. Selecting and Engaging Your Professional Team
As you have no doubt gathered from this section (and as you likely will from the sections to follow), the transition process can be complicated, even intimidating. That is why creating a team of knowledgeable professionals will be crucial to succeeding in the process - it is simply not possible to know everything one needs to know to navigate the process by yourself. Writing this workbook required a team of experts, and you need one too.
As you begin the transition planning process, consider adding the following professionals to your transition team:
| Professional | Emphasis Area |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Accounting professional | Determining farm's current financial performance; evaluating feasibility of alternative business arrangements/enterprises to implement transition plan |
| Tax professional | (If different from accounting professional) Evaluate income and estate taxation implications of transition plan alternatives; suggest transaction structures to minimize tax liabilities incurred by transition plan chosen. |
| Attorney | Suggest transactions and entity structures needed to accomplish transition objectives; draft legal documentation needed to implement transition plan |
| Production consultants | Aid in evaluation of transition plan alternatives and feasibility of alternative operational structures |
| Investment advisor | Aid in formation of retirement investment goals and selection of appropriate investment vehicles to accomplish goals; aid in crafting of benefit plans for employees if needed |
| Human resources advisor | Aid in development of position descriptions for all involved in farm operation, both currently and after implementation of transition plan; consult on training programs and other actions needed to acclimate stakeholders to new roles |
| Mediator / family communication specialist | Facilitate transition meeting discussions; aid in gathering stakeholder input for transition process; provide continuing support in discussions to implement selected transition plan |
This list is just a beginning. You may find other professionals in addition to these are needed. Do not be afraid to engage whatever professional assistance is needed. The transition process is one of the most important things you will ever do for your farm, so secure all the assistance you and your family need to make the best possible decision.
What if you have identified the need for a professional, but don't know how to select one? While it is impossible to ensure you have always found "the best" professional, there are a number of steps you can take to help you find a good fit.
- 1. Ask around : Seek out others who have gone through the transition process and ask for their experience with the type of professional you seek. Their encounters with similar professionals may suggest who to seek, and perhaps also who to avoid.
- 2. Use professional association directories : Almost all professional associations maintain directories of their members, and may even provide search features on their websites that allow you to select a professional based on their areas of specialization (such as agriculture) and their location (such as a specific county or city).
- 3. Interview the professional : Once you have narrowed your search to handful of professionals, schedule a meeting or telephone call to interview them. You would insist on an interview for someone working for you on the farm - this person will be working for you as well, just in a different capacity. Prepare a list of questions for the professional, such as their amount of experience in the specific area you need, and don't settle for vague answers. "Oh yes, we do estate planning work for farmers and ranchers" is not enough. What proportion of your practice is in that area? Have you provided presentations or written on that topic? What training have you received in this area? Have you worked with professionals in other disciplines (this is important as the best professional team will work well with all other members of the professional team)?? The point of your questions is to reveal how well equipped the professional is to address your specific needs.
- 4. Ask for references , and follow up : During your interview, be sure to ask for reference clients you can contact to determine how the professional performed with real clients. Of course, the professional will only provide reference clients he or she feels would provide a good reference (although you may be surprised); don't be afraid to ask those clients for the names of other clients you can contact (or "indirect references").
## 1.8. Conclusion
As you complete this section of the workbook, you've seen a number of the fundamental questions you have to ask about your operation as it is today before you start planning for its future. Hopefully, these questions will not only jump-start your transition process; they will also help you focus your thought about how your operation runs and help you engage all your stakeholders. And speaking of engaging stakeholders, that will be the focus of Section 2! | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-sweet-potato-hash/ | Live Well Recipe: Sweet Potato Hash | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe: Sweet Potato Hash
Serve our Sweet Potato Hash as a side dish with breakfast or dinner to boost your vitamin A, fiber and potassium. Serves 4.
## Ingredients
1/4 cup vegetable oil
2 cups frozen or fresh bell peppers and onions, chopped
2 medium sweet potatoes, peeled and cut into small cubes
1 teaspoon garlic powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon cumin, optional
1 teaspoon red pepper flakes, optional
## Directions
Heat oil in a skillet over medium-high heat.
Add bell peppers and onions and cook until tender, about 5 minutes.
Add remaining ingredients and reduce heat to medium.
Cook for 20-25 minutes; stir often to prevent sticking.
Download the recipe here: Printable Sweet Potato Hash (https://www.acs.edu/wc- contentuploads/2018/07/FCS\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards\_SweetPotatoH
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement,
(https://www.aces.edublogtopics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscriminationstatement/)
(https://www.acs.edu?post\_type=aceos\_content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/tippah-county-economic-contribution-agricultural-sales | Tippah County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Tippah County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
## Tippah County Economic Contribution of Agricultural Sales
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3389-71
View as PDF: P3389-71.pdf
Publication File:
- ·
tippah\_county\_ag\_sales\_presentation.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes
Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills
Assistont Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/swsdept/2020/08/06/uf-ifas-researchers-examine-plant-litter-decomposition-in-grazing-land/ | UF/IFAS researchers examine plant litter decomposition in grazing land | University of Florida | [
"Mike Loizzo"
] | 2020-08-06 | [
"Agriculture",
"Farm Management",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"Joao Sanchez",
"Maria Silveira",
"Marta Kohmann",
"plant litter decomposition",
"Range Cattle REC",
"Soil and Water Sciences",
"Soil and Water Sciences Department",
"Soil water and ecosystem sciences"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS researchers examine plant litter decomposition in grazing land
The sustainability of grazing land depends on several factors, including nutrient cycling from short-term and long-term plant litter decomposition. The plant material that falls to the ground decomposes at different rates. Plant characteristics, such as the carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio and lignin to nitrogen ratio, affect the process. So do the soil characteristics, like microbial biomass and diversity. UF/IFAS researchers at the Range Cattle REC in Ona, Fila., studied plant litter decomposition due to increasing levels of management intensification in grazing lands.
"More specifically, we wanted to investigate how plant litter quality and soil C and N stocks affected short-term decomposition," said Marta Kohmann, postdoctoral associate at the REC.
'We used the litterbag technique to estimate the 168-day decomposition of saw-palmetto, which represents the majority of biomass in native rangelands, and of bahiagrass and rhizoma peanut, two important forage species in Florida" she explained."We did that in two coarse-textured Coastal Plain soils. Those were similar in texture, but had contrasting C and N concentrations and microbial characteristics.'
Furthermore, they evaluated the 120-day soil C and N changes after the addition of plant litter and of N fertilizer.
Saw-palmetto plants growing in a coarse-textured soil in South Florida rangelands. (photo provided)
Bahiagrass pasture in monoculture in Central Florida. (photo provided)
Rhizoma peanut plants growing with bahiagra s in a mixed sword in Central Florida. (photo provided)
## Results
The study produced several key findings. One is that the soil characteristics had no effect on litter decomposition.
"In other words, litter chemical characteristics are the main drivers of plant decomposition in the systems we evaluated," said Maria Silveira, professor of soil chemistry and nutrient management in the UF/IFAS Soil and Water Sciences Department. "And as native vegetation is substituted by forage species with more favorable chemical composition - particularly lower C/N and lignin/N ratios and lower proportion of insoluble in total N - the decomposition rate increases."
Another finding from the 168-day evaluation was a net N immobilization in saw-palmetto. That means soil organisms take up nitrate and ammonium, making them unavailable to crops. Meanwhile, bahiagra s and rhizoma peanut showed N net mineralization, the process by which microbes decompose organic N to ammonium.
"We also found that the addition of plant litter did not change soil C or N concentrations," said Joao Sanchez, postdoctoral associate at the REC. "This indicates that nutrient addition via plant litter was not sufficient to cause detectable changes in soil characteristics in our short-term study."
Moreover, N addition did not change the total soil C concentration. However, it promoted an increase of C distribution towards more stable forms in the soil.
'For producers, this indicates that increase in management intensity through the adoption of forage species and N fertilizer promotes nutrient cycling, increasing plant litter decomposition and N mineralization in coarse-textured soils,' Kohmann added.
The research was recently published in the journal Agrosystems , Geosciences & Environment . You can find the full article here: https://doi.org/10.1002/aggg2.20075
## O
by Mike Loizzo
Posted: August 6, 2020
Category: Agriculture, Farm Management, UF/IFAS Research
Tags: Joao Sanchez, Maria Silveira, Marta Kohmann, Plant Litter
Decomposition, Range Cattle REC, Soil And Water Sciences, Soil And
Water Sciences Department, Soil Water And Ecosystem Sciences
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Study Examines Various Fertilizers, Application Rates For HLB-Affected Orange Trees
- · Get To Know Histosols
- · Soil And Water Sciences Graduate Student Research Spotlight
- · Professor Selected As A Chief Editor Of New Journal |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/bakerco/2023/01/10/tomato-gardening-class/ | Tomato Gardening Class | University of Florida | [
"Alicia Lamborn"
] | 2023-01-10 | [
"Agriculture",
"Crops",
"Events",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Home Landscapes",
"Work & Life",
"tomatoes",
"vegetable gardening"
] | FL | ## Tomato Gardening Class
The UF/IFAS Extension Office in Baker County is offering a tomato gardening class on Friday, February 17th at 10:00 am. Topics include vegetable gardening basics, tomato variety selection, general care, tomato pruning techniques, and common tomato diseases and disorders (and how to avoid them). $10 per person - includes materials and tomato seeds.
Register in person at the Baker County Extension Office @ 1025 W. Macclenny Ave, Macclenny, FL 32063
Register online at: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/tomatogardening-class-tickets-510928680437
For more information, please call (904) 259-3520 or email alamborn@ufl.edu
O
by Alicia Lamborn
Posted: January 10, 2023
Category: Agriculture, Crops, Events, Fruits & Vegetables, Home
Landscapes, Work & Life
Tags: Tomatoes, Vegetable Gardening
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Florida's Native Flora & Fauna: Coreopsis & Florida Panther
- Delicious And Nutritious Strawberries
- A Land Remembered
- City Tree Planting Project & Florida-Friendly Landscaping Class |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/hydraulic-ram-pumps | Hydraulic Ram Pumps | NC State Extension | [
"Greg Jennings"
] | null | [
"Water",
"Pump",
"Engineering"
] | NC | ## Hydraulic Ram Pumps
Publication Number: EBAE 161-92
Last Electronic Revision: March 1996 (JWM)
A hydraulic ram (or water ram) pump is a simple, motorteless device for pumping water at low flow rates. It uses the energy of flowing water to lift water from a stream, pond, or spring to an elevated storage tank or to a discharge point. It is suitable for use where small quantities of water are required and power supplies are limited, such as for household, garden, or livestock water supply. A hydraulic ram pump is useful where the water source flows constantly and the usable fall from the water source to the pump location is at least 3 feet.
## Principles of Operation
Components of a hydraulic ram pump are illustrated in Figure 1. Its operation is based on converting the velocity energy in flowing water into elevation lift. Water flows from the source through the drive pipe (A) and escapes through the waste valve (B) until it builds enough pressure to suddenly close the waste valve. Water then surges through the interior discharge valve (C) into the air chamber (D), compressing air trapped in the chamber. When the pressurized water reaches equilibrium with the trapped air, it rebounds, causing the discharge valve (C) to close. Pressurized water then escapes from the air chamber through a check valve and up the delivery pipe (E) to its destination. The closing of the discharge valve (C) causes a slight vacuum, allowing the waste valve (B) to open again, initiating a new cycle.
The cycle repeats between 20 and 100 times per minute, depending upon the flow rate. If properly installed, a hydraulic ram will operate continuously with a minimum of attention as long as the flowing water supply is continuous and excess water is drained away from the pump.
## System Design
A typical hydraulic ram pump system layout is illustrated in Figure 2. Each of the following must be considered when designing a hydraulic ram pump system:
- 1. available water source
- 2. length and fall of the drive pipe for channeling water from the source to the pump
size of the hydraulic ram pump
- elevation lift from the pump to the destination
- desired pumping flow rate through the delivery pipe to the destination.
A hydraulic ram pump system is designed to deliver the desired pumping flow rate for a given elevation lift. The range of available flow rates and elevation lifts is related to the flow quantity and velocity from the water source through the drive pipe. The mathematical relationship for pumping flow rate is based upon the flow rate through the drive pipe, the vertical fall from the source through the drive pipe, and the vertical elevation lift from the pump to the point of use. These variables are illustrated in Figure 2.
Equation 1 is used to calculate pumping rate:
$$Q = \frac { [ E _ { x } S ] } { [ L / F ) }$$
where:
q=pumping rate in gallons per day (gpd)
e=efficiency of a hydraulic ram pump installation, typically equal to 0.6
s=source flow rate through the drive pipe in gallons per minute (gpm)
L=vertical elevation lift from the pump to the destination in feet F=vertical fall from the source through the drive pipe in feet.
To convert the pumping rate expressed in gallons per day(gpd) to gallons per minute(gpm), dividen by 1440. The following example illustrates an application of Equation 1.
## Example.
a hydraulic ram will be used to pump water from a stream with an average flow rate of 20 gpm up to a water tank located 24 feet vertically above the pump. The vertical fall through the drive pipe in the stream to the pump is 4 feet. Assume a pumping efficiency of 0.6. What is the maximum pumping rate from the hydraulic ram pump?
In this example, E = 0.6, S = 20 gpm, L = 24 feet, and F = 4 feet. The resulting pumping rate, Q , is calculated as:
$$Q = 1 4 4 \times [ \frac { 0. 6 \times 2 0 } { ( 2 4 / 4 ) } ] = 2 8 8 0 \, g p d$$
The maximum pumping rate delivered by the hydraulic ram pump operating under these conditions is 2880 gallons per day, or 2 gallons per minute.
The example shows how the pumping rate, Q , is directly related to the source flow rate, S. If S were to double from 20 gpm to 40 gpm, the resulting pumping rate would also double to 5760 gpd, or 4 gpm.
the example also shows how the pumping rate, Q , is inversely related to the ratio of vertical elevation lift to vertical fall, L/F. If L were to double from 24 feet to 48 feet, the lift to fall ratio, L/F, would double from 6 to 12. The resulting pumping rate would decrease by half to 1440 gpd, or 1 gpm.
ratios assuming a pumping efficiency of 0.6.
| Lift to Fall Ratio L/F | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) | Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd) |
|--------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| (ft/ft) | | | | | | | |
| | 2 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 30 | 50 |
| 2 | 864 | 2,160 | 4,320 | 6,480 | 8,640 | 12,960 | 21,600 |
| 3 | 576 | 1,440 | 2,880 | 4,320 | 5,760 | 8,640 | 14,400 |
| 4 | 432 | 1,080 | 2,160 | 3,240 | 4,320 | 6,480 | 10,800 |
| 5 | 346 | 864 | 1,728 | 2,592 | 3,456 | 5,184 | 8,640 |
| 6 | 288 | 720 | 1,440 | 2,160 | 2,880 | 4,320 | 7,200 |
| 7 | 247 | 617 | 1,234 | 1,851 | 2,469 | 3,703 | 6,171 |
| 8 | 216 | 540 | 1,080 | 1,620 | 2,160 | 3,240 | 5,400 |
| 9 | 192 | 480 | 960 | 1,440 | 1,920 | 2,880 | 4,800 |
| 10 | 173 | 432 | 864 | 1,296 | 1,728 | 2,592 | 4,320 |
| 12 | 144 | 360 | 720 | 1,080 | 1,440 | 2,160 | 3,600 |
| 14 | 123 | 309 | 617 | 926 | 1,234 | 1,851 | 3,086 |
| 16 | 108 | 270 | 540 | 810 | 1,080 | 1,620 | 2,700 |
| 18 | 96 | 240 | 480 | 720 | 960 | 1,440 | 2,400 |
| 20 | 86 | 216 | 432 | 648 | 864 | 1,296 | 2,160 |
| 25 | 69 | 173 | 346 | 518 | 691 | 1,037 | 1,728 |
| 30 | 58 | 144 | 288 | 432 | 576 | 864 | 1,440 |
| 35 | 49 | 123 | 247 | 370 | 494 | 741 | 1,234 |
| 40 | 43 | 108 | 216 | 324 | 432 | 648 | 1,080 |
| 45 | 38 | 96 | 192 | 288 | 384 | 576 | 960 |
| 50 | 35 | 86 | 173 | 259 | 346 | 518 | 864 |
| 60 | 29 | 72 | 144 | 216 | 288 | 432 | 720 |
| 70 | 25 | 62 | 123 | 185 | 247 | 370 | 617 |
| 80 | 22 | 54 | 108 | 162 | 216 | 324 | 540 |
| 90 | 19 | 48 | 96 | 144 | 192 | 288 | 480 | 960 |
|------|------|------|------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| 100 | 17 | 43 | 86 | 130 | 173 | 259 | 432 | 864 |
Table 1 lists maximum pumping rates, Q, for a range of source flow rates, S, and lift to fall ratios, L/F, calculated using Equation 1 with an assumed pumping efficiency, E, of 0.6. To illustrate the use of Table 1, consider a hydraulic ram system with S = 30 gpm, L = 150 feet, and F = 5 feet. The calculated lift to fall ratio, L/F, is 30. The resulting value for Q is 864 gpd, or 0.6 gpm.
Hydraulic ram pumps are sized based upon drive pipe diameter. The size of drive pipe selected depends upon the available source water flow rate. All makes of pumps built for a given size drive pipe use about the same source flow rate. Available sizes range from 3/4-inch to 6-inch diameters, with drive pipe water flow requirements of 2 to 150 gpm. Hydraulic ram pumps typically can pump up to a maximum of 50 gpm (72,000 gpd) with maximum elevation lifts of up to 400 feet.
Approximate characteristics of hydraulic ram pumps for use in selecting pumps are listed in Table 2. The recommended delivery pipe diameter is normally half the drive pipe diameter. For the system described in the example above, the available source water flow rate is 10 gpm. From Table 2, a pump with a 1-inch drive pipe diameter and a 1/2-inch delivery pipe diameter is selected for this system.
| Pipe Diameter | Flow Rate | Flow Rate | Flow Rate | |
|-----------------|----------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------|
| | Min. Drive (inches) | Min. Discharge (inches) | Minimum Required Source (gpm) | Maximum Pumping (gpd) |
| 3/4 | 1/2 | 2 | 1,000 | |
| 1 | 1/2 | 6 | 2,000 | |
| 1 1/2 | 3/4 | 14 | 4,000 | |
| 2 | 1 | 25 | 7,000 | |
| 2 1/2 | 1 1/4 | 35 | 10,000 | |
| 3 | 1 1/2 | 60 | 20,000 | |
| 6 | 3 | 150 | 72,000 | |
## Installation
The location of the water source in relation to the desired point of water use determines how the hydraulic ram pump will be installed. The length of drive pipe should be at least 5 times the vertical fall to ensure proper operation. The length of delivery pipe is not usually considered important because friction losses in the delivery pipe are normally small due to low flow rates. For very long delivery pipes or high flow rates, friction losses will have an impact on the performance of the hydraulic ram pump. The diameter of the delivery pipe should never be reduced below that recommended by the manufacturer.
To measure the available source water flow rate from a spring or stream, build a small earthen dam with an outlet pipe for water to run through. Place a large bucket or barrel of known volume below the outlet pipe, and measure the number of seconds it takes to fill the container. Then calculate the number of gallons per minute flowing through the outlet. For example, if it takes 30 seconds to fill a 5-gallon bucket, the available source water flow rate is 10 gpm. The lowest flow rates are typically in the summer months. Measure the flow rate during this period to ensure that the year-round capacity of the system is adequate.
## Purchasing a System
Prices for hydraulic ram pumps range from several hundred to several thousand dollars depending on size and performance characteristics. Contact manufacturers to determine prices and ordering specifications. Send the information listed in Table 3 to the manufacturer to assist in sizing your system properly.
| Available water supply in gpm | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Vertical fall in feet measured from the source water level to the foundation on which the ram pump will rest | |
| Distance from the water source to the ram pump in feet | |
| Vertical elevation lift in feet measured from the ram pump | |
| foundation to the highest point to which water is delivered | |
| 5. Distance from the ram pump to the destination tank in feet | |
| Desired pumping flow rate to the destination tank in gpd | |
## Acknowledgments
This fact sheet adapted from materials prepared by the California, Florida, and South Carolina Cooperative Extension Services.
## Author
Greg Jennings Professor and Extension Specialist Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Publication date: March 1, 1996 Reviewed/Revised: Dec. 11, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/iredell-county-forestry-impacts-2016 | Iredell County Forestry Impacts 2016 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Extension Publications"
] | NC | ## Iredell County Forestry Impacts 2016
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Aug. 22, 2018
Authors
Stephanie Chizmar
Rajan Parajiul
Robert Bardon
[ ] View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=iredel - county-forestry-impacts-2016#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/establishing-a-lawn-in-oklahoma.html | Establishing a Lawn in Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Dennis L. Martin",
"David Hillock"
] | 2016-01-10 | [] | OK | ## Establishing a Lawn in Oklahoma
Published Oct. 2016 | Id: HLA-6419
By Dennis L. Martin, David Hillock
Print-friendly PDF (/fact sheets/print publications/hla/establishing-a lawn-in-oklahoma-hla-6419.pdf)
```
JUMP TO: Turfgrass Selection /
Soil and Site Preparation / Planting / Seeding /
Sodding / Plugging / Sprigging /
Post-Establishment Care
```
Establishing your lawn involves turfgrass selection, soil and site preparation, planting, and post-establishment care of the new turf. Proper planning and methods employed for each of these steps helps to ensure a successful and satisfactory lawn establishment. This fact sheet was prepared to describe the necessary steps to properly establish a lawn in Oklahoma.
## Turrfgrass Selection
Turrf grass selection involves choosing a turfgrass species and cultivar that is adapted to the environmental conditions of Oklahoma and that fits your personal needs and interests. The grass should also be suited to the physical or environmental limitations of the planting site, such as shade, no supplemental water, or poor soil conditions. Bermudagrass, buffalograss, and zoysiagra are the warm-season (grows in the summer and dormant in the winter) turfgrass species most commonly planted in Oklahoma. Occasionally, coolseason turfgrass species, such as tall fescue, Kentucky
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bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass are planted on shaded sites because the warm-season turfgrasses cannot tolerate shade. These grasses also can be utilized in the full sun, but only when a convenient means of irrigation is available. Choosing the right cool-season turfgrass cultivar is essential for its success during the hot, dry summers of Oklahoma.
Table 1 summarizes the commonly planted turfgrasses in Oklahoma and some of their characteristics that should be considered when selecting a turfgrass species. For more detailed information, see Fact Sheet HLA-(/fact-sheets/selecting-a-lawn-grass-for6418 oklahoma.html) , "Selecting a Lawn Grass for Oklahoma."
| | Adaptation Location | Adaptation Site | Resista to'Wilt from through |
|-----------|--------------------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|
| Turfgrass | Warm-season Turfgrasses | Bermudagrass | Arizona, common |
| Guymon | Guymon | California | Mirage |
| Jackpot | Kayt | OKS 91-11 | U-3 |
| | Sunturf | Sunturf | | |
|----|--------------|--------------|----------|-----------|
| | Tifgreen | Tifgreen | | |
| | Tiffway | Tiffway | | |
| | Midiron | Midiron | | |
| | Midfield | Midfield | | |
| | Midlawn | Midlawn | | |
| | NuMex Sahara | NuMex Sahara | | |
| | Buffalograss | Western | Full Sun | Excellent |
Sunturf
Statewide
Full Sun
Good
Tifgreen
Tifway
Midiron
Midfield
Midlawn
NuMex Sahara
Buffalograss
Western
Full Sun
Excellent
609
Bison
Cody
Comanche
Prairie
Sharp's
Improved
| | Turfgrass | Adaptation Location | Resista Adaptation Site | to'Wilt from drought |
|--------------------|----------------------|-------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------|
| Tatanka | Tatanka | Tatanka | Tatanka | Tatanka |
| Texoka | Texoka | Texoka | Texoka | Texoka |
| Topgun | Topgun | Topgun | Topgun | Topgun |
| | | | | |
| St. Augustinegrass | Extreme Southeastern | Full Sun to Light Shade | Poor | |
## Tatanka
Texoka
Topgun
St.
Extreme
Full Sun to
Southeast
Light Shade
Texas Common
Raleigh
Zoysiagra
Eastern Half
Full Sun to Light Shade
Meyer
Cool-Season Turgraises
Kentucky bluegrass
Perennial ryegrass
Tall fescue
Statewide
bluegrass
Northern
Perennial ryegrass
Northern
Tall fescue
Statewide
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| | Resistance to$^{1}$Winter Hardiness | Resistance to$^{1}$Heat Stress | Cultura Intensif |
|--------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------|
| Turfgrass | | | |
| Warm-season | | | |
| Turfgrasses | | | |
| Bermudagrass | | | |
| Arizona, common | | | |
| Guymon | | | |
| Jackpot | | | |
| Mirage | | | |
| U-3 | | | |
| Sunturf | Good | Excellent | High |
| Tiffgreen | Good | | |
| Tifway | Good | | |
| Midiron | Very Good | | |
| Midfield | Very Good | | |
| Midlawn | Very Good | | |
| NuMex Sahara Fair3 | NuMex Sahara Fair3 | NuMex Sahara Fair3 | NuMex Sahara Fair3 |
| Turfgrass | Resistance to$^{1}$Winter Hardiness | Resistance to$^{1}$Heat Stress | Cultura Intensif |
|----------------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------------|
| Buffalograss | Excellent | Excellent | Low |
| 609 | | | |
| Bison | | | |
| Cody | | | |
| Comanche | | | |
| Prairie | | | |
| Sharp's | | | |
| Improved | | | |
| Tatanka | | | |
| Texoka | | | |
| Topgun | | | |
| St. | | | |
| Augustinegrass | | | |
| Texas Common | | | |
| | Resistance to$^{1}$Winter Hardiness | Resistance to$^{1}$Heat Stress | Cultura Intensit |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------------|
| Zoysiagrass | Excellent | Excellent | Medium- High |
| Meyer | | | |
| Cool-Season | Excellent | Poor | Medium- High |
| Kentucky bluegrass | Excellent | Poor | High |
| Perennial ryegrass | Excellent | Poor | Medium- High |
| Tall fescue | Excellent | Favorable | Medium- High |
* Recommended for sites that are lightly shaded or irrigated. Use in full sun will require more frequent watering.
- 1 Tolerance ranking is: ExcellentVery
Good» Good» Favorable» Marginal» Poor.
- 2 Maintenance requirements: H=High; M=Medium; L=Low.
- 3 Some winter-kill frequently occurs during the first season after seeding bermudagrasses.
## Soil and Site Preparation
Proper soil and site preparation creates optimal conditions for turfgrass establishment and forms the foundation of the turfgrass area. Try to complete soil and site preparation just prior to planting. The seedbed surface should be smooth, without clods, and the soil should be moist but firm, properly fertilized, as well as loose and granular. Uniformity of site preparation is critical in obtaining a uniform turfgrass stand. A firm, weed-free seeded with just enough loose surface soil for uniform depth of cover is essential. Such seedbeds aid in
obtaining a uniform planting depth and improve seed-soil contact. Soil and site preparation is the same regardless of whether you choose to establish your lawn by seeding, or by sodding, plugging, or sprigging.
The following steps describe proper soil and site preparation.
- 1. Calculate the area, normally in square feet, that will be planted in turf. This is important in purchasing the appropriate quantities of fertilizer, seed, sod, and other materials used in establishing and maintaining your lawn. One method of calculating your lawn area is to divide it into smaller sections (rectangles, triangles, circles), etc.), calculate the area of each smaller section, and then add up the area of the smaller sections to obtain the total lawn area. A second method involves determining the area of your lot and then subtracting the area for spaces devoted to non-lawn use, such as the house, driveway, and ornamental beds.
- 2. Obtain soil samples for a soil test to determine phosphorus and
the house, driveway, and ornamental beds.
potassium levels and pH (pH of 7 is neutral, below is acid, and above is alkaline). These should be taken two months prior to your planting date in order to allow sufficient time for you to receive your fertilizer recommendations and purchase the appropriate
materials. To soil test, take about 10 to 15 cores, of a consistent depth (3 to 4 inches), over the whole lawn area. Discard plant material, such as stems and leaves. Place all samples in a container and mix thoroughly. Remove a one-pint soil sample and take it to your county Extension office for soil-test analysis. Your county educator will write your fertilizer recommendations, based on your soil-test results. If applications of phosphorus, potassium, lime (to raise pH), or sulfur (to lower pH) are recommended, then incorporate these materials into the upper 4 to 6 inches of soil as discussed in number 9. You will also need to broadcast a "starter" fertilizer on the surface of the finished seededbed, as discussed in number 11.
3. Control noxious, perennial weeds with Roundup, Kleenup, or GLYFOS prior to cultivation. Naturalized bermudagrass is our greatest problem in Oklahoma. The best time to control bermudagrass with Roundup is in September during periods of active plant growth. If you are planting a cool-season turfgrass species, wait at least one week after treatment before cultivation
and seedbed preparation. If you are planting a warm-season turfgrass species, you can wait until April or May to begin cultivation and seedbed preparation.
- movement through the soil.
cultivar, disk, or similar cultivar equipment. Deep cultivation may not be feasible in all situations, but at least cultivate or rototill the upper 4 to 6 inches of soil. Loosening the soil surface by cultivation is critical for alleviating compacted, hard, tight soils; for incorporating fertilizer and soil amendment materials throughout the entire root-zone soil; and for creating a proper soil, air, and water relationship in the seeded for optimum
turfgrass establishment. 6. Tight clay soils can be improved by incorporating either topsoil or sand to increase soil aeration and water drainage. At least 4 to 6 inches of a loamy topsoil or coarse sand must be uniformly incorporated into the upper 2 to 4 inches of underlying soil to achieve soil improvement. Sandy soils are modified with topsoil to increase water and nutrient retention. Incorporate 6 to 8 inches of a loamy topsoil into the upper 4 to 6 inches of underlying soil. If the soil being modified lacks organic matter, add 10 to 15 percent by volume of a well decomposed peat or other organic material. It
into the existing soil and not layered on top of the surface. 7. Installation of subsurface drain tile and underground irrigation systems should be completed prior to final seedbed preparation. Drainage lines should be 6 to 18 inches deep, depending on the weight of anticipated traffic. Irrigation main lines should be placed below the frost line while lateral lines in ornamental beds should be 18 inches deep and lateral lines in turf areas should be 12 inches deep.
8. If improvement of soil pH is indicated by a soil test, incorporate the recommended amount of lime or sulfur into the upper 4 to 6 inches of soil.
## Planting
The critical factors in planting turfgrasses are listed below and discussed in this fact sheet.
- 1. Plant a recommended turfgrass species and cultivar that is well adapted to the environmental conditions of Oklahoma and one that is also suited to your planting site and interests. See Fact Sheet HLA-6418, "Selecting a Lawn Grass for Oklahoma," for detailed information.
- 2. Plant the recommended amount of seeds or vegetative material (sod, sprigs, and plugs) to ensure rapid coverage (Table 2).
of your specific variety to plant, look at the seed label (usually on the back of the bag) and note the percent of seed purity and percent germination. The amount of this seed to plant per 1,000 ft²
suggested PLS rate from Table 2, column 4, (percent pure seed listed on your label) x (percent germination on label)
- 4. Uniformly distribute seed, springs, or plugs over the lawn area to prevent bare spots or areas that are likely to be invaded by weeds and slowly covered by turf.
- 5. Plant when environmental conditions favor rapid turfgrass establishment. In the case of warm-season turfgrasses this means that there is enough time for good plant development before frost. In the case of cool-season turfgrasses there should be adequate time for growth before hot, dry summer conditions come about.
| | Planting Rate |
|-----------|------------------|
| Turfgrass | Planting Date |
Warm-season
Turfgrasses
| | Planting | Planting | Rate (amount |
|-----------|-------------|------------|----------------|
| Turfgrass | Method Date | Date | per 1000 ft² |
Tifway
Midfield
Midlawn
Midiron
U-3
Buffalograss (seeded types)
609
Prairie
St.
Augustinegrass (vegetative types)
Texas Common
Raleigh
| | Planting Planting Planting (amount Date per 1000 ft²) |
|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Turfgrass | Date |
## Zoysiagrass (vegetative types)
Meyer
sod, plugs
May-July
2-inch plu on 6-inch
centers
El Toro
Matrella
Zoysiagrass (seeded types)
Sunrise brand
seed
seed by July 1
1 pound Pl
Cool-Season Turfgrasses
Kentucky bluegrass
seed
Sept-Oct$^{3}$
2 pounds I
sod
Sept-May
solid sod c
50 ft² of sí
for puggii
on 6-inch
centers
center s
matrella
Planting Rate (amount
Planting Method
Planting Date
Planting Rate (amount per 100 ft²)
4 to 8 pou PLS; 10-12
pounds PL for winter
overseedii of bermudag
PLS
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1>Pereal
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may be necessary to dilute small amounts of seed with sand, Milorganite, or similar material to increase the amount of bulk material being spread.
Figure 1 . When seeding a lawn, divide the recommended amount of seed into two equal portions and spread each portion in a different direction to ensure uniform distribution.
Seed when temperature and moisture conditions favor rapid germination and establishment. Warm-season turfgrasses should be seeded when daily mean temperatures of the upper soil surface range from 68° to 95° F. In Oklahoma, this usually means not seeding (or sodding, plugging, or sprigging) warmseason turfgrasses before May. 1. On the other hand, warmseason turfgrasses should be seeded early enough in the growing season to allow enough time for them to become established before winter. Most seeded bermudagrasses should be planted by July 1. Cool-season turfgrasses germinate optimally when daily mean temperatures of the upper soil surface range from 68 to 86 F. Thus, the ideal time to seed Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, or tall fescue is in late September and October. Temperatures become too cold in November and December for optimal germination and establishment. The second best time to seed cool-season turfgrasses is in March. Fall plantings of cool-season turfgrasses are superior over spring plantings because there is more time for plant development prior to heat and drought conditions of summer.
After seeding, cover the seed with soil to a depth of approximately 1/8 inch by lightly hand raking with a garden rake or dragging a flexible steel door mat over the area. To
ensure proper seed-soil moisture contact for rapid germination, firm the soil around the seed by rolling with a weighted lawn roller or by some other means of packing the seeded. The chances of establishment from broadcast is high only if the newly emerging root is able to penetrate the soil surface easily and if the surface is kept moist.
Mulching the seedbed following seeding helps to ensure favorable temperature and moisture conditions for rapid seed germination and seedling growth. It also helps to stabilize loose soil and seed during rain and high winds. This is particularly true on slopes. Distributing clean wheat straw at approximately 100 pounds per 1000 ft.2 is one of the preferred methods of mulching. Placing string over the mulch every 3 feet will help prevent it from being blown by wind.
Keep the upper 1-inch surface of the seedbed moist by daily, light waterings for at least 10 to 14 days. When a majority of the seed has germinated and bermudagrass seedlings are about 3/4 inch tall or tall fescue seedlings are about 2 inches tall, remove the straw mulch. After the seed germinates and becomes established, practice deeper, less frequent waterings.
Hydroseeding involves spraying seed suspended in water on the area to be established. Fertilizer and mulch are commonly added to the suspension. Hydroseeding is very effective for hard-to-plant areas, such as slopes. Since the seed is placed on the soil surface, frequent, light irrigations are critical for keeping the seed moist. Hydroseeding is normally accomplished on a contract basis.
## Sodding
Sodding provides an almost instant lawn. It is important to have the seedbed moist (but not waterlogged) prior to the arrival of fresh sod. Therefore, moisten the upper 5 to 6 inches of seedbed soil several days before sodding, plugging, or sprigging.
Sod transplanting involves the manual placement of individual slabs or rolls of sod in a staggered, checker board pattern (Figure 2). It is helpful to place the first sod pieces along a straight edge, such as a driveway or sidewalk and then work toward the middle. Snugly fit sod pieces against each other to prevent exposure and drying of the edges. After laying the sod, tamp or roll the area to ensure proper contact between sod and underlying soil. Water should be immediately applied. On large areas it is best to plant and water smaller sections at a time. Sod warm-season turfgrasses at least one month before the first fall frost in order to allow enough time for adequate rooting.
## Plugging
Plugging involves the transplanting of small pieces of sod into holes the same size. The advantage of plugging over sprigging is that plugs have a greater chance of becoming established than sprigs. This is because individual sprigs have little if any roots with adhering soil and are smaller with less plant storage material to help them get started. The disadvantage of plugging is that it normally takes more time to obtain total
lawn coverage than with sprigging and it is a more labor intensive project than sprigging. Plugging can be
accomplished mechanically or manually. Plugs can be either circular (1 to 2 inches diameter) or square (1 to 2 inches square) or irregular in shape but approximately the same size as round or square plugs. Plugs are planted on 6- to 12-inch centers (Figure 3). That is, there are 6 to 12 inches between rows of plugs and there are 6 to 12 inches between individual plugs within each row. Always plug zoysiagrass on 6-inch centers, due to its slow establishment rate. Roll or tamp soil around each plug after planting and keep the upper surface (1 to 2 inches) moist until the grass is well rooted and spreading. In large areas, it is best to plant and water smaller sections at a time. Plug warm-season turfgrasses at least two months before the first fall frost in order to allow enough time for adequate spread and rooting.
## Sprigging
Sprigging rates are shown in Table 2. Sprigggng can be accomplished mechanically or manually. It normally involves planting sprigs (stems or runners with two to four nodes, "joints") in furrows that are 1 to 2 inches deep and 10 to 18
inches apart (Figure 4). inches apart (Figure 4). Sprigs should be placed at 4- to 6-inch intervals within furrows. Shallower planting results in a more rapid establishment. The ideal placement is leaving one-quarter of each sprig above ground after planting (Figure 5). Roll or tamp soil around sprigs after
daily, light irrigations until the grass is well rooted and spreading. In large areas, it is best to sprig and water smaller sections at a time. Sprig warm-season turfgrasses at least two months before the first fall frost in order to allow enough time for spread and rooting.
Broadcast springging involves uniformly spreading the recommended amount of springs over the seedbed surface. Spread a 0.25- to 0.5-inch layer of topsoil or sand over the sprigs and/or lightly press springs partially into the surface by disk or roto-tiller, set 2 to 3 inches deep. Roll or tamp soil around sprigs after planting and keep the upper surface (1 to 2 inches) moist by daily, light irrigations.
## Post-Establishment Care
Watering should be done on a daily basis for several weeks after planting. Only the upper 1 to 2 inches of soil need to be moistened until the turf is rooted and spreading. As the turf becomes more established, begin deeper, less frequent irrigations to promote deeper rooting and a harder turf. However, never allow newly established turf to experience moisture stress.
A fertilizer application three to four weeks after planting with a nitrogen fertilizer will enhance establishment. Fertilize at a rate of approximately 0.5 pound N per 1000 ft².
Begin mowing when the turf foliage reaches the intended cutting height. Mowing as soon as it is needed will promote lateral spread and rooting.
In small areas, weed control can be accomplished by handpulling. Herbicides should be avoided for at least the first three to four weeks following planting. Only when weed
competition is hindering turfgrass coverage should herbicides be considered during establishment. The organic arsenicals (DSMA, MSMA, AMA) are reasonably safe on newly sodded, plugged, or sprigged bermudagrass for the control of
emerged summer annual grass seeds, such as crabgrass and sandbur. Ronstar and Barricade, preemergent herbicides (crabgrass preventers), are safe on newly sodded, plugged or sprigged common-type bermudagrass. Ronstar cannot be used by home consumers on home/residential lawns. The herbicide 2,4-D and related compounds are not safe when applied at rates that are normally used on established bermudagrass.
For detailed information on caring for an established lawn, see Fact Sheet HLA-6420, "Lawn Management in Oklahoma."
## Turfgrass Management
HLA-6418 Selecting a Lawn Grass for Oklahoma HLA-6419 Establishing a Lawn in Oklahoma HLA-6420 Lawn Management in Oklahoma HLA-6600 Turfgrass Management of Bermudagrass Football Fields
CR-6602 Performance of Tall Fescues at Stillwater, OK HLA-6604 Thatch Management in Lawns CR-6605 Directory of Turfgrass Sod Sources in Oklahoma L-249 Soil Testing: The Right First Step Toward Proper Care of Your Lawn and Garden L-253 Don't Bag It Lawn Care Plan
## Weed Control
HLA-6421 Controlling Weeds in Home Lawns HLA-6423 Controlling Grassy Weeds in Home Lawns HLA-6601 Broadleaf Weed Control for Lawns in Oklahoma
## Disease Control
CR-6606 Managing Large Patch of Zoysiagra EPP-7658 Dollar Spot of Turfgrass EPP-7665 Managing Spring Dead Spot Disease of
## Insect Control
EPP-7306 Ornamental and Lawn Pest Control
Dennis L. Martin
Turf Extension Specialist
David Hillock
Extension Consumer Horticulturist
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print publications/hla/establishinga lawn-in-oklahoma-hla-6419.pdf)
## Topics:
Drought /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/weather-and-disasterpreparedness/drought/) Gardening & Lawn Care /topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawn-care/)
Home & Garden Water Issues (topics/environment-and-natural resources/water/home-and-garden-water-issues/) Landscaping /topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawn care/landscaping/)
Lawns & Turfgrass /topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawn-care/lawsandspring/turfs grass/)
Water Conservation /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/water/ homeand-garden-water-issues/ water conservation/)
Water /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/water/)
Weather & Disaster Preparedness /topics/environment-and-naturalresources/weather-and-disaster-preparedness/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2022/09/27/que-debo-hacer-si-mi-pozo-de-agua-esta-inundado/ | ¿Qué debo hacer si mi pozo de agua está inundado? | University of Florida | [
"Luz Bahder"
] | 2022-09-27 | [
"Disaster Preparation",
"Food Safety",
"Health & Nutrition",
"Home Management",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Work & Life",
"agua",
"bacteria",
"desinfectar",
"Español",
"huracán",
"hurricane preparation",
"hurricane season",
"microorganismos",
"potable",
"pozo"
] | FL | ## ¿Qué debo hacer si mi pozo de agua está inundado?
Los huracanes son una de las tormentas más poderosas de la naturaleza. Producen fuertes vientos, inundaciones por marajedas ciclónicas y lluvias torrenticales. Cuando las fuertes lluvias provocan inundaciones en un área, las personas no suelen considerar los posibles daños en sus pozos de agua privados. Si su pozo de agua se ha inundado, la parte externa del pozo está rodeada por agua o sumergida en aguas de inundación, su pozo de agua privado podría estar en peligro por contaminantes encontrados en estas aguas.
La única forma de saber si su agua es segura para beber o no es haciéndole un análisis. La contaminación bacteriana es muy común después de que un pozo se inunda. Busque un laboratorio certificado para analizar si su agua tiene presencia de bacterias (bacterias coliformes y Ecol.). Environmental Laboratory Certification Program se estableció en 1979 para garantizar la calidad y la capacidad de laboratorio para realizar pruebas de agua potable, estas pruebas son reguladas por Florida Safe Drinking Water Act. Puede utilizar este enlace para encontrar un laboratorio de análisis de agua potable certificado: https://floridadep- gov.translate.goog/dear/florida-dep-laboratory-Español
Si el examen da positivo para bacterias, es necesario desinfectar el pozo y el sistema de agua. El blanqueador de cloro sin olor se utiliza a menudo para desinfectar un pozo contaminado con bacterias. Considere que el proceso de desinfección incluye no solo su pozo sino también todas las tuberías. Si tiene sistemas o dispositivos de tratamiento de agua, retire todas las membranas, cartuchos y filtros, reemplácelos después de que se complete el proceso de cloración de choque.
## 'Cómo desinfectar mi pozo?
- 1. Bombee el pozo para eliminar cualquier posible contaminante.
Son al menos tres volúmenes de pozo de agua de un grifo cerca de la cabeza del pozo, o como mínimo, bombee el pozo durante al menos 1 hora antes de comenzar el proceso de desinfección.
- 2. Enjuague las tuberías domésticas, incluido el calentador de agua. Asegúrese de que el agua esté limpia y libre de sedimentos.
Cuadro 1. Cantidad de cloro a utilizar para la desinfección del pozo de agua
| Profundidad | Diámetro del pozo en centímetros | Diámetro del pozo en centímetros | Diámetro del pozo en centímetros | |
|---------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------|
| metros | | | | |
| | 5 cm | 10 cm | 12 cm | 15 cm |
| 15 | 1 taza | 2 tazas | 2 tazas | 3 tazas |
| 25 | 1 taza | 2 tazas | 4 tazas | 4 tazas |
| 30 | 1 taza | 3 tazas | 4 tazas | 6 tazas |
| 45 | 2 tazas | 4 tazas | 8 tazas | 10 tazas |
| 60 | 3 tazas | 6 tazas | 10 tazas | 12 tazas |
Después de la desinfección ées mi agua segura?
Nuevamente, la única manera de saber si su agua es segura para beber es mediante un análisis. Envie otra muestra al laboratorio certificado para confirmar que no haya bacterias en el agua de su pozo. Aunque el blanqueador con cloro es eficaz contra los microorganismos, no eliminará la contaminación química que pueda haber entrado en su pozo.
## Traducido al español por Luz Bahder luzdenia@ufl.edu
For the English version ,please use this link
```
###
ACERCA DE UF/IFAS
La misión de University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences (UF/IFAS) es desarrollar conocimientos relevantes para los
recursos agrícolas, humanos y naturales, así como hacer que ese
conocimiento esté disponible para mantener y mejorar la calidad de
vida humana. UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences cuenta
con más de una docena de centros de investigación, 67 condados
con oficinas de extensión, así como estudiantes y profesores
galardonados. UF/IFAS orrece soluciones basadas en la ciencia a las
industrias agrícolas y de recursos naturales del estado, así como a
todos los residentes de Florida.
```
ifas ufl edu / @UF I F AS
O
by Luz Bahder
Posted: September 27, 2022
Category: Blog Community, Disaster Preparation, Food Safety, Health
& Nutrition, Home Management, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS
Extension, WORK & LIFE
Tags: Agua, Bacteria, Desinfectar, Espanol, Huracan, Hurricane
Preparation, Hurricane Season, Microorganisms, Potable, Pozza
More From Blogs.IFAS
Researchers make progress on breeding citrus cankerreasistant plants; discovery may lead to breeding…
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/building-types-pole-construction | Building Types - Pole Construction | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Building Types - Pole Construction
## Building Types - Pole Construction
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6280
View as PDF: 6280.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/scouting-for-freeze-injury-in-north-carolina-winter-wheat | Scouting for Freeze Injury in North Carolina Winter Wheat | NC State Extension | [
"Angela Post",
"Ryan Heiniger"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Wheat",
"Crop Management",
"Extension Publications"
] | NC | ## Scouting for Freeze Injury in North Carolina Winter Wheat
Winter wheat becomes more and more susceptible to injury the more mature it becomes. It is most susceptible in the flowering stage when it cannot withstand temperatures below 30°F without being injured. At jointing winter wheat cannot withstand temperatures below 24°F without being injured. For more information on temperature tolerances of winter wheat at varying growth stages see Kansas State publication C-646 (Shroyer et al. 1995).
Attribution : Angela R. Post
## Leaf Injury
Leaf tip damage after freezing temperatures is a common symptom in winter wheat. It does indicate that the entire tiller probably froze overnight. But it usually does not significantly contribute to yield losses. Leaf tips may turn purple, yellow, gold, or bronze depending on variety and the severity and duration of the freeze (Fig 1A). Transverse bands of yellow or white tissues may show up several days following freeze events (Fig. 1B). New leaves may emerge twisted yellow and necrotic, or even pinched. Many of these symptoms will show some recovery over time and new leaves and tiller growth following the freeze will usually compensate for this type of tissue damage. In contrast to leaf tip damage, injury to the flag leaf during freeze can be detrimental to yield.
## Flag Leaf Injury
A completely yellow flag leaf following freeze indicates severe injury to the growing point and the head from that tiller is unlikely to produce normal grain if any at all (Fig. 2). Flag leaves appearing normal following a freeze may still have damage in the form of a pinch. Where the cold air settles in the wheat canopy the tissues expand and some of the cells will die. In that layer of the canopy a tight band of frozen cells will occur on almost every leaf including the flag leaf. Later when the
developing head tries to push through that layer, awns will become trapped and the wheat head will emerge deformed, twisted, or kinked. These heads can still fill grain but the grains do not have the normal space or proper orientation to fully form. This can result in lower test weight and shriveled grain. This is not as pronounced in beardless and short-awned varieties.
Attribution: Angela R. Post
## Stem Injury
Injuries to the wheat stem can be more damaging than those in leaf tissues. Stem symptoms include stem splitting (Fig. 3, left), browning at the crown (Fig. 3, right), darkening of internodes (Fig. 5), stem softening or weakening, and swollen nodes. In cross section the tissues just below a joint (node) which has frozen will turn brown approximately 7 days following a freeze (Fig. 4). These tissues will continue to deteriorate and limit water and nutrient uptake by that particular tiller. Depending on the length and severity of the freeze stem injuries like this can greatly reduce or eliminate grain production from that tiller. Leaf sheaths may split at a joint (Fig. 3, left) which has frozen due to expanding tissues when freezing occurs. The split leaf sheath does not cause a problem, but indicates the joint has likely frozen and you should continue to scout looking for brown transverse bands in the split stem as shown in Figure 4.
Some stems may be damaged by freeze but not show signs of outward discoloration. Damage can manifest simply as a weak point in the stem contributing to lodging later in the season. It may feel soft and flimsy to the touch and may be water-soaked in appearance but not darkly discolored. These stems will bend easily and not stand back up. As grain begins to fill, the heads will become too heavy for the stem to hold and they fall over at the weak point damaged by the freeze. In very
tall wheat, lodging may appear within 2 weeks after a freeze. In shorter wheat it may not occur until later during grain fill. No management practice can correct standability issues due to freeze once it occurs.
Figure 4. Upper: Stem is partially opened to show extensive tissue damage and brown discoloration of stem below the joint which has frozen. Lower: stem cut in cross section showing transverse band of brown, necrotic tissue just below the joint.
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tan to brown and mushy 7 to 10 days following the freeze. Figure 6A & B depicts a healthy wheat head and a completely dead wheat head. These heads are at the same growth stage, are the same variety, and came from the same field.
## Emerged Head Injury
Sometimes the entire head is not affected as in Figure 7. Here only the upper third of the head has frozen. Flowers in that portion of the head will be sterile and not produce a grain. Awns connected to empty florets will be straw colored instead of their normal green and may appear twisted or in disarray. Normally they would be upright and uniformly spaced. See also Figure 8.
It is important to scout each field location. Yield losses due to freeze injury are relative to the duration and severity of the event at a specific site . Aside from developmental growth stage, topography, soil moisture, nutrient content of the plants, and wind speed and direction at a site during a freeze event can all impact potential yield losses. To assess yield potential after the freeze wait 5 to 7 days allowing damage to manifest. Count the number of viable tillers remaining in one square foot. Any tills with severe symptoms as described in this guide should not be counted as viable.
## Other Small Grains
Similar scouting methods can be used for barley, oats, triticale, cereal rye and ryegrass. Symptomology of freeze injury is similar in all of these small grain crops and will again depend on severity and duration of freeze coupled with the developmental stage of the crop. However, Table 1 is an estimate only for wheat. Recent observations indicate that much of NC's barley and triticale crop was severely affected.
## References
Shroyer, J.P., M.E. Mikesell, and G.M. Paulsen. C-646. Spring Freeze Injury to Kansas Wheat, Karsas State University, March 1995.
Klein, R. N. EC-132. Freeze Injury to Nebraska Wheat.
http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec132.pdf. Accessed 3-23-2017
## Authors
Angela Post
Extension Specialist, Small Grains Crop & Soil Sciences
Ryan Heiniger
Official Variety Testing Program Director Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: March 15, 2017 Reviewed/Revised: April 11, 2020
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/dare-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Dare County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Extension Publications"
] | NC | ## Dare County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 10, 2020
Authors
Rajan Para¨uli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
❑ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617aa9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=dare-countyforestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeastern-us-pest-control-guide-for-nursery-crops-and-landscape-plantings/arthropod-pest-control | Arthropod Pest Control | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Neal Chong",
"et. al."
] | null | [
"Pest Control",
"Agriculture",
"Horticulture"
] | NC | ## Arthropod Pest Control
Department Horticultural Science Publication Date March 3, 2017
Authors
Neal
Chong et al.
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=arthropod pest-control#zoom=page-fit
## Other Publications in 2017 Southeastern US Pest Control Guide for Nursery Crops and Landscape Plantings
Preemergence Herbicide Efficacy in Nurseries and Landscape Plantings
Principles of Integrated Pest Management
Pesticide Use and Safety Information
Pesticide Application - Calibrating Chemical Application Equipment
Arthropod Pest Control
Disease Control
Weed Control
Vertebrate Pest Control
Complete Southeastern US Pest Control Guide
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cotton-foliar-diseases-areolate-mildew-target-spot-and-other-leaf-spot-diseases | Cotton Foliar Diseases: Areolate Mildew, Target Spot, and Other Leaf Spot Diseases | NC State Extension | [
"Daisy Ahumada"
] | null | [
"Cotton",
"Leaf Spots",
"Downy Mildew",
"Foliar Disease",
"Target Spot"
] | NC | ## Cotton Foliar Diseases: Areolate Mildew, Target Spot, and Other Leaf Spot Diseases
Cotton Disease Information
## Introduction
Aroleate mildew, originating in Alabama in 1890, and target spot, first described in Mississippi in 1959, have both become increasingly prevalent across the southeastern United States over the past three decades. Significant yield losses have been reported in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. While these diseases have occurred sporadically in North Carolina, significant yield losses have not been reported in the state. The diseases are often associated with each other, likely due to similar environmental conditions favoring their development. Areolate mildew was first reported in North Carolina in 2018 during a year with unusually high rainfall, while target spot was found in North Carolina in 2012.
## Pathogens
- · Aroleate mildew (downy mildew or false mildew) is caused by the fungus, Ramiarlopsis gossypii and possibly.R.pessodylogylicines .
- · Target spot is caused by the fungus, Corynespora cassicola .
## Signs and Symptoms
Aroleate mildew first starts as brown lesions on the lower canopy leaves. The lesions will grow up to ~0.15 in wide and will be restricted by a major leaf vein. The lesions are slightly chlorotic (yellowed) or necrotic on the upper leaf surface, resembling bacterial blight . A characteristic sign of the disease is the white, powdery, mildew growth on the lower surface of the leaves (Figure 1). As the disease develops, the lower canopy of the infected plant will deflorate prematurely and the upper canopy may develop symptoms.
Target spot first starts as brown lesions on the lower canopy leaves. As the lesions grow up to 1 inch in diameter, the rings will develop irregular concentric rings, giving the lesions their characteristic 'target look (Figure 2). As the disease develops, the lower canopy of the infected plant will deflorate prematurely and the upper canopy may develop symptoms. As lesions age, centers of leaf spots may fall out causing a shot-hole appearance.
Other leaf spot diseases that may appear throughout the growing season are often associated with nutrition deficiencies and environmental stress, and do not warrant intervention (Table 1, Figure 3).
EXTENSION
| Disease | Causal Agent |
|------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Ascochyta blight | Ascochyta gossypii |
| Alternaria leaf spot | Alternaria spp. |
| Bacterial blight/angular leaf spot | Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. mavacearum |
| Cercospora leaf spot | Cercospora gossypina |
| Stemphylium leaf spot | Stemphylium solani |
## Disease Cycle
Ramulariopsis spp. oospores and Corynespora cassiola chamlydospores can overwinter in plant debris and soil for several years. When conditions are favorable (25-30F, >85% humidity),
Ramlariolopsis oospores produce motle zooopses, and Corynespora chlamydospores generate conidia. The spores are dispersed by rain, irrigation, or wind. When spores land on cotton leaves, they will germinate and infect the leaf tissue. As the pathogen grows, dead tissue begins to form a lesion. Corynespora fruiting bodies (stroma) emerge from infected leaves, while Ramulariospsis sporangia erupt from stomata on the leaves' undersides, creating the white, powdery disease sign. The spores produced by the stroma and sporangia may spread further, leading to ongoing disease development. Both fungal pathogens are polycyclic, continuously growing, reproducing, and
spreading from infected leaves as long as conditions are favorable.
## Disease Management
## Crop Debris Destruction
- · Destroy all crop debris from fields, as soon after harvest as possible. Till debris as deep into the soil as possible, while managing soil erosion.
- · Burning is not an effective control method as it only removes the debris on the surface. If burning is used to remove excess debris, it should be combined with tillage to push debris to deeper levels of soil.
- · Sanitizing and rinsing equipment to remove soil and spores after use is good practice for managing most diseases.
- Ensure that runoff water does not run into 'clean' fields.
## Crop Rotation
- · Crop rotation can suppress the population of some leaf spot diseases, such as areolate mildew and bacterial blight.
- · The target spot pathogen can infect a wide range of hosts, including soybeans, cucurbits, and tomatoes. Rotations with these crops should be avoided after high target spot incidences.
## Planting and Growing season
## Chemical Control
- · Foliar diseases are rarely severe enough for foliar sprays to be economical.
- o Fields that are beyond the 6th week of bloom, fully cutout with fairly mature bolls, and within ~4 weeks from defoliation, a fungicide application may not be warranted.
- · If excessive target spot lesions or areolate mildew are present with a forecast of prolonged rain, consider a fungicide spray to manage defoliation.
- · If not scouting, a fungicide spray may be effective between the 3rd and 4th week of bloom (Table 2).
- · For annually updated chemical management tools, consult the North Carolina Agricultural Chemical Manual .
| FRAC | Fungicide | Rate (fl oz/a) | Remarks |
|--------|-------------|------------------|-------------------------|
| 7,11 | Elatus* | 5-7.3 | 45 day PHI |
| 3,7 | Miravis Top | 13.6 | 45 day PHI |
| 7,11 | Priaxor | 4-8 | 30 day PHI |
| 11 | Quadris | 6-9 | 45 day PHI |
| 3,7,11 | Revytek | 8-15 | 30 day PHI |
| 3 | Topguard EQ | 5-7 | 12 hour REI. 45 day PHI |
## Useful Resources
- • The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations.
- • The NC State Extension Plant Pathology Portal provides information on crop disease management.
- • The North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual provides pesticide information for common diseases of North Carolina. The manual recommendations do not replace those described on the pesticide label, and the label must be followed.
- • For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension agent.
## Author
Daisy Ahumada
Assistant Professor and Extension Field Crop Pathology Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Oct. 12, 2023
Reviewed/Revised: Dec. 2, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
NC Cooperative Extension prohilbe la discriminacion por raza, color, nacionalidad, edad, sexo (incluyendo el embarazo), discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual, identidad de género, información genética, afliación política, y estatus de veteran.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/portion-distortion-tricks-to-portion-control/ | Tricks for Estimating Portion Sizes | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2021-06-02 | [
"Nutrition",
"Portion Control",
"Wellness"
] | AL | ## Tricks for Estimating Portion Sizes
Do you ever wonder how much you are eating? According to MyPlate (https://www.myplate.gov/eat-healthy/vegetables), adult females should aim to eat 2 and 1/2 to 3 cups of vegetables each day. But what if you aren't measuring your food out each time? There are visual tricks for estimating the amount of food you eat based on common household items. Imaging these items as you serve yourself and others can help you visually "measure" your portion sizes. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/nassauco/2021/10/05/invasion-of-the-landscape-snatchers-tuberous-sword-fern-nephrolepis-cordifolia/ | Invasion of the Landscape Snatchers: Tuberous Sword Fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia) | University of Florida | [
"Taylor Clem, PhD"
] | 2021-10-05 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Horticulture",
"Invasive Species",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Boston fern",
"Established",
"FFL",
"Florida Friendly",
"Invasion of the Landscape Snatchers",
"Invasive",
"IPM",
"tubers"
] | FL | ## Invasion of the Landscape Snatchers: Tuberous Sword Fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia)
Tuberous Sword Fern /Boston Fern ( Nephrolepis
cordifolia).
The Tuberous Sword Fern swarms our landscapes and is easily found at many nurseries around the county. It goes by many names, including Boston Fern. You can easily confuse the tuberous sword fern with the native sword fern ( N. exaltata ). The two plants look nearly identical, but the tuberous sword fern disrupts and displaces many plant communities throughout Florida - including Nassau County. Many homeowners will buy this plant at a local nursery, which then spreads it to the local environment and spreads rapidly.
The key to identifying the native versus invasive fern is to look for the tubers, or little "nuts", on the roots of the ferns. If you pull some ferns up in your landscape and see the tubers, you have the invasive plant. This plant spreads rather aggressively and continues to propagate from any tubers left in the ground. Without control, this plant will smother and replace many of the plants in your landscape.
## Control
## Preventative
The first method in controlling tuberous sword fern is by avoiding purchasing, selling, transporting, or trading this plant. Therefore, be aware, most of the sword-type ferns sold within nurseries are tuberous sword ferns. If you would like to purchase sword fern for your landscape, purchase the native species from a reputable native nursery.
## Cultural/Physical
Plant the native species or alternative plants. My favorite alternatives include Leatherleaf Fern ( Rumohra adiantoformis), Southern Woods Fern ( Thylepteris kuntii ), and Autumn Fern ( Dryopteris erythrosora ). If you notice the invasive tuberous sword fern generating spores on the underside of the fronds, make sure you clean your hands and avoid contact to help prevent unintentional spread.
## Mechanical
Hand removal of this invasive is relatively easy to do, but any residual tubers left in the ground become a source of another fern to grow. Therefore, once you hand remove a large area of the sword fern, be sure you follow up regularly to remove any other ferns that pop up. Over time you will be able to get control of this invasive plant.
## Biological
There are no known biological controls.
## Chemical
If the following control methods fail to work, applications of glyphosate are effective. Additionally, follow-up applications may be necessary for complete control.
## Conclusions
The tuberous sword fern spreads aggressively across the landscape. Therefore, if you or someone you know is having issues managing this invasive or any other invasive plants within your landscapes, reach out to your county extension office for more information. The invasion of the landscape snatchers has begun, but we can stop it!
## More Information:
## Blog Series
Like what you are reading? Therefore, check out all the published blogs in this series. https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/nassauco/tag/invasionof-the-landscape-snatchers/.
Or quickly jump to the individual blogs in the series:
Invasion of the Landscape Snatchers
Lantana (Lantana camara)
Tuberous Sword Fern ( Nephrolepis cordifolia )
Coral Ardisia (Ardisia cremata)
Wild Taro ( Colocasia esculenta )
Mexican Petunia (Ruellia simplex )
Mother of Millions ( Kalanchoe x houghtonii )
Mimosa Silk Tree ( Albizia julibrissin )
Nandina ( Nandina domestica )
## Social Media Pages:
- Nassau County Extension Facebook:
- Nassau County 4-H
1
by Taylor Clem, PhD
Posted: October 5, 2021
Category: Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Home Landscapes,
Horticulture, Invasive Species, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Boston Fern, Established, FEL, Florida-Friendly, Florida-
Friendly Landscapeing, Invasion Of The Landscape Snatchers,
Invasive, Invasive Species, IPM, Tubers
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- During The Outbreak Be Like A Gopher Tortoise, Stay In Your Burrow
- Vines Of Mistaken Identity: Greenbriar
- Roses - Landscape Matters 2020
- Zoe's Mission |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/t/nutrition-for-older-adults-dietary-and-health-guidelines-to-lower-the-risk-of-cancer-t-3193.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20210413103918-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EXTENSION
Janice Hermann Extension Nutrition Specialist
## Cancer
Cancer is second leading cause of death in the United States. Many factors may have a role in cancer development.
## Genetic Factors
Some cancers may have an inherited genetic factor. Knowing your family history of cancer is important.
## Immune Factors
A healthy immune system destroys foreign cells. A weak immune system may not recognize cancer cells as foreign. This can allow uncontrolled cancer cell growth.
## Environmental Factors
Some environmental factors may increase the risk of certain types of cancer such as:
- · Excess radiation and sunlight.
- · Water and air pollution.
## Lifestyle Factors
Some lifestyle factors known to increase cancer risk include:
- · Smoking.
- · Physical inactivity.
- o Lack of physical activity may have a direct role in the development of certain types of cancer.
## Nutrition for Older Adults: Dietary and Health Guidelines To Lower The Risk Of Cancer
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: extension.okstate.edu
- o Lack of physical activity may also increase the risk of obesity which is a risk factor for certain types of cancer.
## Dietary Factors
Some dietary factors may increase the risk of cancer. Other dietary factors may lower the risk of cancer.
Some dietary factors may increase risk by initiating cancer development:
- · Very high levels of some pesticides.
- o Levels permitted on fruits and vegetables are safe.
- · Benefit of fruits and vegetables far exceed any potential risk.
- · High alcohol intake.
- o High alcohol intake is linked to certain types of cancer.
- · Certain meat preparation methods.
- o Frying
- o Broiling
- o Grilling
- o Smoking
- o Salt curing.
- · Fruits and vegetables may protect against this risk.
Other dietary factors may increase risk by promoting cancer development once it has started:
contain compounds that may help lower cancer risk:
- Dietary fiber.
- Antioxidants including vitamin C and vitamin E.
- Pytochemicals.
- Seafood provides omega 3 fatty acids and low-fat dairy foods provide calcium. These nutrients may also help lower risk of certain types of cancer.
## Advice to Lower Cancer Risk:
- Some guidelines to help lower cancer risk are:
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Be physically active each day.
- Consume ample fruits; vegetables; whole grains; beans, peas and lentils; seafood and low-fat dairy.
- Choose foods with less fat. When consuming fats choose polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats and oils over saturated and trans fats.
- Choose foods with less added salt and sodium.
- Use alcohol in moderation.
- Abstain from smoking.
## Sources
Whitney, E.N. & Rolfes, S.R. (2015). Understanding Nutrition , 14th ed., Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Bernstein, M., & Munoz, N. (2016). Nutrition for the Older Adult , 2nd ed., Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
Sudbury, MA. Brown, J.E. (2014) Nutrition through the Life Cycle , 5th ed., Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT.
Oklahoma State University, as an equal opportunity employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding non-discrimination and affirmative action. Oklahoma State University is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all individuals and does not discriminate based on race, religion, age, sex, color, national origin, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity/ expression, disability or veteran status with regard to employment, educational programs and activities, and/or admissions. For more information, visit https://eo.okstate.edu/.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Silwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. Revised 04/2021 GH. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/using-baffles-to-improve-sediment-basins | Using Baffles to Improve Sediment Basins | NC State Extension | [
"Rich McLaughlin"
] | null | [
"Water Quality",
"Runoff",
"Construction",
"Sediment Basin"
] | NC | ## Using Baffles to Improve Sediment Basins
SoilFacts
## Introduction
Sediment traps and basins at construction sites, agricultural operations, and other unsettled areas provide temporary pools for runoff that allow sediment to settle before the water is discharged into a river, stream, or landscape. They prevent erosion and trap sediment and other coarse material. They are most effective in sandy soils and less effective in clayey soils. Unfortunately, these traps and basins are not efficient when the swift, turbulent water moves along a straight-line flow that takes runoff quickly to the basin's outlet. This short-circuits interaction with the entire basin. Using baffles to slow, calm, and distribute the water can help solve this problem. Baffles can lengthen the flow path and distribute the flow more widely. They significantly increase the amount of sediment captured and also trap much smaller particles than open basins.
## The Flow Path
The typical flow in an open basin receiving peak-period, high-speed runoff is illustrated in Figure 1 (note the high velocity down the middle, as swift water bypasses much of the basin's breadth. There are significant back flows near the outlet and smaller side eddies in the middle and near the inlet, all of which reduce settling efficiency). The majority of the water entering the basin rushes down the middle from inlet to outlet and does not interact with the entire basin area. Turbulence resulting from the high flow rate gives rise to backflow currents and side eddies, which interfere with the settling process and reduce settling efficiency. Installing either solid or porous baffles can improve the basin's efficiency. Solid baffles are the simplest to install, but porous baffles are more efficient.
## Solid Baffles
A simple way to lengthen the flow path is to install solid baffles that force the water to move from side to side in the basin (Figure 2). These may be made of sturdy plywood or similar materials, usually with a notch or weir cut into the top at opposite ends to create a long, back-and-forth flow path. Silt fencing (or geotextile) has also been used because the material is sturdy, inexpensive, and easy to install, and it is commonly available on construction sites. The geotextile is essentially impermeable for the kinds of flows expected in the basin. An example of this type of baffle is shown in Figure 3.
The water is forced to follow a longer path than if no baffles were used, thereby creating more time for settling. Moreover, the runoff is exposed to more basin surface, which provides more area for settling of the sediment.
Baffles must be installed correctly to take full advantage of their benefits (Figure 4):
- · The weir should be sized to accommodate the effects of the storm for which the basin was designed. For a 1-foot-deep weir, the width of the weir in feet should equal the flow in cubic feet per second divided by 3.
- · The weirs should be placed on opposite sides of each other but not too close to the basin's perimeter to keep the flow through them from eroding the basin's sides.
- · The first bay should be accessible for maintenance, as most of the sediment will accumulate in this area.
## Porous Baffles
An even more effective way to improve a basin's efficiency involves using porous baffles to spread the flow over the width of the entire basin. This is accomplished using materials that do not block the water as much as silt fence material does. As the water flows through the baffle material, it is slowed sufficiently to back up the peak flow so it spreads across the entire width of the baffle (Figure 5). Spreading the flow across the full cross section of the basin greatly reduces its speed and turbulence. This combination increases sediment deposition and retention and also decreases the particle size of sediment captured. The installation can be similar to the silt fence baffle but without a weir (Figures 6 and Figure 7). Materials such as jute backed by a coir erosion blanket (Figure 8), coir mesh, and a tree-protection fence folded over to reduce pore size have all been used successfully. Other similar materials could work as well. A silt fence supported by hogwire fencing has been used with slits cut into the material in the middle of each fence opening. A support wire or rope across the top will help prevent excessive sagging if the material is attached to it with strong zip ties or similar fastenings. Another option is to use a sawhorse type of support with the legs stabilized with rebar inserted into the basin floor. These work well, can be prefabricated off site, and can be installed quickly.
## Conclusion
Runoff on construction sites often contains large amounts of soil, and trapping it before it leaves the site is critical in preventing damage to streams, rivers, and lakes. Such sediment can have major impacts on the quality of water that humans drink, the habitat of fish and other wildlife, and the overall value of our waterways. Sediment traps and basins are the most common methods of trapping soil on-site, but adding baffles is a demonstrated method of greatly improving their performance.
## Reference
Thaxton, C. S., J. Calantoni, and R. A. McLaughlin. 2004. Hydrodynamic assessment of various types of baffles in a sediment detention pond. Transactions of the ASAE . Vol. 47(3): 741-749.
## Author
Rich McLaughlin
Extension Specialist (Erosion & Sediment Control & Water Quality) Crop and Soil Sciences
Publication date: March 10, 2015
AG-439-59
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS432 | Cellular Agriculture for Production of Cell-Based Seafood | University of Florida | [
"Razieh Farzad"
] | 2021-09-29 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Cellular Agriculture for Production of Cell-Based Seafood
Razich Farzad
## Introduction
Seafood, including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, supports 17% of the global demand for animal protein (Costello et al., 2020). Fish demand is projected to increase to 140 metric tons by 2050 due to the anticipated increased in the human population and income (Costello et al., 2020). With the current state of aquaculture and wild-capture fisheries' seafood productions, there is going to be a substantial gap between the supply and demand of seafood in the near future (World Bank 2014). Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the threats to the United States' global food system security and the importance of sustainable and resilient animal-protein production systems (Elisias et al., 2021; Mardones et al., 2020). This shows an urgent need for a whole new method for seafood production to build a resilient, productive, and flexible enterprise in the face of current and future challenges. While aquaculture and wild-capture fisheries continue to support sustainable seafood production, producing seafood from fish cell and tissue cultures referred to as cellular agriculture (USDA 2020), are emerging approach that can help ensure food security in the context of the rising global population, climate change, and competition for natural resources.
## Cell-Based Seafood Production Method
A cell-based seafood production system consists of (1) an appropriate cell type from the tissue of interest; (2) cell culture media to provide nutrients for the growth of the cells; (3) a bioreactor to provide the closed environment to support the development of the cells at a large scale; and (4) a three-dimensional edible tissue scaffold designed to provide structure for cell growth and maturation consistent with the shape of a seafood product that is indistinguishable from its conventional counterpart (Robio et al., 2019). The first step of cell-based seafood production is collecting the cell samples from animal tissue, typically done using biopsy without killing or harming the animal. The harvested cells will then be used to prepare cell banks that can be used later for food production. The step is taking a small number of cells from the cell bank and placing them in bioreactors, which support growth and cellular multiplication by supplying appropriate nutrients other factors provided by the cell culture media. After the cells have multiplied many times over into billions or trillions of additives, additional cells such as seedlings will be used to bind to the bioreactor to provide surfaces for cells attachment, as well as to enable the cells to differentiate into various cell types and assume characteristics of muscle, fat, or connective tissue. Then, these cells. Then, the cell-based environment and prepared using conventional food processing and packaging methods (FDA 2020b). On both a protein-made production system for goldfish developed in 2002 with NASA funding (Benjamin et al., 2002), no examples of cell-based seafood products have been published. Most of the research and development is currently happening in the private sector, which is unwilling to share the information with the public.
## Challenges and Opportunities for the Cell-Based Seafood Industry
The current method for cell-based meat production is based on medical tissue engineering using advances in bioengineering and cell biology techniques (Benry-Arê et al., 2019) that have been primarily conducted within mammalian systems. Fish studies in vitro have not yet been adequately investigated (Robio et al., 2019). Lack of a proper cell source and a cell culture media that has all the required nutrients and ingredients (Fersi, 2019). The main characteristic of cell-based seafood production (Fersi, 2020) is that it contains a mixture of cell types with different profiles, effective and informative for the desired health levels of the cell and the main characteristics of cell-based seafood production (Fersi, 2021). It also has culture containing a mixture of cell types with different profiles, effective and informative for the desired health levels of the cell and the main characteristics of cell-based seafood production (Fersi, 2021). Culture has been cultured and reprogramming of Fels Bovine to Sorbesur (BSF), a high-sensitivities, and unsustainable, and inconsistent component media. The protein deficiency of cheap, semiforme medium and low-specificity genes (the median) are produced in the media. The protein deficient populations are highly dependent on the level of specific requirements for the production of the protein.
Additionally, the production rates using existing biomaterials are too slow, expensive, and insufficient for large-scale manufacturing to produce hundreds of millions of meat products (Post et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). The meat treatment process affects the characteristics of muscle from animals, impacting sensory perceptions of the meat products, such as texture and flavor. Therefore, engineering seafood products beyond pregonds produces ground surface conditions providing better nutrition rather than making knowledge and techniques work (Post et al., 2020). The construction of this material does not have the production cost on production of cell-based seafood, but instead of increasing the price of current cell-based feed to be subjected to higher cell-sized biomass and technology applications (Post et al., 2020).
In addition to the technical challenges, integrating social sciences to understand stakeholder perception is particularly important for a successful food production system that appeals to consumers. One of the main challenges for the industry is deciphering accurate information that can affect cell-consumer productivity acceptance. Shifting cultural and societal perspectives toward animal welfare through when an equivalent alternative exists will undoubtedly impact all sectors of traditional animal agriculture. Additionally, redesigning education and training from high school through undergraduate, ground sources, and agricultural workers' skills are essential for workforce development.
Despite these challenges, cell-based seafood products have the most prominent potential to reach the market at a reasonable pace. Modern aquaculture techniques such as genetic modification for seafood production in closed aquaculture and studies focus on fixed mouse physiology to place scientists for aquaculture lay the essential groundwork for seafood-based seafood production research and development (Roberto Roibo et al., 2019). Fish and culture tissue physiological properties, including hypoxia (low oxygen tolerance), high fasting capacity (being less sensitive to septic implants) and lower blood pressure (McGraw et al., 2018), make marine culture and marine culture an attractive opportunity for scale reduction of cell-based seafood (Rossi et al., 2019). In tandem, oysters and oysters are found to be increased in size (cell length and diameter) (Roibi Rossi et al., 2014). On the other hand, muscle growth in fish after hatching is due to the combined effects of increased in size in muscle fiber formation and increase in the size of its tissues. Existing fibers. Therefore, it continues throughout the lifespan (Kelting et al., 2005). A similar observation has been found to increase in size cells grown in culture cell mass, which shows the high concentration of cell-based seafood production (Kell Rossi et al., 2014).
Macro-fish species. These fish are often found to have a high metabolic rate and often have a high level of biomass (Pedersen et al., 2020). Additionally, some fish have been produced in land-based aquaculture facility for their whole life cycle. This makes a great candidate for a potential for use in a commercial vegetable production line (Landon & Pérez, 2017). Some fish have been produced in land-based aquaculture facility for their whole life cycle. This makes a great candidate for a potential for use in a commercial vegetable production line (Landon & Pérez, 2017).
## Cell-Based Seafood Products Regulations and Labeling
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Services (USDA-FSIS) agreed in 2019 to establish a joint regulatory framework for cell-based meat. The FDA would oversee cell collection, cell bank, and cell growth and differentiation, while the USDA would oversee production and labeling of meat from cells and livestock and poultry. The FDA, however, has the sole oversight of cell-based seafood (except fish species) and has called for public comment on how to label it (FDA 2020a). Based on the agreement, FDA regulatory overshooting includes a premarket consultation process and inspections of the records and facilities to ensure that the cover cities comply with requirements as facility registration and the FDA's Current Good Manufacturing Practices, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, and Preventive Controls Requirements. Imports of compounds comprising or containing cell-based fish or cells must meet the legal requirements as domestically produced foods (FDPA 2019).
## Conclusion
The nascent cellular agriculture technology has been proposed as a solution to complement sustainable seafood production through aquaculture and capture fisheries and to supply enough seafood for the growing demand in the future. Here, we are still many technical and social challenges that cellular agriculture industry needs to overcome before cell-based seafood products enter the US marketplace.
## References
Ben-Arye, T., and S. Levenberg, 2019. "Tissue Engineering for Clean Meat Production." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3:46. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsu.2019.001046
Benjaminson, M., A. J. Gilchrist, and M. Lorenz, 2002. 'In Vitro Edible Muscle Protein Production System (MPPS): Stage 1, Fish.' Acta Astronomica 51 (12): 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(02)00033-4
Choi, K.-I., H. W. Yoon, M. Kim, H. I. Lee, J. Jeong, M. Ryu, C., Jo, and C.-K. Lee, 2021. "Muscle Stem Cell Isolation and In Vitro Culture for Meat Production: A Methodological Review." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20 (1): 429-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.541-437.12661.x
Costello, C. L., Cao, S. Gielich, M. Å. Åsneros-Mata, C. M. Free, I. E. Froehlich, C. D. Golden, et al. 2020. "The Future of Food from the Sea." Nature 588 (7836): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-2164-y
Éliés, B. A., and A. J. Bambor. 2021. "Food Security and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the First-Year Experience." Sustainability 13 (9): 5294. https://doi.org/10.3390/sf\_101905294
FDA, 2019. "Formal Agreement between FDA and USDA Regarding Oversight of Human Food Produced Using Animal Cell Technology Derived from Cell Lines of USDA-amenable Species" Retrieved July 9, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/food\_generic\_institutions\_agreements/food\_formal\_agreement\_between\_cell\_and\_USDA\_regarding\_vexright\_human\_food\_producedusing\_animal\_cecllect
FDA, 2020a. "FDA Seeks Input on Labeling of Food Made with Cultured Seafood Cells." Retrieved July 9, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/food\_consistent\_updates/fdskees\_inputstablishing\_food\_made\_cultured\_seafoodsellcct
FDA, 2020b. "Food Made with Cultured Animal Cells." Retrieved July 9, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/food\_ingredients\_packaging/food\_made\_cultured\_animallcells
Kiessang, K., Ruhonen, M., and Bjeromevk, 2006. "Muscle Fiber Growth and Quality in Fish." Archives of Animal Breeding 49 (Special Issue): 137-146.
Mardones, F. O., K. M. Rich, L. A. Boden, I. Moreno-Switt, M. L. Caipo, N. Zimin-Vesselkoi, A. M. Alateqti, and I. Baltleneck, 2020. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Food Security: Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7:578501 .pdf;org/10.3389/feats\_2020.578508
Post, M. J., S. Leveremberg, D. L. Kaplan, N. Genovese, J. C. Bu, Bryant, N. Negwetti, K. Verjidzeni, and P. Mustajtosunostou. 2021. "Scientific, Sustainability and Regulatory Challenges of Cultured Meat." Nature Food 1 (1) :403-415. https://doi.org/10.1083/s410360-020-011z
Potter, G. A. S. T. Smith, N. T. K. V. Jo, W. Muster, W. Sonston, A. Bertores, L. Maves, D. L. Mack, and A. Rostain. 2020. "A More Open Approach Is Needed to Develop Cell-Based Fish Technology: It Starts with Zebrafish." One Earth 3 (5):464-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneears.2020.06.005
Reiss, J. S., Robertson, B. M., and Suzuki, 2021. "Cell Sources for Cultivated Meat: Applications and Considerations throughout the Production Workflow." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (14) :7514, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijm22147513
Rossi, G., and G. Messina, 2014. "Comparative Myogenesis in Teleosts and Mammals," Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 71 (16): 3081-3095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-16-04L6-5
Rubio, N., I. Datar, D. Stachura, D. Kaplan, and K. Krueger, 2019. "Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3:43. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsu.2019.0043
Speechl, L. 2020. An Analysis of Culture Medium Costs and Production Volumes for Cultivated Meat. The Good Food Institute. https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clean-meatproduction-volume-and-medium-cost.pdf
The World Bank. 2014. "Raising More Fish to Meet Rising Demand." Retrieved July 8, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014\_02/05/raising-more-to-meet-risingdeng
Dzhang, G., X. Zhao, X. Li, G. Du, J. Zhou, and J. Chen, 2020. "Challenges and Possibilities for Bio-manufacturing cultured Meal." Trends in Food Science & Technology 97:443-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.its.2020.01.026
## View PDF
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About this Publication
This publication is FSINH21-2, one of a series of the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date September 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifs.ufas.ut.edu/ for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Razich Farrazad, assistant professor and seafood safety Extension specialist, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Florida Sea Grant, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Florida Sea Grant |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/scheduling-all-in-all-out-swine-production/ | Scheduling All-In/All-Out Swine Production | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"W. F. \"Frank\" Owsley",
"Soren Rodning",
"James Floyd"
] | 2018-09-05 | [
"Farming",
"Swine Production",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | ## Scheduling All-In/All-Out Swine Production
Learn about the All-In/All-Out swine production system, how it works, and its advantages.
All-in/all-out (AIAO) swine production is a system that keeps animals together in groups as they move through the phases of production. The groups are closely matched by age, weight, production stage, and condition so that animals from different groups are not mixed during their stay on the farm. Each group is moved into a phase of production together, such as into an empty nursery, and is moved out of that phase as a group according to a production schedule. When a group moves forward, the facility is completely emptied.
AIOA is the norm for most production systems today. AIAO in an ideal world is by site, which is rarely practiced, but can also be by barn, room, "air space," or pen. In an AIAO system, sows are bred as groups to farrow during a 5-to 10-day period. By comparison, sows in a continuous-flow system are bred continuously and farrow continuously. In a continuous-flow system, pigs move as individuals, not as closely matched age groups, and a facility is never totally emptied because pigs or sows are always moving through it.
## Advantages of AIAO
Changing from a continuous-flow system to AIAO, or from AIAO by pen to room or barn, can both improve production and reduce costs. Some farms may benefit more than others by switching. AIAO production provides the following benefits:
- · Reduced disease transmission
- Improved management
- · Improved pig performance
Compare these advantages in each stage of production in order to decide whether AIO will benefit your farm.
## Reduced Disease Transmission
One of the greatest advantages of AIAO is that it breaks the chain of infection and prevents disease buildup. Infectious organism (or kidney protein) is a good source of the organism, including other pigs is reduced or eliminated once a group is established, no pigs are added to it. Pigs that have similar ages, immunities, and
disease histories are kept together, thus reducing infection from older hogs that may be shedding organisms to which younger pigs have not been exposed. In addition, infection from the environment is reduced or eliminated in an AIAO system because the facility can be totally emptied and sanitized between groups.
## Improved Management
One way that AIAO enhances the producer's ability to manage that the pigs within each group have similar nutritional and environmental requirements. The confinement facilities can be better adapted to meet pigs' environmental requirements for temperature and ventilation since pigs that are closely grouped by age have the same requirements.
AIOA also makes it easier to keep records of data such as feed consumption, pig performance, and disease occurrence because the pigs are run as a group. It also makes it easier to keep records of days to market. In continuous-flow systems, days to market is often not accurately measured. With an AIAO system, however, a group of pigs, or a few selected members of a group, can be ear notched or ear tagged with the week of their birth. Those pigs can then be accurately monitored for the number of days they take to finish. For example, pigs born in the first week of January are week 1. If pigs born in week 1 are still on the finishing floor by July 1, they will have completed week 26 (approximately 180 days, or 6 months) and should be finished. Keeping these kinds of records will establish an objective benchmark for performance.
## Improved Pig Performance
In all stages of production, AIAO has a great potential for improved pig performance. In the grow-finish stage, for example, AIAO can increase feed efficiency and daily gain. Increased average daily gain from AIAO translates to decreased days to market; improved feed efficiency from AIAO translates to lower feed costs.
## How AIAO Works
Well-managed swine farms are successfully using AIAO in all phases of production, from farrow to finish.
## Farrow
AIOA improves control and treatment measures for the major disease problem of nursing pigs: diarrhea. With continuous flow, the farrowing area often serves as a disease reservoir, constantly infecting each new litter. With good sanitation in AIAO, passing diseases between groups is not a problem. In addition, because pigs in AIAO are close to the same age, development of their immune system is similar.
succep tions for the competition.
Eliminating tail-enders is an advantage of AIAO because those hogs cost more money than they ever return. To obtain the benefits from an AIAO system, exceptions cannot be made for slow-growing hogs.
In continuous-flow systems, tail-enders tend to accumulate, and their numbers can be significant. Tail-enders are chronically affected with disease, do not grow well or convert feed efficiently, and may never reach an acceptable market weight. When these pigs are sorted back, susceptible younger pigs are infected by disease-causing organisms shed by chronically sick hogs. Tail-enders are "typhoid Mavrs" and should be marketed as barbecue hogs or humanly euthanized. If tail-enders are sold for slaughter, drug withdrawal times must be met.
## Establishing a Production Schedule
In order for pigs to be moved as a group, they must begin as a group. AIOA begins in the breeding herd, which must be managed with a production schedule. This means hand mating or supervised/controlled mating. Pen matting can be used only if the number of groups farrowed per year is reduced so that a facility can be filled and then emptied upon a reasonable space of time, usually no more than a 3-to 4-week period. There still must be a complete break between groups. If the groups are not closely matched in age, the advantage of AIAO system decreases. Ideally, the age spread in a group should not exceed 2 weeks.
Failure to properly manage the breeding herd can result in too few or too many sows farrowing to fully use facilities. However, once producers become accustomed to managing a production schedule for breeding and movement of pigs though the system, they find it easier to manage.
## Production Schedules for AIAO
Production scheduling is advanced planning of every activity and movement on the farm. Ideally, the time to schedule production is before the first barn or pen is built. Realistically, however, production scheduling is often adapted to more traditional systems.
Planning animal flow through buildings is the first step. The facilities must fit the flow. In order to plan animal flow, you must make several calculations. First, decide the number of animals you want to market and how often you want to market them. Then set up the breeding herd to farrow enough pigs into the system to produce the desired number at the end, allowing for expected losses at each phase. Setting up the breeding herd requires calculating the number of sows per group, the number of litters, and the number of sow groups that are needed. Once the animal flow is established, then time for all other activities (breeding, farrowing, weaning, cleaning, etc.) can be scheduled.
For the following example calculations, assume that a producer wants to market 1,200 pigs per year.
## Piggy's Farm
After deciding the number of pigs to be marketed, a producer should determine the number of sows that must farrow per group. This number is determined by the following expected average levels of production:
- · Number of pigs born live per sow
- · Pig survival at each subsequent phase
- · Farowing rate (percentage of sows that farrow after breeding)
Number of pigs weaned per sow:
| each stage |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| = 12 × 0.9 (90% preweaning survival) × 0.97 (97% nursery survival) × 0.98 (98% grow-finish survival) |
| = 10.27 pigs |
| Number of sows to farrow: |
| (number of pigs to be marketed)+(number of pigs weaned × farrowing rate) |
| = 1,200 + (10.26 × 0.90) = 130 sows |
In other words, if a producer wants to market 1,200 pigs, assuming a 90 percent farrowing rate, 130 sows must be bred.
## Number of Litters
The number of litters produced per year depends on the following:
- · Number of days between farrowings (farrowing interval)
- · Average weaning to breeding interval
- · Length of gestation
- · Weaning age
- · Farrowing rate
Farrowing interval:
= average weaning to breeding interval + gestation + weaning age
Since every template available for improving a daily training rate or 80 per day, the following are considered. Will allow a fairrowing rate of 00 per day. The number of litterts produced per year is reduced to 23 per day.
## Number of litterts per year:
= (365 + 140) × 0.90
= 2.34 litters
## Number of Sow Groups
Calculating the number of sow groups means that a producer must determine the following:
- · The time facilities are used for each group (facility schedule).
- · Number of days sows are in crates before farrowing (acclimation period).
- · Weaning age
- · Cleanup days
## Facility schedule:
= acclimation period + weaning age + cleanup days
= 4+21 + 3
= 28 days
With sows in crates 4 days before farrowing, a weaning age of 21 days, and 3 days for cleanup between groups, the facility schedule is 28 days.
Now, the number of sow groups can be calculated.
Number of sow groups:
= farrowing interval/facility schedule
= 140/28
## = 5 groups
With one barn or area, the number of sow groups is 5. With more farrowing facilities, the number of groups this system can accommodate increase. With 2 farrowing facilities, the number of groups this system can accommodate will increase to 10 (2 facilities × 5 group per facility = 10).
## Time from One Group Farrowing to the Next
Farrowing frequency is the time from one group farrowing to the next. With one farrowing facility, farrowing frequency and facility schedule are equal. With 2 or more farrowing facilities, the farrowing frequency is the facility schedule divided by the number of facilities.
## Farrowing frequency:
= facility schedule + number of facilities
## Cöłkie Notice
= 14 days
Convenience is another consideration in determining the time between groups farrowing. Farrowing frequencies in multiples of 7 (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, etc.) result in activities scheduled on the same day of the week. Some managers prefer a schedule that matches the days in a work week. For example, weeaning on Thursdays results in most sows coming in heat early the following week. Other schedules may maximize use of facilities, but they may also be more inconvenient.
## Time in Grow-Finish
Scheduling the time pigs are in grow-finish and deciding the numbers of groups in grow-finish can be more difficult than scheduling the breeding herd. To schedule time for grow-finish, a producer must know how long each group stays in each stage of production. With AIAO, a group of pigs cannot be weaned until the previous group has left the nursery and it has been cleaned. To move pig from the nursery to grow- finish, market hogs must be sold. In addition, growth rate is a factor.
To determine time in the grow-finish stage, a producer must know the following:
- · Age when pigs are to be marketed
- · Days of nursing
- · Days in the nursery
Number of days pigs in grow-finish:
= average days when marketed - days of nursing days in nursery
= 180 - 28 - 32
= 120 days
If pigs are marketed at 180 days of age, weanned at 28 days, and in the nursery 32 days, pigs will stay in the grow-finish area no more than 120 days, assuming there is one farrowing barn and one nursery.
Now the number of pig groups in grow-finish can be determined as follows:
Number of groups in grow-finish:
= days in grow-finish + farrowing frequency (days between groups)
= 120 + 35
= 4 groups
If the production schedule has groups of pigs moving in every 5 weeks (35-day farrowing frequency) the grow- finish area must hold 4 groups of pigs (see example production schedules: FourGroup System).
Print "Schedule for one sow group" table from our website.
Print "Schedule for two sow groups"
tafhirfjrw.ww.wsbifi.edu/administration/oa/prfway.srfp
Print "Schedule for four sow groups" table from our website.
## Print "Weekly schedule for four sow groups" table from our website.
## Conclusion and Example Production Schedules
The production schedule can now be written down. Use a Julian calendar to compute the days of the year on which production events fall. In a Julian calendar, the days of the year are numbered from 1 to 365, with January 1 being day 1 and December 31 being day 365. (A Julian calendar is attached at the end of this publication.) Various computer software programs are also available to help you develop a production schedule to fit any given farm.
The following example schedules should help you develop a suitable production plan for your unit. These schedules are based on the Julian calendar, and the days are numbered from 1 to 365. If you decide to begin breeding the first group of sows on March 13th, that date corresponds to day 1 on the sample schedules (day 72 on the Julian calendar). The farrowing date is 114 days later, July 5th (day 186 on the Julian calendar).
The schedules for single-group, two-group, four-group, and fivegroup systems, which follow, can be accomplished in one farrowing facility. However, there must be adequate farrowing stalls, cranks, or pots for every sown in a group. The seven-group, ten-group, and twenty-group systems are additional examples that may work on some farms.
## Single-Group System
This is a simple schedule since only one group of sows is involved. To get the sows foraging regularly during the year, they are bred on their second heat after weaning. Pigs are weaned at 42 days of age and marketed at 180 days unless previously sold as feeder pigs. This type of unit is typically outside, so the only facility requirements are a farrowing lot with 43 farrowing huts or shelters, 6 breeding/gestation lots (up to 8 sows per lot), and a nursery pen(s). This example includes the option of selling feeder pigs at 70 days of age.
## Print "Schedule for five sow groups" table from our website.
Print "Schedule for ten sow groups" table from our website.
## Four-Group System
With four groups of sows, weaning at 28 days of age and 6 days from weaning to breeding, the farrowing interval is 148. The farrowing frequency is 37 days, allowing sows to be moved into cranks 4 days before farrowing and having 5 cleanup days after weaning. Pigs remain in the nursery 34 days, allowing 3 days for cleaning. Hogs are marked 180 days after farrowing.
This schedule can be modified to allow for a weekly schedule. The farrowing frequency is 35 days, but there is an additional week of downtime after group 4.
## Five-Group System
In the five-group system, pigs are weaned at 21 days of age. They will move into the grow-finish building 42 to 56 days after weaning.
With a second farrowing facility, 5 additional sow groups are possible.
## Twenty-Group System
With twenty sow groups, weekly farrowing, 5 post-weaning days to rebreeding and 3-week weaning,
the farrowing interval is 140 days and the farrowing frequency is 7 days. Even though the pigs were weaned at 3 weeks, the next group does not narrow until 1 week later. The extra time allows for cleaning and moving sows in 3 to 5 days before farrowing. This example illustrates the facility schedule.
Print "Schedule for twenty sow groups" table from our website.
Print "Julian Calendar" table from our website.
W. F. "Frank" Oswley , former Extension Specialist, Associate Professor, and Soren Rodning , Extension Veterinarian , Associate Professor, or Both in Animal Sciences, Auburn University, and James Floyd , former Extension Veterinarian
Reviewed September 2018, Scheduling All-In/All-Out Swine Production, ANR-0847
## Download this article as a PDF
[https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0847.REV\_3.pdf) Scheduling All-In/All-Out Swine Production . ANR-0847 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0847.REV\_3.pdf) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ncbs/2022/01/06/derelict-crab-trap-cleanups-continue-in-2022/ | Derelict Crab Trap Cleanups Continue in 2022 | University of Florida | [
"Savanna Barry"
] | 2022-01-06 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"cleanup",
"coastal habitat",
"coastal systems",
"fisheries",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"FWC",
"InsideNatureCoast",
"Marine debris",
"pollution",
"seagrass"
] | FL | ## Derelict Crab Trap Cleanups Continue in 2022
by Jamie Hammond and Savanna Barry
cause harm in several ways, including resource impacts, creating navigational hazards, and becoming eyesores. Removing these socalled "derelict" traps in an important task. Fishers do not regularly remove derelict traps from the water and check them because the traps are lost. Thus, they sit on the bottom and shade out the seagrass underneath them, causing seagrass die back.
These traps also continue to 'fish' by trapping blue crabs but also curious critters like toadfish, juvenile snapper and even diamondback terrapins. These animals are known as bycatch and often perish in the derelict traps as they cannot escape on their own, a phenomenon is called 'ghost fishing'. Outside the environmental impacts, the derelict traps also pose a risk to boaters due to the loss of buoy markers. Derelect traps often lay unmarked just under the surface and can become tangled in lower units when struck by vessels.
On Wednesday, January 5 th , 2022, partners worked together to remove 52 derelict blue crab traps from the Steinhatcee estuary. They removed a total of 1,120 pounds of debris, continuing a years-long effort to reduce derelict traps within local aquatic preserves.
## What is a derelict trap?
Derelict fishing gear can
## How do we clean up traps?
This type of marine debris removal effort is best done during winter negative low tides. Extreme low tides
expose the traps and make removal easier. Airboats allow access to the shallow waters and
participants assess each trap in accordance with FWC's derelict trap guidelines. These organized events are made possible by scouting areas of concern and obtaining authorization permits from FWC prior to preforming
information, please visit:
Derelict Trap Retrieval and Debris Removal Programs | FWC (myfwc.com).
The current efforts in the Nature Coast are led by FDEP's Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserve (BBSAP). BBSAB staff first noted a major issue with derelict blue trap traps in the Steinhatchee River/Gulf of Mexico confluence after Hurricane Hermine in 2016. UF/IFAS Nature Coast Biological Station (NCBS) staff and other partners (especially UF/IFAS Taylor County Extension) have assisted annually with removal efforts since 2017. We at NCBS are avid supporters of these efforts because of the positive impacts that can result.
## What good does removal do?
The seven cooperative derelict crab trap cleanup s from 2017-2022 enhanced approximately 95 acres of submerged estuarine habitat by removing 601 traps from the Steinhatchee estuary. Participants
rescued more than 700 specimens of live bycatch (fish, crabs, etc.) from derelict traps. Many traps contained evidence of ghostfished (dead) organisms.
Research conducted in the
Chesapeake Bay
showed that
removal of derelict
blue crab traps increased the yield of actively fished traps by up to
27%, especially in open nearshore zones close to tidal marshes [1]
(similar to the areas we targeted in these cleanups). While it is
difficult to quantify the specific benefits of the Steinhatchee
cleanups, without a doubt removal of derelict fishing gear benefits
both the ecosystem and fishery yield for local crabbers by reducing
ghost fishing.
We look forward to promoting efforts in more waterways along the Gulf Coast! Say tuned for more on how you can get involved! A great way to help is to report locations of derelict crab traps in other areas of the Nature Coast to FWC law enforcement.
[1] Scheld, A.M., D.M. Bilkovic, and K.J. Havens. 2016. The dilemma of derelict gear. Scientific Reports 6:19671.
by Savanna Barry Posted: January 6, 2022
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources, UF/IFAS Extension Tags: Cleanup, Coastal Habitat, Coastal Systems, Fisheries, Florida SeaGrant, EWC, InsideNatureCoast, Marine Debris, Pollution, Seagrass
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · NCBS Intern Report: Exploring Beneficial Bacteria Associated With Lucind Clams And Seagrass Roots
- · Diving Into Sea Urchin Feeding Behavior: Which Seagrass Plant Is The Tastiest And Why?
- · Help Safeguard Florida's Fishing Future! Become A Florida Friendly Angler
- · Impact Of Tropical Storm Elsa On Cedar Key Living Shorelines |
https://extension.okstate.edu/topics/business-and-community/business-strategy-and-marketing/exporting-and-international-markets/index.html | Exporting & International Markets - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2019-12-19 | [] | OK | ## EXPORTING & INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
Filter by
Causes of Fertilizer Price Volatility (https://extension.okstate.edu/fact- sheets/causes-of-fertilizer-price-volatility.html)
How a shift in global supply chain increases in global trade volatility effect fertilizer price.
Business Strategy & Marketing ( /tags/business-strategy-and-marketing/)
Exporting & International Markets ( /tags/exporting-and-international-markets/)
Farm & Ranch Finances ( /tags/farm-and-ranch-finances/) |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2013/01/12/smoke-alarms-help-save-lives/ | Smoke Alarms Help Save Lives | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2013-01-12 | [
"Fire"
] | GA | ## Smoke Alarms Help Save Lives
Written by
January 12, 2013
Pamela Turner
Guest Blogger………Morgan Barnett, Master of Public Health Degree Candidate at The University of Georgia
None of us want to think that something terrible like what happened just this month, in Georgia, could happen to us or our loved ones. A fire engulfed the duplex of a family sleeping inside and four children lost their lives, all of them under 10 years old. Authorities investigated and announced that there were no smoke alarms on the second story where the fire started, and the smoke alarm downstairs did not have a battery in it. A smoke alarm is something many of us take for granted, but the fact of the matter is that it can make a real difference between life and death.
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), almost two out of every three fire deaths result from fires in homes without a smoke alarm or without a working smoke alarm. When smoke alarms don't work, it is usually because the battery is missing, disconnected or dead. Have you ever disconnected the battery or forgot to replace it?
Few of us realize how little it takes to start a fire and how quickly that fire can spread throughout your home. The majority of home fires occur during the winter months, so now is the time to make sure your home has a working smoke alarm. Smoke alarms are affordable, and in the event of a home fire can save valuable time and, most importantly, lives.
There are two types of smoke alarms - ionization and photoelectric. Ionization alarms respond quickly to fast-paced, flaming fires while photoelectric alarms generally respond to smoky, smoldering fires. NFPA recommended that both types be installed in homes. There are also detectors for sale that include both types of technology in the same device. Just be sure to your home has a working smoke alarm. Below are some smoke alarm tips from the U.S. Fire Administration.
- · Install smoke alarms in every bedroom, as well as outside each separate sleeping area.
- · Put smoke alarms on all levels of your home (including the basement).
- · Since smoke rises, install smoke alarms high on the walls or ceilings.
- · Connect smoke alarms so when one sounds, they all sound. This could serve as early warning to those in other areas of the house.
- · Push the "test" button to test smoke alarms monthly to make sure they are working properly.
- · Replace the batteries in all smoke alarms at least once every year.
- · Replace all alarms when they are 10 years old or sooner if they do not work properly.
Smoke alarms are an important part of a home fire escape plan. Forming a plan and discussing it with your loved ones is an important step in successfully being able to evacuate your home in the event of a fire.
## Remember,
...Install smoke alarms
...Inspect existing alarms and replace the batteries
...Protect your family
Posted in: Fire
Tags: Athens, fire, fire prevention, Georgia, home fire, home safety, house fire, safety, smoke, Smoke Alarms, UGA, UGA GreenWay, University of Georgia
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-muscle-max/ | In Schools | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-17 | [
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] | AL | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/beef-cattle-research-updates/site-files/docs/july-2023-beef-cattle-research-a.pdf | July 2023 OSU Beef Cattle Research Update | Oklahoma State University | [
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/how-to-make-6-meals-from-1-chicken/ | How to Make 6 Meals from 1 Chicken | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2018-07-25 | [
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content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
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font-size: 14pt!important;
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padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
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padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
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font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
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left: 0;
width: 100%;
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.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
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/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
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tr:last-child {
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tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
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}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
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/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
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top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3997 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-54628632"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 8:00-12:00; 12:30-4:30 ~ Phone: (256) 532-1578</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
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<article id="post-3997" class="post-3997 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-for-you category-home-family category-live-well-alabama category-nutrition tag-fcs-2184 tag-how-to-make-6-meals-from-1-chicken tag-live-well-alabama tag-live-well-for-you tag-recipes first last odd" role="article" aria-label="How to Make 6 Meals from 1 Chicken">
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How to Make 6 Meals from 1 Chicken </div>
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<li>July 25, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Katie Funderburk</li>
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<p>How many meals can you make from 1 chicken? Buy a whole chicken on sale at the grocery store, and turn it into six great meals! Cooking the chicken in a crock pot makes for a tender, juicy chicken, great broth, and easy cooking.</p>
<h1>Directions for Cooking Chicken in a Crock Pot</h1>
<p>Cover chicken with water; cover; cook on high for about 3 hours until done and tender. If you don’t have a crock pot, use a large pot and plenty of water; simmer on stove for 1 hour. After cooking, allow chicken to cool. Remove skin, cut up chicken, divide into 6 bags (about 1 cup per bag), and freeze for later use. Remove fat from broth by letting the hot broth cool and skimming the hardened fat from the top of broth. Divide broth into 2 bags (about 4 cups per bag), and freeze for later use.</p>
<h1>Meal 1: Arroz Con Pollo (Chicken with Rice)</h1>
<ul>
<li>2 cups rice</li>
<li>4 cups chicken broth (reserved from cooking the chicken)</li>
<li>2 tablespoons chopped green onion</li>
<li>1⁄4 cup chopped red pepper</li>
<li>2 tablespoons chopped sun-dried tomatoes</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup black or brown lentils</li>
<li>1 cup cooked chopped chicken, skinless</li>
<li>Seasonings to taste: black pepper and garlic powder</li>
</ul>
<p>Place all ingredients in skillet or pan on top of stove; cover and cook until all liquid evaporates. In 20 minutes, dinner is done!</p>
<p>Serves 6 to 7. Put extra rice and chicken in freezer bags for later use.</p>
<p>Lentils are great to have on hand. They are a cheap source of fiber and protein. They are as easy to cook as rice.</p>
<h1><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignright wp-image-137755" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_83083681_LARGE-1122x748.jpg" alt="Chicken burrito with vegetables wrapped in tortillas" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_83083681_LARGE-scaled.jpg 1122w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_83083681_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_83083681_LARGE-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_83083681_LARGE-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" />Meal 2: Chicken Burritos</h1>
<ul>
<li>3 cups cooked pinto beans, drained if using canned or boiled</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup prepared salsa</li>
<li>1 can corn, drained</li>
<li>2 teaspoons butter or margarine</li>
<li>1 cup cooked chopped chicken, skinless</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup fat-free sour cream</li>
<li>8 flour tortillas, warmed in microwave when ready to serve</li>
</ul>
<p>Heat pinto beans and salsa in microwave. Heat corn and butter or margarine in microwave. Everybody can assemble their own tortillas using beans, corn, chicken, and sour cream. Use extra salsa if desired. The 8 tortillas feed 4 to 8 people.</p>
<h1>Meal 3: Chicken Wild Rice Soup</h1>
<ul>
<li>4 cups chicken broth (reserved from cooking chicken)</li>
<li>1 cup brown/wild rice mix (if you don’t have mix, use 1⁄2 cup of each)</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup diced pepper (red or green)</li>
<li>1 cup cooked chopped chicken</li>
<li>2 cups sliced fresh mushrooms or 1 large can mushrooms, drained</li>
<li>Seasonings to taste: black pepper, garlic powder, thyme, Italian seasoning</li>
</ul>
<p>Place all ingredients in crock pot and cover. Cook on high until rice is tender, about 2 hours. Add water or broth for desired thickness.</p>
<p>If you don’t have a crock pot, cover and simmer on stove until rice is tender, about 45 to 60 minutes. Add more liquid as needed; stir occasionally.</p>
<h1>Meal 4: Chicken Veggie Stir Fry</h1>
<ul>
<li>2 tablespoons olive oil</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup sliced carrots</li>
<li>2 cloves minced garlic</li>
<li>1 cup sliced asparagus tips</li>
<li>1⁄4 cup sliced, mild hot pepper (poblano)</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup sliced red pepper</li>
<li>1 bag fresh snow peas</li>
<li>1 cup cooked chopped chicken</li>
<li>Seasonings to taste: 1 teaspoon sesame oil, 2 tablespoons light soy sauce</li>
</ul>
<p>Pour oil into pan and heat over medium high. Sauté carrots. Add garlic, asparagus, and peppers. Sauté briefly until golden. Cover and stir frequently for a few minutes until crisp-tender. Add snow peas, chicken, and seasonings. Heat.</p>
<p>Serve hot with cooked brown rice (1 1⁄2 cups brown rice, 3 cups water; cook 30 minutes).</p>
<p>To save time, consider using one of the many frozen packages of stir-fry veggies.</p>
<h1>Meal 5: Chicken Pasta Bowl</h1>
<p><strong>This dish takes about 15 minutes with ingredients already prepared.</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>2 cups medium shell pasta, dry</li>
<li>1 tablespoon oil</li>
<li>1 cup sliced mushrooms</li>
<li>1 cup asparagus, cut in 2-inch strips</li>
<li>1⁄2 cup sliced red pepper strips</li>
<li>1 small can chicken broth</li>
<li>1 cup cooked chopped chicken</li>
<li>Seasonings to taste: garlic powder, thyme, rosemary, black pepper</li>
<li>Grated Parmesan cheese, about 2 to 4 tablespoons</li>
</ul>
<p>Cook pasta according to package directions; drain in colander. Add oil to large sauté pan, and heat over medium-high heat. Sauté vegetables until crisp-tender, stirring frequently.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-137753" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_18195101_LARGE-748x1122.jpg" alt="Chicken stew in a yellow bowl" width="267" height="400" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_18195101_LARGE-scaled.jpg 748w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_18195101_LARGE-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_18195101_LARGE-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iStock_18195101_LARGE-1365x2048.jpg 1365w" sizes="(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px" />Add cooked pasta, cooked chicken, broth, and seasonings. Heat until broth is evaporated and pasta is heated through. Sprinkle with grated cheese and serve hot.</p>
<h1>Meal 6: Chicken Chili</h1>
<p><strong>Make this dish quickly in the microwave. Watch it disappear even faster!</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>3 cups cooked pinto beans, drained</li>
<li>1 can tomatoes</li>
<li>1 cup cooked chopped chicken</li>
<li>Seasonings to taste: chili powder, dried oregano, garlic powder, coriander, cumin</li>
</ul>
<p>Place all ingredients in microwave dish. Microwave on high until heated through, about 5 to 6 minutes. Stir well. Serve over pasta or rice or in rolled-up tortilla. Top with fat-free sour cream, if desired.</p>
<p><em>Make these recipes your own. Use any vegetables you like.</em></p>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination-statement/">Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement.</a></p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Katie Funderburk</strong>, Assistant Director, Federal Nutrition Programs, Auburn University</p>
<p>Reviewed August 2024, <strong>How to Make 6 Meals from 1 Chicken</strong>, FCS-2184</p>
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https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/2021/prepare-storage-facilities-prior-to-wheat-harvest-may-17-2021.html | Prepare Storage Facilities Prior to Wheat Harvest - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Edmond Bonjour"
] | [] | OK | ## pare Storage Facilities ir to Wheat Harvest
d May. 2021 |
Id: EPP-20-14
nd Bonjour
t-friendly PDF (/e-pestrts/2021/docs/prepare -rage-facilities-prior-to -heat-harvest/prepare -rage-facilities-prior-to -gvghaiahatiharaviststodre) facilities prior to wheat is one of several critical steps to help ensure that lality is maintained throughout the storage period. ration is not completed, the stored commodity eater chance to deteriorate more quickly.
storage facility is emptied of commodity, steps be taken to remove any residual grain and dust. , molds, and fungi can survive on a relatively small / old grain and contaminate the newly ed grain put into storage. For some insects, it only few kernels to maintain a population until the next .
.ntering a structure to perform cleaning duties, .that all energized systems are locked out and out so that someone cannot inadvertently turn on ent that could cause potential harm to personnel .ig. 1). Make sure that confined space entry have been filled out, submitted, and approved 'ntering a structure (Fig. 2).
## Contact
Edmond Bonjour Associate Extension Specialist - Stored Products Entomologist
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 (405) 744-8134(tel:4057448134) edmond.bonjour@okstate.edu(mailto:edmond subject=Prepai
'1.
s 1 - 2
' 2 .
important to determine the air quality in the ' e before entering. The use of a gas monitor to oxygen level prior to entering is critical (Fig. 3). rain can produce carbon dioxide and those levels too high in a confined area or the carbon dioxide /e displaced oxygen. After determining that the ty is safe, it is still prudent to use a NIOSH :d respirator to prevent exposure to high levels of ' molds (Fig. 4). As always, safety first!
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\aning is completed, application of an insecticide for empty structures can be effective in ng any lingering insects. It is important to apply seciticides a couple of weeks before harvest to em to act. A list of insecticides approved for tructure application and perimeter sprays can be i Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet act-sheets/preparing-grain-bins-and-flat-rages-prior-to-harvest-or-incoming-product-
\rage.html\ \extension.okstate.edu/fact-(fact- preparing-grain-bins-and- - rages-prior-to-harvest-or- ig-product-storage.html). glat-storagess prior-to-harvest- or-incoming- product storage.html)
\containing perforated floors to accommodate i systems, whole and broken kernels, chaff, and } accumulate between sections and under the
of all residual grain products off-site to prevent ation from occurring. If the flooring cannot be i or is too difficult to remove, then a fumigant will be used to kill all insect life stages living in residual pecial precautions and thorough sealing of the 'e are needed when applying fumigants. Make hr employee is certified to apply a fumigant or hire bible company to perform this task.
important to take care of the area outside of the facility. Remove all vegetation from around the 'e because insects and rodents can harbor in 'eas (Fig. 11). It is easier to maintain these areas love spilled grain if there is no or limited ion. Spilled grain around your facility will attract and rodents, so immediate cleanup is necessary . A few insecticides are labeled for perimeter nts around structures (see Fact Sheet listed nd can help limit insects from coming into the Follow all label instructions for correct ion. Although the label for perimeter treatments
es 11 - 12
' 11 .
' 12 .
it cleaning has been completed, inspect the / of your storage facility. Replace missing ' e , and caulk and seal any openings caused by ' wear, damage, or rust. These openings may allow
and/or moisture to enter the structure and cause iter during the storage period. Limiting access to ed grain will help maintain it in good condition
d effort taken in cleaning and preparing storage 'es prior to harvest are important in alleviating il problems. Grain quality preservation is the end I can be achieved if appropriate steps are taken harvest begins.
```
t-friendly PDF (e-pest-
rts/2021/docs/prepare-
orage-facilities-prior-to-
heat-harvest/prepare-
orage-facilities-prior-to-
wheat-harvest.pdf)
```
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