url stringlengths 19 199 | title stringlengths 0 173 | institution stringclasses 19 values | author listlengths 0 19 | publish_date stringlengths 0 138 ⌀ | category listlengths 0 42 | state stringclasses 6 values | markdown stringlengths 0 366k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/prickly-sida-vs-arrowleaf-sida | Prickly sida vs. Arrowleaf sida | Mississippi State University | [
"Dr. Taghi Bararpour",
"Dr. Jason Bond"
] | null | [
"Weed Control",
"Agriculture",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications »
Publications » Prickly sida vs. Arrowleaf sida
## Prickly sida vs. Arrowleaf sida
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3656
Filed Under: Weed Control
View as PDF: P3656.pdf
## Prickly sida
(Sida spinosa)
VS
Arrowleaf sida
Remember:
One weed seed is enough to start an infestation.
Publication 3656 (POD-07-24)
By Taghi Barparour, PhD, Associate Extension/Research Professor, and Jason Bond , PhD, Extension/Research Professor, Delta Research and Extension Center.
Copyright 2024 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Produced by Agricultural Communications.
Mississippi State University is an equal opportunity institution. Discrimination in university employment programs, or activities based on race, color, ethnicity, sex, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability, age,
sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information, status as a U.S. veteran, or any other status protected by applicable law is prohibited.
Extension Service of Mississippi State University, cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published in furtherance of Acts of Congress, May 8 and June 30, 1914. ANGUS L. CATCHOT JR., Director
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the weebteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/stone-county-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Stone County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s Stone County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Stone County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3480-66 | |
| View as PDF: P3480-66.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Stone County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistent Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
NOVEMBER 10, 2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
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First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23, 2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next > last>
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2017/current-nw-oklahoma-wildfires-and-the-usda-imported-fire-ant-quarantine-march-14-2017.pdf | Microsoft Word - PA15-10.docx | Oklahoma State University | [
"rgranth"
] | Error: time data "D:20170314163456-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 405.744.5527
Vol. 16, No. 08
http://entoplp.oksstate.edu/pddll/piddl
03/14/2017
## Current NW Oklahoma Wildfires and the USDA Imported Fire Ant Quarantine
Brad Kard, Extension Entomologist; Pesticide Safety Education Program (PSEP) Justin Talley, Livestock Extension Entomologist Tom Royer, IPM Extension Entomologist Phillip Mulder, Dept. Head and Extension Entomologist Charles Luper, Kevin Shelton, and Charlie Konemann (PSEP)
The current massive range wildfires in northwest Oklahoma have caused a shortage of forage to sustain surviving livestock. Ranchers and farmers from outside the extensively damaged areas are shipping hay and feed into these non-quarantine fire-devastated counties. Concerning the Red Imported Fire Ant (RIFA; scientific name Solenopsis invicta ), also known as the Imported Fire Ant (IFA), the USDA-APHIS has placed restrictions against hay and straw movement out of quarantine counties in southern Oklahoma. ODAFF maintains a Facebook page with recent information about hay donations and RIFA (see below). A June 1, 2016, map of USA RIFA quarantine counties is also included below. Hay being moved out of quarantine counties that does not meet the conditions listed below must be certified RIFA-free by either federal or state inspection before being shipped. It would be prudent that the very helpful and greatly appreciated ranchers and farmers that are shipping hay or other materials to the fire-ravaged areas be sure to ship from non-quarantine counties, or otherwise take action to be certain all shipped materials are RIFA-free.
OOKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD AND FORESTRY 2800 N. Lincoln Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73105
USDA Expands Imported Fire Ant Quarantine Area in Oklahoma
For More Information Contact:
Mr. Kenny Naylor, Director of Consumer Protection Services, ODAFF. (405) 522-5879. ODAFF Facebook: http://www.oda.state.ok.us/odaff-followus.htm
ODAFF Facebook comments: As many of you are aware, hay donations are being accepted for producers impacted by recent wildfires. Just as a reminder, there are counties in southern Oklahoma and northern Texas that are included in the imported fire ant quarantine.
Following is information from USDA/APHIS regarding under what conditions baled hay can leave a quarantine area without restrictions:
Baled hay that meets any of the requirements below is not regulated and has no movement restrictions:
- · For baled hay that is stacked, all bales except the bottom layer that is in direct contact with the ground.
- · Hay that is cut, baled, loaded, and shipped without storage.
- · Baled hay that is stored on an impervious surface such as hard pan (highly compressed soil), asphalt, concrete, etc.
- · Baled hay that is stored elevated above the soil on pallets or tires or stored on landscaping cloth placed over the soil.
If you have additional questions before moving hay, please contact Kenny Naylor, Director of Consumer Protections Services for the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry: Kenny.navlor@ag.ok.gov ,(405) 522-5879. If you are not in the imported fire ant quarantine area, these restrictions do not apply.
For more Q & A on baled hay movement, please go to: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/BaledHayIndustryAlert.pdf [Document also attached separately]
Map of current Quarantine Area: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/../../firan.../downloads/fireant-2.pdf
Imported Fire Ant Quarantine Imported Fire Ant Quarantine in U.S.-2016 000 800 200 Mies California Detail As of 1 June 2016 San Benardino Los Angeles Riverside Orange from the quarantined areas into or through the non-quarantined areas. Puerto Rico from the quarantined areas into or through the non-quarantined areas. Consult your State or Federal plant protection inspector or county agent for assistance regarding exact areas under regulation articles. See 7 CFR 301.81 for quarantine details and regulations. ODAFF
## Hay Drop-Off Locations
| Place | Location | Contact Name/Number |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Buffalo Feeders | Location: 4 miles east | Caleb Nelson |
| Buffalo Feeders | of Buffalo, OK on Highway 64 | 580-727-1332 |
| Tyree Ag | US-283, Laverne, OK just over 1 mile North of Stop Light last business north side of Laverne East side of the road | Jay De Nielsen 580-334-6819 |
| Dale Long | 1 mile east, % mile North, % mile East of Gate, OK | Dale Long 580-571-1249 |
| May Coop Elevator | May Oklahoma | Tom Fanning 580-727-5530 |
| Buffalo Coop | 322 E Harper, Buffalo, OK 73834 | Bevery Mings 580-735-2533 |
| Western Equipment | 3999 Lakeview Drive, Woodward, | Caleb Zook 580-254-0080 |
Red Imported Fire Ant worker (Sometimes called the Imported Fire Ant-IFA) Fire ant colonies contain several sizes of workers, ranging in length from 1/8 to 1/4 inch (3.5 to 7.0 mm; antennas not included). They have a painful sting, and can extensively infest pastures and rangeland with numerous mounds that can damage farm equipment. They also cause damage to highways, roadways and airport runways, and readily infest electrical meter boxes and equipment. They can easily attack and kill small livestock like chickens, and ground-nesting birds. They currently infest more than 250 million acres in six southeastern states, and millions of additional acres as they spread west and north. Their current range is extensive as illustrated on the map above. RIFAs are prolific reproducers, and one infested acre of land can produce more than 90,000 new queens each year. Swarming occurs several times per year, thereby extending the RIFA range to many more acres.
There are several commercial insecticides and toxic baits available that kill RIFA. Treating individual mounds wherever they are found is recommended. However, when hundreds-to-many thousands of RIFA colonies and mounds are established, control within pastures and rangeland becomes a difficult, continuous challenge.
Photos Courtesy of R. A. Grantham
## RIFA Identification
If ants are found on hay and feed or other materials being shipped into the wildfire areas, the ants should be collected into a small container and brought to their local County Extension Office for identification. They can also be identified on-site by ODAFF or Federal inspectors to be sure they are not RIFA . In addition, The Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory (PDIDL) in OSU's Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology can provide positive RIFA identification. Only dead ants can be sent to PDIDL. Ants can be killed by freezing or by placing them in rubbing alcohol. Contact PDIDL, Dept. EPP, 127 NRC, OSU, Stillwater, OK 74078-3033. Office: 405-7449961; fax: 405-744-6039. http://entoplp.okstate.edu/pddll/pddli/pdfldi-form.pdf provides the short insect ID request form. Very clear, high-resolution Digital Images are sometimes adequate for ant identification. Send images and the request form by email: sickplants@okstate.edu. However, to positively identify the very small RIFA, physical specimens must be received by the PDIDL.
RIFA Management
The best time to inspect hay bales for RIFA is at their point-of-origin, before loading onto trucks. However, if RIFA-infested bales are identified at 'drop-off' locations or feeding sites, ODAFF inspectors should be immediately notified for instructions on addressing the infestation and disposition or treatment of areas around RIFA infested bales. If hay is received from an out-ofRIFA quarantine area, the same guidelines listed above by ODAFF should be followed.
There are several commercial insecticides and toxic baits available that control RIFA. Treating individual RIFA mounds with insecticide coupled with a broadcast application of RIFA bait that is approved for pastures is recommended. If RIFA-infested bale(s) of hay are identified, it is recommended that these bale(s) be either shipped back to the point-of-origin or placed in a separate area at the drop-off location. For RIFA infested bales remaining at the drop-off location, one control method that has been proven effective is scattering Extinguish+® fire ant bait on the soil around the infested bales, then applying a perimeter treatment around the entire hay storage area with Sevin® (DO NOT APPLY ANY OF THESE PRODUCTS DIRECTLY ON ANY HAY BALE). Currently, there are no approved insecticides that can be applied directly on hay bales intended for immediate consumption by cattle or other livestock. If hay bales become RIFA infested after being placed into cattle feeding areas, then remove the animals and treat the areas with Extinguish+® or Amdro Pro® . Livestock must not be fed in these treated areas until at least 7 days after treatment.
Extinguish* is another successful RIFA bait that can be used. It is recommended that the soil areas immediately adjacent to infested bales be treated at a rate of 1.0- to 1.5-pounds per acre just like RIFA infested pasture would be treated. This ensures that any foraging ants can take the bait and feed it to their nest mates. The difference between Extinguish and Extinguish+ is that Extinguish does not work as rapidly as Extinguish+, but there is no waiting period for grazing or harvest with Extinguish.
Be sure to follow label directions when using RIFA baits or any other pesticides. When bales in the bait-treated areas are re-inspected and deemed RIFA-free, they can be used to feed livestock.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
## Editors: Eric Rebek, Ph.D., and Justin Talley, Ph.D.
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
The pesticide information presented in this publication was current with federal and state regulations at the time of printing. The user is responsible for determining that the intended use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label directions. The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Act), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal and state laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, genetic information, sex, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, disability, or status as a veteran, in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This provision includes, but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. The Director of Equal Opportunity, 408 Whitehurst, OSU, Stillwater, OK 74078-1035; Phone 405-744-5371; email: eeo@okstate.edu has been designated
to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity. Any person (student, faculty, or staff) who believes that discriminatory practices have been engaged in based on gender may discuss his or her concerns and file informal or formal complaints of possible violations of Title IX with OSU's Title IX Coordinator 405-744-9154.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
## Industry Alert
September 2012
## Questions and Answers for Producers, Sellers, and Buyers of Baled Hay Moving From Areas Under Quarantine for Imported Fire Ant
Through its regulations to prevent the movement and establishment of the imported fire ant, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) seeks to facilitate the safe movement of agricultural products and commodities, including baled hay, out of areas under quarantine for the pest. USDA's goal is to help support commerce, while guarding against the further spread of the imported fire ant.
Weather conditions can prompt farmers to seek sources of hay for their livestock that may include hay from suppliers within areas of the country under quarantine for imported fire ant. While some hay produced in these areas is regulated from moving outside of the quarantine zone, most hay can move without restriction. In addition, there are simple steps hay growers and suppliers inside the quarantine area for imported fire ant can take to ensure their product can move quickly and easily to where it's needed by farmers and livestock. APHIS is providing the following information to help respond to questions from farmers, ranchers, hay growers, and suppliers, as well as our State plant health regulatory partners, as they work to respond to adverse weather conditions and find important feed sources for livestock.
Q. What is the quarantine zone for imported fire ant?
- A. Most of the southeastern United States is currently under quarantine. In addition, most of Texas, southern Oklahoma, all of Dona Ana County in New Mexico, all of Orange County and parts of Los Angeles and Riverside counties in California, and all of Puerto Rico are under quarantine. To determine whether you are in a quarantine area, visit USDA's Web site at www.aphis.usda.gov/plant\_health/plant\_pest\_info/ fireants/zipcode.shtml and click the "Check your zip code now" link.
## Industry Alert
September 2012
## Q. Under what conditions can baled hay leave the quarantine area without restrictions?
- A. Baled hay that meets any of the requirements below is not regulated and has no movement restrictions:
- · For baled hay that is stacked, all bales except the bottom layer that is in direct contact with the ground.
- · Hay that is cut, baled, loaded, and shipped without storage.
- · Baled hay that is stored on an impervious surface such as hard pan (highly compressed soil), asphalt, concrete, etc.
- · Baled hay that is stored elevated above the soil on pallets or tires or stored on landscaping cloth placed over the soil.
## Q. What kind of hay is regulated in these areas for imported fire ant?
A. In quarantine areas, USDA only regulates baled hay and baled straw that are stored in direct contact with the ground, because it poses a risk for harboring imported fire ants . This hay can move anywhere within the quarantine area. In addition, hay or straw from inside the quarantine area that is stored in direct contact with the ground can move outside the quarantine area provided it has been inspected, found free of imported fire ant, and travels with a certificate or permit issued by the State department of agriculture or local USDA office . You can find contact information for State departments of agriculture on the National Plant Board's Web site at nationalplantboard.org/member/index.html. For local USDA offices, visit www.aphis.uida.gov/StateOffices . In addition, any hay that contains soil may not leave the quarantine area.
## Q. What are some best management practices for baled hay storage that reduce the chance of fire ants infesting the hay?
- A. The best management approach is to reduce or eliminate fire ants on the property annually. Your local Extension specialist can provide guidance on how to accomplish this. To find contact information for your local Extension office, visit www.nifa.usda.gov/Extension . In addition, the following storage practices can help reduce the risk of moving infested hay and straw:
- · Applying fire ant bait (insecticide) around the outside of hay storage areas.
Before the hay leaves the quarantine area, the shipper should place food such as a hot dog or peanut butter on a card close to the loaded bales on the trailer and then check for ants after an hour or so.
## Q. What should buyers do when purchasing hay produced within a quarantine area?
- A. When placing the order, determine if the supplier is within the quarantine area for imported fire ant. To do so, visit USDA's Web site at www.aphis.usda.gov/ plant\_health/plant\_test\_info/fireants/zipcode.shtml and click the "Check your zip code now" link. Also, ask the supplier for hay that does not have fire ants, and visually inspect the hay bales when they are delivered to you. If possible, request that the hay be certified for movement by the State from which it is shipped.
If you find any ants, contact your State department of agriculture or local Extension office. You can find contact information for State departments of agriculture on the National Plant Board's Web site at nationalplantboard.org/member/index.html . For local Extension offices, visit www.nifa.usda.gov/Extension .
## Q. What threat does the imported fire ant pose to agriculture?
- A. Imported fire ants are destructive to agriculture and dangerous to animals and people. These ants will feed on the buds and fruits of numerous crop plants, especially corn, soybean, okra, and citrus. They can also girdle young trees. Large nests located in fields interfere with and damage equipment during cultivation and harvesting. Imported fire ants respond rapidly and aggressively to disturbances, and ant attacks inhibit field-worker activities. A single fire ant can sting its target repeatedly. Young and newborn animals are especially susceptible to the venom of these stings.
For more information on imported fire ants and APHIS' regulations, please visit www.aphis.usda.gov/plant\_ health/plant\_pest\_info/fireants/index.shtml .
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/manateeco/2021/05/21/plant-vampires/ | Plant Vampires | University of Florida | [
"Lisa Hickey"
] | 2021-05-21 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Agriculture",
"Crops",
"Home Landscapes",
"insects",
"IPM",
"pest insects",
"plant vampires",
"sooty mold"
] | FL | ## Plant Vampires
Have you ever been bitten by a mosquito? The bite can be annoying, and in some cases, it can cause an allergic reaction and welts. While feeding, mosquitoes also transmit harmful diseases. Did you know our garden plants have similar mosquito-type vampires? Subsequently, these pest insects attack plants by draining the sugar-rich "blood" of our beloved green friends. For example, during their sweet feeding frenzy, some of these insects can also transmit diseases. Through the spread of disease, the plant vampires cause significant problems in gardens and landscapes throughout Manatee County. To mount a successful defense, one must first identify the 'vampire' insects, which diseases they can spread, and be ready to prevent or manage the disease if it shows up.
## Introducing the plant vampires
To begin with, one must first understand what are plant "vampires". One thing these insects have in common is piercing and sucking mouthparts. This mouthpart is similar in structure to a mosquito's mouthpart. The mouth part is a piercing, sucking design. Coincidentally, the insects will pierce the plant's tissue, and then suck out the sugary, wholesome sap. The sap is processed and released as excrement droplets and falls on lower leaves and stems.
Excess droplets are sticky (from the sugary sap) and attract a fungal organism. Where the droplets and fungi meld on the leaves, a black film-like mold forms; we refer to it as sooty mold. Several insects release the sticky excrement causing sooty mold. Let us talk about the three common insects that transmit diseases. Aphids, whiteflies, and psyllids are all documented to spread plant disease through feeding activities.
## Disease breeders!
Correspondingly, each disease the insects transmit has some telltale signs. Aphids are common, efficient vectors of plant diseases. Research indicates the plant vampires transmit over 100 plant
Aphids are plant vampires that have cornicles looking like exhaust pipes off their abdomen.
viruses. For instance, aphids transmit the cucumber mosaic virus while feeding on leaf tissue. The virus has a distinct leaf pattern.
Asian Citrus Psyllid are plant vampires to citrus trees. They suck sap from the trees and vector citrus greening.
whiteflies are common pests of tomatoes. While feeding, they may transmit Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. This disease severely impacts the tomato's quality. Fruit size reduction or elimination, yellow, crinkled new growth, and reduced plant vigor are signs and symptoms of the whitefly transmitted virus. Above all, managing plant vampires reduces the transmission of diseases.
## A little IPM goes a long way
Utilizing integrated pest management strategies, or IPM, you can begin to fight against these troublesome pests. IPM consists of four steps of management. Firstly, we look at the cultural management strategies.
Cultural management includes plant selection, watering frequency, and fertilization. Second, we practice biological management strategies.
Predatory or beneficial insects, mites, or fungi will prey on bad pests. After this, we employ mechanical management strategies.
Mechanical controls are simply squishing, pruning, or removing pests by hand.
Lastly, we have chemical management. The "I" in IPM refers to the mixing of several methods to effectively manage pests. Chemical control has a role in IPM. By following steps one through three, chemical control can be a preventive measure, and least toxic option. Neem oil, insecticidal soaps, and horticultural oils are examples of the least toxic options.
Whiteflies are plant vampires that transmit disease to plants.
Scouting plants you can find many pests.
In conclusion, plant vampires are common pests on vegetables, fruits, and landscape plants. They come in many shapes, sizes, and colors, but in common, they all have piercing/sucking mouthparts. With their needles-like mouthparts, they can feed on many plant species and, in some cases, transmit plant diseases. Fortunately, IPM steps allows you to effectively manage unwanted pests. So, the next time you see aphids attacking your plants, remember that they are sucking them just like a vampire.
## Looking for more...
Do you want more in depth information on the above topics? Are you a commercial fruit or vegetable producer and you want to integrate IPM into your tool box? Try:
- Tomato Pests
- Try IPM Methods
- Citrus greening and psyllids
- Whitefly species
Of course, if this topic intrigues you, watch for our upcoming workshop on Plant Vampires. Contact Mack to be put on the waiting list for attendance. 941-722-4524, extension 1821. Are you interested in other workshops? Check out our county calendar of events: Manatee's Calendar of Events .
Article contents written by Mack Lessig, UF/IFAS Manatee County, editing by Lisa Hickey, Sustainable Ag and Food Systems Extension Agent. Contact us if you need additional information mlessig@ufl.edu (941-722-4524 extension 1821) or Lisa.Hickey@ufl.edu (same number with extension 1817).
O
by Lisa Hickey
Posted: May 21, 2021
Category: 4-H & Youth, Agriculture, Crops, Home Landscapes Tags: Insects, IPM, Pest Insects, Plant Vampires, Sooty Mold |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2024/03/29/uf-ifas-video-feed-to-broadcast-osprey-chicks-hatching/ | UF/IFAS video feed to broadcast osprey chicks hatching | University of Florida | [
"Megan Winslow"
] | 2024-03-29 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"hatch",
"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences",
"Mark Hostetler",
"Megan Winslow",
"nest",
"osprey",
"Southwest Recreation Center",
"UF-IFAS",
"University of Florida",
"webcam"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS video feed to broadcast osprey chicks hatching
Between innings of his intramural softball games, Mark Hostetler will sometimes ask student participants about the high-pitched chirps and shrieks emanating from above their heads.
"We always hear that bird screaming," the students often say. "What is that bird?"
The osprey nest atop a light post behind UF's Southwest Recreation Center. Photo by Tyler Jones, UF/IFAS
To many of the people using the fields behind the University of Florida's Southwest Recreation Center, the sounds are just
background noise.
'After I sit with them and talk about the ospreys and what they're doing and the camera, they get out their smartphones and say, 'Wow. I can actually see it,' said Hostetler, a professor of wildlife ecology and conservation at UF's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS).
For the past two years, the top of a light pole between the easternmost softball fields has served as the seasonal home of Stella and Talon, ospreys that have fashioned a 100-pound nest from moss, twigs and other organic material, 75 feet above the human action below. In just a few days, the birds are expected to become the parents of three chicks. And thanks to a camera Hostetler's team positioned just above the nest, video of the hatchings will be visible online.
Hostetler's osprey webcam project began in 2016 after he noticed ospreys had crafted a nest atop a light pole in the right outfield of McKethan Stadium, UF's official baseball field until 2020.
"I thought to myself , 'This is a great educational opportunity,'" he said. "People see these ospreys, but they don't really know much about their natural life history, what they're doing in the nests."
He put a camera above the nest, and it began broadcasting video footage streamed online. Game attendees could tune in and observe the birds during innings.
When Condron Ballpark replaced McKethan Stadium, Hostetler searched across campus for a new nest to film. He eventually settled on the intramural softball fields, where several nests were already located, and his team used a boom crane to position a camera above a nesting site. A pair of ospreys returned to the site - jokingly referred to as "Home Plate" and "The Cheap Seats" - early this year, and the female began laying eggs in February.
Based on the incubation period of ospreys, Hostetler guesses the first egg will hatch around April 2.
The chicks will unknowingly emerge from their eggs before a sizeable audience; about 70,000 people from across the world tune in each year to watch the ospreys.
Hostetler hopes viewers can learn a valuable lesson about conservation.
"Everything is connected," he said. "The birds that you hear and the osprey families in the nests are dependent on the habit that's around them. If it's not healthy because we're putting too much fertilizer on our property and introducing too many chemicals, then it affects the availability of fish that the birds eat and feed their chicks. Urban areas are a combination, of course, of human modification, but we can do it in a way that doesn't disrupt the wildlife in the area."
Observe the ospreys, learn more and make donations to support the Osprey Cam project by visiting https://wec.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/ospreycam/.
3
by Megan Winslow
Posted: March 29, 2024
Category: Coasts & Marine, NATURAL RESOURCES, UF/IFAS, Water, Wildlife Tags: Hatch, Institute Of Food And Agricultural Sciences, Mark Hostetler, Megan Winslow, Nest, Osprey, Southwest Recreation Center, UE/IFEAS, University Of Florida, Webcam
Investigación de UF/IFAS: ¿Puede la inteligencia artificial ganarle la batalla a las especies invaso...
Study: Sea level rise shifts habitat for endangered Keys species
U.S. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/horse/4h-events/site-files/documents/state-4h-horse-show/sponsorships-2017.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20170406090042-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Sporonsorship Opportunities
## Super Horse Sponsor:
A Super Horse Sponsor is a minimum contribution of $1000. With your donation, your name will be added to a plaque hanging in the Charles and Linda Cline Equine Teaching Center for permanent display. Your logo will appear on each t-shirt in the program and on banners hung during the State Show. Your individual business banner also will hang in the arena during the state show as well as be announced as a Super Horse Sponsor multiple times during the three-day event. You also will be invited to the State Show Social Thursday, June 22nd.
## Showman Sponsor:
A Showman Sponsor is a minimum contribution of $1000. With your donation, your logo will appear on each t-shirt in the program and on banners hung during the State Show. Your individual business banner also will hang in the arena during the state show as well as be announced as a Showman Sponsor multiple times during the three-day event. You also will be invited to the State Show Social Thursday, June 22nd.
## Lead Changer/Cattle Wrangler Sponsor:
A Lead Changer/Cattle Wrangler Sponsor is a minimum contribution of $500.Your donation will be allocated towards a cattle sponsorship or can be given a different option if you so choose.With your donation, your logo will appear on the banner hung during the State Show and in the program, and your name appear on each t-shirt. If you choose a cattle sponsorship, your business will be announced throughout the cattle events you are sponsoring or the events of your choosing.You will also be invited to the State Show Social Thursday, June 22nd .
## Pattern Perfectector Sponsor:
A Pattern Perfector Sponsor is a minimum contribution of $250 and will sponsor the buckle in the class of your choosing.There are 48 class buckle sponsorship opportunities. With your donation, your name will be listed on the banners hung during the State Show. Your name will appear next to the class you are sponsoring in the program and you will be invited to present the buckle to the class champion.
## Walk-Trot-Lope Sponsor:
A Walk-Trot-Lope Sponsor is a minimum contribution of $100. With your donation, your business card or your name and two lines of text will be listed in the program.This is a great opportunity to recognize and support individuals or groups of youth.
## Walk-Trot Sponsor:
A Walk-Trot sponsor is a $50 sponsorship. Your name will be listed in the program. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/tulip-aphid | Tulip Aphid | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic",
"Aphid"
] | NC | ## Tulip Aphid
NC
STATE
EXTENSION
## PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Tulip aphids, Dysaphis tulipae , are small, typical, pale to dark green aphids with moderately long, dark cornicles. They are sometimes called tulip bulb aphids because they feed on tulip bulbs and other ornamental plant bulbs in storage as well as in the field. It is also called the iris root aphid. When infested bulbs are planted, the new growth may be distorted and stunted. Tulip aphids also infest the leaves, shoots, buds and flowers of these plants after they are growing. This aphid can transmit tulip breaking virus to tulips and narcissus yellow streaks wild virus to narcissus in the landscape (the latter by non-persistent transmission so there must be an infested plant nearby for the virus to be spread successfully). It has been shown to transmit other plant viruses as well. Not much has been published on the life history of the tulip aphid. For much of the year, they give birth to live nymphs that gradually mature into wingless or winged adults.
Tulip aphids attack Chionodoxa (glory of the snow), crocus, gladiolus corms, iris bulbs, lily, narcissus, scilla, snowdrop, and tulip during storage. Later they are found at the bases of growing plants, and under the leaf sheaths of all kinds of garden irises. It also occurs on the roots of carrot, parsley, and celery.
## Residential Recommendations
Immersing infested bulbs in a solution of insecticidal soap should give adequate control. On growing ornamentals use insecticidal soap, one of the pyrethroids labeled for landscape use, or a systemic insecticide such as imidacloprid. When used as directed , pyrethroids are very toxic to insects but are not particularly hazardous to humans and pets (other than fish-avoid using pyrethroids around pools, ponds, and streams).
## References
- · Aphids Feeding on Celery in California . Essig, E. O. 1938. Hilgardia 11 (9): 459-492.
- · Aphids on Ornamental Landscape Plants . Steven Frank. 2009. Entomology Insect Notes, NC State Extension Publications.
- · Field Transmission of Tulip Breaking Virus and Serologically Relate Potyvirus in Tulip. Hammond, J. 1989. Plant Disease 73: 331-336.
- · Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants . Baker, J. R. ed. 1994 (revised). North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service publication AG-136.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Jan. 9, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 17, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A.&TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/alabama-soils-coastal-plain/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"NA"
] | 2018-08-21 | [
"Healthy Soils",
"Farming",
"Alabama Soils"
] | AL | ## Alabama Soils: Coastal Plain
Alabama is home to 6 different soil areas. The areas are divided based on soils with similar parent materials, or geological material. Although there are 6 major soil areas, each area includes hundreds of different soil series, or named soils. Generally, series names come from a geographical location near the area where a similar soil was first described.
The Coastal Plain covers the southern two-thirds of Alabama, which was formed from marine deposits when oceans periodically covered this part of Alabama. In some cases, it is divided into the Lower Coastal Plain and the Upper Coastal Plain to designate regions of different ages. Most of the soils of this region formed from sandy marine deposits.
Landscapes of the Coastal Plain vary from flatlands to rolling hills. These well-drained soils on flatter hilltops, terraces, and bottomlands can be productive farmland for peanuts, com cotton, and vegetables. Rolling fields are important for coastal bermudagrass and baiaigrass hayfields, and as pasture for cattle.
However, most of the Coastal Plain is in timber today-loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine plantations support the pulp, paper and lumber industries in this part of the state.
## Characteristics:
- · Typical Coastal Plain soils have sandy topsoil and clayey subsoil.
- · The soil is highly weathered, low in plant nutrients, and acidic (soil pH
- · Surface soil colors range from a light brown in sandy soils to a bright red where iron oxides coat the soil particles. Darker surface soil colors are often related to an accumulation of organic matter.
Subsoil colors can be yellow or gray if poorly drained (wet most of the year), to bright red where soils are well-drained. Locally, regions of similar Coastal Plain soils may be given more descriptive names, such as:
- · Upper Coastal Plain
- · Lower Coastal Plain
- · Wirregrass (southeastern Alabama)
- · Flatwoods
- · Piney Woods
- · Clay Hills (western Alabama)
- · Black Belt
## Considerations
To grow many of the crops, garden vegetables, lawn grasses, and ornamentals not native to South Alabama, regular additions of lime, fertilizer, and other soil amendments are necessary. Soils in this region may also be highly erodible once the forests are cleared, so landowners must take special care to protect them. Many farmers are adopting reduced tillage techniques in the Coastal Plains for this reason. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/seminoleco/2022/02/13/cooking-local-swiss-chard/ | Switch it up with Swiss Chard: 2022 Food Check-Out Week | University of Florida | [
"sarakmurphy"
] | 2022-02-13 | [
"Agriculture",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Health & Nutrition",
"SFYL Hot Topic",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Work & Life",
"cooking",
"farm tour",
"food check-out week",
"local agriculture",
"local farms",
"local foods",
"SeminoleCountyAg",
"thank a farmer",
"think local"
] | FL | ## Switch it up with Swiss Chard: 2022 Food Check- Out Week
## Switch it up with Swiss Chard
Looking for a new leafy green to add to your plate? Well look no further because Swiss chard is here to break up the kale, collards, and spinach. Swiss chard has bright green leaves and depending on the variety, can have vibrant colored stems. Swiss chard is versatile and a terrific addition to soups, vegetable omelets, or stir-fries.
Swiss chard is low in calories but high in vitamins A, C, and K. In facts, one cup of cooked Swiss chard provides 572mcg of vitamin K which drastically exceeds the adequate intake for adults (120mcg for men and 90mcg for women). Swiss chard is also a good source of magnesium and potassium which support heart health.
Swiss chard is an easy plant to add to your garden. In Central Florida, it grows best outdoors in full sun from September to May. However, some varieties can also survive over the summer in a
shady part of your yard. Swiss chard is a great plant for growing in a hydroponic system as well. Beginners find that it is low maintenance and fast growing.
Below is a simple recipe that highlights the rich and earthy flavor of Swiss chard:
## Sautéed Swiss Chard with Garlic and Lemon
```
2 Servings
Prep time- 10 minutes
Cook time- 5-7minutes
```
Ingredients:
- · 1 Tbsp. olive oil
- · 2 cloves garlic, thinly sliced
- · 1 bunch Swiss chard, ribs removed and cut into ¼ inch pieces, leaves torn into 2" by 2" pieces
- · 1 Tbsp. fresh lemon juice
- · Pinch of crushed red pepper flakes
- · Salt and pepper to taste
## Directions:
- 1. Heat oil in a large skillet over medium heat.
- 2. Add stem pieces and cook for about 4 minutes, lessening cook time if more crunch is desired.
- 3. Add garlic and cook, stirring occasionally to avoid burning, for about 1 minute.
- 4. Add the Swiss chard leaves and cook until wilted, about 2 minutes.
- 5. Add lemon juice and season with red pepper flakes, salt, and pepper
KEYWORD: Greens
From more information on Food Check-Out Week, visit:
http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/seminoleco/2022/02/13/fo
od-check-out-week-2022/. Be sure to follow us on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/UFIFASSeminoleCo/) for more exclusive Food Check-Out Week content. References: · https://fdc.nalud.sgov/fdc-app.html#/fooddetails/169343/nutrients
- · https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/vegetable
- · https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/vegetable s/swiss-
```
chard.html#=~\text=\you%20can%2Odirectly%2Oseed%20or.lea
ves%2Oand%2Ostems%2Oare%2Oedible
```
## o by sarakmurphy
Posted: February 13, 2022
Category: AGRICULTURE, Fruits & Vegetables, Health & Nutrition, SFYL Hot Topic, UF/IFAS Extension, WORK & LIFE
Tags: Cooking, Farm Tour, Food Check-out Week, Local Agriculture, Local Farms, Local Foods, SeminoleCountyAq, Thank A Farmer, Think Local
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Water Wednesdays Recap - What Are Microplastics
- · 2022 Farm Bureau Youth Speech Contest
- · Digital Diagnostics: Getting Answers To Your Plant Problems During Times Of Social Distancing
- · Water Wednesdays Recap - What Is Urban Agriculture? |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/dealing-with-difficult-customers.html | Dealing with Difficult Customers - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Suzette Barta"
] | 2019-01-06 | [] | OK | ## Difficult Customers
AGEC-1085
/(fact-sheets/print-publications/agec/dealing-withdifficult-customers-agec-1085.pdf)
```
tomer Being Difficult? / Why are Customers Difficult? /
:Customers? / The Personalities as Difficult Customers /
aliing with Difficult Customers - The LAST Technique / Final Advice
```
. you know perfectly well that sometimes customers can be difficult. Some are demanding. . are just downright cranky. This fact sheet will help employees better understand the different just regularly face and will offer techniques to help diffuse some situations.
## 'tomer Being Difficult?
ference between a difficult customer and a customer who simply has a problem with your ation. Customers may behave quite appropriately by pointing out a problem they are having. ings further-too far.
t a local restaurant may politely point out that the ticket has an appetizer shown on it, but they r. This person is not being difficult. They just have a problem that the waiter needs to address
r a traveler whose flight has been canceled because the Chicago airport was shut down due to t o deal with this inconvenience by yelling obscenities at the airlines representative in Dallascertainly being difficult.
## iStomers Difficult?
ng to know about difficult customers is that they are being difficult for their own reasons, which do with you. If we knew about our difficult customer's medical diagnosis, for example, we would ice. Most of the time, that luxury does not exist. Most of the time, the customers' real problems
Share Fact Sheet
al issues, health problems) are hidden.
times take these hidden problems out on your employees, but remember they are, son to whom the customer is going to vent. It's no fun. It's not fair. But it is life. Take a deep o your best to help solve your customer's business-related problem.
## 'ur Difficult Customers?
history of defining human personalities based on four categories. David Merrill and Roger Reid 'dels in their book, Personal Styles and Effective Performance. The four Merrill-Reid "personal ly of looking at potentially difficult customers. First, let's take a look at them in general terms.
gan it would be "Let's get it done now, and get it done my way" (Merrill and Reid, p. 62). Other words used ide pushy, tough, dominating, harsh, decisive and strong-willed. They know what they want, and they like
ire social people who are in touch with their emotions. "They like to involve other people with their cording to Merrill and Reid (p. 63). Expressives tend to dream big about the future, but may overlook daily to describe this style are dramatic, friendly, creative, excitable, stimulating, enthusiastic, manipulative
"look at the facts in a systematic way" according to Merrill and Reid (p. 66). They may also be cautious varmth." Other words used to describe this style include critical, serious, exacting, orderly, picky, stuffy a great desire to get things right.
by others is very important to an amiable person. Amiables use understanding and mutual respect in ple "like" them. Other words used to describe this style include supportive, agreeable, respectful, ming, awkward and pliable. Amiables also place a high priority on feeling safe.
iliar? Do you know people who are perfect fits for each of the four styles? How about your own
:criptions and find that they relate to one or more of the personality types. Psychologists believe type-even when we are able to draw from one or more of the other types.
## 'aliities as Difficult Customers
ns of the four personalities, you may have noticed some clues as to how each of the four difficult customers. Let's take a look at each personality type from that perspective (a 'Peter Urs Bender).
quickly when they realize that someone did not do their job properly. They can become .omething "can't be done," especially when the driver thinks they know how it CAN be done.
mer will burst into your presence and will immediately be loud, domineering and perhaps even listen for phrases like, 'I want to know who is going to fix this! Who is going to get this done? I ht now!'
## NOT work with a driver are:
way or the other. They have more respect for you when you take a stand. This can be challenging for an le. Answers such as, "Well, we could maybe do this or maybe do that" are incredibly frustrating to the
'The best rules to a driver are the rules that they, themselves, made. It certainly is the 'my way or the s may express derision when quoted rules and regulations, and yet this is exactly how an analytic may n.
e. This phrase, in fact, is so maddening to a driver that it can turn a driver from "a customer with an issue"
ndle a driver as a difficult customer? Drivers want things done to their own satisfaction and they to get it done. That being the case, tell them. Phrases to which drivers respond positively might
ok into this problem."
call you with the information by 5 p.m. today.'
':m you are going to call them by 5 p.m., then you absolutely must call them by 5 p.m. even if you Dealing with a driver involves telling them exactly what you are going to do and exactly when u say you will do it-do it. Follow through.
r date and ask if everything was handled acceptably. Here is a little hint: If things were not i've already heard from the driver. Calling with an unsolicited follow-up just earns you bonus
xpress their emotions. They may take problems experienced at your business as personal :ertainly not all) expresses may cry as a way to express their displeasure.
essive as a difficult customer, listen for phrases like the following.
¥u would do this to me."
to cheat me."
me?"
ork with an expressive include:
owing them written versions of rules and regulations. In fact, if an employee (perhaps an analytic) 'ules or documentation on a counter in front of an expressive customer, they may use their hand to brush
'en be a subconscious action on their part.
g them that they must do this and must do that (as a driver employee might be prone to do.) This s a personal affront by the expressive.
¿that an expressive customer called the bank and wanted to know why they were trying to ng overdraft charges.) The bank employee, who may have been an amiable, was genuinely ¿e tried her best to both listen carefully and politely explain. She told her supervisor about the ed bothered for days.
"visor placed a phone call to the expressive customer to see if everything was okay. The ¡endly tone), "Oh yes. Everything is fine. I had just gotten some bad news that day and let it get
¡ntious bank employee had worried about the exchange longer than the expressive customer mer was just having a bad day and needed to let it out.
¿best technique for dealing with an expressive customer. Listen. Give them a sympathetic ear. g attention. Do not interrupt the expressive as they are venting, but when appropriate use as:
¿I know how hard it can be."
d from the example, the amiable employee, with their ability to see both sides of a situation, is with an expressive who is having a bad experience.
to prefer to avoid conflict whenever possible. They will express displeasure, however, when they In fact, the analytic with a problem will almost always have something in their hands that they If it could be a monthly statement, written rules or regulations or other printed materials. An most likely to turn difficult when the validity of their data is questioned or if it is completely
## rk with an analytic include:
obably the worst reaction to an analytic is an emotional reaction. Expressive employees, particularly, will calm by not taking the criticism to heart. An overly emotional response on the part of the employee can ch from the situation (and leave unhappy) or become very frustrated.
analytic will have the greatest conflict with a driver when the driver insists on a particular way with no r or written rules to govern the situation. Analytics do not believe you just because you said so. They will w it to them in writing.
tending a statewide workshop told a story about an analytic with a complaint. He told of a his home and demanded to speak about a teacher. The patron claimed to be holding a copy of -a sure sign that the patron was an analytic. He had some "proof" in his hand.
immediately became concerned and made the patron aware that it was against the rules for at file. Nor was it appropriate for the school board member to see it. Immediately, the patron a that he was doing something improper or against the rules. The patron left and did not bother again. Thus, references to laws and rules can be an effective way of handling difficult analytics.
ficult customer or just a customer with a problem that needs to be resolved, the best way to treat their "proof" as serious. Look at it. Read it carefully.
- .e with the analytic. In other words, if they bring you some proof, make sure to provide your own y . For example, make a copy of the rule that must be followed and give it to the customer. Print element and use a highlighter to show where adjustments were made. Provide the analytic with a n a program works. Just make sure that they leave with something in their hands.
nat the amiable customer is the least likely customer to be difficult. It is a part of their very hen there is a problem, they will do their best to see your side of the issue.
niable customer one of your most challenging customers. When they have a problem with you, i , they probably won't complain or make a scene. In order to avoid conflict, they will simply ewhere else.
- > amiables as customers, do the groundwork up front. In other words, develop a personal ke them aware that you are not only willing to hear about problems they might have, but are if there is a problem. Make sure they know how valuable they are as customers-even as
ilding relationships with amiable customers, you might just be fortunate enough to have some a problem. If you are able to solve the amiable customers' problems, you will strengthen their a business. and your
## les for Dealing with Difficult - The LAST Technique
'vice, the LAST technique is a generally accepted method for dealing with difficult customers. ten, apologize, Solve and Thank. All four actions have the potential to help in a situation with described in the preceding paragraphs.
pset customer wants to talk.Do not interrupt. Do not put your defenses up. Do not mentally plan nd try to understand what the customer is saying.
ut you also need to use body language to indicate to the customer that you are thoughtfully ghly, but don't invade their personal space. Keep your hands and arms relaxed. Do not lean /our chest. Keep your lips, mouth and jaw relaxed. Many people are quick to clench their jaws face a difficult situation.
ng does not necessarily mean that you claim direct responsibility for the problem on the behalf ganization. You may have to accept blame at some point, but be sure to fully understand the ens. Do not accuse or blame the customer. It may absolutely be their fault, but no personality rong they are.
ogizing for? You are mostly trying to convey that you acknowledge their feelings. Consider the ses.
encing this problem."
ing for you."
now frustrating it can be."
deal with this."
!ve your customer's problem. Become your customer's advocate. Think about that for a minute. i advocate? It means you actually care. It means you really do want to figure out the problem u really do want to help this person. Customers can tell the difference between an employee d one who is just going through the motions.
rson who has just made your life difficult for the last 20 minutes! Even so, you need to end this note. Find something to be thankful for, such as:
is to our attention."
al customer over the years."
ce while I take care of this."
ember two more things: follow through and follow up. If you said you were going to do er-perhaps call them back with a piece of information-be sure to do what you promised. All v through, but the driver, in particular will demand it.
the customer to make sure everything was handled to their satisfaction, or check to see if there ) to improve the situation.
want to be able to know you did your best. You remained calm. You were professional.
- . Extension Service offers a training called Dealing with Difficult Customers as a part of its workshops. Contact your county Extension office for more information.
ficult Customers Workbook: A Self-Instructional Workbook for Public Sector Employees. & Associates, 2010.
- . Deal with Difficult Customers." Retrieved November 7, 2018 from jer.com/articles/difficult.html(http://www.peterursbender.com/articles/difficult.html)
- . eith. Customer Service for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 2006.
customer Service: How to Win with the Customer. USA: Crisp Publications, Inc., 2001.
Jer. Personal Styles and Effective Performance. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book Company, 1981.
/(fact-sheets/print-publications/agec/dealing-withdifficult-customers-agec-1085.pdf)
larketing (topics/business-and-community/business-strategy-and-marketing/)
s-and-community/business-strategy-and-marketing/risk-management/)
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/2023-legislation-affecting-municipalities | 2023 Legislation Affecting Municipalities | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Jason Camp"
] | null | [
"City and County Government",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
Publications » Publication » 2023 Legislation Affecting Municipalities
## 2023 Legislation Affecting Municipalities
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under:
City and County Government
Publication Number: P3914
View as PDF: P3914.pdf
House Bill 281 : Law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty; clarify that beneficiaries may receive sidearm of.
Amends Section 45-9-131 to allow the next of kin of a law enforcement officer who is killed in the line of duty to be authorized to purchase the sidearm that was issued to the officer. The amount to be paid for any firearm purchased by the next of kin of a law enforcement officer who is killed in the line of duty shall be an agreed-upon price as determined by the appropriate governmental authority that employed the officer. The act further amends the section to require firearms purchased at retirement to be sold at the fair market value as determined by the governing authority.
House Bill 521 : Length of Service Award Program; authorize the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters.
This act authorizes the Mississippi Insurance Department to create the Mississippi Length-of-Service Award Program (LOSAP) for the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. This does not include full-time firefighters or career firefighters unless they are also active eligible volunteer firefighters when not acting as full-time firefighters. The LOSAP Board of Trustees will establish program requirements.
House Bill 698: Municipal water, wastewater, and sewer services; require equity-based billing based on the use of.
The calculation of a user's bill shall be limited to the actual amount of volumetric usage, plus those fees reasonable and necessary for the cost of capital expenses, system operation and maintenance, and debt service. While a municipality may set different rates for different classifications of users, a municipality shall not discriminate in setting rates among members of the same classification. The municipal governing authorities shall make a finding on the minutes of the governing body establishing the rate based on the actual cost to operate and maintain the system. A municipality shall not charge a user a fee for services received which is less than the cost incurred by the municipality to provide such services. If a user's meter is tampered with, unreadable, or otherwise out-of-order, a municipality may render an estimated bill to that user for a period not to exceed six (6) months. In such circumstances, an estimated bill shall be based upon the prior average measured usage of the user or a similar user of the same classification. Only in the event a municipality is unable to meet the requirement of billing based solely on volumetric usage, such a municipality may bill based on a flat fee rate where such municipality has established flat fee billing as its usual and customary billing practice before the passage of this act, and where such municipality is actively billing based upon a flat fee rate as of the passage of this act. The governing authorities of the municipality shall make a finding annually on the minutes of the governing body establishing the rate
based upon the actual cost to operate and maintain the system as determined under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, and the municipality shall not charge a user a fee for services received that is less than the cost incurred by the municipality, or based on the assessed value of the property, to provide such services. Notice of any change in the rate or structure at which services are supplied shall be posted on all bills sent to users at least one (1) month before the effective date of the rate change. Notice shall also be posted to the municipality's online web page or bill payment platform if the municipality has an online web page or bill payment platform.
## HB 894: Violations of local zoning ordinances; authorize governing authorities to pursue administrative or civil penalties for.
Allows the governing authorities to pursue administrative or civil penalties in addition to criminal penalties for violations of local zoning ordinances.
## SB2102: Excavations; provide for impending emergencies and extend notification period for.
The pre-excavation notice period has been extended to 3 working days. The act also reduces the waiting period from 4 hours to 2 hours to locate unmarked facilities. The bill creates an impending emergency category. In this category, work cannot begin less than 12 hours from the time of notice. The bill future amends the act to allow operators to collect reasonable attorney's fees as the result of a lawsuit enforcing compliance with the dig law.
## SB2538: Mississippi Regional Pre-Need Disaster Clean Up Act; create.
The Mississippi Regional Pre-Need Disaster Clean Up Act is intended to allow counties and municipalities to be authorized to participate in regional pre-need contracts, negotiated in advance by the state after a public bidding process, for disaster-related solid waste collection, disposal, and monitoring, such that the citizens of those counties and municipalities will be quickly and adequately served while recovering from the disaster.
## SB2751: Sixteenth Section lands; no law, ordinance, or regulation shall prohibit school districts from using for educational facilities.
Prevents a county, municipality, or combination thereof from adopting and enforcing zoning or land use laws, ordinances, or regulations that would prohibit, restrict, or interfere with school districts' use of Sixteenth Section lands for the construction and operation of educational or extracurricular facilities.
SB2839: Public Improvement District Act; amend to allow the municipality to perform duties and exercise powers in certain circumstances.
When the board of a public improvement district is unable or unwilling to perform its statutory duties or exercise its statutory powers, the governing authorities of the municipality in which the district is contained shall be authorized to perform such duties or exercise such powers in the place of the board.
## SB2842: Use tax; revise provisions regarding special infrastructure assistance funds for municipalities and counties.
After July 1, 2023, the definition of "base expenditures" will change to mean the average expenditures on infrastructure in FY 2021 and FY 2022 (instead of the 5-year average), and the "base expenditures" annual CPI adjustment will be capped at 0.5%. It also includes a change to current rules to prohibit municipalities from paying salaries for employees or contract employees; administrative costs; debt service, except for water, sewer, bridge, and street improvements; and to also prohibit the purchase of personal property or equipment (other than equipment to be permanently installed as part of a road or bridge) or for the construction or maintenance of public buildings or other structures that are not integral to the system of roads and bridges.
## For More Information
The Mississippi State University Extension Center for Government and Community Development staff design and deliver educational programs, training activities, information, and technical assistance in response to the high-priority economic and community development needs of Mississippi communities and their citizens. Participants in GCD programs include local government leaders, community-based organizations, state and local agencies, and business enterprises.
Center for Government and Community Development
Mississippi State University Extension Service
(662) 325-3141
gcd@ext.msstate.edu
Publication 3914 (POD-06-23)
By Jason Camp, PhD, Extension Specialist, Center for Government and Community Development.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| SELECT A COUNTY | ▶ |
| Authors | Dr.JasonCamp |
| Extension Specialist II | Municipal Government, Tax Assessment and Collection, Local Government Technical Assistance |
| Your Extension Experts | Mr.Sumner D.Davis, III |
| Head, Ext Ctr Govt & Comm Dev | |
| Related Publications | PUBBLICATION NUMBER: P3844 Effective Municipal Government Meetings |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3843 A Quick Guide to the Mississippi Public Records Act | Publications Number: P4081 Running for Municipal Office: Mayor-Council |
Running for Municipal Office: Council-Manager
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4077
Running for Municipal Office: Mayor-Board of Aldermen
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/merigold-retail-sales-profile | Merigold Retail Sales Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
» Publications » Merigold Retail Sales Profile
## Mergold Retail Sales Profile
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P2944-171
View as PDF: P2944-171.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Bolivar County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes
Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter
Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills
Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
Related News
OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
FEBRUARY 1, 2024
Extension provides training for tourism professionals
Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/herbicide-guide.html | Herbicide Guide - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Doug Montgomery",
"Dennis Martin"
] | 2017-01-05 | [] | OK | ## Herbicide Guide
Published May, 2017 |
Id: L-322
By Doug Montgomery, Dennis Martin
## 1. Tank/lid/vent
Sprayer tank holds the herbicide/water mixture and must be constructed with a material that is resistant to potential corrosion from certain herbicide formulations. There should be no leaks of tank contents anywhere.
The lid should form a watertight seal when closed to avoid spills. A vent hole or vented lid should be present to prevent the formation of a vacuum in the tank.
## 2. Tank Shut-off Valve
A tank shut-off valve is required to isolate the tank contents (herbicide and carrier) from the rest of the spray system. This valve allows removal or repair of spray rig components without loss of tank contents or undo exposure of applicators to herbicides during repairs of the sprayer. Valves may be gate valves or ball valves.
## 3. In-line Screen
Herbicide spray mixture needs to be filtered properly with the
Spring system and help prevent nozzle tip(s) from clogging. For centrifugal pumps, an in-line screen no smaller than 30mesh is recommended. Finer meshed screens can become clogged with drift control additives and should be avoided at this location. The screen should be placed on the suction side of the pump between the pump and the tank shut-off valve. It should be cleaned frequently (daily).
## 4. Drift Control Injector
This is an "add on" piece of equipment. It functions to introduce liquid drift control into the suction side of the pump through a drop tube into or just behind the pump. A washer with a 3/16-inch hole centered in the washer, ground to fit inside a ball valve (with the ball valve fully open), allows the proper amount of drift control flow into the suction side of the pump. Water flow back up into the system can cause drift control products to thicken and should be avoided. If drift control injectors are used, they should be plumbed between the in-line screen and the water pump.
## 5. Water Pump
The heart of the sprayer system is the pump. It must deliver the necessary flow to the nozzle(s) at the desired pressure to ensure proper application. It is recommended that pump flow capacity should be 20 percent greater than the largest flow rate required by the nozzle(s) and hydraulic agitation to compensate for pump wear. The inability to maintain constant or consistent spray pressure may indicate a deteriorated pump. The single stage centrifugal pump is the most popular type pump for low-pressure roadside sprayers.
## 6. Pump Motor
Pump motors can be hydraulic or gasoline "pony" motors. Hydraulic motors are more applicable to flat terrain and are tied to the truck motor's RPM (as truck RPM increases or decreases, hydraulic motor RPM may fall or increase. "On demand" hydraulic pump/motors do not this). "Pony" gasoline motors are independent of the truck motor and truck motor RPM. "Pony" motors are favored when spraying hilly terrain. Either motor should run smoothly without wide swings in motor RPM to ensure proper application rates.
## 7. Hoses/Plumbing
The use of synthetic rubber or plastic hoses (high pressure types) having a burst strength greater than the peak operating pressure of the sprayer system are recommended. The use of any other type hose, such as garden hose, is discouraged. Hoses or sprayer lines must be properly sized for the system, flexible, durable, and be resistant to oils and solvents in herbicide formulations. They must also be resistant to weather (i.e. sunlight, ozone, etc.) and general abuse such as twisting, pulling, shock load, or "hydraulic hammer" effects and vibration. If cracks or aging are evident, components should be replaced.
## 8. Agitation System
An agitator or agitation system is required to mix the components of the spray mixture uniformly and keep them mixed. Some herbicide formulations such as emulsions, wettable powders, liquid, or dry flowables require constant agitation. Constant agitation is needed to keep these herbicide formulations in suspension or they may separate or settle out within the spray tanks. Non-functioning/broken agitators should be fixed. Tank length sparge tubes are preferred.
## 9. Pressure Gauges
Pressure gauges are an integral part of every spray system to correctly indicate an accurate pressure at the nozzle tip(s). A liquid filled pressure gauge, with a maximum reading of 100 psi, is recommended for use on spray rigs and should be mounted as close to the nozzle tip(s) as possible. This provides a more accurate pressure reading during the spraying operation and during the calibration process. Gauges should be visible to operators in the cab to monitor application pressure consistency (a second gauge is necessary if nozzle(s) is rear mounted). Replace all non-functioning gauges.
## 10. Pressure Regulators
Pressure regulators control the output pressure of spray nozzles. Pressure regulators are used most often when multiple nozzles are used. Single nozzle spray rigs may not have a true "pressure regulator." Instead, they may have an agitation-line throttling valve that controls the amount of bypass returning to the tank. Individual pressure regulators should operate within a selected pressure range without being screwed all the way in or out. If pressure regulators are not adjustable they should be disassembled, cleaned, and tested. Replace if nonfunctional or broken.
## 11. Spray Nozzles
Nozzle
type determines the uniformity and volume of the spray mixture applied, the completeness of coverage, and the amount of drift. Stainless steel or hardened stainless steel tips are recommended because they are non-corrosive and resistant to abrasion. Boom buser tips produce a more uniform droplet size (fewer fine droplets). When ordering right-of-way nozzles, the letter "R" needs to be added to the specific nozzle model number. Tips with cracked diffusers (nylon tip insert) should be replaced and returned for refurbishing.
## 12. Control Arms
Control arms are usually electronically controlled rams that adjust the angle of spray nozzles so they can follow the contour of "fill slopes" or "cut slopes." Initial tip angles should be set with the control arm in the level, or horizontal, position. Proper functioning allows spray pattern width adjustment as slopes are encountered. Improper width adjustment can result in over- or under-application of spray mixtures. All control arms should respond to controls operated by applicators or they should be checked/replaced.
## 13. Nozzle Shut-off valve(s)
Nozzle shut-off valves are usually activated by an electric solenoid or ball valve that is operated remotely by the applicator. This valve is mounted on the output or discharge line near the nozzle tip(s) to turn the nozzles on or off. It is imperative that this valve be operating properly (not leaking) to avoid misapplication on rights-of-way near sensitive areas. If non-functioning, they should be fixed or replaced.
## 14. In-cab Switches
Switches turn spray solenoids on and off, activate control arms, and can control hydraulic motor speeds. All should function properly every time they are turned on or off. If the switch does not function properly every time, replace or repair it.
## 15. Handgun & Hoses
Handguns are used to make spot applications with high carrier rates (50 to 250 GPA, carrier rate is found on the herbicide label). Handguns should turn on and off consistently with no leakage. Hoses should be made of pressure rated materials resistant to bursting. Hoses should be checked regularly for cracks or aging and replaced before hose failure.
## 16. Calc-An-Acre
This instrument is a digital speed monitoring device that, when properly calibrated, allows a very precise (to the nearest 0.1 MPH) measurement of the ground speed of the sprayer. These devices help provide for consistent and accurate applications. Calibration instructions are included with the device when purchased. Each spray rig should be equipped with a properly working unit to simplify speed adjustment necessary to maintain consistent herbicide application rates (Roadside Vegetation Management Guidelines, Current Edition, Ch. 11).
## Troubleshooting Guide
- 1. No delivery of spray liquid through the nozzles.
```
\begin{array} { l } { \mathrm { c o k e r \colon \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \end{array}
\begin{array} { l } { \emph { a. E m p t a n k . } } \\ { \emph { b. C l o g g e d \, \, i n e s , \, \, s c r e n s , \, \, o r \, \, n o z z l e \, \, t i p s . } } \\ { \emph { c. S h a r p k i n s \, \, i n \, \, h o s e s . } } \\ { \emph { d. T a n k v e n t \, \, c l o s e d . } } \end{array}
\emph { a. e m p t r o r \, \, o r \, \, p o r \, \, o w r i n g \, \, m i x i n g \, \, h e r b i c i d e(s). }
```
f. Pump failure.
## 2. Fluctuating pressure.
Check for:
- a. Material in supply tank is low.
- b. Dirty screens.
- c. Trash in the seat of the pressure regulator (if one is used).
- d. Pump drive slipping (if using auxiliary engine).
- e. Trash in pump.
- f. Hydraulic fluid too hot and not adequately cooled (if using hydraulic fluid driven centrifugal pumps).
## 3. Excessive abrasive action in the pump.
Check for:
- a. Sand, grit, dirt, or crystals.
- b. Failure to use suction screen.
- c. Poor agitation of chemicals or mixtures containing solids.
## 4. Starved pump.
Check for:
- a. Shut-off valve to pump is closed.
- b. Too small of a suction hose or pipe.
- c. Leaks in suction line.
- d. Collapse in suction hose.
- e. Kinks in suction hose.
- f. Too long of suction line.
- g. Too high suction line lift.
- h. Stopped up in-line screen.
- i. Worn pump.
## 5. Dry pump (no flow or liquid in pump).
Check for:
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- sheets/print-+/boomless-roadsideberricide-sprayer-assessmentguide-I-322.pdf)
## Topics:
Equipment & Structures for Farms & Ranches /topics/business-andcommunity/equipment-and-structures-for-farms-and-ranches/)
Equipment for Farms and Ranches /topics/business-and-community/equipmentand-structures-for-farms-and-ranchecs/equipment-for-farms-and-ranches/)
Insects, Pests, and Diseases /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-and-diseases/)
Insects, Pests, and Diseases /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-and-diseases/)
Weed Control /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-and-diseases-and-invasive-plants/weed-control/)
Weeds & Invasive Plants /topics/plants-and-animals/insects-pests-anddiseases/weeds-and-invasive-plants/)
YES
NO |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/noxubee-county-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Noxubee County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Noxubee County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Noxubee County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3480-52
View as PDF: P3480-52,pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Noxubee County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Extension provides training for tourism professionals
NOVEMBER 10,2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24,2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23,2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next > last>
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/plains-wild-indigo/index.html | Plains Wild Indigo - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-07-22 | [] | OK | ## PLAINS WILD INDIGO
Common Name
Plains Wild Indigo
Other Names
Large-Bracted Wild Indigo, Yellow False Indigo,
Long-Bracted Wild Indigo
Species Name : Baptisia bracteata
Plant Type
Legume
Family Name
Fabaceae, Pea Family
## Plant Facts
| Origin | Native |
|---------------------|------------------------------------|
| Duration | Perennial |
| Distribution in the | Eastern half and Nebraska, central |
| U.S. | Kansas and north-central Texas |
| Distribuion in | Eastern half of the state |
| Oklahoma | Eastern half of the state |
## ID Characteristics
Field Identification Characteristics
+
Leaf and Stem Characteristics
+
Floral Characteristics
+
## Habitat/ Ecology
| Soil Type | Sand, loam and clay soils |
|--------------|-----------------------------------------|
| Habitat | Prairies, open woodlands and roadsides |
| Successional | |
| Stage | |
Topics: |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2023/02/08/weekly-what-is-it-edward-ball-nature-trail/ | Weekly “What is it?”: Edward Ball Nature Trail | University of Florida | [
"Carrie Stevenson"
] | 2023-02-08 | [
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"ecotourism",
"Weekly What Is It"
] | FL | ## Weekly "What is it?": Edward Ball Nature Trail
The UWF nature trail encourages visitor safety and respect for wildlife! Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
grounds.
While a little confusing on first approach, this geographical and topographical variety is one of the many things that makes UWF unique. Few campuses can offer legitimate off-road biking, hiking trails,.and canoe/kayak launches just steps from academic classrooms, but all three of these exist on UWF's 1,600 acre campus. Canoe rentals are available for students and alumni from the Health, Leisure, and Sports Center on campus.
Freshwater turtles soak up the sun on a log in Thompson Bayou on UWF's campus. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
The Edward Ball Nature Trail is located west of the Environmental Science building (13) and includes a pier, kayak launch, and a
Like any Florida nature trail worth its salt, the approach to the Edward Ball Nature Trail on the University of West Florida (UWF) campus includes a sign asking visitors not to feed the alligators. UWF sits along Thompson Bayou, which flows into the gatorfriendly Escambia River.
I went to graduate school at UWF taking classes in the evenings after a full day of work-and navigating the sprawling campus confidently took me nearly a year. The biology and environmental sciences departments are on different sides of campus, so it takes a minute to traverse the hilly and winding school
winding half mile boardwalk trail that crisscrosses through a hardwood swamp. Freshwater turtles sun themselves on logs in the bayou, birds and squirrels weave through the dense tree canopy, and geocaches hike past, searching for dozens of hidden treasures on campus. At several points along the boardwalk, you can exit and head off onto more than 20 miles of marked off-road biking trails. The trails are managed by the Pensacola Off Road Cyclists (PORC) and trail maps are available online.
On the bayou footbridge crossing, a recently added photo spot serves as part of a citizen science effort to monitor changes in the landscape over seasons and years. Using a program called "chronology," scientists are working with outdoor enthusiasts all over the United States (plus one in England!) to monitor wild places over time.
Access to the trail is freeif you don't already have a campus parking sticker, you can pick up a visitor's pass as you enter campus. Follow Campus Drive around to Parking Lot G., and walk behind buildings 13 (Environmental Science) or 10 (Crosby Hall)) towards the woods. Within minutes, you'll find yourself in a quiet, peaceful spot amidst a bustling college campus.
## 7
by Carrie Stevenson
Posted: February 8, 2023
Category: Natural Resources, Recreation, Water, Wildlife
Tags: Ecotourism, Weekly What Is It, Wildlife
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Cuban Treefrogs May Be Coming
- · What Is Salinity?
- · A Sea Of Grass; Part 7The Crustaceans
- · Sea Grant Notes - Oct 16, 2020 |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2023/03/01/weekly-what-is-it-deer-moss/ | Weekly “What is it?”: Deer Moss | University of Florida | [
"Carrie Stevenson"
] | 2023-03-01 | [
"Change Category",
"Forests",
"Natural Resources",
"habitat conservation",
"Weekly What Is It"
] | FL | ## Weekly " What is it"? : Deer Moss
Deer moss is a low-growing lichen with a branched, sponge-like shape. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
based on structure; foliose (leafy or lettuce-like), crustose (low growing on trees or rocks), or fruticose (branched or bushy). Based on its growth habit, deer moss is considered a fruticose lichen.
Deer moss is a groundcover with no roots that basically sits atop the soil. This makes it an easily accessible nesting material for birds. It grows
slowly, typically topping out at 4 inches tall.
Deer moss typically grows in the sandy soil of wooded upland habitats throughout the southeastern United States and as far north as the Arctic tundra. Deer -especially reindeer -eat the lichen,
Always a pale gray-green amidst a forest full of browns and dark greens, deer moss stands out not just for its color, but its interesting shape and texture. It really looks more like a sponge than anything else. Also known as reindeer moss and reindeer lichen ( Cladonia spp.), it is correctly categorized as a lichen -an organism formed by a
mutualistic relationship between blue-green algae and fungus. In deer moss, the blue-green algae photosynthesizes and produces food, while the fungus serves as a skeleton and support for the algae.
Lichens come in several categories
Deer moss serves as a food source for wildlife and grows in a wide variety of climates, from the humid southeastern U.S. to the Arctic tundra. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
perhaps making it the primary reason for the common name and association. The lichens are not particularly filling, but do provide important carbohydrates.
```
6
by Carrie Stevenson
Posted: March 1, 2023
```
Category: , Forests, Natural Resources
Tags: Habitat Conservation, Weekly What Is It
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Weekly "What Is It"?: Magnolia
- · Another Look At Climate Change - Part 1 Introduction
- · Weekly "What Is It?": Stinkhorn Fungus
- · Produce Pointers - Tomatoes |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/mrec/2020/09/01/water-wednesday-recap-make-your-backyard-a-wet-oasis-for-wildlife/ | Water Wednesday Recap – Make Your Backyard a Wet Oasis for Wildlife | University of Florida | [
"Yilin"
] | 2020-09-01 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Lawn",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"Backyard Wildlife",
"Florida Water",
"Krista Stump",
"Water Wednesday",
"yilin zhuang"
] | FL | ## Water Wednesday Recap Make Your Backyard a Wet Oasis for Wildlife
As our state continues to grow, wildlife is experiencing habitat loss due to development. In Florida, urban areas are a dominant feature in the landscape, and many of these urban areas are situated near natural wildlife preserves. What people do in their own yards affects local and nearby wildlife populations. Last Water Wednesday, the Natural Resources Agent in Osceola County, Krista Stump gave us some tips how we can make our backyard a wet oasis for wildlife.
Habitat includes food, water, and shelter. A shelter needs a cover and a place to raise young. Just like humans, animals need all three to survive. The great news is our backyards can serve as a habitat for wildlife. Maintaining a habitat for wildlife in a yard increases biodiversity in the neighborhood. Biodiversity is simply the number of different species occurring in a given area. One of the easiest ways to turn your yard into a wildlife habitat is by adding water sources for the birds, reptiles, and small mammals in your neighborhood. Water sources can be a simple bird bath or a beautiful water garden. Whatever you choose, remember to change water regularly to keep it free of disease and to control mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes are not only a biting nuisance. They can carry many dangerous diseases. Mosquitoes can easily reproduce in standing water. You can buy mosquito duns. These donut-shaped products gradually release the bacterium Bti ( Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis ) that kills mosquito larvae but is safe for plants, pets, and the environment.
For more information about Water Gardens, please visit: https://gardeningsolutions.ifs.ufl.edu/design/types-ofgardens/water-gardens.html
To watch the Water Wednesday recording, please click the video below:
o
by Yilin
Posted: September 1, 2020
Category: Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Lawn, Water, Wildlife
Tags: Backyard Wildlife, Florida Water, Krista Stump, Water Wednesday, Yilin Zhuang
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Private Well And Septic System Webinar Series
- Participate In Our Lawn Fertilizing Survey And Win Exciting Prizes
- Water Wednesday Recap - Composting For A Waterwise Landscape
- Water Wednesdays Recap - Hydroponics |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/swain-county-forestry-impacts-2020 | Swain County Forestry Impacts 2020 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Suzanne Teague",
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Natural Resources",
"Economics"
] | NC | ## Swain County Forestry Impacts 2020
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Aug. 9, 2022
Authors
Stephanie Chizmar
Suzanne Teague
Rajan Parajiuli
Robert Bardon
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=swain-
county-forestry-impacts-2020#zoom=page-fit N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability,
family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status. This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/columbine-leafminers-1 | Columbine Leafminer | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic",
"Leafminer"
] | NC | ## Columbine Leafminer
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Columbine leafminers, Phytomyza miniscula , are very common pests of columbine in gardens. The tiny brown to black flies lay their eggs in the leaves from the underside and their maggots tunnel through the leaves as they grow. Sometimes every leaf of every clump may be disfigured by the leafminers. When the maggots finish feeding, they cut a crescent shaped hole in the leaf and pupate outside in a small seed-like capsule called the puparium. In about two weeks another generation of leafminer flies emerges to repeat the "wheel of existence." Up to five generations occur from May to September. This pest overwinters as pupae inside their puparia.
Columbea leafminner flies are about the size of an eye gnat.
Attribution: Photo by Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ., Bugwood.org
## Host Plants
John Shread (1968) said it best, "The columbine leaf miner ( Phytomyza minuscula ) is a pest of columbine and aster. It is much less destructive in sunny exposures than in shaded ones. Early spring foliage becomes infested by adults that emerge from overwintered pupae. As the season advances a great deal of the foliage on badly infested plants may have light grayshth to whitish serpentine mines which are most conspicuous in the upper surface of the leaves . . . "
## Residential Recommendation
Leafminer flies have a number of parasites, and their populations often collapse if no pesticides are applied. However, this natural control usually happens too late to prevent unacceptable aesthetic damage. Orthene or imidacloprid should give adequate control of the columbine leafminer. However, the appearance of the infested plants will not improve until new growth emerges to obscure the earlier damage. Orthene and imidacloprid are readily available in most hardware stores and garden centers. We have had good results using imidacloprid as a soil drench early in the spring.
## References
- · Leafminer Flies . S. D. Frank, J. R. Baker and S. B. Bambara. 2010. Entomology Insect Notes , NC State Extension Publications.
- · Leaf Miners and Their Control. Schread, J. C. 1971. Connecticut Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Bull. No. 693. 15 pp.
- · Serpentine mines in columbine leaves caused by a leafminer. Smitley, D. 2012. Michigan State Univ. Extension News.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Dec. 21, 2013
Reviewed/Revised: Nov. 3, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/camden-county | Camden County Forestry Impacts | NC State Extension | [
"James Jeuck",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel",
"Corey Sugerik"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Extension Publications"
] | NC | ## Camden County Forestry Impacts 2012
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2014
Authors
James Jeuck
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
Corey Sugerik
Series
Pol
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2014
Authors
James Jeuck
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
Corey Sugerik
[ ] View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=camdencounty#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/bees-pollinators/nectar-and-pollen-producing-plants-of-alabama-a-guide-for-beekeepers/ | Nectar and Pollen Producing Plants of Alabama: A Guide for Beekeepers | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"James E. Tew",
"Stephen Enloe",
"Nancy Loewenstein",
"Kerry Smith"
] | 2018-11-05 | [
"Beekeeping",
"Pollinators",
"Agriculture",
"Nectar Plants",
"Pollen Plants"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style id='ninja_table_custom_css_9468' type='text/css'>
#footable_9468 {
font-family: ;
font-size: px;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
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<article id="post-6910" class="post-6910 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-bees-pollinators category-lawn-garden category-nectar-plants tag-anr0351 tag-beekeeper tag-bees tag-nectar tag-nectar-plants tag-pollen tag-pollen-plants tag-pollinators first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Nectar and Pollen Producing Plants of Alabama: A Guide for Beekeepers">
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<h1>Bees & Pollinators</h1>
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Nectar and Pollen Producing Plants of Alabama: A Guide for Beekeepers </div>
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<li>November 5, 2018</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/bees-pollinators/nectar-and-pollen-producing-plants-of-alabama-a-guide-for-beekeepers/"></div><div class="page" title="Page 1">
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<p>Honey bees and plants have a special relationship. Each benefits the other. Flowering plants provide food for honey bees; in turn, bees provide pollination for many plants, enabling them to reproduce.</p>
<p>Honey bees visit flowers to collect pollen and nectar for food. Pollen is essential to bees because it is their only natural source of protein. Without it, colonies would be unable to produce new bees and would eventually die. Nectar is the carbohydrate portion of the honey bee’s food and is the raw material of honey. Bees convert nectar into honey by adding an enzyme which breaks down the complex sugars into simple sugars. This process also reduces the moisture content of the original nectar. About 18 percent of the water remains in what becomes honey. Chemically reducing sugars and lowering the moisture content of nectar are the two processes that convert nectar to honey.</p>
<p>To produce honey successfully, you must have your honey bee colonies at peak strength when the major nectar producing plants in your area begin to bloom. To properly manage honey bee colonies so their populations will increase and peak at the correct time, you must have a working knowledge of the nectar and pollen producing plants in the vicinity of your apiaries. This knowledge will enable you to determine when to stimulate brood production, add supers, use swarm control measures, harvest honey, requeen, prepare colonies for winter, and locate the most profitable apiary sites. If left on their own, most honey bee colonies don’t begin increasing their populations rapidly until the major nectar flow starts. As a result, the nectar flow is usually over before the colonies are strong enough to produce a surplus of honey.</p>
<p>Honey bees may be kept almost anywhere in Alabama because there are enough nectar and pollen producing plants within flight range to produce some surplus honey. However, apiaries only a few miles apart are often found to produce honey crops varying considerably in size. Therefore, greater production and profit may result if you give more attention to kinds and numbers of nectar and pollen producing plants. The numbers of plants in any given area may change considerably over a period of years due to natural events.</p>
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<p>Beginners in beekeeping frequently ask questions about growing crops or plants specifically for honey production. In general, it is not economically practical to grow a crop for the honey bees alone. Beekeepers are largely dependent on cultivated crops grown for other purposes or on wild plants. However, under certain conditions, it may be advantageous for beekeepers to use certain nectar and pollen producing plants in landscaping their home grounds and to plant certain crops on idle land. Either case would require selection of specific plants or crops adapted to, and suitable for, specific locations and situations.</p>
<p>The ideal location for an apiary is in an area free of hazardous insecticides, and should contain an abundance of nectar and pollen producing plants blooming in succession through the spring, summer, and fall. Honey color and flavor are determined by the plant or plants from which the bees collect nectar. To produce honey for your table or the market, your bees must have access to an abundance of plants yielding large amounts of nectar that will make a high-quality, table-grade honey.</p>
<p>Nectar production and secretion are affected by many factors, such as fertility, soil moisture and acidity, altitude, latitude, length of day, the number of hours of sunlight per day, and weather.</p>
<p>Some of the primary nectar plants in Alabama are yellow-poplar (also known as tulip-poplar) and various clovers, particularly crimson, arrowleaf and white. Clover honey is often used as the standard for comparison, because clovers and other legumes yield a light-colored, mild-flavored honey. Yellow-poplar nectar produces a high-quality, deep-amber, full-flavored honey. Soybeans and cotton also yield an amber honey that has a good flavor. Both of these commonly grown crops may produce enough nectar for bees to store surplus honey, but the use of insecticides can make beekeeping near these fields quite hazardous.</p>
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<p>When bees gather nectar from several sources, including a variety of wildflowers, honey is usually dark with a strong flavor. This is generally the case with the fall nectar flow, which usually yields a dark, strong flavored honey that is not preferred by most consumers. However, this honey (August and later, certainly by the time that goldenrod flowers) is usually suitable for wintering bees. Sumac, sourwood, and vetch are good choices for pollen producers in midseason.</p>
<p>Allow wild, weedy areas (e.g., meadows, fence rows) nearby for supplemental bee pasture. Keep records of dates when plants bloom because there is variation in the dates from one section of the state to another and also some variation from year to year. After a few years, you will know when to expect your greatest surplus honey storage and what quality of honey to expect from various nectar sources.</p>
<p>Some wild plants that may be useful for nectar or pollen production also have a negative side that should be noted. These plants of concern are exotic, invasive plants that crowd out native species, disrupt native ecosystem processes, and reduce biodiversity and forest productivity. These invasive plants are not native to the southeastern United States but were introduced from other continents during the last 200 years. Chinese privet and tallowtree (or popcorn tree) are two examples of well-established, invasive plants that also provide for bee pasture. While honeybees will forage these plants, intentionally planting these is not recommended.</p>
<h1>Honeydew</h1>
<p>Various kinds of insects, especially certain aphids, suck large quantities of sap from trees and other plants in order to obtain sufficient food nutrients. In so doing, they often obtain far more sugar and liquid than they can possibly use, and they discharge the excess from their bodies. This sweet fluid is known as honeydew. Sometimes the insects are so numerous that the honeydew falls to the ground like a fine mist of rain. When nectar producing plants are scarce, honey bees often collect this honeydew and carry it to the hive where it is converted into honey. Honeydew honey is usually dark and poorly flavored and has a limited sales value. Most honeydew honey is suitable for brood rearing in the spring and summer but contains too much indigestible material to be good for wintering bees.</p>
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<h1>Summary</h1>
<p>Beekeepers must have a working knowledge of the nectar and pollen producing plants in the vicinity of their apiaries for successful honey production. This knowledge will enable them to determine when to carry out various management practices, such as stimulating brood production, adding supers, using swarm control measures, harvesting honey, requeening, preparing colonies for winter and locating profitable apiary sites.</p>
<p>Honey bees may be kept almost anywhere in Alabama. There are enough nectar and pollen producing plants within flight range to produce some surplus honey if the bees are correctly managed. The list of nectar and pollen producing plants in the publication is not all-inclusive. It is a list of some of the plants that may be found growing in various sections of the state. Beekeepers should observe their bees closely to learn the plants from which they collect nectar and pollen. Keep simple records of the dates when these plants bloom because there is a variation in dates from one section of the state to another, and also some variation from year to year. This information will enable beekeepers to manage honey bees for maximum production.</p>
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<h3 class="table_title footable_title">Some Nectar and Pollen Plants of Alabama</h3>
<table data-ninja_table_instance="ninja_table_instance_0" data-footable_id="9468" data-filter-delay="1000" aria-label="Some Nectar and Pollen Plants of Alabama" id="footable_9468"
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class=" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_9468 ninja_table_unique_id_1842438539_9468 table nt_type_legacy_table table-striped table-bordered table-hover vertical_centered footable-paging-right ninja_table_pro">
<colgroup>
<col class="ninja_column_0 ">
<col class="ninja_column_1 ">
<col class="ninja_column_2 ">
<col class="ninja_column_3 ">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="footable-header">
<th scope="col" class="ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_plant ">Plant</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_nectar_pollen ">Nectar/Pollen</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_dates_of_bloom ">Dates of Bloom</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_3 ninja_clmn_nm_section ">Section</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr data-row_id="13323" class="ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_13323">
<td>Alder (Alnus serrulata)</td><td>P</td><td>February-March</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13322" class="ninja_table_row_1 nt_row_id_13322">
<td>Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-September</td><td>C&N</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13320" class="ninja_table_row_2 nt_row_id_13320">
<td>American Holly (Ilex opaca)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13319" class="ninja_table_row_3 nt_row_id_13319">
<td>Apple (Malus spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-May</td><td>C&N</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13318" class="ninja_table_row_4 nt_row_id_13318">
<td>Aster (Aster spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June-November</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13317" class="ninja_table_row_5 nt_row_id_13317">
<td>Basswood (Tilia americana)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June</td><td>N&C</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13316" class="ninja_table_row_6 nt_row_id_13316">
<td>Bitterweed (Helenium amarum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>May-Frost</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13314" class="ninja_table_row_7 nt_row_id_13314">
<td>Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-June</td><td>C&N</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13315" class="ninja_table_row_8 nt_row_id_13315">
<td>Blackberry (Rubus spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>March-May</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13313" class="ninja_table_row_9 nt_row_id_13313">
<td>Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)</td><td>N</td><td>February-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13312" class="ninja_table_row_10 nt_row_id_13312">
<td>Boneset (Eupatorium spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13311" class="ninja_table_row_11 nt_row_id_13311">
<td>Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) </td><td>N</td><td>June-Frost</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13310" class="ninja_table_row_12 nt_row_id_13310">
<td>Carolina Laurelcherry (Prunus caroliniana)</td><td>N&P</td><td>March-April</td><td>S&C</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13309" class="ninja_table_row_13 nt_row_id_13309">
<td>Chaste Tree (Vitex negundo and V. agnus-castus)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June-July</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13308" class="ninja_table_row_14 nt_row_id_13308">
<td>Clover: Arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-July</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13307" class="ninja_table_row_15 nt_row_id_13307">
<td>Clover: Ball (Trifolium nigrescens)</td><td>N&P</td><td>March-May</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13305" class="ninja_table_row_16 nt_row_id_13305">
<td>Clover: Crimson (Trifolium incarnatum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13304" class="ninja_table_row_17 nt_row_id_13304">
<td>Clover: Red (Trifolium pratense)</td><td>N&P</td><td>May-September</td><td>N&C</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13303" class="ninja_table_row_18 nt_row_id_13303">
<td>Clover: White (Trifolium Repens)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-September</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13302" class="ninja_table_row_19 nt_row_id_13302">
<td>Corn (Zea mays)</td><td>P</td><td>June-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13301" class="ninja_table_row_20 nt_row_id_13301">
<td>Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>July-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13300" class="ninja_table_row_21 nt_row_id_13300">
<td>Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)</td><td>P</td><td>March-April</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13299" class="ninja_table_row_22 nt_row_id_13299">
<td>Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale and T. erythrospermum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>February-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13321" class="ninja_table_row_23 nt_row_id_13321">
<td>Elm (Ulmus spp.)</td><td>P</td><td>February-March</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13298" class="ninja_table_row_24 nt_row_id_13298">
<td>Florida Pusley (Also Florida Purslane) (Richardia scabra)</td><td>N</td><td>June-Frost</td><td>S</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13297" class="ninja_table_row_25 nt_row_id_13297">
<td>Gallberry (Ilex glabra)</td><td>N&P</td><td>May-June</td><td>S</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13293" class="ninja_table_row_26 nt_row_id_13293">
<td>Goldenrod: Flat-topped (Solidago spp.) </td><td>N&P</td><td>July-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13292" class="ninja_table_row_27 nt_row_id_13292">
<td>Goldenrod: Plume type (Solidago spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>July-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13291" class="ninja_table_row_28 nt_row_id_13291">
<td>Horsemint (Monarda spp.) </td><td>N&P</td><td>June-September</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13290" class="ninja_table_row_29 nt_row_id_13290">
<td>Ironweed (Vernonia spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13289" class="ninja_table_row_30 nt_row_id_13289">
<td>Palmetto (Sabal spp.) </td><td>N&P</td><td>May-July</td><td>S</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13288" class="ninja_table_row_31 nt_row_id_13288">
<td>Peach (Prunus persica) </td><td>N&P</td><td>March-April</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13287" class="ninja_table_row_32 nt_row_id_13287">
<td>Pear (Pyrus spp.) </td><td>N&P</td><td>April</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13286" class="ninja_table_row_33 nt_row_id_13286">
<td>Plum (Prunus spp.) </td><td>N&P</td><td>March-April</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13285" class="ninja_table_row_34 nt_row_id_13285">
<td>Redbud (Cercis canadensis)</td><td>N&P</td><td>March-May</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13284" class="ninja_table_row_35 nt_row_id_13284">
<td>Red Maple (Acer rubrum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>January-March</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13283" class="ninja_table_row_36 nt_row_id_13283">
<td>Smartweed (Polygonum spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>May-November</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13282" class="ninja_table_row_37 nt_row_id_13282">
<td>Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June-July</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13281" class="ninja_table_row_38 nt_row_id_13281">
<td>Soybean (Glycine max)</td><td>N&P</td><td>July-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13280" class="ninja_table_row_39 nt_row_id_13280">
<td>Sumac (Rhus spp.) </td><td>N&P</td><td>May-September</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13279" class="ninja_table_row_40 nt_row_id_13279">
<td>Sunflower (Helianthus spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>June-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13277" class="ninja_table_row_41 nt_row_id_13277">
<td>Sweetclover: Biennial White (Melilotus alba) </td><td>N&P</td><td>April-October</td><td>C&N</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13276" class="ninja_table_row_42 nt_row_id_13276">
<td>Sweetclover: Biennial Yellow (Melilotus officinalis)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-October</td><td>C&N</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13275" class="ninja_table_row_43 nt_row_id_13275">
<td>TiTi (Cliftonia spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>March-April</td><td>S</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13274" class="ninja_table_row_44 nt_row_id_13274">
<td>Tupelo (Nyssa spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-May</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13273" class="ninja_table_row_45 nt_row_id_13273">
<td>Vervain (Verbena spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>March-October</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13270" class="ninja_table_row_46 nt_row_id_13270">
<td>Vetch: Bigflower (Vicia grandiflora) </td><td>N&P</td><td>April-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13269" class="ninja_table_row_47 nt_row_id_13269">
<td>Vetch: Hairy (Vicia villosa) </td><td>N&P</td><td>May-September</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13268" class="ninja_table_row_48 nt_row_id_13268">
<td>Vetch: Narrowleaf (Vicia angustifolia) </td><td>N&P</td><td>March-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13267" class="ninja_table_row_49 nt_row_id_13267">
<td>Vetch: Woollypod (Vicia dasycarpa)</td><td>N&P</td><td>May-September</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13266" class="ninja_table_row_50 nt_row_id_13266">
<td>Willow (Salix spp.)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April</td><td>E</td> </tr>
<tr data-row_id="13265" class="ninja_table_row_51 nt_row_id_13265">
<td>Yellow-Poplar (Also Tulip-Poplar or Tuliptree) (Liriodendron tulipifera)</td><td>N&P</td><td>April-June</td><td>E</td> </tr>
</tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->
</table>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 4">
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<p>Key</p>
<p>N = Nectar, P = Pollen<br />
E = Entire State, N = North Alabama, C = Central Alabama, S = South Alabama</p>
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/10-steps-successful-4-h-shooting-sports-program | 10 Steps to a Successful 4-H Shooting Sports Program | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Mr. Reid A. Nevins"
] | null | [
"4-H",
"Shooting Sports",
"Youth Development"
] | MS | ## 10 Steps to a Successful 4-H Shooting Sports Program
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3878
View as PDF: P3878.pdf
Experience with youth development programs suggests that a successful approach to building a strong 4-H Shooting Sports Program involves 10 major steps.
## 1. Identify a key leader or leaders in your county.
Conservation officers, wildlife and fisheries professionals, hunter education instructors, and officers in local gun clubs are good places to start. If you have no personal knowledge of these people, contact local sporting goods dealers, outdoor writers, National Guard units, or law enforcement agencies. Be sure to ask contact people if they have any additional suggestions of interested people even if they prove not to be interested personally. In general, it is best to look outside the present corps of 4-H leaders to recruit new shooting Sports leaders. This expands the leadership base and recruitment potential of the county clubs. 4-H leaders must be well prepared, highly motivated, and interested in interacting with young people. Remember, interest in youth development is a key to locating good leaders.
- 2. Identify a group of potentially interested people with different backgrounds and skills. These people should meet the criteria listed above and be willing to represent a broad range of shooting disciplines. Every major component of the Mississippi 4-H Shooting Sports curriculum
should be represented by at least one person: archery, muzzleloading, pistol, rifle, and shotgun.
- 3. Invite the large group of potential leaders to an initial meeting to discuss organizing a county 4-H Shooting Sports Program.
Be prepared to discuss the philosophy, content, purposes, and objectives of the program. Assistance from state coordinators, a nearby member of the state 4-H Shooting Sports committee, or a leader from a successful county program is extremely valuable. At this meeting, inform those present that it is necessary for county trainers to attend a training workshop.
Form a county team of adults and encourage them to recruit others to be trained.
When they attend a training workshop, this team will learn how to recruit new volunteers and train young people. Work to select a strong leader to be the country coordinator. The group can benefit from having a preliminary discussion of the county's target disciplines before they
attend the training session.
## 5. Attend a training workshop.
Having a large county team ensures a high leader-to-youth ratio. A full team should accompany the county Extension agent to the workshop. If a partial team attends, the members may become frustrated, and the program's potential will be limited by the training of the people present. If an Extension agent does not attend, there will be no bond of common knowledge
between the agent and the team. If your county does not have a full team, join with another county to produce a complete, cooperative team.
Workshops are a fun and exciting tool for delivering youth development and conservation messages. 4-H Shooting Sports leaders are different! Even instructors trained by other national organizations have benefited from the 4-H Shooting Sports training and, in turn, added to the richness of this program.
## 6. Develop a county or multi-county plan.
This process will start with the training session. Identify which disciplines the young people want to participate in, set timelines to meet requirements for the state events, etc. Continue to refine the plan as soon as the team returns from training. Do not let more than a couple of weeks pass! The excitement and confidence built at the workshop may fade if too much time elapses from training to implementation.
7. Develop the necessary support for the program: human, financial, and material.
Equipment and facilities are not limiting factors if you apply a little creativity. Conservation officers, local gun clubs, and sporting goods dealers are excellent contacts. All can benefit from partnering with you. Having a large county team requires constant recruitment of volunteers by volunteers and meaningful involvement of newly recruited team members.
## 8. Set the county plan in motion by recruiting leaders and young people.
Be prepared to have moderate success in the first attempt, and try to keep the size of the group manageable. Be alert for opportunities to recruit volunteers during the course of the program, and be sure to involve new volunteers quickly in activities appropriate to their interests and abilities. Keep them busy with tasks that can lead to more important activities.
## 9. Let the volunteers run the program.
The county Extension agent needs to maintain some presence, but the program should belong to the volunteers. The county planning committee will require agent oversight. Consider the evaluation process while the program is being planned, implemented, and critiqued. Encourage immediate debriefing of the leaders after each segment of the program is completed.
## 10. Draw advanced participants in the program into junior leadership and coaching roles.
This program, like other 4-H programs, needs to have advancement opportunities for the participants. The second-generation leadership will come from young people involved in leadership roles while they are members. Older 4-H's and parents who are actively involved and given increasingly important duties will gain a valuable sense of responsibility and leadership skills. Recruiting must be continuous. Avoid overworking the experienced ones by constantly adding to the corps. Get your team of adults involved at the state level. Many opportunities exist for assisting the state organization.
From start to finish, the process of developing a local 4-H Shooting Sports Program should take a minimum of 3 to 6 months. Later, programs become increasingly easier, and a flow of new leaders develops naturally. Be sure to share new ideas with your state through newsletters and other forms of communication. Your innovation may result in success for other areas.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Authors |
| Mr. Reid A. Nevins Extension Specialist I 4-H Environmental Sciences |
| Your Extension Experts |
| Mr. Reid A. Nevins Extension Specialist I |
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SEPTEMBER 11, 2024
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3689
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cool-hot-foods | Cool Hot Foods | NC State University | [
"Sandra Woodard"
] | null | [
"Food Safety",
"Food Business"
] | NC | ## Cool Hot Foods
For Safety's Sake
## Cool Hot Foods
From 140°F to 40°F or colder within four hours. Quick Cooling slows the growth of harmful bacteria. Harmful bacteria can cause foodborne illness.
## Cool Foods Using One of These Steps:
- · Reduce the size of large pieces of hot food by cutting large items into smaller pieces (no more than two inches thick). Divide large batches into smaller portions.
- · Pour thick foods into pre-chilled shallow pans to a depth of no more than two inches. Pour thinner liquids to no more than 3 inches deep. Thick foods include grav, chili, stew, mashed potatoes, and most vegetables. Thin foods would include most soups, excluding chowder.
- · Put a mixture of half ice and cold water in a large pan or sink. Immerse the pan of hot food into the ice water bath.
- · When the food reaches a temperature of 70°F, cover it and transfer it to a refrigerator to complete the cooling process.
- · Place the pans of food in a quick chill unit or a blast chiller for rapid cooling.
## Remember To:
- · Stir food regularly
- · Check the food temperature in several places to ensure it will cool within 4 hours.
- · Never use the refrigerator or freezer to cool large quantities of hot food.
- · Label cooled and stored foods with the date, food type, and time prepared.
- · Take corrective action if food is not cooled to 40 °F within 4 hours. Reheat to 165 °F for 15 seconds in two hours. Discard food if it is not served immediately.
Materials in the For Safety's Sake series were produced by members of a special Food Safety Agent Resource Team and have been peer-reviewed by individuals from Family & Consumer Sciences and The Food Science Department at North Carolina State University.
Date: November 1998
## Author
Sandra Woodard
Extension Agent N.C. Cooperative Extension, Hertford County Center
Publication date: Dec. 29, 1998
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 4, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/chick-chain/ | Alabama 4-H Chick Chain | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Brigid McCrea"
] | 2023-04-14 | [
"4-H",
"Chick Chain",
"Poultry",
"Youth Programs"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
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<article id="post-6754" class="post-6754 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-4h category-animals-4-h category-programs-4-h tag-4-h tag-4hyd-2044 tag-4hyd-2240 tag-4hyd-2251 tag-4hyd-2253 tag-alabama-4-h tag-animal-science tag-animals tag-chick-chain tag-poultry tag-programs first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Chick Chain">
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<h1>Alabama 4-H</h1>
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Chick Chain </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>December 6, 2024</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Brigid McCrea</li>
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in
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">Alabama 4-H</a>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/chick-chain/"></div><h1>What is Chick Chain?</h1>
<p>The 4-H Chick Chain Project teaches young people recommended management practices for growing and raising chickens. Participation will help you do the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>develop poultry management skills</li>
<li>learn to produce healthy chickens</li>
<li>develop awareness of business management</li>
<li>develop record-keeping skills (income and expenses)</li>
<li>contribute to your home food supply</li>
<li>realize the pride of accomplishment</li>
</ul>
<h1>Who Can Participate?</h1>
<p>Any young person age 9 through 18 as of January 1 of the project year can participate. You do not have to be a current 4-H member; however, you will need to complete a 4-H enrollment form if you are not a member.</p>
<h1>How Chick Chain Works</h1>
<p>As a participant in the Chick Chain Project, you will receive either 10 or 18 chicks in the spring. The chicks will be pullets (females) that are 1 or 2 days old. All chicks will come from a reputable hatchery and be properly vaccinated. There will be different breeds available; you will choose your chicks from two or three breeds. You will receive 5 or 6 chicks of each breed you have chosen. You will feed and care for these pullets for approximately 20 weeks.</p>
<p>At the end of this time, you will bring 2 (if you received 10) or 3 (if you received 18) of your pullets to your county’s 4-H Chick Chain Show and Auction. Proceeds from the auction will go to the 4-H Chick Chain Project.</p>
<h1>Participation in Chick Chain</h1>
<p>Before receiving your chicks, you and a parent will attend a mandatory training session. At this meeting you will receive valuable information to assist you in preparing for and raising your pullets. You also will be given the designated Extension office site and date for acquiring your chicks.</p>
<h1>Chick Chain Curriculum Materials</h1>
<h2>Production Manual</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/4HYD-2044-Chick-Chain-ManualL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download a PDF of Chick Chain Production Manual (English), 4HYD-2044.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/4HYD-2044-S_ChickChainManual_041223aL-G.pdf">Download a PDF of Chick Chain Production Manual (Spanish), 4HYD-2044.</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Record Book</h2>
<p>This project record book has been created specifically for members enrolled in the 4-H Chick Chain Project. Keeping a record book is an important part of the project. It will help you set goals for the project year, record your accomplishments, and help guide your efforts to keep important records on your birds.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Fillable_4HYD-2240_ChickChainRecordBook_2024_103024a-fillable.pdf">Download a PDF of Chick Chain Record Book, 4HYD-2240.</a></p>
<h2>Minimum Requirements for Youth</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/4HYD-2253-Min-RequirementsL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download a PDF of Chick Chain Minimum Requirements for Youth, 4HYD-2253.</a></p>
<h2>Profit/Loss Scenarios</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/4HYD-2251-ProfitLoss-ScenariosL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download a PDF of Chick Chain Profit/Loss Scenarios, 4HYD-2251.</a></p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Brigid McCrea</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist</em>, 4-H Youth Development, 4-H Animal Programs</p>
<p>The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator, employer, and provider. If you need a reasonable accommodation or language access services, contact Brigid McCrea at <a href="mailto:mccreba@aces.edu">mccreba@aces.edu</a>.</p>
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/1963-research-reports.html | 1963 Research Reports - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-02-28 | [] | OK | ## 1963 RESEARCH REPORTS
Which ewes
(/programs/beef-extension/research-
should we
reports/site-
cull?
files/documents/1963/rr63\_1.pdf)
Joe V. Whiteman, R.B. Harrington, C.W. Nichols and W.L. Basler,
Dr.
The lifetime
( /programs/beef-
reproductive
extension/research-reports/site-
performance of a here
files/documents/1963/rr63\_2.pdf)
ford cow herd.
E.J. Turman, L.S. Pope and Dwight Stephens.
High concentrate ration ( /programs/beef-
for fattening feeder extension/research-reports/site-
lambs: The effect of sex files/documents/1963/rr63\_3.pdf)
or sex condition and
initial weight on gain
and feed efficiency.
Robert L. Noble, Don Fry and George Waller, Jr.
The reproductive
( /programs/beef-
performance of here
extension/research-reports/site-
ford heifers on different files/documents/1963/rr63\_4.pdf)
levels of wintering
feeding and summer
grazing.
E.J. Turman, L.S. Pope, B.J. Watkins, D.O. Pinney, D.D. McNutt
and D.F. Stephens.
Performance and
( /programs/beef-
progeny tests for
extension/research-reports/site-
evaluating boars.
files/documents/1963/rr63\_5.pdf)
J.A. Whatley, Jr.
( /programs/beef-
extension/research-reports/site-
files/documents/1963/rr63\_2.pdf)
1963
full report
Alternate low and high ( /programs/beef- winter feed levels on extension/research-reports/site - growth and files/documents/1963/rr63\_6.pdf) performance of beef heifers.
L. Smithson, L.S. Pope, D.F. Stephens and D.O. Pinney.
Feeding protein
supplements to range
beef cows at 2, 4 or 6-
day intervals.
L.S. Pope, A.B. Nelson and W.D. Campbell.
## Barley for grazing and( programs/beef
fattening cattle in
Oklahoma.
L.S. Pope, O.F. Harper, D.F. Stephens and George Waller.
The influence of slaughter weight and limited feed intake during finishing carcass merit in swine.
J.C. Hillier, Marvin Heeney and Melvin Bradley.
Steam heated ( /programs/beef- (Pregelatinized)Milo extension/research-reports/sitefor fattening beef files/documents/1963/rr63\_10.pdf) calves.
L.S. Pope, O.F. Harper and George Waller.
Factors affecting milk ( /programs/beefproductionofrange extension/research-reports/siteheepcows. files/documents/1963/rr63\_11.pdf) L.S. Pope, L. Smithson, D.F. Stephens, D.O. Pinney and M. Velasco.
The comparative value ( /programs/beef- of corn, Milo and barley extension/research-reports/site rations for fattening files/documents/1963/rr63\_12.pdf) calves.
Waller.
## Fattening cattle on "All ( /programs/beef-
Concentrate" rations extension/research-reports/sitebased on steam-rolled files/documents/1963/rr63\_13.pdf) Milo.
L.S. Pope, L.E. Walters, G. Waller and W.D. Campbell.
Intramural vitamin A( /programs/beef-extension/researchfor fattening beef reports/sitescalves. files/documents/1963/rr63\_14.pdf)
Robert Totusek, Dwight Stephens and Lowell Walters.
Bermuda grass and ( /programs/beef- prairie hays for extension/research-reports/sitewintering beef cattle. files/documents/1963/rr63\_15.pdf) C. Hathcote, L.S. Pope, G. Waller and A.B. Nelson. |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ifascomm/2024/04/29/uf-ifas-photographer-creates-then-and-now-images-of-this-historic-uf-building/ | UF/IFAS Photographer Creates “Then and Now” Images of This Historic UF Building | University of Florida | [
"Luke Humphlett"
] | 2024-04-29 | [
"UF/IFAS Communications",
"UF/IFAS Video",
"history",
"How to",
"Photography",
"tutorial"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS Photographer Creates "Then and Now" Images of This Historic UF Building
In the southwest corner of the University of Florida's campus rests one of its oldest agricultural buildings, a former barn. Originally constructed in 1946, the barn housed mules used in the research efforts of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and was surrounded by large plots of farmland used for research. The barn was later converted into a print shop and renovated into offices for UF's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Now hidden behind more modern buildings on Mowry Road, this gem caught the eye of UF/IFAS Communications photographer Tyler Jones.
"I came across historic photographs of Gainesville and UF's campus. And I became really interested in Re-photography of the historical photos of places that were familiar to me," he said.
Re-creation photography - or Re-photography, is a technique where new photos are taken using the same viewpoint and subject as an older photo to produce a "then and now" image.
The painstaking process involves studying the old photos and positioning camera angles to most closely mimic the original, often using a wider shot. In post-processing, this allows him to crop or shrink the new image to match the building proportions exactly.
For Tyler, re-photography is more than just an interesting technical process; it's an opportunity to observe the passage of time.
"The thing I like most about re-photography is being able to see two images side by side, so one viewpoint, and take in decades of change at once," he said.
Thanks to Tyler's labor of love, the history of this once-humble mule barn can be better preserved for generations to come.
Watch the video above for an in-depth look into the process of Photography.
```
```
Category: UF/IFAS Communications, UF/IFAS Photo
Communications, UF/IFAS Video
Tags: History, How To, Photography, Tutorial
More From Blogs.IFAS |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/what-can-these-fruits-do-for-you/ | What Can These Fruits Do For You | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2018-07-17 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Fruits"
] | AL | extension
## What Can These Fruits Do For You
Most fruits are naturally low in fat, sodium and calories. Fruits are full of many nutrients, such as potassium, fiber, vitamin C and folate, that most people do not get enough of in their diets. A healthy diet rich in fruit can help prevent heart disease and some types of cancer.
## What can these fruits do for you?
## Pineapple
Has more than 100% of the daily value of vitamin C, which helps the body grow and heal cuts and wounds.
## Watermelon
Made up of 92% water and a tasty way to stay hydrated. A good source of vitamins C, B6 and thiamin, all important for metabolism and energy.
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php)
Orange
Known for vitamin C, but also a good source of fiber, which lowers blood cholesterol.
## Lemon
A big squeeze can add flavor and vitamins to your water without all the sugar and calories of other drinks.
## Apple
A good source of fiber-and not just in the skin! Apple skin and flesh contain fiber that can help lower blood cholesterol and support a healthy gut.
## Kiwi
High in vitamin K, which is important for blood clotting and building strong bones.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. ( https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usdandalnondiscrimination-statement/) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cabarrus-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Cabarrus County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Cabarrus County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 10, 2020
Authors
Rajan Para¸uli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
☐ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=cabarrus- county-forestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/AE230 | Alternatives of Low Cost Soil Moisture Monitoring Devices for Vegetable Production in South Miami-Dade County | University of Florida | [
"Rafael Muñoz-Carpena",
"Yuncong Li",
"Teresa Olczyk"
] | 2021-02-14 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Alternatives of Low Cost Soil Moisture Monitoring Devices for Vegetable Production in South Miami-Dade County
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena, Yuncong Li, and Teresa Olczyk
## 1. Irrigation Management in South Florida: A Key Issue
As urban pressures increase, water may become a scarce resource. Although in general growers identify flooding as the number one threat to agriculture in the Miami-Dade County area, there have been periodic water shortages. In spite of this, the high yields of the Biscayne shallow aquifer give the general perception among growers that water is not a limiting factor, but rather an endless one!
Over-irrigation is a potential problem in this area and may be explained as a response to the low water-holding capacity and excessive permeability of the rocky soils found in the south Miami-Dade County agricultural area.
Over-irrigation has other effects, mainly environmental ones related to water quality. Excessive application of water may cause leaching of agri-chemicals present in the soil. This is especially critical in an area surrounded by Everglades and Biscayne National Parks. Water conservation is the best way to increase the water management efficiency of agriculture and reduce potential negative environmental impacts.
Irrigation management (scheduling) may be accomplished by a number of different methods that strive to keep the soil moist within a target range. An excellent method consists of utilizing soil moisturing monitoring devices in conjunction with rainfall records and knowledge of plant needs.
Classical soil monitoring devices such as tensionometers and modified gypsum blocks, are available along with new soil devices such as Time Domain Reflectometers (TDR) and dielectric probes. However, the rock-plowed soils of the Miami-Dade County agricultural area are specially challenging, since its very coarse nature can pose soil contact problems for some of the available soil moisture devices.
## 2. Agricultural Soils in South Miami-Dade
South Miami-Dade has three calcareous agricultural soil types (Krome, Chekika and Mart) with a wide range of physical conditions. Their main physical properties were determined at TREC-IFAS labs (see Table 1).
Krome has 51% coarse particles (gravel=2mm), Chekika 46%, while Mart has none. This together with the different texture of each soil translates into differences in water permeability, water-holding capacity, wetting and drying speed, and ability to make good contact with some soil moisture monitoring devices.
Suction curves for these soils (Figure 1) show their particular soil moisture characteristics relevant to managing crop irrigation in the agricultural area.
The soil moisture retention curves presented for the rock-plowed soils show that a large portion of water ( >50%) could be readily drained after irrigation if excess water is applied (gravel moisture region in Figure 2). Recognizing the evidence of these two soil moisture regions is important not only in irrigation management and soil moisture measuring, but also in the assessment of potential agric-chemical leaching.
## 3. How Do We Measure Moisture Content in Rock-plowed Soil?
Moisture content is usually measured based on one of two quantities: volumetric water content [amount of water per cubic unit of soil, common units are H$\_{2}$O/(cm$^{3}$·somol or % when multiplied by 100] and solid/soil matrix [amount of water held by capillary against the force of gravity], often measured in units of pressure (i.e., ebar). These two quantities are related by the suction curves in Figure 1 and Figure 2. It is important to remember that each soil type (texture) has a different soil moisture curve, so both quantities cannot be related to each other the same way for all soil types. The soil suction is a useful value since it relates to the energy that the plant has to expend to extract soil water. Water Content. There are several alternatives for monitoring soil moisture, each with its "pro's" and "con's". Issues involved are cost, accuracy, response time, preparation, installation, management, maintenance, and durability. Different technologies could prove advantageous in our range of calcareous soils, from the very permeable and coarse soils (Krome and Chekika) to the finer one (Marl).
Soil moisture (water content) can be measured directly by the gravimetric method. This entails sampling the soil with a core sampler, weighing the moist soil, then drying it in an oven, and then weighing the dry soil. However, this method is destructive (i.e., it is not possible to measure in the same location twice, and it does not yield instantaneous results).
We tested four different soil moisture sensors. Sensors were selected with a criterion of low cost (~6500 s) that small protophores with limited budgets could have access to any of an evenif they proved successful. Among these, two new low cost devices were selected (TDR and dielectric probe) and compared to two classic alternatives (tensioners and modified gypsum blocks)-also known as granular matrix sensors or GMS (Figure 3).
The probes were first compared side to side for each soil type in the laboratory. Each soil was hand-packed in PVC cylinders (Diam'n 10'-L S.5') according to its bulk density (Table 1), and the four sensors inserted. Three replicates for each soil type (Krome, Chekika, and Marl) were evaluated. All readings are compared to the gravimetric method as measured by weight on a laboratory scale. Results for the water-based devices showed that TDR (t3) can be used in all soil types (the standard calibration, where the dielectric probe (4) specific a c alibration for each of the soils).
Soul suction. Among suction-based devices, tensioners lose soil contact and break the water column (i.e., requiring re-installation) at different suction levels (i.e., 40 ebar for Krome, 55 ebar for Chekika and >60 ebar for Marl). Therefore, under low frequency irrigation schedules, tensioners could be of only limited use in Krome and Chekika soils because as the soil dries the water column within the device breaks. The gypsum block (2) showed a different response than that from tensions at high suction levels (dri sols). This could be a limiting factor if the sensor is to be used as a device to automatically switch off the irrigation unless the sensor is recalibrated. Calibration curves were obtained for all the sensors (gypsum blocks, TDR and dielectric probes) for each of the soils studied (see Factsheet ABE 334).
After obtaining this information a field test was conducted on a Krome soil since this is the most relevant soil in the regions. Sensors were compared in a tomato field (dip irrigation, plastic mulch) at the University of Florida, IAFS, Tropical Research and Education Center. The irrigation treatment was based on a set maximum soil suction (tension) of 15 echar. The four types of sensors were installed next to each other in the center of the tomato planting bed. Readings were taken daily at 8:30 am and 5:00 p.m. Irrigation (0.46 cm) was applied at 11:00 am each day when needed (tensioner readings higher that 15 hr). The test began 7 March 2002 and irrigation stopped on 30 March 2002. Results are shown on Figure 4.
Through March 30 plant water demands were satisfied frequently and the moisture dielectric devices (TDR and dielectric probe) remained relatively unchanged during the normal irrigation period. However, when a large rainfall event occurred (see black bars in Fig. 4), there was a significant reaction by both water content-based probes. In general, both sensors gave also rather consistent readings with the moisture regime.
In contrast, suction devices capture not only rainfall but also irrigation and they are more sensitive in the field moisture range of 5-40 charg. The sensitivity of tensioners for the Krome moisture curve depends on the suction value (Figure 2). For suction levels > 10 char moisture content is relatively insensitive to suction changes. That is, large changes in suction translate into small changes in soil moisture content. This can be seen clearly in Figure 4, where the large changes in suction values for the tensiometer and gypsum blocks correspond to small changes in the TDR and dielectric probe readings. This is not a factor of the instruments but of the peculiar soil water retention pattern of the rock-plowed soils.
The type of instrument used in the rock-plowed soils could be conditioned by the irrigation regime. For low frequency irrigation (not recommended for rock-plowed soils), suction devices might be preferred since they will display change clearly as the soil dries past the point in the soil water retention curve where water content readings are relatively insensitive. Care should be taken not to exceed the suction range at which the tensiometer discharge.
## 4. Summary and Conclusions
Each soil moisture monitoring device was evaluated based on the type of reading, cost of purchase, how involved the field installation was, ease of maintenance, how quickly it responded to changes in soil moisture, and whether it required calibration prior to installation (Table 2).
The disadvantages for each device are highlighted in grey background and underlined. Although the response varied in laboratory and field tests, all sensors gave consistent results for the soils found in South Miami-Dade County. Dielectric sensors require calibration for use in the rock-plowed soils present in this area.
## References
Li, Yuncong, 2000. Using Tensionometers for irrigation Scheduling in Tropical Fruit Groves. Fact Sheet TR002. FL. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Li, Yuncong, 2000. Irrigation Scheduling for Topical Fruits Groves in South Florida. Fact Sheet TR001. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Muñoz-Carpena, R., Yuncong-Li and Teresa Olchezy, 2002. Low cost soil moisture monitoring devices for vegetable production in the south Miami-Dade County agricultural area: Part 2. Installation, Use and Maintenance. Fact Sheet ABE334. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Olczyte, Tresa, Yuncong Li, and Rafael Muñoz-Carpena. 2002. Using Tensionensors for Vegetable Irrigation Scheduling in Miami-Dade County. Fact Sheet ABE3326. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Simonne, Erik H., Michael D. Dukes and Dorota Z. Haman. 2001. Principles and Practices of Irrigation Management for Vegetables. Fact Sheet AE260. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Smajtriasla, Allen G. and D.J. Pitts. 1997. Tensionometer Service, Testing and Calibration. Bull. 319. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Smajtriasla, Allen G. and Dalton S. Harrison. 1998. Tensioners for Soil Moisture Measurement and Irrigation Scheduling. Cir. 487. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Zazettau, Fedro S. and Jiannong Xin. 1994. Soil Moisture Sensor. Bull. 292. UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Table 1.
Physical properties of soils found in Miami-Dade County.
View Table
Release Date:
February 15, 2021
Reviewed At:
Feburary 6, 2024
DOI: doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae230-2002
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprise
Contacts: Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
View PDF
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.
## About this Publication
This document is ABE 333, one of a series of the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2002. Revised January 2009. Visit the EDIS website at https://cdis.ifs.ulf.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena, professor, Hydrologology, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Yunçong Li, professor, Soils and Plant Nutrition Specialist; Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center, and Teresa Olezyk, Extension agent IV, Agriculture and Natural Resources, UF/IFAS Extension Miami-Dade County, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL, 32611.
## Related Pages
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Vegetable Irrigation |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-stress/communicating-during-stressful-times/index.html | Communicating During Stressful Times - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2020-09-29 | [] | OK | ## COMMUNICATING DURING STRESSFUL TIMES
## Iscussed in this Video:
.SS
nships
.S
.S
describes the ways stress impacts communication between along with simple strategies to work through stress together as h relationships.
## STEPS TO DEALING WITH STRESS TOGETHER
Become Aware, Open Up, Listen with Interest & Provide Support
. video, please take a moment to complete the stateches.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV\_6y5R4UqhvVqDi4J)
## Ind Relationships
could also call a feeling of emotional or physical tension, can be ps in various ways. This includes influencing couples to positively, have more arguments, and leading to fewer and less interactions. Stress is also shared in relationships. When one used stress their partner experiences the stress as well, especially that the stress has on how we communicate. Just as stress is th individuals in a relationship, it can also be dealt with together.
## Dealing with Stress
'r
for dealing with stress together involves following four steps; 'pening up, listening with interest, and providing support. This om the couples coping enhancement training developed by hantinath. If you become aware of your partner's stress and ask ou listen with interest and provide meaningful support. If you 'our own stress and open up about it, you ask your partner to yport. As you follow these steps you and your partner become a the stress that you both experience.
## ome Aware
ues that let you know that your partner (or cues that you 'iencing stress. These include the words used - such as I'm orried, down, overwhelmed, and so on - as well as the tone of al cues (heart rate, posture, expressions, and so on). When you at points to increased stress, in you or your partner, warmly ask
## 'n Up
g up about the experience with the stress. This involves more 'ry about what situation we are feeling stress about. More alking about our thoughts and feelings about the stressful or how it personally affects you.
## 'en with Interest
- ; opening up, their partner listens with support. This means giving hem to describe their experience without rushing to try and fix j to challenge their thoughts or emotions, or trying to change : questions keep them open-ended and with the goal of derstanding of their experience.
## vide Support
.port. Usually, the most important support is emotional support .encouragement, and reassurance that you are there with them afterwards, and only if it is requested, comes practical support in .problem-solving, and providing more information.
## Ig Relationships
with our significant other can be among our most meaningful . they can also be a source of stress. One way to reduce how hips add to our stress and increase the times that they are a is to enrich them. John Gottman has identified useful strategies 'ips, including ways to maximize positivity in our relationships vity during conflict. Every couple has times of conflict and who have more positive interactions during their conflict and who 'ships at other times tend to have more stable and satisfying
it rather than sweeping it under the proverbial rug, take some time to 't while trying to understand your partner, express acceptance to them, ways you contributed to negativity during the conflict.
work to reduce the "four horsemen" of communication patterns that before relationships break apart. These "four horsemen" to watch out for your partner's character or personality, retaliating when your partner ed defensiveness), ignoring or blowing off your partner during a conflict (g). or showing contempt for your partner.
that might become contentious with a soft tone and soft words and
sitive statements or gestures to every 1 negative one during conflict.
## )sitivity
interactions, search for and create moments of connection.
' do activities that you both enjoy together.
notice and respond to your partners attempts to engage with you.
at involve moments of connection with your partner.
port one another's roles at work, home, or community and try to
upport one another's dreams.
## Ces
Shantinath, S. D. (2004). The Couples Coping Enhancement Training ¿roach to prevention of marital distress based upon stress and coping. 3(5), 477-484.
¡ Randall, A. K., & Bodenmann, G. (Eds.). (2016). Couples coping with ºcultural perspective. Routledge.
¿ Silver, N. (2015). The seven principles for making marriage work: º from the country's foremost relationship expert. Harmony. |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2016/11/24/are-you-thankful-for-radon/ | Are You Thankful for Radon? | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2016-11-24 | [
"indoor environment"
] | GA | ## Are You Thankful for Radon?
Written by Pamela Turner
November 24, 2016
Thanksgiving is a holiday where everyone gets to sit by the dinner table and spend the night eating with friends and family. It makes you appreciate what you have and who truly makes you feel thankful. While you're at the dinner table with turkey and dressing, there may be something sinister lurking about in your home. Something that is odorless, tasteless, and invisible to everyone in your house. That is radon, a radioactive gas that seeps into your home through a variety of ways including your foundation or even your well water. Unlike the mashed potatoes and gravy, radon is harmful to your family. It happens to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. and kills over 21,000 people a year. Don't panic just yet because there is another thing to be thankful for, radon testing.
Why should you be thankful for radon testing? Testing for radon is simple, affordable, and can keep your family out of harm's way. How do you test for radon? You can purchase a test kit from local retailers, some Georgia County Extension office, or order one from the UGA Radon Program's website (www.UGAradon.org). Kits are affordable with UGA offering each online kit purchase at $13, which includes shipping, analysis, and results. Radon kits are $10 from at County Extension offices that sell them. Retailers may offer kits for a similar price, but check to make sure the price covers the cost of analysis and obtaining your results.
What happens once you have the kit? The UGA radon program has a plethora of information on radon and testing kits, including a video that explains how to test your home. If the radon level in your home is at or above 4pCi/L, or Pico curies per liter, you have high levels of radon. It is recommended that you test again with either a short term (2-7 days) or long term (3-12 months) device depending on the exact situation. Long-term kits are more expensive and may take more time, but the reading is more accurate. If the second result is still over 4pCi/L you should seek for professional help and get your home mitigated. Mitigation is the technique used to remove radon from your home and should be done by a certified mitigator. Make sure to get several estimates from different mitigators and use this checklist to select a mitigation professional. Many states do not have requirements to be a professional radon mitigator, so make sure to choose one that has proper certification.
Should I be thankful for my neighbors testing? Although it may seem safe if your neighbors have tested under 4pCi/L, you and your family could still be in danger. Radon levels vary from house to house, so it is up to you to make sure your family isn't at risk. Even if you tested your own home and it was safe just years ago, radon can still be lurking in your home. Make sure to test every couple of years
since levels can change over time. Turkey might not be the only thing you're having for Thanksgiving, so test for radon today!
Are you still thankful for radon?
For more information go to www.UGAradon.org. For those of you who live in other states you can find out who to contact about radon test kits on the EPA website.
Thank you to Guest Blogger: Jake Wilder, Consumer Economics and Residential Property Management Undergraduate Student in the Department of Financial Planning, Housing, and Consumer Economics at the University of Georgia.
Posted in: indoor environment
Tags: environment, EPA, Healthy Homes, Radon, Thanksgiving, UGA Extension
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/4h/become-a-4-h-volunteer/ | Become a 4-H Volunteer | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Nancy Alexander"
] | 2024-07-10 | [
"4-H",
"Volunteer",
"Youth Development"
] | AL | Volunteers guide 4-H members in becoming productive citizens, outstanding communicators, effective leaders, and successful lifelong learners. Alabama 4-H needs volunteers who are willing to share creative ideas, time, talent, and skills to support youth in their communities.
## 2023 4-H Volunteer Impact
- · 4,200 4-H volunteers served 123,000 4-H members and participants
- · 1,000 Alabama schools
- $2.95 million economic impact
- · 92,800 volunteer hours
## How to Become a 4-H Volunteer
Visit the Alabama 4-H Volunteer Application (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/volunteer-resources-4 h/alabama-4-h-volunterer-application/) web page to learn more about the volunteer application process. You can also contact the Alabama 4-H staff (https://ssl access.aasubm.edu/directory= new/select location.php?program=13) in your county Extension office to ask about volunteer opportunities.
- · Alabama 4-H Volunteer Handbook , VOL-0016 (https://wwcs.ace.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/VOL-0016
- Albama 4-H Volunteer Handbook , 051221L-A.pdf)
- (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/VOL-0028
- 0028 Volunteers-Making-a-Difference 062524L-G.pdf)
The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator, employer, and provider. If you need a reasonable accommodation or language access services, contact Nancy Alexander at alexana@auburn.edu mailto:alexanna@buum.edu . |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/pss/grain-sorghum-production-calendar-pss-2113.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20070514104724-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Grain Sorghum Production Calendar
Stephen Hawkins Extension Sorghum Specialist
Ervin Williams Extension Plant Pathologist
Bill Massey Area Entomologist
Mark Hodges Area Agronomist
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
Grain sorghum producers in Oklahoma must schedule management practices to maintain their profit margin. Timely application of production inputs is important in limiting costs and preventing a crop failure. Planning ahead and predicting when certain input decisions will be arising is one way to avoid split second decisions and possible profit reductions.
A yearly planning guide allows producers to visualize or document the steps they will consider when producing a crop in a particular field. This calendar is designed as a guide or reminder for producers to check on equipment, pesticide needs, fertilizer, seed purchases, planting, irrigation and harvest. This calendar is intended to help producers in constructing their own personal calendar which will reflect each producers needs. Apersonal calendar for grain sorghum will allow producers to check progress on particular inputs. A calendar can also serve as a guide for hired or scoops when they have the responsibility to keep track of a particular field or operation.
## Use of the Calendar
This calendar outlines the crop growth stage and crop management decisions that should be made at a particular time in the growing season. Producers can use this calendar for irrigated or dryland grain sorghum planted in May through June. Double cropped or late planted grain sorghum would begin the actual growing season in July, with pollination generally occurring after the hottest part of August. The time frame for each management decision will vary with location in the state. Grain sorghum will grow through each stage listed to maturity. Identifying the growth stage may be in many cases more useful than the actual date in making management decisions.
## Additional Information
| CR-2096 | Mono- and Double-Cropped Wheat and Grain Sorghum |
|-----------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| E-866 | Hybrid Grain Sorghum performance Trials in Oklahoma, 1989 |
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## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Bringing the University to You!
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/at-your-doorstep-a-family-fact-sheet-on-outdoor-play-and-learning | At Your Door Step: A Family Factsheet on Outdoor Play and Learning | NC State Extension | [
"Karen DeBord",
"Lucy Bradley",
"Liz Driscoll"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Outdoor Recreation",
"Family Issues",
"Parenting",
"Child Development",
"Youth",
"Family"
] | NC | ## At Your Door Step: A Family Factsheet on Outdoor Play and Learning
Right at your doorstep may be many of the answers to the social, educational, and health challenges faced by children, parents, and teachers in the United States.
People spend approximately 90 percent of their time indoors (Infante-Rivard, 1993; U.S. EPA, 2009). Spending time outside with children in natural environments can increase physical activity, connect families with one another, and connect children with nature. However, for a variety of reasons, children today spend less time playing outdoors than any previous generation (Louv, 2005).
## Why Children Are Inside
In the 1970s, the rising number of mothers in the workforce resulted in less time at home and less opportunity for time outside. In addition, parents feel they have little free time to spend outdoors and report staying inside to avoid air pollution and crime (Rivkin, 1999; White, 2004). Another factor has been technology, which now includes television, text messaging, video games, iPods, and the internet. Time spent using technology replaces walking, playing ball, and building tree houses.
Children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years spend an average of 1.5 hours a day with electronic media, and youth ages 8 to 18 spend an average of 6.5 hours a day with electronic media (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006).
Think back to your childhood. What did you enjoy most when you played outdoors? Maybe you made messy mud pies, swung on a vine, waded in the water, or played hide-and-seek in the cornfields. These opportunities are not available to many in the current generation (White, 2004). Today most young and school-age children spend a great deal of their waking hours indoors in classroom settings, child care programs, or at home.
## Myth Busters
Often when families are challenged to make time to be outdoors, they face the following concerns:
## It is unsafe
Some parents believe that children are unsafe outdoors. Eighty-two percent of mothers with children between the ages of 3 and 12 cited crime and safety as concerns (Clements, 2004). However, violent crimes against young people are well below 1975 levels (Louv, 2005). What has increased is television reporting of crime, leaving viewers with the impression that crime has risen.
## We don't have time
Prioritizing time together out of doors as part of the family routine will pay off in myriad ways, including health, communication, relationships, commitment, environmental stewardship, and responsibility. All of these benefits, in addition to many others, save time in the long run. One
study shows that children with active parents are more active themselves (Hinkley et al., 2008).
## It is unhealthy
Many people have concerns about pollution, sun, pollen, bugs, and depletion of the ozone layer. However, with attention to wearing proper clothing, hats, and sunscreen and to monitoring air quality, the outdoors is a very healthy place to spend time and has many health benefits.
## Why Children Should Be Outside
Spending time with your family outside has many benefits. Going outside has been shown to reduce obesity, contribute to better health, reduce media addiction, and counteract the effects of attention deficit disorder and other learning problems (Kuo & Taylor, 2004; Burdette & Whitaker, 2005; Bell & Dyment, 2006).
## Health
Over the past three decades, childhood obesity has risen to epidemic proportions (CDC, 2004). Collectively, this trend has been influenced by a complex set of issues, including a decrease in exercise. Time spent outdoors strongly correlates with increased physical activity and fitness in children (Sallis et al., 2003; Moore et al., 2003; Finn, Johannsen, & Specker, 2002). In addition, spending time outside in the fresh air minimizes exposure to indoor air pollutants, including mold, lead, asbestos, and second-hand smoke. Air within homes and other buildings can be more seriously polluted than the outdoor air (U.S. EPA, 2009). Thus, for many people, the risks to health from exposure to indoor air pollution may be greater than risks from outdoor pollution (U.S. DHHS, 2006).
## Learning
Spending time in nature enhances learning. Children learn social skills by interacting with other children, with adults, and even with objects and natural materials found in the environment. The environment can serve a valuable educational purpose when it is set up to expose children to opportunities to explore, question, and develop theories about how things work. Studies of children in schoolsywith both green areas and manufactured play areas found that children engaged in more creative forms of play in green areas, and they also played more cooperatively (Bell & Dyment, 2006). Researchers have found (Kuo & Sullivan, 2001) that the more wilderness-like the setting, the more improved the children's behavior. For example, playing outside in forests and open spaces has been shown to calm children with attention deficit disorder (ADHD) more than playing organized sports in recreational park fields. In addition, "green" settings reduce ADHD symptoms more than active play in indoor gymnasiums or outdoor play on paved surfaces (Kuo & Faber Taylor, 2004). Time spent in nature is measurably more "attention-restoring" than indoor leisure activity such as television watching or video games (Faber Taylor, Kuo, & Sullivan, 2001; Kuo & Faber Taylor, 2004).
## Strategies for Encouraging Outdoor Activity
Plan for outdoor time as part of family routines. Routines are important to young children because they feel safer when they know what to expect. A family dinner followed by a walk in the neighborhood, bath time, story time, then bedtime is an example of an evening family ritual. As children grow, add biking, skating, gardening, and other family-connecting activities to keep the basic routine and add various challenges along the way. As children become more mobile, and
certainly once they are able to drive, monitoring who they are with and where they go becomes more difficult. Setting the standard to be outdoors, care for the environment, and spend time with family are values to instill early in a child's life. We've included a list of activities to consider for fostering connectedness while enjoying the outdoors. Consider these actions when you are with your child:
Leave No Trace! Do you model good environmental care by recycling, reusing, and picking up litter?
Respect Nature! Are you teaching children how to coexist with the other "critters" in nature, recognizing that there are good bugs so we don't just smash them all? Even if you are scared or uncertain of a creature you encounter, model good science behavior and ask questions (such as, "I wonder why salamanders can move so fast?").
Observe Closely! Do the snakes have spots or stripes? Are you both learning by identifying and looking up the names for birds, bugs, snakes, and plants? Keep a journal of what you see and hear.
Use All Your Senses! Are the leaves of a plant prickly, hairy, leathery, or smooth? Can you tell what kind of bird that is by the call? When you know it is safe, taste the flowers, herbs, and vegetables. What do you smell?
Take Time! Don't rush. Get down on the child's level and spend a few minutes. Model patience.
Encourage Curiosity! Ask questions! Wherever you go, do you instill a sense of curiosity? Why do birds scratch in the dirt? How can I ask questions, lookup the answers, notice, touch, and feel?
Interact! Without being too intrusive, pay attention to what children want to explore and learn about in their surroundings. Ask questions that stretch their imagination and thinking. Challenge them to notice and interact with the environment around them. Ensure that there are opportunities to make choices.
Explore Resources! Visit and participate in programs at the library, a nature center, a community or demonstration gar den, or local parks.
Advocate! Encourage your community to invest in open spaces for outdoor recreation. Access to attractive outdoor green environments inspires individuals to spend longer periods of time outside, engaged in higher levels of physical activity in the fresh air and sunlight (Rivkin, 2000).
What values are you passing along? How to care for nature? How to use and reuse natural resources? How to be active outdoors, how to spend leisure time?
## Activities to Connect with Children Outdoors
- · Collect rocks and pinecones
- · Feed the birds
- · Wash the dog
- · Make a kite
- · Read together on a blanket under a tree
- · Play hopscotch
- · Build a fort
- · Plan a trip
- · Make a picnic
Adults play an important role in modeling respect for nature and encouraging curiosity about the environment.
Children look at the details, not the vista. Bend down to their height, and see what you can find at their level.
## Idea Starters for Outdoor Fun
## Ages 2-3
- · Play with water and dirt, use paint brushes and water on the sidewalk, pull weeds, and ask children to watch what you point to.
## Ages 4-5
- · This age is not too young for a small garden (even a window box). Give kids child-sized tools and a spot to dig and pour water. Show how plants start from sprouted seeds.
- · Encourage secret hideaways, such as a fort made from giant sunflowers or a teepee enclosed with climbing pole beans.
- · Take a walk and bring along a magnifying glass and a variety of small collecting dishes.
## Ages 6-7
- · Garden and build a scarecrow.
- · Rock collecting: Collect small pieces of variety of minerals and rocks. Compare them to the photographs in a rock book to name the samples.
- · Bird watching: Watch (very quietly) the birds. Identify them with their songs. Find them in a book. Take notes and keep a log. Even take pictures.
## Ages 8-10
- Gardening: Plan and select plants for the garden, and shop for them. Kids' involvement in the garden can be more sophisticated now. Try a family project like planting a pizza garden (see the "Theme Garden" directions below).
- Enter flowers and veggies into local fairs or community events.
- Build a terrarium.
## Ages 11-12 and Beyond
- Become involved with theme gardens and the community. Some kids even start their own summer garden businesses: mowing neighborhood lawns, selling homegrown flowers, or taking care of flowerbeds.
- Encourage interest in botany and plants. Take a nature walk. Bring along a notebook and colored pencils, and have kids draw and catalog interesting plants that they find. Compare the drawings to plant books. Kids can also collect samples, take them home, and iron them between sheets of wax paper.
- Create a map to your house and between your house and the store, a park, or a neighbor's house. Write things on the map to indicate interesting features. You can add landmarks, interesting trees, big stones, and the locations of animals and nests. Whatever you want to put on your map is OK.
- Be green. Focus on environmental issues by joining a volunteer organization that does clean-up or by simply doing your own clean-up. You may even consider making your own composting heap in the backyard, recycling containers, and collecting litter.
- Hunt for treasure.
## Ideas for Growing a Theme Garden
## Pizza Garden
Grow all the plants that make a pizza! First, design your garden in the shape of a pizza. Next, think about what to grow. You might consider wheat (for the crust), tomatoes (for the sauce), peppers and onions (toppings), and herbs like basil, oregano, and parsley to flavor the sauce! Pizza gardens can be grown in the ground and a container. The best part is to harvest everything and make a real pizza.
## Pollinator Garden
Attract different pollinators like honeybees, butterflies, moths, and birds to your garden by growing the plants they like to eat. For butterflies, plant nectar-rich flowers and the proper host plant for caterpillars. Honeybees like flowers that have a place for them to land like daisies, asters, clover, and many more! What other plants can you grow to attract pollinators to your garden.
## Plan a Treasure Hunt
The next time you're going for a walk, make up your own list from the items below and plan a fun treasure hunt. Collect or look for any or all of these:
## Summary
Families benefit in many ways by spending more time outside. There are health and learning benefits. Children are interested in spending time with the important people in their lives. Parents must begin to monitor media use and engage their children's natural sense of curiosity, which ultimately enhances learning. This curiosity and sense of inquiry transfers to school performance and lays the groundwork for career development. Yes, it requires some effort, but knowing ways to engage with your child outside will benefit you, your child, your relationship with your child, and the environment. It's a win-win for all! Play outside!
## References
Bell, A. C., and Dyment, J. E. (2006). Grounds for Action: Promoting Physical Activity through School Ground Greening in Canada. Toronto, Ont.: Toyota Evergreen. Retrieved online 9-16-2007: www.evergreen.ca/en/lg/lg-resources.html
Burdette, H. L., and Whitaker, R. C. (2005). A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics 116: 657-662.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2004). Prevalence of Overweight Among Children and Adolescents: United States, 2003-2004. Atlanta, Ga.: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved online, 9-16-2007:
www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubd/hestats/oeyrwear/overwght\_child\_03.htm
Clements, R. (2004). An investigation of the status of outdoor play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 5(1): 68-80.
Faber-Taylor, A., Kuo, F. E., and Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and Behavior , 33(1): 54-77.
Finn, K., Johannsen, N., and Specker, B. (2002). Factors associated with physical activity in preschool childhood. The Journal of Pediatrics , 140(1): 81-85.
Hinkley, T., Crawford, D., Salmon, U., Okely, A., and Hesketh, K. (2008). Preschool children and physical activity: A review of correlates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 34(5): 435-441.
Infante-Rivard C. (1993). Childhood asthma and indoor environmental risk factors. American Journal of Epidemiology , 137: 834-44.
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2005, March). Generation M: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Washington, D.C.: Kaiser Family Foundation, Retrieved online, 3-25-2009: www.kkf.org/entmedia/7250.cfm.
Kuo, F. E., and Faber-Taylor, A. (2004). A potential natural treatment for AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9): 1580-1586.
Kuo, F. and Sullivan, W. (2001). Aggression and violence in the Inner City: Effects of environment via mental fatigue. Environment and Behavior , 33(4): 543-571.
Louv, R. 2005. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel
Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.
Moore, R. 1997. The need for nature: A childhood right. Social Justice 24(3): 203-220.
Moore, L., Di Gao, A., Bradlee, L., Cupples, A., Sundaraja Ramamurti, A., Proctor, M., Hood, M., Singer, M., and Ellison, C. (2003). Does early physical activity predict body fat change throughout childhood? Preventive Medicine , 37: 10-17.
N.C. Division of Public Health. Nutrition and Physical Activity Surveillance System . (2006). Raleigh, NC: Eat Smart Move More, NC Online: www.eatsmartmovemorec.com/Data/ChildAndYouthData.html
Ogden C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., and Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. Journal of the American Medical Association , 295:149-1555.
Rivkin, M. S. (1999). The Great Outdoors: Restoring Children's Right to Play Outside. Washington: D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Rivkin, M. S. (2000, December). Outdoor experiences for young children. ERIC Digest. Charleston, WV: ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools.
Sallis, J., McKenzie, T., Conway, T., Elder, J., Prochaska, J., Brown, M., Zive, M., Marshall, S., and Alcaraz, J. (2003). Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial in middle schools. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 24(3): 209-217.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . (2006). Healthy Housing Reference Manual. Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Online: www.cdc.gov/nceh/ publications/books/housing/housing.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . (2009). The inside story: A guide to air quality. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. Retrieved online, 3-25-2009: http://epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html
White, R. (2004). Young Children's Relationship with Nature: Its Importance to Children's Development and Earth's Future. Kansas City, MO.: White Hutchinson Leisure and Learning Group.
## Resources
Websites
SoilSolutions . NC State Extension, NC State University.
Children and Nature Network: Building a Movement to Reconnect Children and Nature
Natural Learning Initiative. NC State University.
N.C. Environmental Education. N.C. Department of Environmental Quality.
Preschool Outdoor Environment Measurement Scale. NC State University, POEMS group.
## Books
Rivkin, M. (1995). The Great Outdoors: Restoring Children's Right to Play Outside. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Louv, R. (2005). Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.
Miller, K. (1989). Outside Play and Learning Book: Activities for Young Children. Beltsville, MD: Gryphon House.
## Authors
Karen DeBord
Professor Emeritus Agricultural and Human Sciences
Lucy Bradley
Urban Horticulture Professor and Extension Specialist Horticultural Science
Liz Driscoll
4-H Extension Specialist - Horticulture, Crop & Soil Sciences, & Entomology Horticultural Science
Publication date: Nov. 1, 2009
Reviewed/Revised: July 24, 2020
FCS-530
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/onehealth/2021/11/16/ohsa-tackles-antimicrobial-resistance-with-interdisciplinary-panel/ | OHSA Tackles Antimicrobial Resistance with Interdisciplinary Panel | University of Florida | [
"One Health Center of Excellence"
] | 2021-11-16 | [
"Health & Nutrition",
"amr",
"antibiotics",
"antimicrobial resistance",
"microbiology",
"One Health",
"One Health at UF"
] | FL | ## OHSA Tackles Antimicrobial Resistance with Interdisciplinary Panel
On November 1st, the One Health Student Association hosted an interdisciplinary panel on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to dive deep into and promote awareness on the growing issue. Esteemed panelists included a wide range of UF faculty: Dr. Kartik Cherabuddi of the College of Medicine and UFHealth, Dr. Daniel Czyz of the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Dr. Christina Boucher of the Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, Dr. Subhashinie Kariyawasam of the College of Veterinary Medicine, and Dr. Jason Scheffler of the Department of Animal Science. Together, the OHSA team and these panelists explored AMR through the one health perspective, interconnecting the diverse causes and impacts, examining local and global trends, and discussing specific implications and potential collaborative solutions.
Antimicrobial resistance, by WHO's definition, is when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites adapt and strengthen over time to no longer effectively respond to medicines, making infections harder to treat and diseases more likely to spread. This phenomenon is most commonly known to occur through the misuse and improper disposal of antibiotics.
However, as we have learned from the panel, antimicrobial resistance can develop and spread among animals and plants as well! Some of the other topics addressed included the different factors that contribute to the rise of AMR in other countries, alternatives to antibiotics usage in a non-human context, and potential ways to stress the urgency of this growing health concern, as well as ideas for implementations surrounding the protocols at UF.
With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, it can be easy to lose sight of other public health crises that are arguably just as serious. By facilitating this important conversation between students, faculty,
and the general community, the OHSA made this panel a huge success, supporting education, awareness, and networking. The OHSA and One Health Center are currently planning on working further with Dr. Cherabuddi and Dr. Czyz on a special extension project surrounding antibiotics disposal areas on campus.
## Watch Resisting Antimicrobial Resistance: An Interdisciplinary Panel here!
- · By Corina Dang, OHSA VP of External Relations
1
by One Health Center of Excellence
Posted: November 16, 2021
Category: Health & Nutrition
Tags: Amr, Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Resistance, Microbiology, One
Health, One Health At UF
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/tips-for-parents-guide-safe-sleepovers | Tips for Parents: A Guide to Safe Sleepovers | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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"Dr. Lori Dean Elmore-Staton"
] | null | [
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] | MS | Home
» Publications » Publications » Tips for Parents: A Guide to Safe Sleepovers
## Tips for Parents: A Guide to Safe Sleepovers
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Health and Wellness, Family |
|---------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P4017 | |
| View as PDF: P4017.pdf | |
Spending the night away from home can be exciting but also tricky for children and their parents. The concerns will vary by the age of your child as well as the nature of the relationship you have with the hosts of the sleepovers. Below you will find information about different concerns that might arise at various ages as well as questions you may want to consider before allowing your child to sleep over with family or friends.
## Young Children
Many children may first spend the night at their grandparents' or cousins' houses. Some children may find it easy to sleep away from home at a young age, especially if it is with family that they know well, but others may need some practice before they are able to stay all night in someone else's home. Parents can help prepare young children for sleepovers by letting them bring their favorite stuffed animal or blanket or reading a book about sleepovers. But parents need to be prepared-especially during the first few sleepovers-for a call in the middle of the night to come get their child. While that may not be ideal, it is important to be there for your children when they feel unsafe. Even if you know they are safe where they are, your child may not feel safe. Your willingness to support them in those moments, even in this small way, lays the foundation for trust that will become increasingly important in later years.
## School-aged Children
As children start to build friendships, they may be invited to spend the night at their friends' homes. Your child may be the only other child invited or they may be part of a larger group of friends, which can pose new concerns for parents. Many times, you may not know your children's friends' parents well. You'll likely realize that how you do things in your home is not the way others do it. For example, some families may allow their children to watch movies that may be scary or what you consider to be inappropriate for your child. Communicating with your child about your rules as well as talking with the family hosting the sleepover can help keep your child safe and help calm your nerves.
## Teens
Sleepovers during the teen years may pose additional challenges, as this stage of development is a time when more risky behaviors, such as sneaking out, may become a concern. While you want to give your children more independence at this age, you still need to monitor their activities to keep them safe. How you go about that might look different than it did in earlier years. For example, you may need to work with your teen on setting some safety guidelines. You can discuss ways to check in with each other through text messages or family tracking apps. You may need to have conversations with them on how to handle new situations that might arise. For example, discussions about dangers such as drinking and driving or adults not being at home to monitor activities may come into play
during this stage. While these conversations might be hard, it is important to prepare your children for unexpected situations.
Gun safety, sexual abuse, drug and alcohol exposure, and other potentially dangerous situations are common topics in the news. Parents need to be prepared to have hard conversations to help protect their children from unsafe situations that may occur at someone else's home. By opening the conversation with yourself, your child, and other families, you can explain your expectations and standards regarding your child's safety. Conversations like these can be uncomfortable, but they are necessary.
The goal of this guide is to help families think through questions they should consider before allowing their child to sleep over with friends or family. By asking questions, you can make an informed decision based on your rules and family values. You may find that some of the questions below do not apply to you and your family, but these questions may be important for other families. Since this is meant to be a conversation and not an interview, leave space for questions from the other family and open time for further discussion. These questions are not designed to make the final decision for you; rather, they are a starting point for important conversations.
It is important to be respectful and open when asking and answering these questions. The goal is for families to know that their child is in a safe home. Not only does this help to keep your child safe, but it also allows you to set clear boundaries for yourself and your family, and it teaches your child to do the same.
## Questions to ask yourself before allowing your child to attend a sleepover
- · Do I feel comfortable with the family that will be watching my child?
- Do I think my child is ready to attend the sleepover?
- Would I feel more comfortable hosting the sleepover?
- How far away from home is the sleepover?
- Do I feel comfortable enough with the family to have a conversation about sleepover concerns?
## Creating expectations and boundaries with children
- · Tell your child that they need to ask about sleepovers in advance so that you have time to prepare for these conversations. This time limit can be adjusted to whatever works best for your family (for example, a day in advance vs. two weeks in advance). This time also allows you to contact the other family and discuss any expectations or questions.
- · Tell your child that, if at any point they are uncomfortable or would like to come home, they can ask to be picked up. You may want to pick a code word or emoji that allows you to know when your child feels uncomfortable or needs you to get them out of the situation.
- · If your family uses a tracking app, discuss rules about keeping location services turned on. Talking to your children about why you are having them share their location is important. These tools are for safety, not for spying on them.
- · Talk to your children about family rules and how you would like those to be followed regardless of who they are with or where they are.
## Questions to ask your child before allowing them to attend a sleepover
## Questions to ask sleepover hosts
- · Are there any younger or older siblings in the home?
- o Will they also have friends spending the night?
- o Will the other siblings be spending time with my child or spending the night in the same room as my child?
- · Will a trusted adult always be in the home?
- o Will there be any additional adults in the home who are not the parent/guardian of the child?
- o Can I have the contact information of all the adults who will be in the home during the sleepover? This way you have multiple points of contact.
- · Are there guns in the home?
- o How are they stored?
- o Are there any ways that guns might be accessible to children in the home?
- o Do your children know where the guns are or how to access them?
- o Have you ever had an incident with guns in your home?
- · Are all medications in the household safely stored and out of reach of children?
- o Do you have a safety plan in place if a child accidentally accesses where medication is stored?
- o If my child needs medication, are you willing to learn how to administer their medicine and comfortable with giving them medicine? Will you call me before giving them medicine?
- · What are your rules about screen time?
- o Do your children have unlimited access to the internet?
- o How do you control what your child watches?
- o What technology do you allow your children to use (TV, computer/laptop, iPad, iPhone, etc.)?
- o You can also give the family a list of technology that you allow your child to use in the home. For example, "My child has an iPad that he uses to watch YouTube Kids, but we do not allow him to watch regular YouTube."
- · Do you have a pool/hot tub that is easily accessible to the children?
- o What are your family's rules on pool time?
- o Will a trusted adult be supervising their pool time?
- o Is anyone in the home CPR certified?
- · How late do you allow your child to stay up/out?
## Information to provide the hosts
- · Your contact information
- · At least one other emergency contact
- · Where you will be during the sleepover
- · Any allergy concerns (food, pets, etc.)
## Resources
Safer Sleepovers from Alliance for Children
Little BIG Chats, a series of books that can be purchased in a pack or individually. Specific books from this series that could help regarding safe sleepovers:
- · Secrets and Surprises: Learning the difference between secrets and surprises
- My Safety Network: Introducing a Safety Network (3-5 trusted adults a child can go to if they feel unsafe)
- · Families: Celebrating diversity in families
## Other books about safe sleepovers:
- Ira Sleeps Over
- This is My Body - I Get to Choose: An Introduction to Consent
- Yes! No! A First Conversation about Consent
- We Listen to Our Bodies
- Toys, Tools, Guns, & Rules: A Children's Book about Gun Safety
Visit tipps.extension.msstate.edu for additional parenting resources.
Publication 4017 (POD-07-24)
By Sophia Manley, MS, Extension Associate I, and Lori Elmore-Staton, PhD, Associate Professor, School of Human Sciences.
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-turkey-spinach-wraps/ | Live Well Recipe: Turkey Spinach Wraps | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
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<article id="post-4194" class="post-4194 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-by-ingredients category-live-well-recipes category-meal-types category-time-savers tag-30-minutes tag-alabama-snap-ed tag-by-ingredients tag-fcs2196 tag-healthy-eating tag-live-well-alabama tag-live-well-recipes tag-main-dish tag-meal-types tag-meat tag-nutrition tag-recipes tag-spinach tag-time-savers tag-turkey tag-vegetables tag-veggies tag-wraps first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Live Well Recipe: Turkey Spinach Wraps">
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<h1>By Ingredients</h1>
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Live Well Recipe: Turkey Spinach Wraps </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>July 26, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Sondra Parmer</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-turkey-spinach-wraps/"></div><p>Try our Turkey Spinach Wraps! If you have extra spinach, don’t let it go to waste. Add a handful to an omelet, sandwich, or pizza. Serves 6.</p>
<h1>Ingredients</h1>
<p>1 4–ounce package light cream cheese</p>
<p>6 medium flour tortillas</p>
<p>1/2 pound deli turkey, sliced</p>
<p>1 cup baby spinach leaves</p>
<p>1/2 cup salsa</p>
<p>1/2 cup cheese, shredded</p>
<h1>Directions</h1>
<p>Spread cream cheese evenly over each tortilla.</p>
<p>Cover with 3 slices of turkey and enough spinach leaves to cover the turkey.</p>
<p>Top each tortilla with salsa and cheese.</p>
<p>Fold in one end of the tortilla and roll into a wrap.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FCS_2196_LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards_TurkeySpinachWraps_081717L.pdf">Download the recipe here: Printable Turkey Spinach Wraps</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination-statement/">Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement.</a></p>
<p><a href="/blog/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/"><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignleft wp-image-3182" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Live-Well-Alabama-social-media-600x120.jpg" alt="Live Well Alabama logo. Blue text bubble with white letters." width="500" height="100" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Live-Well-Alabama-social-media-600x120.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Live-Well-Alabama-social-media-768x154.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Live-Well-Alabama-social-media.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></a></p>
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cercospora-leaf-spot-frogeye-leaf-spot-on-pepper | Cercospora Leaf Spot (Frogeye Leaf Spot) on Pepper | NC State Extension | [
"Inga Meadows",
"Leighann Murray",
"Andy Cooper"
] | null | [
"Vegetable Pathology",
"Plant Diseases",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Cercospora Leaf Spot (Frogeye Leaf Spot) on Pepper
Vegetable Pathology Factsheets
## Pathogen
Cercospora leaf spot, otherwise known as frogeye leaf spot, is a disease of sweet pepper caused by the ascomycete fungus Cercospora capsici . Present in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, Cercospora leaf spot causes leaf lesions, which lead to defoliation and sun scald on fruit if the infection is severe enough.
## Host Crops and Plants
Capsicum accumu (sweet and chili peppers) and C. frutescens (tobasco peppers) are susceptible hosts. This fungus is also known to remain viable from season to season, considered to survive on crop debris. There are no other known hosts at this time.
## Host Parts Affected
Symptoms appear on leaves, petioles, peduncles, and stems of affected plants. Fruit may not be infected but can be affected by diminished photosynthesis, often producing fewer yields and smaller fruits.
## Identification
Small, round, water-soaked spots on leaves are the first symptoms of this disease. Eventually, these spots will develop into lesions that appear tan to white in color, with a darker border. As the disease progresses, more spots may appear around the original lesion and the central parts of the lesion become dry and cracked. Lesions that develop on the stem have the ability to become elongated, so they do not have the same circular properties of lesions that develop on the leaf. Stem lesions may girdle the plant completely.
## Favorable Environmental Conditions for Disease
This pathogen prefers hot, humid conditions. It is common in the southeastern states where night time temperatures remain relatively high (-70°F).
## General Disease Management
- Bury crop debris
- Rotate crops
## Disease Control for Conventional Growers
In addition to the cultural practices listed above, there are several products that are effective at controlling the disease.
| Active Ingredient | Example Product | PHI (days) | FRAC Group |
|-------------------------------|-------------------|--------------|--------------|
| azoxystrobin + difenoconazole | Quadris Top | 0 | 11 + 3 |
| fixed copper (various) | Kocide | see label | see label |
| mancozeb (various) | Manzate | see label | see label |
| mancozeb + copper | ManKocide | 7 | M + M |
## Disease Control for Organic Growers
- · Bury crop debris
- · Rotate crops
- · Use resistant cultivars: some pepper cultivars are resistant to this fungus and may be beneficial if there is a history of high disease pressure
## Disease Control for Home Gardeners
- · Remove affected leaves early (home gardens are usually small enough that this approach is feasible)
- · Bury crop debris
- · Rotate crops
- · Use resistant cultivars: some pepper cultivars are resistant to this fungus and may be beneficial if there is a history of high disease pressure
## Useful Resources
- · The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations
- · The Extension Plant Pathology Portal provides information on crop disease management
- · The Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook provides information on vegetable disease management
## Authors
Inga Meadows
Extension Associate Entomology & Plant Pathology
Leighann Murray
Research Technician Entomology & Plant Pathology
Andy Cooper
Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Dec. 19, 2016
Reviewed/Revised: June 19, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/trec/2022/03/17/trec-research-report-dr-yuncong-li/ | TREC Research Report: Dr. Yuncong Li | University of Florida | [
"moniquescoggin"
] | 2022-03-17 | [
"Agriculture",
"Conservation",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"controlled release fertilizer",
"lignin-based polymer",
"patent",
"Yuncong Li"
] | FL | ## TREC Research Report: Dr . Yuncong Li
Dr. Yuncong Li is the Professor of Soil and Water Quality at UEF/IFAS Tropical Research & Education Center and a recently elected Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). His research at the University of Florida spans almost three decades and includes collaborations with over 200 international scholars from 27 countries. He has published over 300 research papers and over 100 extension articles and filed three patents.
Dr. Li's newest pending patent is for a biodegradable controlled release fertilizer. The polymers used for coating controlled-release fertilizers currently on the market are petroleum-based. Petroleum, like plastics, has the potential to stay in the ground for many years and contaminate both soil and water. The polymer of this new controlled-release fertilizer, however, is made from biomaterials generated from lignin, a type of agricultural waste. Thus, the ligni -based polymer produces controlled-release fertilizers with renewable, biodegradable, inexpensive, and nontoxic materials, and is highly efficient. This controlled-release fertilizer will be much safer for the environment, and both cheaper and efficient for crops and growers' wallets.
What's next? Dr. Li hopes to improve coating materials further by testing additional agricultural wastes that can be utilized for the polymer. The release of the nutrient from coated fertilizer could be further improved to more precisely match specific crops. To learn more about this research, read Lignin-Clay Nanohybrid biocomposite-based double-layer coating materials for controllable release fertilizer.
Category: Agriculture, Conservation, UE/IFAS Research
Tags: Controlled-release Fertilizer, Lignin-based Polymer, Patent,
Yuncong Li
## More From Blogs.IFAS
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- Research Report: Dr. Bruce Schaffer |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/grenada-county-veterans-admin-profile | Grenada County Veterans Admin Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
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## Grenada County Veterans Admin Profile
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3377-23 | |
Publication File:
- ·
grenada county vet presentation.pdf
Department: MSU Extension- Grenada County
Print PDF
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Related News
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Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
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| Related Publications | Publication Number: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi | |
| PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters | |
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST163 | Ceiba speciosa 'Los Angeles Beautiful': 'Los Angeles Beautiful' Silk-Floss Tree | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Dennis G. Watson",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Deborah R. Hilbert"
] | 2024-02-19 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Ceiba speciosa 'Los Angeles Beautiful': 'Los Angeles Beautiful' Silk-Floss Tree
Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson, Ryan W. Klein and Deborah R. Hilbert
## Introduction
This rounded, deciduous tree eventually has wide-spreading branches, which are green when young and covered with spines, often becoming grey and sometimes losing their coarse, sharp spines. Young trees can have a columnar or upright form. The spiny trunk is unusually thick and remains green even on older trees. Silk-floss trees can reach 50 feet in height with an equal or greater spread, and grows rapidly the first few years, then more slowly. Some trees maintain a relatively narrow crown with one straight red trunk while others are wide-spreading, particularly on older specimens. The large, showy, wine red and white, five-petaled flowers, which somewhat resemble narrow-petaled hibiscus, are produced in small clusters in fall and winter (usually October) when the tree is nearly bare. The fruits are large, 8-inch-long, pear-shaped, woody capsules, filled with silky, white, kapok-like floss and pea-like seeds. Floss from the seeds was used for stuffing pillows, and thin strips of the bark have been used to make rope.
## General Information
```
Scientific name: Ceiba speciosa
Pronunciation: SAY-buh spee-see-OH-suh
Common name(s): 'Los Angeles Beautiful' silk-floss tree
Family: Malvaceae
USDA hardiness zones: 10A through 11 (Figure 1)
Origin: not native to North America
Invasive potential: not considered a problem species at this time, may be recommended (North, Central, South)
Uses: shade; specimen; street without sidewalk; highway median
```
## Description
Height: 35 to 50 feet
Spread: 40 to 55 feet
Crown
uniformity: irregular
Crown shape: upright/erect, round, pyramidal
Crown density: moderate
Growth rate: fast
Texture: coarse
## Foliage
Leaf arrangement: alternate (Figure 2)
Leaf type: palmately compound
Leaf margin: serrate
Leaf shape: elliptic (oval)
Leaf venation: pinnate
Leaf type and persistence: deciduous
Leaf blade length: 2 to 4 inches, 4 to 8 inches
Leaf color: green
Fall color: no color change
Fall characteristic: not showy
## Flower
Flower color: red
Flower characteristics: very showy
Fruit
Fruit shape:
oval, round
Fruit length:
6 to 12 inches
Fruit covering: dry or hard
Fruit color: brown, white/gray
Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; showy; fruit/leaves not a litter problem
Figure 3. Fruit of Ceiba speciosa before opening. Credit: Stephen Brown, UF/IFAS
Trunk/bark/branches: branches don't droop; very showy; typically one trunk; no thorns
Pruning requirement: needed for strong structure
Breakage: resistant
Current year twig color: green
Current year twig thickness: medium
Wood specific gravity: unknown
Light
requirement:
full sun
Soil tolerances: sand; loam; clay; acidic; alkaline; well-drained; occasionally wet
Drought tolerance: high
Aerosol salt tolerance: low
## Other
Roots: can form large surface roots
Winter interest: yes
Outstanding tree: yes
Ozone sensitivity: unknown
Verticillium wilt susceptibility: unknown
Pest resistance: free of serious pests and diseases
## Use and Management
An excellent specimen tree for parks, parking lots, and other large landscapes, silk-floss tree is spectacular when in bloom, producing an outstanding show of color in the fall. Large roots often form at the base of the trunk just beneath the soil, so be careful not to plant the tree too close to sidewalks or pavement. Fifteen feet from curbs, driveways, and sidewalks should be adequate.
Prune the tree to be sure that only one central trunk develops when the tree is young. The central leader becomes less vigorous in middle age, allowing lateral limbs to develop into the main structure of the tree and produce a spreading form. Although most branches are horizontal and well-attached to the tree, upright branches can develop with embedded bark, which can cause a branch to split from the trunk. Prevent this by pruning the major limbs so they remain less than half the diameter of the trunk.
Flowering best in full sun, silk-floss tree will thrive on any reasonably fertile soil with good drainage. It is not salt tolerant but does tolerate high pH. Grafted trees are preferred as they bloom earlier and at a smaller size.
'Majestic Beauty' is another grafted cultivar with rich pink flowers. The cultivar 'Monsa' has a thornless trunk and pink fall flowers.
Propagation is by grafting.
## Pests and Diseases
No pests or diseases are of major concern.
## Literature Cited
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 2018. "Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas" (https://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu, 4/29/2019) Gainesville, FL, 32611-4000, USA.
Publication #ENH322
Release Date: February 20, 2024
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Michael Andreu
About this Publication
This document is ENH322, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 1993. Revised December 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor emeritus; Dennis G. Watson, former associate professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Ryan W. Klein, assistant professor, arboriculture; and Deborah R. Hilbert, UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center; Department of Environmental Horticulture; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
676 Publication(s) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/sherman-census-profile-2010-2020 | Sherman Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications » Publications » Sherman Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Sherman Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-380 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-380.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| sherman_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Lee County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to | The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to |
| all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
| SELECT A COUNTY | SELECT A COUNTY |
| Your Extension Experts | Your Extension Experts |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes | Dr. James Newton Barnes |
| Extension Professor | Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter | Dr. Rachael Carter |
| Extension Specialist II | Extension Specialist II |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills | Dr. Devon Patricia Mills |
| ASSISTANT Professor | ASSISTANT Professor |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith | Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith |
| Associate Extension Professor | Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 | OCTOBER 3, 2024 |
| Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition | Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition |
| FEBRUARY 1, 2024 | FEBRUARY 1, 2024 |
## Extension provides training for tourism professionals
NOVEMBER 10,2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24,2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23,2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next > last>
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2022/01/26/fire-fest-2022/ | Fire Fest 2022 | University of Florida | [
"Katherine Clements"
] | 2022-01-26 | [
"Conservation",
"Forests",
"Natural Resources",
"Wildlife",
"fire",
"Pgm_EcoNR",
"prescribed fire",
"prevention",
"wildfire"
] | FL | ## Fire Fest 2022
Jan. 23-29, 2022, is Florida's Prescribed Fire Awareness Week, and we're helping you learn more about this vital function with the family-friendly Eire Fest 2022 event.
Fire Fest is a fun opportunity for the whole family to learn how fire is used carefully and effectively on our natural lands, right here in Sarasota County. It looks at how prescribed burn protect our communities and property from wildfires and maintains Florida's natural ecosystems for present and future generations.
Do you ever wonder why you see all those smoke columns across the horizon? Agencies from around the state come together to talk fire. Weather permitting, enjoy live fire demonstrations, helicopter bucket drops, nature tours, and light refreshments. Kids will have a blast on the SWAT obstacle course, and will enjoy fun games and face painting in the KidZone.
## Fire Fest 2022 event details
WHEN: 10am to 2pm Saturday (Jan. 29)
WHERE: Carlton Reserve(I.Mabry Carlton .Jr. Memorial
Reserve), 1800 Mabry Carlton Parkway,
Venice 34292
COST: Free admission
AUDIENCE: General public
LEARN MORE: Learn more about Fire Fest 2022 , or call 941-861-5000.
## Prescribed Fire in Florida
Florida Agriculture Commissioner Nikki Fried and the Florida Forest Service issued the following release Jan. 24 about prescribed fire across the state:
Commissioner Nikki Fried, Florida Forest Service Highlight Benefits of Prescribed Fire During Prescribed Fire Awareness Week
TALLAHASSEE - Florida Agriculture Commissioner Nikki Fried and the Florida Forest Service are highlighting the importance and benefits of prescribed fire during Florida's Prescribed Fire Awareness Week, January 23-29.
Florida is a fire-adapted ecosystem, which means it depends on recurring fire to renew the forest and habitats that support native plant and animal species. Prescribed fire is a safe, controlled way to apply a natural process that clears out overgrowth that not only ensures the health of Florida's natural resources but reduces the risk for catastrophic wildfires and the subsequent devastation to communities.
"Managing our forests, Florida's top agriculture commodity, is essential to powering our economy, sustaining the ecosystems, and supporting the state's infrastructure." said Commissioner Fried. "Florida's use of prescribed fire is a national model for successfully managing forests to protect residents, communities, wildlife habitats, and natural resources. Florida knows the importance of prescribed fire, and we are committed to continuing a practice that was established by those who came before us and is critical to the future of our great state."
"Prescribed fire is the most valuable tool we have to manage Florida's fire-dependent and fire-prone landscapes," said Erin Albury, State Forester and Director of the Florida Forest Service. "With a long-term, sustained approach, we can maintain the health of our forests and significantly reduce the chances of catastrophic wildfires." To learn more or to view prescribed fires planned in your community today, visit WhyPrescribedFire.org.
The Florida Forest Service, a division of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, manages more than 1 million acres of state forests and provides forest management assistance on more than 17 million acres of private and community forests. The Florida Forest Service is also responsible for protecting homes, forestland and natural resources from the devastating effects of wildfire on more than 26 million acres.
o
by Katherine Clements
Posted: January 26, 2022
Category: Conservation, Forests, Natural Resources, Wildlife
Tags: Eire, Pgm\_EcoNR, Prescribed Fire, Prevention, Wildfire
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- The Whys And Hows Of Cutting Waste Generation In Business
- Looking Back On LIFE: A Successful Year For Sarasota County's Award Winning Youth Education Program
- FAQ: Solar Photovoltaic Technology
- CAE Healthcare Joins The Sarasota County Green Business Partnership |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/evaluacion-y-preparacion-del-plantel-reproductor-de-cabras-de-carne | Evaluación y preparación del plantel reproductor de cabras de carne | NC State Extension | [
"JM Luginbuhl",
"Silvana Pietrosemoli"
] | null | [
"Animal Agriculture",
"Animal Husbandry",
"Cabra"
] | NC | ## Evaluación y preparación del plantel reproductor de cabras de carne
Animal Science Facts
La reproducción es un aspecto de mucha importancia en el manejo de un sistema de producción de caprinos. Preparar a los reproductores, machos y hembras, para la estación de montas puede tener una gran influencia en los resultados y en la rentabilidad de la unidad productiva.
## Porque la condición corporal afecta la eficiencia reproductiva de su rebano?
A medida que la estación reproductiva se acerca , los productores deben preocuparse de la condición corporal de las cabras . Las cabras no deben dejarse enflucce o engordar demasiado. Si las cabras están muy flacas, habrá fallas en la reproducción, baja tasa de nacimiento de milleros, bajas tasas de destete e inclusive problemas de parto. Las cabras con sobrepeso pueden sufrir toxemia de prefiez, pero la grasa es rara vez un problema.
El termino condición corporal se refiere a la condición de carnes de un animal. Debido a que el potencial más grande de las cabras es pastorejar junto a los bovinos, hemos desarrollado una escala graduada de 1 a 9, adaptada al sistema de ganado de carne en Carolina del Norte. En esta escala, un animal ficarele una calificación entre 1 y 3, moderado de 4 a 6, y gordo de 7 a 9. En la mayoría de las situaciones, las cabras deben estar en una calificación entre 4 y 7. Calificaciones de 1 a 3 indican problemas y calificaciones entre 8 y 9 son casi nunca vistas en cubras. La calificación ideal de la condición corporal ( CCC ) justo antes de la estación reproductiva es entre 5 y 6 para maximizar el número de carbos nibidos. El asignar una CCC an un animal simplemente miróndolo puede ser equivocado. Debe tocarse al animal. El área más fácil para tocar a un animal para determinar su condición corporal, es el área de las costillas, a cualquier lado del espinazo, recorriendo la mano sobre esa área y presionando hacia abajo con algunos de los dedos. Haciéndolo, uno es capaz de determinar la cantidad de grasa que cubre las costillas.
En general cabras en buena condición (CCC = 5 o 6), tendrán un esponero de grasa de no más de .05 a .08 pulgadas sobre el lomo y .03 a .05 pulgadas sobre el espinazo. Otras áreas para evaluar un animal son los hombros, las pantas de la cola, los muslos, el borde del lomo y el espinazo. Estas cabras tendrán una apariencia suave y las costillas no serán visibles. El espinazo y los bordes del lomo se sentirán al presionar, pero serán suaves y redondeados y se sentirán expnosos al tacto. Alguna cobertura de grasa se siente sobre el objo musculo. Las cabras en condiciones pobres (CCC= 4 o menos) se ven angulares, las costillas son visibles, y el espinazo y los bordes del lomo son agudos y se sienten fácilmente. Ninguna o ligera cobertura de grasa se siente sobre el objo músculo.
La práctica es esencial; use sus animales para practicar. Una forma fácil de practicar es seleccionar dos grupos de animales, unos que estén gordos y otros que estén flacos, para captar el contraste de CCC extremas. Luego, introduzca un pequeño grupo de animales y compare su CCC con la de
los animales de condición corporal extrema. Los productores deben desarrollar el jojo y el tacto para calificar a sus animales, y esforzarse por mantener una CCC moderada en su plantel.
Cuando la condición corporal comienza a decrecerse, esto es signo de que suplemento alimenticio es necesario o de que los animales debe ser movidos a pasturas de mejor calidad. Esperar a que las cabras estén flacas para mejorar sus condiciones alimenticidas puede conducir a grandes pérdidas de producción e incrementará los costos alimenticios.
El productor también debe preocuparse de la condición corporal de los machos. Si los machos están sobrerealmentados y se vuelven muy gordos, (CCC=7 o más) podrían perder su libido. De igual forma, m achos flacos (CCC=4 o menos) al inicio de la temporada de monta pueden no tener suficiente energía para servir a todas las hembras. Debido al incremento en la actividad, ya a la disminución del consumo de alimenturante durante la temporada de servicios, los m achos reproductores probablemente perderán peso. Por lo tanto, ellos requieran estar en buena condición corporal (BCS=6) y en buena forma antesque se inicie esta temporada de m onta.
Las cabras préhadas no deben tener una calificación de 7 o más cuando se aproximan al final de la gestación debido al riesgo de toxemia de prefez y de partos diflicies. Adicionalmente, una calificación de 5 a 6 al momento del parto no debe decerecer muy rápidamente durante la lactancia.
La calificación de la condición corporal es también utilizada para determinar cuándo suplementación (flushing) será beneficiosa para las cabras reproductoras.
Flushing significa incrementar el nivel de alimentación de las cabras reproductoras, principalmente en energía, ofrecidos a la hembra un mes antes del servicio, para incrementar el peso corporal, la tasa de ovulación, y con suterte el amaño de la camada. El incremento de energía ofrecida a las cabras reproductoras debe continuar a través de toda la estación reproductiva por aproximadamente 30 a 40 dias después de retirar los machos, para lograr una adecuada implantación de los fetos en el útero. Cabras en extremadamente buena condición (CCC=7) tendrerán a no responder al flushing. Por otra parte, las cabras que están en una condición relativa pobre (CCC=4 o menor) como resultado de pasturas de verano de mala calidad, alta infestación de parásitos, parición tardía de mellizos o trilizzos, responderán favorablemente al flushing mejorando su condición corporal.
El flushing, puede ser alcanzado moviendo las cabras reproductoras a una pasta de buena condición nutrina, 3 a 4 semanas de lántres de la introducción de los machos. Este método de costo efectivo es subtilizado en el sureste de los Estados Unidos donde el forrage es abundante. Otro método es ofrecer media libra al diame un suplemento altamente energético. El maiza, es el grano más usado para flushing; asimismo, la semilla entera de algodón es otro suplemento altamente energético de bajo costo, y con alto contenido proteico. Siendo la m eta incrementar el consumo y el peso corporal, las cabras reproductoras deben agruparse acuerdo a su CCC y ser alimentadas consecuentemente para primero mejorar su condición corporal, y luego mantenerla.
## Que otras medidas incrementaran la eficiencia reproductiva?
Muchas otras medidas de importancia afectaran indirectamente los servicios, como el recorte de las pezuñas, las desparasiataciones, el empleo del "efecto Macho Cabrio" para sincronizar a las cabras y las vacunaciones.
## 1. Recorte de las pezuñas
Las patas y pezuñas deben revisarse con detenimiento para detectar lesiones, sobre
crecimientos de las pezúas y fuentes de extraños olores que podrían estar relacionados con infecciones o podredumbre en las extremidades. Debe iniciarse el recorte de las pezuñas semanas antes del inicio de la estación de monta, con el objeto de asegurarse que los animales se encontranar en la mejor de las condiciones durante este periodo de incremento de actividad. El macho en particular debe recer unra gran extensión de terreno. Los machos que cojean o que tienen problemas en las pezuías montaran sólo esporádicamente o a veces nunca. De manera similar, las cabras cojas puede que no permitan que las monten.
## 2. Agrupamiento de los animales
Las cabras son animales muy sociables y deben ser agrupados varias semanas antes de la estación de monta, de manera que las jerarquías puedan ser establecidas. Formar los grupos justo antes de la estación de monta interna irregularia de jerarquía des por los animales. Las peleas consecuencia del intento de establecer un nuevo orden en grupos recién formados sería una fuente de estrés y podria acfectar adversamente la eficiencia reproductiva.
Las cabras jóvenes deben halber alcanzado aproximadamente entre el 70 y el 75% de su peso adulto estimado, para ser servidas exitosamente sin afectar negativamente su talla adulta.
## 3. Desparasitaciones
Los animales que tienen el pelo aspero, están delagados, con aspecto desregfriado y no ganan peso, pueden tener una alta infestaciónde parásitos. Esos animales no serán buenos reproductores. Por lo tanto, es aconsejable desparasitar el plantel reproductor (machos y hembras) antes del flushing y/o la introducción de los machos.
Desparasitar a machos y hembras antes del inicio de la estación de monta, es una herramienta importante de manejo. Si se ha planeado realizar flushing, es aconsejable desparasitar antes de llevarlo a cabo. Hembras con parásitos no mejoranar su calificación de condición corporal durante el periodo de flushing, y como consecuencia puede que no incrementen la tasa de ovulación. Además, las hembras con parásitos no se sirven bien, puede que no se sirvan de ninguna manera, o pueden concebir y abortar más tarde.
## 4. El efecto macho
La separación de machos y hembras, es clave en el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genético, que deberían estar acompañados con programas de suplementación alimenticia y con análisis de las demandas del mercado. La mejor manera para separar a machos y hembras es desarrollar pastizales seguros para los machos. Los poteros de los machos, deberán estar suficientemente lejos del rebajo de cabras reproductoras, de manera que el macho no pueda intentar atravesar la cerca para alcanzar a la hembra en celo.
En los caprinos, el estro puede inducirse con la exposición estratégica de hembras en anestro a machos intactos. Esta respuesta depende de la profundidad del anestro estacional, y se asocia con una primera ovulación 2 a 3 días después de la introducción del macho. La primera ovulación es usualmente silite y de baja fertilidad. La segunda ovulación cinco días más tarde es acompañada por un estro fertil. La respuesta al efecto del macho, está influenciada por la agresividad sexual del m,h a la intensidad de la estimulación y la condición corporal de la cabra. Contactos inmediatos resultan en una mayor respuesta que contactos a través de la línea de la cerca o contactos intermitentes. La ferohormona responsable de inducir el estro, se encuentra presente en el pelo del macho, pero no en su orina, y no está asociada con el característico ol der del machoocabrio durante la estación de servicio.
## 5. Vacunaciones
Aunque algunos productores no han tenido problemas implementando un programa de vacunaciones, es recomendable que las cabras estén vacunas contra enteroxemia y tétano. Por dos veces al año las cabras reproductoras deberían ser vacunadas antes del inicio de la estación de montas y 4 a 6 semanas antes del parto. Si se vacantunana sola vez al año, es
preferible vacunarlas antes del parto ya que de esta manera se transfiere a las crias cierta inmunidad.
La opción de vacunas es la siguiente:
- Clostridium perfringens Tipos C y D y Toxoidet tétánico en una sola vacuna, contra la enterotoxemia y el tétano. Esta vacuna esta etiquetada para caprinos.
- Vacuna clostridial multivalente (vacuna de 8 vias). Un ejemplo de una vacuna de este tipo, etiquetada para ovinos es Covexin 8. Covexin 8 es una vacuna más reactiva y causa una mayor incidencia de reacciones adversas en el área donde se realiza la inyección. Covexin 8 puede ser usado en rebaños en los cuales pueden haberse tenido problemas con "pierna negra" y edema maligno. Aunque estas dos entermediades son comunes y costosas en bovinos y ovinos, aun no son muy comunes en caprinos.
## Esta el Macho Listo Para Los Servicios?
Los machos son examinados fácilmente, pero esto no garantiza que se encuentren sanos desde el punto de vista reproductivo. Un mucho sano un año puede no estarlo el próximo. El resultado de emplear un macho que no se encuentre sano, es una reducción en la tasa de parición y en los beneficios económicos.
Es una buena idea chequear a los machos para ver si orian normalmente y también para ver si demuestran signos de comportamiento sexual a medida que se aproxima la temporada de servicios. Para una evaluación más detallada, siete al macho sobre sus ancas. Con la parte trasera de su cabeza descansando sobre su musico, examine los testículos. Deberían ser aproximadamente del mismo tamaño, firmes al tacto y no presentar masas. La presencia de anormalidades testiculares podría indicar que el macho no está sano para la reproducción.
Luego examine el prepucio y el peine si logra sacarlo, ya que se requiere de cierta experiencia para empujar el preupcio hacia abajo y sacar el pene. El pene debe ser chequeado para ver si presenta ulceraciones, y el apéndice en forma de gusano fino no debe presentar endurecimientos en ninguna parte. La presencia de pequeños actualitamos duros podria ser indicativo de piezas urinarias, condicion también llamada cálculos urinarios. Un macho del cual se soppechan problemas productivos, bien en los testículos o en cualquier parte del pene, debería ser examinado por un veterinario antes de permitirsele servir a una cabra.
## Cuanto Debería Durar La Estación De Monta?
Durante la estación de monta, machos y hembras deberían estar juntos por 40 a 45 días, el cual es el término de tiempo necesario para que la cabra complete dos ciclos estruales. Una relación de 20 a 30 cabras por macho se recomienda para obtener los mejores resultados reproductivos.
## Authors
JM Luginbuhl
Extension Specialist (Goats & Forage Systems) Crop and Soil Sciences
Silvana Pietrosemoli
Research Associate Animal Science
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2004
There is an alternate English language version of this document here: Preparing Meat Goats for the Breeding Season
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/charlotteco/2020/07/14/cell-phone-savvy/ | Cell Phone Savvy | University of Florida | [
"Kristie Popa"
] | 2020-07-14 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Curriculum",
"Relationships & Family",
"Work & Life",
"4-H appropriate",
"Cell Phone",
"Etiquette",
"texting"
] | FL | ## Cell Phone Savvy
Whether you have a tablet or a cell phone, you most likely have the ability to text and/or call someone whether it be a voice or video call. It is important to remember that there is etiquette for using a cell phone, especially when you are in the company of others. Take a look at these quick tips to make sure that you are savvy on cell phone etiquette.
- · When choosing a ring tone, make sure that it is a pleasant ring tone; one without inappropriate language or sounds.
- · If you are in a restaurant or other public setting, turn down your ringer or consider using the vibrate function on your phone to avoid disturbing others.
- · Remember that your voice carries and people often talk 3 times louder when they are using their cell phone. Make sure that you lower the tone of your voice to keep your conversation private.
- · Avoid having an emotional conversation in public; there is almost always someone listening or watching.
- · When you do answer a phone call in public, make sure to move at least 10 feet away from other people in order to avoid disturbing them.
- · Be aware of universal quiet zones and make sure to turn your phone on silent or turn them off when in these places. Also, if you are in a "quiet zone," consider walking outside to take your phone call. The following locations are considered "quiet zones":
```
o Library
o Movie Theater (make sure to not light up your phone during a
movie)
o Church
o Doctor's Office
o Rest Room
o School Building
· Avoid holding a cell phone while driving or texting while driving.
```
## Texting Etiquette
- · Always consider your audience when texting. Make sure that your texts are appropriate for who you are talking to.
- · Remember to communicate clearly. Your message will be interpreted by your reader.
- · Respond to text messages promptly.
- · Only use emojis or gifs when necessary.
- · Don't be long winded when texting someone. Read the tone of the message; if you receive a short text from someone, maybe the other person is busy and you should respond with a short message.
- · Always be patient when texting. Give the other person enough time to respond.
- · Avoid mass texting or group texts unless they are absolutely necessary.
Think about these scenarios:
Question : You and your friend decided to go get something to eat after work. Your friend decided to drive. It is already dark and pouring rain. On the way, your friend's cell phone starts ringing. What should you do?
Answer : Your friend should ignore the cell phone ringing and allow the person to leave a message. Otherwise, you could offer to answer your friend's phone for them.
Question : Your best friend meets you after school in tears. She explains that someone keeps sending her nasty text messages on her cell phone. She says she's too embarrassed to tell a teacher and she wants to confront the bully herself. She asks you to go with her. What do you do?
Answer : Your friend is being bullied. Bullying can come in many forms including name calling, teasing, spreading rumors or lies, pushing or shoving, hitting, slapping or kicking, leaving someone out, threatening, stealing, etc. Bullying can take place in many places such as school, on the school bus, at a park, through the internet or on a cell phone. You should encourage your friend to notify an adult about the bullying. This could be a counselor, teacher, parent or any other trustworthy adult.
by Kristie Popa Posted: July 14, 2020
Category: 4-H & Youth, Curriculum, Relationships & Family, Work&
Life
Tags: 4-H Appropriate, Cell Phone, Etiquette, Texting
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · County Events, How Can You Participate?
- · Why Do We Have To Do These Fundraisers?
- · Club Officer Spotlight: Sergeant At Arms
- · County Events: Planning Your Presentation: Intro, Body & Summary |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/agricultural-riparian-buffers | Agricultural Riparian Buffers | North Carolina State University | [
"Deanna Osmond",
"Mike Burchell"
] | null | [
"Riparian Buffers",
"Water Quality",
"Agriculture",
"Environmental Management"
] | NC | ## Agricultural Riparian Buffers
## SoilFacts
## Introduction
Vegetated areas next to streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds are known as riparian zones . Riparian zones may contain grasses, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation growing next to the water. In North Carolina, however, natural riparian areas are mostly forested.
In general, riparian buffer systems 'buffer' streams and rivers from the impacts of nearby land uses by protecting and stabilizing the stream environment.
In particular , riparian buffers provide the following benefits :
- · Protect water resources from nonpoint source pollutants such as sediment and nutrients
- · Moderate fluctuations in stream temperature
- · Control light quantity and quality in the stream
- · Enhance habitat diversity
- · Stabilize stream banks and protect channel morphology
- · Enhance food webs and species richness
In agricultural settings, riparian buffers are recognized as a best management practice because of the important water quality and habitat functions they provide. Landowners in North Carolina can receive financial assistance for establishing riparian buffers from programs such as the NC Conservation Enhancement Program and the NC Agricultural Cost Share Program.
This factsheet provides an overview about how riparian buffers can be designed to provide water quality treatment depending on pollutant source and landscape setting.
## How Riparian Buffers Function to Protect Water Quality
Many factors determine the effectiveness of riparian buffers in removing agriculturally derived pollutants. The most important factor, however, is hydrology: how the groundwater moves through the buffer or how surface water flows over the buffer. Some pollutants are more common in surface water than in groundwater, and vice-versa. Both of these factors must be considered when determining the appropriate riparian buffer design (for example, vegetation type and width) to maximize the water quality benefits.
Sediment and sediment-associated pollutants, such phosphorus, bacteria, and some pesticides, move from agricultural fields to surface waters almost exclusively by surface runoff. Grass buffers adjacent to the fields should be used in the riparian buffer system because they more effectively spread water and remove sediment and sediment-associated pollutants than forested buffers. When surface runoff is sufficiently slowed, sediment will settle out. Without a grassed zone, the runoff
NC STATE
EXTENSION
water is less likely to spread over the buffer, creating channels that will allow water to move almost as quickly through a buffer as it does from the field, thereby making the buffer ineffective at surface water pollutant removal.
Regardless of the type of inorganic and organic nitrogen applied to agricultural crops, nitrogen moves into the soil and ultimately ends up as nitrate due to microbial conversion. Nitrate is very mobile in soil and groundwater. Any nitrate not used by the crop or the soil organisms will continue to move through the soil and into the shallow groundwater. Even when farmers follow best management practices, 20 to 40 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year routinely move into the shallow groundwater under agricultural fields, according to research done at NC State University.
To remove nitrate from groundwater before it discharges as baseflow to streams, rivers, or ponds, the groundwater must enter a zone where plant roots are or have been active. These plant roots may either absorb the nitrate for use in plant growth or, more importantly, provide an energy source for bacteria that convert nitrate-nitrogen to harmless nitrogen gas. This process, denitrification , occurs almost exclusively in watershed zones where abundant organic matter is present. Riparian buffers reduce nitrogen discharge to streams under most conditions. Typically, denitrification rates measured in coastal plain forested riparian buffer areas are generally between 10 to 55 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year. Research at NC State University suggests that the removal efficiency increases as buffer width increases (up to a point). Table 1 shows removal estimates that were established to estimate nitrogen reduction by buffers in the Neuse River watershed.
| Buffer Width (feet) | % Nitrate Reduction |
|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| 20 | 20 |
| 30 | 25 |
| 50 | 30 |
| 100+ | 35 |
## Determining the Appropriate Buffer Design
Factors such as land use practices upslope, stream depth, the slope of the land, and the pollutant of concern will help determine the most appropriate buffer design to best reduce pollutants flowing into the stream. This section describes a few common scenarios and recommendations to assist in designing the appropriate riparian buffer width and vegetation.
Please note that the widths recommended in each scenario represent those that would likely provide, on average across sites, the minimal measureable impacts on protecting water quality. In many of the scenarios presented, wider buffers widths would provide additional water quality benefits; however, the additional percent removal per foot of buffer added would decline. Width estimates presented provide guidance that blends the protection of both downstream water quality and agricultural production acreage.
There is little evidence that the type of vegetation in the buffers has any influence on the ability of the buffers to reduce nitrogen. Grass buffers, however, are more effective in reducing sediment, whereas tree buffers maintain streambank integrity and provide better habitat for macroinvertebrates (stream insects) and fish. NC State University research has demonstrated that, in most locations, a grass buffer removes approximately 60% of the sediment and captures sediment-attached phosphorus within the first 15 feet of the buffer.
The potential buffer site is in an upland position or is next to an incised stream (the stream is very deep relative to the top of the buffer) and conventional tillage is used in areas with moderate erosion potential.
## Recommendation:
The riparian buffers should consist of a 25-foot forested or shrub riparian buffer (measured from the edge of the stream outward) with enough grass buffer next to the forested buffer to control erosion (Figure A). The width of the grass buffer should be at least 25 feet. As erosion rates or slope become greater, grass buffers will need to be widened to effectively slow the surface runoff and allow for effective sediment capture. Accumulated sediment in the grass buffer must be removed or it will fail over time; often this maintenance must also include reseeding.
## Scenario B:
The potential buffer site is in an upland position or next to an incised stream (the stream is very deep relative to the top of the buffer) and there is little erosion.
## Recommendation:
A 50-foot buffer is needed -either 50 feet of tree buffer or 25 feet of trees next to the stream plus 25 feet of grass buffer (Figure B). In this situation, the majority of sediment and sediment-associated pollutants, such as phosphorus and pesticides, are controlled by conservation tillage or landscape position.
## Scenario C:
The potential buffer site is next to a stream or ditch in low landscape position with wet soils (sometimes described on soil maps as hydric soils ).
## Recommendation:
A 25-foot vegetated (trees, grass, or shrubs) buffer is considered sufficient to reduce nitrogen, assuming that erosion is minimal either because conservation tillage is used or the
topography is very flat (Figure C). The strategy here is that because groundwater passing through this area is slow and water tables are close to the surface, high denitrification will be promoted. As long as surface runoff is also slow, a narrow buffer should be adequate for acceptable nitrogen and sediment removal.
## Scenario D:
The potential buffer site is a well-maintained pasture where livestock have access to the stream.
## Recommendation:
A 10 to 25-foot buffer between the grazed area and the stream is considered sufficient (Figure D). Grass buffers can be used if the streambank is stable; otherwise, a tree buffer should be used. It is necessary to fence cattle out of streams to reduce streambank degradation and nutrient deposition. Ten to 25 feet of buffer is considered sufficient to reduce sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen by approximately 25% or more.
## North Carolina Riparian Buffer Publications
North Carolina State University has conducted research for over 30 years on the effectiveness of riparian buffers. Below is a list of publications detailing these research results.
## Acknowledgements
This publication is a revision of an earlier version. The author would like to thank W. Gilliam for his earlier contributions.
## Authors
Mike Burchell
Associate Professor and Dept. Extension Leader Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Erin Rivers
Assistant Professor and Extension Water Quality Protection Specialist Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: July 26, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: May 6, 2022
AG-439-38
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/what-do-we-teach-healthy-living/ | About 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2018-08-23 | [
"4-H",
"Healthy Living",
"Youth Programs"
] | AL | The Alabama 4-H healthy living curriculum grid provides a snapshot of what we teach. Please note, not all programs are available in every county.
Growing Alabama's Future: Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and our world. Alabama 4-H will reflect the population
## What Do We Teach? Healthy Living
demographics, vulnerable populations, diverse needs, and social conditions of the state.
## Grid Key
Delivery Modes: CL=Clubs, IS=In School, E=Enrichment, I=Independent, CP=Camping
## Print "4-H Curriculum-Healthy Living" table from our website.
Healthy Living Events: CED Contests (Baked Foods, Freestyle Showcase and Freestyle Demo), State Chef 4-H Contest, State 4-H Egg Cookery Contest, and Senior Achievement: Foods and Nutrition/Family and Consumer Science
See National 4-H Curriculum Resources (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/national-4-hcurriculum-resources/) for additional resources.
Cookie Notice |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/WC192 | Grammar and Punctuation | University of Florida | [
"Ricky Telg",
"Ashley McLeod-Morin"
] | 2014-12-31 | [
"Other"
] | FL | ## Grammar and Punctuation
Ricky Telg and Ashley McLeod-Morin
This publication covering proper grammar and punctuation for news media writing is the third of a five-part series on news media writing. This series also covers an introduction to news media writing, news writing for print, news writing for television and radio, and interviews for news stories.
## Introduction
Any news story must be well written. The story should be as free of grammar and punctuation errors as possible. Grammar is a system of rules that defines the use of the language. Most of the grammar and punctuation rules you have learned in school will be the same as Associated Press Style, which is covered in the second of this five-part EDIS publication series on news media writing, but there are some differences. Because you will be using Associated Press Style for journalistic writing, you should refer to the Associated Press Stylebook s section on punctuation for assistance. This publication covers some common grammatical and punctuation issues for journalists.
## Grammar
A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It may lack a subject, predicate, or a complete thought. Every sentence in a news story should be a complete sentence.
Fragment : Finding a dependable and inexpensive car to use.
Complete : Finding a dependable and inexpensive car to use is becoming more difficult.
A run-on sentence is really two sentences joined without proper punctuation. Run-on sentences are corrected in one of three ways:
- 1. Break the sentence into two sentences by using a period.
- 2. If there is a close relationship between the two sentences, insert a semicolon to join them.
- 3. Connect the two sentences with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (e.g., and , but , or ).
Run-on : Turn the pipe is a better road it has less traffic.
Correct : The turmpike is a better road. It has less traffic. (Break the sentence into two sentences.)
Correct : The turpmike is a better road, it has less traffic. (Insert a semicolon.)
Correct : The turpmike is a better road, and it has less traffic. (Insert a comma and conjunction.)
Comma splices occur when a sentence uses a comma instead of a period. As with a run-on sentence, you can correct commas places by using a period, inserting a semicolon in place of the comma, or adding a conjunction after the comma.
Comma splice: The rain ruined our vacation, we couldn't go to the beach.
Correct : The rain ruined our vacation. We couldn't go to the beach.
Agreement refers to singular and plural references. In subject/verb agreement, single subjects take single verbs; plural subjects take plural verbs. In noun/pronoun agreement, a singular noun takes a singular pronoun.
False subjects occurs when a sentence does not begin with a real subject. Most sentences beginning with a false subject-for example, there is, there are, there was, there were, there will be, it, is, or it is-can be rewritten made stronger.
False subject : There is a class in my school that teaches writing.
Better : A class in my school teaches writing.
Parallelism refers to words or phrases that are of equal rank in tone or tense. Do not mix unequal elements in a phrase or series.
Mixed phrases : He enjoys books, movies, and driving his dune buggy.
Correct : He enjoys reading books, going to movies, and driving his dune buggy.
Correct : He enjoys books, movies, and his dune buggy.
Mixed tenses : He walked the dog and works with the horses.
Correct : He walked the dog and worked with the horses.
Dead wood is any word that is just extra to a sentence and does not add it to it. Eliminate any words that would only add "dead wood" to your sentence.
Dead wood : It is really necessary to return the library book very soon. (How much more necessary is "really" necessary? How soon is "very soon")
Correct : It is necessary to return the library book soon.
Gender-neutral language should be used in your writing. Primarily, this avoids using "man" for "people." Avoid job titles that refer to gender, such as policeman, fireman, and postman. Instead, use police officer, firefighter, and postal carrier. Use plural pronouns to get around having to use "hisher" in sentences.
Award : A reporter should edit his/her article.
Better : Reporters should edit their articles.
Propositional phrases should be kept to a minimum. If you see several prepositional phrases in a series, try to rewrite the sentence. Propositional phrases are not bad, but they do add unnecessary words.
Award : The FFA meeting was led by the president of the chapter in the classroom.
Better : The FFA chapter's president led the meeting in the classroom.
Dangling modifiers do not modify the correct word. Be sure the modifier modifies the right noun.
Dangling modifier : Walking through the rows, the corn nearly filled the rows. (Sounds like the corn was walking through the rows.)
Correct : Walking through the rows, I noticed the corn nearly filled the rows.
Active and passive voice refers to the way in which verbs are used. The emphasis is on the subject as the door of the action if a verb is in the active voice. Passive voice throws the action onto object. Generally, writers should try to use the active voice.
Passive : The potatoes were passed around the table (by her).
Active : She passed the potatoes around the table.
## Punctuation
## Commas
Use commas to separate items in a series. However, unlike traditional punctuation rules that you have learned, in Associated Press Style writing, you do not include a comma before the conjunction. This is probably one of the biggest differences between journalistic writing and the writing style you have used in composition classes.
Incorrect (according to AP Style). The American flag is red, white, and blue.
Correct (according to AP Style): The American flag is red, white and blue.
Clauses introduced by when, if , because , and although are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
Correct : Although the test was repeated, the results were never the same.
Correct : We could not duplicate these results, although we tried many times.
Set off an appositive-a word or phrase that follows another word to explain or identify it-with commas. Be sure you place a comma after the apositive.
Appositive : George Washington, a Virginia planter, was the first president of the United States of America.
Do not use a comma to precede a partial quotation.
Incorrect : The mayoral candidate charged that the man was, "a swindler of the lowest order."
Correct : The mayoral candidate charged that the man was a swindler of the lowest order."
Use a comma to precede a complete quotation.
Correct : The defense attorney asked, "How would you like to be sent to prison?"
## Semicolons
Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses not connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Correct : DeGraw launched her desperation shot; the ball went through the hoop as the buzzer sounded.
Use a semicolon prior to a conjunctive adverb (e.g., however, therefore, nevertheless) in a sentence. Insert a comma after the conjunctive adverb.
Correct : The first test results were unsatisfactory; however, a simple modification of the questionnaire solved the problem.
A semicolon separates items in a series that contain commas.
Incorrect : We traveled to four of the world's most significant cities: Paris, France, London, England, Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria.
Correct : We traveled to four of the world's most significant cities: Paris, France; London, England; Rome, Italy; and Vienna, Austria.
## Colons
Colors are used to separate parts of a sentence and to indicate a list or series.
Correct : The dealer had three ears: a BMW, a Cadillac and a Mustang. (Notice that the comma before "-and" is not included. This is correct according to AP Style.)
Do not use a colon to separate a verb and its complement.
Incorrect : A scientist requires: intelligence and diligence.
Correct : A scientist requires two attributes: intelligence and diligence.
Correct : A scientist requires intelligence and diligence.
Do not capitalize the first word that follows a colon, unless the word is a proper noun.
Incorrect : She has three hobbies: Gardening, sewing and reading. (Notice that the comma before "-and" is not included. This is correct according to AP Style.)
Correct : She has three hobbies: gardening, sewing and reading.
## Quotation Marks
Comnas, question marks, and periods go inside quotation marks in a quotation.
Correct : He said, "The test was hard."
Correct : "I thought so too," she said.
"Was the test hard?" she asked.
Use a set of double quotation marks first, then single marks within a quotation, for such items as titles that normally require double quotation marks.
Correct : I he said, "I read the poem "Transformation" yesterday."
Use the following sentences as examples of how to punctuate direct quotations.
"The dog ran past the man," he said.
"The dog ran past the man," he said, "but it was stopped by the dogcatcher."
The principal said, "Paso Independent School District is the best school district in the state."
## Apostrophes
According to Associated Press Style, apostrophes can be used to indicate where numerals are left out.
Correct : The class of '07.
However, do not use an apostrophe for decades.
Incorrect : 1990's
Correct : 1990s
## Hyphenps
Hyphens are usually used to join words to form adjectives.
Correct: A 7-year-old boy. An off-the-cut remark. A little-known man. A 3-inch bug.
Hyphens are not used with adverbs ending in '-y'.
Incorrect: a gravely-ill student
Correct: a gravely ill student
## Additional Information
The Associated Press (2020). The Associated Press stylebook and briefing on media law (46th ed.). New York: The Associated Press .
Burnett, C., & Tucker, T. (2001). (Writing for agriculture: A new approach using tested ideas 2nd ed.). Dubuque, IA.: Kendall Hunt.
Oliu, W. E., Brussaw, C. T., & Alred, G. J. (2007). Writing that works: Communicating effectively on the job (9th ed.), Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
Telg, R. & Irani, T.A. (2012). Agricultural communications in action: A hands-on approach . Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
## Publication #AECS30
Release Date:
January 1, 2015
Reviewed At:
April 22, 2024
DOI: doi.org/10.32473/edis-wc192-2021
Critical Issue: Other
Contacts: Ricky Telg
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is AECS30, one of a series of the Department of Agricultural Education and Communication Department. UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date January 2015. Revised May 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ufas.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Ricky Telg, professor, Department of Agricultural Education and Communication; and Ashley McLeod-Morin, media coordinator, UF/IFAS Center for Public Issues Education in Agriculture and Natural Resources; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Agricultural Education and Communication
Writing Skills |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/sipsafe-montgomery-county-profile | SipSafe Montgomery County Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Jason Barrett",
"Mr. Justin Wayne Palmer"
] | null | [
"SipSafe",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications »
SipSafe Montgomery County Profile
## SipSafe Montgomery County Profile
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: SipSafe |
|------------------------------|------------------------|
| Publication Number: P4002-49 | |
| View as PDF: P4002-49.pdf | |
The SipSafe program, conducted by the Mississippi State University Extension Service and funded by a grant from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is working to reduce lead exposure in children ages birth to 5 years by screening water in qualifying schools and childcare facilities.
- In Montgomery County, 90 children were served. There are about 342 children enrolled in Montgomery County, based on a July 2024 report of licensed childcare facilities in Mississippi from MSDH.
- 35 samples were taken.
- 11.4% of the results were over 10ppb. 10 ppb is the proposed EPA action level for lead in drinking water.
- 1 facility was sampled. There are 8 facilities located in Montgomery County.
This data was collected between 2021 and 2024.
For more information, contact Justin Palmer at 662.325.0520 or justin.palmer@msstate.edu.
Department: MSU Extension-Montgomery County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtem or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Dr. Jason Barrett
Associc Extension Prof. Assoc Dir
Water & Wastewater Utilities, Economics & Natural Resources, Community Development,
Mr.JustinWaynePalmer
Extension Associate I
SipSafe
Your Extension Experts
Dr. Jason Barrett
ASSc Extension Prof. Assoc Dir |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/biological-control-of-pests-questions-and-answers-for-the-home-gardener | Biological Control of Pests: Questions and Answers for the Home Gardener | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"David Orr",
"Stephen Bambara"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Pest Management",
"Biological Control",
"Insect"
] | NC | ## Biological Control of Pests: Questions and Answers for the Home Gardener
Biological Control
## What Is Biological Control?
Biological control is, generally, using a living organism to control a specific pest. When you choose a predator, parasite, or disease that will attack a harmful insect, you are manipulating nature to achieve a desired effect. A complete biological pest control program may range from choosing the pesticide that is least harmful to be neficial insects to raising and releasing one organism to have it attack another, almost like a "living insecticide."
## What Are the Advantages of Biological Pest Control?
As part of an overall Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, biological control methods can reduce the legal, environmental, and health hazards of using chemicals in the garden. In some cases, biological control measures can actually prevent economic damage to the plants. Unlike most insecticides, biological controls are often very specific for a particular pest. People, animals, or helpful insects may be completely unaffected or undisturbed by their use. There is also less danger to the environment and water quality.
## What Are the Disadvantages?
Biological control takes more intensive management and planning. It can take more time, require more record-keeping, and demand more patience and education or training.
To be successful, you need to understand the biology of the pest and its enemies. Many of the predators you will want to use in your home garden are very susceptible to pesticides. Using them successfully in an IPM program takes great care. In some cases, biological control is more costly than pesticides. Often, the results of using biological control are not as dramatic or immediate as the results of pesticide use. Most natural enemies attack only specific types of insects, whereas broadspectrum insecticides may kill a wide range of insects. But this seeming advantage of insecticides can be a disadvantage when it kills beneficial insects.
## What Is a Beneficial Insect?
In your garden, a beneficial insect is any insect that preys upon a harmful insect that damages your garden. Beneficial insects are the "good" insects that destroy insect pests. The beneficial insect might eat the harmful insect immediately, the harmful insect may be paralyzed and eaten later, or
.
the beneficial insect may lay eggs so that its offspring will consume the harmful insect. For example, lacewing larvae eat aphids, paper wasps catch caterpillars and feed them to their young, and tiny parasitic wasps lay eggs into other insects and their offspring eat the insect from within.
## How Can I Protect the Beneficial Insects Already in My Garden?
First, identify any unknown insects in your garden. Then you will know whether an insect is eating a plant, looking for another insect to eat, just seeking shelter, or merely passing through. If you find a harmful insect, you can determine how much damage it could cause and if a chemical is needed. Since chemicals can also kill beneficial insects, they must be used wisely and only if needed. Wise use includes choosing the correct chemical and using it at the correct strength, at the correct time, and in the correct place. When chemicals are necessary, look for the one that kills the pest without harming your beneficial insects.
Pest insect populations often recover more quickly than the predator insect populations, so you don't want to kill all the insects in your garden. (This is why outbreaks of harmful insects sometimes follow chemical treatments.)
## How Can I Identify an Insect?
You can contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center, or use field guides, gardening reference books, and NC State University's online guides to local insects at the following web addresses:
## General Entomology Quick Identification
Compendium of Hexapod Classes and Orders
Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
You will need to identify beneficial insects in any life state. If you are uncertain, ask your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center for help. Trained and experienced agents and specialists will be able to help.
## Which Sprays Are the Safest to Use?
The three most common "safe" compounds contain Bt , horticultural oil, or insecticidal soap. All three are available as ingredients in different brand-name products.
- · Bt is an abbreviation for Bacillus thuringiensis , which is a bacterium that attacks only specific insects and makes them sick. It will not harm the beneficial ones. Be sure that the pest you wish to kill is listed on the label because not all strains of this bacterium work on all insects.
- · Horticultural oils are specially refined oils that can be sprayed on insects. Only certain insects are susceptible, and the spray kills only the insects that it touches.
- · Insecticidal soaps are special formulations of soaps (not the same as dishwashing detergent). An insecticidal soap will kill only fragile pest insects that it touches.
## Can I Add Beneficial Insects to My Garden?
Yes. You may catch beneficial insects and release them in your garden, or you may buy them from supply houses. But purchasing beneficial is "buyer beware." Because the government doesn't regulate this industry, the quality of material you could receive varies widely among producers and suppliers. To become well informed before choosing a supplier of beneficial insects, contact your Extension center. Some of the beneficial insects offered for sale may not be suited to our climate, may not be appropriate for release in a garden, or are very specific regarding which insects they attack. For example, praying mantids are commonly sold as natural insect control. However, mantids tend to be ambush predators, eating anything that passes in front of them that they can subdue. In other words, they do not seek out insects like aphids, caterpillars, and thrips that are typical garden pests. Therefore, these entertaining, watchable insects are essentially useless for best control. Another example is lady beetles. A single lady beetle adult or larva can consume many aphids. But when hundreds of them are collected into a container and released, they also tend to fly away and disperse in order to avoid competing with each other for food. Don't forget that there has to be a lot of food to support a lot of insects. So if your garden is not full of harmful insects, it won't support large numbers of beneficial ones. It is best to strive for a balance of low levels of both harmful and good insects.
## What Else Can I Do?
- · When pests are present, don't overlook handpicking the insects from the plant and destroying them. Some insects may respond to traps, baits, or sticky cards placed in or near the garden.
- · Don't overfertilize. Too much nitrogen will promote vegetative growth and stimulate an increase in aphid and mite populations.
- · Provide a diverse habitat. Natural enemies often do better when they have a diversity of hosts or plants. Raise flowering plants to provide an alternative food source of pollen and nectar for many beneficial insects, such as syrophid flies, robber flies, lady beetles, and parasitoid wasps. They can also provide shelter and humidity.
- · Employ cultural practices. Some plants will lure a pest away from the desired plant. Then, when the time is right, you can apply pesticides to the lure or "trap" plant. This is known as "trap cropping."
- · Supplement the needs of the beneficial insects. In addition to planting flowers for food, leave undisturbed natural areas within or around the garden to provide nesting and overwintering sites for beneficial insects, such as lady beetles and parasitic stingless wasps.
## How Do I Start?
Identify the pests in your garden. List the control measures that will be helpful against these pests. Then develop a plan.
Biological, cultural, chemical, and mechanical controls can all be used to assemble an integrated pest management (IPM) plan for your home garden. Determine your priorities. Are you interested in using fewer chemicals? Can you tolerate a few holes in leaves? Consider the cost of your program. Do you want to spend less money? If you can identify your goals ahead of time, you will be able to
evaluate your success later. Biological control does not offer a simple, complete answer to all insect problems in the garden, and it certainly is not magic. You may not be able to eliminate the use of chemical insecticides. Learn what you can expect from any of the parasites or predators you purchase for release in you garden. Are they the correct species? When should you release them? Will they all fly away when you open the container, or be dead the next day?
Using biological control in your home garden takes knowledge, patience, and motivation, but you can also reap great rewards.
## Authors
David Orr
Extension Specialist and Associate Professor Entomology & Plant Pathology
Stephen Bambara
Retired Extension Specialist (Home Ornamentals/Turf) Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Jan. 25, 2010
Reviewed/Revised: March 5, 2025
AG-570-03
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/charlotteco/2024/12/02/aglaonema-on-my-mind/ | Aglaonema on my mind | University of Florida | [
"Ralph Mitchell"
] | 2024-12-02 | [
"Home Landscapes",
"Aglaonema",
"chinese evergreen",
"houseplant"
] | FL | ## Aglaonema on my mind
Things change quickly in the horticultural sector. Familiar plants kept in the years ago now come in so many different cultivars that it is like a sampler box of candy - such is
the Aglaonema or Chinese evergreen. In the "olden days" you had pretty much one choice - green sometimes green with silver variegation
depending on the species. Now, through the marvel of science and breeding efforts, new cultivars are available in colors unimagined years ago. Thankfully, there are so many choices that Aglaonema can become a collector's item. However, the Chinese evergreen is still an easy-to-keep plant grown by many gardeners as a container plant that survives low-light conditions and thrives in the shade.
As I mentioned earlier, Chinese evergreens or Aglaonema have come a long way from the humble all-green original forms found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They were in almost everyone's collection of houseplants as a standard, easy-to-care for plant. The Aglaonema is well suited to shady conditions making it a great low-light indoor container plant. It is a clumping, multistemmed plant sporting ten-to-fourteen-inch-long lance-shaped to oval green leaves arranged in a spiral. On occasion, a flower in the form of a spathe and spadix will develop followed by inedible berries. While they are ideal as a houseplant, Chinese evergreens can also be planted two feet apart in shade outside keeping in mind their tenderness in the face of temperatures below forty-five degrees F - not to mention - a freeze or frost. Sinking pots up to
their rim and then lifting them as winter approaches for indoor protection may be the best management practice to avoid chilling injury and damage in our area.
While the all-green varieties are fine, the breeding work has truly advanced this common houseplant into a colorful limelight. Work completed by breeders discovered mutations, developed hybrids, and researched pollination techniques that brought new possibilities to this popular foliage plant. Specifically, research and breeding work by the Foliage Plant Breeding Program of the University of Florida at the Mid-Florida Research and Education Center located in Apopka, developed Aglaonema cultivars such as 'Emerald Bay' which has silvery-green leaves with darker dapples along the margin, almost reminiscent of Diefenbachia . Other breeders also developed additional colors with cultivars available such as 'Favianian' with pink leaves highlighted with green edging, green veins and stems, 'Harlequin' featuring dark green leaves splitted with yellow and pink veins, 'Golden Fluorite' noted for dark green to pale yellow leaves with a pink center, and 'Lady Valentine' with pink and green foliage. Chinese evergreens have emerged with eyecatching colors and appeal riveling Caladiums.
One note of caution - Aglaonema are members of the Aroid family which contain toxic calcium oxalate crystals.
Accordingly, Aglaonema are poisonous to pets and people if consumed or if the sap gets on skin, so keep them out of reach.
If you are looking for an ideal houseplant that is colorful and is even noted for improving indoor air quality, the Aglaonema is for you! For more information on all types of houseplant questions, or to ask a question, you can also call the Master Gardener Volunteer Helpdesk on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 1 to 4 pm at 764-4340 for gardening help and insight into their role as an Extension volunteer. Ralph E. Mitchell is the Director/Horticulture Agent for UF/IFAS Extension Charlotte County. He can be reached at 941-7644344 or ralph.mitchell@charlottecountylf.gov. Connect with us on social media. Like us on Facebook @CharlotteCountyExtension and follow us on Instagram @ifascharco.
## Resources:
Henny, R.J., Chen, J., & Melliich, T.A. (2018) New Florida Foliage Plant Cultivar: 'Emerald Bay' Aglaonema. The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS.
Gilman, E. F., Klein, R. W. & Hansen, G. (2018) Aglaonema modestum: Chinese Evergreen. The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS. Aglaonema (2024) N.C. Cooperative Extension - North Carolina
Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox .
UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions (2024) Houseplants That Clean the Air. Chen, J., Henley, R. W., Henny, R. J., Caldwell, R. D. & Robinson, C. A. (2020) Chilling Injury in Tropical Foliage Plants: II. Aglaonema. The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS.
Ashworth, T. (2023) BEWARE THAT WHOLE FAMILY...of Poisonous Plants! - Poisonous Plants in and Around Your Florida Home. The University of Florida Extension Service, IFAS. - Duval County
## o
## by Ralph Mitchell
Posted: December 2, 2024
Category: Home Landscapes
Tags: Aglaonema, Chinese Evergreen, Houseplant
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- New Year's Gardening Resolutions For 2020
- The Multipurpose Podocarpus
- Native Plant With Pizzaz - Tropical Sage
- Not To Brag, But My Brazilian Red Cloak Is Looking Great! |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/caswell-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Caswell County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Infographics",
"Local Food"
] | NC | ## Caswell County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/fern-scale-insect | Fern Scale Insect | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic",
"Scale Insect"
] | NC | ## Fern Scale Insect
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Female fern scales, Pinnaspis aspidistrae , secrete armor that is oystershell or pear shaped, flat, light brown with the crawler cast skin a paler brown at the narrow end. Sometimes the second stage armor is also paler than the adult armor. Female armors are up to 3 / 16 inch long. The male armor is fluffy white with three ridges. The crawler cast skin is beige to yellowish brown. Adult males emerge from their armor as tiny, two winged, gnatlike insects that are easily overlooked. Eggs are extremely small and are laid in groups under the female armor. Fern scale crawlers are about the size of a grain of pollen, flat, and yellow with red eyes. The legs and antennae are well developed. Female second-stage nymphs begin secreting an oval, pale brown armour that grows to about 1/32 inch long. Mature male second stage armors are about 3 / 12 inch long. Little is known about the biology of fern scales specifically. In general, female armored scales lay their eggs under the test (armor). The female dies after the last egg is laid. Tiny crawlers hatch from the eggs and eventually emerge from under the mother's armor. The crawlers move about until they begin to feed by inserting their long, threadlike mouthparts into the leaf and suckin out nutrients. The insect molts into a second stage and begins to secrete a waxy material from under the rear of the first stage (crawler) cast skin. Eventually these insects molt into the adult stage. Female scales begin to secrete adult armor at the rear of the second stage armor. Males emerge from their second stage armor as tiny, gnatlike insects that crawl or fly to female scales to mate. The armor remains fastened to the plant long after the scale insect emerges (male) or dies inside (female). When populations become dense, females tend to lay male eggs so that heavily infested plants become conspicuously spotted by second stage male armor.
## Host Plants
In North Carolina, fern scales are mainly found infesting true ferns (not asparagus ferns) and lirope. This pest has been recorded from numerous foliage plants, citrus, and other woody ornamental trees and shrubs in Florida and Hawaii. Other host plants include various palms and foliage plants including bird of paradise, Chamaedorea, Chrysalidocarpus, dracaena, ficus, lady palm, mondo, Monstera, Ophionog, Phoenix roebelenii, staghorn fern, and ti. Infested ferns are most
conspicuously disfigured by the presence of male snow-white second stage armors that contrast against dark green foliage. Feeding causes yellow spots on some fern cultivars and on lirope. Males do not feed beyond the second stage of development.
As ferm scale insect populations increase, the male armor is most conspicuous.
## Residential Recommendations
When fern scales are encountered, horticultural oils give adequate control without excessive phytotoxicity to ferns. Two thorough treatments two weeks apart should give good control. Ferns are notoriously sensitive to pesticides. Whenever treating ferns and other sensitive plants, treat at a time that the pesticide will be dry on the foliage before the plants are exposed to full sunlight.
## References
- Florida Armored Scale Insects. Dekle, G. W. 1965. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas, Vol 3. 265 pp.
- Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants. Baker, J. R. ed. 1994 (revised). NC Cooperative Extension Service pub. AG-136.
- NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications
- NC State Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center.
This factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: March 3, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Dec. 8, 2022
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A.TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local NC. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/fire-effects-fencing.html | Fire Effects: Fencing - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"John R Weir"
] | [] | OK | ## Fire Effects: Fencing
Published Apr. 2020 |
Id: NREM-2906
By John R Weir
grassland fires can reach these temperatures or even higher, the duration of heat is not long enough to melt the coating or impact the tensile strength of the base wire as a study proves.
The effects of fire on livestock fencing is a concern following wildfires, as well as before applying prescribed fire. There are many opinions and beliefs about what fire does to fencing materials.
A study was conducted west of Stillwater in tallgrass prairie that compared known-age barbed wire from different heights above ground level, that were either unburned, burned through one, two and six times, or unused wire from the same lot. The results showed no differences in breaking or tensile strength at any strand height or fire treatment (Table 1). This study indicates that even repeated fires in tallgrass prairie fuels do not impact the strength of barbed wire. You might have seen barbed wire sag from the heat when a fire passes through it. However, as it cools it tightens back up to its original tension. This sagging and retightening has no effect on wire tensile strength.
Table 1 . Breaking strength of double-strand, 2-point barbed wire. ASTM minimum standard for breaking strength of new 12 ½ gauge barbed wire is 4,230 Newtons (N). (From Engle et al. 1998).
| Number of Fires | Breaking Strength (N) |
|-------------------|-------------------------|
| Unused wire | 5,160 |
| 1 | 5,030 |
| 2 | 4,980 |
| 6 | 5,160 |
Barbed wire is coated in zinc to prevent corrosion and the study found that repeated fires had no impact on the zinc coating of the wires at any height. It showed that more than half of the 32 samples of unburned wire measured below the ASTM standard of 0.28 ounces per square foot (85 grams per square meter), while only three of the 32 samples burned through six times were below the ASTM standard (Figure 1). Often after a fire, what appears to be rust may be observed on galvanized barbed wire. This "rust" is actually a latent stain caused by the iron impurities found in the zinc coating. This stain can be easily removed, with no signs of pitting or damage to the zinc coating or underlying steel wire.
Another common belief is that fire causes older, corroded barbed wire to become brittle and easier to break. A study was conducted to examine fire impacts on older corroded barbed wire that had already lost its zinc coating. This study compared the effects of one fire versus no-fire on two different aged classes of corroded barbed wire (20 and 30 years old) against an unused/unstretched sample. The study found that fire had no impact on the breaking strength, percent elongation (how much stretch the wire had) and wrap test (ductility) (Figure 2). Age, regardless of fire treatment, had the most significant impact on barbed wire strength and ductility. Following a fire, broken wires are often observed in older fence lines. This is could be due to the grass, brush and trees being removed by the fire, exposing wires that had been broken years before, but never noticed.
Figure 2. Breaking strength (N=Newtons), permanent elongation, and number of wraps before single strand failure of older corroded barbed wire after one fire. (From Engle and Weir 2000).
## Wood Posts
There has been no specific study looking at the impacts of fire on traditional wood line or corner posts. Two studies did investigate the use of fire retardant preservatives on wood posts. Ignition of wood posts during a wildfire or prescribed fire will vary with post age; size; state of decay and presence of large cracks to allow embers to settle in; and wood type,
along with soil and post moisture content. Wooden post moisture content is probably the most significant factor that determines ignition. Typically, if adequate soil moisture is present, the post will absorb this and have a higher fuel
moisture content is the reason most wooden posts are burned during major wildfire events. Massive wildfires mainly occur during drought conditions, when soil and fuel moisture is very low, allowing for higher combustion of larger-sized wood fuels like corner posts.
Ignition of wood posts during a wildfire or prescribed fire will vary with post age; size; state of decay and presence of large cracks to allow embers to settle in; and wood type, along with soil and post moisture content. Wooden post moisture content is probably the most significant factor that determines ignition. Typically, if adequate soil moisture is present, the post will absorb this and have a higher fuel moisture content, making it more difficult to ignite. Ignition of wood posts during a wildfire or prescribed fire will vary with post age; size; state of decay and presence of large cracks to allow embers to settle in; and wood type, along with soil and post moisture content. Wooden post moisture content is probably the most significant factor that determines
ASTM also has quality measurements for steel T-posts and the finish applied to them. The standards include: dimensions, nominal weight per foot and steel hardness. The finish must be of one or more coats of weather-resistant enamel paint. A study at OSU looked at the impacts of fire type (prescribed and wildfire) and age since construction of the T-posts (four to
35 years). Additionally, the study compared post hardness and paint adhesion at 16 inches (40 centimeters), 32 inches (80 centimeters) and 48 inches (120 centimeters) above ground level on posts that had no fire, one or three or 12 prescribed fires and one or two wildfires (Table 2). Similar to the study on barbed wire, the study found no differences in post hardness related to the number of fires, fire type or the age of construction, with all posts testing above the ASTM minimum standard of 83 Rockwell B Hardness (Figure 3). Paint adhesion between burned and unburned T-posts was not different, but construction age was found to significantly impact paint adhesion properties. Results from the adhesion tests showed T - posts, unburned or burned, either scored 3AJagged removal of paint along incisions up to 0.06 inch (1.6 millimeters) or 4A-Trace peeling or removal of paint along incisions (Figure 3).
In summary, there is no evidence that barbed wire or steel fence posts are negatively affected by prescribed fire or wildfire in grasslands. It should be noted that all of these studies were conducted in tallgrass prairie with high fuel loads. Fires in tallgrass prairie release a tremendous amount of heat and energy, but these fires are wind-driven and move quickly, not allowing temperatures to stay high for very long. These studies did not look at fences that are not managed and overgrown with cedars and other trees. Many times, when these unmanaged fences burn, they expose damages caused by neglect before the fire. Broken wires or wires that appear stretched, are not due to fire, but trees growing through them.
There is no evidence that barbed wire or steel fence posts are negatively affected by prescribed re or wild re in grasslands. The main reason is these grassland res are winddriven and move quickly, not allowing temperatures to stay high for very long.
| Site | T Posts Installed (year) | Fire Treatment (no. of times) | Fire Occurrence (year) |
|-----------|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| HQ P4 | Prescribed fire (1) No fire | 2017 | |
| Section 4 | 1982 | Prescribed fire (1) Wildfire (2) No fire | 2010 1991, 2009 |
| | T Posts Installed (year) | Fire Treatment (no. of times) | Fire Occurrence (year) |
|---------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| CTER P 1983 | Prescribed fire (3) | 2000, 2015, 2017 | |
| CTER P 1983 | Wildfire (1) | 1996 | |
| North | No Fire | | |
| CTER P1 1982 | Prescribed fire (12) No Fire | 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005 2013, 2015 | |
Figure 3. Upper graphs: Rockwell B Hardness of T-posts at heights of 16 inches (40 centimeters), 32 inches (80 centimeters) and 48 inches (120 centimeters) above ground level for unburned and burned posts. Dashed line is minimum ASTM requirement for T-post hardness. Lower graphs: Paint adhesion scores from testing at same heights for unburned (circles) and burned posts (triangles). (From Weir and Starns 2019)
## References
Engle, DM, JR Weir, DL Gay, BP Dugan. 1998. Grassland re effects on barbed wire. Journal of Range Management 51:621-624.
Engle, DM, JR Weir. 2000. Grassland re effects on corroded barbed wire. Journal of Range Management 53:611-613
Weir, JR, HD Starns. 2019. Grassland re effects on steel fence posts. Rangeland Ecology and Management 72:411-413
ASTM 1995. Annual book of ASTM standards. Section 1. Iron and steel products. Volume 01.06. Coated steel products.
ASTM1995.AnnualbookofASTMstandardsto s.e n t 3 .Metals test methods and analytical procedures. Volume 03.01. MetalsMechanical testing: elevated and low-temperature tests: metallography.
ASTM 2009. ASTM DZ359-09. Standard test methods for measuring adhesion by tape test. ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM 2013. ASTM A702-13. Standard speci cation for steel fence posts, hot wrought. ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Evans, PD, P Beutel, RB Cunningham, CF Donnelly. 1994. Fire resistance of preservative-treated slash pine fence posts. Forest Products Journal 44:37-39.
McCarthy, DF, LD Bezemer, WG Seaman, EWB Dacosta. 1972. Development and evaluation of a leach resistant re retardant preservative for pine fence posts. Institute of Wood Science Journal 6:24-31.
publications/nrem/fire-effectsfencing-nrem-2906.pdf)
## Topics:
Fire Ecology ( /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/weather-and-disasterpreparedness/wildfires/fire-ecology/)
Weather & Disaster Preparedness ( /topics/environment-and-natural- resources/weather-and-disaster-preparedness/)
Wildfires ( /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/weather-and-disasterpreparedness/wildfires/)
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https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/managing-acid-soils-for-wheat-production.html | Managing Acid Soils for Wheat Production - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Hailin Zhang",
"Jeff Edwards",
"Brett Carver",
"Bill Raun"
] | 2017-01-03 | [] | OK | ## Managing Acid Soils for Wheat Production
Published Mar. 2017 |
Id: PSS-2240
By Hailin Zhang, Jeff Edwards, Brett Carver, Bill Raun
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/pss/managing-acidsoils-for-wheat-production-pss2240.pdf)
JUMP TO: Correcting Soil Acidity / Pelletized Lime / Lime Research / Aluminum or Low-pH Tolerant Wheat Varieties / Lime Rates / Calculating Rates / Lime Applications / Reducing Metal Toxicity Fertilizer Reactions / Phosphate Materials and Rates / When to Use Phosphate
Soil acidity is a major yield-limiting factor for Oklahoma wheat production. Some of the most agronomically productive soils in the state have always been acidic, but the acidity has been sufficient to cause noticeable crop losses in recent years. High levels of nitrogen fertilizer used to produce high crop yields and the associated removal of lime-like elements has been a major factor contributing to soil acidity. Direct cost associated with liming has been the primary deterrent to correcting soil pH problems.
A summary of soil pH distribution in Oklahoma is shown in Figure 1. These data are from soil samples submitted to OSU Lab from 2009-2013. The median value for each county is presented, meaning that 50 percent of samples were higher
than this value and 50 percent were lower. Twenty-four percent of all samples had a pH of less than 5.5 and indicated a potential production loss due to soil acidity.
OSU Extension Fact Sheet PSS-2239 describes how soils become acidic and the problem this causes in crop production. OSU Extension Fact Sheet PSS-2229 explains how soil acidity and the associated lime requirement are determined by soil testing. This fact sheet presents new information on the management of acidic soils for continuous wheat production, which might differ from acid soil management for other crops. Lower lime rates, for example, can be used in combination to wheat production, reducing production expenses. A short-term alternative to liming is banding of phosphate fertilizer with the seed, or planting acid-tolerant wheat varieties.
Figure 1 . Median values of soil pH for 77 counties in Oklahoma. Median values are the midpoint of a data set, meaning that 50 percent of samples were less than this value and 50 percent were greater.
## Correcting Soil Acidity
## Lime Reactions
Soil acidity can only be corrected by neutralizing the acid present, which is done by adding a basic material. While there are many basic materials which can neutralize acids, most are
too costly or difficult to manage. The most commonly used material is agricultural limestone (aglime). It is used because it is relatively inexpensive and easy to manage.
Limestone is easy to manage because it is not very soluble, meaning it does not dissolve easily in water. For this reason, it is not very corrosive to equipment, and more importantly, its pH at equilibrium (after it has dissolved as much as it can and some lime is still left in the water) is only about 8.2. This is very important because even an excessive application of lime will generally not result in a reduction of crop yields. As lime dissolves in the soil, calcium (Ca) from the lime moves to the surface of soil particles and replaces the acidity. The acidity reacts with carbonate (CO$\_{3}$) to form carbon dioxide (CO$\_{2}$) and water (H$\_{2}$O). The end result is neutralization of soil acidity. Figure 2. illustrates how lime rates and time after application affect soil pH.
## Pelletized lime
Pelletized lime or pell lime is often marketed to the farmer using the phrase "a few hundred pounds of this is equal to a ton of aglime," but this is an inaccurate representation of the acid neutralizing potential of pelletedized lime. Chemically, one molecule of CaCO$\_{3}$ will neutralize two H+ ions which are the
cause of soil acidity. There is no shortcut around this reaction! Therefore, pelletized lime is no more effective in reducing soil acidity than aglime of the same ECCE (Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent). Pelletized lime is also often marketed to the farmer as a "quick fix" to pH problems. Field and laboratory experiments have repeatedly proven, however, that this is not the case and that pelletized lime does not neutralize soil acidity any faster than good quality aglime.
The primary benefit of pelletized lime products is the ability to apply these products with other fertilizer materials such as urea or DAP, thus eliminating an added pass across the field for lime application. However, due to the costs of materials, applying pelletized lime as an alternative to aglime is generally cost prohibitive.
## Lime Research
Several field research experiments have been conducted to examine suitable liming materials and application rates. A common feature of all effective commercially available liming materials is that they contain a basic lime-like material such as calcium or magnesium carbonate. Since it is ultimately the material from which other basic materials are derived, aglime is usually the lowest cost per ton of active ingredient (ECCE).
A liming study on wheat was conducted in Garber, Oklahoma. Although wheat grain yields were slightly increased by liming, the relative wheat forage yields (three year average) increased significantly with lime rates up to 1.25 tons/acre (Figure 3). This increase of forage is significant for wheat farmers engaged in cattle production since most farmers in the central Great Plains use winter wheat for grazing during the winter and spring or for grazing and grain production. The estimated return to investment for liming acid soil indicates that all lime rates had a positive net revenue when lime rates were greater than 0.63 ton/acre. The half rate (1.25 tons/acre) had an impressive 269 percent rate of return in three years (Figure 4). In fact, the first year's forage yield increase was sufficient to offset the liming costs, since the cost of liming was about $25/ac. and the value of the
increased forage production was $27.6/ac (assuming $0.03/lb of dry wheat forage). The effect of liming would normally last more than five years; therefore, the potential
at the end of the third year. This indicates that it is economical to lime acid soils for winter wheat forage or for dual purpose (grazing and grain) wheat production. Using only 1.25 tons ECCE, one-half the normally recommended rate, was effective to correct the acidity problem for wheat production.
## Aluminum or Low-pH Tolerant Wheat Varieties
Wheat varieties have been identified which are much more tolerant to low pH conditions than other varieties. In 1999 a trial was conducted near Enid where pH = 4.3, soil test phosphorus was very high, and no phosphorus fertilizer was applied. Varieties such as Jagger, 2137, and Ok101 yielded more than 45 bushels per acre while varieties such as Custer, Trego, and AgriPro Thunderbolt yielded less than 20 bushels per acre. Varieties also differ greatly in forage production under low pH conditions. Figure 5 illustrates how different wheat varieties respond to liming and low soil pH. In a field with initial pH of 4.6 in Early in 2001, the fall forage yield increase caused by liming was 105 percent with AgriPro
Tomahawk, a variety rated as very susceptible to low pH, while OK101's forage yield was only increased 27 percent. As a result of such tests, wheat varieties are now categorized as 1 to 5, 1 being most tolerant to low pH and 5 being least tolerant for production under acid soil conditions. The most current ratings can be found in Extension Fact Sheet PSS-2142, Wheat Variety Comparison Chart, which can be found at osufacts.okstate.edu .
## Lime Rates
## Minimum Amounts
The amount of lime to apply depends on whether or not wheat is grown continuously or rotated with a legume. If wheat alone is grown year after year, it is necessary only to apply a rate of lime to raise the pH to slightly above 5.5 to avoid disease problems at higher pH. If legumes are sometimes grown on the field, then the pH should be raised to 6.5 or above. Thus for continuous wheat, the following
recommendation is made: The minimum amount of lime to apply is 0.5 ton ECCE lime or 50 percent of the soil test deficiency amount required to raise the pH to 6.5, whichever is greater. An OSU soil test will identify these lime rates for wheat whenever the soil pH is below 5.5. Cautions should be applied when using lime recommendations from other laboratories.
## Calculating Rates
Lime requirements are expressed in terms of ECCE. ECCE is provided as a guarantee from lime vendors who are registered to sell aglime in Oklahoma. The guarantee is obtained by an analysis of the lime by the Oklahoma State Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. There are two components of the determination by their lab. First, the purity of the lime is determined chemically. In this test, they analyze for the
amount of CaCO$\_{3}$ or its equivalent in the lime material. Second, how finely the lime particles are ground is determined. The more CaCO$\_{3}$ in the material and the finer the particle size, the greater the ECCE. Good quality lime will have an ECCE value above 50 percent. Because aglime does not always have an ECCE of 100 percent, the amount required to provide a given amount of 100 percent ECCE must be calculated. The calculations to use are shown below: Tons of ECCE required X 100 / % ECCE = aglime required
For example, let us assume that the available aglime was 65 percent ECCE, and the soil test indicated a need for 1.5 tons ECCE to raise the soil pH to the desired level. The calculations would be:
- 1.5 X 100 / 65 = 2.3 tons of aglime
So, 2.3 tons per acre of the 65 percent ECCE lime would have to be applied in order to get the 1.5 tons of 100 percent ECCE lime required to do the job.
## Lime Applications
Because lime does not dissolve easily in water, it must be treated similarly to fertilizers that supply the soil with immobile nutrients like phosphorus. For time to be most effective in neutralizing soil acidity, it must be thoroughly mixed with the soil. Therefore, growers considering switching to a no-till production system are strongly encouraged to correct any pH problems before beginning no-till wheat production. Since neutralization involves a reaction between soil particles and lime particles, the better lime is mixed with the soil, the more efficiently the acidity is neutralized. For this reason, wet materials (like that from water treatment plants) that cannot be thoroughly mixed with the soil are often less effective.
Similarly, pelletized lime particles are too large to mix well with small soil particles. Attempts to mix these materials with soil often result in soil acidity being neutralized near the lime aggregates (or pellets) only, whereas acidity between aggregates remains unaffected. Once the proper rate has been determined and the lime has been spread to give a uniform application over the field, it is best to incorporate it with a light tillage operation such as disking. Disking can be followed by plowing, but care should be taken not to incorporate too deeply or the lime will be diluted by subsoil and be less effective. Lime rates are calculated on the basis of neutralizing the top six inches of soil.
Since the lime reaction involves water, the effect of lime will be very slow in dry soil. Even when everything is done correctly and the soil is moist, it often takes three to six months for a measurable change in soil pH to occur. For this reason liming for wheat production should be done as soon after harvest as
possible. However, when the soil pH is extremely low, sufficient change may occur in just a few weeks and make the difference between being able to establish a wheat crop and having a failure.
## Reducing Metal Toxicity Fertilizer Reactions
Phosphate in the soil has long been known to be less available to crops in some extremely acidic soils because it reacts with aluminum and/or manganese, which are more soluble in acidic soils. When phosphate reacts with these metals, the compound formed is a very insoluble solid (such as aluminum phosphate). As a result, not only is the phosphate unavailable, but the aluminum and manganese are also unavailable. For these reasons, when phosphate fertilizers are banded with the seed at planting time, the harmful effects of toxic aluminum and manganese are greatly reduced, and near normal yields may be obtained. Figure 6 illustrates the benefit of this practice for both grain and forage production.
## Phosphate Materials and Rates
Figure 6 also shows that a higher rate of phosphate may be needed in order to get maximum benefits for fall forage production. It is especially important to use the higher rate for forage production on soil that has a pH below 4.5. The use of phosphate fertilizer in this way does not change soil pH. Also, within a few months after all the phosphate has been used up," more aluminum and manganese may become available. While this may not affect the developed crop, it will affect the next crop in the seedling stage. As a result, phosphate
to be applied every five to eight years.
## When to Use Phosphate
As stated earlier, acid soil is best neutralized by adding aglime.
However, seed-applied phosphate (either ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-O) or diammonium phosphate (18-460)) should be considered for acid wheatland soils when:
- A. the land is owned by someone else who will not give a long-term lease or pay some of the cost for liming;
- B. the soil acidity problem is discovered too late for lime application this season;
- C. the soil has a low soil test value for phosphorus.
It is important to remember that this use of phosphate fertilizer is very different from normal. Banding phosphate on acid soils benefits yield even when the phosphate soil test value is higher than the 100 percent sufficiency level (>65), not because more phosphate is provided to the plant but because metal toxicity is reduced. Also, it is important to remember that the soil continues to become more acid with time. Eventually lime must be added to the soil to neutralize the
acidity. On the other hand, buildup of soil test phosphorus above crop needs may lead to increased phosphorus in the runoff.
## Hailin Zhang (mailto:hailin.zhang@okstate.edu)
Extension Soils Specialist
Jeff Edwards (mailto:jeff.edwards@okstate.edu)
Extension Small Grains Specialist
Brett Carver (mailto:brett.carver@okstate.edu)
Wheat Breading and Genetics
Bill Rau (mailto:bill.raun@oksate.edu)
Soil Fertility Research
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/pss/managing-acidsoils-for-wheat-production-pss2240.pdf)
Topics: Crops /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/)
Grains & Oilseed s /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseed s/)
Soil Health & Fertility /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/soil/soilhealth-and-fertility/)
Soil /topics/environment-and-natural-resources/soil/)
Wheat /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseeds/wheat/)
## Was this information helpful?
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/commercial-applicator/commercial-applicator-frequently-asked-questions/ | Commercial Applicator Frequently Asked Questions | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sonja Thomas"
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button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-5646 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-16025245"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
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<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-80137948"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-commercial-applicator"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/pesticides/commercial-applicator/">Commercial Applicator</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">Farming</a></li><li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/pesticides/">Pesticides</a></li><li>Commercial Applicator</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
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<article id="post-5646" class="post-5646 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-commercial-applicator category-farming category-pesticides tag-commercial-applicator tag-commercial-applicator-frequently-asked-questions tag-pesticides first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Commercial Applicator Frequently Asked Questions">
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<h1>Commercial Applicator</h1>
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Commercial Applicator Frequently Asked Questions </div>
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<li>October 5, 2022</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Sonja Thomas</li>
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<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/pesticides/commercial-applicator/">Commercial Applicator</a>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/commercial-applicator/commercial-applicator-frequently-asked-questions/"></div><p style="text-align: left">The Alabama Cooperative Extension System pesticide safety education team has compiled a list of some of the most frequently asked questions about the Alabama Commercial Applicator Program, points, testing, what to do, contact information, and more. If you do not find an answer to your question, call the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries (ADAI) for commercial applicator permit questions at 334-240-7243.</p>
<h1>How many categories of commercial pesticide applicators are there in Alabama?</h1>
<p>There are more than 20 categories.</p>
<h1>I don’t know what commercial applicator permit I need.</h1>
<p>You can read general information about the commercial applicator permits on the Alabama Extension website at <a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/pesticides/">www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/pesticides/</a>. If you are still unsure what permit you need, contact the ADAI at 334-240-7243 or <a href="http://www.agi.alabama.gov/directory/">www.agi.alabama.gov/directory/</a> to ensure you prepare for the right category.</p>
<h1>If someone wants to pay me to apply pesticides, should I apply for a private applicator permit or a commercial permit?</h1>
<p>A commercial applicator is a permitted applicator who uses, or supervises the use, of restricted-use pesticides and other pesticides for any purpose on any property. Also, a commercial applicator receives <strong>compensation</strong> other than trading of personal services between producers of agricultural commodities. Commercial applicators shall be further identified according to the type of pesticide application they are engaged in.</p>
<h1>What’s does ground mode or aerial mode of operation mean?</h1>
<p>Ground or aerial application is required as part of some commercial pesticide categories. These are not a stand-alone permits. If you are looking for more information regarding permits that require aerial or ground testing, see the following specific commercial categories:</p>
<ul>
<li>Agricultural Pest Control – Plant Permit</li>
<li>Aquatic Pest Control Permit</li>
<li>Forest Pest Control Permit</li>
<li>Public Health Permit</li>
<li>Right of Way Permit</li>
</ul>
<p>You will find these categories require you to select a mode of application test (aerial or ground equipment). Relevant study material for this testing is incorporated into those category study manuals. You will be required to get a certificate of insurance for aerial or ground mode of application.</p>
<h1>I need to get a fumigation pest control commercial applicator branch supervisor permit.</h1>
<p>Those passing examinations as branch supervisors (FB) can supervise branch offices only. You must pass the examination for certified operator to enter into business for yourself or to supervise services from a main office.</p>
<p>Testing for this permit can be completed at the ADAI in Montgomery. There is also a computer-based testing format that is available on a weekly basis at eight testing sites across Alabama. The cost for the online exam is $125 per exam. To sign up for the online exam, visit <a href="https://www.metrosignup.com/home.asp#NewSiteLaunch">apply.adaitesting.com</a>. Once approved, you will receive an approval email from the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries.</p>
<h1>I am looking for a fumigation pest control certified operator exam. Can I do this online?</h1>
<p>The Fumigation Pest Control Certified Operator Exam (FC), is not available at the online testing sites. For more information contact the ADAI at 334-240-7243.</p>
<h1>Is there online testing available for commercial applicator permits?</h1>
<p>No, there is <strong>only computer-based testing</strong> for commercial applicators available at <a href="https://www.metrosignup.com/Alabama/LetsGo.asp?785435600098021345333459344955730032298932233532223">one of eight testing centers</a>: Athens, Auburn, Birmingham, Hanceville, Headland, Millbrook, Mobile, and Pelham.</p>
<ul>
<li>Testing is $125 per exam.</li>
<li>Testing at the Montgomery office location does not incur the extra 50 exam fee, as it is a paper-based exam only.</li>
<li>Process
<ol>
<li>Apply for examination(s) and include qualification statement if applicable (certain categories only)</li>
<li>Wait for e-mail approving your application</li>
<li>Schedule and pay for your exam(s)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The Certification & Testing unit administers exams for persons wishing to get a permit in plant-setting, landscape design, and/or tree surgery, as well as those seeking to become certified as a commercial pest control applicator.</li>
</ul>
<h1>I just passed my test for my commercial applicator permit. What’s next?</h1>
<p>Once the appropriate exams have been passed, you must apply for certification through the ADAI. If an applicator plans to start a business in Alabama, a permit will also be required (professional services-main for structural categories, professional services-horticulture for OTPS, and custom permit for custom categories).</p>
<h1>Can I renew my permit online?</h1>
<p>At this time, there is not option to renew online. You can renew only during your expiration month, and you must have a minimum of 30 points. If you took the recertification exam, you must mail in the appropriate application and payment.<u></u></p>
<h1>Can I get online recertification points for my permit?</h1>
<p>The ADAI has a few approved online recertification courses. Visit <a href="https://usaplants.tnatc.org/al/PesticideApplicator/MeetingSearch.aspx">www.usaplants.tnatc.org/al/PesticideApplicator/MeetingSearch.aspx</a> and go to the document that details the rules and gives you the list. You can to see which online source is approved for the categories you need. <strong>Note:</strong> A log in is not required at this site.</p>
<h1><strong>I forgot how many points I have</strong>. Is there somewhere I can look for this information?</h1>
<p>Visit <a href="https://usaplants.tnatc.org/al/PesticideApplicator/ApplicationExternalSearch.aspx">www.usaplants.tnatc.org/al/PesticideApplicator/ApplicationExternalSearch.aspx</a> and enter your search criteria to see how many points you have. <strong>Note:</strong> A log in is not required at this site.</p>
<h1>How do I get a reciprocal commercial applicator certification permit?</h1>
<p>You must complete the application for the Reciprocal Commercial Pesticide Applicator Certification.</p>
<ul>
<li>Copy your certification credentials from the certifying state.</li>
<li>Pay reciprocal fee(s) as outlined on the application. Make payable to the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. <strong>Note:</strong> General Standards/CORE (GS) is required for all categories except Wood Treatment (WT), Ornamental and Turf Pest Control (OTPS), and Right-of-Way Pest Control (ROW).</li>
<li>The Mode of Application (Ground and/or Aerial) must be certified as well, unless otherwise noted.</li>
</ul>
<h1>What states does Alabama have reciprocity with?</h1>
<p>Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, South Carolina, and Tennessee.</p>
<h1>I forgot to get points to recertify my permit. How long do I have after my permit expires?</h1>
<p>For applicators that currently hold certification in a category but have not attained the required amount of points to have it renewed, the permit cannot be expired for more than one year in order to qualify for the recertification exam. After one year, you will have to train and test for the commercial applicator permit category again.</p>
<h1>I have seven categories. Do I have to get 30 points for each category?</h1>
<p>No, you do not need to worry about getting 30 points for all seven categories. You simply need to ensure that when you take a recertification training, it is in one of the categories you hold in order for those points to count. If you take a class in a category you do not hold, the points will not be applied to your recertification points.</p>
<h1>Where do I find the study materials for the general standards?</h1>
<p>Your General Standards study material is included in your manual for study purposes. When you purchase your category specific manual, the information is in the book.</p>
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST514 | Prunus sargentii: Sargent Cherry | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Dennis G. Watson"
] | 2015-04-21 | [] | FL | Skip to main content Skip to main content Prunus sargentii: Sargent Cherry
Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson
## Introduction
With attractive bark, good fall foliage color, and delicate pink blooms, Sargent Cherry is highly recommended for the home and urban landscape. Growing at a moderate rate into a 25 to 40-foot-high, upright-spreading to rounded tree, Sargent Cherry makes an ideal shade tree, spreading as wide as it is tall and casting dense shade below. It is often grown with several multiple trunks or upright branches originating from the same position on the trunk ascending in a graceful fashion. This structure could be somewhat of a problem in ice-storms. Training to develop well-spaced branches along the trunk may help reduce this problem. The attractive cinnamon brown bark has a shiny, almost polished appearance with prominent lenticels arranged around the trunk. In late April or early May the one-inch-wide, pink to deep pink single blooms appear before the new red-tinged leaves unfold. The small, pea-sized fruits which follow are red, ripening to a dark purple in June and July. The fruits are considered inconspicuous due to their size and color but are easily found by birds who quickly devour them. The three to five-inch-long, shiny, green leaves take on various shades of orange, bronze, and red before dropping in late September, often well before other trees which are still green.
Figure 1. Middle-aged Prunus sargentii : Sargent Cherry
Credit: Ed Gilman
## General Information
Scientific name: Prunus sargentii
Pronunciation: PROO-nus sar-JEN-tee-eye
Common name(s): Sargent Cherry
Family: Rosaceae
USDA hardiness zones: 5A through 8A (Fig. 2)
Origin: not native to North America
## Invasive potential: little invasive potential
Uses: shade; street without sidewalk; specimen; parking lot island 200 sq ft; tree lawn 3-4 feet wide; tree lawn 4-6 feet wide; tree lawn > 6 ft wide; highway median
## Description
Height: 25 to 40 feet
Spread: 25 to 40 feet
Crown uniformity: symmetrical
Crown shape: vase, round
Crown density: dense
Growth rate: fast
Texture: medium
## Foliage
Leaf arrangement: alternate (Fig. 3)
Leaf type: simple
Leaf margin: serrate
Leaf shape: elliptic (oval), obovate
Leaf venation: pinnate, brachidodrome
Leaf type and persistence: deciduous
Leaf blade length: 2 to 4 inches, 4 to 8 inches
Leaf color:
green
Fall color:
red, copper, orange, yellow
Fall characteristic: showy
Figure 3. Foliage
## Flower
```
Flower color: pink
Flower characteristics: showy
Fruit
Fruit shape: oval
Fruit length: less than .5 inch
Fruit covering: fleshy
Fruit color: purple, black, red
Fruit characteristics: attracts birds; not showy; fruit/leaves not a litter problem
Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: branches don't droop; showy; typically multi-trunked; thorns
Pruning requirement: needed for strong structure
Breakage: susceptible to breakage
Current year tug color: reddish, brown
Current year twig thickness: medium
Wood specific gravity: unknown
Culture
Light requirement: full sun
Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; acidic; slightly alkaline; well-drained
Drought tolerance: high
Aerosol salt tolerance: moderate
Other
Roots: not a problem
Winter interest: no
Outstanding tree: yes
```
Ozone sensitivity: sensitive
Verticillium wilt susceptibility: susceptible
Pest resistance: resistant to pests/diseases
## Use and Management
Sargent Cherry works well as a street tree (probably the best of the cherries for street planting) in areas which can accommodate the spreading canopy. It can be planted along the entry road to a subdivision or commercial landscape on 20foot-centers or in the tree lawn space between the curb and sidewalk. It is also very effective as a specimen in the lawn or landscape bed.
Sargent Cherry should be grown in full sun on very well-drained, acid soil. Although it grows moderately fast and can reach up to 60 feet tall in the wild, it is relatively short-lived with perhaps a 20-year lifespan, but provides reliable service during this period. Sargent Cherry requires little maintenance once established and is quite tolerant of drought and clay soil.
The cultivar 'Columnarism' has a narrow, upright or columnar silhouette 30 to 40 feet tall by 15 feet wide and is very suitable for tight urban spaces, and along streets.
Propagation is by seed, grafting, or budding.
## Pests and Diseases
This cherry is bothered by tent caterpillars, aphids, borers, and scales. It is probably less susceptible to disease than most other cherries.
Publication #ENH-673
Release Date:
April 22, 2015
Contacts: Michael Andreu
View PDF
## Related Pages
Southern Trees Fact Sheets
676 Publication(s)
Cherry |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry-wildlife/bird-houses-for-songbirds/ | Bird Houses for Songbirds | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Jim Armstrong"
] | 2020-08-12 | [
"Forestry",
"Wildlife",
"Birds",
"Nesting"
] | AL | ## Bird Houses for Songbirds
Bluebirds, robins, chickadees, titmice, wrens, and purple martins adapt easily to using bird houses. They will choose rural or urban yards alike where there is a small patch of suitable habitat. This may consist of homemade bird houses and berry baskets of hair, moss, cotton balls, and yam. Or, it may be a patch of wild garden and trees. The birds' nest building and food gathering provide hours of entertainment to armchair bird watchers.
## Nest Box Construction
Lumber. Almost any grade of untreated lumber can be used to build nest boxes. Several types of wood, however, are more durable and desirable. Treated lumber should not be used for nest boxes. The most durable woods include cypress, cedar, and redwood. Pine, although less durable, is easier to work with and somewhat less expensive than other wood. Exterior-grade plywood can also be used; it is recommended for roof boards, no matter what lumber is used to construct the nest box. Lumber should be at least 34-inch thick to provide insulation for the birds. Nest box dimensions and height for placement are shown in table 1. Construction details of some boxes are shown in figures 1 to 4.
## Print "Table 1. Nest Box Dimensions and Heights for Box Placement" table from our website.
Painting. Painting is not necessary except for purple martin houses or others made of soft wood. Use a water-based exterior latex if the box needs paint. Do not install the box for at least 2 weeks after painting. Light shades of green, gray, and tan are good pieces notice only light colors should be used as coffee cream , may contain overhead and injure eggs and young. Martin condominiums, which are usually placed in cepen i ea es . may i n t e p i u t i n g w i l s b e s r e f : t a v e r i r o n r o n g
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oaçp/privacy.php) for a top-opening songbird nest box
Drainage and Ventilation . Boxes should be ventilated by leaving narrow spaces between the roof and sides or by drilling two ¼-inch holes in the sides. Drainage holes may be drilled in the floor or 38-inch can be cut away from each comer of the floor (figure 2).
## Nesting Baskets
In many urban areas it is difficult for birds to find nesting materials. Light materials placed in hanging berry baskets will be used readily by yard-nesing songbirds. Attach berry baskets to sturdy limbs with nylon cord. Place them out of reach of cats and dogs. Light materials such as dog hair, moss, cotton balls, yarn, and string can be placed in the baskets, and birds will use them throughout the breeding season.
## Tenants for Your Bird Houses
Bluebirds. Eastern bluebirds are one of Alabama's most beautiful year-round residents. The adult males are brilliant blue above and reddish or rust below with a white underbelly. Females are drab versions of the males.
Populations of these birds have grown rapidly over the past few years, mostly in response to people constructing and placing nest boxes. Bluebird trails where boxes are placed along paths through good bluebird habitat have been established in many states. This partially compensates for the loss of preferred nesting sites such as wood fence posts and cavity trees. Before bluebird boxes were erected in great numbers, starlings and house sparrows reduced the bluebird population by competing for and winning available nesting sites.
Bluebirds usually nest along woodland edges of open fields or other open areas. They are often seen along farm fields, golf courses, and pastures. Nest boxes placed along the edges of these areas are preferred nests. A good supply of insects and berries are essential to this songbird. It does not usually feed at bird feeders.
Nest boxes should be placed 3 to 5 feet above ground and at least 25 feet from the nearest tree. Nests should be removed from the boxes after each group of young birds (brood) has left the nest (fledged).
Robins. American robins are not cavity nesters; they are platform nesters. Robins winter in Alabama but generally nest from central Alabama northward to Alaska. Migrating robins pass through Alabama in March on their way to northern nesting grounds.
Robins are fairly large songbirds that are often seen feeding on moist lawns. This bird population has actually grown in response to human development of habitats considered typical for robins. Nowrobins are found in a variety of habitats ranging from deep woodlands to inner city parks, all of which are ready sources for the fruits, berries, insects, and earthworms robins eat.
RobinCookieNoticeSorts of grass, twigs, and mud in orchard trees, shrubs, and on buildings. Highly compatible with human developments. robins will use maramed roosting platforms when avslable.
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oaeprivacywithqual ease in woondland habitats and in close association with human beings. In hot summer months,
Nesting platforms should be placed on a tree or on a pole near a tree 6 to 15 feet above ground. Fairly open areas with protective shading are preferred.
Carolina Chickadees. Carolina chickadees are friendly little birds that sing year-round. They have buzzyChickadee-dee-deee dee calls. Their black caps and bibs, white cheek patches, gray backs, and pale undersides are easily distinguishable from other local songbirds.
Chickadees are not migratory. And, they are common at the early spring in woondland habitats and in close association with human beings. In hot summer months,
however, chickadees will often retreat to the cooler moist woodlands.
Wrens . Carolina wrens and house wrens are small, nonsymorgatory songbirds that can be seen throughout the year in Alabama. Of these two birds, Carolina wrens are an especially desirable yard vesche species they tend to sing year-round.
Their resonant tea kettle song is unmistakable. The distinct white eye lines and buff yellow underparts are characteristic of these wrens. The smaller house wren is more draub, with few distinguishing marks. The song of this species is bubbly but otherwise less distinctive than that of the Carolina wren.
Wrens feed almost exclusively on insects, spiders, and other invertebrates, but, in winter, Carolina wrens will sometimes use bird feeders stocked with small black sunflower seeds or suet.
Carolina wrens and house wrens are attracted to thickets and brush piles bordering open areas. They will often nest in yards near these brush piles. If nest boxes are not available, these birds will nest in almost any available cavity. Carolina wrens are notorious for nesting in any available spot, including hanging potted plants and the pockets of clothing left hanging on the clothesline.
And, wrens are not choosy about man-made nesting places. Clay flower pots with slightly enlarged drainage holes provide excellent nesting cavities for wrens when placed flush with a vertical surface. Coconuts with suitably sized entrance holes (††⁶ inches in diameter) are also readily used.
Wrens frequently construct dummy nests in the immediate vicinity of blackflies Notice nugmy nests may serve to contuse predators or to reduce the changes of other birds nesting nearby.
When houses should be placed £ to £ 13a,i.e., ground on poles (https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) to attract the most wrens.
Figure 3. Construction details for a purple martin communal house
Purple Martins. Although not generally considered a songbird species, purple martins are easy to attract and a favorite yard species in the southeast. These birds are noted for their tremendous appetites for mosquitoes and are well appreciated in most communities.
The fairly large, shiny, bluish-purple martins are migratory, spending the winter in South America. Purple martins send out scouts in mid-February to March to search out potential nest sites; the remaining colony members arrive later. Nest boxes must be erected before the scouts arrive to attract purple martins for a particular season.
Purple martins inhabit open woodlands and field edges, usually near lakes or ponds. They feed on insects. Preferred nesting sites are woodpecker holes, natural tree cavities, caves, and man-made martin condominiums and gourd houses.
Purple martin houses should be placed on poles in fairly open areas 15 to 20 feet above ground. These houses should be taken down and cleaned at the end of the nesting season and then put back in early February before the scouts arrive.
## Predation and Competition
In recent years, staring and house sparrows have developed reputations for competing with cavity nesters for nest sites.
Native birds that can use cavities with small entrance holes (less than 114 inches in diameter) are less likely to suffer from competition from house sparrows. Startlings will prey on nestings of other birds if perch es are placed on the nest boxes or if entrance holes are large enough to allow starlings to reach down into nest boxes. When large populations of sparrows or stallings a a present, nesting structures should be located at least 1,300 feet from human dwellings, barns, or feedlots.
Besides providing nest boxes for songbirds, many homeowners want to do more to attract birds to their yards. Managing the area around your home for birds is simple, especially if traditional gardening is already being done. Plan for available food plants, feeding stations, adequate plant cover, nesting sites, and a year-round supply of water.
## For More Information
For specific information on managing forsiblings, see Garden Birds: How To Attract Birds To Your Garden, by Noble Proctor, Rodale Press.
The songbirds mentioned here are only a few of the many yardnesting species found in Alabama (table 1). To find out more about the nesting requirements and construction of nest boxes for other native birds, see the following publications:
Building Birdhouses and Bird Feeders: A Family Workshop Book, by Ed and Steve Baldwin, Doubleday & Company, Inc.,Attracting, Feeding, and Housing Wild Birds--with Project Plans, by Phyllis Moormon, Tab Books Inc.
| Jim Armstrong , Extension Specialist , Professor, Forestry and Wildlife Sciences |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Reviewed August 2023, Bird Houses for Songbirds, ANR- 0550 |
Download this article as a PDF
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/thaxton-census-profile-2010-2020 | Thaxton Census Profile (2010-2020) | MSU Extension- Pontotoc County | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
» Publications » Thaxton Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Thaxton Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-407 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-407.pdf | View as PDF: P3716-407.pdf |
| Presentation File: thaxton_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Pontotoc County. | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
| Your Extension Experts | Your Extension Experts |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
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| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition | OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition |
## Extension provides training for tourism professionals
NOVEMBER 10, 2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24, 2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23, 2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next > last >
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/logos-vs-labels-whats-the-difference.html | Logos vs. Labels: What’s the Difference? - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Rebecca Bailey",
"Mandy Gross"
] | 2013-01-12 | [] | OK | ## Logos vs. Labels: What's the Difference?
Published Dec. 2013 | Id: FAPC-182
3y Mandy Gross, Rebecca Bailey
Print-friendly PDF (/fact-sheets/print-publications/fapcfood-and-agricultural-products-center/logos-vs-labels-whatsthe-difference-fapc-182.pdf)
Branding is a critical component for any company wanting to have a presence in the marketplace. Not only does branding entail the communications strategy used to communicate our company's message, but it also relates to the emotions consumers have when they come in ·contact with your business. Messaging and communications, as well as marketing and ·romotional materials, work together to create a company's brand.
·ogos and labels are two marketing pieces used to build and communicate your company ·rand. When differentiating between a logo and label, it is easy to confuse the two. While both are vital, must-have elements for any company selling a service or product, they serve two different purposes.
## What is a Logo?
λ logo is a symbol used to identify your company that brings instant public recognition. Logos ·se colors, fonts and images to convey a unique visual identity to represent and communicate ·our brand. This symbol is often used consistently on all marketing materials, including signs, ·aper, promotional items, etc.
Effective logos should offer a combination of identification, distinction and communication of ·our company.
Coca Cola's logo is an example of a text logo.
.itall illustrations: Uses an illustration directly related to what the company does, such as a
A logo identifies your company in the marketplace. It is often your first impression on potential customers. In a visually symbolic way, a logo represents your company :o the outside world.
Distinction: An effective logo will distinguish you from competitors. New products appear in the market each day; an effective logo delivers distinction from other companies for customers to 'ecognize and select.
Communication: Your logo should serve as a communication channel that says something about your company. Every logo says something about the company it represents, whether it is subtle or direct.
=ont-based, literal illustrations and abstract symbols are the three most-used logo types.
=ont-based: Consists solely of the company name in a unique font that makes it stand out, such as Coca-Cola.
Example of a literal illustration logo.
Abstract symbols: Immediately identified with the company's brand and image. This logo :choice is a risky move, as it requires customers to immediately associate your company with :hat symbol. However, established companies often evolve into this once they have built a prominent identity, such as Nike, Apple and Starbucks.
Vike's logo is an example of an abstract symbol.
## What is a label?
λ label is an item attached to a product to inform consumers with a variety of information about :he product and should always display the company's logo.
## The Function of a Label
λ label serves a multitude of purposes. One essential function of a label is to provide potential and existing consumers with information about the product. Labels offer mandatory information 'or packaged food products and state the facts of what is contained in the package. A proper abel should include a principal display panel and an information panel. Labels also function as :he first impression of a product. A label should carry a unique, visually appealing design that
## Principal Display Panel
Î he principal display panel is the part of a label that will first catch a consumer's eye when ô shopping. This panel displays the common name of the product, the net quantity of contents and usually the logo or brand of the product (although the logo is optional and not required by aw).
## Information Panel
Î he information panel includes mandatory elements, including the ingredient listing, name and address of manufacturer, packer or distributor; number of servings, if used; nutrition facts abeling, if used; advisory statements, if needed; disclosure statement; and accompanying nformation (handling information, such as keep refrigerated, frozen, etc.). The information ïanel might also include non-regulatory information, including recipe ideas and the history of ßhe company.
Øxample of a nutrition facts label.
Look of the Label
n addition to providing information, the label also provides consumers with a prior idea about .he contents of the package. The label is one of the first things a consumer will see, basically an invitation for them to purchase your product. Labels with a smart combination of color, fonts and finish are more appealing, offering an eye-catching appeal to consumers.
## Label Design
"form: This is the part where you can be creative with a product label. A label should reflect your company ideals and, although, sometimes more is better, less can be best when it comes to label design. Try to use no more than two fonts on a label, but do use different font sizes to add /ariety. When deciding on colors, try to select a few key colors that will complement the product and tie into your overall brand. Try to have an even balance of content and white space. A :luttered label can be overwhelming and drown out the information you really want customers
. see.
'isfriendly, consumers probably won't waste their time with it. Make sure the label is easy to read and information is easy to find.
## Summary
. ogos and labels work together to accomplish a similar goal - promoting your brand. However, while a logo serves as a symbolic visual identifier for your company, a label is used to provide information about a product or service offered by your company.
## References
Bourn, Jennifer. "What is the Difference Between a Logo and a Brand?" Bourn Creative . www.bourncreative.com(http://www.bourncreative.com). October 2, 2009.
Designmondo. "35 Stylish Wine Label Design Examples."
ttp://designmodo.com/wine-label-designs/(http://designmodo.com/wine-label-designs/). January 18, 2012.
Şillikin, Jason. "Importance of Logos in Business." The Houston Chronicle.
ttp://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-(http://smallbusines.chron.com/importanceogos-business-577.html) logos-business-577.html) 2013.
\Martin, Megan. "What is a Company Logo?" The Houston Chronicle.
ttp://smallbusiness.chron.com/company- (http://smallbusiness.chron.com/company- ogo-3479.html) logo-3479.html) 2013.
Morris, Richard. "Smart Tips for Designing Your Own Food Labels." Hand Picked Nation. January 28, 2013.
My Markets. "Know What a Logo Does." My Markets Logo Designer, 2005.
Scott, Darren, Bowser Timothy, McGlynn, William. "Food Product Labeling Basics: FAPC 'actsheet 140.' Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center. July 2010.
Rebecca Bailey
~APC Communications Graduate Assistant
\andy Gross
~APC Communications Services Manager
Print-friendly PDF ( /fact-sheets/print-publications/fapcfood-and-agricultural-products-center/logos-vs-labels-whatsthe-difference-fapc-182.pdf)
Topics:
Food Products /(topics/business-and-community/food-products/)
New Businesses & Acquisitions (/topics/business-and-community/business-strategy-and-marketing/new-businesess-andacquisitions/)
Packaging & Labeling (/topics/business-and-community/food-products/packaging-and-labeling/)
## Was this information helpful? |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/certification-training-for-operators-of-animal-waste-systems-type-b | Certification Training for Operators of Animal Waste Systems - Type B | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Shaffer Buffington",
"et. al."
] | null | [
"Animal Waste Management",
"Farm Equipment"
] | NC | ## Certification Training for Operators of Animal Waste Systems - Type B
Department
Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2017
Authors
Shaffer
Buffington, et. al.
View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=certificationtraining-for-operators-of-animal-waste-systems-type-b#zoom=page-fit
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This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/lespedeza-types-used-forage-crops-the-southern-us | Lespedeza Types Used as Forage Crops in the Southern U.S. | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Rocky Lemus"
] | null | [
"Forages",
"Agriculture",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Lespedeza Types Used as Forage Crops in the Southern U.S.
## Lespedeza Types Used as Forage Crops in the Southern U.S.
| PUBLICATIONS | | Filed Under: Forages |
|---------------------------|----|------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3208 | | |
| View as PDF: P3208.pdf | | |
| (A) | | |
Lespedeza is usually established as a pure stand or as a companion legume with cool- and warmseason perennial grasses. The seeding rate varies with the type of lespedeza being used (Table 1). When seeding into a warm-season perennial pasture, broadcast or drill seed in late summer or early spring. Adjust seeding rates accordingly if germination is less than 85 percent. If the seed is not preinoculated, inoculate the seed with the recommended rhizobia strand ( Bradyrhizobium spp., EL type inoculant ).
| Lespedezoa type | Approx. # seed/lb | Seeding rate (lb/ac) | Seeding depth (in) | Emergence time (days) | Palatability | Drought tolerance |
|---------------------|---------------------|------------------------|----------------------|-------------------------|----------------|---------------------|
| Korean (annual) | 238,000 | 25-30 | ¼-½ | 14-18 | high | fair |
| Striata (annual) | 200,000 | 30-35 | ¼-½ | 14-18 | high | good |
| Sericea (perennial) | 372,000 | 12-15 | ¼-½ | 15-30 | medium | excellent |
Seed can be broadcast into bermudagrass or bahiagrass pasture in late fall or in mid-April to midMay. Disturbing the existing sod with a light diskbing before broadcasting can increase seed-to-soil contact and improve stand establishment. It is best to use a no-till drilling. During establishment, it is recommended to minimize spring nitrogen application to reduce grass competition. Lespedezas can make excellent hay. Cut when plants reach 30 percent bloom or 12-15 inches in height. Regrowth occurs from the buds in the crop of the plant, so leave a 3- to 5-inch residual height. Pure stands of lespedeza can produce 1-4 tons of dry matter per acre.
There is a misconception that sericea lepesdeza can be "invasive" and unwanted in some ecosystems such as native grasslands. However, a grazing management strategy can reduce its spread by preventing the plant from making seed. Under field conditions, lespedeza does not reproduce vegetatively by roots (rhizomes or stolons) or stem cuttings. Some suppression of sericea has been observed after mowing or burning followed by intensive early stocking with stocker cattle. Lespedeza cannot be grazed or clipped frequently. Grazing should begin when the plant has reached 12 inches and stop at 4 inches stubble height.
Several diseases and pests can cause great losses in lespedeza. Korean lespedeza cultivars are most susceptible to bacterial wilt. Rhizoctonia, powdery mildew, and southern blight are sometimes serious in southern states. Root-knot nematodes can damage annual lespedeza in sandy, Coastal Plain soils. Lespedeza is also a favorable host to other nematodes such as soybean cyst, tobacco stunt, and sting nematode. Although insect damage could be light in lespedeza, insects such as grasshoppers, armyworms, and alfalfa leafhoppers can impact yields and forage quality.
## Types of Lespedeza
## Annual
Annual lespedezas are fine-stemmed, leafy legumes with shallow taproots. Both annual and perennial types grow in a soil pH range of 4.5-7.0. They are short-day legumes that begin flowering in late August and set seed in mid-September to mid-October. When managed properly, annual lespedeza can re-seed itself. Annual lespedeza is more productive in late summer (July to mid-October) and can complement perennial warm-season grasses to improve yield and forage quality.
Flower color in annual lespedeza species range from purple to light pink. Plants can grow to a height of 2-3 feet. Pods contain a single seed that is blue to black and may or may not be mottled. Annual forage production of annual lespedeza in a hay system with low fertility can range from 1 to 2 tons per acre. However, with adequate rainfall and higher soil fertility, yields can exceed 4 tons per acre. Hay can be harvested once or twice a year, with the first cut in mid-to late July when the lower leaves begin to senesce (turn yellow) and the second at first bloom. Crude protein ranges from 12 to 15 percent.
One advantage of annual lespedezas is that, after they are well-established, they can be used in a double-cropping system with annual ryegrass or small grains (wheat, oat, cereal rye, or triticale). In this type of system, ryegrass should be seeded at no more than 15 pounds per acre and other small grains at no more than 60 pounds per acre.
Striata lespedeza ( Kummerowia striata ) is also known as common lespedea or Japanese clover. Seeds are produced where the leaves join the main stem and have a blotched color. Hairs on the stems of striata lespedeza point downward, while hairs on Korean lespedeza point upward. Striata flowers later than Korean lespedeza, and seed production could be reduced by cool temperatures. Varieties include common, Kobe, Marion, and Legend. Kobe is the most common variety on the market. Varieties of this species are high seed producers that re-seed well in pastures. Striata lespedeza has a prostrate growth habit, which makes it better suited for grazing than hay production.
Korean lespedeza ( Kummerowia stipulacea ) tends to have more upright growth and wider, indented and heart-shaped leaflets. It has distinct veins and flowers earlier than striata. The leaves of Korean are broader and the stipules larger than those of striata. Seeds are produced at the ends of branches. Seeds are black and shiny. Korean lespedeza is less tolerant of acid soil and more tolerant of alkaline soil than striata lespedeza. It is adapted to well-drained clay or loamy soil. It is well-suited for hay production because of its upright growth. Summit is the most common Korean-type lespedeza. The three cultivars of Korean are Climax, Harbin, and Rowan.
## Perennial
Sericea lespedeza ( Lespedeza cuneate ) is the only perennial species used for forage production. This species is drought-resistant and can tolerate shade, but it is not well adapted to poorly drained soils. Sericea lespedeza is a shrubby plant that is about 2-5 feet tall. The stem is gray-green, coarse, and single or clustered with several branches. Leaves are trifoliate, club or wedge-shaped, and attached by short petioles. The lower leaf surface has silky hairs. Scale-like stipules are present on the stems. Flowers are yellowish-white with purple to pink markings and appear from mid-July to early October. The flowers occur in clusters of one to three in the upper leaf axils and are ¼ inch long and fused at the base.
Sericea lespedeza is slow to establish with a rather weak seedling stage and should be planted at a rate of 12-15 pounds per acre in a pure stand. It can grow from May to September. Germination and seedling growth are regulated by day length and temperature. Growth increases as day length exceeds 11 hours; maximum growth occurs with 13-15 hours of daylight. The optimum temperature for germination ranges from 68--86°F. It tolerates shade better than the annual species.
To maintain hay quality, sericea should be harvested when it is 12-15 inches tall. Sericea lespedeza is generally high in tannin, which can cause poor acceptance from livestock. Sericea lespedeza is recognized for its high levels of crude protein, but quality is offset by high concentrations of tannins that bind with proteins, leaving them unavailable for digestion. Tannins also reduce the palatability and digestibility of forages. The level of tannins in sericea might also increase with maturity of the
plant, high air temperature, and low rainfall. Livestock readily consume hay containing sericea lepsedeza because field drying decreases the tannin concentration. Some of the most common varieties of sericea lepsedeza include Arlington, Appalow, Cericea, Gasyn, Interstate, Interstate 76, Serala, Serala 76, AU Donnelly, AU Lotan (low levels of tannin and higher digestibility), and AU Grazer (grazing tolerant).
A 49-day feeding trial conducted at Auburn University compared the performance of free choice sericea lepsedeza and bermudagrass hay. A set of 16 weaned steers in each group also received 6 pounds of soyhulls per animal per day. The sericea lepsedeza group had higher ADG and lower hay intake than the bermudagrass hay group (Table 2). The lower intake could be related to tannin concentrations that reduce palatability and digestibility. Some studies have indicated that the consumption of sericea lepesedeza by livestock could help control and reduce gastrointestinal parasite egg counts (chemical anthelmintics properties), reduce methane gas emission (due to tannin concentrations), and improve protein and amino acid utilization in ruminants.
| Hay type | Daily gains (lb/day) | Hay intake (lb) | Supplemental intake (lb) | Total intake (lb) |
|-----------------------|------------------------|-------------------|----------------------------|---------------------|
| Sericea lespedzea hay | 1.5 | 9.2 | 6 | 15.2 |
| Bermudagrass hay | 1.4 | 13.6 | 6 | 19.6 |
| | Sampling times (weeks after parasite challenge) | Sampling times (weeks after parasite challenge) | Parasite eggs per gram of feces | Parasite eggs per gram of feces |
|------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| | | BGH+Concentrate | BGH+Concentrate | SL+Concentrate |
| Pre-trial period | | | | |
| 1 | 300 | 238 | | |
| 2 | 179 | 263 | | |
| 3 | 321 | 88 | | |
| Sampling times (weeks after parasite challenge) | Parasite eggs per gram of feces | Parasite eggs per gram of feces |
|---------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| | BGH+Concentrate | SL+Concentrate |
| 4 | 179 | 207 |
| 5 | 357 | 107 |
| 6 | 221 | 64 |
| 7 | 436 | 36 |
| 8 | 5,150 | 729 |
| Post-trial period | Post-trial period | Post-trial period |
| 9 | 1,314 | 514 |
| 11 | 233 | 0 |
A 2004 study examined the effect on worm egg counts in naturally infected goats that were given an artificial booster infection of Haemonchus contortus larvae and fed a diet of small amounts of concentrate with either sericea lpespedeza or bermudagrass hay (Table 3). During the pre-trial portion, goats grazed on pasture for 3 weeks and then consumed bermudagrass diets for 1 week. During the trial period, half of the animals were switched to sericea llespedeza after week 4 through week 8. During the post-trial period (weeks 8-11), all animals were switched back to the bermudagrass diet.
Results of the study indicated that fecal egg counts (FECs) were lower in the sericea lespedeza diet and that FECs increased over time. On the other hand, in the post-trial period, when goats were switched to the bermudagrass diet, the numbers for the sericea diet were lower, but there was no significant difference compared to the bermudagrass hay diet. This suggests a greater effect on worm fecundity than on worm numbers, which could have a larger effect on reducing pasture contamination.
## References
Ball, D., & Mosjidis, J. (2007). Sericea llespedeza: A pasture, hay, and conservation plant . Alabama Cooperative Extension Service Publication ANR-1318.
Henning,J.C., Taylor,N.L., & Lacefield, G.C.(1992). Growing lpespedeza in Kentucky . University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service Publication AGR-86.
McGraw,R.L., & Joost, R.E.(1995). Phosphorus fertilization increases annual lpespedeza forage and seed yields. Better Crops , 79(2), 10-11.
Philipp,D., & Jennings, J.(2013). Forage lpespedea. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Publication FSA3050.
Ohlenbusch,P.D., & Bidwell, T.(2007). Sericea lpespedeza: History, characteristics, and identification. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Publication MF2408.
Roberts, C.A. (2000). Annual lpespedeza . University of Missouri Cooperative Extension Service Publication G4515.
Shaik, S.A., Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Kouakou, B., Kannan, G., Kallu, R.K., & Mosjidis, J.A. (2004). Effects of feeding sericea lpespedeza hay to goats infected with Haemonchus contortus . South African Journal of Animal Science , 34(1), 248-250.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.). Common llespedeza plant fact sheet . Northeast Plant Materials Program.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.). Korean llespedeza plant fact sheet . Northeast Plant Materials Program.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.). Sericea llespedeza plant guide . Northeast Plant Materials Program.
## Publication 3208 (POD-03-24)
By Rocky Lemus , PhD, Extension/Research Professor, Plant and Soil Sciences.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtem or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY | ▶ |
|------------------------------|-----|
| Authors | |
| Dr. Rocky Lemus | |
| Extension/Research Professor | |
| Fertility, Forage Quali | |
| Your Extension Experts | |
| Dr. Rocky Lemus | |
| Extension/Research Professor | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3396
Forage Establishment in Mississippi: Recommended Seeding Rates, Planting Depths, and Planting Dates for Common Forage Species
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2868
Native Warm-Season Grasses: Establishment Issues
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2726
Prescribed Burning for Pasture Management
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3266
Controlling White Wild Indigo (Baptisia alba) in Forages
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2629
Beef Cattle Grazing Management
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FP593 | Turnera ulmifolia Yellow Alder, Yellow Elder, Ramgoat Dashalong | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Gail Hansen"
] | 2024-02-04 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Turnera ulmifolia Yellow Alder, Yellow Elder, Rangoat Dashalong
Edward F. Gilman, Ryan W. Klein, and Gail Hansen
## Introduction
## General Information
Scientific name: Turrenera u/mjolía
Pronunciation: TERN-er uh-ul mfif-FOLE-lee-uh
Common name(s): yellow elder, yellow elder, ramgoat dashalong
Family: Turrenacerae
Plant type: ground cover
USDA hardiness zones: 9 through 11 (Figure 3)
Planting month for zone 9; year-round
Planting month for zone 10 and II; year-round
Origin: native to Central America, North America, Mexico, South America
Invasive potential: caution - may be recommended by UF/IFAS faculty but should be managed to prevent its escape (reassess in 2 years)
Uses: foundation; border; mass planting; ground cover; tracts butterflies
Availability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range
| Height: 2 to 3 feet | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Spread: 2 to 3 feet | |
| Plant habit: round | |
| Plant density: moderate | |
| Growth rate: moderate | |
| Texture: medium | |
| Foliage | |
| Leaf arrangement: opposite/subpoposite | |
| Leaf type: simple | |
| Leaf margin: serrate | |
| Leaf shape: ovate | |
| Leaf venation: pinnate | |
| Leaf type and persistence: evergreen | |
| Leaf blade length: 2 to 4 inches | |
| Leaf color: green | |
| Fall color: no fall color change | |
| Fall characteristic: not showy | |
| Flower | |
| Flower color: yellow | |
| Flower characteristic: year-round flowering | |
| Fruit | |
| Fruit shape: unknown | |
| Fruit length: unknown | |
| Fruit cover: unknown | |
| Fruit color: unknown | |
| Fruit characteristic: inconspicuous and not showy | |
| Trunk and Branches | |
| Trunk/bark/branches: not particularly showy; typically multi-trunked or clumping stems | |
| Current year stem/twig color: green | |
| Current year stem/twig thickness: medium | |
| Culture | |
| Light requirement: plant grows in part shade/part sun | |
| Soil tolerances: acidic; alkaline; sand; loam; clay | |
Drought tolerance: moderate
Soil salt tolerances: unknown
Plant spacing: 36 to 60 inches
## Other
Roots: usually not a problem
Winter interest: plant has winter interest due to unusual form, nice persistent fruits, showy winter trunk, or winter flowers
Outstanding plant: not particularly outstanding
Pest resistance: very sensitive to one or more pests or diseases which can affect plant health or aesthetics
## Use and Management
Space plants several feet apart to form a ground cover in one season. To thicken the plant, cut stems back when they become leggy to force new branches close to the ground. To use as a low maintenance plant, consider locating alder alone as an accent in a shrub border or in a ground cover to display its natural open habit. It will display its bright yellow flowers on the outside edge of the plant without pruning. Alder seedlings often germinate near the plants and can become weeds in the landscape.
Plant yellow aldher in the full sun or partial shade for best form and flowering. Plants appear to adapt to a variety of soil conditions including alkaline pH and dry sites. Freezing temperatures kill plants to the ground, but warm spring weather brings them back to life in central and south Florida.
## Pests and Diseases
White flies are often found on the foliage. Severe infestations can injure the plants. Aphids and scales can also infest the foliage, but they are usually not too serious.
Publication #/FPS-593
Release Date: February 5, 2024
## IFAS Assessment
Central, North, South
Caution
Caution - manage to prevent escape. May be recommended by IFAS. Will be reassessed in two years.
view assessment
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/dis-fp593-1999
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Claire Lewis Wendy Wilber
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is FPS-593, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Revised October 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https:/ /eisf.asf.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor emeritus; Ryan W. Klein, assistant professor, arboriculture; and Gail Hansen, professor, sustainable landscape design; Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Shrubs Fact Sheets
403 Publication(s) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/bakerco/2021/08/11/houseplant-succulent-plant-sale/ | Houseplant & Succulent Plant Sale | University of Florida | [
"Alicia Lamborn"
] | 2021-08-11 | [
"Events",
"Home Landscapes",
"Work & Life",
"classes and events",
"houseplants",
"indoor gardens",
"succulents"
] | FL | ## Houseplant & Succulent Plant Sale
The Baker County Extension Master Gardener Volunteers are holding a houseplant and succulent sale on Fridays beginning August 13. Available plants include Chinese Evergreen, Kangaroo Paw Fern, Bromeliaids, Silver Squill, Swedish Ivy, Purple Heart, Cast Iron, Sansevieria, and various succulents including Aloes, Gasteria, Haworthia, Sedum, and Senecio. Plants are priced from .50 to $5 with additional information on creating indoor gardens available.
Hours: 9:00 am to 12:00 pm and 1:00 pm to 4:30 pm
Address: 1025 W. Macclenny Ave, Macclenny, FL 32063
Phone: (904) 259-3520
by Alicia Lamborn
Posted: August 11, 2021
Category: Events, Home Landscapes, Work & Life
Tags: Classes And Events, Houseplants, Indoor Gardens, Succulents
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Blue Point Juniper
- Master Gardener Plant Sale - March 27
- Growing Strawberries: Virtual Class & Plant Sale
- Tips For Growing Sweet Corn |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/introducing-children-to-insects-in-childcare-center-gardens | Introducing Children to Insects in Childcare Center Gardens | NC State Extension | [
"Sam Marshall",
"Mary Archer",
"Lucy Bradley"
] | null | [
"Childcare",
"Insects",
"Gardening",
"Education"
] | NC | ## Introducing Children to Insects in Childcare Center Gardens
Local Foods: Childcare Center Production Gardens
Preschool gardens are a great place to introduce children to nature and the important role that insects play in growing food. Most insects are beneficial, pollinating flowers, improving soil, and eating pests. Some insects are both beneficial and harmful. For example, butterflies can be pollinators in their adult form but eat plants in their larval (caterpillar) form. Insects change form dramatically as they grow through their life cycle, so it is important to recognize your friends in each of their life stages.
Although most insects eat plants, many do little harm. Very few insects are pests and even many of the "pests" are ultimately beneficial as food for songbirds. There are a few insects that cause damage to fruit and vegetable gardens; however, it is not desirable, or even possible, to get rid of all pest insects.
## Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) uses a variety of strategies to prevent and reduce pest damage. In IPM, you begin with minor intervention and proceed with additional steps as needed.
- · Cultural : Maximize plant health through the selection of disease-resistant varieties, proper irrigation, and removal of weeds competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients.
- · Mechanical : Use barriers like row covers to prevent access to plants. Remove pests and drop them into soapy water.
- Biological : Gardeners recruit and support natural enemies that feed on insect pests by both including a variety of plants to provide year-round habitat, and minimizing the use of pesticides, many of which kill beneficial as well as pest insects.
- Chemical : Use pesticides to kill insects.
Children can learn to identify and help manage insect pests in the garden.
Place a leaf with the eggs of a pest insect in a jar and encourage the children to watch as the bugs progress through their life cycle. Once the eggs hatch, keep them in the jar and feed them leaves of the type of plant that the eggs were found on.
Most insects are fascinating and beneficial, though a few are pests. Learn to recognize insects in all their life stages so you will know which are friends to celebrate and which are foes to manage. When pests are identified, intervene early using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to minimize damage.
EXTENSION
## Common Beneficial Insects Found in Childcare Food Gardens
Lady Beetle
There are more than 400 different species of lady beetles in North America, many of which eat aphids, cabbageworm eggs, and other soft-bodied insect pests.
## Lacewing
Lacewing larvae and adults eat aphids, mites, and scale insects.
## Common Pests of Vegetable Plants
Pests of Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collards, and Kale Imported Cabbageworm
- · When to look : Frequently throughout the growing season. Cabbageworms may have up to eight different generations in one season!
- · Where to look : Monitor for adults hovering around plants and inspect the undersides of leaves closely for individual, bullet-shaped eggs that are pale white in appearance. Magnification may be necessary since eggs are between only 0.5 and 1 mm in diameter.
## Pests of Squash and Pumpkins Squash Bug
- · When to look : Late afternoon and early evenings in the late spring and early summer.
Bronze- and copper-colored eggs are laid in early summer.
- · Where to look : The tops and undersides of leaves.
- · How to manage : Remove and destroy leaves with eggs. Drop bugs into a cup of soapy water. Lay newspaper on the ground around plants. Squash bugs hide under newspapers at night, and can be removed and destroyed the following day.
## Squash Vine Borer
- · When to look : Early summer
- · Where to look : Hovering around squash plants, particularly around the base of the plant.
- · How to manage : Floating row covers, but remove them when plants bloom to invite pollinators. If plants wilt and do not recover overnight, remove and destroy plants to eliminate borers. Rotate squash (cucurbit) plants to different beds each year as adults overwinter in the soil near host plants. Scrape off any eggs.
## Pests of Tomatoes, Eggplants, and Peppers Tobacco and Tomato Hornworm
- · When to look : Eggs are laid in late spring and larvae become active in early summer.
- · Where to look : Caterpillars feed on softer parts of the plant, leaving behind only the midrib.
- · How to manage : Remove caterpillars and drop them into a cup of soapy water. Caterpillars with white, barrel-shaped structures on their backs have been parasitized by a beneficial, nonsistinging wasp and should not be removed. These wasps help control hornworm populations.
Squash bug nymph
Attribution: Matt Bertone
An adult hornworm
Attribution: Andy Reagan & Chrissy McClarren, Flick, CC-BY
## Fun with Insects
## Books
- · How to Build an Insect by Roberta Gibson
- · The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle
## Videos
- · "Insects Are My Life by Megan McDonald." Iredell Museums Kids! January 19, 2021. Video.
- "Guess the Insect By: Kari Nogel." ELC-EVCC. April 26, 2021. Video.
## Activities
- · Entomological Explorations Everywhere
## · Busy World of Bees
- Insects in the Garden
## Resources
- The NC State Natural Learning Initiative
- Information on Insects
- NC State Extension Gardener: Insect Information for Gardeners
- North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
- Chapter 4: Insects
- Chapter 8: Integrated Pest Management
- Garden Help Directory - Contact the local N.C. Cooperative Extension center in your county.
## Acknowledgments
Funding for this publication was provided in part by the John Rex Endowment.
The authors would like to thank Melissa Bell, Research Associate, Center for Environmental Farming Systems Field Research, Education and Outreach Liaison, NC State University, for their management of the review process.
This publication was developed in partnership with the Natural Learning Initiative in the College of Design at North Carolina State University.
## About the Local Foods Series: Childcare Center Production Gardens
This publication in the Local Foods series is the ninth of fifteen publications about childcare center production gardens:
Growing and Cooking Fruits and Vegetables at Childcare Centers (LF-007-01)
- Creating Childcare Center Production Gardens (LF-007-02)
- Growing Warm-Season Fruits and Vegetables in Childcare Production Gardens (LF-007-03)
- Growing Cool-Season Vegetables in Childcare Production Gardens (LF-007-04)
- Snacking and Cooking with Warm-Season Produce from Childcare Production Gardens (LF-007- 05)
- Snacking and Cooking with Cool-Season Produce from Childcare Production Gardens (LF-007- 06)
- Composting in Childcare Center Production Gardens (LF-007-07)
- Vermicomposting in the Childcare Center Production Gardens (LF-007-08)
- Introducing Children to Insects in Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-09)
- Easy Fruits to Grow at Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-10)
- Growing Strawberries in Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-11)
- Managing Weeds in Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-12)
- Growing Fruit Trees in Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-13)
- Growing Muscadines in Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-14)
- Growing Blueberries in Childcare Center Gardens (LF-007-15)
## Authors
## Sam Marshall
Area Specialized Agent, Ornamental Nursery & Greenhouse, Western Region NC State Extension
## Mary Archer
Design Research Associate, Natural Learning Initiative College of Design
## Lucy Bradley
Professor and Extension Specialist, Consumer and Community Horticulture Horticultural Science
Publication date: July 27, 2023
LF-007-09
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/vtmd/leptospirosis-vtmd-9130.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20180601144213-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service VTMD-9130
## Leptospirosis
Elisabeth J. Giedt, D.V.M., M.B.A. Director of Continuing Education, Extension and Community Engagement
Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University
## What is Leptospirosis?
Leptopirosis is a potential serious illness caused by the bacteria Leptospira, which can affect both people and animals. The Leptospira bacteria are present worldwide, with more than 200 known serovars (strains) infecting mammals. These bacteria are carried in the urine of infected animals such as rodents, pigs, cattle, dogs and many wildlife species. If urine from an infected animal is deposited or drains into a body of fresh water (lake, river, stream, etc.) or soil, the bacteria can survive there for weeks to months, according to the Center for Disease Control.
People and animals are usually infected with these bacteria from drinking or swimming in contaminated water or direct contact with fluids or tissues of infected animals.
## Where Can it Be Found?
Leptopirosis is more common in areas with warm climates and high annual rainfall, but it can occur anywhere. Slow moving and stagnant water can harbor the bacteria. It can also be contracted from wet, shaded grass or along banks of rivers and lakes.
## What Animals Are at Risk?
Dogs are most commonly affected. This disease is rare in cats. It has been reported in cattle and horses in the U.S. Common risk factors for leptospiriosis in dog's residing in the U.S. include:
- · Exposure to or drinking from rivers, lakes or streams
- · Roaming on rural properties because of exposure to potentially infected wildlife, farm animals or water sources
- · Exposure to wild animal or farm animal species, even if in the backyard
- · Contact with rodents or other dogs (such as in urban dog parks)
## Are People at Risk?
Notonlycan this disease be spread from animals to people, but people may be exposed in their environment through soil and water as mentioned above. Infection can cause flu-like symptoms and cancause liver and kidney disease. In theU.S., most cases of human leptospirosis result from recreational
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
activities involving water. Infection resulting from contact with a pet, wild animal or livestock is much less common, but it is possible.
## Transmission
Leptospirosis is spread through contact with water, soil, vegetation or any part of a moist environment contaminated by urine or tissue of infected animals or humans. These bacteria can be inactivated by drying, but can survive in a moist environment for weeks or months. Humans and animals can become infected through direct contact with infected urine or other body tissues.
- The Leptospira organism can enter the body through:
- · broken skin (cut or scratch)
- mucous membranes (lining of the mouth, eyes, nose or genitalia)
- ingestion of contaminated water or food or eating infected tissues or carcasses
If an animal is infected with a type of Leptospira that is adapted to that species of animal, then the animal will not show clinical signs of illness, but will excrete the bacteria in its urine for months or even years contaminating the environment. Animals will show clinical signs of leptospirosis when infected with a type to which it is not adapted.
## Clinical Signs in Dogs
Clinical signs of leptospirosis in dogs can vary in severity based on the strain of bacteria, geographic location and how the dog's immune system reacts to the infection. Some dogs show no signs of illness, some have a mild transient illness and recover spontaneously, while others develop severe illness and death. Signs can be very nonspecific and include:
- • fever
- lethargy
- • lack of appetite
- depression
- vomiting and diarrhea
- muscle pain and reluctance to move
- weakness
- increase thirst
- changes in frequency and amount of urine
- yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes
The disease can cause kidney failure and liver failure and bleeding disorders associated with blood tinged vomit, urine, stool or saliva.
Clinical signs of leptospirosis in livestock like cattle, sheep, and horses can vary from fever and loss of appetite to signs of kidney and liver damage. Leptospirosis can also cause abortions, still births and premature births in several species including horses and cattle.
## Diagnosis
In addition to the physical examination, your veterinarian may recommend radiographs and ultrasound examination, and testing that identifies antibody production and DNA of the organism. Leptospira infection is confirmed by clinical signs and laboratory tests performed on blood and urine.
Starting proper antibiotic therapy early in the course of leptospirosis will reduce the spread of the disease and minimize the severity of liver and kidney damage. Pets may have to be hospitalized to receive intensive or supportive care especially in the moderate to severe stages of leptospirosis.
## Prevention
There are approved vaccines available for pigs, cattle and dogs to protect against some of the most common strains of Leptospira. Your veterinarian is the best source of recommendations for the appropriate vaccination schedule for your animals.
Reducing your pet's exposure to possible sources of the Leptospira bacteria can reduce it chances of infection.
- · Avoid letting your dog drink from or swim in rivers, lakes, ponds, marshy areas or slow-moving or stagnant water.
- · Minimize contact with wildlife, farm animals and rodents, including carcasses.
## What if my Dog is Diagnosed with Leptospirosis?
If a dog is diagnosed with leptospirosis, take the following precautions advised by the Oklahoma State Department of Health:
- · Administer antibiotics properly as prescribed by your veterinarian.
- · Always wear gloves when handling the dog, cages, bowls, or other items that may be contaminated with urine. It is recommended to wash and disinfect any urine or fluid stained areas or items with a 10percent household bleach (1 part bleach to 9 parts warm water). But remember even diluted bleach may permanently discolour wood laminate floors, carpet and upholstery.
- · Segregate the infected dogs isolated from other animals. Test all other dogs in the household and property for leptospirosis.
- · Take the dog to an isolated and confined area to urinate.
- This area should not be accessible to other dogs or children and should be away from, ponds, creeks or pools.
- · Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling or playing with the dog.
- · If any person in the household develops flu-like symptoms, consult a physician as soon as possible and inform of possible leptospirosis exposure.
## For more information visit:
Oklahoma State Department of Health: http://www.ok.gov/ health/Disease, Prevention, Preparedness/Acute Disease Service/Disease Information/Leptospirosis.html
American Veterinary Medical Association: www.avma.org
American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine: www.acvim.org | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/juniper-tip-dwarf-mite | Juniper Tip Dwarf Mite | NC State University | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"PDIC",
"Mite"
] | NC | ## Juniper Tip Dwarf Mite
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Juniper tip dwarf mites, Trisetacus juniperinus , are in the family of eriophyid mites. They have two pairs of legs at the front of the elongate, spindle-shaped body. The body is circled by numerous rings. These mites are virtually microscopic, but can be seen with a 10X hand lens. They have three setae on the prodorsal shield (hence the name Trisetacus ). The scissor-like mouth parts are located in a groove on top of a frontal protrusion. Juniper tip dwarf mites feed by piercing the needles or buds of junipers and injecting their saliva. They then suck out the contents of the cells in the vicinity of the feeding wound. Females lay relatively large eggs from which hatch first nymphs. These incredibly small mites feed and molt into second nymphs that feed and eventually molt into adult mites. These mites can develop from eggs to adults in one week under favorable conditions. Hot weather often has a deleterious effect on eriophyid mites perhaps because it favors the development of a parasitic fungus, Hirsutella thompsonii .
## Host Plants
Juniper is apparently the only host of the juniper tip dwarf mite. Some varieties are sensitive to eriophyid mite saliva and respond in several ways. A few junipers are apparently sensitive enough that the buds die after enough mites have fed in them. Other junipers develop funny-looking growth that resembles herbicide injury.
This mite is called the jumper tip dwarf mite because it stunts the tips of junipers, not because the mite is small of stature.
Attribution: Photo by J.R. Baker, NC State University
## Residential Recommendations
Strangely enough, eriophyid mites are sensitive to the pesticide Sevin. Horticultural oils are also effective for mite control. Because juniper tip dwarf mites wedge under the scales of buds, they can be relatively difficult to eradicate so a second application two weeks later is a good idea.
## Other Resources
- An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities Caused by Eriophyid Mites in North America. Keifer, H.H., et al. 1982. USDAARS Agr. Handbook No. 573. 178 pages.
- Control of Juniper Tip Dwarf Mite. Cowles, R. S. 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 26 (1). G47.
- Horticultural Oils for Ornamental Plants. Franks, S. et al. 2018. Entomology Insect Notes, NC State Extension Publications.
- Relationships between eriophyoid mites and their host plants , with a case review of Eriophyoidea fauna of China. Hong, X. et al. 2001. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 6 (1):119136.
Review of species of Trisetacus (Aciari: Eriophyoidea) from North America,with comments on all nominate taxa in the genus. Smith, I. M. 1984. Canadian Entomologist 116 (9): 1157-1211.
- Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Jan. 28, 2019
Reviewed/Revised: Nov. 9, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2024/10/17/the-spooky-bug-brigade-millipedes/ | The Spooky Bug Brigade: Millipedes | University of Florida | [
"Jackie Lebouitz"
] | 2024-10-17 | [
"Conservation",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Home Management",
"Natural Resources",
"Pests & Disease",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Wildlife",
"beneficial",
"bugs",
"crawlies",
"creepy",
"Halloween",
"Integrated Pest Management",
"IPM",
"Pgm_Chemicals",
"scary",
"spooky",
"thespookybugbrigade"
] | FL | ## The Spooky Bug Brigade: Millipedes
As our community continues to recover from recent storms, find helpful resources and information at tinycc\_ufsaraext\_disasterprep.tinycc/saraco\_disasterprep , and scgov.net/government/emergency-services/storm .
This blog is part of a multi-part series. To meet other members of "The Spooky Bug Brigade," visit our blog's landing page.
## Millipedes (Diplopoda)
```
```
## Description
Contrary to popular belief, millipedes do not have a "thousand legs," like the prefix implies. In fact, the number of legs a millipede has is entirely dependent on the species. They typically have anywhere from 40 to 400 legs, but one species from western Australia, Eumillipes personhe, has been found to have as many as 1,306 legs. What makes a millipede different from a centipede is the pairs of legs per body segment. Millipedes have two pairs per segment, while centipedes only have one. Another big difference is that centipedes have biting mandibles, while millipedes do not. Millipedes are also known to curl up in a ball when threatened or dying.
```
Bumblebee millipended(Anadenobolus monilicornis)incurledposition
Credit:Lyle Buss,UF/IFAS
```
There are dozens of species present in Florida, with the most common being the bumblebee millipede ( Anadenobolus monilicornis ), rusty millipede ( Trigonius corallinus ), and the Florida ivory millipede ( Chicobolus spingeriu ). The former two are invasive, while the latter is native to the state.
## Services
Though sometimes a nuisance in the home, millipedes should be a welcome visitor to the garden. As detritivores, they break down organic matter, like leaves, wood, and fruit, and recycle those nutrients back into the earth. That means that millipedes help increase the health of your soil!
## Habitat
Millipedes need moisture and survive. Since they feed on decaying organic matter, millipedes can be found in compost piles, under mulch in landscape beds, under rocks and logs, and in topsoil. When they do come inside your home, it is often because their home was recently flooded. Excess moisture from recent rainfall or irrigation can fill in any air gaps present in the soil, making it difficult for soil-dwelling organisms to breathe. This forces them out to seek dry land. Often times, this is the nearest structure they can find.
When millipedes gather inside your home, you can use a broom and dustpan to sweep them up and relocate them outside. If they have already dried up and died, you can use a vacuum for convenient disposal. To prevent future infestations, take care to limit possible entry points. Use weatherstripping to close gaps around doors and windows, and seal any cracks and crevices around your foundation.
## Fun Fact
Some species are known to emit a defensive compound that contains trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide! While not deadly, it can certainly be irritating to the skin. Always handle millipedes with caution, taking care not to pick any up with your bare hands - especially if you don't know what it's capable of.
This millipede has the need for feed. Credit: Varunee Somwat from Getty Images Signature; designed in Canva
Learn more about the many-legged millipede by clicking here.
## Resources
- · UF/IFAS Featured Creatures:
https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/
- · UF/IFAS Insect ID Lab: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/insectid/
- · IPM Florida: https://imp.ifas.ufl.edu/
- · UF/IFAS Extension Sarasota County, Chemicals in the Environment: https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasota/naturalresources/chemicals-in-the-environment/
## Credits
- · Featured image: Cristina Carrizosa, UF/IFAS
- · Photos: Credited in caption
- · Graphics: Designed in Canva
## 3
by Jackie Leboutz
Posted: October 17, 2024
Category: Conservation, Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Home Landscapes, Home Management, Natural Resources, Pests & Disease, Pests & Disease, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension, Wildlife Tags: Beneficial, Bugs, Crawlies, Creepy, Halloween, Integrated Pest Management, IPM, Pgm -Chemicals, Scary, Spooky, Thespookybugbruggrade |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2012/10/27/conserving-energy-start-by-turning-off-the-lights/ | Conserving Energy: Start by turning off the lights! | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2012-10-27 | [
"Conservation"
] | GA | ## Conserving Energy: Start by turning off the lights!
Written by
October 27, 2012
Pamela Turner
I am writing this blog posting on my birthday, so I will take this opportunity to wish myself a happy birthday. :)
Now on to the topic. I have been looking forward to sharing what I learned at an energy workshop I recently attended in Montana. It was great! Colleagues in Cooperative Extension from around the country participated in the workshop. I saw old friends and made new ones. Montana State University (MSU) Extension designed an educational tool called E3A (Exploring Energy Efficiency and Alternatives). Central to E3A is an energy pyramid which is a great visual tool. It reminds us that some of the best actions we can take often cost very little.
The foundation of the pyramid is essentially "knowing what you want." You should look at your energy use and decide what actions do you want to take. Most of us can conserve energy in one way or another by just using less energy and water in our home. Lights can be switched off when you leave the room. You can plug electronics into a surge protector that you turn off when not using the electronics. Even the simple action of replacing a light bulb with a compact fluorescent lamp can make a difference. There are so many different types of lights to choose from. Surely one of those energy saving LED or CFL lamps will meet your needs.
## Selection of Lights
The second level of the energy pyramid step focuses on energy efficiency. How can you make your energy use more efficient? These are things like buying EnergyStar appliances, adding timers to your lights, and adding insulation. Insulation is one of your best investments and there are many different types to choose from (www.doe\_insulation). Cellulose insulation is commonly used when adding insulation to an existing home.
At the very top of the pyramid are alternative energy sources like wind, solar, biodiesel, microhydropower and anaerobic digesters. The Cooperative Extension Home Energy and Farm Energy communities do a good job of explaining some of these alternative energy sources.
Home Energy (https://www.extension.org/pages/27237/alternative-energy-systems-for-normes)
Farm Energy (https://www.extension.org/pages/26624/farm-energy-community-page.)
HORES THE PROFESSION THAT FURSE IS A WITELY IT K... 'ENGLISH ELECTRIC'IT
WX
Women everywhere are delighted with the new Superspeed Iron
SUPERSPEED IRON
The workshop was held at the Montana Weatherization Center and taught by MSU Extension professionals - Sarah Hamlin and Mike Vogel. They did a great job! The Montana Weatherization Center is a phenomenal training facility on energy, weatherization, lead and healthy housing issues. They even provide a glimpse into the past with reprints of old advertisements on the walls and in the bathrooms. And of course, Montana is just beautiful.
```
```
Posted in: Conservation
Tags: conservation,energy,Extension, green,Healthy Homes, Home Energy, Montana State University, UGA, UGAAGreenWay,Weatherization
Pamela Turner
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN155 | Deer Flies, Yellow Flies and Horse Flies, Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Tabanidae) | University of Florida | [
"J. M. Squitier"
] | 2021-09-20 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Deer Flies, Yellow Flies and Horse Flies, Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Tabanidae)
J. M. Squitier
The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as academic audiences.
## Introduction
The family Tabanidae, commonly known as horse flies and deer flies, contains pests of cattle, horses, and humans. In Florida there are 35 species of Tabanidae that are considered economically important. Horse flies are in the genus Tabanus and deer flies are in the genus Chrysops . The yellow fly , Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius), is known in Florida as a fierce biter. Like mosquitoes, it is the female fly that is responsible for inflicting a bite. The males are mainly pollen and nectar feeders. Tabanids are most likely encountered in hot summer and early fall weather. They are active during daylight hours.
Distribution
Horse flies and deer flies are world wide in distribution. They are, however, unreported in Hawaii, Greenland, and Iceland. In the United States, Florida produces a large population of tabanids because of the availability of suitable habitat. Florida's mild climate and large, permanently wet and undeveloped areas provide good breeding areas.
## Description
## Eggs
Eggs are laid in masses ranging from 100 to 1000 eggs. Eggs are laid in layers on a vertical surface, such as overhanging foliage, projecting rocks, sticks, and aquatic vegetation. Aquatic vegetation is preferred. A shiny or chalky secretion, which aids in water protection, often covers eggs. The vertical surfaces on which the eggs are deposited are always directly over water and wet ground favorable to the development of larvae. The female will not deposit egg masses on vegetation that is too dense. Eggs are initially a creamy white color but soon darken to gray and black. Eggs are cylindrical in shape and
measure from 1 to 2.5 mm in length. Eggs hatch in five to seven days, depending upon ambient weather conditions, and the larvae fall to the moist soil and water below.
## Larvae
Larvae use a hatching spine to break out of the egg case. The larvae are aquatic, semi-aquatic or terrestrial. Chrysops spp. are termed "hydrobions" and are found in areas with high water content. Tabanus spp. prefer drier substrates and are "hemi -hydrobions". The larvae taper at each end and are usually whitish in color, but also can be brownish or green depending on the species. Black bands are found around each segment of the body in many species. The larva breathes through a tracheal siphon located at their posterior end. The larva has a small head and 11 to 12 additional segments. Larvae pass through six to nine stadia. The time spent in the larval stage can last from a few months to a year. The larvae of Chrysops feed upon organic matter in the soil. Tabanus spp. feed upon insect larvae, crustaceans, and earthworms. Even though the Tabanus spp. are considered to be carnivorous and cannibalistic, reports of as many as 120 larvae per square yard have been found. The larva moves into the upper 2.5 to 5.0 cm of the soil, where it is drier, when it is ready to pupate. Within two days after moving to the surface the pupal stage is reached.
The pupae are brown colored, rounded anteriorly, tapered posteriorly, and have leg and wing cases attached to the body. There is a row of spines encircling each abdominal segment. A pupal "aster" consisting of six pointed projections is located at the apex of the abdomen. The pupal stage generally lasts from two to three weeks.
Figure 6. Adult female deer fly, Chrysops pikei Whitney.
Figure 8. Adult horse fly, Tabanus sp. Credit: James Castner, University of Florida
## Life Cycle
Adult tabanids are encountered in Florida between the months of May and September. Most species overwinter in the larval stage and pupate during the spring and early summer. An egg mass has been found as early as May 5 and as late October 13. Most have a year-long life cycle, but some larger species may take two or three years. Adult life span is 30 to 60 days.
## Damage
Tabanids lie in wait in shady areas under bushes and trees for a host to happen by. Sight is the main host-finding mechanism, but carbon dioxide and odor also play a role. Moving objects, especially if dark colored, are most prone to attack. Attacks occur during daylight hours with a peak beginning at sunrise and lasting three hours. A second peak is two hours before sunset and commences shortly after. Attack frequency is low on overcast days or at temperatures below 22°C and above 32°C. On livestock, biting occurs on the abdomen, legs, and neck. Tabanids inflict deep wounds that cause a flow of blood. The mandibles and maxillae penetrate the skin in a scissor-like action. Anticoagulants in the saliva are pumped into the wound and the blood is ingested through the sponging labella. Pathogens may be transmitted from flies that are disturbed while feeding on one animal and beginning on another. It is known that deer flies can mechanically vector Tularemia and Loa loa, and horse flies transmit Anthrax. Fly attacks result in lowered gains and low milk production in livestock animals. In 1976, estimated losses in the United States were at 40 million dollars. One cattle ranch in Kentucky lost an average 100 lb. per animal due to tabanids. It is not uncommon to see as many as 100 flies feeding on an animal at one time. Twenty to thirty flies feeding for six hours are capable of taking 100 cc of blood.
## Biological Control
There are no effective biological control programs for controlling tabanids. There are native beneficial insects that target tabanids. Eggs are parasitized by such Hymenopteran families as Trichogrammatidae, Scelionidae, and Chalcididae. Diapriidae and Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), and Bombyliidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitize the larvae and pupa. Tabanid adults are used as provisions for nest building wasps. Cattle egrets and killdeer are also tabanid feeders.
## Management
Currently there are no adequate means for managing populations. Traps are sometimes effective in small areas such as yards, camping sites, and swimming pools. Trapping of nuisance flies has reduced their numbers on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Traps have been effective when used around cattle that are confined to manageable areas.
Some traps are black and shiny balls. The flies are attracted to these objects as the wings move them. Malaise traps can catch large numbers of flies by simply being in their flight paths or by the use of attractants, such as CO$\_{2}$ and octenol. These traps are mostly useful for sampling. For personal protection, long sleeve shirts and pants in combination with a repellent containing diethylotulamide (DEET), citronella, or geraniol are effective. For livestock, pyrethroid pour-ons function as limited repellents. Self-application methods are not effective for horse flies. Ear tags and head collars impregnated with insecticides have had success in control. For removal trapping, recent research has shown that blue cylinders (inverted cups, for example) coated with sticky material and attached to slow moving (
Figure 10. Attractant trap, with black sphere, used to lure biting flies. Credit: Andy Rasmussen, Florida A&M University
Fairchild GB, Weems Jr HV. 1973.
Fasulo TR, Kern W, Koheer PG, Short DE. (2005). Pests In and Around the Home. Version 2.0. University of Florida/IFAS. CD-ROM. SW 126.
Fasulo TR. (2002). Bloodsucking Insects and Filth-feeding Flies. UF/IFAS. CD-ROM. SW 156.
Foster CA, Renuad GD, Hays KL. 1973. Some effects of the environment on oviposition by Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae). Environmental Entomology 2: 1048-1050.
French FE, Kline DL. 1989. l-octen-3-ol, an effective trap attractant for Tabanidae (Diptera). Journal of Medical Entomology 26: 459-461.
French FE, Hagan DL. 1995. Two-tier box trap catches Chrysops atlanticus and C. fuliginosus (Diptera: Tabanidae) near a Georgia salt marsh. Journal of Medical Entomology 32: 197-200.
Hansens EJ, Robinson JW. 1973. Emergence and movement of the saltmarsh deer flies Chrysops fluginosus and Chrysops atlanticus . Annals of the Entomological Society of America 66: 1215-1218.
Harwood RF, James MT. 1979. Entomology in Human and Animal Health. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. 548 pp.
Herms WB. 1961. Medical Entomology. The Macmillan Co., New York. 582 pp.
Jones CM, Anthony DW. 1964. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Florida. U.S.D.A. Bulletin 1295: 1-85.
Logothetis C, Schwardt HH. 1948. Biological studies on the horse flies of New York. Journal of Economic Entomology 41: 335-336.
Mckeever S, French FE. 1997. Fascinating, beautiful, blood feeders. American Entomologist 43: 217-225.
Mizell RF. (December 1998). The trolling deer fly trap. UF/IFAS Pest Alert. http://entomology.ifas.uf.edu/pestalterallderfly.htm (December 1998).
Pechuman LL. 1973. Horse flies and deer flies of Virginia (Diptera: Tabanidae). Virginia Research Division Bulletin 81: 19.
Riley WA, Johansen OA. 1938. Medical Entomology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 483 pp.
Tashiro H, Schwartz HH. 1949. Biology of the major species of horse flies of central New York. Journal of Economic Entomology 42: 269-272.
Wall R, Shearer D. 1997. Veterinary Entomology. Chapman & Hall, New York. 439 pp.
Wilson BH. 1968. Reduction of Tabanid populations on cattle with sticky traps baited with dry ice. Journal of Economic Entomology 61: 827-829.
## Publication #EENY-028
## Release Date:
September 21, 2021
DOI: doi.org/10.32473/edis-in155-2003
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Elena Rhodes
About this Publication
This document is EENY-028, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 1998. Revised October 2017 and June 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ifa s.ufl.edu/creatures/.
## About the Authors
J.M. Squitier, former graduate assistant, Entomology and Nematology Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Featured Creatures collection
Tabanidae
772 Publication(s) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/leaping-lizards | Leaping Lizards | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"NA"
] | null | [
"Youth Wildlife Projects",
"Wildlife",
"4-H",
"Herpetology",
"Lizard"
] | NC | ## Leaping Lizards
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Youth Wildlife Projects
Publication Date
Jan. 1, 2001
Authors
□ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/bviewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=leaping-lizards#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page
NC STATE EXTENSION |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/rutherford-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Rutherford County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Local Food",
"Local Food Economies"
] | NC | ## Rutherford County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer
July 23, 2020
authors
noah ranells
laura lauffer
authors
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=rutherfordag-census-infographic-2017#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/2023/soybean-disease-update-august-2023.html | Soybean Disease Update - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Maira Duffeck"
] | 2023-07-08 | [] | OK | ## Soybean Disease Update
Published Aug. 2023 |
Id: EPP-22-17
By Maira Duffeck
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Soybean fields in Oklahoma are suffering from the high temperatures and lack of rainfall experienced in the state in the last weeks. I have observed many fields with herbicide injury symptoms often mistaken for diseaserelated problems. Besides the herbicide injury, few plant diseases have been observed, and the fields look very clean. However, scouting the fields regularly is the key to identifying problems early on, and it's essential to guide management decisions based on the goal of keeping the crops healthy and economic feasibility.
Considering the current extreme weather conditions currently experienced in the state, soybean growers need to pay attention to diseases favored by drought stresses, such as Charcoal rot. This disease was already observed in a soybean field in Mayes County on August 01st at very low incidence.
Charcoal rot: This disease is commonly observed throughout the soybean growing seasons in Oklahoma. The fungal pathogen that causes this disease, Macrophomina phaseolina, infects the plants early in the growing season; symptoms may not develop unless the infected plants are suffering from hot and dry conditions. The charcoal rot fungus survives in the soil, and the plant residue as very small, hard, black structures known as microsclerotia (Figure 1A). These tiny structures of the fungus survive on the soil, and it's how the pathogen starts new infections in soybean plants in the following seasons. When soybean roots come into contact with the microsclerotia, the latter germinates and infects the soybean roots. Plants infected early in the season usually do not display symptoms until mid-season or later.
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Symptoms of charcoal rot in the field include patches of plants showing reduced vigor, yellowing, and wilting. The premature death of plants with the leaves still attached is a common symptom of this disease. Another way to identify this disease in the field is to look for the presence of microsclerotia in the lower stem and roots of the soybean plants. The microsclerotia resembles a sprinkling of powdered charcoal in the diseased tissue, hence the name charcoal rot. It's important for growers to know that microsclerotia are very small structures with less than 1/25 of an inch (1 mm). Internal stem discoloration can also be observed. Since this disease is associated with stressed plants, the incidence of
charcoal rot can be reduced through proper fertilization, weed control, and irrigation. Like irrigation management, avoiding excessive seeding rates can help to reduce crop stress and minimize symptoms of yield loss to charcoal rot. Crop rotation with poor hosts, such as cotton or small grains, for one to two years, can help minimize yield loss due to charcoal rot. Although corn and sunflowers are hosts for the pathogen, research has shown that there are strains of the fungus that have host preferences. For instance, some strains prefer soybeans, while others prefer corn or sunflowers. Therefore, rotation with any other crop can be beneficial, and the longer the rotation, the better. So far, complete resistance to charcoal rot in soybean cultivars is unavailable. However, partial resistance to this disease is available in cultivars adapted to southern climates (maturity groups IV and later). Please contact your local county extension office for current information.
Learn more about Charcoal (https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/encyclopedia/charcoal- rot in rot -of-soybean) soybeans.
Phytophthora stem and root rot is favored by soil temperatures above 60°F and high soil moisture levels. Wet, waterlogged, compacted soils are more prone to develop this disease. Symptoms of this disease generally occur during or shortly after waterlogged soil conditions.
The pathogen that causes this disease, Phytophthora sojae , can infect soybean plants at any growth stage, from seed to maturity. Symptoms observed in the early season include seed rot, pre-and postemergence seedling blight, and damping-off. However, no seedling disease symptoms were reported in Oklahoma in the 2023 growing season. However, on older plants, the symptoms of Phytophthora root and stem rot include the formation of dark-brown lesions on the lower stem that extends up from the taproot (Figure 2A). Leaves on older infected plants become cholorotic between the veins, followed by general wilting and death (Figure 2B).
extension office for current information.
Figure 2: A) symptoms of Phytophthora root and stem rot. B) Plants showing symptoms of Phytophthora root and stem rot in the field, with plants completely dead.
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/digital-diagnostics/insects-and-arthropods/army-cutworm-euxoa-auxiliaris/index.html | Army Cutworm - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-04-07 | [] | OK | ## ARMY CUTWORM
## Scientific Name
Euxoa auxiliaris
## Hosts
Wheat, alfalfa, etc.
## Symptoms
The first indication of army cutworm injury appears as semicircular areas eaten from the edge of the leaf, or as holes chewed through the leaf. If plants are slow to grow, army cutworms will eat the plant down to the soil line. Damage may appear in "spots" in a field. Army cutworms overwinter in the soil as partially grown larvae. They can tolerate cold temperatures, and often becomes active early in winter anytime that days climb above freezing. This insect is more of a problem when wheat growth is delayed due to cold temperatures or moisture stress.
## Description
The caterpillar is up to 40 mm long. It has a light brownish-gray head with pale brown spots. The body is pale grayish with white spotlaches and a brown-tinged top line. The lower portion of the body has darker, top-
lateral stripes and an indistinct band of white splotches. The caterpillars curl up into a tight "C" when disturbed. Adults are brown to gray miller moths.
## Control
Please contact your local county extension office for current information. |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-winegrape-growers-guide/chapter-13-appendix-contact-information | Chapter 13. Appendix Contact Information | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Barclay Poling"
] | null | [
"Wine",
"Agriculture",
"Extension Services"
] | NC | ## Chapter 13. Appendix Contact Information
Department
Horticultural Science
Publication Date
Feb. 28, 2007
Authors
Barclay Poling
[ ] View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=chapter-13 - appendix-contact-information#zoom=page-fit
## Other Publications in The North Carolina Winegrape Grower's Guide
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Cost and Investment Analysis of Chardonnay (Vitis Vinifera) Winegrapes in North
Carolina
Chapter 3. Choice of Varieties
Chapter 4. Vineyard Site Selection
Chapter 5. Vineyard Establishment
Chapter 6. Pruning and Training
Chapter 7. Canopy Management
Chapter 8. Pest Management
Chapter 9. Vine Nutrition
Chapter 10. Grapevine Water Relations and Vineyard Irrigation
Chapter 11. Spring Frost Control
Chapter 12. Crop Prediction
Chapter 13. Appendix Contact Information
Chapter 14. Glossary
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page
EXTENSION |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/leafcutter-bees | Leafcutter Bees | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"PDIC",
"Bee"
] | NC | ## Leafcutter Bees
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Leafcutter bees, genus Megachile are solitary insects that construct nests in narrow cavities. Females find a cavity and then construct of a series of cells made of pieces of leaves and petals that they cut with their mandibles. Our leafcutter bees are about the size of a honey bee but are mostly black with contrasting bands of white setae on the abdomen. Females have a conspicuous scopa ('pollen basket') of long hairs on their lower abdomen with which they transport pollen. Female abdomens are somewhat pointed. Males tend to be smaller, with very hairy faces and blunter abdomens (no scopa and no stinger). When a female leafcutter bee finds a suitable cavity she then finds suitable foliage and flowers to cut to construct cells. They cut round pieces for a base and then oval pieces for the walls. Cells are usually built of leaf fragments on the outside and then lined with petal fragments if suitable flowers are in the vicinity. Females then provision the open cell with a mixture of pollen and nectar. An egg is laid on the pollen mass and females then cut additional round pieces of foliage to cap the cell. Each cell is about half an inch long. This process is repeated so that the cavity is eventually filled with eight or nine cells and capped with sometimes numerous, round leaf fragments. Females are able to control the sex of their offspring by withholding sperm from male eggs. Because males develop faster than females they emerge first from the nest so the mother bee lays female eggs in the deepest cells and male eggs closer to the entrance. New leafcutter bees have to chew through the intervening cells to exit the nest, but they wait until their younger siblings have emerged before them. In other words, they do not check up any siblings that block their exit. Leafcutter bee grubs are leoalsan and pale. They molt as they grow and finally develop into a prepupa that spins a tough, silken cocoon that soon turns dark brown. These grubs then molt into pupae that eventually molt into new adults. The last eggs laid in late summer and early fall hatch into grubs that develop into a prepupala stage that overwinters inside the cocoon. Warming temperatures the next spring induce the prepupea to molt into pupae from which new adults emerge later. We have at least three generations of leafcutter bees each year in North Carolina. Megachile brevis and Megachile mendica are our most abundant species. The alfalfa bee, Megachile rotundata , is a nonnative leafcutter bee that has been domesticated and is widely used for the pollination of alfalfa. The giant resin be is another introduced species, Megachile scupuralis . It is remarkable for its large size (up to 1 inch) and that it does not cut leaves. It was first collected in the United States in 1994 on the campus of NC State University.
Many parasitoids attack the nests of leafcutting bees, including flies, wasps, and beetles. Coelioxys , a genus within the leafcutting bee family, is a group of kleptoparasites (they lay their eggs in the nests of other leafcutter bees and their young kill the leafcutter grub and then eat all of the stored pollen). Acrobat ants have been known to attack leafcutter bee nests. Leafcutter bees are superior pollinators of some difficult-to-pollinate crops such as apples and legumes, especially alfalfa. Leafcutter bees are solitary and have no nest guarding instinct. They rarely sting people other than entomologists who handle them carelessly. No pesticide recommendations are needed.
A leucospid wasp foraging on Sedum. Leucospids are parasites of leafcutter bees.
## References
- · Common name:leafcuttingbees scientificname: Megachilidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Megachiliidae: Megachilineae). Serrano, D. 2014 (revised). Featured Creatures, Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS. Publication Number: EENY-342.
- · First Records of Megachile (Callomegachie) sculpturalis Smith (Hymenoptera:Megachiliidae) in the Continental US. Mangum, W. A. and R. W. Brooks. 1997. Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc. 70(2). pp. 140-142.
- · Leaf Cutting Bees (Megachile spp.) . Moisset, B. No Date.USDA Forest Service.
- · Conserving Native Bees on Farmland (E2985). Isaacs, R. 2015. Michigan State University, MSU Extension.
- · The North American Invasion of the giant Resin Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachiliidae). HinojosaDiaz, I. A., et al. 2005. Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 14 (1): 69-77.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Oct. 23, 2017 Reviewed/Revised: Aug. 3, 2022
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry/calculating-the-size-of-a-forest-inventory-plot/ | Calculating the Size of a Forest Inventory Plot | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Becky Barlow"
] | 2018-07-18 | [
"Forestry",
"Forest Management",
"Inventory"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
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top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
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color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
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text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3706 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-20636936"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-54972602"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
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<article id="post-3706" class="post-3706 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-forestry category-forestry-wildlife tag-calculating-the-size-of-a-forest-inventory-plot tag-for-2058 tag-forestry first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Calculating the Size of a Forest Inventory Plot">
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Calculating the Size of a Forest Inventory Plot </div>
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<li>July 18, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Becky Barlow</li>
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<p>Forests are assessed for many reasons—to buy or sell timber products, to help make forest management decisions, or to evaluate non-timber forest resources, such as recreation, wildlife, forage, or pine straw.</p>
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<p>Regardless of the reason, information about the forest is collected to adapt and implement proper management practices. This is often done through forest inventories.</p>
<p>When conducting a forest inventory, measuring all trees of interest is usually not affordable. For example, if you measure a 40-acre forest stand with an average of only 300 trees per acre, you would have to measure about 12,000 trees to record every tree in your stand.</p>
<p>Another option is do acquire a representative sample of the tree population of interest. If the 12,000 trees in the example above is the target population, how do you obtain a representative and appropriate sample of these trees? You often use plots.</p>
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<div id="attachment_6350" style="width: 403px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6350" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class=" wp-image-6350" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Picture1-1.jpg" alt="This example shows how trees might be distributed across a 1/5-acre circular plot. (Graphic credit: John Gilbert)" width="393" height="295" /><p id="caption-attachment-6350" class="wp-caption-text">This example shows how trees might be distributed across a 1/5-acre circular plot. (Graphic credit: John Gilbert)</p></div>
<h1>What Is a Plot?</h1>
<p>A plot is the sample area of a known shape and size. Plots can be circular, square, or another shape based on a known center point. They can vary in size from just a few feet across to several feet in diameter.</p>
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<p>Plot size, shape, and location across the forest will vary and will be based on your objectives. In an older stand of fewer, mainly larger-sized trees, the appropriate plot size might be 1/5 (0.2) acre or even 1/4 (0.25) acre. In a plantation regeneration survey when you are sampling a high density of pine seedlings, a smaller plot size of 1/100 (0.01) or 1/50 (0.02) acre would be appropriate.</p>
<h1>How Do I Calculate How Big the Plot Should Be?</h1>
<p>When you have decided how big, in area, each plot should be, you can use simple geometric formulas to determine how to lay out a plot in the field. See the following examples for a step-by-step guide to calculating the area and dimensions on either a circular or a square plot.</p>
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<h1>Calculating a Circular Plot</h1>
<p><strong>If you want to use 1/10-acre circular plot in an upcoming forest inventory, how do you compute plot radius, given plot size in acres?</strong></p>
<p>Multiply plot size (in acres) times 43,560 square feet per acre to obtain number of square feet contained in the plot.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 40px">1/10 acre (or 0.1 acre) plot = 0.1 acre/plot × 43,560 square feet/acre = 4,356 square feet/plot</p>
<p>Using the formula for the area of a circle, substitute the plot area for “A” and solve for “r” (radius).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 40px">Plot area (A) = π × r<sup>2</sup><br />
4,356 square feet = 3.14 × r<sup>2</sup><br />
4,356 square feet / 3.14 = r<sup>2</sup><br />
1,387.26 square feet = r<sup>2</sup><br />
√ (1,387.26 square feet) = r<br />
37.24 feet = r or the radius of a 0.1 acre plot</p>
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<h1>Calculating a Square Plot</h1>
<p><strong>If you want to sample the forest understory and establish 1/10,000-acre square plots in an upcoming forestry inventory, how do you compute plot dimensions?</strong></p>
<p>Multiply plot size (in acres) times 43,560 square feet per acre to obtain number of square feet contained in the plot.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 40px">1/10,000 acre (or 0.0001 acre) plot = 0.0001 acre/plot × 43,560 square feet/acre = 4,356 square feet/plot</p>
<p>Using the formula for the area of a rectangle or square (Area = width*height or Area = side squared), substitute the plot area for “A” and solve for “w” (width) and “h” (height) or s2 (side squared).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 40px">Plot area (A) = s<sup>2</sup><br />
4.356 square feet = s<sup>2</sup><br />
√ 4.356 square feet = s<br />
2.08 feet = s or one side of a 1/10,000-acre plot</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Becky Barlow</strong>, <em>Extension Specialist</em>, Assistant Professor, School of Forestry and Wildlife Science, Auburn University</p>
<p>Reviewed July 2023, <strong>Calculating the Size of a Forest Inventory Plot</strong>, FOR-2058</p>
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-quality-beef-network/site-files/docs/detailed-summaries/2021-detailed-summary-okcwest-nov09.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Galen"
] | Error: time data "D:20211116132211-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Oklahoma Quality Beef Network
STEERS: Price Breakdowns by Weight
| | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Vac-45 | Vac-45 | Vac-45 Non | Vac-45 Non | Long Weight Non-Cert | Long Weight Non-Cert | Other Weight Vac-45 Avg | Other Weight Vac-45 Avg | Weaned Weight | Other Range | Other Avg Pre-Cond (AVG) | QBN over No Price |
|------|----------------|--------------|------------------|----------------|----------------------|--------------|------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------|----------------|----------------------------|---------------------|
| Head | Wt Range (lbs) | (lbs) | QQBN Price Range | QQBN Avg Price | Non-Cert Price Range | Price | Price Range | Price Avg Price | Weight Avg Price | Price Range | Price | Pre-Cond (AVG) | Total | |
| 26 | 300-399 | 369 | 200.00 - 200.00 | 200.00 | 195.00 - 195.00 | 195.00 | 182.50 - 185.00 | 184.09 | 200.00 | 200.00 | 200.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| 243 | 400-499 | 459 | 135.00 - 210.00 | 193.32 | 175.00 - 196.00 | 187.30 | 187.00 - 187.00 | 187.00 | 140.00 | 195.00 - 195.00 | 176.40 | 16.92 | 16.92 | |
| 454 | 500-599 | 560 | 161.00 - 192.00 | 177.93 | 140.00 - 192.00 | 174.48 | 156.00 - 182.00 | 163.86 | 119.00 - 163.00 | 155.85 | 22.08 | 155.85 | 22.08 | |
| 503 | 600-699 | 652 | 140.00 - 165.00 | 158.26 | 144.00 - 168.00 | 163.40 | 135.00 - 140.00 | 139.17 | 139.00 - 161.00 | 151.92 | 151.92 | 6.34 | 521 | 700-799 |
| 521 | 700-799 | 740 | 140.00 - 159.50 | 153.03 | 155.00 - 160.50 | 159.36 | 153.00 - 143.00 | 143.00 | 101.00 - 157.00 | 143.47 | 9.56 | 30 | 800-899 | |
| 0 | >900 | 833 | - | - | - | - | 138.00 - 138.00 | 138.00 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| HEIFERS: Price Breakdowns by Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | | |
|---------------------------------------|----------------|--------------|------------------|----------------|----------------------|--------------|-----------------|-----------------|----------------------|----------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|---------------|--------------------------|-------------------|
| HEIFERS: Price Breakdowns by Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Avg Weight | Vac-45 | Vac-45 | Vac-45 Non | Vac-45 Non | Long Weight Non-Cert | Long Weight Non-Cert | Other Weight Vac-45 Avg | Other Weight Vac-45 Avg | Weaned Weight | Other Avg Pre-Cond (AVG) | QBN over No Price |
| Head | Wt Range (lbs) | (lbs) | QQBN Price Range | QQBN Avg Price | Non-Cert Price Range | Price | Price Range | Price Avg Price | Weight Avg Price | Price Range | Price | Pre-Cond (AVG) | Total | | |
| 73 | 300-399 | 371 | 159.00 - 159.00 | 159.00 | 140.00 - 140.00 | 140.00 | 125.00 - 125.00 | 125.00 | 125.00 - 151.00 | 143.88 | 15.12 | 145.00 | 145.26 | 10.04 | |
| 145 | 400-499 | 450 | 150.00 - 163.00 | 157.29 | 150.00 - 162.50 | 159.91 | 147.00 - 158.00 | 158.00 | 145.76 | 140.00 - 151.00 | 147.26 | 10.04 | 134.22 | 18.31 | |
| 504 | 500-599 | 539 | 140.00 - 165.00 | 152.54 | 137.00 - 164.00 | 154.50 | 139.00 - 157.50 | 145.63 | 108.00 - 145.00 | 134.22 | 134.22 | 18.31 | 16.77 | 21.61 | |
| 451 | 600-699 | 641 | 143.00 - 157.00 | 149.28 | 134.00 - 152.50 | 149.20 | - | - | 124.00 - 131.00 | 127.67 | 120.00 | 120.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | |
| 167 | 700-799 | 731 | 135.00 - 135.00 | 135.00 | 132.00 - 132.00 | 132.00 | - | - | 120.00 - 120.00 | 120.00 | 120.00 | 120.00 | 15.00 | 0 | |
| 0 | 800-899 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | |
| 0 | >900 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Note: Average prices are weighted averages.
| Sale Location | QQBN Producer Participation | Number of QQBN Lots Sold | Beef Cattle Value Enhancement 201 Animal Science Stillwater, OK 74078 (405) 744-6060 | Sale Type | Quality Beef Network | | | | | | | | | |
|------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----|
| OKC West-El Reno | 10 | 46 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sale Date | Number of QQBN Calves Sold | Sale Type | http://www.qbn.okstate.edu | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | |
| 11/09/2021 | 562 | QQBN &Integrity Beef | http://www.qbn.okstate.edu | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | |
## Oklahoma Quality Beef Network
| Gender | Gender | Hide Color | Hide Color | Muscling | Muscling | Frame |
|----------|------------|----------------|--------------|------------|------------|---------|
| Steers | 54.2% | | Black | # 1 | 25.1% | Large |
| Heifers | 39.6% | | Red | 6.2% | # 1-2 | 56.7% |
| Mixed | 6.2% | | Hereford | 0.0% | # 2 | 16.7% |
| | White/Gray | 18.5% | | # 2-3 | 0.7% | Small |
| | Horns | Dairy/longhorn | 1.5% | # 3 | 0.7% | |
| Yes | 2.5% | | Other | 0.0% | | |
| No | 96.4% | | Black Mixed | 13.5% | | |
| | Flesh | Red Mixed | 4.0% | | | |
| Thin | 1.1% | | | | | |
| Average | 98.9% | | | Yes | 99.3% | |
| Fleshy | 0.0% | | | No | 0.7% | |
Data Collection: Derrell Peel, Kellie Curry Raper, Agricultural Economics
Data Summary: Kellie Curry Raper, Agricultural Economics | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/nash-county-forestry-impacts-2018 | Nash County Forestry Impacts 2018 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Morgan Hoy",
"Olakunle Sodiya",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources"
] | NC | ## Nash County Forestry Impacts 2018
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
July 13, 2020
Authors
Rajan Parauli
Stephanie Chizmar
Morgan Hoy
Olakunle Sodiya
Robert Bardon
❒ View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=nash-countyforestry-impacts-2018#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/granville-county-forestry-impacts-2014 | Granville County Forestry Impacts 2014 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Granville County Forestry Impacts 2014
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Jan, 8, 2018
Authors
Laurel Kays
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=granville- county-forestry-impacts-2014#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/animalsciencesdept/2023/08/11/ans-study-abroad-italy/ | UF/IFAS Animal Sciences Study Abroad: Italy | University of Florida | [
"Jessica Czipulis"
] | 2023-08-11 | [
"Agriculture",
"Livestock",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Teaching",
"Animal Science",
"ans",
"italy",
"Study abroad",
"undergraduate"
] | FL | ## UF/IFAS Animal Sciences Study Abroad: Italy
Students and faculty on Animal Science in Italy study abroad trip.
agriculture and society.
For the first few weeks, students stayed in apartments in Florence.
They would travel by train or bus to nearby cities each day. Students also attended classes and completed small homework assignments.
Examples of assignments included summaries of their day trips and comparing food prices to those of the United States.
During their time abroad, the group traveled to over 10 Italian cities, including Milan and Siena. Students were also able to visit four schools during their trip, including the oldest operating university in the world, the University of Bologna. While at the University of Bologna, students toured the Dairy Research Farm, which features a robotic milking system.
Other animal sciencerelated highlights included touring the Parmigiano
Reggiano parmesan cheese facility, visiting a Chianina beef operation, and learning about the production of various cheeses. Students were also able to visit pig and sheep farms. ANS undergraduate student, Angelina Body stated one of her favorite stops was the Caseício Jemma water buffalo farm.
In May, 16 students in the inaugural Animal Science in Italy study abroad program began their 30 days overseas. The
program, spearheaded by UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences (ANS)
Associate Professor Antonio Faciola, immersed students into Italian
Study abroad students at water buffalo farm in Italy
getting to directly interact with the water buffalo throughout the farm. We were able to get an in-depth and informational tour, and it was really incredible to just learn more about these beautiful, gentle animals," said Boudy.
Outside of agricultural experiences, students visited historical cities such as Rome and Pisa. Students toured several museums and heritage sites. The Leaning Tower of Pisa and the Colosseum were among these famous landmarks.
Boudy stated the most meaningful experience she had while abroad was engaging in Italian culture.
From trying native dishes to learning local customs, she appreciated the new experiences. Boudy also enjoyed learning about the opportunities available in Animal Science.
"This trip helped expand my perspectives and show me how the Animal Science industry varies between countries based on how animals and their products are viewed as an essential part of culture and everyday life," stated Boudy.
The Animal Science in Italy study abroad program is expected to occur annually. Students interested in the program should reach out to Antonio Faciola or click here for more information.
Find more information about the UEF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences on our website. Stay in touch with us
on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Any questions or inquiries regarding this piece should be directed toward Jessica Czipulis at jessica.czipulis@ufl.edu. Read more stories like this one
here: http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/animalsciencesdept/.
o
by Jessica Czipulis
Posted: August 11, 2023
Category: Agriculture, Livestock, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Teaching
Tags: Animal Science, Anis, Italy, Study Abroad, Undergraduate
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Virtual Contest Leads To Industry Collaboration
- 2023 ANS Graduate Symposium
- 57th Annual Florida Dairy Production Conference
- UF/IFAS Animal Sciences Ambassador Program |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/general-barn-186-x-306 | General Barn, 18'6" X 30'6" | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications > Building & Construction Plans Archive > General Barn, 18" X 30"6 "
## General Barn, 18'6" X 30'6 "
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6267
View as PDF: 6267.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-enchilada-rice/ | Live Well Recipe: Enchilada Rice | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe: Enchilada Rice
Add whole-grain rice to our Enchilada Rice recipe. The cheese adds flavor kids love to a food they might not have tried. Serves 6.
## Ingredients
1 pound lean ground beef
1/2 cup onion, chopped
1 can corn, 14 ounces, not drained
4 tablespoons taco seasoning mix
1 cup dry rice, cooked according to package
1/2 cup cheese, shredded
1/2 cup tomatoes, olives, bell pepper, or any favorite vegetable (optional)
## Directions
Cook meat and onion.
Drain fat from cooked meat and onions.
Add corn, taco seasoning and rice.
Simmer for 5-10 minutes.
Add cheese to top; let set for 5 minutes for cheese to melt.
Download the recipe here. Printable Enchilada Rice .(https://www.aces.edu/wp contentuploads/2018/07/FCCS\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards\_EnchiladRi
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.acces.edublogtopicslive-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement)
(blog/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/)
Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/current-report-oklahoma-farm-and-ranch-custom-rates-2015-2016.html | Current Report: Oklahoma Farm and Ranch Custom Rates, 2015-2016 - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Damona Doye",
"Roger Sahs"
] | 2017-01-03 | [] | OK | ## Current Report: Oklahoma Farm and Ranch Custom Rates, 2015-2016
Published Mar. 2017 |
Id: CR-205
By Damona Doye, Roger Sahs
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print - publications/cr/oklahoma-farmand-ranch-cr-205.pdf)
Share Fact Sheet
JUMP TO: Summary Procedure / Interpreting the Rate Tables / Reporting Regions / Custom Service vs. Ownership / Possible Advantages of Using Custom Operations
Considerations to Keep in Mind
This Current Report summarizes data collected from Oklahoma farmers, ranchers and custom operators during the summer and fall of 2015. Custom work is defined as machine operations performed for the customer with the custom operator furnishing the machine, fuel, labor and other inputs directly associated with the machine. Custom operators do not usually furnish materials such as seed or fertilizer unless it is explicitly stated. The change in custom rates was mixed since the 2013 survey. While lower fuel prices may have helped stabilize custom rates, higher repair and ownership costs more than offset the cost savings in many situations. Approximately 610 surveys were returned with usable data.
## Summary Procedure
The rates quoted herein were collected by a survey of both farmers and custom operators. A list of over 150 operations was provided from which each respondent quoted rates for only selected operations. Some respondents quoted rates for only one or two operations while others were familiar with rates for many of the machines listed. "Fair" rates are negotiated. Regional or state average rates may be used as a beginning point for discussion. However, differences in operations, requirements, and circumstances may impact rates.
The rates summarized on the inside pages were edited to remove those replies for which the respondent's interpretation of the information being requested did not match the interpretation of other respondents.
## Interpreting the Rate Tables
A statewide rate summary for each operation is quoted in the included table. If available, separate quotes are listed for each area of the state as shown in Figure 1. The number of estimates obtained, the average rate, and the lowest and highest rates reported are shown. The average rate for a specific operation provides an estimate of the prevailing charge with its reliability improving as the number of responses increase.The cost of following up with individual surveys prohibited questioning or affirming doubtful replies. In most cases the number of observations was insufficient to allow statistical analysis. You must interpret these results, therefore, with these limitations in mind.
## cont'd. 2016/figure-2.1.pdf)
## Reporting Regions
Area rates are summarized for the State of Oklahoma as shown in Figure 1 (page 1). Regional differences are apparent in the rate table with higher rates prevailing when:
Rates tend to be lower than expected when exchange work is common between relatives and neighbors. Under these circumstances, fixed costs of ownership such as depreciation and interest on investment (sometimes even labor) tend to be discounted when a rate is established for a particular job.
Reporting(fact-sheets/images/current-report-oklahoma-
Region farm-and-ranch-customer-rates-2015-
Table 2016/reporting-region-table.pdf)
Reporting (fact-sheets/images/current-report-
Region oklahoma-farm-and-ranch-customer-rates-
Table 2015-2016/reporting-region-table-contd.pdf)
cont'd
## Custom Service Vs. Ownership
Individual circumstances-cash flow, ownership and operating costs, labor availability, reliability and timeliness of custom operators, pride of ownership-will influence an individual's decision on whether to buy or lease machinery and equipment or custom hire work done. A worksheet at the end of this article is designed to help evaluate the cost of machinery ownership and operation.
## Possible Advantages of Using Custom Operations
- · Ownership costs are avoided.
- · Capital and labor can be channeled to other uses.
## Possible Disadvantages of Using Custom Operations
- Service may not be available at the best time.
- Rates may be excessive in special situations.
Each manager must choose the best combination of owned and hired machines. The quotations here will be helpful in estimating custom costs and to provide a base figure for agreement on a rate when well established local rates are not available. If you have questions, ask your Extension EducatorAgriculture or Area Agricultural Economics Specialist for additional information.
## Considerations to Keep in Mind
Keep in mind there is a wide variation in rates charged for most jobs, even within the same geographic area, partly because some custom work is done for friends, relatives, and neighbors at reduced rates, partly because some custom work is done late by farmers who do their own work first and therefore do not attempt to include the full cost of machine ownership in their rates, and partly because it is easy to under-estimate the full cost of ownership and operation of machinery.
A small number of reports for a given machine in a particular area may not be representative. In this case, it is particularly important to check rates in other areas or statewide where a larger number of reports are found.
## Costs of
Ownership oklahoma-farm-and-ranch-customer-ratesand 2015-2016/costs-of-ownership-andOperation operation pdf)
Damona Doye
Regents Professor and Extension Economist
Roger Sahs
Extension Assistant Specialist
Print-friendly PDF ( /factsheets/print- publications/cr/oklahoma-farmand-ranch-cr-205.pdf)
## Topics:
Business Planning & Management ( /topics/business-and-community/farm-andranch-finances/business-panning-and-management/)
Equipment & Structures for Farms & Ranches ( /topics/business-and community/equipment-and-structures-for-farms-and-ranches/)
Equipment for Farms and Ranches ( /topics/business-and-community/equipment-and-structures-for-farms-and-ranches/equipment-for-farms-and-ranches/)
Farm & Ranch Finances ( /topics/business-and-community/farm-and-ranch- finances/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/row-cover-crop-soils/terminating-your-cover-crop/ | Terminating Your Cover Crop | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-08-01 | [
"Cover Crops",
"Farming",
"Healthy Soils"
] | AL | extension
## Terminating Your Cover Crop
Termination timing is something all producers deal with each spring. All production decisions impact the profitability of farming operations, so sound decision making is key to a profitable cash crop and a beneficial cover crop.
There is a strategic balance between cover crop management and benefits. The balance will be different for every producer. The longer producers can wait to terminate the cover crop, the more residue they will have available for the cash crop in the field.
One of the most important aspects related to cover crop benefits is maximizing biomass for the following crop. Soil fertility and pH, seed quality and stand establishment are some of the major considerations that affect biomass production. Underground root biomass is beneficial, but the surface layer provides many direct benefits. This layer can help cushion rainfall impact to prevent soil crusting and minimize runoff, keep the soil surface cooler by shielding the soil from the sun and suppressing early season weed growth.
It is better to determine the optimum termination time using the growth stage and not the calendar date, but this is a constant balancing act for growers each season, particularly dryland growers. There will be some variability among cover crops, but generally, biomass is maximized by full bloom. Terminating the cover crop too early will likely limit the benefits of the cover for the following cash crop, but usually allows plenty of time for soil moisture to recharge through rainfall. However, letting the cover grow longer may significantly improve biomass and associated benefits but the risk for limited soil moisture at planting is greater.
For more information on cover crop termination and contributing factors, download a PDF.
(https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS11.
Cookie Notice |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2007/wheat-disease-update-may-14-2007.pdf | Microsoft Word - PDIA6-13.doc | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20070514080713-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## PLANT DISEASE AND INSECT ADVISORY
Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center Stillwater, OK 74078
Vol. 6, No. 13
Website: http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/advisory.htm
May 14, 2007
## Wheat Disease Update
## Bob Hunger, Extension Wheat Pathologist
made a note of it. I haven't been seeing much Yr of any significance elsewhere."
Hence, stripe rust has made an appearance in Oklahoma, which is not surprising since it has been reported in Texas and Kansas. However, it does not appear that stripe rust will be a disease of significance in Oklahoma this year.
## OTHER STATES:
TEXAS; 10 May 2007 (Ravindra Devkota, Assistant Research Scientist, Texas A&M Univ.) :
This is in follow up with the trace amount of wheat stem rust incidence at Castroville/TX that Bob Bowden had reported during the last week of April. I came down to Castroville again on May 2nd and as of today (5-10-07), I am still continuing evaluation/selection on wheat screening nurseries and populations. Yesterday (5-9-07), I walked through the Uniform Wheat Variety Trial (UVT) and Amarillo Observation Nursery (AOBS) again and, in addition to the one previously reported by Bob, I noticed two more incidences of severe Stem Rust infection. It was on the cultivar 'Winnaster' and another experimental AOBS-543. Nearly 50 percent plants in the plots were infected and the severity ranged from 5-75 percent. Then in the afternoon, I drove to Texas A&M University Research Center at Uvalde (about 50-60 miles west from Castroville along the U.S. Hwy 90) and quickly walked through UVT to check on Stem Rust at that location. Cultivar Winmaster had similar incidence/severity at Uvalde also. I have already shipped the samples to CDL at St. Paul/MN from both Castroville and Uvalde locations. The temperatures at Castroville near San Antonio has been in lower to mid 80s during the day and upper 60s to lower 70s during night with a very high humidity and frequent showers.
## KANSAS: 09 May 2007 (Erick De Wolf, Extension Plant Pathologist, Kansas State University:
North Central Kansas has been the focus of activity this week, and stripe rust continues to be reported in new locations in Kansas. I observed stripe rust yesterday (May 9) in a variety performance test and in county demo plots in North Central Kansas including Mitchell, Osborne, and Jewell counties. Joe Martin, KSU wheat Breeder at Hayes, reports that stripe rust in Ellis County. Allan Fritz, KSU Wheat Breeder at Manhattan, reports finding stripe rust in Republic County. Note all these counties are in North Central Kansas, and two of the counties (Jewell, and Republic) border Nebraska. Stripe rust was at low levels in all these locations and was on the highly susceptible variety 2137. I estimate the incidence of stripe rust to less than 25% with 1 to 3 obvious lesions on the F-1 or Flag leaves.
Leaf rust continues to be the dominate rust disease in many parts of Kansas. In North Central region, susceptible varieties are showing nearly 100% incidences on the second to the last leaf (F-1) with severities ranging from 2-10%. The flag leaves are also being affected, and the severity is 1 to 2%.
The wheat in this area is at the boot or early heading stages of growth, and I believe the rust pressure will become significant over the next few weeks.
Tan spot is also common in wheat that was planted in to wheat residue, and is also beginning to appear on the flag leaves of some varieties. Powdery mildew appears to be slowing some now that day time temperatures are regularly in the 80 degree range.
## COLORADO: 09 May 2007 (Tamla Blunt, Plant Clinic Diagnostician, Colorado State University):
We have just confirmed rust in Colorado on samples sent to the diagnostic clinic. The wheat leaf rust was found in Prowers County on variety Ripper and wheat stripe rust was found in Bent, Baca and Prowers Counties. In Baca County, the variety is Ripper, the other two counties, the variety is unknown.
Dr. Richard Grantham
Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
Ohkomaa State University, in compliance with Title IV and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order of 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, VP, Dean, and Director for Agricultural Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Dean of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/trash-burner-brick-or-block-construction | Trash Burner-Brick or Block Construction | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications " Building & Construction Plans Archive " Trash Burner-Brick or Block Construction
## Trash Burner-Brick or Block Construction
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6260
View as PDF: 6260.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/agribusinessand-cooperative-management/site-files/docs/newsletters/quantifying-the-tradeoffs.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Kenkel",
"Phil"
] | Error: time data "D:20210204134204-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Phil Kenkel
## Bill Fitzwater Cooperative Chair
As part of my work analyzing Section 199A, I developed representative farm supply and grain marketing cooperatives. Simulations of the representative wheat cooperative indicated that member return is improved by retaining profits as nonqualified stock, even when the cash portion was adjusted to keep the cooperative's cash flow constant. The results also indicate that the "typical" wheat cooperative needs to pass up to 50% of the Section 199A deduction to keep the "typical" producer equivalent with a producer marketing with a non-cooperative firm. That same representative cooperative can also be used bring insight into the tradeoffs in other decisions. Putting numbers to those tradeoffs might help both the board and the membership understand the nature of the cooperative balancing act.
The representative wheat cooperative in my simulation model distributed profits as 32% cash and 68% non-qualified stock. That provided the same cash flow as 50% cash and 50% qualified. It revolved equity on a 20-year cycle. The representative cooperative provided the member an internal rate of return of 11% and the cooperative could grow its asset base by around 4.5% per year, net of depreciation. That is a healthy growth rate but some members tell us that they are more interested in the cooperative building assets than they are in cash patronage. Increasing the cooperative's growth rate to 5% per year would require a 50% reduction in the cash patronage percentage (down to 15% cash and 85% nonqualified). The representative cooperative example illustrates the challenge in building infrastructure and the balancing act between building assets and offering cash patronage.
Many young producers indicate that retained equity is not meaningful to them unless the revolving period is 10 years or less. The representative cooperative can also provide some insights into that balancing act. In order to keep the cooperative's growth rate constant, the funds needed to accelerate the revolving period have to come from reducing cash patronage. Reducing the equity revolving period from 20 years to 10 years would necessitate cutting cash patronage percentage by around 25% (from 32% cash to 25% cash). Young producers (just like older producers) prefer a shorter equity revolving period. The key question is whether they would consider a 25% reduction in cash patronage as an acceptable price to get there.
To look at one last trade off, tax reform has made non-qualified stock the most logical vehicle for retaining funds. While the producer eventually pays the tax they are able to "park the taxes" at the cooperative's corporate rate which is generally lower than their rate. Many boards continue to retain profits as qualified equity since "that's the way we have always done it". The cost of that inertia is either a 15% reduction in the member's return from the cooperative or a 10% reduction in the cooperative's growth rate. In this case, the tradeoff is the effort to make and communicate a change versus leaving 15% on the table.
I hate for cooperatives to leave value on the table. How about you? | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/extension-gardener-handbook | North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook | NC State Extension | [
"N.C. Cooperative Extension horticulture agents",
"Master GardenerSM volunteers",
"NC State Extension specialists",
"Dr. Tom Melton",
"Dr. Richard Bonanno",
"Dr. Wayne Buhler",
"Dr. Brian Whipker",
"Dr. Joe Neal",
"Michelle Healy",
"Barbara Scott",
"Jill Steffey",
"John Beuttner",
"Debra Ireland",
"Justin Moore",
"Sean Munday",
"John McLeod"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Pest Management",
"Master Gardener",
"North Carolina Gardening Guide",
"Extension Gardener",
"Cooperative Extension"
] | NC | ## North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
Table of Contents
- 1. Soils and Plant Nutrients
```
Composting
```
- 3. Botany
21. Youth, Community, and Therapeutic Gardening
Appendix A Garden Journaling
Appendix B Pesticides and Pesticide Safety.
Appendix C Diagnostic Tables
Appendix D Garden Tools
Appendix E Season Extenders and Greenhouses
Appendix F History of Landscape Design
Appendix G Permaculture Design
Appendix H Community Gardening Resources
Appendix I More NC State Resources
Glossary.
## Acknowledgments
We extend a huge thank you to the many contributors who made this book possible. To all the N.C. Cooperative Extension horticulture agents and Master Gardener SM volunteers who contributed countless hours providing content, editing, and technical support; obtaining photographs and graphics; proofreading, and more proofreading; and for their faith and grit in staying engaged throughout this multiyear project. To all the NC State Extension specialists who shared their expertise. To Dr. Tom Melton, Deputy Director, NC State Extension and Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Program Leader, whose vision and start-up funding made this project possible. To Dr. Richard Bonanno, Associate Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Director, NC State Extension, for help us identifying options for printing. To Dr. Wayne Buhler, Interim Department Head for the NC State Department of Horticultural Science, for his content contributions as well as financial support of the project. To Dr. Brian Whipper, Interim Assistant Department Head for NC State Department of Horticultural Science, for sharing his expertise in developing both Internet and print books. To Dr. Joe Neal, Department Extension Leader, NC State Department of Horticultural Science, for his editing expertise and guidance throughout the process. To Michelle Healy, Business Services Coordinator for the NC State Department of Horticultural Science, for managing the accounting and administrative tasks flawlessly. To Barbara Scott, Wordstone Editing, and Jill Steffey for catching every errant comma and quotation mark, and dutifully checking the spelling of every Latin name. To John Beuttner, Graphic Designer, for his artistic expertise and design skills in transforming the online content into a beautiful book. To Debra Ireland for ensuring conformance with NC State extension brand requirements and for establishing and managing the partnership with UNC Press. To Justin Moore, Director of Marketing & Communications, NC State Extension, for guiding the process of preparing a printed version of this
document. To Sean Munday, Director of Budgets and Planning, NC State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, for his optimism and skill in finding a way. And, to John McLeod at UNC Press for easing the transition from manuscript to printed handbook.
## NC State Extension
NC State University is a land-grant institution charged with serving the people of North Carolina not only through traditional academic and research programs but also through extension, education, and outreach. NC State Extension builds capacity to create prosperity for all North Carolinians, helping our state's citizens translate research into everyday solutions through educational programs and partnerships focused on agriculture, food and nutrition, and 4-H youth development. It is the largest nonformal educational outreach unit in the 17-campus UNC system. In addition to faculty and staff, more than 70,000 Extension volunteers and citizen advisors donate their time and resources to address local needs. Their involvement in programs like the NC State Extension Master GardenerSM program is vital to the success of our efforts across the state. NC State Extension works in tandem with The Cooperative Extension Program at N.C. A&T State University, as well as federal, state, and local governments, to form a strategic partnership called N.C. Cooperative Extension. Extension professionals in all 100 counties and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians translate research-based information and technology from NC State and N.C. A&T into practical applications that enrich the lives, land, and economy of North Carolinians. We're honored to be your lifelong partner, helping all North Carolinians put knowledge to work in their communities. We are NC State Extension .
## The Extension Master Gardener SM Volunteer Program in North Carolina
In 1973 the Extension Master Gardener Program was created in Washington State. The North Carolina program began in Wake County in 1979, and in New Hanover County shortly after. As of September 2021, there are over 3,300 Master Gardener volunteers in North Carolina, each of whom has completed at least 40 hours of training by N.C. Cooperative Extension specialists and Extension agents as well as a 40-hour internship. Master Gardener volunteers are educators who work on behalf of and under the supervision of NC State Extension. They share unbiased, research-based, environmentally sound information, extending the reach of North Carolina's land-grant universities, NC State University and N.C. A&T University. Master Gardener volunteers focus on garden and landscaping issues important in their local communities, including environmental stewardship, water conservation, water quality preservation, energy conservation, green waste reduction, home food production, wildlife management, sustainable communities, and health and wellness for children and adults. After completing their first-year, Master Gardener volunteers continue to volunteer in their local communities a minimum of 20 hours a year and expand their gardening knowledge through at least 10 hours of continuing education each year. Volunteers identify opportunities for lifelong learning to make an important contribution and to work with Extension faculty, staff, and volunteers as key benefits of participating in the program. In 2019, NC State Extension Master Gardener volunteers made cash, in-kind, and service contributions valued at $7.3 million. They documented 229,687 hours of service (the equivalent of 110 full-time employees), recorded 229,687 contacts, and made significant contributions to protecting environmental quality, growing healthy children, and promoting local food security. If you are interested in becoming a Master Gardener volunteer in your community, you may contact the Extension horticulture agent in your county.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/operation-grow-for-military-veterans/ | Operation Grow for Military Veterans | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ayanava Majumdar"
] | 2024-06-07 | [
"Farming",
"Veterans",
"Agriculture",
"Education"
] | AL | The Keener Family, Arab, Alabama
Operation Grow, in partnership with the Alabama Department of AG and Industries, provides special emphasis on the training needs of military veterans interested in agriculture for health and employment benefits. Alabama Beginning Farmer is led by the Alabama Extension commercial horticulture team. Overall, Operation Grow supports grassroots education and networking efforts that are inclusive of all veterans and their families with universal access to information and resources.
## Major Objectives
## Training - Network - Support for Veteran
Training. Provide a three-step farm planning support system to military veterans interested in farming using hands-on, on-farm, and digital media-based training (integrated technical, experiential, and social learning for veteran-owned farms).
Network with other veteran support agencies and nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) for extending current knowledge cookies Notices .
Sustai:able support for veteran farmers localized multiagency collaboration to increase farming cucss. Very soon, beginning veterans may also gain administration at their campus.
Want to learn more about Operation Grow? Check out the Alabama Extension publications Operation Grow for Beginning Veteran Farmers 2023 Annual Report
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/operation-grow-forbeginning-veteran-farmers-annual-report/) and Operation Grow Outcomes and Impacts
(https://havesacs.edu/blog/topics/farming/operation-growoutcomes-and-impacts/).
## Basic Registration
To register for Operation Grow, please follow this sign-up link here, Operation Grow Registration Link
(https://auburn.qualitics.com/fe/form/SV\_71aJGZDxVKNRBS).
If you are a military veteran and interested in establishing a training schedule in your county, contact a commercial horticulture regional Extension agent or county coordinator (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/commercialhorticulture-programs-people-educational-resources/). Use the Farming Basics mobile app to locate your county-based contacts easily and to connect to a vast array of digital and social media resources such as the Farming Basics
(https://aces.catalog.auburn.edu/courses/acasfemingparsbics01) online course, a crop, insect, disease, and weed database, as well as social media tools.
For more information on the Alabama Beginning Farmer Program, visit www.AlabamaBeginningFarmer.com (https://www.aces.edu/blog/tag/beginning-farmer/?cjp=mpaming&orderby=title). Typically, several personnel from nongovernmental organizations, state agencies like Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Farm Service Agency (FSA), and Extension educators form the local support network for new producers. See Where to Start: A Basic Program Resource Guide for Beginning Farmers (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/where-to-starta basic-program-resource-guide-for-beginning-farmers/) for information about technical assistance providers (NGO collaborators) for on-farm assistance with loans and certifications.
## Operation Grow Hardware & Equipment Loan Program (OGHELP)
The Operation Grow Hardware and Equipment Loan Program (OG-HELP) provides farm equipment to designaed Alabama counties to offset the upstream cost of agriculture. Equipment will be owned and maintained by the OG-HELP Implementation Team and housed at either a Research & Extension Center or a County Office. Beginning veteran farmers may schedule and return equipment up ar egement, al cowing for a sharing/cutting system.
Hand-ons training
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Affordable loaning
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Expert advice
## Support of Operation Grow
The work of Operation Grow would not be possible without the support of people like you. Please consider making a donation so this important work can continue.
Donations can be made through the Alabama Extension Store (https://secure touchnet.net/C20021\_ustores/web/product\_detail.jsp? PRODUCTID=5767&SINGLESTORE=true). To make a
donation, navigate to "Donations & Sponsorships" and then to "Donate to or Sponsor" Program at Alabama Extension." After entering the amount you wish to donate, click 'Add To Cart' and complete the needed information to complete the payment.
Thank you to the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, the Alabama Department of Veteran Affairs, and the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission, as well as USDA-NIFA, USDA SARE, CPPMME Extension IPM grants for supporting the Alabama Beginning Farmer Program and the Operation Grow project efforts. These efforts have reached over 450 producers directly and many others indirectly making a deep impact on the Alabama's economy. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/specialty-cover-crops-soils/cover-crops-cereals/ | Cover Crops: Cereals | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2020-09-18 | [
"Cover Crops",
"Agriculture",
"Farming",
"Soil Health"
] | AL | ## COVER CROPS
## Cover Crops: Cereals
## Black Oat
Avena strigosa : Black oat is a winter annual cereal that provides great weed control, especially against broadleaf weeds. Plant black oats in late September to October. It is an excellent cover crop for nematode and weed control. Black oats provide very good erosion control and also scavenge nitrogen very well. Heavy residues of up to 7,000 pounds per acre can be produced on land in the Southeast.
Download a Black Oat fact sheet.
(https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04jd).pdf)
Producers may also find information about use of black oak in the coastal Plains area.
(https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS01p.pdf)
## Cereal Rye
Secale cereale : Cereal rye, a winter annual cereal, provides up to 7,000 pounds of residue per acre that helps to control weeds and erosion, while conserving water and building soil organic matter content. Producers should plant cereal rye in late September to late November. It is an excellent cover crop for rodent persistence, and weed control. Cereal rye is an excellent corn sororillon weed, and controlled grain. Cereal rye is an excellent nitrogen scavenger. Furthermore, deep root channels allow for water and air movement under the soil.
Download a PDF with more information on cereal rye.
(https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04jd).pdf)
## Oats
Avena sativa : Oasts are a reliable, low-cost fall cover crop. Oasts naturally suppress weeds and take up excess nutrients. Furthermore, the ground cover provides a nice mulch which
protects the soil and is relatively easy to plant into. Plant oats in late summer and early fall. Broadcasting or overseeding will give the best results at a low cost. Producers can expect 2,000 to 4,000 pounds of residue per acre from late-summer/early-fall seeded oats, and up to 8,000 pounds per acre from spring oats.
## Ryegrass
Lolium multiflorum : Annual ryegrass is an inexpensive, vet reliable and versatile cover crop. This crop grows in a variety of locations, assuming there is adequate moisture and fertility. Ryegrass has a dense, but shallow root system which improves water filtration and soil. Producers can easily overseed ryegrass into corn, soybeans, and other high-value cash crops. Plant ryegrass in the fall because late seeding increases the likelihood of winterkill. Ryegrass produces anywhere from 4,000 to 8,000 pounds of residue per acre.
Ryegrass is a good cover crop for grazing. However, it is important to note that ryegrass has potential to become a weed problem. Some producers prefer not to grow ryegrass as a cover because it can be difficult to plant into and difficult to kill.
## Sorghum-Sudangrass
Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. Sudanese : SorghumSudangrass is a tall, fast-growing, heat-and drought-tolerant summer annual. Plant sorghum-sudangrass during spring and early summer. This summer annual smothers weeds and suppresses nematodes activity. In addition, it is an excellent cover crop for compaction reduction, nitrogen scavenging and erosion control.
Download a PDF to learn more about sorghum-sudangrass. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS04jd)
## Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivum : Winter wheat is a winter annual cereal widely grown in the Southeast. Plant winter wheat in early October to early November. Early planting is better. It is relatively easy to grow and an economical choice for producers. Winter wheat is also a good cover for someone who is beginning to use crop covers. Winter wheat is a very good cover crop for residue persistence, erosion control, and weed control. It is also very good for forage quality and as a nutrient scavenger. Producers growing wheat for cover, as well as growing wheat for grain will need to think about Hessian fly issues.
Download a PDF for more information about winter wheat. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FoodSheets/FS04jb) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/landscaping/soil-descriptions-and-plant-selections-for-perry-county/ | Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Perry County | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Charles C. Mitchell",
"Donn Rodekohr",
"Nelson Wynn"
] | 2018-08-14 | [
"Landscaping",
"Soil Types",
"Plant Selection"
] | AL | ## Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Perry County
Codiea plant selection
These soils have a natural surface pH below 7.0. There may be several feet of acidic, clayey soil overlying alkaline Selma chalk bedrock. For garden vegetables and some ornamentals, ground agricultural limestone may be needed if the soil pH is below 5.5 These soils have slow water infiltration and slow permeability but a high water-holding capacity. They may be very sticky during wet weather. Like the clayley-alkaline soils, they may swell in wet weather and shrink in dry weather, forming large cracks. These soils present problems for septic tank filter fields and structural foundations, but are well suited to pond construction.
Plants such as azalea and blueberries that have a shallow root system and require well-drained soils do not grow well on these soils. All warm-season, perennial turfgrasses grow well. Pine trees grow well on the better-drained sites but live oaks, white oaks, red oaks, pecans, and other deciduous trees make better landscape trees. Most landscape plants and gardens benefit from raised beds.
Care should be taken when setting out new landscape plants grown in containers. Avoid digging a hole and putting the new plant in it. This can create what is known as the bathtub effect. The hole can fill with water which will not drain and the new plant will die. Mix amendments with the clayey soil and take care to spread the roots of the container-grown plant. Plant high and mulch well.
## Keep new plants watered in dry weather.
Cultivation may be difficult because of the plastic-like nature of these soils. They dry out slowly and become very hard when dry. Spring tillage is often difficult because of wet soils. Therefore, use a minimum amount of tillage once raised beds are formed. Lots of organic amendments help drainage. Don't add sand as this only makes these soils more concrete-like in dry weather.
## Sandy, Well-Drained, Coastal Plain Soils (59.5%)
These soils are naturally acidic and will require ground limestone and fertilizing according to a soil test for most landscape plants and garden crops. A reddish orange subsoil color is one indication of a well-drained soil.
Surface soils could be very sandy, loamy, or clayey, but all are low in soil organic matter and benefit from generous and frequent applications of organic matter, compost, and mulches. Frequent cultivation or tilling can actually destroy surface soil structure so that hard crutss form after a rain. Plow pans or traffic pans can form 4 to 8 inches deep, which prevent roots from growing deeply and can perch water during wet weather. Farmers use subsoliling to break up these hard pans. Gardeners can use a spade to cut silts into the subsoil or double digging to break through these dense hard pans. Raised beds are not necessary if these soils drain well. If raised beds are used, additional irrigation during drying weather will be needed.
Erosion may be a high risk if the land is cleared and cultivated because many of these soils are on slopes. Soils have no irritations or only slight limitations for small structures, streets, landscaping, and septic tank filter fields. Most landscape, SAPC/PIVACY/PANAR plants associated with the southern United States will grow well if properly cultivated. Acid-loving plants
requiring a well-drained soil do well with reasonable management. These plants include azalea, blueberry, camellia, gardenia, hydrangea, centipedegrass, magnolia, and pine trees.
## River Terraces and Soils That May Flood (4.4%)
These soils are mostly level and may range from sandy to clayey. They can be saturated for long periods of time and may have a risk of flooding. Most are in the flood plains of major rivers and streams. Excessive wetness limits the use of these soils, but they provide excellent forests and habitat for wildlife. Drainage is required for most uses other than woodland and wildlife habitat. Some of the better drained river terrace soils have been used for crop production. Most of these soils are unsuitable for home construction due to wetness, flooding, and septic tank failures. Try to protect riparian areas near streams in order to prevent stream bank erosion and to protect water quality.
## Wetlands and Other Soils (8%)
These are small areas with mixed soils of the first four groups, poorly drained, floodplain soil, wetlands, or disturbed areas. The nature of a soil at any location may be identified by digging a hole about 3 feet deep and observing changes in the soil horizons (layers). A
simple percolation test for internal drainage can be done by filling the hole with water and observing how fast the water drains out of the hole. Sites where water moves down an inch or more per hour is a well-drained soil. A surface soil test will determine if the soil is acid (pH lower than 7.0) or alkaline (pH higher than 7.0). Consulting a detailed soil map of Perry County will be helpful for large tracts of land.
## Double Digging
Double digging is a technique used to break up hard, compacted soils, relieve hardpans, and create a deep rooting environment in sandy loamy soils. Double digging is ideal for creating small beds or for working up rows of garden crops for sandy or loamy soils. This technique is not necessary for cracking clays. Vegetable gardeners will find it easier to double dig directly under the row and maintain this row for several years without additional tillage.
## Download this article as a PDF
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php)
The technique consists of digging a trench the depth of the shovel where the row is to be and placing the topsoil from the trench to one side of the row. Once the trench is dug, add ground limestone to the bottom of the trench, usually
about 2 pounds per 20 feet of trench, if needed. In the bottom of the trench, force the shovel into the subsoil as deep as possible and turn this subsoil over in the trench. Continue doing this the length of the trench. This is the double dig. Now place the original topsoil back into the trench.
Use this opportunity to build a raised bed on top of the trench if needed. Smooth the bed, and set out plants or plant seed. Depending upon the final width of the bed and crop to be grown, one or two rows can be planted on top of the same trench.
## Print "Plant Selection & Soil Types" table from our website.
Charles C. Mitchell, Extension Specialist, Professor, Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Don Rodekohr, Advisor Natural Resource Program, and Nelson Wynn, Regional Extension Agent, Home Grounds. Photos courtesy of Joey Shaw, Alumni Professor, Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University.
Reviewed July 2021, Soil Descriptions and Plant Selections for Perry County , ANR-1379 |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/electric-pressure-cooker-recipes-0 | Electric Pressure Cooker Recipes | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Qula Madkin",
"Janet Jolley"
] | null | [
"Food",
"Health",
"Recipes"
] | MS | " Publications " Publications " Electric Pressure Cooker Recipes
## Electric Pressure Cooker Recipes
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3566
Filed Under: Food and Health
View as PDF: P3566.pdf
## Garlic Parmesan Whole Roasted Cauliflower Ingredients
1 head cauliflower
¼ cup butter, melted
1 clove garlic, minced
1 teaspoon lemon zest, grated
2 tablespoons parsley, chopped
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon black pepper
2 tablespoons parmesan cheese, grated
1 teaspoon cayenne pepper (optional)
## Steps
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
- Give the cauliflower head a good rinse. Trim the leaves or extra stem from the cauliflower. Place it on the trivet or wire steam basket in your electric pressure cooker.
- Seal the cooker. Close the vent and cook on high pressure for 1 minute.
- When finished cooking, do a quick release and remove the cauliflower from the trivet/wire steam basket. Put the cauliflower on a cookie sheet with sides to keep the toppings from spilling.
- Combine the butter, garlic, lemon zest, parsley, salt, and pepper in a bowl.
- Brush the cauliflower with a nice, even coat of the seasoning mixture to allow the mixture to seep into the crevices.
- Sprinkle with parmesan cheese and place in the oven. Broil until the cheese starts to brown.
## Tips:
- Pick cauliflower heads without black or soft spots to ensure quality.
- Cauliflower is a good source of fiber and a great alternative for highly processed grains!
## Spanish Rice
## Ingredients
```
tablespoon olive or vegetable oil
% cup onion, diced
cup long grain white or brown rice
cup low-sodium chicken or vegetable broth
% cup mild salsa
Optional
cloves garlic, minced
jalapeño, seeded and minced
% cup fresh corn off the cob, OR canned corn, drained
% cup black beans, drained and rinsed, or your favorite vegetable
Steps
1. Wash your hands with soap and water.
2. Set the pressure cooker to sauté/sear.
3. Rinse the jalapeño and remove the seeds to reduce its heat. Tip: Most of the heat is in the seeds, so
be sure to wash your hands after handling peppers and their seeds.
4. Add cooking oil to the pot. Next, add the onion, jalapeño, and garlic and cook until tender, about
2-3 minutes.
5. Measure the rice, pour it in a colander, and rinse well. If using brown rice, use the cooking
recommendations on the box. Tip: Rinsing the rice removes the starch and improves the flavor and
texture.
6. Next, add the rice and cook. Stir frequently until the rice becomes opaque, about 1-2 minutes.
Add the stock and scrape the bits on the bottom of the pot.
7. Finally, add the salsa but do not stir. Replace the lid.
Cook on high pressure for 4 minutes and do a release for 5 minutes. Fluff with a fork.
```
Tip: Brown rice has greater health benefits because it has a lot of fiber!
## Collard Greens
## Ingredients
- 3 teaspoons olive oil
```
% pound (or 4 ounces) ham, sliced and chopped
small onion, chopped
% cup reduced-sodium chicken broth
% cup apple cider vinegar
% tablespoons brown sugar
% teaspoon red pepper flakes, crushed
```
1 pound (16 ounces) collard greens, roughly chopped, OR 6-8 cups (two 14-ounce packages) frozen greens, thawed
## Steps
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
- If using fresh greens, rinse them under cool, running water. Remove the thick center stems and roughly chop them into large, bite-sized pieces.
- Add olive oil to the pot and press the sauté button, leaving the lid off. Once the oil has heated, add the chopped ham.
- Sauté the ham for 4-5 minutes, and then add the chopped onion. Stir everything around periodically with a wooden spoon to keep it from sticking to the bottom of the pot.
- Add the rest of the chicken broth, apple cider vinegar, brown sugar, and crushed pepper flakes, and stir.
- 6. Add the chopped collard greens to the pot and pack them in well. Packed in, the pot should be two-thirds full. You need adequate space in the pot before cooking with pressure.
- Press the keep warm/cancel button to pause the sauté function for 1-2 minutes. Close and lock the lid and make sure the pressure release valve is set to sealing. Press the manual button. Then, using the down button, reduce the cooking time to 5 minutes. If you want softer greens, add more time in 2-minute increments.
- The pressure cooker will take a few minutes to pressurize, during which you may hear a hissing noise, and then 5 minutes will appear on the display and will count down until done.
- Allow the pot to naturally pressure release or do a quick release. Once the pressure is released, carefully remove the lid and stir everything up. Serve warm.
Tip: Use collard greens as a side for your meals to add a variety of vitamins and minerals!
## Boiled Eggs
## Ingredients
1 cup water
1-6 large or jumbo eggs
## Steps
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
- 2. Pour water into the pressure cooker, and then put the trivet or wire basket in. Add the eggs.
- 3. Wash your hands.
- Set the cooker to high pressure.
- Cook the eggs for 5 minutes.
- While the eggs are cooking, prepare an ice bath (water and ice in a bowl).
- Once the cooking time is over, let the pot naturally release for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, place the eggs directly into the ice bath for 5 minutes.
- Peel and enjoy immediately.
Tip: Do not wash eggs before putting them in the pressure cooker. Washing removes the protective coating.
Holiday Turkey Breast
Ingredients
7 pounds turkey breast, bone-in and skin-on
3 tablespoons olive oil
¾ teaspoon paprika
2 teaspoons fresh poultry herb mix, chopped (rosemary, sage, and thyme)
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon cayenne pepper
½ teaspoon black pepper
1 cup low-sodium chicken broth
1 medium apple, quartered
1 medium onion, cut into large slices
4 cloves garlic
2 stalks celery
## Steps
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
- Add the chicken broth to your pressure cooker. Place the trivet/wire basket inside, and then add the onions, garlic, apple, and celery.
- In a small bowl, mix the olive oil, paprika, herb mix, salt, and pepper thoroughly.
- Remove the gray packet from the turkey. You can throw this away and make your own gravy (instructions below).
- Brush the turkey with the olive oil mixture. Place the turkey in the trivet/wire basket breast side up.
- 6. Wash your hands with soap and water.
- Seal the cooker and close the vent. Set the timer to 35 minutes on high pressure. Let the cooker naturally release.
- Remove the turkey from the cooker, being careful because it will be very hot.
- To crisp the skin, place the turkey in the oven at 440°F. Broil until the skin is golden and crispy.
- To make gravy, drain the pan drippings through a sieve. Measure 2 cups of liquid and place it back into the pressure cooker. Set the cooker to sauté. Once the liquid is simmering, add a mixture of 2 tablespoons of cornstarch and ¼ cup water and whisk well. Sauté until the gravy thickens.
## Tips:
- Turkey must reach an internal temperature of 165ºF. Check it with a thermometer.
- The herb mix is low in sodium or contains no sodium, so add salt if needed.
- Using sage in different dishes is good for oral health!
- Removing the skin is a great way to reduce fat. But since turkey is naturally dry, you may want to leave the skin on to help it retain moisture.
## White Rice
## Ingredients
## ½ cup no-salt ketchup
½ teaspoon oregano, dried
2 tablespoons parsley, chopped
2 tablespoons sesame seed oil (or vegetable oil)
4-6 chicken thighs, bone-in and skinless
Salt and pepper to taste
½ tablespoon sesame seeds, toasted (for garnish)
Green onions (optional, for garnish)
## Steps
- 1. Wash your hands with soap and water.
- 2. In a small mixing bowl, combine the honey, onion powder, minced garlic, soy sauce, ketchup, oregano, and parsley. Mix until well combined and set aside.
- 3. Heat your pressure cooker in sauté mode. Add the sesame oil to the pot.
Tip: The internal temperature of the chicken must be 165°F. Check it with a food thermometer.
## Steel Cut Oats
## Ingredients
- 2 cups steel cut oats
- 3½ cups water
- 2 cups 2% milk (try almond or soy milk if you prefer)
- ½ teaspoon ground cinnamon
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 2 tablespoons maple syrup (plus more for serving)
- 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
- 1 medium banana, sliced
- ½ cup blueberries or strawberries
## Optional Toppings
Chopped apples
- ¾ cup dried fruit (golden raisins, dried cherries or cranberries)
- 1 teaspoon chia seeds or flaxseed
- Handful of pecans
Drizzle of honey
## Steps
- 1. Wash your hands with soap and water.
- Combine the oats, water, milk, cinnamon, and salt.
- 3. Add the oat mixture to the pot and set your pressure cooker on high for 5 minutes. Let it naturally release for 20 minutes. Carefully remove the lid.
- 4. Stir the oats well. Carefully taste (it will be hot), and add vanilla extract and additional cinnamon and/or maple syrup to taste. The oats will continue to thicken as they cool.
- 5. Ladle into serving bowls and serve hot with desired toppings.
Tip: Oats are packed with fiber that can help keep your blood sugar at a normal range throughout the day. Boost the health benefits by adding % teaspoon of turmeric and black pepper for a savory oatmeal.
## Broccoli Cheddar Soup
## Ingredients
- 1 tablespoon unsalted butter
- 1 medium yellow onion, finely diced
- 1 large carrot, shredded
- 1 celery stalk, finely diced
- 2 garlic cloves, OR 2 teaspoons garlic, minced
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon cayenne pepper or Cajun seasoning (optional)
- ½ teaspoon smoked paprika or paprika
- 1 pound broccoli florets, chopped (fresh or frozen)
- 3 cups vegetable broth
- 1 cup skim milk or 2% milk
- 2 tablespoons cornstarch
- 1 tablespoon hot sauce (optional)
- 2 cups loosely packed shredded cheddar cheese
- Black pepper or Cayenne
## Steps
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
- Peel then gently rub the onion under cold, running water. Finely dice the onion.
- Scrub the carrot with a clean vegetable brush under running water. Peel and shred the carrot.
- If you don't have a carrot shredder, use a cheese grater. If you don't have a cheese grater, slice the carrot into thin pieces.
- Scrub the celery with a clean vegetable brush under running water. Finely dice the celery.
- Peel then rub the garlic under cold, running water. Mince the garlic or use 2 teaspoons of prepared minced garlic.
- Gently rub the broccoli under cold, running water. Chop the broccoli.
- On the sauté or sear setting on medium heat, melt the butter. Add the onion, carrot, celery, garlic, and ½ teaspoon salt. Sauté for 5 minutes until the onions are softened but not brown. Turn off the cooker.
- Add the broccoli and vegetable broth. Lock the lid and vent. Set the cooker to cook 1 minute on high.
- While the soup is cooking, mix the milk, cornstarch, and hot sauce in a bowl.
## Tips:
- The soup thickens more about 3-5 minutes after turning off the electric pressure cooker.
- To boost flavor, add black or cayenne pepper before serving the soup.
- Ingredients in this dish, such as carrots and paprika, contain antioxidants that can help lower your risk of developing cancer.
## Vegetable Soup
## Ingredients
1 teaspoon canola oil
medium onion, finely diced
garlic cloves, OR 2 teaspoons garlic, minced
teaspoons Italian seasoning
teaspoons salt
¼ teaspoon black pepper
6 cups low-sodium chicken or vegetable broth
pound potatoes, chopped (about 3-4 medium; try 2 white potatoes and 2 sweet potatoes, or use what you have)
large carrots, peeled and chopped
ribs celery, sliced
1½ cups fire-roasted tomatoes, diced
cup fresh or frozen green beans, cut into thirds (or use canned)
1 cup of your favorite finely chopped leafy green or microgreen like collards, kale, or spinach
## Steps
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
- Peel the onion, rub it under cold, running water, and then dice it.
- Set the cooker to sauté or sear. Add the oil and onion and cook until clear and soft. Turn the cooker off.
- Add garlic, Italian seasoning, salt, and pepper. Stir and cook for 1 minute.
- 5. Add the chicken broth to the hot pan and scrape the bottom with a spoon to remove any bits.
- Wash all fresh produce under running water.
- Scrub, peel, and cube the potatoes and carrots.
## Tips:
- · If you don't have fresh vegetables, use a frozen soup blend or canned vegetables (drained).
- · Eating a diet rich in leafy greens can reduce your risk of heart disease and high blood pressureand improve your brain health!
## Warm Potato Salad
## Ingredients
6 medium russet potatoes, peeled and cubed
1½ cups water
4 large eggs
1½ cups light mayonnaise
1 tablespoon white or cider vinegar
1 tablespoon Dijon mustard
1 teaspoon salt
2 celery stalks, chopped (about 1 cup)
1 medium onion, chopped
## Steps
1. Wash your hands with soap and water.
2. Scrub the potatoes with a clean vegetable brush under running water. Peel and cube the potatoes.
3. Put the steamer basket in the pressure cooker pot. Add the water, potatoes, and eggs. Lock the lid in place, select high pressure, set the cooker to 4 minutes, and press start.
4. Wash your hands after handling eggs, even if they are not cracked.
5. When the cooking time is up, turn off the pressure cooker and do a quick release. Remove the lid.
6. Carefully remove the eggs and place them in ice water to cool. Once cooled, peel and chop them.
7. Drain the potatoes, being careful not to lean into the steam, because it will be very hot.
8. Scrub the celery with a clean vegetable brush under running water, and then chop it.
9. Peel the onion, rub it under cold, running water, and then chop it.
10. In a large bowl, add the potatoes, eggs, onion, celery, and bell pepper. Gently mix.
## Tips:
- Add your favorite color of bell pepper to increase the nutrition and flavor!
- Potatoes are naturally gluten-free. This makes them an excellent food choice for people with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
## Cabbage and Sausage
## Ingredients
1½ pounds (24 ounces) smoked turkey sausage, sliced
1 large onion, chopped
1 cup low-sodium beef or chicken stock
½ teaspoon hot sauce (or to taste)
1 head cabbage, cored and chopped
1 bell pepper
1 teaspoon Cajun seasoning
## Steps
- 1. Wash your hands with soap and water.
- 2. Peel and gently rub the onion under cold, running water, and then chop it.
- 3. Set your cooker to sauté. Cook the sausage and onion until well browned, 5-10 minutes.
- 4. Stir in the hot sauce, salt, and pepper to taste.
- 5. Gently rub the cabbage under cold, running water, and then core and
chop it.
- 6. Add the cabbage to the cooker. Do not exceed the max line.
- 7. Pour in the stock and stir until the cabbage is coated.
- 8. Seal the cooker and close the vent.
- 9. Pressure cook on manual high pressure for 2 minutes. Use quick release for the pressure.
- 10. Serve and enjoy!
## Tips:
- • Serve with hot sauce or malt vinegar for extra flavor!
- • Cabbage is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
By Qua Madkin, Extension Instructor, Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion; and Janet Jolley, Extension Agent (retired), Marshall County.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
| SELECT A COUNTY | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|----|----|----|
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P4047 HappyHealthy Fact Sheet: Oranges
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## Recent Issues
BUG'S EYE VIEW
Spinybacked Orbweaver, Vol. 4, No. 31
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MISSISSPI PI MARKETMAKER
Vol. 5, Issue 14 - Looking for Locally-Grown Turkeys for Thanksgiving? |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-grits-and-greens/ | Live Well Recipe: Grits and Greens | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe: Grits and Greens
Try our Grits and Greens recipe. Green leafy vegetables, such as collards, are high in vitamin C, which your body loves. Serves 1.
## Ingredients
1/2 serving quick cooking grits, cooked according to package
1/2 tablespoon butter
Salt and pepper to taste
1 egg
1/2 cup collard greens, chopped
2 tablespoons water
Hot sauce, optional
## Directions
Pour cooked grits in serving bowl and season with butter, salt and pepper.
In a small skillet, cook the egg to how you like it.
In a microwave-safe bowl, add collard greens and water. Cover tightly and microwave for 2 minutes. Drain water.
Spoon the greens over the grits, then top with the egg. Add hot sauce, if desired.
Download the recipe here: Printable Grits and Greens (https://www.aces.edu/wpvwccontent/uploads/2018/07/FCS\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards\_GritsGreens)
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement )
(b/log/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/)
Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2023/06/01/june-07-is-world-food-safety-day/ | June 07 is World Food Safety Day | University of Florida | [] | 2023-06-01 | [
"Food Safety",
"Health & Nutrition",
"Work & Life",
"Cooking with Kids",
"food",
"food safety",
"health",
"Pgm_FCS"
] | FL | ## June 07 is World Food Safety Day
Now that school is out and we are spending more time with our family, inviting children into the kitchen can be a great way to create family memories and have some fun too. But it also brings the opportunity to teach children valuable cooking skills that should also include following food safety guidelines.
Recipes don't have to be complicated! A simple fruit salad, homemade popsicles or lemonade and even a healthy trail mix can be fun. Children can also participate in the washing and drying of utensils and dishes.
World Food Safety Day is the great opportunity to draw attention to the importance of food safety for children and families and also share some fun together.
Remember the four steps to keep your family safe from food poisoning.
- Clean - wash your hands (20 seconds), surfaces, utensils, cutting boards and kitchen cleanup.
- Separate and don't cross-contaminate! - use a separate cutting board for meats, poultry and fish and another for fresh fruits and vegetables
- Cook - use a food thermometer to measure proper internal temperatures of food before eating.
- Chill - place foods back into the refrigerator within two hours if in a controlled environment and within 1 hour if outside in warm weather.
A young boy helps in the kitchen. [Credit:
pixabay.com, Laterajy]
Washing hands. [Credit: UF/IFAS Photo, Tyler Jones]
For more detailed information on the four steps, visit some of my other blog.posts .
And to help you get started in the kitchen with your children, The Partnership for Food Safety Education has some delicious recipes for you and your family to mix together!
Now, just relax and have some fun.
- · Safe Recipe Cookbooks:
- The Healthy Lunch Cookbook
- · The Safe Recipe Cookbook
- · Georgia Pecan Mix Safe Recipe
- · Caterpillars , Butterflies , and Snails Safe Recipe
```
o
```
Category: Food Safety, Health & Nutrition, Work & Life
Tags: Cooking With Kids, Food, Food Safety, Health, Pgm FCS
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Let's Keep Moving! - Strength
- · The Buzz About Bees In Florida
- · Join The 2025 Master Garden Volunteer Training Program!
- · Learn How Food Waste Impacts Your Life |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1982/rr82_47.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090122163309-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Corn Moisture and Processing
D. R. Gill, F. N. Owens, J. J. Martin R. A. Zinn, D. E. Williams and R. J. Hillier
## Story in Brief
Corn harvested at 24 and 31 percent moisture was stored at these moisture levels and compared with corn harvested at 24 percent moisture and reco stituted with water to 31 percent moisture. Each moisture level of corn was ensiled in the ground form or as a blend consisting of 60 percent whole kernel corn plus 40 percent ground corn. These six types of corn were fed to 150 steers (673 lb) for 112 days. Higher moisture content, whether present at harvest or from water added prior to ensiling, improved feed efficiency (8.5 percent) over corn at 24 percent moisture. Except for a slight sacrifice in rate of gain, adding water to high-moisture corn improved its feeding value. Corn processing prior to ensiling had little effect on performance. Feed efficiency was improved 1.5 percent by grinding. Source of supplemental protein also had little effect on animal per› formance. Results confirm previous studies which indicate that efficiency of feed use of high-moisture corn is greater when it contains about 30 percent moisture than when it contains only 24 percent moisture.
## Introduction
Moisture level of high-moisture corn alters efficiency of feed used according to previous trails from Oklahoma (Teeter et al., 1979) and Kansas (Davis, 1981). High-moisture corn containing 20 to 24 percent moisture is not as well utilized as either dry corn or corn containing more than 27 percent moisture. To obtain higher moisture levels, can be harvested earlier, or water can be added at ensiling time. Method of processing high-moisture corn at ensiling time also is debated. Fine grinding assures packing and may improve digestibility of starch but requires additional energy and time. Nebraska trials with high-moisture corn stored and fed in the whole form seem promising, but packing of the grain to avoid air penetration and molding in trench silos is simplified when fine particles are present. The objectives of this trial were to determine the influence of moisture content (harvested or reconstituted high-moisture corn) and grain pro› cessing on value of high-moisture corn for feedlot steers. Because the ideal protein supplement for high-moisture corn is uncertain, soybean meal, urea and a mixture were tested as supplements.
## Materials and Methods
Corn from western Kansas was harvested at 31 percent moisture or at 24 percent moisture and transported to Goodwell, Oklahoma. A portion of each batch of corn was ground with a tub grinder for storage in the ground form. A blend of high-moisture corn in the whole form (60 percent) with ground corn (40 percent) also was prepared for storage. These two processing methods will be termed "blend" and "ground" in this report. The corn was stored at harvest
moisture levels, and half of the 24 percent moisture corn was reconstituted to 31 percent moisture by adding water to corn mixing in feed trucks. Each of the three grains was stored in plastic bags (Ag-Bag) from November until the following April.
One hundred fifty steers of mixed breeding weighing 673 lb were divided into 30 pens of 5 head each and fed the rations (Table I) for 112 days. Steers had been on feed at Hitch Feedlot for over a month prior to initiation of this feeding trial.
Table 1. Ration composition (% of dry matter)"
| | Supplemental protein | Supplemental protein | Supplemental protein |
|---------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|
| Ingredient | Soybean meal | Urea | Mixture |
| Corn, high moisture | 82.1 | 87.7 | 83.9 |
| Corn silage | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| Alfalfa, chopped | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
| Soybean meal | 5.84 | 0 | 3.55 |
| Limestone | .86 | .82 | .84 |
| Urea | 0 | .87 | .34 |
| Ammonium sulfate | .15 | .15 | .15 |
| KCl | .23 | .43 | .31 |
| Salt | .38 | .38 | .38 |
| | | | |
"Crude protein of negative control was 9.4% and of other rations was 11.8% of dry feed. All rations contained .7% K, .5% Cia and .34% P plus rumensin (30 gton), Tylan (90 mghead daily) and vitamin A (30,000 IU/head daily).
## Results and Discussion
No interactions of moisture level, processing and protein source were apparent. A discussion of three factors follows.
## Moisture level
Dry matter intakes were greater for the drier (24 percent moisture) corn than for corn with water added or corn higher in moisture at harvest. This has been observed in previous trials. Gains differed little with moisture content. Wetter and
| | Moisture | Moisture | Moisture |
|----------------|------------|------------|------------|
| Item | Dry | Wet | Recon |
| Daily gain, lb | 0-55 | 2.83 | 2.84 |
| Daily gain, lb | 56-112 | 3.08 | 3.21 |
| Daily gain, lb | 0-112 | 2.96 | 3.03 |
| Daily feed, lb | 0-55 | 16.4 | 15.4 |
| Daily feed, lb | 56-112 | 17.3a | 16.4ab |
| Daily feed, lb | 0-112 | 16.8a | 15.9b |
| Feed/gain | 0-55 | 5.81 | 5.43 |
| Feed/gain | 56-112 | 5.65a | 5.13ab |
| Feed/gain | 0-112 | 5.70a | 5.25b |
| ME, mcal/kg | 3.15b | 3.33a | 3.36a |
reconstituted grain improved feed efficiency by 8.5 percent, and calculated energy content was 6.2 percent greater for grain containing more moisture than the 24 percent moisture corn. One could conclude that adding water to drier high-moisture corn decreases feed intake (5.3 percent) and increases efficiency of feed use (9.1 percent) with a slight sacrifice (3.0 percent) in daily gain. Higher moisture harvested grain does not appear to depress gains to the extent recon stitution may.
## Grain processing
Effects of grain processing on steer performance are presented in Table 3. Performance of steers fed high-moisture corn stored and fed ground was little different than that of steers fed high-moisture corn in which 60 percent of the grain was stored and fed in the whole form. The advantage in feed efficiency attributable to grinding (1.5 percent) may not justify the additional cost of grinding. However, when corn is stored in a pit silo instead of being encased in plastic as it was in this study, packing and spoilage will be more of a problem with a product that has whole kernels than with a ground product.
| | Processing | Processing |
|----------------|--------------|--------------|
| Item | Blend | Ground |
| Daily gain, lb | 0-55 | 2.73 2.73 |
| 56-112 | 0-112 2.91 | 3.19 2.96 |
| Daily feed, lb | 0-55 15.4 | 15.3 |
| 56-112 | 0-112 16.2 | 16.5 |
| Feed/gain | 0-55 5.65 | 5.64 |
| 0-55 | 56-112 5.29 | 5.20 |
| Me, mcal/kg | 0-112 5.44 | 5.36 |
| ME, mcal/kg | 3.25 | 3.29 |
## Protein source
Effect of protein source on animal performance is presented in Table 4. Rate of gain and feed intakes were slightly lower for steers fed the soybean meal supplement. Differences in feed efficiency were very small. Previously, soybean meal supplements have usually proven superior to urea supplements with high moisture corn. Compared with other years, the urea supplements this year were balanced with the soybean supplement not only for nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and potassium but also for sulfur from sodium sulfate. Also, monensin was included in the supplement. Sulfur and monensin additions to urea supplements for moisture corn diets need further research.
Gains and feed efficiencies for all treatments are presented in Table 5 for those who have interests in certain specific combinations.
| | Protein source | Mixture |
|----------------|------------------|-----------|
| Item | Urea | |
| Daily gain, lb | | |
| 0-55 | 2.68 | 2.72 |
| 56-112 | 3.11 | 3.18 |
| 0-112 | 2.90 | 2.95 |
| Daily feed, lb | 14.9 | 15.5 |
| 0-55 | 16.6 | 16.4 |
| 56-112 | 16.6 | 16.4 |
| 0-112 | 15.7 | 16.0 |
| Feed/gain | 15.7 | 15.8 |
| 0-55 | 5.59 | 5.79 |
| 56-112 | 5.36 | 5.18 |
| 0-112 | 5.42 | 5.43 |
| ME, mcal/kg | 3.27 | 3.27 |
| | Daily gain, lb | Daily gain, lb | Daily gain, lb | Feed/gain | Feed/gain |
|----------|------------------|------------------|------------------|-------------|-------------|
| | Protein source | SBM | Protein source | SBM | |
| Moisture | Process | Urea | Mix | Urea | Mix |
| 24H a | Blend | 2.83 | 2.83 | 2.99 | 5.70 |
| 24H a | Blended | 2.88 | 3.21 | 2.99 | 5.90 |
| 31R b | Blended | 2.84 | 2.90 | 2.84 | 5.37 |
| 31R b | Ground | 2.99 | 2.90 | 2.74 | 5.05 |
| 31H a | Blended | 3.25 | 3.03 | 2.88 | 5.22 |
| 31H a | Ground | 3.20 | 2.79 | 3.02 | 5.08 |
## Literature Cited
Davis, G. V. 1981. Cattle Feeders' Day, Garden City, KS. p. 14. Teeter, R. G. et al. 1979. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. MP-104:62. | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/collierco/2021/07/21/living-and-working-safely-in-the-florida-sun/ | Living and Working Safely In The Florida Sun! | University of Florida | [
"Michael Sipos"
] | 2021-07-21 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Coasts & Marine",
"Health & Nutrition",
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Water",
"Work & Life",
"atlantic ocean",
"beach",
"boating",
"cancer",
"carcinoma",
"diving",
"fishing",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"Gulf of Mexico",
"heat",
"heat stroke",
"keys",
"lobster season",
"melanoma",
"mini season",
"ocean",
"safety",
"scallop",
"scallop season",
"scalloping",
"skin cancer",
"SPF",
"squamous",
"summer vacation",
"sun",
"sunny",
"sunscreen",
"UPF",
"UV",
"water",
"weather"
] | FL | ## Living and Working Safely In The Florida Sun!
This piece was written by Dr. Lindsey Warner and I stumbled upon the article while checking out the UF Lakewatch Program's awesome newsletter! The sun safety info included was one of the most comprehensive and easy to read summaries I've read and Dr. Warner has graciously allowed me to adapt and repost the content here in IFAS blog format. Please spread the word on sun safety to anyone spending time outdoors especially during these next toasty summer months!
Living and working in Florida's sunny subtropical climate poses challenges both to our health and our environment. As we learn more about sun exposure's detrimental effects, sun protection is becoming ever more crucial. In this article, I will briefly walk you through the basics of UV exposure, sunscreens, their environmental impact, UPF clothing, and what it is they protect you against.
## The Sun and UV Light
Let me start by taking us briefly back to what is sunlight. Sunlight actually consists of multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic energy that radiates from the sun, through our atmosphere and into our environment. The most damaging wavelength is called Ultraviolet (UV) light which is further divided into UVA and UVB. UVA waves penetrate the bottom-most layer of skin causing skin thinning, wrinkles, and tanning. UVB waves radiate the top layers of the skin, causing sunburn and most skin cancers.
Sun exposure in Florida can be especially damaging due to our proximity to the equator. The national
Orlando Partly Cloudy
Now
88*
Feels Like
91*
PRECRIPTION
0 in
PRESSURE
30.04 inHg
VISIBILITY
10 mi
UV INDEX
6
weather service regularly tests the strength of UV radiation in most major US cities. This information is also included on most weather apps under "UV index." What you will see is a number between 0 and 15 indicating the severity of radiation exposure in your area for that day. The higher the rating, the shorter the time in direct sunlight required to cause skin damage. Here in Florida, it only takes 15-25 minutes unprotected in the sun to cause cellular damage to your skin. This cellular damage triggers your pigment cells, melanocytes, to release more pigment, which is why people "tan" after sun exposure, but al-so increases the risk of cancerous mutations to the DNA of the skin. UPF? SPF? What They Mean and Why They're Important The mainstays of sun protection, are wearing UPF clothing and sunscreen, seeking shade, and avoiding mid-day sun. Sunscreen acts by either deflecting or absorbing UV radiation before it can penetrate and damage our skin. Sunscreens that have titanium or zinc oxide listed under active ingredients work by deflecting light and are known as "physical/miner" al blockers" These earth metals work very well as they can be
compounded into creams giving us all the benefits of a suit of armor with none of the bulk. They are, however, more difficult to "rub in" and leave a white sheen on the skin. The other type of sunscreen, "chemical blockers/organic filters," acts by absorbing the energy of the UV radiation into their chemical structure and releasing the energy as heat. They typically contain avobenzone, homogenate, octisalate, and octocrylene (usually all four together, in that order). Understandably these can be irritating to sensitive skin. On the other hand, they are easier to rub in, lighter weight, and less greasy. It is
also important to note that not all ingredients block both UVA and UVB, in fact, of the ones discussed above only zinc, titanium, and avobenzone protect against UVA.
Now choosing the SPF is our next big step. SPF stands for sun protection factor and tells us what percent of UVB rays are blocked, which increases with increasing SPF though not in a one-to -
one fashion. SPF 15 blocks 94% of UVB waves, and SPF 100 blocks 99%. So increasing SPF does
marginally increase your UVB protection. Unfortunately, SPF tells you nothing about UVA protection. To make sure your sunscreen is also protecting you against damage from UVA radiation, look for a "broad spectrum" designation on the label, which is an FDAregulated designation that assures UVA protection. In terms of the official recommendation, the American Academy of Dermatology recommends using 30 SPF or greater, broad spectrum, water resistant sunscreen. The sunscreen pictured is my personal favorite and I have highlighted the parts of the label I use to inform my choice (mineral/physical blocker, broad-spectrum, and reeffriendly).
## Sunscreen and The Environment
What about sunscr en and the aquati c enviro nment ?? This is certain ly an
lyan
important consideration when choosing a sunscreen, and especially pertinent in this field. It is estimated that 7 to 14 thou-sand tons of
sunscreen enter our oceans per year and have been linked to the global decline and loss of coral reefs. In 2015 the US National Aquarium and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration published a cornerstone study, led by Dr. Craig Downs, which found that oxybenzone (a common chemical sunscreen ingredient) even in concentrations of 62 parts per trillion, caused coral cell toxicity. In response to this new information, Hawaii has recently successfully banned the sale of all sun-screens containing oxybenzone or octinoxate, on January 1, 2021. Though most research has been conducted in salt-water organisms, it is likely to be equally damaging to their fresh-water counterparts. Additionally, oxybenzone is very difficult to remove from wastewater, and even land-bound folks would do well to avoid increasing environmental exposure to these chemicals.
## UV Blocking Clothing?
This brings us nicely to the benefits of UPF clothing. UPF stands for ultraviolet protection factor and describes both UVA and UVB
of 50 indicates that 1/50 of UV rays reach your skin, or conversely, 49/50 (98%) of rays are blocked. Fabric's ability to block UV radiation is determined by the density of the weave or thread count and the types of dyes used. In fact, many darker articles of loose fitting, synthetic clothing offer good sun protection. As a rule of thumb, holding a fabric up to the light will give you a good idea of how much light will reach your skin. For example, a dark-colored polyester shirt has a UPF of 30+ (97% of UV rays blocked). A quick look into most of our wardrobes will show us that we have some sun-protective clothing al-ready. All-together, UPF clothing provides an environmentally safe, low hassle option that is my personal favorite and go-to. Though you may not get style points for a large, brimmed hat and full-coverage clothing, the ease and environmental benefits are unparalleled.
## Skin Cancer
Lastly, let's discuss why we care about sun protection: skin cancer. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation causes alterations in the DNA of our skin cells.
three most common types of skin cancers are basal cell, squamous cell, and melanoma, and they are named after the types of skin cells affected. The deadliest, and most rare, is melanoma, a cancer of the pigment-producing melanocytes that can invade lymph nodes and spread if untreated. The American Cancer Society reports that in the US, it is responsible for 20 deaths a day and more than 100,000 cases of invasive melanoma were diagnosed last year. Fortunately, relative to other cancers, skin cancer has a very good survival rate of >92% if caught early and treated.
Because early detection is key, it is important to establish care with a dermatologist both for timely treatment and to learn more about prevention and identification of worrisome skin spots. To summarize our key points, sunlight contains ultraviolet radiation that causes cellular damage/burn in a matter of 15-25 minutes here in Florida. UPF clothing or dark, loose-fitting fabrics are a convenient and environmentally safe way to protect your skin. For the exposed parts of your skin, look for reef-friendly, water resistant, broadspectrum, 30+ SPF sunscreen. When it comes to sun exposure, skin protection equals cancer prevention. Skin cancer impacts one in 5 people in the US. Stay safe out there!"
Thank you Dr. Warner For letting me share this information! I look forward to checking out any additional articles from you in the future!
## by Michael Sipos
Posted: July 21, 2021
Category: 4-H & Youth, Coasts & Marine, Health & Nutrition, Natural
Resources, Recreation, UF/IFAS Extension, Water, Work & Life
Tags: Atlantic Ocean, Beach, Boating, Cancer, Carcinoma, Divining,
Fishing, Florida Sea Grant, Gulf Of Mexico, Heat, Heat Stroke, Keys,
Lobster Season, Melanoma, Mini Season, Ocean, Safety, Scallop,
Scallop Season, Scalloping, Skin Cancer, SPF, Squamous, Summer
Vacation, Sun, Sunny, Sunscreen, UPE, UV, Water, Weather
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Nuanced Wildlife - Racoons
- · Beekeeping 101 Program At Collier County Extension
- · African Pompano Cavicheel: Florida Seafood At Your Fingertips LIVE!
- · Wondering About Your Extension Office Services? |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/beef-cattle/cattle-stocks | Cattle Stocks | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Beef Cattle"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Beef Cattle » Cattle Stocks
## Cattle Stocks
BEEF CATTLE
Publication Number: 5761
Filed Under: Agriculture
View as PDF: 5761.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/adapting-wheat-production-to-climate-in-alabama/ | Adapting Wheat Production to Climate in Alabama | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Prem Woli",
"Brenda V. Ortiz",
"Kathy Flanders",
"Austin Hagan",
"Bob Kemerait",
"David Wright"
] | 2018-08-20 | [
"Crop Production",
"Agriculture",
"Climate Adaptation"
] | AL | The production of soft red winter wheat is mainly concentrated in the northern Alabama (the Northern Valley and the northeastern region of the Appalachian Mountains in Alabama) followed by the southern part (the Coastal Plain and Gulf Coast), although wheat fields are spread out throughout the state. Limestone, Madison, Lauderdale, Morgan, Lawrence, Jackson De Kalb, Marshall, and Colbert are the leading counties in the northern region, and Baldwin, Escambia, Geneva, Houston, Henry, Daley, Coffee, and Covington are the leading counties in the southern region.
The climate variability is mainly linked to ENSO, which is an oscillation that occurs every 3 to 7 years between warm and cold phases of sea surface temperature in the Equatorial Pacific. The El Niño phase of ENSO results in lower winter temperatures and higher winter-spring rainfall. The La Niña phase of ENSO causes warmer and drier conditions from fall to spring.
Climate forecasting can be a valuable tool in increasing yields and securing a more profitable crop. Why? Because wheat is as susceptible to changes in temperature and precipitation as many other crops, especially in Alabama, where climate varies widely from year to year.
Here is how you can use this climate information to enhance yields and secure higher levels of profitability.
## Cookie Notice Key Climate Impacts and Management Strategy
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp)
Print "Drier/Warner Winter and Spring" table from our website.
Print "Wetter/Cooler Winter and Spring" table from our website.
Print "Drier/Warner Summer" table from our website.
Print "Wetter/Cooler Summer" table from our website.
Print "Drier/Warner Fall" table from our website.
Print "Wetter/Cooler Fall" table from our website.
## Seasonal Climate Variability Affecting Wheat Production in Alabama
The ocean-atmospheric phenomenon associated with unusually warm water that occasionally forms across the tropical eastern and central Pacific is referred to as the El Niño
- · The La Ninha phase is characterized by cooler than average sea surface temperatures across the same region.
- · The phenomenon associated with close-to-average sea surface temperature in this region is referred to as the Neutral
- · El Niño, La Nina, and Neutral are the three phases of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). In Alabama, ENSO affects rainfall and temperature mainly during fall, winter, and spring
- · In El Niño phase years, the southern part of Alabama is wetter and cooler than average condition during winter, whereas the northern part is drier and The conditions are just opposite in a La Niniha phase.
- · Among the ENSO phases, La Ninja results in the highest wheat yields in the northern part of the state, whereas El Niño tends to produce most in the mid-southern part (Figure 1). Of all phases, the neutral phase yields are the largest in
the southern and mid-northern parts. La Niniha produces me yields than El Niño in the northern part, when as El Niño produces more yields than La Niniha in the central and southern locations.
- · Yield losses associated with delayed planting are high in La Ninia phase years, moderate in Neutral phase years, and low in El Niño phase
- · in a witer weeks season, i'ne anaerobic condiion in soil due to water logging may reduce root growth and result in nitrogen
| Year (n) | Mid-North | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral |
|------------|-------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| 20 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 21 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 22 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 23 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 24 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 25 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 26 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 27 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 28 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 29 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 30 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 31 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 32 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 33 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 34 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 35 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 36 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 37 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 38 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 39 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 40 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 41 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 42 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 43 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 44 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 45 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 46 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 47 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 48 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 49 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 50 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Figure 1. Wheat yield differences among ENSO phases for four locations in Alabama.
Download a PDF of Adapting Wheat Production to Climate in Alabama, ANR-2046 .(https://www.aces.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/ANR-2046.REV\_.3.pdf) |
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