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Plot
----
The film opens with Oscar Wilde's 1882 visit to [Leadville, Colorado](/wiki/Leadville%2C_Colorado "Leadville, Colorado") during his lecture tour of the United States. Despite his flamboyant personality and urbane wit, he proves to be a success with the local [silver miners](/wiki/Silver_mining "Silver mining") as he regales them with tales of [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") silversmith [Benvenuto Cellini](/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini "Benvenuto Cellini").
Wilde returns to London and weds [Constance Lloyd](/wiki/Constance_Lloyd "Constance Lloyd"). They have two sons in quick succession. While their second child is still an infant, the couple hosts a young Canadian named [Robbie Ross](/wiki/Robbie_Ross "Robbie Ross"), who seduces Wilde. Ross's love for Wilde endures. On the opening night of his play *[Lady Windermere's Fan](/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan "Lady Windermere's Fan")*, Wilde is re\-introduced to the dashingly handsome and foppish poet [Lord Alfred "Bosie" Douglas](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas "Lord Alfred Douglas"), whom he had met briefly the year before. The two fall into a passionate and tempestuous relationship. The [hedonistic](/wiki/Hedonism "Hedonism") Bosie is not content to remain [monogamous](/wiki/Monogamy "Monogamy") and frequently engages in sexual activity with [rent boys](/wiki/Male_prostitution "Male prostitution") while his older lover plays the role of [voyeur](/wiki/Voyeurism "Voyeurism").
Bosie's father, the [Marquess of Queensberry](/wiki/John_Douglas%2C_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry "John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry"), a violent and cruel man, objects to his son's relationship with Wilde and demeans the playwright shortly after the opening of *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest "The Importance of Being Earnest")*. When Wilde sues the Marquess for criminal libel, his homosexuality is publicly exposed. He is eventually tried for [gross indecency](/wiki/Gross_indecency_between_men "Gross indecency between men") and sentenced to two years' [hard labour](/wiki/Penal_labour "Penal labour"). Constance is advised by friends to go abroad and change her name to protect the children.
Prison life is grueling; the [penal treadmill](/wiki/Penal_treadmill "Penal treadmill") permanently wrecks Wilde's health. Bosie tells Robbie he will look after Wilde in some pleasant sunny place when he is released. Constance visits him in prison. She is sending Cyril to school in Germany, and she may need back surgery. He tells her he has always loved her, and that he did not know himself in the beginning. She tells him she does not want a divorce. The children love him and he is welcome to visit as long as he never sees Bosie again.
Loyal friend [Ada Leverson](/wiki/Ada_Leverson "Ada Leverson") meets Wilde when he is released from prison in May 1897, carrying the manuscript of *[De Profundis](/wiki/De_Profundis_%28letter%29 "De Profundis (letter)")*. He goes straight into exile, to continental Europe. He puts flowers on Constance's grave. Since she died (in April 1898\) he is no longer allowed to see his children. He eventually meets with Douglas. A printed epilogue notes that they parted after three months and describes Wilde's death in Paris in November 1900 at age 46 and the fates of Bosie and Ross.
Portions of the beloved Wilde story "[The Selfish Giant](/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales%23%22The_Selfish_Giant%22 "The Happy Prince and Other Tales#")" are woven throughout the film, beginning when Wilde tells the story to his children, then as Constance reads the book to them and so on until Wilde almost finishes the story in a voice\-over as the film nears its end.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film opens with Oscar Wilde's 1882 visit to [Leadville, Colorado](/wiki/Leadville%2C_Colorado \"Leadville, Colorado\") during his lecture tour of the United States. Despite his flamboyant personality and urbane wit, he proves to be a success with the local [silver miners](/wiki/Silver_mining \"Silver mining\") as he regales them with tales of [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") silversmith [Benvenuto Cellini](/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini \"Benvenuto Cellini\").",
"Wilde returns to London and weds [Constance Lloyd](/wiki/Constance_Lloyd \"Constance Lloyd\"). They have two sons in quick succession. While their second child is still an infant, the couple hosts a young Canadian named [Robbie Ross](/wiki/Robbie_Ross \"Robbie Ross\"), who seduces Wilde. Ross's love for Wilde endures. On the opening night of his play *[Lady Windermere's Fan](/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan \"Lady Windermere's Fan\")*, Wilde is re\\-introduced to the dashingly handsome and foppish poet [Lord Alfred \"Bosie\" Douglas](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas \"Lord Alfred Douglas\"), whom he had met briefly the year before. The two fall into a passionate and tempestuous relationship. The [hedonistic](/wiki/Hedonism \"Hedonism\") Bosie is not content to remain [monogamous](/wiki/Monogamy \"Monogamy\") and frequently engages in sexual activity with [rent boys](/wiki/Male_prostitution \"Male prostitution\") while his older lover plays the role of [voyeur](/wiki/Voyeurism \"Voyeurism\").",
"Bosie's father, the [Marquess of Queensberry](/wiki/John_Douglas%2C_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry \"John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry\"), a violent and cruel man, objects to his son's relationship with Wilde and demeans the playwright shortly after the opening of *[The Importance of Being Earnest](/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest \"The Importance of Being Earnest\")*. When Wilde sues the Marquess for criminal libel, his homosexuality is publicly exposed. He is eventually tried for [gross indecency](/wiki/Gross_indecency_between_men \"Gross indecency between men\") and sentenced to two years' [hard labour](/wiki/Penal_labour \"Penal labour\"). Constance is advised by friends to go abroad and change her name to protect the children.",
"Prison life is grueling; the [penal treadmill](/wiki/Penal_treadmill \"Penal treadmill\") permanently wrecks Wilde's health. Bosie tells Robbie he will look after Wilde in some pleasant sunny place when he is released. Constance visits him in prison. She is sending Cyril to school in Germany, and she may need back surgery. He tells her he has always loved her, and that he did not know himself in the beginning. She tells him she does not want a divorce. The children love him and he is welcome to visit as long as he never sees Bosie again.",
"Loyal friend [Ada Leverson](/wiki/Ada_Leverson \"Ada Leverson\") meets Wilde when he is released from prison in May 1897, carrying the manuscript of *[De Profundis](/wiki/De_Profundis_%28letter%29 \"De Profundis (letter)\")*. He goes straight into exile, to continental Europe. He puts flowers on Constance's grave. Since she died (in April 1898\\) he is no longer allowed to see his children. He eventually meets with Douglas. A printed epilogue notes that they parted after three months and describes Wilde's death in Paris in November 1900 at age 46 and the fates of Bosie and Ross.",
"Portions of the beloved Wilde story \"[The Selfish Giant](/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales%23%22The_Selfish_Giant%22 \"The Happy Prince and Other Tales#\")\" are woven throughout the film, beginning when Wilde tells the story to his children, then as Constance reads the book to them and so on until Wilde almost finishes the story in a voice\\-over as the film nears its end.",
""
] |
History
-------
{{prose\|section\|date\=February 2019}}
The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Pohang area is from the [Mumun Pottery Period](/wiki/Mumun_Pottery_Period "Mumun Pottery Period") (1500–300 BC). Archaeologists have unearthed small villages and megalithic burials ([dolmen](/wiki/Dolmen "Dolmen")) from this period. Still a small fishing village at the dawn of the 20th century, the earliest steps toward developing Pohang into a place of greater significance were taken in 1930 with the construction of a modern harbour. Pohang grew rapidly afterward, attaining the designation of town ([*eup*](/wiki/Eup_%28administrative_division%29 "Eup (administrative division)")) in 1931 and then earning the status of city ([*si*](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea "List of cities in South Korea")) in 1949\.[WPS \- Port of Pohang contact information](http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/KOR_Port_of_Pohang_1487.php). Worldportsource.com. Retrieved on 2013\-07\-12\.
Pohang's road arteries and shipping port made it a place of strategic significance during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). An unopposed landing of UN forces at Pohang on July 18, 1950 was the first large\-scale amphibious operation since World War II, and the region around Pohang saw [fierce clashes](/wiki/Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong "Battle of P'ohang-dong") between South Korea's [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28South_Korea%29 "3rd Infantry Division (South Korea)") and North Korea's [5th Infantry Division](/wiki/5th_Division_%28North_Korea%29 "5th Division (North Korea)") during August–September 1950\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/116\_43998\.htm \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120802234605/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/116\_43998\.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-08\-02 \|script\-title\=ko:페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다 \|publisher\=Archive.is \|date\=2012\-08\-02 \|access\-date\=2018\-09\-01}}
By the 1960s, Pohang was a small coastal city with a population of 50,000\.[KASTN](http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~kocsea/pohang.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164606/http://www.cs.virginia.edu/\~kocsea/pohang.htm \|date\=2011\-06\-04 }}. Cs.virginia.edu (1996\-02\-01\). Retrieved on 2013\-07\-12\. The next major development in Pohang's growth came in 1968 with the inauguration of the steel maker [POSCO](/wiki/POSCO "POSCO"), and the local plant's commencement of production in 1972\. The introduction of [heavy industry](/wiki/Heavy_industry "Heavy industry") to the city brought the local economy to a blend of iron, steel, shipbuilding and fisheries through the end of the 20th century.
The early 21st century and the age of [globalization](/wiki/Globalization "Globalization") has brought new economic challenges to companies such as POSCO, giving rise to beliefs that Pohang would be wise to not be overly reliant on heavy industry to maintain its prosperity.{{cite web \|url\=http://esri.handong.edu/korean/download.php?id\=209\&sid\=8e8361e216e22553cc306b08f4598736 \|script\-title\=ko:자동등록방지를 위해 보안절차를 거치고 있습니다 \|publisher\=Esri.handong.edu \|access\-date\=2018\-09\-01 \|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145611/http://esri.handong.edu/korean/download.php?id\=209\&sid\=8e8361e216e22553cc306b08f4598736 \|url\-status\=dead }} In response, the Pohang of today presents itself as having an eye to the future, striving to become a diversified city of [environmentalism](/wiki/Environmentalism "Environmentalism") and advanced learning, as well as a centre of arts and culture.[http://eng.ipohang.org/En/About/AP01/?navi\=AP01\_1](http://eng.ipohang.org/En/About/AP01/?navi=AP01_1) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901131644/http://eng.ipohang.org/En/About/AP01/?navi\=AP01\_1\|date\=September 1, 2009}}
During the [Silla](/wiki/Silla "Silla") Dynasty the area was made up of four *[hyeon](/wiki/Hyeon "Hyeon")*, Toehwa\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|퇴화현\|退火縣}}), Jidap\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|지답현\|只沓縣}}), Geunoji\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|근오지현\|斤烏支縣}}), Haea\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|해아현\|海阿縣}}). Then during the [Goryeo](/wiki/Goryeo "Goryeo") Dynasty these four were renamed to Heunghae\-[gun](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea "Administrative divisions of South Korea") (흥해군/{{lang\|ko\|興海郡}}), Janggi\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|장기현\|長鬐縣}}), Yeongil\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|영일현\|迎日縣}}), Cheongha\-hyeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|청하현\|淸河縣}}) respectively.
On 4 August 1896, the three remaining *hyeon*, which at that time were Janggi, Yeonil ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|연일\|延日}}; originally Yeongil) and Cheongha were reassigned as counties or *[gun](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea "Administrative divisions of South Korea")* as part of the change to the 13\-province division of the [Korean Empire](/wiki/Korean_Empire "Korean Empire").
On 1 March 1914, the four counties were unified as one Yeongil\-gun ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|영일군\|迎日郡}}), which was subdivided into 18 *[myeons](/wiki/Myeon_%28administrative_division%29 "Myeon (administrative division)")*.
On 1 April 1931, Pohang\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|포항면\|浦項面}}) was designated as an *[eup](/wiki/Eup_%28administrative_division%29 "Eup (administrative division)")*, thus giving Yeongil\-gun 1 eup and 17 myeon.
On 1 April 1934, Jukbuk\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|죽북면\|竹北面}}) and Juknam\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|죽남면\|竹南面}}) were united to make Jukjang\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|죽장면\|竹長面}}), while Janggi\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|장기면\|長鬐面}}) and Bongsan\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|봉산면\|峰山面}}) united to make Jihaeng\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|지행면\|只杏面}}), so that there were 1 eup and 15 myeon.
On 1 October 1938, Hyeongsan\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|형산면\|兄山面}}) was incorporated into Pohang\-eup, leaving Yeongil\-gun with 1 eup and 14 myeon.
On 1 October 1942 Changju\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|창주면\|滄洲面}}) was renamed and reclassified as Guryongpo\-eup (구룡포읍/九龍浦邑), leaving 2 eup and 13 myeon.
On 15 August 1949, Pohang\-eup was designated as Pohang\-[*si*](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea "List of cities in South Korea") ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|포항시\|浦項市}}), leaving Yeongil with 1 si, 1 eup, 13 myeon and 1 local office.
On 8 July 1956, Heunghae\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|흥해면\|興海面}}) and Gokgang\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|곡강면\|曲江面}}) are incorporated into Uichang\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|의창면\|義昌面}}) leaving 1 si, 1 eup and 12 myeon.
On 29 October 1957, Daljeon\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|달전면\|達田面}}) is abolished and incorporated into Heunghae\-myeon and Yeonil\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|연일면\|延日面}}) leaving 1 si, 1 eup and 11 myeons.
On 1 March 1967, the Gibuk Local Office ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|기북출장소\|杞北出張所}}) of Gigye\-myeon (기계면/{{lang\|ko\|杞溪面}}) is established.
On 1 July 1973, Uichang\-myeon is designated as Uichang\-eup ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|의창읍\|義昌邑}}) leaving 1 si, 2 eup, 10 myeon and 3 local offices.
On 1 December 1980, Yeonil\-myeon and Ocheon\-myeon ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|오천면\|烏川面}}) are both designated as eup leaving 1 si, 4 eup, 8 myeon and 3 local offices.
On 1 September 1982, Haedo\-dong ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|해도동\|海島洞}}) and Sangdae\-dong ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|상대동\|上大洞}}) are separated into Haedo 1 and 2\-dong and Sangdae 1 and 2\-dong respectively.
On 1 April 1986, Daebo Local Office ({{Korean\|labels\=no\|대보출장소\|大甫出張所}}) and Gibuk Local Office are designated as myeon leaving 1 si, 4 eup, 10 myeon and 1 local office.
On 1 January 1995, a united Pohang absorbs all of Yeongil\-gun, composed of 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 25 dong and 1 local office.
On 1 September 1998, the unification of Small\-dong left Pohang with 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 19 dong and 1 local office.
On 1 January 2009, the unification of Small\-dong left Pohang with 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 15 dong and 1 local office.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{prose\\|section\\|date\\=February 2019}}\nThe earliest evidence of human occupation in the Pohang area is from the [Mumun Pottery Period](/wiki/Mumun_Pottery_Period \"Mumun Pottery Period\") (1500–300 BC). Archaeologists have unearthed small villages and megalithic burials ([dolmen](/wiki/Dolmen \"Dolmen\")) from this period. Still a small fishing village at the dawn of the 20th century, the earliest steps toward developing Pohang into a place of greater significance were taken in 1930 with the construction of a modern harbour. Pohang grew rapidly afterward, attaining the designation of town ([*eup*](/wiki/Eup_%28administrative_division%29 \"Eup (administrative division)\")) in 1931 and then earning the status of city ([*si*](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea \"List of cities in South Korea\")) in 1949\\.[WPS \\- Port of Pohang contact information](http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/KOR_Port_of_Pohang_1487.php). Worldportsource.com. Retrieved on 2013\\-07\\-12\\.",
"Pohang's road arteries and shipping port made it a place of strategic significance during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). An unopposed landing of UN forces at Pohang on July 18, 1950 was the first large\\-scale amphibious operation since World War II, and the region around Pohang saw [fierce clashes](/wiki/Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong \"Battle of P'ohang-dong\") between South Korea's [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28South_Korea%29 \"3rd Infantry Division (South Korea)\") and North Korea's [5th Infantry Division](/wiki/5th_Division_%28North_Korea%29 \"5th Division (North Korea)\") during August–September 1950\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/116\\_43998\\.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120802234605/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/116\\_43998\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-02 \\|script\\-title\\=ko:페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다 \\|publisher\\=Archive.is \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-01}}",
"By the 1960s, Pohang was a small coastal city with a population of 50,000\\.[KASTN](http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~kocsea/pohang.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164606/http://www.cs.virginia.edu/\\~kocsea/pohang.htm \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-04 }}. Cs.virginia.edu (1996\\-02\\-01\\). Retrieved on 2013\\-07\\-12\\. The next major development in Pohang's growth came in 1968 with the inauguration of the steel maker [POSCO](/wiki/POSCO \"POSCO\"), and the local plant's commencement of production in 1972\\. The introduction of [heavy industry](/wiki/Heavy_industry \"Heavy industry\") to the city brought the local economy to a blend of iron, steel, shipbuilding and fisheries through the end of the 20th century.",
"The early 21st century and the age of [globalization](/wiki/Globalization \"Globalization\") has brought new economic challenges to companies such as POSCO, giving rise to beliefs that Pohang would be wise to not be overly reliant on heavy industry to maintain its prosperity.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://esri.handong.edu/korean/download.php?id\\=209\\&sid\\=8e8361e216e22553cc306b08f4598736 \\|script\\-title\\=ko:자동등록방지를 위해 보안절차를 거치고 있습니다 \\|publisher\\=Esri.handong.edu \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145611/http://esri.handong.edu/korean/download.php?id\\=209\\&sid\\=8e8361e216e22553cc306b08f4598736 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In response, the Pohang of today presents itself as having an eye to the future, striving to become a diversified city of [environmentalism](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\") and advanced learning, as well as a centre of arts and culture.[http://eng.ipohang.org/En/About/AP01/?navi\\=AP01\\_1](http://eng.ipohang.org/En/About/AP01/?navi=AP01_1) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901131644/http://eng.ipohang.org/En/About/AP01/?navi\\=AP01\\_1\\|date\\=September 1, 2009}}",
"During the [Silla](/wiki/Silla \"Silla\") Dynasty the area was made up of four *[hyeon](/wiki/Hyeon \"Hyeon\")*, Toehwa\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|퇴화현\\|退火縣}}), Jidap\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|지답현\\|只沓縣}}), Geunoji\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|근오지현\\|斤烏支縣}}), Haea\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|해아현\\|海阿縣}}). Then during the [Goryeo](/wiki/Goryeo \"Goryeo\") Dynasty these four were renamed to Heunghae\\-[gun](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea \"Administrative divisions of South Korea\") (흥해군/{{lang\\|ko\\|興海郡}}), Janggi\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|장기현\\|長鬐縣}}), Yeongil\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|영일현\\|迎日縣}}), Cheongha\\-hyeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|청하현\\|淸河縣}}) respectively.",
"On 4 August 1896, the three remaining *hyeon*, which at that time were Janggi, Yeonil ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|연일\\|延日}}; originally Yeongil) and Cheongha were reassigned as counties or *[gun](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea \"Administrative divisions of South Korea\")* as part of the change to the 13\\-province division of the [Korean Empire](/wiki/Korean_Empire \"Korean Empire\").",
"On 1 March 1914, the four counties were unified as one Yeongil\\-gun ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|영일군\\|迎日郡}}), which was subdivided into 18 *[myeons](/wiki/Myeon_%28administrative_division%29 \"Myeon (administrative division)\")*.",
"On 1 April 1931, Pohang\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|포항면\\|浦項面}}) was designated as an *[eup](/wiki/Eup_%28administrative_division%29 \"Eup (administrative division)\")*, thus giving Yeongil\\-gun 1 eup and 17 myeon.",
"On 1 April 1934, Jukbuk\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|죽북면\\|竹北面}}) and Juknam\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|죽남면\\|竹南面}}) were united to make Jukjang\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|죽장면\\|竹長面}}), while Janggi\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|장기면\\|長鬐面}}) and Bongsan\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|봉산면\\|峰山面}}) united to make Jihaeng\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|지행면\\|只杏面}}), so that there were 1 eup and 15 myeon.",
"On 1 October 1938, Hyeongsan\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|형산면\\|兄山面}}) was incorporated into Pohang\\-eup, leaving Yeongil\\-gun with 1 eup and 14 myeon.",
"On 1 October 1942 Changju\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|창주면\\|滄洲面}}) was renamed and reclassified as Guryongpo\\-eup (구룡포읍/九龍浦邑), leaving 2 eup and 13 myeon.",
"On 15 August 1949, Pohang\\-eup was designated as Pohang\\-[*si*](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea \"List of cities in South Korea\") ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|포항시\\|浦項市}}), leaving Yeongil with 1 si, 1 eup, 13 myeon and 1 local office.",
"On 8 July 1956, Heunghae\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|흥해면\\|興海面}}) and Gokgang\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|곡강면\\|曲江面}}) are incorporated into Uichang\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|의창면\\|義昌面}}) leaving 1 si, 1 eup and 12 myeon.",
"On 29 October 1957, Daljeon\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|달전면\\|達田面}}) is abolished and incorporated into Heunghae\\-myeon and Yeonil\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|연일면\\|延日面}}) leaving 1 si, 1 eup and 11 myeons.",
"On 1 March 1967, the Gibuk Local Office ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|기북출장소\\|杞北出張所}}) of Gigye\\-myeon (기계면/{{lang\\|ko\\|杞溪面}}) is established.",
"On 1 July 1973, Uichang\\-myeon is designated as Uichang\\-eup ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|의창읍\\|義昌邑}}) leaving 1 si, 2 eup, 10 myeon and 3 local offices.",
"On 1 December 1980, Yeonil\\-myeon and Ocheon\\-myeon ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|오천면\\|烏川面}}) are both designated as eup leaving 1 si, 4 eup, 8 myeon and 3 local offices.",
"On 1 September 1982, Haedo\\-dong ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|해도동\\|海島洞}}) and Sangdae\\-dong ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|상대동\\|上大洞}}) are separated into Haedo 1 and 2\\-dong and Sangdae 1 and 2\\-dong respectively.",
"On 1 April 1986, Daebo Local Office ({{Korean\\|labels\\=no\\|대보출장소\\|大甫出張所}}) and Gibuk Local Office are designated as myeon leaving 1 si, 4 eup, 10 myeon and 1 local office.",
"On 1 January 1995, a united Pohang absorbs all of Yeongil\\-gun, composed of 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 25 dong and 1 local office.",
"On 1 September 1998, the unification of Small\\-dong left Pohang with 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 19 dong and 1 local office.",
"On 1 January 2009, the unification of Small\\-dong left Pohang with 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 15 dong and 1 local office.",
""
] |
Transportation
--------------
The city is served by several trains a day from [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") and [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu "Daegu"). Pohang is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving the adjacent Sea of Japan, including the main tourist route for [Ulleung Island](/wiki/Ulleung_Island "Ulleung Island") and [Liancourt Rocks](/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks "Liancourt Rocks").
Pohang is the home of [POSCO](/wiki/POSCO "POSCO") (the Pohang Steel Company), one of the largest steel producers in the world, and a host of related industries. As a result, the port shipped a total of 54\.8 million tons in 2006\.[http://eng.ipohang.org/En/Business/BU01/?navi\=BU01\_1](http://eng.ipohang.org/En/Business/BU01/?navi=BU01_1) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501160334/http://eng.ipohang.org/En/Business/BU01/?navi\=BU01\_1\|date\=May 1, 2009}}
Several flights per day to Seoul [Gimpo Airport](/wiki/Gimpo_Airport "Gimpo Airport") and [Jeju Airport](/wiki/Jeju_Airport "Jeju Airport") are available at [Pohang Gyeongju Airport](/wiki/Pohang_Airport "Pohang Airport").
Local transportation is served by only city buses. They run about 20 different ways of the city and some of them reach to the mountain folk. Also, the buses are classified into 2 kinds – one is Ilban\-bus (normal bus) and the other is Jwaseok\-bus (full of seats and a little more expensive than Ilban\-bus). They run 15\~25 minutes intervals along their own way. The bus routes are listed in both [Korean](http://bis.ipohang.org/Guide/LineGuide/#) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612154911/http://bis.ipohang.org/Guide/LineGuide \|date\=2011\-06\-12 }} and [English](https://web.archive.org/web/20091216001813/http://eng.ipohang.org/home/eng/travelers_Info/page.wscms) but the Korean version is interactive, and thus more helpful.
There are two main bus terminals \- Shiwae ({{Korean\|hangul\=시외\|labels\=no}}) and Gosok ({{Korean\|hangul\=고속\|labels\=no}}) which roughly translate into intercity/city and express. The Shiwae bus terminal ({{Korean\|hangul\=시외버스터미널\|labels\=no}}) also acts as the cross\-country bus terminal from which access to nearby metropolitan cities such as Daegu and Busan (\~1\.5 hrs each depending on traffic) is available. Their [website](http://포항터미날.kr/main/main.asp) is only in Korean and only accessible in Internet Explorer. The Gosok bus terminal ({{Korean\|hangul\=고속버스터미널\|labels\=no}}) [website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070212052546/http://www.kobus.co.kr/web/eng/index.jsp) is in both English and Korean. From Gosok bus terminal one can travel to Seoul and Gwangju.
Pohang is also serviced by two train stations \- [Pohang station](/wiki/Pohang_station "Pohang station") ({{Korean\|hangul\=포항역\|labels\=no}}) and Wolpo station ({{Korean\|hangul\=월포역\|labels\=no}}). Times and destinations are available on the [Korail website](http://info.korail.com/2018/eng/eng_index.jsp) which is in English and Korean.
Passengers using the [KTX](/wiki/KTX "KTX") had to go to [Gyeongju station](/wiki/Gyeongju_station "Gyeongju station") ({{Korean\|hangul\=경주역\|labels\=no}}) until 2015\. However, since 2015, the [KTX](/wiki/KTX "KTX") travels directly to [Pohang station](/wiki/Pohang_station "Pohang station") ({{Korean\|hangul\=포항역\|labels\=no}}).
|
[
"Transportation\n--------------",
"The city is served by several trains a day from [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\") and [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu \"Daegu\"). Pohang is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving the adjacent Sea of Japan, including the main tourist route for [Ulleung Island](/wiki/Ulleung_Island \"Ulleung Island\") and [Liancourt Rocks](/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks \"Liancourt Rocks\"). \nPohang is the home of [POSCO](/wiki/POSCO \"POSCO\") (the Pohang Steel Company), one of the largest steel producers in the world, and a host of related industries. As a result, the port shipped a total of 54\\.8 million tons in 2006\\.[http://eng.ipohang.org/En/Business/BU01/?navi\\=BU01\\_1](http://eng.ipohang.org/En/Business/BU01/?navi=BU01_1) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501160334/http://eng.ipohang.org/En/Business/BU01/?navi\\=BU01\\_1\\|date\\=May 1, 2009}}",
"Several flights per day to Seoul [Gimpo Airport](/wiki/Gimpo_Airport \"Gimpo Airport\") and [Jeju Airport](/wiki/Jeju_Airport \"Jeju Airport\") are available at [Pohang Gyeongju Airport](/wiki/Pohang_Airport \"Pohang Airport\").",
"Local transportation is served by only city buses. They run about 20 different ways of the city and some of them reach to the mountain folk. Also, the buses are classified into 2 kinds – one is Ilban\\-bus (normal bus) and the other is Jwaseok\\-bus (full of seats and a little more expensive than Ilban\\-bus). They run 15\\~25 minutes intervals along their own way. The bus routes are listed in both [Korean](http://bis.ipohang.org/Guide/LineGuide/#) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612154911/http://bis.ipohang.org/Guide/LineGuide \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-12 }} and [English](https://web.archive.org/web/20091216001813/http://eng.ipohang.org/home/eng/travelers_Info/page.wscms) but the Korean version is interactive, and thus more helpful.",
"There are two main bus terminals \\- Shiwae ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=시외\\|labels\\=no}}) and Gosok ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=고속\\|labels\\=no}}) which roughly translate into intercity/city and express. The Shiwae bus terminal ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=시외버스터미널\\|labels\\=no}}) also acts as the cross\\-country bus terminal from which access to nearby metropolitan cities such as Daegu and Busan (\\~1\\.5 hrs each depending on traffic) is available. Their [website](http://포항터미날.kr/main/main.asp) is only in Korean and only accessible in Internet Explorer. The Gosok bus terminal ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=고속버스터미널\\|labels\\=no}}) [website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070212052546/http://www.kobus.co.kr/web/eng/index.jsp) is in both English and Korean. From Gosok bus terminal one can travel to Seoul and Gwangju.",
"Pohang is also serviced by two train stations \\- [Pohang station](/wiki/Pohang_station \"Pohang station\") ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=포항역\\|labels\\=no}}) and Wolpo station ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=월포역\\|labels\\=no}}). Times and destinations are available on the [Korail website](http://info.korail.com/2018/eng/eng_index.jsp) which is in English and Korean.",
"Passengers using the [KTX](/wiki/KTX \"KTX\") had to go to [Gyeongju station](/wiki/Gyeongju_station \"Gyeongju station\") ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=경주역\\|labels\\=no}}) until 2015\\. However, since 2015, the [KTX](/wiki/KTX \"KTX\") travels directly to [Pohang station](/wiki/Pohang_station \"Pohang station\") ({{Korean\\|hangul\\=포항역\\|labels\\=no}}).",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1868, the [Croatian–Hungarian Settlement](/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Settlement "Croatian–Hungarian Settlement") brought the [Kingdom of Croatia\-Slavonia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia "Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia") under the rule of [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"),{{cite encyclopedia\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/event/Nagodba\|title\=Nagodba\|publisher\=\[\[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\|date\=9 November 2016\|access\-date\=19 March 2021}} beginning a period of significant industrialization in the country, which saw the emergence of the first workers' associations in cities throughout Croatia. In 1869, the first strikes broke out in [Osijek](/wiki/Osijek "Osijek") and [Rijeka](/wiki/Rijeka "Rijeka") and there were debates over the establishment of a Croatian branch of the [International Workingmen's Association](/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association "International Workingmen's Association"). Croatian workers eventually began to express their demands in the new *Workers' Friend* newspaper, which was launched in 1874\. Meanwhile, a split in the early [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria "Social Democratic Party of Austria") led to the emergence of an anarchist faction, which extended its influence to Croatia.
### Early Croatian anarchist movement
[thumb\|left\|Miloš Krpan (1862–1931\), teacher and founder of the first anarchist commune in Croatian history](/wiki/File:Milos_Krpan%2C_Croatian_anarchist.jpg "Milos Krpan, Croatian anarchist.jpg")
In 1885, the Croatian worker Ignjat Graff was detained in Osijek and accused of anarchist agitation by the authorities, which seized several issues of *[Freiheit](/wiki/Freiheit_%281879%29 "Freiheit (1879)")* from him.{{cite book\|last\=Rajković\|first\=Ana\|title\=Širenje bludnih ideja u Slavoniji. Pojava anarhističkih ideja u radničkom pokretu Slavonije\|publisher\=Što čitaš?\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]\|year\=2016\|pages\=39–43\|language\=hr}} In 1887, the *Radnik* newspaper began publication in [Dubrovnik](/wiki/Dubrovnik "Dubrovnik"). In 1890, workers in Zagreb celebrated [May Day](/wiki/May_Day "May Day") for the first time. In 1894, the Hungarian anarchist Henrik Wieneke began to agitate in the city of Osijek, leading the mayor to express fear of "[propaganda of the deed](/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed "Propaganda of the deed")" and the administration of [Károly Khuen\-Héderváry](/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Khuen-H%C3%A9derv%C3%A1ry "Károly Khuen-Héderváry") to warn of the spread of anarchist views among state officials and the home guard.
In 1898, a socialist newspaper began to be published in [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar") and the Italian anarchist Attilio Pieroni moved to [Split](/wiki/Split%2C_Croatia "Split, Croatia"). The same year, the musicologist [Franjo Kuhač](/wiki/Franjo_Kuha%C4%8D "Franjo Kuhač") published a work titled *Anarchy*, in which he criticized the emergence of [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") in Croatia. The authorities then began to point to the influences of Serbian anarchists in Osijek.
In 1900, the French anarchist Joseph Signac was expelled from Rijeka, while arrest warrants for Italian anarchists began to circulate Croatia, many wanted for their connections to the assassinations of [Empress Elizabeth of Austria](/wiki/Empress_Elizabeth_of_Austria "Empress Elizabeth of Austria") and [Umberto I of Italy](/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy "Umberto I of Italy"). In 1902, two Croatian anarchists were arrested and put on trial in Osijek and the authorities reported that anarchists were spreading throughout the area of [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste"), [Istria](/wiki/Istria "Istria") and [Rijeka](/wiki/Rijeka "Rijeka"). In 1903, several anarchists were arrested in [Pula](/wiki/Pula "Pula") and their illicit press was seized. The next year, fifteen anarchists led a protest through the city. In 1905, a general strike broke out in Osijek, becoming the first of its kind in Croatian history and eventually forcing the government to legalize trade unions. This strike inspired another in [Slavonski Brod](/wiki/Slavonski_Brod "Slavonski Brod"), where [Miloš Krpan](/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Krpan "Miloš Krpan") propagated [anarcho\-syndicalist](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist "Anarcho-syndicalist") ideas, even inviting Viennese anarchists to establish a commune near the city.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.zarez.hr/clanci/milos\-krpan\-predstavnik\-slavonske\-utopije/\|title\=Miloš Krpan – predstavnik slavonske utopije\|first\=Ana\|last\=Rajković\|date\=26 January 2015\|publisher\=Zarez\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|language\=hr}}
In 1907, the Trieste anarchist newspaper *Germinal* described Split as a city revived by "a group of young rebels, freemen", while the city's police began mass arrests of anarchists. In 1909, the people of Split organized demonstrations against the murder of [Francesc Ferrer](/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer "Francesc Ferrer"). In 1912, an anarchist football club was founded in Split, who continue to exist under the name [RNK Split](/wiki/RNK_Split "RNK Split").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/anarhizam\-u\-hrvatskoj\-split\-je\-1912\-dobio\-nogometni\-klub\-anarh\-koji\-je\-odbio\-izvjesiti\-crnu\-zastavu\-nakon\-ubojstva\-franje\-ferdinanda\-5606167\|title\=ANARHIZAM U HRVATSKOJ Split je 1912\. dobio nogometni klub Anarh koji je odbio izvjesiti crnu zastavu nakon ubojstva Franje Ferdinanda\|author\=Hina\|date\=8 February 2017\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|work\=\[\[Jutarnji list]]\|language\=hr}}
Towards the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") in 1918, a wave of general strikes and the strengthening of the [Green Cadres](/wiki/Green_Cadres "Green Cadres") led the authorities to begin writing about an environment of "general anarchy" in Croatia. In 1920, the government of the new [Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs%2C_Croats_and_Slovenes "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes") issued the *[Obznana](/wiki/Obznana "Obznana")*, which outlawed the activities of all socialist organizations.
[thumb\|right\|Stjepan and Hermina Fabijanović (1924, Los Angeles)](/wiki/File:Stjepan_and_Hermina_Fabijanovic_%28Los_Angeles%2C_1924%29.jpg "Stjepan and Hermina Fabijanovic (Los Angeles, 1924).jpg")
Following the [March on Rome](/wiki/March_on_Rome "March on Rome") and the rise of [Fascist Italy](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 "Fascist Italy (1922–1943)"), repression intensified against anarchists.{{cite web\|url\=https://libcom.org/library/masa\-interviewed\-iasr\|title\=MASA interviewed by IASR\|date\=23 September 2012\|author\=Anarcho\-Syndicalist Initiative from Romania\|publisher\=Libcom.org\|access\-date\=19 March 2021}} The subsequent institution of [Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia "Alexander I of Yugoslavia")'s [royal dictatorship](/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship "6 January Dictatorship"), followed by the government of the fascist [Yugoslav Radical Union](/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union "Yugoslav Radical Union"), led to the repression of anarchism in [Croatia](/wiki/Croatian_affairs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia "Croatian affairs in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia"), as well as the nascent Croatian calls for [federalism](/wiki/Federalism "Federalism") in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia "Kingdom of Yugoslavia").{{cite book \| last \= Rothschild \| first \= Joseph \| author\-link \= Joseph Rothschild \| title \= East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars \| year \= 1974 \| publisher \= University of Washington Press \| isbn \= 9780295953571 \| pages \= 234 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=ytc\-muwFT\_IC\&pg\=PA234 }} In the 1930s, a number of prominent Croatian anarchists, including Miloš Krpan and Stjepan Fabijanović died.
### Anarchism in Yugoslav Croatia
[thumb\|left\|Nikola Turčinović (1911–1973\), Rovinj anarchist and fighter in the Spanish Civil War](/wiki/File:Nikola_Turcinovic.jpg "Nikola Turcinovic.jpg")
Individual anarchists continued to agitate in Croatia, with some becoming involved in the [anti\-fascist](/wiki/Anti-fascist "Anti-fascist") resistance movements during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") (see [Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War "Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War")) and [World War II in Yugoslavia](/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia "World War II in Yugoslavia"), with anarchist [partisans](/wiki/Croatian_Partisans "Croatian Partisans") being particularly prominent in the area of [Rovinj](/wiki/Rovinj "Rovinj").{{cite book\|last\=Šimleša\|first\=Dražen\|title\=Snaga utopije\|publisher\=Što čitaš?\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]\|year\=2005\|pages\=218–219\|language\=hr}} However, the command of the [League of Communists](/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia "League of Communists of Croatia") over the partisan movement, followed by its subsequent rise to power in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia "Democratic Federal Yugoslavia") and the constitution of the [Socialist Republic of Croatia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia "Socialist Republic of Croatia"), led to the suppression of any remaining anarchist and left\-communist tendencies.
The newly established government of the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") began implementing a limited form of workers' [socialist self\-management](/wiki/Socialist_self-management "Socialist self-management"), directed by [workers' councils](/wiki/Workers%27_councils "Workers' councils"). However, these were in practice still under the control of the state bureaucracy, which in some cases even introduced a [market economy](/wiki/Market_economy "Market economy"). As unemployment continued to rise, people began to demand a more genuine form of [workers' self\-management](/wiki/Workers%27_self-management "Workers' self-management"), culminating in the [1968 student demonstrations](/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia "1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia").
Following the [death](/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito "Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito") of [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito"), a performative anarchist group formed in Zagreb during the 1980s. Initially nameless, it later changed its names several times, some of which included: *Train Toilet Band*, *Svarun* and *Autonomija*. This group mostly held limited performances and "empty demonstrations", in which members ridiculed politics by giving silent speeches and handing out black leaflets. The group eventually disbanded around the time of the [breakup of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia "Breakup of Yugoslavia").{{cite book\|last\=Šimleša\|first\=Dražen\|title\=Snaga utopije\|publisher\=Što čitaš?\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]\|year\=2005\|pages\=220–221\|language\=hr}}
### Contemporary anarchist movement
[thumb\|left\|11th Balkan Anarchist Book Fair, Zagreb, April 2017](/wiki/File:Balkan-Anarchist-Bookfair-Zagreb.jpg "Balkan-Anarchist-Bookfair-Zagreb.jpg")
Following the [independence of Croatia](/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia "Independence of Croatia"), the Croatian anarchist movement began to slowly reconstitute itself. Anarchists began to participate in the [anti\-war movement](/wiki/Anti-war_movement "Anti-war movement") against the [Croatian War of Independence](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence "Croatian War of Independence"). The Zagreb Anarchist\-Pacifist Movement (ZAPO) was formed spontaneously to agitate against the war, holding events throughout the 1990s, before eventually dissolving itself in 2001, once the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars "Yugoslav Wars") had drawn to a close.{{cite book\|last\=Šimleša\|first\=Dražen\|title\=Snaga utopije\|publisher\=Što čitaš?\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]\|year\=2005\|pages\=222–226\|language\=hr}} During the 1990s, anarchism was largely subcultural, with many anarchists forming connections with Croatian NGOs and participating in the opposition movement to the government of [Franjo Tuđman](/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man "Franjo Tuđman") and the [Croatian Democratic Union](/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union "Croatian Democratic Union") (HDZ). [Food Not Bombs](/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs "Food Not Bombs") collectives also began to emerge around this time, organizing the distribution of food in cities throughout Croatia.
On October 31, 1999, Anfema (Anarchofeminist Action) was created in Zagreb, intensifying the problematization of women's issues in the anarchist movement. Anfema began to create an alternative feminist scene, as group members had argued that in institutionalized feminist associations, too many relationships were still based on hierarchy and domination, only without men. In early 2000, they published the first issue of WOMB magazine. The main activities of the group were organizing workshops and informing citizens about the problems of women in society.{{cite book\|last\=Šimleša\|first\=Dražen\|title\=Snaga utopije\|publisher\=Što čitaš?\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]\|year\=2005\|page\=227\|language\=hr}}
At the turn of the 21st century, anarchist organizations built around [class struggle](/wiki/Class_struggle "Class struggle") began to emerge, including the Zadar Anarchist Front (ZAF) and the Anarcho\-Syndicalist Confederation (ASK), which were instrumental in re\-introducing [anarcho\-syndicalist](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist "Anarcho-syndicalist") ideas to the country.{{cite web\|url\=https://libcom.org/news/network\-anarho\-syndicalists\-masa\-croatia\-16072009\|title\=The network of anarcho\-syndicalists (MASA), Croatia\|first\=Juraj\|last\=Katalenac\|publisher\=Libcom.org\|date\=16 July 2009\|access\-date\=19 March 2021}} The ZAF began to translate anarchist texts into [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language "Croatian language") and published their own magazine *Solidarity and Freedom*.{{cite web\|title\= Zadarski anarhistički front (ZAF)\|url\=http://anarhizam.hr/arhiv/40\-intervjui/84\-zadarski\-anarhistiki\-front\-zaf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114095808/https://www.anarhizam.hr/arhiv/40\-intervjui/84\-zadarski\-anarhistiki\-front\-zaf\|archive\-date\=14 January 2017\|date\=26 September 2009\|first\=Matom\|last\=Ćosićem\|publisher\=Center for Anarchist Studies\|language\=hr}} Around the same time, the Rijeka Anarchist Initiative was founded, as an interest group gathered around protests against the installation of radar in [Učka](/wiki/U%C4%8Dka "Učka"), later taking part in other protests against NATO.{{cite web\|url\=http://anarhizam.hr/teorija\-i\-praksa/74\-rijeka\-anarhistika\-inicijativa\-to\-je\-to\-anarhizamliberterski\-socijalizam\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027024757/http://anarhizam.hr/teorija\-i\-praksa/74\-rijeka\-anarhistika\-inicijativa\-to\-je\-to\-anarhizamliberterski\-socijalizam\|archive\-date\=27 October 2017\|date\=25 September 2009\|title\= Riječka anarhistička inicijativa: Što je to anarhizam/liberterski socijalizam?\|publisher\=Center for Anarchist Studies\|series\=R.A.I.\|issue\=6\|language\=hr}} However, Croatian anarchist groups largely remained localized and disconnected during the early 2000s, and these organizations eventually fell apart.
In February 2008, the [Network of Anarcho\-Syndicalists](/wiki/Mre%C5%BEa_anarhosindikalista_i_anarhosindikalistkinja_%28MASA%29 "Mreža anarhosindikalista i anarhosindikalistkinja (MASA)") (MASA) was formed at a national meeting in [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar"), holding their first congress in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb") on April 12 of that same year, where it formally constituted its aims and structure. It was made up of local groups in Zagreb, Pula, Split, Rijeka and Zadar, with contacts in various other cities, and participated in a number of direct actions throughout Croatia.
In 2009, MASA opened the Centre for Anarchist Studies, a registered NGO formed with the intention of collecting and publishing anarchist literature, holding lectures and public discussions, and promoting the study of anarcho\-syndicalist theory.{{Cite web\|url\=https://libcom.org/library/centre\-anarchist\-studies\-croatia\|title\=Centre for anarchist studies, Croatia\|publisher\=Libcom.org\|date\=12 October 2009\|access\-date\=19 March 2021}}
Following a number of neoliberal reforms and with the [Croatian entry](/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union "2013 enlargement of the European Union") into the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") on the horizon, popular discontent with the ruling HDZ government began to grow. This culminated on February 22, 2011, when protests broke out against the government,{{cite web\|url\=http://news.antiwar.com/2011/03/14/protest\-movement\-growing\-in\-croatia/\|title\=Protest Movement Growing in Croatia\|first\=Jason\|last\=Ditz\|date\=14 March 2011\|publisher\=\[\[Antiwar.com]]\|access\-date\=19 March 2021}} calling for the resignation of the prime minister [Jadranka Kosor](/wiki/Jadranka_Kosor "Jadranka Kosor") and early elections.{{cite web\|url\=https://fpif.org/days\_of\_rage\_in\_croatia/\|title\=Days of Rage in Croatia\|first\=Sabrina\|last\=Peric\|date\=14 March 2011\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|publisher\=\[\[Foreign Policy In Focus]]}} By February 28, many of the protests had taken on a largely self\-organized character, which led the Network of Anarcho\-Syndicalists to begin participating in the protests, while also criticizing the inaction of mainstream trade unions and the potential of a new government under the [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Croatia "Social Democratic Party of Croatia") (SDP).{{cite web\|url\=https://libcom.org/news/masa\-masses\-against\-ruling\-class\-05032011\|title\=MASA and the masses against the ruling class in Croatia\|date\=5 March 2011\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|publisher\=Libcom.org\|last\=Network of Anarcho\-Syndicalists\|first\=Local Group Zagreb\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]}} As the protests continued, MASA noted the emergence of libertarian principles among the protestors and denounced the leading opposition figures [Ivan Pernar](/wiki/Ivan_Pernar_%28politician%2C_born_1985%29 "Ivan Pernar (politician, born 1985)") ([ZZ](/wiki/Human_Shield_%28political_party%29 "Human Shield (political party)")) and [Dragutin Lesar](/wiki/Dragutin_Lesar "Dragutin Lesar") ([HLSR](/wiki/Croatian_Labourists_%E2%80%93_Labour_Party "Croatian Labourists – Labour Party")) for having promoted the continuation of capitalism.{{cite web\|url\=https://libcom.org/news/masses\-have\-taken\-streets\-06032011\|title\=Zagreb: The masses have taken to the streets\|publisher\=Libcom.org\|last\=Network of Anarcho\-Syndicalists\|first\=Local Group Zagreb\|date\=6 March 2011\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|location\=\[\[Zagreb]]}}
In 2013, the Rijeka branch of MASA left the organization to found the Network of Anarchists of Rijeka (MASA Rijeka).{{cite web\|url\=http://masari.noblogs.org/o\-nama/\|title\=O nama\|publisher\=Network of Anarchists of Rijeka\|year\=2018\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|location\=\[\[Rijeka]]\|language\=hr}} In June 2014, MASA Rijeka became a full member of the [Federation for Anarchist Organisation](/wiki/Federacija_za_anarhisti%C4%8Dno_organiziranje "Federacija za anarhistično organiziranje") (FAO) at the organization's 6th Congress in Slovenia.{{Cite news\|url\=https://afed.org.uk/organise\-magazine\-issue\-83\-winter\-2014/\|title\=Slovenia – uprising in Europe – what happened next?\|publisher\=\[\[Anarchist Federation (Britain)\|Anarchist Federation]]\|series\=Organise!\|issue\=83\|date\=16 January 2015\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|archive\-date\=9 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709040710/https://afed.org.uk/organise\-magazine\-issue\-83\-winter\-2014/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://masari.noblogs.org/prikljucenje\-masari\-u\-federaciju\-za\-anarhisticko\-organiziranje/\|title\=Priključenje MASARi u Federaciju za anarhističko organiziranje\|date\=24 June 2014\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|publisher\=Network of Anarchists of Rijeka\|location\=\[\[Rijeka]]\|language\=hr}} In January 2017, at a regular meeting of the FAO, the group confirmed its plans to expand the [Network of Anarchists](/wiki/Mre%C5%BEa_anarhista "Mreža anarhista") throughout the Croatian region, with operations planned in [Istria](/wiki/Istria "Istria") and [Kvarner](/wiki/Kvarner "Kvarner").{{cite web\|url\=https://masari.noblogs.org/delegatski\-sastanak\-anarhisticke\-federacije\-fao\-ifa\-ljubljana\-slovenija/\|title\=Delegatski sastanak anarhističke federacije FAO\-IFA (Ljubljana, Slovenija)\|date\=17 January 2021\|access\-date\=19 March 2021\|publisher\=Network of Anarchists of Rijeka\|location\=\[\[Rijeka]]\|language\=hr}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1868, the [Croatian–Hungarian Settlement](/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Settlement \"Croatian–Hungarian Settlement\") brought the [Kingdom of Croatia\\-Slavonia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia \"Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia\") under the rule of [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\"),{{cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/event/Nagodba\\|title\\=Nagodba\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\\|date\\=9 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021}} beginning a period of significant industrialization in the country, which saw the emergence of the first workers' associations in cities throughout Croatia. In 1869, the first strikes broke out in [Osijek](/wiki/Osijek \"Osijek\") and [Rijeka](/wiki/Rijeka \"Rijeka\") and there were debates over the establishment of a Croatian branch of the [International Workingmen's Association](/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association \"International Workingmen's Association\"). Croatian workers eventually began to express their demands in the new *Workers' Friend* newspaper, which was launched in 1874\\. Meanwhile, a split in the early [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria \"Social Democratic Party of Austria\") led to the emergence of an anarchist faction, which extended its influence to Croatia.",
"### Early Croatian anarchist movement",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Miloš Krpan (1862–1931\\), teacher and founder of the first anarchist commune in Croatian history](/wiki/File:Milos_Krpan%2C_Croatian_anarchist.jpg \"Milos Krpan, Croatian anarchist.jpg\")\nIn 1885, the Croatian worker Ignjat Graff was detained in Osijek and accused of anarchist agitation by the authorities, which seized several issues of *[Freiheit](/wiki/Freiheit_%281879%29 \"Freiheit (1879)\")* from him.{{cite book\\|last\\=Rajković\\|first\\=Ana\\|title\\=Širenje bludnih ideja u Slavoniji. Pojava anarhističkih ideja u radničkom pokretu Slavonije\\|publisher\\=Što čitaš?\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]\\|year\\=2016\\|pages\\=39–43\\|language\\=hr}} In 1887, the *Radnik* newspaper began publication in [Dubrovnik](/wiki/Dubrovnik \"Dubrovnik\"). In 1890, workers in Zagreb celebrated [May Day](/wiki/May_Day \"May Day\") for the first time. In 1894, the Hungarian anarchist Henrik Wieneke began to agitate in the city of Osijek, leading the mayor to express fear of \"[propaganda of the deed](/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed \"Propaganda of the deed\")\" and the administration of [Károly Khuen\\-Héderváry](/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Khuen-H%C3%A9derv%C3%A1ry \"Károly Khuen-Héderváry\") to warn of the spread of anarchist views among state officials and the home guard.",
"In 1898, a socialist newspaper began to be published in [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") and the Italian anarchist Attilio Pieroni moved to [Split](/wiki/Split%2C_Croatia \"Split, Croatia\"). The same year, the musicologist [Franjo Kuhač](/wiki/Franjo_Kuha%C4%8D \"Franjo Kuhač\") published a work titled *Anarchy*, in which he criticized the emergence of [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\") in Croatia. The authorities then began to point to the influences of Serbian anarchists in Osijek.",
"In 1900, the French anarchist Joseph Signac was expelled from Rijeka, while arrest warrants for Italian anarchists began to circulate Croatia, many wanted for their connections to the assassinations of [Empress Elizabeth of Austria](/wiki/Empress_Elizabeth_of_Austria \"Empress Elizabeth of Austria\") and [Umberto I of Italy](/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy \"Umberto I of Italy\"). In 1902, two Croatian anarchists were arrested and put on trial in Osijek and the authorities reported that anarchists were spreading throughout the area of [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\"), [Istria](/wiki/Istria \"Istria\") and [Rijeka](/wiki/Rijeka \"Rijeka\"). In 1903, several anarchists were arrested in [Pula](/wiki/Pula \"Pula\") and their illicit press was seized. The next year, fifteen anarchists led a protest through the city. In 1905, a general strike broke out in Osijek, becoming the first of its kind in Croatian history and eventually forcing the government to legalize trade unions. This strike inspired another in [Slavonski Brod](/wiki/Slavonski_Brod \"Slavonski Brod\"), where [Miloš Krpan](/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Krpan \"Miloš Krpan\") propagated [anarcho\\-syndicalist](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist \"Anarcho-syndicalist\") ideas, even inviting Viennese anarchists to establish a commune near the city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.zarez.hr/clanci/milos\\-krpan\\-predstavnik\\-slavonske\\-utopije/\\|title\\=Miloš Krpan – predstavnik slavonske utopije\\|first\\=Ana\\|last\\=Rajković\\|date\\=26 January 2015\\|publisher\\=Zarez\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|language\\=hr}}",
"In 1907, the Trieste anarchist newspaper *Germinal* described Split as a city revived by \"a group of young rebels, freemen\", while the city's police began mass arrests of anarchists. In 1909, the people of Split organized demonstrations against the murder of [Francesc Ferrer](/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer \"Francesc Ferrer\"). In 1912, an anarchist football club was founded in Split, who continue to exist under the name [RNK Split](/wiki/RNK_Split \"RNK Split\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/anarhizam\\-u\\-hrvatskoj\\-split\\-je\\-1912\\-dobio\\-nogometni\\-klub\\-anarh\\-koji\\-je\\-odbio\\-izvjesiti\\-crnu\\-zastavu\\-nakon\\-ubojstva\\-franje\\-ferdinanda\\-5606167\\|title\\=ANARHIZAM U HRVATSKOJ Split je 1912\\. dobio nogometni klub Anarh koji je odbio izvjesiti crnu zastavu nakon ubojstva Franje Ferdinanda\\|author\\=Hina\\|date\\=8 February 2017\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Jutarnji list]]\\|language\\=hr}}",
"Towards the end of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") in 1918, a wave of general strikes and the strengthening of the [Green Cadres](/wiki/Green_Cadres \"Green Cadres\") led the authorities to begin writing about an environment of \"general anarchy\" in Croatia. In 1920, the government of the new [Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs%2C_Croats_and_Slovenes \"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes\") issued the *[Obznana](/wiki/Obznana \"Obznana\")*, which outlawed the activities of all socialist organizations.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Stjepan and Hermina Fabijanović (1924, Los Angeles)](/wiki/File:Stjepan_and_Hermina_Fabijanovic_%28Los_Angeles%2C_1924%29.jpg \"Stjepan and Hermina Fabijanovic (Los Angeles, 1924).jpg\")\nFollowing the [March on Rome](/wiki/March_on_Rome \"March on Rome\") and the rise of [Fascist Italy](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\"), repression intensified against anarchists.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://libcom.org/library/masa\\-interviewed\\-iasr\\|title\\=MASA interviewed by IASR\\|date\\=23 September 2012\\|author\\=Anarcho\\-Syndicalist Initiative from Romania\\|publisher\\=Libcom.org\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021}} The subsequent institution of [Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia \"Alexander I of Yugoslavia\")'s [royal dictatorship](/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship \"6 January Dictatorship\"), followed by the government of the fascist [Yugoslav Radical Union](/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union \"Yugoslav Radical Union\"), led to the repression of anarchism in [Croatia](/wiki/Croatian_affairs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia \"Croatian affairs in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia\"), as well as the nascent Croatian calls for [federalism](/wiki/Federalism \"Federalism\") in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia \"Kingdom of Yugoslavia\").{{cite book \\| last \\= Rothschild \\| first \\= Joseph \\| author\\-link \\= Joseph Rothschild \\| title \\= East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars \\| year \\= 1974 \\| publisher \\= University of Washington Press \\| isbn \\= 9780295953571 \\| pages \\= 234 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ytc\\-muwFT\\_IC\\&pg\\=PA234 }} In the 1930s, a number of prominent Croatian anarchists, including Miloš Krpan and Stjepan Fabijanović died.",
"### Anarchism in Yugoslav Croatia",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Nikola Turčinović (1911–1973\\), Rovinj anarchist and fighter in the Spanish Civil War](/wiki/File:Nikola_Turcinovic.jpg \"Nikola Turcinovic.jpg\")\nIndividual anarchists continued to agitate in Croatia, with some becoming involved in the [anti\\-fascist](/wiki/Anti-fascist \"Anti-fascist\") resistance movements during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") (see [Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War \"Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War\")) and [World War II in Yugoslavia](/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia \"World War II in Yugoslavia\"), with anarchist [partisans](/wiki/Croatian_Partisans \"Croatian Partisans\") being particularly prominent in the area of [Rovinj](/wiki/Rovinj \"Rovinj\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Šimleša\\|first\\=Dražen\\|title\\=Snaga utopije\\|publisher\\=Što čitaš?\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]\\|year\\=2005\\|pages\\=218–219\\|language\\=hr}} However, the command of the [League of Communists](/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia \"League of Communists of Croatia\") over the partisan movement, followed by its subsequent rise to power in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia \"Democratic Federal Yugoslavia\") and the constitution of the [Socialist Republic of Croatia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia \"Socialist Republic of Croatia\"), led to the suppression of any remaining anarchist and left\\-communist tendencies.",
"The newly established government of the [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\") began implementing a limited form of workers' [socialist self\\-management](/wiki/Socialist_self-management \"Socialist self-management\"), directed by [workers' councils](/wiki/Workers%27_councils \"Workers' councils\"). However, these were in practice still under the control of the state bureaucracy, which in some cases even introduced a [market economy](/wiki/Market_economy \"Market economy\"). As unemployment continued to rise, people began to demand a more genuine form of [workers' self\\-management](/wiki/Workers%27_self-management \"Workers' self-management\"), culminating in the [1968 student demonstrations](/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia \"1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia\").",
"Following the [death](/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito \"Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito\") of [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\"), a performative anarchist group formed in Zagreb during the 1980s. Initially nameless, it later changed its names several times, some of which included: *Train Toilet Band*, *Svarun* and *Autonomija*. This group mostly held limited performances and \"empty demonstrations\", in which members ridiculed politics by giving silent speeches and handing out black leaflets. The group eventually disbanded around the time of the [breakup of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia \"Breakup of Yugoslavia\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Šimleša\\|first\\=Dražen\\|title\\=Snaga utopije\\|publisher\\=Što čitaš?\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]\\|year\\=2005\\|pages\\=220–221\\|language\\=hr}}",
"### Contemporary anarchist movement",
"[thumb\\|left\\|11th Balkan Anarchist Book Fair, Zagreb, April 2017](/wiki/File:Balkan-Anarchist-Bookfair-Zagreb.jpg \"Balkan-Anarchist-Bookfair-Zagreb.jpg\")\nFollowing the [independence of Croatia](/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia \"Independence of Croatia\"), the Croatian anarchist movement began to slowly reconstitute itself. Anarchists began to participate in the [anti\\-war movement](/wiki/Anti-war_movement \"Anti-war movement\") against the [Croatian War of Independence](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence \"Croatian War of Independence\"). The Zagreb Anarchist\\-Pacifist Movement (ZAPO) was formed spontaneously to agitate against the war, holding events throughout the 1990s, before eventually dissolving itself in 2001, once the [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars \"Yugoslav Wars\") had drawn to a close.{{cite book\\|last\\=Šimleša\\|first\\=Dražen\\|title\\=Snaga utopije\\|publisher\\=Što čitaš?\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]\\|year\\=2005\\|pages\\=222–226\\|language\\=hr}} During the 1990s, anarchism was largely subcultural, with many anarchists forming connections with Croatian NGOs and participating in the opposition movement to the government of [Franjo Tuđman](/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man \"Franjo Tuđman\") and the [Croatian Democratic Union](/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union \"Croatian Democratic Union\") (HDZ). [Food Not Bombs](/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs \"Food Not Bombs\") collectives also began to emerge around this time, organizing the distribution of food in cities throughout Croatia.",
"On October 31, 1999, Anfema (Anarchofeminist Action) was created in Zagreb, intensifying the problematization of women's issues in the anarchist movement. Anfema began to create an alternative feminist scene, as group members had argued that in institutionalized feminist associations, too many relationships were still based on hierarchy and domination, only without men. In early 2000, they published the first issue of WOMB magazine. The main activities of the group were organizing workshops and informing citizens about the problems of women in society.{{cite book\\|last\\=Šimleša\\|first\\=Dražen\\|title\\=Snaga utopije\\|publisher\\=Što čitaš?\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]\\|year\\=2005\\|page\\=227\\|language\\=hr}}",
"At the turn of the 21st century, anarchist organizations built around [class struggle](/wiki/Class_struggle \"Class struggle\") began to emerge, including the Zadar Anarchist Front (ZAF) and the Anarcho\\-Syndicalist Confederation (ASK), which were instrumental in re\\-introducing [anarcho\\-syndicalist](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist \"Anarcho-syndicalist\") ideas to the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://libcom.org/news/network\\-anarho\\-syndicalists\\-masa\\-croatia\\-16072009\\|title\\=The network of anarcho\\-syndicalists (MASA), Croatia\\|first\\=Juraj\\|last\\=Katalenac\\|publisher\\=Libcom.org\\|date\\=16 July 2009\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021}} The ZAF began to translate anarchist texts into [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language \"Croatian language\") and published their own magazine *Solidarity and Freedom*.{{cite web\\|title\\= Zadarski anarhistički front (ZAF)\\|url\\=http://anarhizam.hr/arhiv/40\\-intervjui/84\\-zadarski\\-anarhistiki\\-front\\-zaf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114095808/https://www.anarhizam.hr/arhiv/40\\-intervjui/84\\-zadarski\\-anarhistiki\\-front\\-zaf\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2017\\|date\\=26 September 2009\\|first\\=Matom\\|last\\=Ćosićem\\|publisher\\=Center for Anarchist Studies\\|language\\=hr}} Around the same time, the Rijeka Anarchist Initiative was founded, as an interest group gathered around protests against the installation of radar in [Učka](/wiki/U%C4%8Dka \"Učka\"), later taking part in other protests against NATO.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://anarhizam.hr/teorija\\-i\\-praksa/74\\-rijeka\\-anarhistika\\-inicijativa\\-to\\-je\\-to\\-anarhizamliberterski\\-socijalizam\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027024757/http://anarhizam.hr/teorija\\-i\\-praksa/74\\-rijeka\\-anarhistika\\-inicijativa\\-to\\-je\\-to\\-anarhizamliberterski\\-socijalizam\\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2017\\|date\\=25 September 2009\\|title\\= Riječka anarhistička inicijativa: Što je to anarhizam/liberterski socijalizam?\\|publisher\\=Center for Anarchist Studies\\|series\\=R.A.I.\\|issue\\=6\\|language\\=hr}} However, Croatian anarchist groups largely remained localized and disconnected during the early 2000s, and these organizations eventually fell apart.",
"In February 2008, the [Network of Anarcho\\-Syndicalists](/wiki/Mre%C5%BEa_anarhosindikalista_i_anarhosindikalistkinja_%28MASA%29 \"Mreža anarhosindikalista i anarhosindikalistkinja (MASA)\") (MASA) was formed at a national meeting in [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\"), holding their first congress in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\") on April 12 of that same year, where it formally constituted its aims and structure. It was made up of local groups in Zagreb, Pula, Split, Rijeka and Zadar, with contacts in various other cities, and participated in a number of direct actions throughout Croatia.",
"In 2009, MASA opened the Centre for Anarchist Studies, a registered NGO formed with the intention of collecting and publishing anarchist literature, holding lectures and public discussions, and promoting the study of anarcho\\-syndicalist theory.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://libcom.org/library/centre\\-anarchist\\-studies\\-croatia\\|title\\=Centre for anarchist studies, Croatia\\|publisher\\=Libcom.org\\|date\\=12 October 2009\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021}}",
"Following a number of neoliberal reforms and with the [Croatian entry](/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union \"2013 enlargement of the European Union\") into the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") on the horizon, popular discontent with the ruling HDZ government began to grow. This culminated on February 22, 2011, when protests broke out against the government,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.antiwar.com/2011/03/14/protest\\-movement\\-growing\\-in\\-croatia/\\|title\\=Protest Movement Growing in Croatia\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Ditz\\|date\\=14 March 2011\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Antiwar.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021}} calling for the resignation of the prime minister [Jadranka Kosor](/wiki/Jadranka_Kosor \"Jadranka Kosor\") and early elections.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://fpif.org/days\\_of\\_rage\\_in\\_croatia/\\|title\\=Days of Rage in Croatia\\|first\\=Sabrina\\|last\\=Peric\\|date\\=14 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Foreign Policy In Focus]]}} By February 28, many of the protests had taken on a largely self\\-organized character, which led the Network of Anarcho\\-Syndicalists to begin participating in the protests, while also criticizing the inaction of mainstream trade unions and the potential of a new government under the [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Croatia \"Social Democratic Party of Croatia\") (SDP).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://libcom.org/news/masa\\-masses\\-against\\-ruling\\-class\\-05032011\\|title\\=MASA and the masses against the ruling class in Croatia\\|date\\=5 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|publisher\\=Libcom.org\\|last\\=Network of Anarcho\\-Syndicalists\\|first\\=Local Group Zagreb\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]}} As the protests continued, MASA noted the emergence of libertarian principles among the protestors and denounced the leading opposition figures [Ivan Pernar](/wiki/Ivan_Pernar_%28politician%2C_born_1985%29 \"Ivan Pernar (politician, born 1985)\") ([ZZ](/wiki/Human_Shield_%28political_party%29 \"Human Shield (political party)\")) and [Dragutin Lesar](/wiki/Dragutin_Lesar \"Dragutin Lesar\") ([HLSR](/wiki/Croatian_Labourists_%E2%80%93_Labour_Party \"Croatian Labourists – Labour Party\")) for having promoted the continuation of capitalism.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://libcom.org/news/masses\\-have\\-taken\\-streets\\-06032011\\|title\\=Zagreb: The masses have taken to the streets\\|publisher\\=Libcom.org\\|last\\=Network of Anarcho\\-Syndicalists\\|first\\=Local Group Zagreb\\|date\\=6 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|location\\=\\[\\[Zagreb]]}}",
"In 2013, the Rijeka branch of MASA left the organization to found the Network of Anarchists of Rijeka (MASA Rijeka).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://masari.noblogs.org/o\\-nama/\\|title\\=O nama\\|publisher\\=Network of Anarchists of Rijeka\\|year\\=2018\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|location\\=\\[\\[Rijeka]]\\|language\\=hr}} In June 2014, MASA Rijeka became a full member of the [Federation for Anarchist Organisation](/wiki/Federacija_za_anarhisti%C4%8Dno_organiziranje \"Federacija za anarhistično organiziranje\") (FAO) at the organization's 6th Congress in Slovenia.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://afed.org.uk/organise\\-magazine\\-issue\\-83\\-winter\\-2014/\\|title\\=Slovenia – uprising in Europe – what happened next?\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Anarchist Federation (Britain)\\|Anarchist Federation]]\\|series\\=Organise!\\|issue\\=83\\|date\\=16 January 2015\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709040710/https://afed.org.uk/organise\\-magazine\\-issue\\-83\\-winter\\-2014/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://masari.noblogs.org/prikljucenje\\-masari\\-u\\-federaciju\\-za\\-anarhisticko\\-organiziranje/\\|title\\=Priključenje MASARi u Federaciju za anarhističko organiziranje\\|date\\=24 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|publisher\\=Network of Anarchists of Rijeka\\|location\\=\\[\\[Rijeka]]\\|language\\=hr}} In January 2017, at a regular meeting of the FAO, the group confirmed its plans to expand the [Network of Anarchists](/wiki/Mre%C5%BEa_anarhista \"Mreža anarhista\") throughout the Croatian region, with operations planned in [Istria](/wiki/Istria \"Istria\") and [Kvarner](/wiki/Kvarner \"Kvarner\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://masari.noblogs.org/delegatski\\-sastanak\\-anarhisticke\\-federacije\\-fao\\-ifa\\-ljubljana\\-slovenija/\\|title\\=Delegatski sastanak anarhističke federacije FAO\\-IFA (Ljubljana, Slovenija)\\|date\\=17 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2021\\|publisher\\=Network of Anarchists of Rijeka\\|location\\=\\[\\[Rijeka]]\\|language\\=hr}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1996, Morton travelled to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") where he was an international fellow at the [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center](/wiki/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center "Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center") in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), before returning to Australian in 1998\.
Morton was previously board member of Icon Cancer Care and the [Leukaemia Foundation](/wiki/Leukaemia_Foundation "Leukaemia Foundation"), where he was credited with developing the World's Greatest Shave initiative into an annual national campaign from a one\-off event in [Lismore, New South Wales](/wiki/Lismore%2C_New_South_Wales "Lismore, New South Wales").Blok, Nerida (4 April 2006\) [Shave for a cure started here in Lismore](https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/apn-shave-for-a-cure-started-here-in/16412), *[The Northern Star](/wiki/The_Northern_Star "The Northern Star")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\.
Morton is arguably best known for his advocacy of children with [autism](/wiki/Autism "Autism").[Fidler, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Fidler "Richard Fidler") (15 August 2011\) [James Morton's mission to create better Autism services for his son](https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2011/08/15/3293532.htm), *[Conversations](/wiki/Conversations_%28radio_program%29 "Conversations (radio program)")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\.Davies, Hannah (6 June 2020\) [2020 Queensland Greats list celebrates our local heroes](https://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/qweekend/2020-queensland-greats-list-celebrates-our-local-heroes/news-story/de78201c72cfb5f605c9cd3769b94151), *[The Courier Mail](/wiki/The_Courier_Mail "The Courier Mail")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\.
Following a report commissioned by Morton, Australian Prime Minister [John Howard](/wiki/John_Howard "John Howard") announced that $190 million of additional funding would be delivered to support services for autistic children.Roberts, Kathryn (14 May 2007\) [Autism costs community $7billion annually: report](https://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1922504.htm), *[The World Today](/wiki/The_World_Today_%28Australian_radio_program%29 "The World Today (Australian radio program)")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\.Bradford, Gillian (3 October 2007\) [for children with autism](https://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s2049837.$190m), *The World Today*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\. The funding announcement was welcomed by Morton who described it as a "monumental package".
Morton was named in the [2015 Australia Day Honours](/wiki/2015_Australia_Day_Honours "2015 Australia Day Honours") and was made a [Member of the Order of Australia](/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia "Member of the Order of Australia") in recognition for his significant service to children with autism spectrum disorders and to the field of oncology.Harazim, Kristina (25 January 2015\) [Work in oncology and autism spectrum disorders recognised](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-26/australia-day-more-than-100-queenslanders-make-2015-honours/6036524), *[ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28Australia%29 "ABC News (Australia)")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\.[Award: A James Morton](https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1150882), Australian Honours Search Facility, [Australian Government](/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government"). Retrieved 9 June 2020\.
On [Queensland Day](/wiki/Queensland_Day "Queensland Day") in 2020, Morton was named as a [Queensland Great](/wiki/Queensland_Greats_Awards "Queensland Greats Awards").[2020 Queensland Greats recipients](https://www.qld.gov.au/about/events-awards-honours/awards/qld-greats-awards/2020-queensland-greats-recipients), [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government "Queensland Government"). Retrieved 9 June 2020\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1996, Morton travelled to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") where he was an international fellow at the [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center](/wiki/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center \"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center\") in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), before returning to Australian in 1998\\.",
"Morton was previously board member of Icon Cancer Care and the [Leukaemia Foundation](/wiki/Leukaemia_Foundation \"Leukaemia Foundation\"), where he was credited with developing the World's Greatest Shave initiative into an annual national campaign from a one\\-off event in [Lismore, New South Wales](/wiki/Lismore%2C_New_South_Wales \"Lismore, New South Wales\").Blok, Nerida (4 April 2006\\) [Shave for a cure started here in Lismore](https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/apn-shave-for-a-cure-started-here-in/16412), *[The Northern Star](/wiki/The_Northern_Star \"The Northern Star\")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.",
"Morton is arguably best known for his advocacy of children with [autism](/wiki/Autism \"Autism\").[Fidler, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Fidler \"Richard Fidler\") (15 August 2011\\) [James Morton's mission to create better Autism services for his son](https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2011/08/15/3293532.htm), *[Conversations](/wiki/Conversations_%28radio_program%29 \"Conversations (radio program)\")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.Davies, Hannah (6 June 2020\\) [2020 Queensland Greats list celebrates our local heroes](https://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/qweekend/2020-queensland-greats-list-celebrates-our-local-heroes/news-story/de78201c72cfb5f605c9cd3769b94151), *[The Courier Mail](/wiki/The_Courier_Mail \"The Courier Mail\")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.",
"Following a report commissioned by Morton, Australian Prime Minister [John Howard](/wiki/John_Howard \"John Howard\") announced that $190 million of additional funding would be delivered to support services for autistic children.Roberts, Kathryn (14 May 2007\\) [Autism costs community $7billion annually: report](https://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1922504.htm), *[The World Today](/wiki/The_World_Today_%28Australian_radio_program%29 \"The World Today (Australian radio program)\")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.Bradford, Gillian (3 October 2007\\) [for children with autism](https://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s2049837.$190m), *The World Today*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\\. The funding announcement was welcomed by Morton who described it as a \"monumental package\".",
"Morton was named in the [2015 Australia Day Honours](/wiki/2015_Australia_Day_Honours \"2015 Australia Day Honours\") and was made a [Member of the Order of Australia](/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia \"Member of the Order of Australia\") in recognition for his significant service to children with autism spectrum disorders and to the field of oncology.Harazim, Kristina (25 January 2015\\) [Work in oncology and autism spectrum disorders recognised](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-26/australia-day-more-than-100-queenslanders-make-2015-honours/6036524), *[ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28Australia%29 \"ABC News (Australia)\")*. Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.[Award: A James Morton](https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1150882), Australian Honours Search Facility, [Australian Government](/wiki/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\"). Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.",
"On [Queensland Day](/wiki/Queensland_Day \"Queensland Day\") in 2020, Morton was named as a [Queensland Great](/wiki/Queensland_Greats_Awards \"Queensland Greats Awards\").[2020 Queensland Greats recipients](https://www.qld.gov.au/about/events-awards-honours/awards/qld-greats-awards/2020-queensland-greats-recipients), [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government \"Queensland Government\"). Retrieved 9 June 2020\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1953–1969
In 1953, [Capitol Wrestling Corporation](/wiki/Capitol_Wrestling_Corporation "Capitol Wrestling Corporation") (CWC) became a member of the [National Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance "National Wrestling Alliance") (NWA). During this time, CWC wrestlers could compete for championships operated by the NWA.{{cite book\|last\=Hornbaker\|first\=Tim\|title\=National Wrestling Alliance: The Untold Story of the Monopoly That Strangled Pro Wrestling\|publisher\=ECW Press\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-1\-55022\-741\-3\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=npQBhSTtvCsC\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-02}} In 1957, the CWC created the [NWA United States Television Championship](/wiki/NWA_United_States_Television_Championship "NWA United States Television Championship"), its first overall men's singles championship, with [Johnny Valentine](/wiki/Johnny_Valentine "Johnny Valentine") being the inaugural holder of the championship. The following year, the CWC created the [NWA United States Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWWF_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship "WWWF United States Tag Team Championship"), which inaugural champions [Mark Lewin](/wiki/Mark_Lewin "Mark Lewin") and [Don Curtis](/wiki/Don_Curtis "Don Curtis") won in April of that year.{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/usttwwf.html\|title\=WWWF United States Tag Team Title History\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan \& Gary Will \|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-02}} In 1963, CWC ended its partnership with the NWA and established itself as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/vincemcmahon/\|title\=Vince McMahon\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-02}} To reflect the changes, the WWWF introduced its world heavyweight championship (WWE's third overall male singles championship and the current [WWE Championship](/wiki/WWE_Championship "WWE Championship")),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445411\|title\=Buddy Rogers' WWE Championship reign (April 1963 \- May 17, 1963\)\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-02\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828211610/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445411\|archive\-date\=August 28, 2005}} while the WWWF acronym was added to the United States Tag Team title. Without a formal explanation by the WWWF, although newly crowned co\-holder [Bruno Sammartino](/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino "Bruno Sammartino") was also the company's World Heavyweight champion at the time, the Tag Team title was disbanded in 1967, the first championship to be retired during the WWWF years. Ten years later, the company retired its first individually contested WWWF\-branded title, the [WWWF United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWWF_United_States_Heavyweight_Championship "WWWF United States Heavyweight Championship"), also without a formal explanation.{{cite book\|last\=Duncan\|first\=Royal\|author2\=Gary Will \|title\=Wrestling Title Histories\|publisher\=Archeus Communications\|year\=1994\|edition\=3\|pages\=27\|chapter\=United States: 19th Century \& Widely defended Titles \- NWA, WWF, AWA, IWA, ECW, NWA\|isbn\=0\-9698161\-1\-1}}
### 1970–1999
The WWWF/WWF formed partnerships with [New Japan Pro\-Wrestling](/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling "New Japan Pro-Wrestling") (NJPW), [Universal Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_%28Japan%29 "Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan)") (UWF), and [Universal Wrestling Association](/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Association "Universal Wrestling Association") (UWA) between the 1970s and 1980s, and as a result, created and lent titles to these promotions.{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/ituwa.html\|title\=WWF/UWF International Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}}{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/lhwwf.html\|title\=WWF Light Heavyweight Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}}{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/ittwwf.html\|title\=WWF International Tag Team Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} In 1979, the promotion renamed itself to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and six years later ended its partnerships with NJPW and UWF.{{cite web\|url\=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\_05\_06\.jsp \|title\=World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The "F" To Emphasize the "E" for Entertainment \|date\=2002\-05\-06 \|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119180317/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\_05\_06\.jsp \|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-19 }} This resulted in the retirement of one UWF and three NJPW lent titles: the [WWF International Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_International_Heavyweight_Championship "WWF International Heavyweight Championship") (UWF), [WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship "WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship"),{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/jrwwf.html\|title\=WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan and Gary Will\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-05}} [WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_World_Martial_Arts_Heavyweight_Championship "WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship"),{{ref label\|1\|a\|a}}{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/njfwwf.html\|title\=WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} and [WWF International Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWF_International_Tag_Team_Championship "WWF International Tag Team Championship") (NJPW). The company also ceased operations of three short\-lived titles: the [WWF North American Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_North_American_Heavyweight_Championship "WWF North American Heavyweight Championship") (1979–1981\),{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/nawwf.html\|title\=WWF North American Heavyweight Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan and Gary Will\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-05}} [WWF Canadian Championship](/wiki/WWF_Canadian_Championship "WWF Canadian Championship") (1985–1986\),{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/canwwf.html\|title\=WWF Canadian Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan and Gary Will\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-05}} and [WWF Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWF_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship "WWF Women's Tag Team Championship") (1983–1989\).{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/wttwwf.html\|title\=WWF Women's Tag Team Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} Despite their names, the geographic\-name\-based titles were not restricted to wrestlers from that location. During the 1990s, the WWF ended its relationship with the UWA; as a result, the [WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWF_Intercontinental_Tag_Team_Championship "WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship"){{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/uwaittwwf.html\|title\=WWF/UWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} was abandoned, while the [WWF Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_Light_Heavyweight_Championship "WWF Light Heavyweight Championship") (which UWA possessed) was reactivated in the United States for use by the WWF. In 1996, the [Million Dollar Championship](/wiki/Million_Dollar_Championship "Million Dollar Championship"), a title created by [Ted DiBiase](/wiki/Ted_DiBiase "Ted DiBiase"), was retired, although it was never sanctioned by the WWF, but was reintroduced briefly in 2010 by Ted DiBiase Jr., and again in 2021 as part of a storyline in NXT.{{cite web\|url\=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/dibiase.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120629211133/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/dibiase.html\|url\-status\=usurped\|archive\-date\=June 29, 2012\|first\=John\|last\=Milner\|title\=Ted DiBiase Biography\|work\=SLAM! Sports\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Online Explorer]]\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08\|quote\=If he couldn't win the WWE Championship and he couldn't buy the WWE Championship, Dibiase decided to purchase his own championship, introducing "the Million Dollar Belt" to the WWE. The title was never official and rarely did Dibiase even bother "defending" the title.}}
### 2000–2015
In March 2001, the WWF acquired all assets of [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling "World Championship Wrestling") (WCW), including its championships.{{cite web\|url\=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2001/2001\_03\_23\.jsp \|title\=WWE Entertainment, Inc. Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting \|date\=2001\-03\-21 \|work\=WWE Corporate \|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408044957/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2001/2001\_03\_23\.jsp \|archive\-date\=2005\-04\-08 }} Of these titles, the WWF operated the [WCW World Heavyweight](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW World Heavyweight Championship"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/\|title\=History of the WCW World Championship\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} [World Tag Team](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttwcw.html\|title\=WCW World Tag Team Championship Title History (1991–2001\)\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan \& Gary Will\|publisher\=Solie's Title Histories\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} and [Cruiserweight](/wiki/WWE_Cruiserweight_Championship_%281991%E2%80%932007%29 "WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007)") championships.{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/ctwwf.html\|title\=WWE Cruiserweight Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}} In late 2001, the WWF discontinued the WCW World Heavyweight and Tag Team Championships (which were unified with WWF's world and tag team championships, respectively), while the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship was retired in favor of the Cruiserweight, which would also be retired in 2007\. In 2002, WWF was [renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)](/wiki/WWE "WWE"),{{cite web\|url\=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\_05\_06\.jsp \|title\=World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The "F" To Emphasize the "E" for Entertainment \|date\=2002\-05\-06 \|work\=WWE Corporate \|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119180317/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\_05\_06\.jsp \|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-19 }} and during this year, WWE discontinued the [WWE Hardcore](/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship "WWE Hardcore Championship") and [European Championships](/wiki/WWE_European_Championship "WWE European Championship") after they were [unified](/wiki/Championship_unification "Championship unification") with the [WWE Intercontinental Championship](/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship "WWE Intercontinental Championship").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/euro/358594 \|title\=History of the WWE European Championship: Jeff Hardy \|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724125810/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/euro/358594 \|archive\-date\=2008\-07\-24 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/whcwwf.html\|title\=WWE Hardcore Championship reign history\|work\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\|publisher\=Solie.org\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08}}
WWE also acquired all assets of [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling "Extreme Championship Wrestling") (ECW) in 2003, and implemented the [ECW](/wiki/ECW_%28WWE%29 "ECW (WWE)") [brand](/wiki/WWE_brand_extension "WWE brand extension") in 2006, along with the reactivated [ECW World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "ECW World Heavyweight Championship");{{cite web\|title\=History of the ECW Championship: Rob Van Dam\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwchampionship/061506rvd\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-09}} however, when the brand closed in 2010, the title was retired after [Ezekiel Jackson](/wiki/Ezekiel_Jackson "Ezekiel Jackson") became the last champion on the final episode of the *[ECW on Syfy](/wiki/ECW_%28WWE%29%23ECW_on_Sci_Fi/Syfy "ECW (WWE)#ECW on Sci Fi/Syfy")* series.{{cite web\|title\=History of the ECW Championship: Ezekiel Jackson\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwchampionship/13528698\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-09}} The [World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_%28WWE%29 "World Tag Team Championship (WWE)"), established in 1971, and [WWE Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Championship "WWE Raw Tag Team Championship"), introduced in 2002, were unified on April 9, 2009, maintaining separate title histories as the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship". However, on August 16, 2010, the older title was retired in favor of keeping the newer title as the sole tag team championship contended for in WWE. The champions, [The Hart Dynasty](/wiki/The_Hart_Dynasty "The Hart Dynasty") ([David Hart Smith](/wiki/David_Hart_Smith "David Hart Smith") and [Tyson Kidd](/wiki/Tyson_Kidd "Tyson Kidd")) were awarded a new set of belts that represented the 2002 championship, and were thus recognized as the final holders of the original World Tag Team Championship.{{Cite web\|title\=History of the World Tag Team Championship\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-20\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}{{Cite web\|title\=History of the WWE Tag Team Championship\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwetag/\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-20\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}
The [original WWE Women's Championship](/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Championship_%281956%E2%80%932010%29 "WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)"), established in 1956, and the [WWE Divas Championship](/wiki/WWE_Divas_Championship "WWE Divas Championship"), introduced in 2008, were unified on September 19, 2010, maintaining the title history of the Divas Championship. The older title was retired in favor of keeping the newer title as the sole championship contended for in WWE by the [Divas](/wiki/WWE_Diva "WWE Diva"). The self\-professed co\-Women's Champion [Michelle McCool](/wiki/Michelle_McCool "Michelle McCool") defeated Divas Champion [Melina](/wiki/Melina_Perez "Melina Perez") at [Night of Champions](/wiki/Night_of_Champions_%282010%29 "Night of Champions (2010)") to become the unified champion, thus making [Layla](/wiki/Layla_El "Layla El") the final holder of the Women's Championship.{{Cite web\|title\=History of the WWE Women's Championship\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/women/\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-21\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}{{Cite web\|title\=History of the WWE Divas Championship\|url\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/divas/\|access\-date\=2010\-09\-21\|publisher\=\[\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}} On April 3, 2016, at [WrestleMania 32](/wiki/WrestleMania_32 "WrestleMania 32"), Divas Champion [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte_%28wrestler%29 "Charlotte (wrestler)") was originally scheduled to defend her title in a triple\-threat match. At the event, however, the Divas Championship was replaced with a new [WWE Women's Championship](/wiki/WWE_Raw_Women%27s_Championship "WWE Raw Women's Championship"), with the winner of the triple\-threat match becoming the inaugural champion, thus Charlotte was the final holder of the Divas Championship.
The [World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 "World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)") was established in 2002 as a second world championship in WWE during the time of the [first brand extension](/wiki/WWE_brand_extension "WWE brand extension"). During this period, the World Heavyweight Championship would be the primary championship for either the Raw or SmackDown brand, with the [WWE Championship](/wiki/WWE_World_Championship "WWE World Championship") on the other. The brand extension ended in 2011, allowing both championships to appear on both shows. On December 15, 2013, World Heavyweight Champion [John Cena](/wiki/John_Cena "John Cena") faced WWE Champion [Randy Orton](/wiki/Randy_Orton "Randy Orton") in a match at [TLC: Tables, Ladders \& Chairs](/wiki/TLC:Tables%2C_Ladders_%26_Chairs_%282013%29 "Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2013)"), where the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship as Orton defeated Cena. At the event, it was announced that the unified titles would be called the "WWE World Heavyweight Championship", retaining the lineage of the WWE Championship. WWE officially recognized Orton as the final World Heavyweight Champion and retired the title.
### 2016–present
In 2016, WWE reintroduced the brand extension. Shortly after, the cruiserweight division was revived and a new [WWE Cruiserweight Championship](/wiki/NXT_Cruiserweight_Championship "NXT Cruiserweight Championship") was established. This newer title did not carry the lineage of the original Cruiserweight Championship that was retired in 2007\. The title was originally exclusive to the Raw brand before it became exclusive to the [205 Live](/wiki/205_Live_%28WWE_brand%29 "205 Live (WWE brand)") brand in 2018\. It then also became part of [NXT](/wiki/NXT_%28WWE_brand%29 "NXT (WWE brand)") after 205 Live merged under NXT in October 2019\. It was subsequently renamed the NXT Cruiserweight Championship and was then extended to the [NXT UK](/wiki/NXT_UK_%28WWE_brand%29 "NXT UK (WWE brand)") brand in January 2020\. However, in January 2022, the championship was retired. At the [New Year's Evil](/wiki/NXT:New_Year%27s_Evil_%282022%29 "New Year's Evil (2022)") special episode of *[NXT 2\.0](/wiki/WWE_NXT "WWE NXT")* on January 4, 2022, the title was unified into the [NXT North American Championship](/wiki/NXT_North_American_Championship "NXT North American Championship"). North American Champion [Carmelo Hayes](/wiki/Carmelo_Hayes "Carmelo Hayes") defeated Cruiserweight Champion [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong "Roderick Strong"), with Hayes recognized as the final Cruiserweight Champion and going forward as North American Champion.
In December 2016, WWE announced that they would be establishing a new United Kingdom\-based brand and the first championship created for the brand was the [WWE United Kingdom Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_Kingdom_Championship "WWE United Kingdom Championship"). In June 2018, the brand was formally established as NXT UK, and the [NXT UK Women's Championship](/wiki/NXT_UK_Women%27s_Championship "NXT UK Women's Championship") and [NXT UK Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NXT_UK_Tag_Team_Championship "NXT UK Tag Team Championship") were created at that time. In early 2020, the WWE United Kingdom Championship was renamed as the NXT United Kingdom Championship, and later that year, the [NXT UK Heritage Cup](/wiki/NXT_UK_Heritage_Cup "NXT UK Heritage Cup") was established. In August 2022, WWE announced that the NXT UK brand would be going on hiatus following the [Worlds Collide](/wiki/Worlds_Collide_%282022%29 "Worlds Collide (2022)") event on September 4, 2022, and the brand would relaunch as NXT Europe in 2023\. As such, all of NXT UK's championships were unified into their respective NXT championship counterparts, except for the NXT UK Heritage Cup, which was later transferred to NXT in 2023\. The NXT United Kingdom Championship, NXT UK Women's Championship, and NXT UK Tag Team Championship were unified into the [NXT Championship](/wiki/NXT_Championship "NXT Championship"), [NXT Women's Championship](/wiki/NXT_Women%27s_Championship "NXT Women's Championship"), and [NXT Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NXT_Tag_Team_Championship "NXT Tag Team Championship"), respectively, with [Tyler Bate](/wiki/Tyler_Bate "Tyler Bate"), [Meiko Satomura](/wiki/Meiko_Satomura "Meiko Satomura"), and the team of [Brooks Jensen](/wiki/Brooks_Jensen "Brooks Jensen") and [Josh Briggs](/wiki/Josh_Briggs "Josh Briggs") recognized as the final champions of each.
In May 2019, WWE introduced the [WWE 24/7 Championship](/wiki/WWE_24/7_Championship "WWE 24/7 Championship"), a title similar to the company's former Hardcore Championship. The title had a "24/7" rule in which it could be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee was present. Due to this rule, it was available to all of WWE's brands and could be won by both men and women as well as non\-WWE employees. After [Nikki Cross](/wiki/Nikki_Cross "Nikki Cross") won the championship on the November 7, 2022, episode of *[Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw "WWE Raw")*, she discarded the title as trash backstage and two days later, the championship was listed as inactive on WWE.com.
In March 2021, WWE introduced the [NXT Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NXT_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship "NXT Women's Tag Team Championship") for the NXT brand following a controversy over the [WWE Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship "WWE Women's Tag Team Championship"). Prior to this, the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship was available to Raw, SmackDown, and NXT, but ceased appearing on NXT after the brand established its own tag team championship. After two years, on the June 23, 2023, episode of *SmackDown*, the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship was unified into the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, retiring the former with the latter becoming available to NXT again.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/wwe/ronda\-rousey\-shayna\-baszler\-unify\-womens\-tag\-team\-titles\-on\-wwe\-smackdown\|title\=Ronda Rousey \& Shayna Baszler unify WWE \& NXT Women's Tag Team titles\|date\=June 23, 2023\|last\=Rose\|first\=Bryan\|work\=\[\[Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online]]\|access\-date\=June 23, 2023}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1953–1969",
"In 1953, [Capitol Wrestling Corporation](/wiki/Capitol_Wrestling_Corporation \"Capitol Wrestling Corporation\") (CWC) became a member of the [National Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance \"National Wrestling Alliance\") (NWA). During this time, CWC wrestlers could compete for championships operated by the NWA.{{cite book\\|last\\=Hornbaker\\|first\\=Tim\\|title\\=National Wrestling Alliance: The Untold Story of the Monopoly That Strangled Pro Wrestling\\|publisher\\=ECW Press\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55022\\-741\\-3\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=npQBhSTtvCsC\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-02}} In 1957, the CWC created the [NWA United States Television Championship](/wiki/NWA_United_States_Television_Championship \"NWA United States Television Championship\"), its first overall men's singles championship, with [Johnny Valentine](/wiki/Johnny_Valentine \"Johnny Valentine\") being the inaugural holder of the championship. The following year, the CWC created the [NWA United States Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWWF_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWWF United States Tag Team Championship\"), which inaugural champions [Mark Lewin](/wiki/Mark_Lewin \"Mark Lewin\") and [Don Curtis](/wiki/Don_Curtis \"Don Curtis\") won in April of that year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/usttwwf.html\\|title\\=WWWF United States Tag Team Title History\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan \\& Gary Will \\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-02}} In 1963, CWC ended its partnership with the NWA and established itself as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/vincemcmahon/\\|title\\=Vince McMahon\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-02}} To reflect the changes, the WWWF introduced its world heavyweight championship (WWE's third overall male singles championship and the current [WWE Championship](/wiki/WWE_Championship \"WWE Championship\")),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445411\\|title\\=Buddy Rogers' WWE Championship reign (April 1963 \\- May 17, 1963\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-02\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828211610/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445411\\|archive\\-date\\=August 28, 2005}} while the WWWF acronym was added to the United States Tag Team title. Without a formal explanation by the WWWF, although newly crowned co\\-holder [Bruno Sammartino](/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino \"Bruno Sammartino\") was also the company's World Heavyweight champion at the time, the Tag Team title was disbanded in 1967, the first championship to be retired during the WWWF years. Ten years later, the company retired its first individually contested WWWF\\-branded title, the [WWWF United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWWF_United_States_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWWF United States Heavyweight Championship\"), also without a formal explanation.{{cite book\\|last\\=Duncan\\|first\\=Royal\\|author2\\=Gary Will \\|title\\=Wrestling Title Histories\\|publisher\\=Archeus Communications\\|year\\=1994\\|edition\\=3\\|pages\\=27\\|chapter\\=United States: 19th Century \\& Widely defended Titles \\- NWA, WWF, AWA, IWA, ECW, NWA\\|isbn\\=0\\-9698161\\-1\\-1}}",
"### 1970–1999",
"The WWWF/WWF formed partnerships with [New Japan Pro\\-Wrestling](/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling \"New Japan Pro-Wrestling\") (NJPW), [Universal Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_%28Japan%29 \"Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan)\") (UWF), and [Universal Wrestling Association](/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Association \"Universal Wrestling Association\") (UWA) between the 1970s and 1980s, and as a result, created and lent titles to these promotions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/ituwa.html\\|title\\=WWF/UWF International Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/lhwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF Light Heavyweight Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/ittwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF International Tag Team Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} In 1979, the promotion renamed itself to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and six years later ended its partnerships with NJPW and UWF.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\\_05\\_06\\.jsp \\|title\\=World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The \"F\" To Emphasize the \"E\" for Entertainment \\|date\\=2002\\-05\\-06 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119180317/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\\_05\\_06\\.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-19 }} This resulted in the retirement of one UWF and three NJPW lent titles: the [WWF International Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_International_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWF International Heavyweight Championship\") (UWF), [WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/jrwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan and Gary Will\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-05}} [WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_World_Martial_Arts_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship\"),{{ref label\\|1\\|a\\|a}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/njfwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} and [WWF International Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWF_International_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWF International Tag Team Championship\") (NJPW). The company also ceased operations of three short\\-lived titles: the [WWF North American Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_North_American_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWF North American Heavyweight Championship\") (1979–1981\\),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/nawwf.html\\|title\\=WWF North American Heavyweight Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan and Gary Will\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-05}} [WWF Canadian Championship](/wiki/WWF_Canadian_Championship \"WWF Canadian Championship\") (1985–1986\\),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/canwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF Canadian Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan and Gary Will\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-05}} and [WWF Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWF_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWF Women's Tag Team Championship\") (1983–1989\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/wttwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF Women's Tag Team Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} Despite their names, the geographic\\-name\\-based titles were not restricted to wrestlers from that location. During the 1990s, the WWF ended its relationship with the UWA; as a result, the [WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWF_Intercontinental_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/uwaittwwf.html\\|title\\=WWF/UWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} was abandoned, while the [WWF Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_Light_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWF Light Heavyweight Championship\") (which UWA possessed) was reactivated in the United States for use by the WWF. In 1996, the [Million Dollar Championship](/wiki/Million_Dollar_Championship \"Million Dollar Championship\"), a title created by [Ted DiBiase](/wiki/Ted_DiBiase \"Ted DiBiase\"), was retired, although it was never sanctioned by the WWF, but was reintroduced briefly in 2010 by Ted DiBiase Jr., and again in 2021 as part of a storyline in NXT.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/dibiase.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120629211133/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/dibiase.html\\|url\\-status\\=usurped\\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2012\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Milner\\|title\\=Ted DiBiase Biography\\|work\\=SLAM! Sports\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Online Explorer]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08\\|quote\\=If he couldn't win the WWE Championship and he couldn't buy the WWE Championship, Dibiase decided to purchase his own championship, introducing \"the Million Dollar Belt\" to the WWE. The title was never official and rarely did Dibiase even bother \"defending\" the title.}}",
"### 2000–2015",
"In March 2001, the WWF acquired all assets of [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling \"World Championship Wrestling\") (WCW), including its championships.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2001/2001\\_03\\_23\\.jsp \\|title\\=WWE Entertainment, Inc. Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting \\|date\\=2001\\-03\\-21 \\|work\\=WWE Corporate \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408044957/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2001/2001\\_03\\_23\\.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-04\\-08 }} Of these titles, the WWF operated the [WCW World Heavyweight](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW World Heavyweight Championship\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/\\|title\\=History of the WCW World Championship\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} [World Tag Team](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttwcw.html\\|title\\=WCW World Tag Team Championship Title History (1991–2001\\)\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Royal Duncan \\& Gary Will\\|publisher\\=Solie's Title Histories\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} and [Cruiserweight](/wiki/WWE_Cruiserweight_Championship_%281991%E2%80%932007%29 \"WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007)\") championships.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/ctwwf.html\\|title\\=WWE Cruiserweight Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}} In late 2001, the WWF discontinued the WCW World Heavyweight and Tag Team Championships (which were unified with WWF's world and tag team championships, respectively), while the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship was retired in favor of the Cruiserweight, which would also be retired in 2007\\. In 2002, WWF was [renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)](/wiki/WWE \"WWE\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\\_05\\_06\\.jsp \\|title\\=World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The \"F\" To Emphasize the \"E\" for Entertainment \\|date\\=2002\\-05\\-06 \\|work\\=WWE Corporate \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119180317/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002\\_05\\_06\\.jsp \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-19 }} and during this year, WWE discontinued the [WWE Hardcore](/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship \"WWE Hardcore Championship\") and [European Championships](/wiki/WWE_European_Championship \"WWE European Championship\") after they were [unified](/wiki/Championship_unification \"Championship unification\") with the [WWE Intercontinental Championship](/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship \"WWE Intercontinental Championship\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/euro/358594 \\|title\\=History of the WWE European Championship: Jeff Hardy \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724125810/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/euro/358594 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-24 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://solie.org/titlehistories/whcwwf.html\\|title\\=WWE Hardcore Championship reign history\\|work\\=Wrestling Title Histories by Gary Will and Royal Duncan\\|publisher\\=Solie.org\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08}}",
"WWE also acquired all assets of [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\") (ECW) in 2003, and implemented the [ECW](/wiki/ECW_%28WWE%29 \"ECW (WWE)\") [brand](/wiki/WWE_brand_extension \"WWE brand extension\") in 2006, along with the reactivated [ECW World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/ECW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"ECW World Heavyweight Championship\");{{cite web\\|title\\=History of the ECW Championship: Rob Van Dam\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwchampionship/061506rvd\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-09}} however, when the brand closed in 2010, the title was retired after [Ezekiel Jackson](/wiki/Ezekiel_Jackson \"Ezekiel Jackson\") became the last champion on the final episode of the *[ECW on Syfy](/wiki/ECW_%28WWE%29%23ECW_on_Sci_Fi/Syfy \"ECW (WWE)#ECW on Sci Fi/Syfy\")* series.{{cite web\\|title\\=History of the ECW Championship: Ezekiel Jackson\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwchampionship/13528698\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-09}} The [World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_%28WWE%29 \"World Tag Team Championship (WWE)\"), established in 1971, and [WWE Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWE Raw Tag Team Championship\"), introduced in 2002, were unified on April 9, 2009, maintaining separate title histories as the \"Unified WWE Tag Team Championship\". However, on August 16, 2010, the older title was retired in favor of keeping the newer title as the sole tag team championship contended for in WWE. The champions, [The Hart Dynasty](/wiki/The_Hart_Dynasty \"The Hart Dynasty\") ([David Hart Smith](/wiki/David_Hart_Smith \"David Hart Smith\") and [Tyson Kidd](/wiki/Tyson_Kidd \"Tyson Kidd\")) were awarded a new set of belts that represented the 2002 championship, and were thus recognized as the final holders of the original World Tag Team Championship.{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of the World Tag Team Championship\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-20\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of the WWE Tag Team Championship\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwetag/\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-20\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}",
"The [original WWE Women's Championship](/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Championship_%281956%E2%80%932010%29 \"WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)\"), established in 1956, and the [WWE Divas Championship](/wiki/WWE_Divas_Championship \"WWE Divas Championship\"), introduced in 2008, were unified on September 19, 2010, maintaining the title history of the Divas Championship. The older title was retired in favor of keeping the newer title as the sole championship contended for in WWE by the [Divas](/wiki/WWE_Diva \"WWE Diva\"). The self\\-professed co\\-Women's Champion [Michelle McCool](/wiki/Michelle_McCool \"Michelle McCool\") defeated Divas Champion [Melina](/wiki/Melina_Perez \"Melina Perez\") at [Night of Champions](/wiki/Night_of_Champions_%282010%29 \"Night of Champions (2010)\") to become the unified champion, thus making [Layla](/wiki/Layla_El \"Layla El\") the final holder of the Women's Championship.{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of the WWE Women's Championship\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/women/\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-21\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=History of the WWE Divas Championship\\|url\\=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/divas/\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-21\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}} On April 3, 2016, at [WrestleMania 32](/wiki/WrestleMania_32 \"WrestleMania 32\"), Divas Champion [Charlotte](/wiki/Charlotte_%28wrestler%29 \"Charlotte (wrestler)\") was originally scheduled to defend her title in a triple\\-threat match. At the event, however, the Divas Championship was replaced with a new [WWE Women's Championship](/wiki/WWE_Raw_Women%27s_Championship \"WWE Raw Women's Championship\"), with the winner of the triple\\-threat match becoming the inaugural champion, thus Charlotte was the final holder of the Divas Championship.",
"The [World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 \"World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)\") was established in 2002 as a second world championship in WWE during the time of the [first brand extension](/wiki/WWE_brand_extension \"WWE brand extension\"). During this period, the World Heavyweight Championship would be the primary championship for either the Raw or SmackDown brand, with the [WWE Championship](/wiki/WWE_World_Championship \"WWE World Championship\") on the other. The brand extension ended in 2011, allowing both championships to appear on both shows. On December 15, 2013, World Heavyweight Champion [John Cena](/wiki/John_Cena \"John Cena\") faced WWE Champion [Randy Orton](/wiki/Randy_Orton \"Randy Orton\") in a match at [TLC: Tables, Ladders \\& Chairs](/wiki/TLC:Tables%2C_Ladders_%26_Chairs_%282013%29 \"Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2013)\"), where the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship as Orton defeated Cena. At the event, it was announced that the unified titles would be called the \"WWE World Heavyweight Championship\", retaining the lineage of the WWE Championship. WWE officially recognized Orton as the final World Heavyweight Champion and retired the title.",
"### 2016–present",
"In 2016, WWE reintroduced the brand extension. Shortly after, the cruiserweight division was revived and a new [WWE Cruiserweight Championship](/wiki/NXT_Cruiserweight_Championship \"NXT Cruiserweight Championship\") was established. This newer title did not carry the lineage of the original Cruiserweight Championship that was retired in 2007\\. The title was originally exclusive to the Raw brand before it became exclusive to the [205 Live](/wiki/205_Live_%28WWE_brand%29 \"205 Live (WWE brand)\") brand in 2018\\. It then also became part of [NXT](/wiki/NXT_%28WWE_brand%29 \"NXT (WWE brand)\") after 205 Live merged under NXT in October 2019\\. It was subsequently renamed the NXT Cruiserweight Championship and was then extended to the [NXT UK](/wiki/NXT_UK_%28WWE_brand%29 \"NXT UK (WWE brand)\") brand in January 2020\\. However, in January 2022, the championship was retired. At the [New Year's Evil](/wiki/NXT:New_Year%27s_Evil_%282022%29 \"New Year's Evil (2022)\") special episode of *[NXT 2\\.0](/wiki/WWE_NXT \"WWE NXT\")* on January 4, 2022, the title was unified into the [NXT North American Championship](/wiki/NXT_North_American_Championship \"NXT North American Championship\"). North American Champion [Carmelo Hayes](/wiki/Carmelo_Hayes \"Carmelo Hayes\") defeated Cruiserweight Champion [Roderick Strong](/wiki/Roderick_Strong \"Roderick Strong\"), with Hayes recognized as the final Cruiserweight Champion and going forward as North American Champion.",
"In December 2016, WWE announced that they would be establishing a new United Kingdom\\-based brand and the first championship created for the brand was the [WWE United Kingdom Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_Kingdom_Championship \"WWE United Kingdom Championship\"). In June 2018, the brand was formally established as NXT UK, and the [NXT UK Women's Championship](/wiki/NXT_UK_Women%27s_Championship \"NXT UK Women's Championship\") and [NXT UK Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NXT_UK_Tag_Team_Championship \"NXT UK Tag Team Championship\") were created at that time. In early 2020, the WWE United Kingdom Championship was renamed as the NXT United Kingdom Championship, and later that year, the [NXT UK Heritage Cup](/wiki/NXT_UK_Heritage_Cup \"NXT UK Heritage Cup\") was established. In August 2022, WWE announced that the NXT UK brand would be going on hiatus following the [Worlds Collide](/wiki/Worlds_Collide_%282022%29 \"Worlds Collide (2022)\") event on September 4, 2022, and the brand would relaunch as NXT Europe in 2023\\. As such, all of NXT UK's championships were unified into their respective NXT championship counterparts, except for the NXT UK Heritage Cup, which was later transferred to NXT in 2023\\. The NXT United Kingdom Championship, NXT UK Women's Championship, and NXT UK Tag Team Championship were unified into the [NXT Championship](/wiki/NXT_Championship \"NXT Championship\"), [NXT Women's Championship](/wiki/NXT_Women%27s_Championship \"NXT Women's Championship\"), and [NXT Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NXT_Tag_Team_Championship \"NXT Tag Team Championship\"), respectively, with [Tyler Bate](/wiki/Tyler_Bate \"Tyler Bate\"), [Meiko Satomura](/wiki/Meiko_Satomura \"Meiko Satomura\"), and the team of [Brooks Jensen](/wiki/Brooks_Jensen \"Brooks Jensen\") and [Josh Briggs](/wiki/Josh_Briggs \"Josh Briggs\") recognized as the final champions of each.",
"In May 2019, WWE introduced the [WWE 24/7 Championship](/wiki/WWE_24/7_Championship \"WWE 24/7 Championship\"), a title similar to the company's former Hardcore Championship. The title had a \"24/7\" rule in which it could be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee was present. Due to this rule, it was available to all of WWE's brands and could be won by both men and women as well as non\\-WWE employees. After [Nikki Cross](/wiki/Nikki_Cross \"Nikki Cross\") won the championship on the November 7, 2022, episode of *[Raw](/wiki/WWE_Raw \"WWE Raw\")*, she discarded the title as trash backstage and two days later, the championship was listed as inactive on WWE.com.",
"In March 2021, WWE introduced the [NXT Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/NXT_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship \"NXT Women's Tag Team Championship\") for the NXT brand following a controversy over the [WWE Women's Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship \"WWE Women's Tag Team Championship\"). Prior to this, the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship was available to Raw, SmackDown, and NXT, but ceased appearing on NXT after the brand established its own tag team championship. After two years, on the June 23, 2023, episode of *SmackDown*, the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship was unified into the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, retiring the former with the latter becoming available to NXT again.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/wwe/ronda\\-rousey\\-shayna\\-baszler\\-unify\\-womens\\-tag\\-team\\-titles\\-on\\-wwe\\-smackdown\\|title\\=Ronda Rousey \\& Shayna Baszler unify WWE \\& NXT Women's Tag Team titles\\|date\\=June 23, 2023\\|last\\=Rose\\|first\\=Bryan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2023}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The band was started as a side project by Schnier in January 1999\. They played four shows that month in the [Northeastern United States](/wiki/Northeastern_United_States "Northeastern United States"), with their first show being at the Pontiac Grill in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"). The first incarnation of the band included Schnier on [guitar](/wiki/Guitar "Guitar") and [vocals](/wiki/Singing "Singing"); Kirk Juhas of Free Beer \& Chicken on [keyboard](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument "Keyboard instrument"), [banjo](/wiki/Banjo "Banjo"), [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica "Harmonica"), and vocals; Jim Loughlin of Yolk on [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") and vocals; Ted Marotta of Ominous Sea Pods on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit "Drum kit") and vocals; and Rolf Witt of the Merry Danksters and Sonic Garden on [mandolin](/wiki/Mandolin "Mandolin"), [fiddle](/wiki/Fiddle "Fiddle"), and guitar.
They did not perform again until March 2000, when they played three shows in the Northeast. [Vinnie Amico](/wiki/Vinnie_Amico "Vinnie Amico") of moe. replaced Marotta on drums. In June 2000, the band played three more shows across [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York "Upstate New York") ([Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York "Utica, New York"), [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York "Albany, New York")). The last show, in Albany, included a guest appearance by Marotta on drums. Their final show of 2000 was played at the first annual moe.down festival in [Turin, New York](/wiki/Turin%2C_New_York "Turin, New York"). The festival was hosted by Schnier's band [moe.](/wiki/Moe. "Moe.") over [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day "Labor Day") weekend. Marotta once again made a guest appearance during this performance.
Over a year later, they made their next appearance playing a moe. aftershow. The show, at the Lion's Den in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") on [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving "Thanksgiving") weekend, featured the same lineup without Rolf Witt. In 2002, they played BerkFest, moe.down, and two other shows in the Northeast.
The band's most active year was 2003, where they played over twenty shows throughout the year. During this time, the band's lineup was augmented; Schnier, Juhas, and Amico remained, while Gordon Stone took over for Witt on banjo and [pedal steel](/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar "Pedal steel guitar"), and Erik Glockler from Strangefolk took over on bass for Loughlin. Schnier's wife, Diane, also provided vocals on occasion. After moe.down IV, the band performed a series of shows in the Northeast in September and December. The tour was in support of their first album *Analog*, which was released on September 9, 2003\.
In late March 2004, the band did a seven\-show tour that started in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"), and went through [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee"), and [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky"). Eventually the tour made its way north and ended in [Hoboken, New Jersey](/wiki/Hoboken%2C_New_Jersey "Hoboken, New Jersey"). In late May, they played four more shows in the Northeast. They finished the year with a performance at moe.down V. During this show, Jay Barady of Woodenspoon replaced Gordon Stone on mandolin. This performance also featured three songs written by Diane Schnier, who also played keyboards and drums. These songs later appeared on her first album *Before Cowboys*.
The band did not perform in 2005, but Al Schnier, Juhas, and Marotta along with Diane Schnier, Kenny Juhas, and Shannon Lynch performed as Before Cowboys. The band performed songs written by Diane Schnier at three separate shows throughout the year, including a set at moe.down VI. On July 15, 2006, they played at the Electric Company in Utica, New York.
The Transamericans and Before Cowboys appeared together on May 11, 2007, at the Electric Company in Utica. Later that month the Transamericans plaued at another moe. festival, [Summer Camp](/wiki/Summer_Camp_Music_Festival "Summer Camp Music Festival") in [Chillicothe, Illinois](/wiki/Chillicothe%2C_Illinois "Chillicothe, Illinois"), over [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day") weekend. A return to the Electric Company for a moe. aftershow in July was followed by two Northeast dates in mid\-August. Their last show of the year was a set at moe.down VIII.
On October 31, 2008, Basemental Records officially released the band's second studio album *This Day \& Age*. The new album featured five new songs and was released as a limited edition series with only 1000 copies. Each copy was signed and numbered by Al Schnier. The album features the most frequent incarnation of the band: Al Schnier, Vinnie Amico, Erik Glockler, Kirk Juhas, and Gordon Stone. The band started a tour to support the new album with a release party on [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween "Halloween") night at the Electric Company in Utica. The tour consisted of dates in the Northeast and lasted until midway through November.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The band was started as a side project by Schnier in January 1999\\. They played four shows that month in the [Northeastern United States](/wiki/Northeastern_United_States \"Northeastern United States\"), with their first show being at the Pontiac Grill in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). The first incarnation of the band included Schnier on [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\") and [vocals](/wiki/Singing \"Singing\"); Kirk Juhas of Free Beer \\& Chicken on [keyboard](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\"), [banjo](/wiki/Banjo \"Banjo\"), [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica \"Harmonica\"), and vocals; Jim Loughlin of Yolk on [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") and vocals; Ted Marotta of Ominous Sea Pods on [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\") and vocals; and Rolf Witt of the Merry Danksters and Sonic Garden on [mandolin](/wiki/Mandolin \"Mandolin\"), [fiddle](/wiki/Fiddle \"Fiddle\"), and guitar.",
"They did not perform again until March 2000, when they played three shows in the Northeast. [Vinnie Amico](/wiki/Vinnie_Amico \"Vinnie Amico\") of moe. replaced Marotta on drums. In June 2000, the band played three more shows across [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York \"Upstate New York\") ([Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"), [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York \"Utica, New York\"), [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\")). The last show, in Albany, included a guest appearance by Marotta on drums. Their final show of 2000 was played at the first annual moe.down festival in [Turin, New York](/wiki/Turin%2C_New_York \"Turin, New York\"). The festival was hosted by Schnier's band [moe.](/wiki/Moe. \"Moe.\") over [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day \"Labor Day\") weekend. Marotta once again made a guest appearance during this performance.",
"Over a year later, they made their next appearance playing a moe. aftershow. The show, at the Lion's Den in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") on [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving \"Thanksgiving\") weekend, featured the same lineup without Rolf Witt. In 2002, they played BerkFest, moe.down, and two other shows in the Northeast.",
"The band's most active year was 2003, where they played over twenty shows throughout the year. During this time, the band's lineup was augmented; Schnier, Juhas, and Amico remained, while Gordon Stone took over for Witt on banjo and [pedal steel](/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar \"Pedal steel guitar\"), and Erik Glockler from Strangefolk took over on bass for Loughlin. Schnier's wife, Diane, also provided vocals on occasion. After moe.down IV, the band performed a series of shows in the Northeast in September and December. The tour was in support of their first album *Analog*, which was released on September 9, 2003\\.",
"In late March 2004, the band did a seven\\-show tour that started in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"), and went through [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\"), and [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\"). Eventually the tour made its way north and ended in [Hoboken, New Jersey](/wiki/Hoboken%2C_New_Jersey \"Hoboken, New Jersey\"). In late May, they played four more shows in the Northeast. They finished the year with a performance at moe.down V. During this show, Jay Barady of Woodenspoon replaced Gordon Stone on mandolin. This performance also featured three songs written by Diane Schnier, who also played keyboards and drums. These songs later appeared on her first album *Before Cowboys*.",
"The band did not perform in 2005, but Al Schnier, Juhas, and Marotta along with Diane Schnier, Kenny Juhas, and Shannon Lynch performed as Before Cowboys. The band performed songs written by Diane Schnier at three separate shows throughout the year, including a set at moe.down VI. On July 15, 2006, they played at the Electric Company in Utica, New York.",
"The Transamericans and Before Cowboys appeared together on May 11, 2007, at the Electric Company in Utica. Later that month the Transamericans plaued at another moe. festival, [Summer Camp](/wiki/Summer_Camp_Music_Festival \"Summer Camp Music Festival\") in [Chillicothe, Illinois](/wiki/Chillicothe%2C_Illinois \"Chillicothe, Illinois\"), over [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\") weekend. A return to the Electric Company for a moe. aftershow in July was followed by two Northeast dates in mid\\-August. Their last show of the year was a set at moe.down VIII.",
"On October 31, 2008, Basemental Records officially released the band's second studio album *This Day \\& Age*. The new album featured five new songs and was released as a limited edition series with only 1000 copies. Each copy was signed and numbered by Al Schnier. The album features the most frequent incarnation of the band: Al Schnier, Vinnie Amico, Erik Glockler, Kirk Juhas, and Gordon Stone. The band started a tour to support the new album with a release party on [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween \"Halloween\") night at the Electric Company in Utica. The tour consisted of dates in the Northeast and lasted until midway through November.",
""
] |
Plot
----
On April's fourteenth birthday, Marion, her adoptive mother, gives her earrings, not the [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone") she wanted. They argue, and April leaves for [school](/wiki/School "School"). After lying to her friends, claiming she has a phone and is going to the dentist's, April chooses to be truant. While at work at a [stately home](/wiki/Stately_home "Stately home"), Marion hears that April has not arrived at school. She talks to her friend and [colleague](/wiki/Colleague "Colleague") Elliot, who unsuccessfully tries to dissuade her from leaving. April visits the home of Pat Williams, who cared for her as a baby. Pat remembers April and gives her a newspaper cutting telling the story of her discovery as a baby in a dustbin behind a pizza parlour.
In a [flashback](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 "Flashback (narrative)"), a five\-year\-old April is seen living with Janet and Daniel Johnson. The Johnsons' relationship was an [abusive](/wiki/Domestic_abuse "Domestic abuse") one, that lead to Janet's suicide. Meanwhile, Marion goes to April's school, where she talks to April's friends, and realizes that they were lied to. April leaves Pat's home, and travels alone to visit Janet's grave. Marion continues to search, and meets Elliot in a shopping center. April visits the now abandoned Sunnyholme [Children's Home](/wiki/Children%27s_Home "Children's Home"), where she lived when she was younger.
In a flashback, an eight\-year\-old April lives at the Sunnyholme and is cared for by a woman, Mo. April befriends an older girl, Gina, and is introduced to Pearl, a girl her own age. Pearl behaves in front of Mo, but actually bullies April when Mo is not around. Gina wakes April up one night to join in on a [burglary](/wiki/Burglary "Burglary"), and, later, Pearl attacks April, holding her head under water. Pearl also tears up April's beloved [paper dolls](/wiki/Paper_dolls "Paper dolls"). April confronts Pearl, and pushes her down a flight of stairs. She is reprimanded by Mo. A [voice\-over](/wiki/Voice-over "Voice-over") from 14\-year\-old April says Gina was then "moved on", and, eventually, April is also moved on.
The flashback jumps forward to April's time at Fairdale [Residential School](/wiki/Boarding_school "Boarding school"). She befriends Poppy, who has [Asperger syndrome](/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome"). In the present, Marion buys a mobile phone for April. Back at Fairdale, April is being taught by Miss Marion Bean. A Homework project on [family trees](/wiki/Family_tree "Family tree") leads to a fight. At night, April tries to escape the school to find Gina, but is caught by Marion, who sends her back. Marion reads April's records, and when she learns about her history, she apologizes for the family tree incident.
Banned from going out on a Saturday with her peers, April is instead taken to the stately home by Marion. A present\-day Marion goes alone to her house, to find that there are no messages on the phone. The younger Marion introduces April to Elliot as they continue to visit the home. The present\-day Marion goes to April's room, and looks in April's box, which contains mementos from different times in her life. The younger April and Marion walk through the home's garden, and Marion tells April she is leaving Fairdale. April becomes angry, thinking that Marion, like others before her, is now going to leave her life. Marion invites April to move in with her, and she accepts. When shown around her new bedroom, April's first concern is to have somewhere to put her box. The present April considers returning to Marion, but realises there is another place she wants to visit. It occurs to Marion where April will be going, and she drives away from her house.
April goes to the alley where she was found as a baby, and stands among the trash bins. Marion opens April's cell phone and calls Reno's, the pizza parlour. April then notices a phone number on the side of a dustbin, with a message to "Call if Baby". Marion asks for directions to the pizza parlour, while April dials the number she found. It is not her mother who answers, as she hoped, but Frankie, the pizza boy who found her. She meets Frankie in the pizza parlour, and Marion arrives. April explains who Frankie is, and Marion gives April her new phone. The three sit down together. A voice\-over from April says that, though she will probably never know her birth mother, she has a mother in Marion, and this is just the beginning.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"On April's fourteenth birthday, Marion, her adoptive mother, gives her earrings, not the [mobile phone](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") she wanted. They argue, and April leaves for [school](/wiki/School \"School\"). After lying to her friends, claiming she has a phone and is going to the dentist's, April chooses to be truant. While at work at a [stately home](/wiki/Stately_home \"Stately home\"), Marion hears that April has not arrived at school. She talks to her friend and [colleague](/wiki/Colleague \"Colleague\") Elliot, who unsuccessfully tries to dissuade her from leaving. April visits the home of Pat Williams, who cared for her as a baby. Pat remembers April and gives her a newspaper cutting telling the story of her discovery as a baby in a dustbin behind a pizza parlour.",
"In a [flashback](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 \"Flashback (narrative)\"), a five\\-year\\-old April is seen living with Janet and Daniel Johnson. The Johnsons' relationship was an [abusive](/wiki/Domestic_abuse \"Domestic abuse\") one, that lead to Janet's suicide. Meanwhile, Marion goes to April's school, where she talks to April's friends, and realizes that they were lied to. April leaves Pat's home, and travels alone to visit Janet's grave. Marion continues to search, and meets Elliot in a shopping center. April visits the now abandoned Sunnyholme [Children's Home](/wiki/Children%27s_Home \"Children's Home\"), where she lived when she was younger.",
"In a flashback, an eight\\-year\\-old April lives at the Sunnyholme and is cared for by a woman, Mo. April befriends an older girl, Gina, and is introduced to Pearl, a girl her own age. Pearl behaves in front of Mo, but actually bullies April when Mo is not around. Gina wakes April up one night to join in on a [burglary](/wiki/Burglary \"Burglary\"), and, later, Pearl attacks April, holding her head under water. Pearl also tears up April's beloved [paper dolls](/wiki/Paper_dolls \"Paper dolls\"). April confronts Pearl, and pushes her down a flight of stairs. She is reprimanded by Mo. A [voice\\-over](/wiki/Voice-over \"Voice-over\") from 14\\-year\\-old April says Gina was then \"moved on\", and, eventually, April is also moved on.",
"The flashback jumps forward to April's time at Fairdale [Residential School](/wiki/Boarding_school \"Boarding school\"). She befriends Poppy, who has [Asperger syndrome](/wiki/Asperger_syndrome \"Asperger syndrome\"). In the present, Marion buys a mobile phone for April. Back at Fairdale, April is being taught by Miss Marion Bean. A Homework project on [family trees](/wiki/Family_tree \"Family tree\") leads to a fight. At night, April tries to escape the school to find Gina, but is caught by Marion, who sends her back. Marion reads April's records, and when she learns about her history, she apologizes for the family tree incident.",
"Banned from going out on a Saturday with her peers, April is instead taken to the stately home by Marion. A present\\-day Marion goes alone to her house, to find that there are no messages on the phone. The younger Marion introduces April to Elliot as they continue to visit the home. The present\\-day Marion goes to April's room, and looks in April's box, which contains mementos from different times in her life. The younger April and Marion walk through the home's garden, and Marion tells April she is leaving Fairdale. April becomes angry, thinking that Marion, like others before her, is now going to leave her life. Marion invites April to move in with her, and she accepts. When shown around her new bedroom, April's first concern is to have somewhere to put her box. The present April considers returning to Marion, but realises there is another place she wants to visit. It occurs to Marion where April will be going, and she drives away from her house.",
"April goes to the alley where she was found as a baby, and stands among the trash bins. Marion opens April's cell phone and calls Reno's, the pizza parlour. April then notices a phone number on the side of a dustbin, with a message to \"Call if Baby\". Marion asks for directions to the pizza parlour, while April dials the number she found. It is not her mother who answers, as she hoped, but Frankie, the pizza boy who found her. She meets Frankie in the pizza parlour, and Marion arrives. April explains who Frankie is, and Marion gives April her new phone. The three sit down together. A voice\\-over from April says that, though she will probably never know her birth mother, she has a mother in Marion, and this is just the beginning.",
""
] |
Media
-----
### Book
*Bootleg* was first published as a book written by [Alex Shearer](/wiki/Alex_Shearer "Alex Shearer") and is published by Macmillan Children's Books on 4 July 2003\.{{cite book
\| title \= Bootleg: Alex Shearer: Books
\| isbn \= 033041562X
\| last1 \= Shearer
\| first1 \= Alex
\| year \= 2003
\| publisher \= Macmillan Children's Books
}}
### TV series
The adaptation, commissioned by BBC was made into a three\-part series and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom and later in Australia.
It has won a [British Academy of Film and Television Arts](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts "British Academy of Film and Television Arts") Award for Best Children's Drama, with the screenplay written by [Paul Smith](/wiki/Paul_Smith_%28television_writer%29 "Paul Smith (television writer)").
#### Cast
* [Martin Jarvis](/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_%28actor%29 "Martin Jarvis (actor)")
* Steven Geller
* [Gemma Jones](/wiki/Gemma_Jones "Gemma Jones")
* [Louise Siversen](/wiki/Louise_Siversen "Louise Siversen") as Mrs Spring
### Manga
The manga adaptation was done by Japanese [manga artist](/wiki/Mangaka "Mangaka"), [Aiji Yamakawa](/wiki/Aiji_Yamakawa "Aiji Yamakawa"). It was serialized in [Shueisha](/wiki/Shueisha "Shueisha")'s [shōjo](/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo "Shōjo") monthly manga [magazine](/wiki/Magazine "Magazine"), [Bessatsu Margaret](/wiki/Bessatsu_Margaret "Bessatsu Margaret") from its 2nd issue and ended on the 15th issue of the magazine in the year 2008\.
It has only one volume and was released in October 2008\.{{cite web
\| title \= チョコレート・アンダーグラウンド: 紀伊國屋書店BookWeb
\| url\= http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/htm/4088463498\.html
\| access\-date \= 22 April 2009}}
### Anime
The anime adaptation of the manga is written by Kiyoko Yoshimura and animated by [Production I.G](/wiki/Production_I.G "Production I.G") with original character designs provided by Aiji Yamakawa. voice actor [Fumie Mizusawa](/wiki/Fumie_Mizusawa "Fumie Mizusawa") and [Toshiyuki Toyonaga](/wiki/Toshiyuki_Toyonaga "Toshiyuki Toyonaga") voices the main characters, Smudger Moore and Huntley Hunter respectively and Japanese singer, [Maaya Sakamoto](/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto "Maaya Sakamoto") voicing Carol Hunter.
The adaptation's theme song and insert song are sung by Kana Nishino. The theme song's title is *Make Up* and the insert song is titled as *Kirari* and is released under [SME Records](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan "Sony Music Entertainment Japan").
#### Cast
* Smudger Moore – [Fumie Mizusawa](/wiki/Fumie_Mizusawa "Fumie Mizusawa")
* Huntley Hunter – [Toshiyuki Toyonaga](/wiki/Toshiyuki_Toyonaga "Toshiyuki Toyonaga")
* Louise Bubby – [Mikako Takahashi](/wiki/Mikako_Takahashi "Mikako Takahashi")
* Director of Headquarters – [Katsuyuki Konishi](/wiki/Katsuyuki_Konishi "Katsuyuki Konishi")
* Ron Moore – [Keiji Fujiwara](/wiki/Keiji_Fujiwara "Keiji Fujiwara")
* Joe Crawley – [Kenjirō Tsuda](/wiki/Kenjir%C5%8D_Tsuda "Kenjirō Tsuda")
* Carol Hunter – [Maaya Sakamoto](/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto "Maaya Sakamoto")
* Kylie Moore – Rie Nakagawa
* John Blades – [Tatsuhisa Suzuki](/wiki/Tatsuhisa_Suzuki "Tatsuhisa Suzuki")
**Source**:{{cite web
\| title \= チョコレート・アンダーグラウンド ｜ CHOCOLATE UNDERGROUND – Cast list
\| url \= http://www.watermark.jp/choco/cast/index.html
\| access\-date \= 22 April 2009
\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090903122238/http://www.watermark.jp/choco/cast/index.html
\| archive\-date \= 3 September 2009
\| url\-status \= dead
}}
|
[
"Media\n-----",
"### Book",
"*Bootleg* was first published as a book written by [Alex Shearer](/wiki/Alex_Shearer \"Alex Shearer\") and is published by Macmillan Children's Books on 4 July 2003\\.{{cite book\n \\| title \\= Bootleg: Alex Shearer: Books\n \\| isbn \\= 033041562X\n \\| last1 \\= Shearer\n \\| first1 \\= Alex\n \\| year \\= 2003\n \\| publisher \\= Macmillan Children's Books\n }}",
"### TV series",
"The adaptation, commissioned by BBC was made into a three\\-part series and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom and later in Australia.",
"It has won a [British Academy of Film and Television Arts](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts \"British Academy of Film and Television Arts\") Award for Best Children's Drama, with the screenplay written by [Paul Smith](/wiki/Paul_Smith_%28television_writer%29 \"Paul Smith (television writer)\").",
"#### Cast",
"* [Martin Jarvis](/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_%28actor%29 \"Martin Jarvis (actor)\")\n* Steven Geller\n* [Gemma Jones](/wiki/Gemma_Jones \"Gemma Jones\")\n* [Louise Siversen](/wiki/Louise_Siversen \"Louise Siversen\") as Mrs Spring",
"### Manga",
"The manga adaptation was done by Japanese [manga artist](/wiki/Mangaka \"Mangaka\"), [Aiji Yamakawa](/wiki/Aiji_Yamakawa \"Aiji Yamakawa\"). It was serialized in [Shueisha](/wiki/Shueisha \"Shueisha\")'s [shōjo](/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo \"Shōjo\") monthly manga [magazine](/wiki/Magazine \"Magazine\"), [Bessatsu Margaret](/wiki/Bessatsu_Margaret \"Bessatsu Margaret\") from its 2nd issue and ended on the 15th issue of the magazine in the year 2008\\.",
"It has only one volume and was released in October 2008\\.{{cite web\n \\| title \\= チョコレート・アンダーグラウンド: 紀伊國屋書店BookWeb\n \\| url\\= http://bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp/htm/4088463498\\.html\n \\| access\\-date \\= 22 April 2009}}",
"### Anime",
"The anime adaptation of the manga is written by Kiyoko Yoshimura and animated by [Production I.G](/wiki/Production_I.G \"Production I.G\") with original character designs provided by Aiji Yamakawa. voice actor [Fumie Mizusawa](/wiki/Fumie_Mizusawa \"Fumie Mizusawa\") and [Toshiyuki Toyonaga](/wiki/Toshiyuki_Toyonaga \"Toshiyuki Toyonaga\") voices the main characters, Smudger Moore and Huntley Hunter respectively and Japanese singer, [Maaya Sakamoto](/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto \"Maaya Sakamoto\") voicing Carol Hunter.",
"The adaptation's theme song and insert song are sung by Kana Nishino. The theme song's title is *Make Up* and the insert song is titled as *Kirari* and is released under [SME Records](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan \"Sony Music Entertainment Japan\").",
"#### Cast",
"* Smudger Moore – [Fumie Mizusawa](/wiki/Fumie_Mizusawa \"Fumie Mizusawa\")\n* Huntley Hunter – [Toshiyuki Toyonaga](/wiki/Toshiyuki_Toyonaga \"Toshiyuki Toyonaga\")\n* Louise Bubby – [Mikako Takahashi](/wiki/Mikako_Takahashi \"Mikako Takahashi\")\n* Director of Headquarters – [Katsuyuki Konishi](/wiki/Katsuyuki_Konishi \"Katsuyuki Konishi\")\n* Ron Moore – [Keiji Fujiwara](/wiki/Keiji_Fujiwara \"Keiji Fujiwara\")\n* Joe Crawley – [Kenjirō Tsuda](/wiki/Kenjir%C5%8D_Tsuda \"Kenjirō Tsuda\")\n* Carol Hunter – [Maaya Sakamoto](/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto \"Maaya Sakamoto\")\n* Kylie Moore – Rie Nakagawa\n* John Blades – [Tatsuhisa Suzuki](/wiki/Tatsuhisa_Suzuki \"Tatsuhisa Suzuki\")",
"**Source**:{{cite web\n \\| title \\= チョコレート・アンダーグラウンド ｜ CHOCOLATE UNDERGROUND – Cast list\n \\| url \\= http://www.watermark.jp/choco/cast/index.html\n \\| access\\-date \\= 22 April 2009\n \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090903122238/http://www.watermark.jp/choco/cast/index.html\n \\| archive\\-date \\= 3 September 2009\n \\| url\\-status \\= dead\n }}",
""
] |
19th century
------------
Astronomer [Jean\-Félix Adolphe Gambart](/wiki/Jean-F%C3%A9lix_Adolphe_Gambart "Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart") discovered 16 comets from the old observatory.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.marseilletourisme.fr/en/places\-see/heritage\-culture/museums/marseille\-observatory/\|title\=Marseille Observatory\|website\=MarseilleTourisme.fr\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-13}} Another astronomer of Marseilles Observatory was [Benjamin Valz](/wiki/Benjamin_Valz "Benjamin Valz").
Jean\-Louis Pons (1761\-1831\) discovered his first comet in 1801, and went on to find 37 more in his career many of them at Marseilles Observatory.
The [Comet Pons\-Brook](/wiki/Comet_Pons-Brooks "Comet Pons-Brooks") was discovered by Pons in July 1812, however it was not seen again until June 1883\.{{Cite journal\|title\=1986AJ.....91\..971Y Page 971\|journal \= The Astronomical Journal\|volume \= 91\|pages \= 971\|bibcode \= 1986AJ.....91\..971Y\|last1 \= Yeomans\|first1 \= D. K.\|year \= 1986\|doi \= 10\.1086/114073}} (The next time it was recovered was in 1953\.) Some other famous comets discovered by Pons include [7P/Pons–Winnecke](/wiki/7P/Pons%E2%80%93Winnecke "7P/Pons–Winnecke"), [12P/Pons–Brooks](/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks "12P/Pons–Brooks"), and [273P/Pons–Gambart](/wiki/273P/Pons%E2%80%93Gambart "273P/Pons–Gambart"), among many others. (see also [Comet Pons](/wiki/Comet_Pons "Comet Pons"))
Pons also discovered comets that came to be known by other names including [Encke's Comet](/wiki/Encke%27s_Comet "Encke's Comet"), [Comet Crommelin](/wiki/Comet_Crommelin "Comet Crommelin"), and [Biela's Comet](/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet "Biela's Comet"). This is not unusual as comet discoveries are sometimes later determined to be re\-discoveries of previously observed comets or co\-discoveries (discovered at the same time by others). Similarly, some comets were named for the first person to compute the comet's orbit, as in the case of [Halley's comet](/wiki/Halley%27s_comet "Halley's comet").
In 1863 Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the [Paris Observatory](/wiki/Paris_Observatory "Paris Observatory").{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cWBDAAAAQBAJ\&q\=Marseille\+Observatory\&pg\=PA121\|title\=Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer\|last\=Lequeux\|first\=James\|date\=2013\-03\-15\|publisher\=Springer Science \& Business Media\|isbn\=9781461455653\|language\=en}} This led to a new building inaugurated by 1864, designed by the architect of [Notre Dame de la Garde](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde "Notre-Dame de la Garde"), also the 80 cm reflector was installed by that year (at the [Palais Longchamp](/wiki/Palais_Longchamp "Palais Longchamp") site).
Work continued on improvements and by 1866 a [Comet Seeker](/wiki/Comet_seeker "Comet seeker") telescope of 18 cm aperture by Martin had been installed, and a 25\.8 cm (10\.25") aperture refractor by Merz by 1872\. The Merz refractor was on [equatorial mounting](/wiki/Equatorial_mount "Equatorial mount") with governor done by Foucault.
[Foucault](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault "Léon Foucault") operated his 80 cm [silver\-on\-glass](/wiki/Silvering "Silvering") reflector at Marseille Observatory,{{citation\|last1\=Tobin\|first1\=William\|title\=Foucault's invention of the silvered\-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80\-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille\|journal\=Vistas in Astronomy\|volume\=30\|issue\=2\|pages\=153–184\|year\=1987\|bibcode\=1987VA.....30\..153T\|doi\=10\.1016/0083\-6656(87\)90015\-8}} a telescope with aperture 80 cm (31\.5 inches) from about 1862 to its retirement in 1965\.{{Cite journal\|title\=1996QJRAS..37\..101G Page 101\|journal \= Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society\|volume \= 37\|pages \= 101\|bibcode \= 1996QJRAS..37\..101G\|last1 \= Gascoigne\|first1 \= S. C. B.\|year \= 1996}}{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wyWjVWYWoO8C\&q\=Foucault\+80\+cm\+1965\&pg\=PA419\|title\=Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue\|last\=Steinicke\|first\=Wolfgang\|date\=2010\-08\-19\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=9781139490108\|language\=en}} The telescope was noted for being a pioneering design, that used [silver\-coated glass](/wiki/Silvering "Silvering") in a reflecting telescope.
There was also instruments and facilities for magnetic studies.
1872 Marseilles reported several new nebula discovered using the Eichens searcher.{{Cite journal\|date\=1872\-04\-12\|title\=New Nebulæ discovered and observed by Alphonse Borrelly at the Marseilles Observatory, with the Eichens Searcher\|url\=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/32/6/248/954359\|journal\=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\|language\=en\|volume\=32\|issue\=6\|pages\=248\|doi\=10\.1093/mnras/32\.6\.248\|issn\=0035\-8711\|doi\-access\=free}}
In 1873 Marseilles Observatory announced the discovery of 300 new nebula.{{Cite journal\|title\=1873MNRAS..33\..433S Page 433\|journal \= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\|volume \= 33\|pages \= 433\|bibcode \= 1873MNRAS..33\..433S\|last1 \= Stéphan\|first1 \= M.\|year \= 1873\| doi\=10\.1093/mnras/33\.7\.433 \|doi\-access \= free}} Of these 75 had their positions accurately cataloged, which was done by comparing the location of the nebula with previously cataloged stars of known position.
In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from the Paris Observatory.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Prévot\|first1\=Marie\-Louise\|last2\=Caplan\|first2\=James\|date\=1998\|title\=History of the Marseille Observatory\|journal\=Acta Historica Astronomiae\|language\=en\|volume\=3\|pages\=78\|issn\=0003\-2670\|bibcode\=1998AcHA....3\...78P}}
In 1874 the Comet [C/1874 H1](/wiki/C/1874_H1 "C/1874 H1") was discovered from the observatory.
|
[
"19th century\n------------",
"Astronomer [Jean\\-Félix Adolphe Gambart](/wiki/Jean-F%C3%A9lix_Adolphe_Gambart \"Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart\") discovered 16 comets from the old observatory.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.marseilletourisme.fr/en/places\\-see/heritage\\-culture/museums/marseille\\-observatory/\\|title\\=Marseille Observatory\\|website\\=MarseilleTourisme.fr\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-13}} Another astronomer of Marseilles Observatory was [Benjamin Valz](/wiki/Benjamin_Valz \"Benjamin Valz\").",
"Jean\\-Louis Pons (1761\\-1831\\) discovered his first comet in 1801, and went on to find 37 more in his career many of them at Marseilles Observatory.",
"The [Comet Pons\\-Brook](/wiki/Comet_Pons-Brooks \"Comet Pons-Brooks\") was discovered by Pons in July 1812, however it was not seen again until June 1883\\.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=1986AJ.....91\\..971Y Page 971\\|journal \\= The Astronomical Journal\\|volume \\= 91\\|pages \\= 971\\|bibcode \\= 1986AJ.....91\\..971Y\\|last1 \\= Yeomans\\|first1 \\= D. K.\\|year \\= 1986\\|doi \\= 10\\.1086/114073}} (The next time it was recovered was in 1953\\.) Some other famous comets discovered by Pons include [7P/Pons–Winnecke](/wiki/7P/Pons%E2%80%93Winnecke \"7P/Pons–Winnecke\"), [12P/Pons–Brooks](/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks \"12P/Pons–Brooks\"), and [273P/Pons–Gambart](/wiki/273P/Pons%E2%80%93Gambart \"273P/Pons–Gambart\"), among many others. (see also [Comet Pons](/wiki/Comet_Pons \"Comet Pons\"))",
"Pons also discovered comets that came to be known by other names including [Encke's Comet](/wiki/Encke%27s_Comet \"Encke's Comet\"), [Comet Crommelin](/wiki/Comet_Crommelin \"Comet Crommelin\"), and [Biela's Comet](/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet \"Biela's Comet\"). This is not unusual as comet discoveries are sometimes later determined to be re\\-discoveries of previously observed comets or co\\-discoveries (discovered at the same time by others). Similarly, some comets were named for the first person to compute the comet's orbit, as in the case of [Halley's comet](/wiki/Halley%27s_comet \"Halley's comet\").",
"In 1863 Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the [Paris Observatory](/wiki/Paris_Observatory \"Paris Observatory\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cWBDAAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=Marseille\\+Observatory\\&pg\\=PA121\\|title\\=Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer\\|last\\=Lequeux\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=2013\\-03\\-15\\|publisher\\=Springer Science \\& Business Media\\|isbn\\=9781461455653\\|language\\=en}} This led to a new building inaugurated by 1864, designed by the architect of [Notre Dame de la Garde](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde \"Notre-Dame de la Garde\"), also the 80 cm reflector was installed by that year (at the [Palais Longchamp](/wiki/Palais_Longchamp \"Palais Longchamp\") site).",
"Work continued on improvements and by 1866 a [Comet Seeker](/wiki/Comet_seeker \"Comet seeker\") telescope of 18 cm aperture by Martin had been installed, and a 25\\.8 cm (10\\.25\") aperture refractor by Merz by 1872\\. The Merz refractor was on [equatorial mounting](/wiki/Equatorial_mount \"Equatorial mount\") with governor done by Foucault.",
"[Foucault](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault \"Léon Foucault\") operated his 80 cm [silver\\-on\\-glass](/wiki/Silvering \"Silvering\") reflector at Marseille Observatory,{{citation\\|last1\\=Tobin\\|first1\\=William\\|title\\=Foucault's invention of the silvered\\-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80\\-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille\\|journal\\=Vistas in Astronomy\\|volume\\=30\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=153–184\\|year\\=1987\\|bibcode\\=1987VA.....30\\..153T\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0083\\-6656(87\\)90015\\-8}} a telescope with aperture 80 cm (31\\.5 inches) from about 1862 to its retirement in 1965\\.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=1996QJRAS..37\\..101G Page 101\\|journal \\= Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society\\|volume \\= 37\\|pages \\= 101\\|bibcode \\= 1996QJRAS..37\\..101G\\|last1 \\= Gascoigne\\|first1 \\= S. C. B.\\|year \\= 1996}}{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wyWjVWYWoO8C\\&q\\=Foucault\\+80\\+cm\\+1965\\&pg\\=PA419\\|title\\=Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue\\|last\\=Steinicke\\|first\\=Wolfgang\\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-19\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=9781139490108\\|language\\=en}} The telescope was noted for being a pioneering design, that used [silver\\-coated glass](/wiki/Silvering \"Silvering\") in a reflecting telescope.",
"There was also instruments and facilities for magnetic studies.",
"1872 Marseilles reported several new nebula discovered using the Eichens searcher.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=1872\\-04\\-12\\|title\\=New Nebulæ discovered and observed by Alphonse Borrelly at the Marseilles Observatory, with the Eichens Searcher\\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/32/6/248/954359\\|journal\\=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=32\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=248\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/mnras/32\\.6\\.248\\|issn\\=0035\\-8711\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"In 1873 Marseilles Observatory announced the discovery of 300 new nebula.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=1873MNRAS..33\\..433S Page 433\\|journal \\= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\\|volume \\= 33\\|pages \\= 433\\|bibcode \\= 1873MNRAS..33\\..433S\\|last1 \\= Stéphan\\|first1 \\= M.\\|year \\= 1873\\| doi\\=10\\.1093/mnras/33\\.7\\.433 \\|doi\\-access \\= free}} Of these 75 had their positions accurately cataloged, which was done by comparing the location of the nebula with previously cataloged stars of known position.",
"In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from the Paris Observatory.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Prévot\\|first1\\=Marie\\-Louise\\|last2\\=Caplan\\|first2\\=James\\|date\\=1998\\|title\\=History of the Marseille Observatory\\|journal\\=Acta Historica Astronomiae\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=3\\|pages\\=78\\|issn\\=0003\\-2670\\|bibcode\\=1998AcHA....3\\...78P}}",
"In 1874 the Comet [C/1874 H1](/wiki/C/1874_H1 \"C/1874 H1\") was discovered from the observatory.",
""
] |
Proof
-----
### Direct Proof
Let \\mathcal U be an open cover of X. Since X is compact we can extract a finite subcover \\{A\_1, \\dots, A\_n\\} \\subseteq \\mathcal U.
If any one of the A\_i's equals X then any \\delta \> 0 will serve as a Lebesgue's number.
Otherwise for each i \\in \\{1, \\dots, n\\}, let C\_i :\= X \\smallsetminus A\_i, note that C\_i is not empty, and define a function f : X \\rightarrow \\mathbb R by
f(x) :\= \\frac{1}{n} \\sum\_{i\=1}^n d(x,C\_i).
Since f is continuous on a compact set, it attains a minimum \\delta.
The key observation is that, since every x is contained in some A\_i, the [extreme value theorem](/wiki/Extreme_value_theorem%23Generalization_to_metric_and_topological_spaces "Extreme value theorem#Generalization to metric and topological spaces") shows \\delta \> 0. Now we can verify that this \\delta is the desired Lebesgue's number.
If Y is a subset of X of diameter less than \\delta, choose x\_0 as any point in Y, then by definition of [diameter](/wiki/Diameter_of_a_set "Diameter of a set"), Y\\subseteq B\_\\delta(x\_0\), where B\_\\delta(x\_0\) denotes the ball of radius \\delta centered at x\_0. Since f(x\_0\)\\geq \\delta there must exist at least one i such that d(x\_0,C\_i)\\geq \\delta. But this means that B\_\\delta(x\_0\)\\subseteq A\_i and so, in particular, Y\\subseteq A\_i.
### Proof by Contradiction
Suppose for contradiction that X is [sequentially compact](/wiki/Sequentially_compact_space "Sequentially compact space"), \\{ U\_{\\alpha} \\mid \\alpha \\in J \\} is an open cover of X, and the Lebesgue number \\delta does not exist. That is: for all \\delta \> 0, there exists A \\subset X with \\operatorname{diam} (A) \< \\delta such that there does not exist \\beta \\in J with A \\subset U\_{\\beta}.
This enables us to perform the following construction:
\\delta\_{1} \= 1, \\quad \\exists A\_{1} \\subset X \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{1}) \< \\delta\_{1} \\quad \\text {and} \\quad \\neg\\exists \\beta (A\_{1} \\subset U\_{\\beta})
\\delta\_{2} \= \\frac{1}{2}, \\quad \\exists A\_{2} \\subset X \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{2}) \< \\delta\_{2} \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\neg\\exists \\beta (A\_{2} \\subset U\_{\\beta})
\\vdots
\\delta\_{k}\=\\frac{1}{k}, \\quad \\exists A\_{k} \\subset X \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{k}) \< \\delta\_{k} \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\neg\\exists \\beta (A\_{k} \\subset U\_{\\beta})
\\vdots
Note that A\_{n} \\neq \\emptyset for all n \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{\+}, since A\_{n} \\not\\subset U\_{\\beta}. It is therefore possible by the [axiom of choice](/wiki/Axiom_of_choice "Axiom of choice") to construct a sequence (x\_{n}) in which x\_{i} \\in A\_{i} for each i. Since X is sequentially compact, there exists a subsequence \\{x\_{n\_{k}}\\} (with k \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0}) that converges to x\_{0}.
Because \\{ U\_{\\alpha} \\} is an open cover, there exists some \\alpha\_{0} \\in J such that x\_{0} \\in U\_{\\alpha\_{0}}. As U\_{\\alpha\_{0}} is open, there exists r \> 0 with B\_{d}(x\_{0},r) \\subset U\_{\\alpha\_{0}}. Now we invoke the convergence of the subsequence \\{ x\_{n\_{k}} \\} : there exists L \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{\+} such that
L \\le k implies x\_{n\_{k}} \\in B\_{r/2} (x\_{0}).
Furthermore, there exists M \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0} such that \\delta\_{M}\= \\tfrac{1}{M} \< \\tfrac{r}{2} . Hence for all z \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0}, we have M \\le z implies \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{M}) \< \\tfrac{r}{2}.
Finally, define q \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0} such that n\_{q} \\geq M and q \\geq L. For all x' \\in A\_{n\_{q}}, notice that:
* d(x\_{n\_{q}},x') \\leq \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{n\_{q}})\<\\frac{r}{2}, because n\_{q} \\geq M.
* d(x\_{n\_{q}},x\_{0})\<\\frac{r}{2}, because q \\geq L entails x\_{n\_{q}} \\in B\_{r/2}\\left(x\_{0}\\right).
Hence d(x\_{0},x')\<r by the [triangle inequality](/wiki/Triangle_inequality "Triangle inequality"), which implies that A\_{n\_{q}} \\subset U\_{\\alpha\_{0}}. This yields the desired contradiction.
|
[
"Proof\n-----",
"### Direct Proof",
"Let \\\\mathcal U be an open cover of X. Since X is compact we can extract a finite subcover \\\\{A\\_1, \\\\dots, A\\_n\\\\} \\\\subseteq \\\\mathcal U.\nIf any one of the A\\_i's equals X then any \\\\delta \\> 0 will serve as a Lebesgue's number.\nOtherwise for each i \\\\in \\\\{1, \\\\dots, n\\\\}, let C\\_i :\\= X \\\\smallsetminus A\\_i, note that C\\_i is not empty, and define a function f : X \\\\rightarrow \\\\mathbb R by",
"f(x) :\\= \\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^n d(x,C\\_i). \nSince f is continuous on a compact set, it attains a minimum \\\\delta. \nThe key observation is that, since every x is contained in some A\\_i, the [extreme value theorem](/wiki/Extreme_value_theorem%23Generalization_to_metric_and_topological_spaces \"Extreme value theorem#Generalization to metric and topological spaces\") shows \\\\delta \\> 0. Now we can verify that this \\\\delta is the desired Lebesgue's number.\nIf Y is a subset of X of diameter less than \\\\delta, choose x\\_0 as any point in Y, then by definition of [diameter](/wiki/Diameter_of_a_set \"Diameter of a set\"), Y\\\\subseteq B\\_\\\\delta(x\\_0\\), where B\\_\\\\delta(x\\_0\\) denotes the ball of radius \\\\delta centered at x\\_0. Since f(x\\_0\\)\\\\geq \\\\delta there must exist at least one i such that d(x\\_0,C\\_i)\\\\geq \\\\delta. But this means that B\\_\\\\delta(x\\_0\\)\\\\subseteq A\\_i and so, in particular, Y\\\\subseteq A\\_i.",
"### Proof by Contradiction",
"Suppose for contradiction that X is [sequentially compact](/wiki/Sequentially_compact_space \"Sequentially compact space\"), \\\\{ U\\_{\\\\alpha} \\\\mid \\\\alpha \\\\in J \\\\} is an open cover of X, and the Lebesgue number \\\\delta does not exist. That is: for all \\\\delta \\> 0, there exists A \\\\subset X with \\\\operatorname{diam} (A) \\< \\\\delta such that there does not exist \\\\beta \\\\in J with A \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta}.",
"This enables us to perform the following construction:",
"\\\\delta\\_{1} \\= 1, \\\\quad \\\\exists A\\_{1} \\\\subset X \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{1}) \\< \\\\delta\\_{1} \\\\quad \\\\text {and} \\\\quad \\\\neg\\\\exists \\\\beta (A\\_{1} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta})\n\\\\delta\\_{2} \\= \\\\frac{1}{2}, \\\\quad \\\\exists A\\_{2} \\\\subset X \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{2}) \\< \\\\delta\\_{2} \\\\quad \\\\text{and} \\\\quad \\\\neg\\\\exists \\\\beta (A\\_{2} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta})\n\\\\vdots",
"\\\\delta\\_{k}\\=\\\\frac{1}{k}, \\\\quad \\\\exists A\\_{k} \\\\subset X \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{k}) \\< \\\\delta\\_{k} \\\\quad \\\\text{and} \\\\quad \\\\neg\\\\exists \\\\beta (A\\_{k} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta})\n\\\\vdots",
"",
"Note that A\\_{n} \\\\neq \\\\emptyset for all n \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}^{\\+}, since A\\_{n} \\\\not\\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta}. It is therefore possible by the [axiom of choice](/wiki/Axiom_of_choice \"Axiom of choice\") to construct a sequence (x\\_{n}) in which x\\_{i} \\\\in A\\_{i} for each i. Since X is sequentially compact, there exists a subsequence \\\\{x\\_{n\\_{k}}\\\\} (with k \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0}) that converges to x\\_{0}.",
"Because \\\\{ U\\_{\\\\alpha} \\\\} is an open cover, there exists some \\\\alpha\\_{0} \\\\in J such that x\\_{0} \\\\in U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}}. As U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}} is open, there exists r \\> 0 with B\\_{d}(x\\_{0},r) \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}}. Now we invoke the convergence of the subsequence \\\\{ x\\_{n\\_{k}} \\\\} : there exists L \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}^{\\+} such that\n L \\\\le k implies x\\_{n\\_{k}} \\\\in B\\_{r/2} (x\\_{0}).",
"Furthermore, there exists M \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0} such that \\\\delta\\_{M}\\= \\\\tfrac{1}{M} \\< \\\\tfrac{r}{2} . Hence for all z \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0}, we have M \\\\le z implies \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{M}) \\< \\\\tfrac{r}{2}.",
"Finally, define q \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0} such that n\\_{q} \\\\geq M and q \\\\geq L. For all x' \\\\in A\\_{n\\_{q}}, notice that:\n* d(x\\_{n\\_{q}},x') \\\\leq \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{n\\_{q}})\\<\\\\frac{r}{2}, because n\\_{q} \\\\geq M.\n* d(x\\_{n\\_{q}},x\\_{0})\\<\\\\frac{r}{2}, because q \\\\geq L entails x\\_{n\\_{q}} \\\\in B\\_{r/2}\\\\left(x\\_{0}\\\\right).",
"Hence d(x\\_{0},x')\\<r by the [triangle inequality](/wiki/Triangle_inequality \"Triangle inequality\"), which implies that A\\_{n\\_{q}} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}}. This yields the desired contradiction.",
""
] |
### Proof by Contradiction
Suppose for contradiction that X is [sequentially compact](/wiki/Sequentially_compact_space "Sequentially compact space"), \\{ U\_{\\alpha} \\mid \\alpha \\in J \\} is an open cover of X, and the Lebesgue number \\delta does not exist. That is: for all \\delta \> 0, there exists A \\subset X with \\operatorname{diam} (A) \< \\delta such that there does not exist \\beta \\in J with A \\subset U\_{\\beta}.
This enables us to perform the following construction:
\\delta\_{1} \= 1, \\quad \\exists A\_{1} \\subset X \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{1}) \< \\delta\_{1} \\quad \\text {and} \\quad \\neg\\exists \\beta (A\_{1} \\subset U\_{\\beta})
\\delta\_{2} \= \\frac{1}{2}, \\quad \\exists A\_{2} \\subset X \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{2}) \< \\delta\_{2} \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\neg\\exists \\beta (A\_{2} \\subset U\_{\\beta})
\\vdots
\\delta\_{k}\=\\frac{1}{k}, \\quad \\exists A\_{k} \\subset X \\quad \\text{where} \\quad \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{k}) \< \\delta\_{k} \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\neg\\exists \\beta (A\_{k} \\subset U\_{\\beta})
\\vdots
Note that A\_{n} \\neq \\emptyset for all n \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{\+}, since A\_{n} \\not\\subset U\_{\\beta}. It is therefore possible by the [axiom of choice](/wiki/Axiom_of_choice "Axiom of choice") to construct a sequence (x\_{n}) in which x\_{i} \\in A\_{i} for each i. Since X is sequentially compact, there exists a subsequence \\{x\_{n\_{k}}\\} (with k \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0}) that converges to x\_{0}.
Because \\{ U\_{\\alpha} \\} is an open cover, there exists some \\alpha\_{0} \\in J such that x\_{0} \\in U\_{\\alpha\_{0}}. As U\_{\\alpha\_{0}} is open, there exists r \> 0 with B\_{d}(x\_{0},r) \\subset U\_{\\alpha\_{0}}. Now we invoke the convergence of the subsequence \\{ x\_{n\_{k}} \\} : there exists L \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{\+} such that
L \\le k implies x\_{n\_{k}} \\in B\_{r/2} (x\_{0}).
Furthermore, there exists M \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0} such that \\delta\_{M}\= \\tfrac{1}{M} \< \\tfrac{r}{2} . Hence for all z \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0}, we have M \\le z implies \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{M}) \< \\tfrac{r}{2}.
Finally, define q \\in \\mathbb{Z}\_{\> 0} such that n\_{q} \\geq M and q \\geq L. For all x' \\in A\_{n\_{q}}, notice that:
* d(x\_{n\_{q}},x') \\leq \\operatorname{diam} (A\_{n\_{q}})\<\\frac{r}{2}, because n\_{q} \\geq M.
* d(x\_{n\_{q}},x\_{0})\<\\frac{r}{2}, because q \\geq L entails x\_{n\_{q}} \\in B\_{r/2}\\left(x\_{0}\\right).
Hence d(x\_{0},x')\<r by the [triangle inequality](/wiki/Triangle_inequality "Triangle inequality"), which implies that A\_{n\_{q}} \\subset U\_{\\alpha\_{0}}. This yields the desired contradiction.
|
[
"### Proof by Contradiction",
"Suppose for contradiction that X is [sequentially compact](/wiki/Sequentially_compact_space \"Sequentially compact space\"), \\\\{ U\\_{\\\\alpha} \\\\mid \\\\alpha \\\\in J \\\\} is an open cover of X, and the Lebesgue number \\\\delta does not exist. That is: for all \\\\delta \\> 0, there exists A \\\\subset X with \\\\operatorname{diam} (A) \\< \\\\delta such that there does not exist \\\\beta \\\\in J with A \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta}.",
"This enables us to perform the following construction:",
"\\\\delta\\_{1} \\= 1, \\\\quad \\\\exists A\\_{1} \\\\subset X \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{1}) \\< \\\\delta\\_{1} \\\\quad \\\\text {and} \\\\quad \\\\neg\\\\exists \\\\beta (A\\_{1} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta})\n\\\\delta\\_{2} \\= \\\\frac{1}{2}, \\\\quad \\\\exists A\\_{2} \\\\subset X \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{2}) \\< \\\\delta\\_{2} \\\\quad \\\\text{and} \\\\quad \\\\neg\\\\exists \\\\beta (A\\_{2} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta})\n\\\\vdots",
"\\\\delta\\_{k}\\=\\\\frac{1}{k}, \\\\quad \\\\exists A\\_{k} \\\\subset X \\\\quad \\\\text{where} \\\\quad \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{k}) \\< \\\\delta\\_{k} \\\\quad \\\\text{and} \\\\quad \\\\neg\\\\exists \\\\beta (A\\_{k} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta})\n\\\\vdots",
"",
"Note that A\\_{n} \\\\neq \\\\emptyset for all n \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}^{\\+}, since A\\_{n} \\\\not\\\\subset U\\_{\\\\beta}. It is therefore possible by the [axiom of choice](/wiki/Axiom_of_choice \"Axiom of choice\") to construct a sequence (x\\_{n}) in which x\\_{i} \\\\in A\\_{i} for each i. Since X is sequentially compact, there exists a subsequence \\\\{x\\_{n\\_{k}}\\\\} (with k \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0}) that converges to x\\_{0}.",
"Because \\\\{ U\\_{\\\\alpha} \\\\} is an open cover, there exists some \\\\alpha\\_{0} \\\\in J such that x\\_{0} \\\\in U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}}. As U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}} is open, there exists r \\> 0 with B\\_{d}(x\\_{0},r) \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}}. Now we invoke the convergence of the subsequence \\\\{ x\\_{n\\_{k}} \\\\} : there exists L \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}^{\\+} such that\n L \\\\le k implies x\\_{n\\_{k}} \\\\in B\\_{r/2} (x\\_{0}).",
"Furthermore, there exists M \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0} such that \\\\delta\\_{M}\\= \\\\tfrac{1}{M} \\< \\\\tfrac{r}{2} . Hence for all z \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0}, we have M \\\\le z implies \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{M}) \\< \\\\tfrac{r}{2}.",
"Finally, define q \\\\in \\\\mathbb{Z}\\_{\\> 0} such that n\\_{q} \\\\geq M and q \\\\geq L. For all x' \\\\in A\\_{n\\_{q}}, notice that:\n* d(x\\_{n\\_{q}},x') \\\\leq \\\\operatorname{diam} (A\\_{n\\_{q}})\\<\\\\frac{r}{2}, because n\\_{q} \\\\geq M.\n* d(x\\_{n\\_{q}},x\\_{0})\\<\\\\frac{r}{2}, because q \\\\geq L entails x\\_{n\\_{q}} \\\\in B\\_{r/2}\\\\left(x\\_{0}\\\\right).",
"Hence d(x\\_{0},x')\\<r by the [triangle inequality](/wiki/Triangle_inequality \"Triangle inequality\"), which implies that A\\_{n\\_{q}} \\\\subset U\\_{\\\\alpha\\_{0}}. This yields the desired contradiction.",
""
] |
Career
------
During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), he served in the [Army Education Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Educational_Corps "Royal Army Educational Corps"), ending the war as a lieutenant colonel.
He joined the [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies "School of Oriental and African Studies") (SOAS), and soon became professor and head of the history department.
In 1956 he became director of SOAS, succeeding Sir Ralph Turner, where he "...virtually remade the school..."[Obituaries \- Professor Sir Cyril Philips](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-sir-cyril-philips-523619.html). *The Independent* (19 January 2006\). Retrieved on 17 July 2013\. in the following years.
From 1972 to 1976 he was appointed [vice\-chancellor](/wiki/Vice-chancellor "Vice-chancellor") of the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London"), where he was involved in controversial reforms which shortened his tenure.
### Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure
Philips chaired a *[Royal Commission](/wiki/Royal_Commission "Royal Commission") on Criminal Procedure* into the police and criminal evidence system, the police complaints board and review of the [Prevention of Terrorism Act](/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Acts "Prevention of Terrorism Acts") during the years 1978 to 1981\.["Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (Philips Commission): Records"](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?Uri=C3028) nationalarchives.gov.uk Its terms of reference were to examine, having regard both to the interests of the community in bringing offenders to justice and to the rights and liberties of persons suspected or accused of crime, and taking into account also the need for the efficient and economical use of resources, whether changes are needed in England and Wales in:
* the powers and duties of the police in respect of the investigation of criminal offences and the rights and duties of suspect and accused persons, including the means by which these are secured;
* the process of and responsibility for the prosecution of criminal offences;
* other features of criminal procedure and evidence as relate to the above;
* and to make recommendations.
The commission held 50 full meetings, the first on 15 February 1978 and in addition set up three sub\-committees
* the Research Committee which engaged in the preliminary formulation of a research programme,
* a Law and Procedure Committee which prepared the supplementary volume of the Report describing existing arrangements, and
* a Drafting Committee which prepared drafts of the final Report for the approval of the full Commission.
The commission drew on evidence from four main sources, written submissions, oral evidence, visits by the Commission and research. Oral evidence was taken in late 1979 and early 1980 on the basis of a consultative paper in order to test opinion on key issues already identified and proposed changes. Commissioners visited every police force in England and Wales and also many police stations and criminal courts in the United Kingdom and abroad. In addition they initiated twelve research studies, which were published, and some smaller research projects by Commission staff, the results of which were incorporated in the Report.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), he served in the [Army Education Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Educational_Corps \"Royal Army Educational Corps\"), ending the war as a lieutenant colonel.",
"He joined the [School of Oriental and African Studies](/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies \"School of Oriental and African Studies\") (SOAS), and soon became professor and head of the history department.",
"In 1956 he became director of SOAS, succeeding Sir Ralph Turner, where he \"...virtually remade the school...\"[Obituaries \\- Professor Sir Cyril Philips](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-sir-cyril-philips-523619.html). *The Independent* (19 January 2006\\). Retrieved on 17 July 2013\\. in the following years.",
"From 1972 to 1976 he was appointed [vice\\-chancellor](/wiki/Vice-chancellor \"Vice-chancellor\") of the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\"), where he was involved in controversial reforms which shortened his tenure.",
"### Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure",
"Philips chaired a *[Royal Commission](/wiki/Royal_Commission \"Royal Commission\") on Criminal Procedure* into the police and criminal evidence system, the police complaints board and review of the [Prevention of Terrorism Act](/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Acts \"Prevention of Terrorism Acts\") during the years 1978 to 1981\\.[\"Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (Philips Commission): Records\"](http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?Uri=C3028) nationalarchives.gov.uk Its terms of reference were to examine, having regard both to the interests of the community in bringing offenders to justice and to the rights and liberties of persons suspected or accused of crime, and taking into account also the need for the efficient and economical use of resources, whether changes are needed in England and Wales in:\n* the powers and duties of the police in respect of the investigation of criminal offences and the rights and duties of suspect and accused persons, including the means by which these are secured;\n* the process of and responsibility for the prosecution of criminal offences;\n* other features of criminal procedure and evidence as relate to the above;\n* and to make recommendations.\nThe commission held 50 full meetings, the first on 15 February 1978 and in addition set up three sub\\-committees\n* the Research Committee which engaged in the preliminary formulation of a research programme,\n* a Law and Procedure Committee which prepared the supplementary volume of the Report describing existing arrangements, and\n* a Drafting Committee which prepared drafts of the final Report for the approval of the full Commission.\nThe commission drew on evidence from four main sources, written submissions, oral evidence, visits by the Commission and research. Oral evidence was taken in late 1979 and early 1980 on the basis of a consultative paper in order to test opinion on key issues already identified and proposed changes. Commissioners visited every police force in England and Wales and also many police stations and criminal courts in the United Kingdom and abroad. In addition they initiated twelve research studies, which were published, and some smaller research projects by Commission staff, the results of which were incorporated in the Report.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Middle Ages and Early Modern period
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Church interior](/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Ettal%2C_Baviera%2C_Alemania%2C_2014-03-22%2C_DD_09.JPG "Monasterio de Ettal, Baviera, Alemania, 2014-03-22, DD 09.JPG")
Ettal Abbey was founded on 28 April 1330, [Saint Vitalis of Milan](/wiki/Vitalis_of_Milan "Vitalis of Milan")'s day, by Emperor [Ludwig the Bavarian](/wiki/Louis_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor") in the Graswang valley, in fulfilment of an vow, on his return from his coronation in Rome, on a site of strategic importance on the primary trade route between Italy and [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg "Augsburg"). The foundation legend is that Ludwig's horse genuflected three times on the site of the original church building, where a marble statuette of the [Madonna and Child](/wiki/Madonna_%28art%29 "Madonna (art)") ("Frau Stifterin" or the "Ettal Madonna") now stands. The statuette was brought by Ludwig from [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa "Pisa") as a gift for his new foundation. It soon became an object of pilgrimage.{{cite web \|url\=http://abtei.kloster\-ettal.de/kloster/geschichte/gruendung/ \|title\=Gründung des Klosters \|website\=Kloster Ettal \|language\=de \|access\-date\=17 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221219/http://abtei.kloster\-ettal.de/kloster/geschichte/gruendung/ \|archive\-date\=20 December 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }} The church is dedicated to the [Assumption of the Blessed Virgin](/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin "Assumption of the Blessed Virgin").
The foundation originally consisted of a Benedictine double monastery – a community for men and another for women – and also a house of the [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Teutonic_Knights "Teutonic Knights").
The original [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_%28architecture%29 "Gothic (architecture)") abbey church, built between 1330 and 1370, was a modest structure in comparison to the great churches of medieval Bavaria.
The abbey suffered great damage during the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") at the hands of the troops of [Maurice of Saxony](/wiki/Maurice_of_Saxony "Maurice of Saxony"), but survived the troubles of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") (1618–1648\).
### Baroque expansion
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Frescos under the dome](/wiki/File:Ettal_abbey_003.JPG "Ettal abbey 003.JPG")
In 1709, under Abbot Placidus II Seiz, the golden age of Ettal began with the establishment of the "Knights' Academy" (*"Ritterakademie"*), which developed into a highly successful school and began the educational tradition of the abbey. In 1744, the abbey and the abbey church were largely destroyed in a fire. The subsequent spectacular re\-building in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") style, with a double\-shelled dome, was to the plans of [Enrico Zuccalli](/wiki/Enrico_Zuccalli "Enrico Zuccalli"), a Swiss\-Italian architect working in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), who had studied with [Bernini](/wiki/Bernini "Bernini"). The decoration was primarily carried out by [Josef Schmutzer](/wiki/Josef_Schmutzer "Josef Schmutzer") of the [Wessobrunn School](/wiki/Wessobrunn_Abbey "Wessobrunn Abbey") of stuccoists and [Johann Baptist Straub](/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Straub "Johann Baptist Straub"), who was responsible for the altars and the chancel.
Ettal's importance as a place of pilgrimage grew with the new buildings and it became one of the most important monasteries in the [Alpine](/wiki/Alps "Alps") region.
### Secularization
The abbey was dissolved in 1803 during the secularization of church property in Bavaria. The site was acquired in 1809 by Josef von Elbing and sold by his descendants in 1856 to Count Pappenheim. Some small building works were completed during the 19th century, principally the renovation of the façade and the twin bell towers.
### Second foundation
[thumb\|upright\|Statue on the [pulpit](/wiki/Pulpit "Pulpit")](/wiki/File:Ettal_abbey_013.JPG "Ettal abbey 013.JPG")
In 1898, the buildings were acquired by Baron Theodor von Cramer\-Klett and, in 1900, given to the Benedictines of [Scheyern Abbey](/wiki/Scheyern_Abbey "Scheyern Abbey"), who re\-founded the monastery here. It has been a member of the [Bavarian Congregation](/wiki/Bavarian_Congregation "Bavarian Congregation") of the [Benedictine Confederation](/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation "Benedictine Confederation") since 1900\. The abbey church of the Ascension was declared a [basilica minor](/wiki/List_of_basilicas "List of basilicas") in 1920\.
During the winter of 1940–1941, the German pastor and theologian [Dietrich Bonhoeffer](/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer "Dietrich Bonhoeffer") (1906–1945\) spent some months at the monastery as the friend and guest of the Abbot. Like Bonhoeffer, a number of those in the Ettal community were involved in the [conspiracy against Hitler](/wiki/20_July_plot "20 July plot"). While at Ettal, Bonhoeffer also worked on his book *Ethics*. Catholic priest [Rupert Mayer](/wiki/Rupert_Mayer "Rupert Mayer") was kept at the Abbey under house arrest from 1939 to 1945 by the Nazis to prevent him from further anti\-Nazi preaching.
In 1993, Ettal re\-founded the former [Wechselburg Abbey](/wiki/Wechselburg_Priory "Wechselburg Priory") in [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony"), an old monastery of the [Augustinian Canons](/wiki/Augustinian_Canons "Augustinian Canons"), as a Benedictine priory.
Ettal maintains a Byzantine Institute. The abbot of Ettal, Joannes Hoeck, made a significant contribution on the role of Patriarchs in Church government at the Second Vatican Council.
### Sex abuse scandal
In early 2010, ten priests at the Ettal Abbey boarding school were accused of sadistic beatings, molestation, or making sexual advances on boys as well as sadism. In March 2010, authorities raided the monastery as part of a probe into allegations that priests sexually abused children there.{{cite news \| url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/03/03/germany.abuse/index.html \| title\=German monastery raided over child sex abuse claims \| publisher\=CNN \| date\=18 March 2010 \| access\-date\=27 August 2012}} By an Apostolic Visitation and an independent investigation, these allegations have been surveyed and consequences have been drafted. The major part of the alleged abuses took place in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. Both the monastery's Abbot Barnabas Bögle and the head of the school Maurus Kraß both resigned in February 2010 after being pressured to do so by Munich Archbishop [Reinhard Marx](/wiki/Reinhard_Marx "Reinhard Marx").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thelocal.de/20100227/25547\|title \= Catholic child abuse scandal widens\|date \= 27 February 2010}} However, Bögle was re\-elected Abbot in July 2010 and Kraß was later reinstated by the Bavarian Education Ministry.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thelocal.de/20100713/28465\|title \= Catholic abbot returns to office despite abuse scandal\|date \= 13 July 2010}} On September 6, 2011, the monastery agreed to pay €700,000 to 70 former pupils who were victims of abuse, with each victim receiving between €5,000 and €20,000 each in compensation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thelocal.de/20110907/37437\|title \= Monastery pays €700,000 to victims of abuse\|date \= 7 September 2011}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Middle Ages and Early Modern period",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Church interior](/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Ettal%2C_Baviera%2C_Alemania%2C_2014-03-22%2C_DD_09.JPG \"Monasterio de Ettal, Baviera, Alemania, 2014-03-22, DD 09.JPG\")\nEttal Abbey was founded on 28 April 1330, [Saint Vitalis of Milan](/wiki/Vitalis_of_Milan \"Vitalis of Milan\")'s day, by Emperor [Ludwig the Bavarian](/wiki/Louis_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor\") in the Graswang valley, in fulfilment of an vow, on his return from his coronation in Rome, on a site of strategic importance on the primary trade route between Italy and [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg \"Augsburg\"). The foundation legend is that Ludwig's horse genuflected three times on the site of the original church building, where a marble statuette of the [Madonna and Child](/wiki/Madonna_%28art%29 \"Madonna (art)\") (\"Frau Stifterin\" or the \"Ettal Madonna\") now stands. The statuette was brought by Ludwig from [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa \"Pisa\") as a gift for his new foundation. It soon became an object of pilgrimage.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://abtei.kloster\\-ettal.de/kloster/geschichte/gruendung/ \\|title\\=Gründung des Klosters \\|website\\=Kloster Ettal \\|language\\=de \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221219/http://abtei.kloster\\-ettal.de/kloster/geschichte/gruendung/ \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The church is dedicated to the [Assumption of the Blessed Virgin](/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin \"Assumption of the Blessed Virgin\").",
"The foundation originally consisted of a Benedictine double monastery – a community for men and another for women – and also a house of the [Teutonic Knights](/wiki/Teutonic_Knights \"Teutonic Knights\").",
"The original [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_%28architecture%29 \"Gothic (architecture)\") abbey church, built between 1330 and 1370, was a modest structure in comparison to the great churches of medieval Bavaria.",
"The abbey suffered great damage during the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") at the hands of the troops of [Maurice of Saxony](/wiki/Maurice_of_Saxony \"Maurice of Saxony\"), but survived the troubles of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\") (1618–1648\\).",
"### Baroque expansion",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Frescos under the dome](/wiki/File:Ettal_abbey_003.JPG \"Ettal abbey 003.JPG\")\nIn 1709, under Abbot Placidus II Seiz, the golden age of Ettal began with the establishment of the \"Knights' Academy\" (*\"Ritterakademie\"*), which developed into a highly successful school and began the educational tradition of the abbey. In 1744, the abbey and the abbey church were largely destroyed in a fire. The subsequent spectacular re\\-building in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") style, with a double\\-shelled dome, was to the plans of [Enrico Zuccalli](/wiki/Enrico_Zuccalli \"Enrico Zuccalli\"), a Swiss\\-Italian architect working in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), who had studied with [Bernini](/wiki/Bernini \"Bernini\"). The decoration was primarily carried out by [Josef Schmutzer](/wiki/Josef_Schmutzer \"Josef Schmutzer\") of the [Wessobrunn School](/wiki/Wessobrunn_Abbey \"Wessobrunn Abbey\") of stuccoists and [Johann Baptist Straub](/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Straub \"Johann Baptist Straub\"), who was responsible for the altars and the chancel.",
"Ettal's importance as a place of pilgrimage grew with the new buildings and it became one of the most important monasteries in the [Alpine](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\") region.",
"### Secularization",
"The abbey was dissolved in 1803 during the secularization of church property in Bavaria. The site was acquired in 1809 by Josef von Elbing and sold by his descendants in 1856 to Count Pappenheim. Some small building works were completed during the 19th century, principally the renovation of the façade and the twin bell towers.",
"",
"### Second foundation",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Statue on the [pulpit](/wiki/Pulpit \"Pulpit\")](/wiki/File:Ettal_abbey_013.JPG \"Ettal abbey 013.JPG\")\nIn 1898, the buildings were acquired by Baron Theodor von Cramer\\-Klett and, in 1900, given to the Benedictines of [Scheyern Abbey](/wiki/Scheyern_Abbey \"Scheyern Abbey\"), who re\\-founded the monastery here. It has been a member of the [Bavarian Congregation](/wiki/Bavarian_Congregation \"Bavarian Congregation\") of the [Benedictine Confederation](/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation \"Benedictine Confederation\") since 1900\\. The abbey church of the Ascension was declared a [basilica minor](/wiki/List_of_basilicas \"List of basilicas\") in 1920\\.",
"During the winter of 1940–1941, the German pastor and theologian [Dietrich Bonhoeffer](/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer \"Dietrich Bonhoeffer\") (1906–1945\\) spent some months at the monastery as the friend and guest of the Abbot. Like Bonhoeffer, a number of those in the Ettal community were involved in the [conspiracy against Hitler](/wiki/20_July_plot \"20 July plot\"). While at Ettal, Bonhoeffer also worked on his book *Ethics*. Catholic priest [Rupert Mayer](/wiki/Rupert_Mayer \"Rupert Mayer\") was kept at the Abbey under house arrest from 1939 to 1945 by the Nazis to prevent him from further anti\\-Nazi preaching.",
"In 1993, Ettal re\\-founded the former [Wechselburg Abbey](/wiki/Wechselburg_Priory \"Wechselburg Priory\") in [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\"), an old monastery of the [Augustinian Canons](/wiki/Augustinian_Canons \"Augustinian Canons\"), as a Benedictine priory.",
"Ettal maintains a Byzantine Institute. The abbot of Ettal, Joannes Hoeck, made a significant contribution on the role of Patriarchs in Church government at the Second Vatican Council.",
"### Sex abuse scandal",
"In early 2010, ten priests at the Ettal Abbey boarding school were accused of sadistic beatings, molestation, or making sexual advances on boys as well as sadism. In March 2010, authorities raided the monastery as part of a probe into allegations that priests sexually abused children there.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/03/03/germany.abuse/index.html \\| title\\=German monastery raided over child sex abuse claims \\| publisher\\=CNN \\| date\\=18 March 2010 \\| access\\-date\\=27 August 2012}} By an Apostolic Visitation and an independent investigation, these allegations have been surveyed and consequences have been drafted. The major part of the alleged abuses took place in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. Both the monastery's Abbot Barnabas Bögle and the head of the school Maurus Kraß both resigned in February 2010 after being pressured to do so by Munich Archbishop [Reinhard Marx](/wiki/Reinhard_Marx \"Reinhard Marx\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thelocal.de/20100227/25547\\|title \\= Catholic child abuse scandal widens\\|date \\= 27 February 2010}} However, Bögle was re\\-elected Abbot in July 2010 and Kraß was later reinstated by the Bavarian Education Ministry.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thelocal.de/20100713/28465\\|title \\= Catholic abbot returns to office despite abuse scandal\\|date \\= 13 July 2010}} On September 6, 2011, the monastery agreed to pay €700,000 to 70 former pupils who were victims of abuse, with each victim receiving between €5,000 and €20,000 each in compensation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thelocal.de/20110907/37437\\|title \\= Monastery pays €700,000 to victims of abuse\\|date \\= 7 September 2011}}",
""
] |
Lawsuit and trial
-----------------
### Civil complaint
In November 2017, Gibson's Bakery filed a civil complaint against Oberlin for libel, slander, interference with business relationships, and interference with contracts in the [Lorain County](/wiki/Lorain_County%2C_Ohio "Lorain County, Ohio") [Court of Common Pleas](/wiki/Ohio_Courts_of_Common_Pleas "Ohio Courts of Common Pleas"). Gibson's argued that the college supported the protests that damaged its reputation and that the college unlawfully broke its contract with the bakery. In the complaint, the Gibson family alleged that some Oberlin College professors attended the demonstrations, joined in the chants with a bullhorn, and gave course credit to students who skipped class to attend the demonstrations. It also claimed Oberlin employees distributed boycott flyers and allowed them to be photocopied for free on school machines.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/the\-publicly\-shamed\-sue\-oberlin\-college\-verdict/591379/ \|title\=From Public Shame to the Courtroom \|last\=Friedersdorf \|first\=Conor \|date\=June 15, 2019 \|access\-date\=June 17, 2019 \|publisher\=The Atlantic \|author\-link\=Conor Friedersdorf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615111137/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/the\-publicly\-shamed\-sue\-oberlin\-college\-verdict/591379/ \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2019}} Gibson's claimed that Oberlin faculty and representatives directly contributed to defaming the bakery; for example, prospective students were told during college tours that Gibson's was a "racist establishment" that "assaults students", and the Department of Africana Studies posted on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") that "their dislike of Black people is palpable" and "they profile Black students".
Oberlin responded to the complaint saying Gibson committed "violent physical assault" against Aladin, and that the bakery was "attempting to profit from a divisive and polarizing event".{{cite web \|title\=Answer and Affirmative Defenses of Defendants Oberlin College and Dr. Meredith Raimondo \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\-content/uploads/2017/12/Gibsons\-Bakery\-v.\-Oberlin\-College\-Answer\-and\-Affirmative\-Defenses.pdf \|publisher\=Court of Common Pleas of Lorain County, Ohio \|via\=\[\[Legal Insurrection]] \|access\-date\=27 February 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227232519/https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\-content/uploads/2017/12/Gibsons\-Bakery\-v.\-Oberlin\-College\-Answer\-and\-Affirmative\-Defenses.pdf \|archive\-date\=27 February 2024}}
### Trial
The six\-week jury trial began after more than a year of pre\-trial proceedings since the original complaint. Three central issues were addressed at trial: whether the flyers distributed during the protests were defamatory; whether the Senate Resolution was defamatory; and whether Oberlin College bore responsibility for those defamatory statements. Statements made by students during the protests were not part of the trial.
After the shoplifting incident, local police investigated whether Gibson's had a history of racially\-motivated shoplifting reports. According to the probe, in a five year period, only six of the forty adults arrested for shoplifting at Gibson's were black. Both college and police records showed no previous accusations of racial profiling by Gibson's Bakery. A black former employee of Gibsons testified that the racist allegations were not true. "In my life, I have been a marginalized person, so I know what it feels like to be called something that you know you're not. I could feel his pain. I knew where he was coming from." Clarence "Trey" James, a Black employee at Gibson's since 2013, testified that he had observed no racist treatment of customers or employees.{{cite news \|last1\=McGraw \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 3 – To 'unleash the students' or not, that was the question \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\-bakery\-v\-oberlin\-college\-trial\-day\-3\-to\-unleash\-the\-students\-or\-not\-that\-was\-the\-question/ \|access\-date\=28 April 2024 \|work\=Legal Insurrection \|date\=15 May 2019}} James told *[The Oberlin Review](/wiki/The_Oberlin_Review "The Oberlin Review")*, "When you steal from the store, it doesn't matter what color you are. You can be purple, blue, green; if you steal, you get caught, you get arrested."
Much of the trial was focused on the flyers distributed at the protests. Jason Hawk testified that Raimondo directly handed him a flyer at the protest. Evidence was shown that Oberlin's director of media relations emailed him to retract it, and after Hawk insisted it was Raimondo, she emailed back, "He is a liar." During trial Raimondo admitted she gave him the flyer.{{cite web \|last1\=McGraw \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 11 – Don't let them eat Gibson's cake \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\-bakery\-v\-oberlin\-college\-trial\-day\-11\-dont\-let\-them\-eat\-gibsons\-cake/ \|website\=Legal Insurrection \|access\-date\=February 11, 2024 \|date\=May 29, 2019}} Arguments were also made that Oberlin had at least indirectly assisted in the distribution of fliers. During the protest, Oberlin officials bought the protesting students pizza, and authorized the use of student funds for the purchase of winter gloves for students protesting in cold weather. Some professors gave credit to students who skipped class to attend the protests. Oberlin argued that this was not an endorsement of the protests; Gibson's argued that this sent a signal to the students that the College had picked a side.
For the Senate Resolution, the jury heard arguments that Oberlin had assisted its distribution, because it had given the student senate the ability to email the resolution to the entire student body, along with permanently displaying it in a display case within the student center. In the same building that Raimondo worked from, it could be seen by students and visitors for nearly a year, but Raimondo did not request it be removed until shortly after the lawsuit was filed.
Oberlin argued that it had no responsibility for the protests and that Gibson's "archaic chase\-and\-detain policy" was to blame. Raimondo repeatedly insisted that she did not have control over students and could not have stopped the protests. Gibson's disagreed, pointing to the fact that students removed the Senate Resolution from display at Raimondo's request. [Conor Friedersdorf](/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf "Conor Friedersdorf"), a writer for *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*, argued that when Raimondo said she wanted to "unleash the students" at Roger Copeland, it indicated that college administrators at Oberlin "calculatingly wield some control" over protests.
Oberlin argued that if there were written statements made that said Gibson's was racist, they could not be defamatory as they were opinions.
The Gibson family hired an accountant to review tax documents and financial records to determine financial damages. He determined that the family suffered from a reduction in store revenue and rental income from their rental properties, and that the reduced cash flow delayed their plans to build additional rental properties near campus. He determined this would continue to have an effect for thirty years and predicted the total losses to be $5\.8 million. Oberlin hired an economist to provide expert testimony that the thirty year figure was too long and the calculated damages were too high; in his testimony, the economist determined that the bakery was worth only $35,000 and therefore that figure would limit the maximum damages possible.
Gibson's tried to introduce expert witness testimony from accountant Richard Maggiore that it would cost the family $13 million to restore its reputation. However, Judge Miraldi excluded this testimony as unreliable and "more akin to an advertising or marketing proposal".
During the trial, Oberlin filed a motion for a new trial because it claimed that the [jury instructions](/wiki/Jury_instructions "Jury instructions") gave an incorrect definition of "negligence". However, the trial court denied the motion because Oberlin did not provide [citations](/wiki/Legal_citation "Legal citation") to support its claim.{{rp\|31–34}} Oberlin also argued for a new trial due to prejudicial exclusion of evidence. For example, Gibson's was able to present evidence and testimony that it did not have a history of racial discrimination, but Oberlin was not able to present contrary evidence. The trial court denied this motion because the Oberlin's excluded evidence was [hearsay](/wiki/Hearsay "Hearsay"), a point that Oberlin did not argue against.{{rp\|34–36}}
### Verdict
In June 2019, the jury found in favor of the Gibson family, awarding $11 million in compensatory damages, before further hearings on punitive damages and legal fees.{{Cite news \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/06/verdict\-jury\-awards\-gibsons\-bakery\-11\-million\-against\-oberlin\-college/ \|title\=VERDICT: Jury awards Gibson's Bakery $11 million against Oberlin College \|last\=Jacobson \|first\=William A. \|date\=June 7, 2019 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2019 \|website\=\[\[Legal Insurrection]] \|author\-link\=William A. Jacobson}} In a statement a few days later, President [Carmen Twillie Ambar](/wiki/Carmen_Twillie_Ambar "Carmen Twillie Ambar") vowed to continue fighting, saying, "This is not the final outcome."{{cite news \|title\=Oberlin College issues statement on Gibson's Bakery lawsuit \|url\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/oberlin\-college\-issues\-statement\-on\-gibsons\-bakery\-lawsuit/95\-e06c17bc\-5b8f\-438a\-982d\-b35ab1eb1a7e \|access\-date\=February 11, 2024 \|work\=WKYC \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=June 14, 2019}}
The jury later awarded the plaintiffs $33 million in [punitive damages](/wiki/Punitive_damages "Punitive damages"), for a total award of $44 million. At the end of the month, Judge John Miraldi reduced the total award to $25 million because state law limits punitive damages.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/lorain\-county/judge\-reduces\-jury\-awards\-in\-gibsons\-bakery\-dispute\-with\-oberlin\-college/95\-0b6fb724\-a7bd\-40ca\-87ec\-5130b09c4ab1 \|title\=Judge reduces jury awards in Gibson's Bakery dispute with Oberlin College \|date\=June 28, 2019 \|work\=\[\[WKYC]] \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|access\-date\=May 20, 2020}} In July 2019, the court ordered Oberlin to pay an additional $6\.5 million as reimbursement for Gibson's attorney fees and other [legal expenses](/wiki/Court_costs "Court costs").
Oberlin released a statement disagreeing with the outcome, asserting that not only did the school not defame the bakery, but it also attempted to repair the damage caused by the protests. "Colleges cannot be held liable for the independent actions of their students."{{cite news \|last1\=Zaveri \|first1\=Mihir \|last2\=Rueb \|first2\=Emily S. \|title\=Jury Finds Oberlin College Libeled a Bakery and Awards $11 Million in Damages \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/us/oberlin\-bakery\-lawsuit.html \|access\-date\=28 February 2024 \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=10 June 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710111056/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/us/oberlin\-bakery\-lawsuit.html \|archive\-date\=10 Jul 2023}} In an interview with [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR"), President Ambar said Oberlin was considering appeal. "This is a [first amendment](/wiki/First_amendment "First amendment") case about whether an institution can be held liable for the speech of its students and the actions of its students."{{cite news \|last1\=Simon \|first1\=Scott \|title\=Oberlin College President On Bakery Case \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/22/735005809/oberlin\-college\-president\-on\-bakery\-case \|access\-date\=28 April 2024 \|work\=\[\[NPR]] \|date\=June 22, 2019}} Ambar told [CBSN](/wiki/CBSN "CBSN"), "There may have been some professors who were there operating in their own individual capacity, but they weren't representing the institution." Attorney Lee Plakas, representing the Gibson family in the trial, responded, "The recent efforts of Oberlin College and President Ambar to reframe this as a First Amendment issue, while undermining the jury's decision, should be incredibly concerning to us all. Oberlin College was never on trial for the free speech of its students. Instead, the jury unanimously determined that Oberlin College libeled the Gibsons."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/oberlin\-college\-president\-defamation\-lawsuit\-verdict\-gibsons\-bakery\-44\-million\-libel/ \|title\=Oberlin College president Carmen Twillie Ambar on the $44 million ruling against the school \|last\=Pascus\|first\=Brian \|date\=June 27, 2019 \|access\-date\=July 8, 2019 \|work\=\[\[CBS News]]}}
Local television station [WEWS\-TV](/wiki/WEWS-TV "WEWS-TV") petitioned Judge Miraldi for more than two years to unseal evidence heard at trial. In September 2021, the judge unsealed remarks Allyn D. Gibson made on his [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") account from 2012 to 2017 in which he expressed resentment for being accused of racism and made disparaging remarks about a large portion of the local Black community.{{cite web \|last1\=LePard \|first1\=Clay \|date\= September 30, 2021 \|title\=Judge unseals new evidence in Gibson Bakery lawsuit against Oberlin College \|url\=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local\-news/oh\-lorain/judge\-unseals\-new\-evidence\-in\-gibson\-bakery\-lawsuit\-against\-oberlin\-college?fbclid\=IwAR2NuCIcTcX6drNqtQ72spOP1oir5SXcE4GwpUYxPG\-m0lueAAxfppVjpsY \|access\-date\=October 1, 2021 \|website\=News5 Cleveland}}{{cite web \|title\=TV station: Allyn D. Gibson made racist Facebook posts in 2016 \|url\=https://chroniclet.com/news/276664/tv\-station\-allyn\-d\-gibson\-made\-racist\-facebook\-posts\-in\-2016/ \|access\-date\=October 1, 2021 \|website\=The Chronicle\-Telegram}} These posts were not offered or allowed as evidence at trial. The Gibsons' attorneys argued that since Oberlin College attorneys did not attempt to introduce the Facebook posts as evidence, they "waived any argument that these materials were admissible".{{Cite news \|title\=TV station: Allyn D. Gibson made racist Facebook posts in 2016 \|url\=https://chroniclet.com/news/276664/tv\-station\-allyn\-d\-gibson\-made\-racist\-facebook\-posts\-in\-2016/ \|access\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|work\=Chronicle Telegram \|language\=en}}
### Appeals
On October 8, 2019, the college appealed the case to the [Ohio Ninth District Court](/wiki/Ohio_Ninth_District_Court_of_Appeals "Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.oberlin.edu/news/oberlin\-appeals\-verdict\-sets\-troubling\-free\-speech\-precedent \|title\=Oberlin Appeals Verdict that Sets Troubling Free Speech Precedent \|date\=October 8, 2019 \|access\-date\= October 8, 2019 \|publisher\=\[\[Oberlin College]]}} In its appeal, Oberlin argued that the court had erred in four ways: first, that the court should have entered a [judgment notwithstanding verdict](/wiki/Judgment_notwithstanding_verdict "Judgment notwithstanding verdict") (JNOV) in favor of Oberlin; second, that the court should have granted Oberlin's earlier motion for a new trial; third, that the damages awarded to Gibson's were exorbitant even after caps were applied; and fourth, that Oberlin disagreed with the [lodestar method](/wiki/Lodestar_method "Lodestar method") used to calculate Gibson's attorney fees.
Gibson's Bakery filed their own appeal days later asking for review of Ohio's statutory caps on monetary damages. Gibson's argued that statutory limits on monetary damages were unconstitutional for libel and slander cases. It also appealed the trial court's decision to exclude Maggiore's expert testimony.{{cite news \|last1\=O'Brien \|first1\=Dave \|title\=Gibsons file notice of appeal in case against Oberlin College \|url\=https://chroniclet.com/news/175443/gibsons\-file\-notice\-of\-appeal\-in\-case\-against\-oberlin\-college/ \|access\-date\=May 20, 2020 \|work\=The Chronicle\-Telegram \|date\=October 22, 2019 \|language\=en}}
Oberlin College filed their principal appeals brief June 5, 2020\.Jacob, Bob (June 5, 2020\). ["Oberlin College files principal brief appealing Gibson's Bakery judgment"](https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/oberlin-college-files-principal-brief-appealing-gibson-s-bakery-judgment/article_60bc0a58-a74c-11ea-a58f-bbcd6f69c45e.html). *[Cleveland Jewish News](/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News "Cleveland Jewish News")*. Retrieved June 25, 2020\. Oral arguments by the parties were made in the Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals on November 11, 2020, and made public on YouTube.{{cite AV media \|url\=https://youtube.com/watch?v\=lcybFvd0xHw \|date\=November 11, 2020 \|title\=Gibson Bros., Inc., et al. v. Oberlin College, et al., Lorain App.No. 19CA011563 / 20CA011632 \|people\=Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals \|language\=en \|via\=YouTube}}
On March 31, 2022, the [Ninth Ohio District Court of Appeals](/wiki/Ohio_District_Courts_of_Appeals "Ohio District Courts of Appeals") dismissed both appeals. In a 3–0 decision, the court upheld the jury verdict against Oberlin and the cap in damages awarded to Gibson's.{{cite news \|last1\=Pinckard \|first1\=Cliff \|title\=Ohio appeals court upholds decisions on Gibson's Bakery lawsuit against Oberlin College \|url\=https://www.cleveland.com/court\-justice/2022/04/federal\-appeals\-court\-upholds\-decisions\-on\-gibsons\-bakery\-lawsuit\-against\-oberlin\-college.html \|access\-date\=27 February 2024 \|work\=Cleveland.com \|date\=1 April 2022 \|language\=en}} The court ruled that a reasonable jury would have concluded the Senate Resolution could not have had the effect it did without the assistance from Oberlin, and therefore the college was not entitled to a JNOV. It also argued that the damages awarded to Gibson's were not exorbitant, that the trial court did not err in its denied motion for a new trial, or in its calculation of Gibson's attorney fees.{{Cite web \|last\=Ohio Court of Appeals Ninth Judicial District \|date\=March 31, 2022 \|title\=Gibson Bros., Inc. v. Oberlin College, 2022\-Ohio\-1079 \|url\=https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/9/2022/2022\-Ohio\-1079\.pdf \|access\-date\=April 2, 2022 \|website\=Ohio Supreme Court \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124190121/https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/9/2022/2022\-Ohio\-1079\.pdf \|archive\-date\=24 November 2023}} Oberlin was ordered to pay the original decision's damages and attorney's fees.
Oberlin sought review by the [Supreme Court of Ohio](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio "Supreme Court of Ohio") on May 13, 2022, and later moved to stay enforcement of the $31\.3 million award and fees. The Court granted Oberlin College's motion for stay while it considered the parties' briefs but declined to accept jurisdiction on August 30, 2022, on a 4–3 ruling: Chief Justice [O'Connor](/wiki/Maureen_O%27Connor "Maureen O'Connor") and Justices [Kennedy](/wiki/Sharon_L._Kennedy "Sharon L. Kennedy"), [Fischer](/wiki/Patrick_F._Fischer "Patrick F. Fischer") and [DeWine](/wiki/Pat_DeWine "Pat DeWine") declined jurisdiction, while Justices [Donnelly](/wiki/Michael_P._Donnelly_%28judge%29 "Michael P. Donnelly (judge)"), [Stewart](/wiki/Melody_J._Stewart "Melody J. Stewart"), and [Brunner](/wiki/Jennifer_Brunner "Jennifer Brunner") JJ. dissented.{{Cite web \|title\=Public Docket, Jurisdictional Appeal in Case 2022\-0583: Gibson Bros., Inc., et al. v. Oberlin College, et al. \|url\=https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/Clerk/ecms/\#/caseinfo/2022/0583 \|access\-date\=August 31, 2022 \|website\=www.supremecourt.ohio.gov \|publisher\=Supreme Court of Ohio}}{{cite web \|title\=08/30/2022 Case Announcements, 2022\-Ohio\-2953\. \|url\=https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2022/2022\-ohio\-2953\.pdf \|publisher\=Supreme Court of Ohio \|access\-date\=27 February 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007215548/https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2022/2022\-Ohio\-2953\.pdf \|archive\-date\=7 October 2023 \|date\=30 August 2022}}
Oberlin published a statement expressing disappointment in the Supreme Court's decision. "The issues raised by this case have been challenging, not only for the parties involved but for the entire Oberlin community." Attorneys for Gibson's said in a statement that the school "tried to frame this case with claims and issues that weren't on trial ... This has never been a case about a student's first amendment rights. Individuals' reputations should never be sacrificed at a false altar of free speech."{{cite news \|last1\=O'Brien \|first1\=Dave \|title\=Ohio Supreme Court won't hear Gibson's Bakery, Oberlin College case \|url\=https://chroniclet.com/news/324319/ohio\-supreme\-court\-wont\-hear\-gibsons\-bakery\-oberlin\-college\-case/ \|access\-date\=28 April 2024 \|work\=The Chronicle\-Telegram \|date\=August 31, 2022 \|language\=en}}
### Payment and further litigation
On September 8, 2022, Oberlin College announced that the Trustees had determined the college "would not pursue the matter further" and had agreed to pay Gibson's Bakery the sum of $36\.59 million representing the judgment with interest. In December 2022, Gibson's Bakery confirmed it had received the full amount. The college stated, "This matter has been painful for everyone. We hope that the end of the litigation will begin the healing of our entire community."
On April 17, 2023, Oberlin College filed suit against its own insurance companies for refusing to cover the judgment paid to Gibson's Bakery. The suit was filed in the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas.{{cite web\|url\=https://chroniclet.com/news/361165/oberlin\-college\-sues\-4\-insurance\-companies\-over\-gibsons\-bakery\-settlement/ \|title\=Oberlin College sues 4 insurance companies over Gibsons Bakery settlement \|website\=Chronicle Telegram \|accessdate\=August 8, 2023}} According to the filing, Oberlin performed mock jury exercises in April 2019 and determined it was likely it would lose the Gibson's lawsuit; however, its insurance companies refused to fund a settlement even after Oberlin negotiated an offer to avoid trial for less than $10 million.{{cite web \|title\=Oberlin College v. Lexington Insurance Company et. al. \|publisher\=Court of Common Pleas Lorain County, Ohio \|via\=\[\[Legal Insurrection]] \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\-content/uploads/2023/08/Oberlin\-College\-v.\-Lexington\-Ins\-Complaint\-4\-17\-2\-23\.pdf \|date\=April 17, 2023 \|page\=22 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011214330/https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\-content/uploads/2023/08/Oberlin\-College\-v.\-Lexington\-Ins\-Complaint\-4\-17\-2\-23\.pdf \|archive\-date\=11 October 2023 }} In September 2023, two of the insurance companies filed defenses to the Oberlin lawsuit, denying that they were in breach of the insurance policies.Ava Miller, ["Insurance Companies Respond To Lawsuit"](https://oberlinreview.org/30833/news/insurance-companies-respond-to-lawsuit/), *Oberlin Review*, September 22, 2023\.
In April and May, 2024, Oberlin College settled the cases with the four insurance companies. The terms of the settlements were confidential, but a spokesperson for the College stated that the settlements were substantial.Dave O'Brien, ["Oberlin College settles with its insurers in Gibsons Bakery judgment lawsuit"](https://chroniclet.com/news/392195/oberlin-college-settles-with-its-insurers-in-gibsons-bakery-judgment-lawsuit/), *The Chronicle\-Telegram*, May 24, 2024\.
|
[
"Lawsuit and trial\n-----------------",
"### Civil complaint",
"In November 2017, Gibson's Bakery filed a civil complaint against Oberlin for libel, slander, interference with business relationships, and interference with contracts in the [Lorain County](/wiki/Lorain_County%2C_Ohio \"Lorain County, Ohio\") [Court of Common Pleas](/wiki/Ohio_Courts_of_Common_Pleas \"Ohio Courts of Common Pleas\"). Gibson's argued that the college supported the protests that damaged its reputation and that the college unlawfully broke its contract with the bakery. In the complaint, the Gibson family alleged that some Oberlin College professors attended the demonstrations, joined in the chants with a bullhorn, and gave course credit to students who skipped class to attend the demonstrations. It also claimed Oberlin employees distributed boycott flyers and allowed them to be photocopied for free on school machines.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/the\\-publicly\\-shamed\\-sue\\-oberlin\\-college\\-verdict/591379/ \\|title\\=From Public Shame to the Courtroom \\|last\\=Friedersdorf \\|first\\=Conor \\|date\\=June 15, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2019 \\|publisher\\=The Atlantic \\|author\\-link\\=Conor Friedersdorf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615111137/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/the\\-publicly\\-shamed\\-sue\\-oberlin\\-college\\-verdict/591379/ \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2019}} Gibson's claimed that Oberlin faculty and representatives directly contributed to defaming the bakery; for example, prospective students were told during college tours that Gibson's was a \"racist establishment\" that \"assaults students\", and the Department of Africana Studies posted on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") that \"their dislike of Black people is palpable\" and \"they profile Black students\".",
"Oberlin responded to the complaint saying Gibson committed \"violent physical assault\" against Aladin, and that the bakery was \"attempting to profit from a divisive and polarizing event\".{{cite web \\|title\\=Answer and Affirmative Defenses of Defendants Oberlin College and Dr. Meredith Raimondo \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2017/12/Gibsons\\-Bakery\\-v.\\-Oberlin\\-College\\-Answer\\-and\\-Affirmative\\-Defenses.pdf \\|publisher\\=Court of Common Pleas of Lorain County, Ohio \\|via\\=\\[\\[Legal Insurrection]] \\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227232519/https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2017/12/Gibsons\\-Bakery\\-v.\\-Oberlin\\-College\\-Answer\\-and\\-Affirmative\\-Defenses.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2024}}",
"### Trial",
"The six\\-week jury trial began after more than a year of pre\\-trial proceedings since the original complaint. Three central issues were addressed at trial: whether the flyers distributed during the protests were defamatory; whether the Senate Resolution was defamatory; and whether Oberlin College bore responsibility for those defamatory statements. Statements made by students during the protests were not part of the trial.",
"After the shoplifting incident, local police investigated whether Gibson's had a history of racially\\-motivated shoplifting reports. According to the probe, in a five year period, only six of the forty adults arrested for shoplifting at Gibson's were black. Both college and police records showed no previous accusations of racial profiling by Gibson's Bakery. A black former employee of Gibsons testified that the racist allegations were not true. \"In my life, I have been a marginalized person, so I know what it feels like to be called something that you know you're not. I could feel his pain. I knew where he was coming from.\" Clarence \"Trey\" James, a Black employee at Gibson's since 2013, testified that he had observed no racist treatment of customers or employees.{{cite news \\|last1\\=McGraw \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 3 – To 'unleash the students' or not, that was the question \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\\-bakery\\-v\\-oberlin\\-college\\-trial\\-day\\-3\\-to\\-unleash\\-the\\-students\\-or\\-not\\-that\\-was\\-the\\-question/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2024 \\|work\\=Legal Insurrection \\|date\\=15 May 2019}} James told *[The Oberlin Review](/wiki/The_Oberlin_Review \"The Oberlin Review\")*, \"When you steal from the store, it doesn't matter what color you are. You can be purple, blue, green; if you steal, you get caught, you get arrested.\"",
"Much of the trial was focused on the flyers distributed at the protests. Jason Hawk testified that Raimondo directly handed him a flyer at the protest. Evidence was shown that Oberlin's director of media relations emailed him to retract it, and after Hawk insisted it was Raimondo, she emailed back, \"He is a liar.\" During trial Raimondo admitted she gave him the flyer.{{cite web \\|last1\\=McGraw \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 11 – Don't let them eat Gibson's cake \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\\-bakery\\-v\\-oberlin\\-college\\-trial\\-day\\-11\\-dont\\-let\\-them\\-eat\\-gibsons\\-cake/ \\|website\\=Legal Insurrection \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2024 \\|date\\=May 29, 2019}} Arguments were also made that Oberlin had at least indirectly assisted in the distribution of fliers. During the protest, Oberlin officials bought the protesting students pizza, and authorized the use of student funds for the purchase of winter gloves for students protesting in cold weather. Some professors gave credit to students who skipped class to attend the protests. Oberlin argued that this was not an endorsement of the protests; Gibson's argued that this sent a signal to the students that the College had picked a side.",
"For the Senate Resolution, the jury heard arguments that Oberlin had assisted its distribution, because it had given the student senate the ability to email the resolution to the entire student body, along with permanently displaying it in a display case within the student center. In the same building that Raimondo worked from, it could be seen by students and visitors for nearly a year, but Raimondo did not request it be removed until shortly after the lawsuit was filed.",
"Oberlin argued that it had no responsibility for the protests and that Gibson's \"archaic chase\\-and\\-detain policy\" was to blame. Raimondo repeatedly insisted that she did not have control over students and could not have stopped the protests. Gibson's disagreed, pointing to the fact that students removed the Senate Resolution from display at Raimondo's request. [Conor Friedersdorf](/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf \"Conor Friedersdorf\"), a writer for *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")*, argued that when Raimondo said she wanted to \"unleash the students\" at Roger Copeland, it indicated that college administrators at Oberlin \"calculatingly wield some control\" over protests.",
"Oberlin argued that if there were written statements made that said Gibson's was racist, they could not be defamatory as they were opinions.",
"The Gibson family hired an accountant to review tax documents and financial records to determine financial damages. He determined that the family suffered from a reduction in store revenue and rental income from their rental properties, and that the reduced cash flow delayed their plans to build additional rental properties near campus. He determined this would continue to have an effect for thirty years and predicted the total losses to be $5\\.8 million. Oberlin hired an economist to provide expert testimony that the thirty year figure was too long and the calculated damages were too high; in his testimony, the economist determined that the bakery was worth only $35,000 and therefore that figure would limit the maximum damages possible.",
"Gibson's tried to introduce expert witness testimony from accountant Richard Maggiore that it would cost the family $13 million to restore its reputation. However, Judge Miraldi excluded this testimony as unreliable and \"more akin to an advertising or marketing proposal\".",
"During the trial, Oberlin filed a motion for a new trial because it claimed that the [jury instructions](/wiki/Jury_instructions \"Jury instructions\") gave an incorrect definition of \"negligence\". However, the trial court denied the motion because Oberlin did not provide [citations](/wiki/Legal_citation \"Legal citation\") to support its claim.{{rp\\|31–34}} Oberlin also argued for a new trial due to prejudicial exclusion of evidence. For example, Gibson's was able to present evidence and testimony that it did not have a history of racial discrimination, but Oberlin was not able to present contrary evidence. The trial court denied this motion because the Oberlin's excluded evidence was [hearsay](/wiki/Hearsay \"Hearsay\"), a point that Oberlin did not argue against.{{rp\\|34–36}}",
"### Verdict",
"In June 2019, the jury found in favor of the Gibson family, awarding $11 million in compensatory damages, before further hearings on punitive damages and legal fees.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/06/verdict\\-jury\\-awards\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-11\\-million\\-against\\-oberlin\\-college/ \\|title\\=VERDICT: Jury awards Gibson's Bakery $11 million against Oberlin College \\|last\\=Jacobson \\|first\\=William A. \\|date\\=June 7, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Legal Insurrection]] \\|author\\-link\\=William A. Jacobson}} In a statement a few days later, President [Carmen Twillie Ambar](/wiki/Carmen_Twillie_Ambar \"Carmen Twillie Ambar\") vowed to continue fighting, saying, \"This is not the final outcome.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Oberlin College issues statement on Gibson's Bakery lawsuit \\|url\\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/oberlin\\-college\\-issues\\-statement\\-on\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-lawsuit/95\\-e06c17bc\\-5b8f\\-438a\\-982d\\-b35ab1eb1a7e \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2024 \\|work\\=WKYC \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=June 14, 2019}}",
"The jury later awarded the plaintiffs $33 million in [punitive damages](/wiki/Punitive_damages \"Punitive damages\"), for a total award of $44 million. At the end of the month, Judge John Miraldi reduced the total award to $25 million because state law limits punitive damages.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/lorain\\-county/judge\\-reduces\\-jury\\-awards\\-in\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-dispute\\-with\\-oberlin\\-college/95\\-0b6fb724\\-a7bd\\-40ca\\-87ec\\-5130b09c4ab1 \\|title\\=Judge reduces jury awards in Gibson's Bakery dispute with Oberlin College \\|date\\=June 28, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[WKYC]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020}} In July 2019, the court ordered Oberlin to pay an additional $6\\.5 million as reimbursement for Gibson's attorney fees and other [legal expenses](/wiki/Court_costs \"Court costs\").",
"Oberlin released a statement disagreeing with the outcome, asserting that not only did the school not defame the bakery, but it also attempted to repair the damage caused by the protests. \"Colleges cannot be held liable for the independent actions of their students.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Zaveri \\|first1\\=Mihir \\|last2\\=Rueb \\|first2\\=Emily S. \\|title\\=Jury Finds Oberlin College Libeled a Bakery and Awards $11 Million in Damages \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/us/oberlin\\-bakery\\-lawsuit.html \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2024 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=10 June 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710111056/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/us/oberlin\\-bakery\\-lawsuit.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 Jul 2023}} In an interview with [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\"), President Ambar said Oberlin was considering appeal. \"This is a [first amendment](/wiki/First_amendment \"First amendment\") case about whether an institution can be held liable for the speech of its students and the actions of its students.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Simon \\|first1\\=Scott \\|title\\=Oberlin College President On Bakery Case \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/22/735005809/oberlin\\-college\\-president\\-on\\-bakery\\-case \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[NPR]] \\|date\\=June 22, 2019}} Ambar told [CBSN](/wiki/CBSN \"CBSN\"), \"There may have been some professors who were there operating in their own individual capacity, but they weren't representing the institution.\" Attorney Lee Plakas, representing the Gibson family in the trial, responded, \"The recent efforts of Oberlin College and President Ambar to reframe this as a First Amendment issue, while undermining the jury's decision, should be incredibly concerning to us all. Oberlin College was never on trial for the free speech of its students. Instead, the jury unanimously determined that Oberlin College libeled the Gibsons.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/oberlin\\-college\\-president\\-defamation\\-lawsuit\\-verdict\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-44\\-million\\-libel/ \\|title\\=Oberlin College president Carmen Twillie Ambar on the $44 million ruling against the school \\|last\\=Pascus\\|first\\=Brian \\|date\\=June 27, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS News]]}}",
"Local television station [WEWS\\-TV](/wiki/WEWS-TV \"WEWS-TV\") petitioned Judge Miraldi for more than two years to unseal evidence heard at trial. In September 2021, the judge unsealed remarks Allyn D. Gibson made on his [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") account from 2012 to 2017 in which he expressed resentment for being accused of racism and made disparaging remarks about a large portion of the local Black community.{{cite web \\|last1\\=LePard \\|first1\\=Clay \\|date\\= September 30, 2021 \\|title\\=Judge unseals new evidence in Gibson Bakery lawsuit against Oberlin College \\|url\\=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local\\-news/oh\\-lorain/judge\\-unseals\\-new\\-evidence\\-in\\-gibson\\-bakery\\-lawsuit\\-against\\-oberlin\\-college?fbclid\\=IwAR2NuCIcTcX6drNqtQ72spOP1oir5SXcE4GwpUYxPG\\-m0lueAAxfppVjpsY \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2021 \\|website\\=News5 Cleveland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=TV station: Allyn D. Gibson made racist Facebook posts in 2016 \\|url\\=https://chroniclet.com/news/276664/tv\\-station\\-allyn\\-d\\-gibson\\-made\\-racist\\-facebook\\-posts\\-in\\-2016/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 1, 2021 \\|website\\=The Chronicle\\-Telegram}} These posts were not offered or allowed as evidence at trial. The Gibsons' attorneys argued that since Oberlin College attorneys did not attempt to introduce the Facebook posts as evidence, they \"waived any argument that these materials were admissible\".{{Cite news \\|title\\=TV station: Allyn D. Gibson made racist Facebook posts in 2016 \\|url\\=https://chroniclet.com/news/276664/tv\\-station\\-allyn\\-d\\-gibson\\-made\\-racist\\-facebook\\-posts\\-in\\-2016/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|work\\=Chronicle Telegram \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Appeals",
"On October 8, 2019, the college appealed the case to the [Ohio Ninth District Court](/wiki/Ohio_Ninth_District_Court_of_Appeals \"Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.oberlin.edu/news/oberlin\\-appeals\\-verdict\\-sets\\-troubling\\-free\\-speech\\-precedent \\|title\\=Oberlin Appeals Verdict that Sets Troubling Free Speech Precedent \\|date\\=October 8, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= October 8, 2019 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oberlin College]]}} In its appeal, Oberlin argued that the court had erred in four ways: first, that the court should have entered a [judgment notwithstanding verdict](/wiki/Judgment_notwithstanding_verdict \"Judgment notwithstanding verdict\") (JNOV) in favor of Oberlin; second, that the court should have granted Oberlin's earlier motion for a new trial; third, that the damages awarded to Gibson's were exorbitant even after caps were applied; and fourth, that Oberlin disagreed with the [lodestar method](/wiki/Lodestar_method \"Lodestar method\") used to calculate Gibson's attorney fees.",
"Gibson's Bakery filed their own appeal days later asking for review of Ohio's statutory caps on monetary damages. Gibson's argued that statutory limits on monetary damages were unconstitutional for libel and slander cases. It also appealed the trial court's decision to exclude Maggiore's expert testimony.{{cite news \\|last1\\=O'Brien \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=Gibsons file notice of appeal in case against Oberlin College \\|url\\=https://chroniclet.com/news/175443/gibsons\\-file\\-notice\\-of\\-appeal\\-in\\-case\\-against\\-oberlin\\-college/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2020 \\|work\\=The Chronicle\\-Telegram \\|date\\=October 22, 2019 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Oberlin College filed their principal appeals brief June 5, 2020\\.Jacob, Bob (June 5, 2020\\). [\"Oberlin College files principal brief appealing Gibson's Bakery judgment\"](https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/oberlin-college-files-principal-brief-appealing-gibson-s-bakery-judgment/article_60bc0a58-a74c-11ea-a58f-bbcd6f69c45e.html). *[Cleveland Jewish News](/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News \"Cleveland Jewish News\")*. Retrieved June 25, 2020\\. Oral arguments by the parties were made in the Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals on November 11, 2020, and made public on YouTube.{{cite AV media \\|url\\=https://youtube.com/watch?v\\=lcybFvd0xHw \\|date\\=November 11, 2020 \\|title\\=Gibson Bros., Inc., et al. v. Oberlin College, et al., Lorain App.No. 19CA011563 / 20CA011632 \\|people\\=Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals \\|language\\=en \\|via\\=YouTube}}",
"On March 31, 2022, the [Ninth Ohio District Court of Appeals](/wiki/Ohio_District_Courts_of_Appeals \"Ohio District Courts of Appeals\") dismissed both appeals. In a 3–0 decision, the court upheld the jury verdict against Oberlin and the cap in damages awarded to Gibson's.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Pinckard \\|first1\\=Cliff \\|title\\=Ohio appeals court upholds decisions on Gibson's Bakery lawsuit against Oberlin College \\|url\\=https://www.cleveland.com/court\\-justice/2022/04/federal\\-appeals\\-court\\-upholds\\-decisions\\-on\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-lawsuit\\-against\\-oberlin\\-college.html \\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2024 \\|work\\=Cleveland.com \\|date\\=1 April 2022 \\|language\\=en}} The court ruled that a reasonable jury would have concluded the Senate Resolution could not have had the effect it did without the assistance from Oberlin, and therefore the college was not entitled to a JNOV. It also argued that the damages awarded to Gibson's were not exorbitant, that the trial court did not err in its denied motion for a new trial, or in its calculation of Gibson's attorney fees.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ohio Court of Appeals Ninth Judicial District \\|date\\=March 31, 2022 \\|title\\=Gibson Bros., Inc. v. Oberlin College, 2022\\-Ohio\\-1079 \\|url\\=https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/9/2022/2022\\-Ohio\\-1079\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2022 \\|website\\=Ohio Supreme Court \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124190121/https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/9/2022/2022\\-Ohio\\-1079\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2023}} Oberlin was ordered to pay the original decision's damages and attorney's fees.",
"Oberlin sought review by the [Supreme Court of Ohio](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio \"Supreme Court of Ohio\") on May 13, 2022, and later moved to stay enforcement of the $31\\.3 million award and fees. The Court granted Oberlin College's motion for stay while it considered the parties' briefs but declined to accept jurisdiction on August 30, 2022, on a 4–3 ruling: Chief Justice [O'Connor](/wiki/Maureen_O%27Connor \"Maureen O'Connor\") and Justices [Kennedy](/wiki/Sharon_L._Kennedy \"Sharon L. Kennedy\"), [Fischer](/wiki/Patrick_F._Fischer \"Patrick F. Fischer\") and [DeWine](/wiki/Pat_DeWine \"Pat DeWine\") declined jurisdiction, while Justices [Donnelly](/wiki/Michael_P._Donnelly_%28judge%29 \"Michael P. Donnelly (judge)\"), [Stewart](/wiki/Melody_J._Stewart \"Melody J. Stewart\"), and [Brunner](/wiki/Jennifer_Brunner \"Jennifer Brunner\") JJ. dissented.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Public Docket, Jurisdictional Appeal in Case 2022\\-0583: Gibson Bros., Inc., et al. v. Oberlin College, et al. \\|url\\=https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/Clerk/ecms/\\#/caseinfo/2022/0583 \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022 \\|website\\=www.supremecourt.ohio.gov \\|publisher\\=Supreme Court of Ohio}}{{cite web \\|title\\=08/30/2022 Case Announcements, 2022\\-Ohio\\-2953\\. \\|url\\=https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2022/2022\\-ohio\\-2953\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=Supreme Court of Ohio \\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007215548/https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2022/2022\\-Ohio\\-2953\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2023 \\|date\\=30 August 2022}}",
"Oberlin published a statement expressing disappointment in the Supreme Court's decision. \"The issues raised by this case have been challenging, not only for the parties involved but for the entire Oberlin community.\" Attorneys for Gibson's said in a statement that the school \"tried to frame this case with claims and issues that weren't on trial ... This has never been a case about a student's first amendment rights. Individuals' reputations should never be sacrificed at a false altar of free speech.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=O'Brien \\|first1\\=Dave \\|title\\=Ohio Supreme Court won't hear Gibson's Bakery, Oberlin College case \\|url\\=https://chroniclet.com/news/324319/ohio\\-supreme\\-court\\-wont\\-hear\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-oberlin\\-college\\-case/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2024 \\|work\\=The Chronicle\\-Telegram \\|date\\=August 31, 2022 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Payment and further litigation",
"On September 8, 2022, Oberlin College announced that the Trustees had determined the college \"would not pursue the matter further\" and had agreed to pay Gibson's Bakery the sum of $36\\.59 million representing the judgment with interest. In December 2022, Gibson's Bakery confirmed it had received the full amount. The college stated, \"This matter has been painful for everyone. We hope that the end of the litigation will begin the healing of our entire community.\"",
"On April 17, 2023, Oberlin College filed suit against its own insurance companies for refusing to cover the judgment paid to Gibson's Bakery. The suit was filed in the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://chroniclet.com/news/361165/oberlin\\-college\\-sues\\-4\\-insurance\\-companies\\-over\\-gibsons\\-bakery\\-settlement/ \\|title\\=Oberlin College sues 4 insurance companies over Gibsons Bakery settlement \\|website\\=Chronicle Telegram \\|accessdate\\=August 8, 2023}} According to the filing, Oberlin performed mock jury exercises in April 2019 and determined it was likely it would lose the Gibson's lawsuit; however, its insurance companies refused to fund a settlement even after Oberlin negotiated an offer to avoid trial for less than $10 million.{{cite web \\|title\\=Oberlin College v. Lexington Insurance Company et. al. \\|publisher\\=Court of Common Pleas Lorain County, Ohio \\|via\\=\\[\\[Legal Insurrection]] \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2023/08/Oberlin\\-College\\-v.\\-Lexington\\-Ins\\-Complaint\\-4\\-17\\-2\\-23\\.pdf \\|date\\=April 17, 2023 \\|page\\=22 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011214330/https://legalinsurrection.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2023/08/Oberlin\\-College\\-v.\\-Lexington\\-Ins\\-Complaint\\-4\\-17\\-2\\-23\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2023 }} In September 2023, two of the insurance companies filed defenses to the Oberlin lawsuit, denying that they were in breach of the insurance policies.Ava Miller, [\"Insurance Companies Respond To Lawsuit\"](https://oberlinreview.org/30833/news/insurance-companies-respond-to-lawsuit/), *Oberlin Review*, September 22, 2023\\.",
"In April and May, 2024, Oberlin College settled the cases with the four insurance companies. The terms of the settlements were confidential, but a spokesperson for the College stated that the settlements were substantial.Dave O'Brien, [\"Oberlin College settles with its insurers in Gibsons Bakery judgment lawsuit\"](https://chroniclet.com/news/392195/oberlin-college-settles-with-its-insurers-in-gibsons-bakery-judgment-lawsuit/), *The Chronicle\\-Telegram*, May 24, 2024\\.",
""
] |
### Trial
The six\-week jury trial began after more than a year of pre\-trial proceedings since the original complaint. Three central issues were addressed at trial: whether the flyers distributed during the protests were defamatory; whether the Senate Resolution was defamatory; and whether Oberlin College bore responsibility for those defamatory statements. Statements made by students during the protests were not part of the trial.
After the shoplifting incident, local police investigated whether Gibson's had a history of racially\-motivated shoplifting reports. According to the probe, in a five year period, only six of the forty adults arrested for shoplifting at Gibson's were black. Both college and police records showed no previous accusations of racial profiling by Gibson's Bakery. A black former employee of Gibsons testified that the racist allegations were not true. "In my life, I have been a marginalized person, so I know what it feels like to be called something that you know you're not. I could feel his pain. I knew where he was coming from." Clarence "Trey" James, a Black employee at Gibson's since 2013, testified that he had observed no racist treatment of customers or employees.{{cite news \|last1\=McGraw \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 3 – To 'unleash the students' or not, that was the question \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\-bakery\-v\-oberlin\-college\-trial\-day\-3\-to\-unleash\-the\-students\-or\-not\-that\-was\-the\-question/ \|access\-date\=28 April 2024 \|work\=Legal Insurrection \|date\=15 May 2019}} James told *[The Oberlin Review](/wiki/The_Oberlin_Review "The Oberlin Review")*, "When you steal from the store, it doesn't matter what color you are. You can be purple, blue, green; if you steal, you get caught, you get arrested."
Much of the trial was focused on the flyers distributed at the protests. Jason Hawk testified that Raimondo directly handed him a flyer at the protest. Evidence was shown that Oberlin's director of media relations emailed him to retract it, and after Hawk insisted it was Raimondo, she emailed back, "He is a liar." During trial Raimondo admitted she gave him the flyer.{{cite web \|last1\=McGraw \|first1\=Daniel \|title\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 11 – Don't let them eat Gibson's cake \|url\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\-bakery\-v\-oberlin\-college\-trial\-day\-11\-dont\-let\-them\-eat\-gibsons\-cake/ \|website\=Legal Insurrection \|access\-date\=February 11, 2024 \|date\=May 29, 2019}} Arguments were also made that Oberlin had at least indirectly assisted in the distribution of fliers. During the protest, Oberlin officials bought the protesting students pizza, and authorized the use of student funds for the purchase of winter gloves for students protesting in cold weather. Some professors gave credit to students who skipped class to attend the protests. Oberlin argued that this was not an endorsement of the protests; Gibson's argued that this sent a signal to the students that the College had picked a side.
For the Senate Resolution, the jury heard arguments that Oberlin had assisted its distribution, because it had given the student senate the ability to email the resolution to the entire student body, along with permanently displaying it in a display case within the student center. In the same building that Raimondo worked from, it could be seen by students and visitors for nearly a year, but Raimondo did not request it be removed until shortly after the lawsuit was filed.
Oberlin argued that it had no responsibility for the protests and that Gibson's "archaic chase\-and\-detain policy" was to blame. Raimondo repeatedly insisted that she did not have control over students and could not have stopped the protests. Gibson's disagreed, pointing to the fact that students removed the Senate Resolution from display at Raimondo's request. [Conor Friedersdorf](/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf "Conor Friedersdorf"), a writer for *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*, argued that when Raimondo said she wanted to "unleash the students" at Roger Copeland, it indicated that college administrators at Oberlin "calculatingly wield some control" over protests.
Oberlin argued that if there were written statements made that said Gibson's was racist, they could not be defamatory as they were opinions.
The Gibson family hired an accountant to review tax documents and financial records to determine financial damages. He determined that the family suffered from a reduction in store revenue and rental income from their rental properties, and that the reduced cash flow delayed their plans to build additional rental properties near campus. He determined this would continue to have an effect for thirty years and predicted the total losses to be $5\.8 million. Oberlin hired an economist to provide expert testimony that the thirty year figure was too long and the calculated damages were too high; in his testimony, the economist determined that the bakery was worth only $35,000 and therefore that figure would limit the maximum damages possible.
Gibson's tried to introduce expert witness testimony from accountant Richard Maggiore that it would cost the family $13 million to restore its reputation. However, Judge Miraldi excluded this testimony as unreliable and "more akin to an advertising or marketing proposal".
During the trial, Oberlin filed a motion for a new trial because it claimed that the [jury instructions](/wiki/Jury_instructions "Jury instructions") gave an incorrect definition of "negligence". However, the trial court denied the motion because Oberlin did not provide [citations](/wiki/Legal_citation "Legal citation") to support its claim.{{rp\|31–34}} Oberlin also argued for a new trial due to prejudicial exclusion of evidence. For example, Gibson's was able to present evidence and testimony that it did not have a history of racial discrimination, but Oberlin was not able to present contrary evidence. The trial court denied this motion because the Oberlin's excluded evidence was [hearsay](/wiki/Hearsay "Hearsay"), a point that Oberlin did not argue against.{{rp\|34–36}}
|
[
"### Trial",
"The six\\-week jury trial began after more than a year of pre\\-trial proceedings since the original complaint. Three central issues were addressed at trial: whether the flyers distributed during the protests were defamatory; whether the Senate Resolution was defamatory; and whether Oberlin College bore responsibility for those defamatory statements. Statements made by students during the protests were not part of the trial.",
"After the shoplifting incident, local police investigated whether Gibson's had a history of racially\\-motivated shoplifting reports. According to the probe, in a five year period, only six of the forty adults arrested for shoplifting at Gibson's were black. Both college and police records showed no previous accusations of racial profiling by Gibson's Bakery. A black former employee of Gibsons testified that the racist allegations were not true. \"In my life, I have been a marginalized person, so I know what it feels like to be called something that you know you're not. I could feel his pain. I knew where he was coming from.\" Clarence \"Trey\" James, a Black employee at Gibson's since 2013, testified that he had observed no racist treatment of customers or employees.{{cite news \\|last1\\=McGraw \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 3 – To 'unleash the students' or not, that was the question \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\\-bakery\\-v\\-oberlin\\-college\\-trial\\-day\\-3\\-to\\-unleash\\-the\\-students\\-or\\-not\\-that\\-was\\-the\\-question/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2024 \\|work\\=Legal Insurrection \\|date\\=15 May 2019}} James told *[The Oberlin Review](/wiki/The_Oberlin_Review \"The Oberlin Review\")*, \"When you steal from the store, it doesn't matter what color you are. You can be purple, blue, green; if you steal, you get caught, you get arrested.\"",
"Much of the trial was focused on the flyers distributed at the protests. Jason Hawk testified that Raimondo directly handed him a flyer at the protest. Evidence was shown that Oberlin's director of media relations emailed him to retract it, and after Hawk insisted it was Raimondo, she emailed back, \"He is a liar.\" During trial Raimondo admitted she gave him the flyer.{{cite web \\|last1\\=McGraw \\|first1\\=Daniel \\|title\\=Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College – Trial Day 11 – Don't let them eat Gibson's cake \\|url\\=https://legalinsurrection.com/2019/05/gibsons\\-bakery\\-v\\-oberlin\\-college\\-trial\\-day\\-11\\-dont\\-let\\-them\\-eat\\-gibsons\\-cake/ \\|website\\=Legal Insurrection \\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2024 \\|date\\=May 29, 2019}} Arguments were also made that Oberlin had at least indirectly assisted in the distribution of fliers. During the protest, Oberlin officials bought the protesting students pizza, and authorized the use of student funds for the purchase of winter gloves for students protesting in cold weather. Some professors gave credit to students who skipped class to attend the protests. Oberlin argued that this was not an endorsement of the protests; Gibson's argued that this sent a signal to the students that the College had picked a side.",
"For the Senate Resolution, the jury heard arguments that Oberlin had assisted its distribution, because it had given the student senate the ability to email the resolution to the entire student body, along with permanently displaying it in a display case within the student center. In the same building that Raimondo worked from, it could be seen by students and visitors for nearly a year, but Raimondo did not request it be removed until shortly after the lawsuit was filed.",
"Oberlin argued that it had no responsibility for the protests and that Gibson's \"archaic chase\\-and\\-detain policy\" was to blame. Raimondo repeatedly insisted that she did not have control over students and could not have stopped the protests. Gibson's disagreed, pointing to the fact that students removed the Senate Resolution from display at Raimondo's request. [Conor Friedersdorf](/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf \"Conor Friedersdorf\"), a writer for *[The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\")*, argued that when Raimondo said she wanted to \"unleash the students\" at Roger Copeland, it indicated that college administrators at Oberlin \"calculatingly wield some control\" over protests.",
"Oberlin argued that if there were written statements made that said Gibson's was racist, they could not be defamatory as they were opinions.",
"The Gibson family hired an accountant to review tax documents and financial records to determine financial damages. He determined that the family suffered from a reduction in store revenue and rental income from their rental properties, and that the reduced cash flow delayed their plans to build additional rental properties near campus. He determined this would continue to have an effect for thirty years and predicted the total losses to be $5\\.8 million. Oberlin hired an economist to provide expert testimony that the thirty year figure was too long and the calculated damages were too high; in his testimony, the economist determined that the bakery was worth only $35,000 and therefore that figure would limit the maximum damages possible.",
"Gibson's tried to introduce expert witness testimony from accountant Richard Maggiore that it would cost the family $13 million to restore its reputation. However, Judge Miraldi excluded this testimony as unreliable and \"more akin to an advertising or marketing proposal\".",
"During the trial, Oberlin filed a motion for a new trial because it claimed that the [jury instructions](/wiki/Jury_instructions \"Jury instructions\") gave an incorrect definition of \"negligence\". However, the trial court denied the motion because Oberlin did not provide [citations](/wiki/Legal_citation \"Legal citation\") to support its claim.{{rp\\|31–34}} Oberlin also argued for a new trial due to prejudicial exclusion of evidence. For example, Gibson's was able to present evidence and testimony that it did not have a history of racial discrimination, but Oberlin was not able to present contrary evidence. The trial court denied this motion because the Oberlin's excluded evidence was [hearsay](/wiki/Hearsay \"Hearsay\"), a point that Oberlin did not argue against.{{rp\\|34–36}}",
""
] |
Religious belief and controversy
--------------------------------
Antiquarian studies could, in the days of [William Laud](/wiki/William_Laud "William Laud")'s power, hardly fail to connect themselves with reflections on the existing state of the church. Dering was one of a numerous class which was distinctly [protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") without being [puritan](/wiki/Puritan "Puritan").
Since his father's death in 1636 he was the owner of the family property (the house and park of Surrenden Dering, now known as Surrenden House), and a person of consequence in Kent. Sir Edward served as [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Hythe](/wiki/Hythe_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)") in 1629\. He was chosen to represent [Kent](/wiki/Kent_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Kent (UK Parliament constituency)") in the [Long Parliament](/wiki/Long_Parliament "Long Parliament").
He took an active part in all measures of church reform, and became chairman of the committee on religion. On 13 January 1641, having had a petition from 2500 of his constituents sent to him for presentation, in which they complained about the government of archbishops, etc. and which asked the House of Commons 'that the said government, with all its dependencies, root and branch, may be abolished', he altered the petition and made it ask 'that this hierarchical power may be totally abrogated', so as to avoid committing himself to an approval of divine\-right presbyterianism. During [Strafford](/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth%2C_1st_Earl_of_Strafford "Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford")'s trial he took the popular side, "and wrote to his wife how he heard people say 'God bless your worship'" as he passed.
On 27 May Dering moved the first reading of the [Root and Branch Bill](/wiki/Root_and_Branch_Bill "Root and Branch Bill"), which is said to have been drawn up by [Oliver St John](/wiki/Oliver_St_John "Oliver St John"), apparently not because he thoroughly sympathised with its prayer, but because he thought its introduction would terrify the lords into passing a bill for the exclusion of bishops from their seats in parliament which was then before them:
> ... the chief end then was to expedite the progress of another bill against the secular jurisdiction of the bishops (at that time) labouring in the House of Lords... I did not dream... at that time of extirpation and abolition of any more than his achiepiscopacy: our professed rooters themselves (many of them) at that hour had, I persuade myself, more moderate hopes than since are entertained.{{Cite book\|title\=The English People and the English Revolution\|last\=Manning\|first\=Brian\|publisher\=Penguin Books\|year\=1978\|isbn\=0140551379\|location\=Great Britain\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/englishpeopleeng00mann/page/60 60]\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/englishpeopleeng00mann/page/60}}
Dering's real sentiments were disclosed when the bill was in committee, when he argued in defence of primitive [episcopacy](/wiki/Episcopal_polity "Episcopal polity"), that is to say, of a plan for ensuring that bishops should do nothing without the concurrence of their clergy. It was a plan which appealed strongly to students of antiquity; but it is no wonder that he was now treated by the more thoroughgoing opponents of episcopacy as a man who could no longer be trusted.
In the debate on 12 October on the second [Bishops Exclusion Bill](/wiki/Clergy_Act_1640 "Clergy Act 1640"), Dering proposed that a national synod should be called to remove the distractions of the church. In the discussion on the [Grand Remonstrance](/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance "Grand Remonstrance"), he assailed the doctrine that bishops had brought popery and idolatry into the church, and he subsequently defended the retention of bishops on the ground that, if the prizes of the lottery were taken away, few would care to acquire learning. By his final vote on the Grand Remonstrance, he threw in his lot with the episcopal royalist party. It was the vote, not of a statesman, but of a student, anxious to find some middle term between the rule of Laud and the rule of a Scottish presbytery, and attacking the party which at any moment seemed likely to acquire undue predominance. He was alarmed by the democratic nature of the Remonstrance: "I did not dream" he remarked "that we would remonstrate downwards, tell stories to the People, and speak of the King as a third person".
Dering began to overestimate the amount of consistency which lies at the bottom of almost all changes of opinion honestly made. He prepared for publication an edition of his speeches with explanatory comments of his own. On 4 February the House of Commons ordered the book to be burnt and himself to be sent to the Tower. He remained a prisoner till the 11th.
Dering's imprisonment probably threw him more decidedly on the king's side than he had intended. On 25 March he took a leading part in the [Maidstone](/wiki/Maidstone "Maidstone") assizes in getting up a petition from the grand jury in favour of episcopacy and the prayer book. On this, he was impeached by the commons, but he contrived to escape.
|
[
"Religious belief and controversy\n--------------------------------",
"Antiquarian studies could, in the days of [William Laud](/wiki/William_Laud \"William Laud\")'s power, hardly fail to connect themselves with reflections on the existing state of the church. Dering was one of a numerous class which was distinctly [protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\") without being [puritan](/wiki/Puritan \"Puritan\").",
"Since his father's death in 1636 he was the owner of the family property (the house and park of Surrenden Dering, now known as Surrenden House), and a person of consequence in Kent. Sir Edward served as [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Hythe](/wiki/Hythe_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1629\\. He was chosen to represent [Kent](/wiki/Kent_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Kent (UK Parliament constituency)\") in the [Long Parliament](/wiki/Long_Parliament \"Long Parliament\").",
"He took an active part in all measures of church reform, and became chairman of the committee on religion. On 13 January 1641, having had a petition from 2500 of his constituents sent to him for presentation, in which they complained about the government of archbishops, etc. and which asked the House of Commons 'that the said government, with all its dependencies, root and branch, may be abolished', he altered the petition and made it ask 'that this hierarchical power may be totally abrogated', so as to avoid committing himself to an approval of divine\\-right presbyterianism. During [Strafford](/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth%2C_1st_Earl_of_Strafford \"Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford\")'s trial he took the popular side, \"and wrote to his wife how he heard people say 'God bless your worship'\" as he passed.",
"On 27 May Dering moved the first reading of the [Root and Branch Bill](/wiki/Root_and_Branch_Bill \"Root and Branch Bill\"), which is said to have been drawn up by [Oliver St John](/wiki/Oliver_St_John \"Oliver St John\"), apparently not because he thoroughly sympathised with its prayer, but because he thought its introduction would terrify the lords into passing a bill for the exclusion of bishops from their seats in parliament which was then before them: \n> ... the chief end then was to expedite the progress of another bill against the secular jurisdiction of the bishops (at that time) labouring in the House of Lords... I did not dream... at that time of extirpation and abolition of any more than his achiepiscopacy: our professed rooters themselves (many of them) at that hour had, I persuade myself, more moderate hopes than since are entertained.{{Cite book\\|title\\=The English People and the English Revolution\\|last\\=Manning\\|first\\=Brian\\|publisher\\=Penguin Books\\|year\\=1978\\|isbn\\=0140551379\\|location\\=Great Britain\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/englishpeopleeng00mann/page/60 60]\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/englishpeopleeng00mann/page/60}}",
"Dering's real sentiments were disclosed when the bill was in committee, when he argued in defence of primitive [episcopacy](/wiki/Episcopal_polity \"Episcopal polity\"), that is to say, of a plan for ensuring that bishops should do nothing without the concurrence of their clergy. It was a plan which appealed strongly to students of antiquity; but it is no wonder that he was now treated by the more thoroughgoing opponents of episcopacy as a man who could no longer be trusted.",
"In the debate on 12 October on the second [Bishops Exclusion Bill](/wiki/Clergy_Act_1640 \"Clergy Act 1640\"), Dering proposed that a national synod should be called to remove the distractions of the church. In the discussion on the [Grand Remonstrance](/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance \"Grand Remonstrance\"), he assailed the doctrine that bishops had brought popery and idolatry into the church, and he subsequently defended the retention of bishops on the ground that, if the prizes of the lottery were taken away, few would care to acquire learning. By his final vote on the Grand Remonstrance, he threw in his lot with the episcopal royalist party. It was the vote, not of a statesman, but of a student, anxious to find some middle term between the rule of Laud and the rule of a Scottish presbytery, and attacking the party which at any moment seemed likely to acquire undue predominance. He was alarmed by the democratic nature of the Remonstrance: \"I did not dream\" he remarked \"that we would remonstrate downwards, tell stories to the People, and speak of the King as a third person\".",
"Dering began to overestimate the amount of consistency which lies at the bottom of almost all changes of opinion honestly made. He prepared for publication an edition of his speeches with explanatory comments of his own. On 4 February the House of Commons ordered the book to be burnt and himself to be sent to the Tower. He remained a prisoner till the 11th.",
"Dering's imprisonment probably threw him more decidedly on the king's side than he had intended. On 25 March he took a leading part in the [Maidstone](/wiki/Maidstone \"Maidstone\") assizes in getting up a petition from the grand jury in favour of episcopacy and the prayer book. On this, he was impeached by the commons, but he contrived to escape.",
""
] |
Introduction
------------
Halley came to prominence as an artist in the mid\-1980s, as part of the generation of [Neo\-Conceptualist](/wiki/Neo-Conceptualist "Neo-Conceptualist") artists that first exhibited in New York's East Village, including [Jeff Koons](/wiki/Jeff_Koons "Jeff Koons"), [Haim Steinbach](/wiki/Haim_Steinbach "Haim Steinbach"), [Sarah Charlesworth](/wiki/Sarah_Charlesworth "Sarah Charlesworth"), [Annette Lemieux](/wiki/Annette_Lemieux "Annette Lemieux"), [Steven Parrino](/wiki/Steven_Parrino "Steven Parrino"), [Phillip Taaffe](/wiki/Philip_Taaffe "Philip Taaffe"), and [Gretchen Bender](/wiki/Gretchen_Bender "Gretchen Bender").
Halley's paintings explore both the physical and psychological structures of social space; he connects the hermetic language of geometric abstraction—as practiced by artists such as [Barnett Newman](/wiki/Barnett_Newman "Barnett Newman") and [Ellsworth Kelly](/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly "Ellsworth Kelly")—to the actualities of urban space and the digital landscape. In the 1990s, he expanded his practice to include public installations based around the technology of large\-scale digital prints.
Halley is also known for his critical writings, which, beginning in the 1980s, linked the ideas of French [Post\-Structuralist](/wiki/Post-Structuralist "Post-Structuralist") theorists including [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault "Michel Foucault") and [Jean Baudrillard](/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard "Jean Baudrillard") to the digital revolution and the visual arts. From 1996 to 2005, Halley published *[Index Magazine](/wiki/Index_Magazine "Index Magazine")*, which featured in\-depth interviews with emergent and established figures in fashion, music, film, and other creative fields. Having also taught art in several graduate programs, Halley became the director of graduate studies in painting and printmaking at the [Yale University School of Art](/wiki/Yale_University_School_of_Art "Yale University School of Art"), serving from 2002 to 2011\.
### Early life and education
Halley was born and raised in New York City. He is the son of Janice Halley, a registered nurse of Polish ancestry, and [Rudolph Halley](/wiki/Rudolph_Halley "Rudolph Halley"), an attorney and politician of German\-Austrian Jewish descent. In 1951, Rudolph "became an instant celebrity," as Halley has said, while serving as chief prosecutor for the [United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_to_Investigate_Crime_in_Interstate_Commerce "United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce"), also known as the Kefauver Committee (after Senator Estes Kefauver). "This series of hearings with various colorful mobsters was broadcast on television all over the country," Halley notes.Interview with Katherine Hixson, "Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 9\. Rudolph was also assistant counsel to the wartime [Truman Committee](/wiki/Truman_Committee "Truman Committee"), investigating fraud and waste in defense contracting. He served as president of the New York City Council from 1951 to 1953, and unsuccessfully ran for New York City Mayor in 1953\. He died soon after at the age of forty\-three, when Halley was three years old.Interview with Katherine Hixson, "Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 10\.Calvin Tomkins, "Between Neo\- and Post\-," The New Yorker, 24 Nov 1986, 106\.
Other notable family members include Rudolph's first cousin [Carl Solomon](/wiki/Carl_Solomon "Carl Solomon") (1928–1993\), to whom [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg "Allen Ginsberg") dedicated his epic poem "[Howl](/wiki/Howl_%28poem%29 "Howl (poem)") (for Carl Solomon)" in 1955\. Halley is also related to Samuel Shipman (1884–1937\), a well\-known and colorful writer of Broadway comedies in the 1920s. Halley's great aunt and uncle, Rose and [A.A. Wyn](/wiki/A.A._Wyn "A.A. Wyn"), published [Ace Comics](/wiki/Ace_Comics "Ace Comics") from 1940 to 1956 and [Ace Books](/wiki/Ace_Books "Ace Books") from 1952 to 1973\. Ace Books was an American publisher of science fiction that published [William Burroughs](/wiki/William_Burroughs "William Burroughs")'s first novel, *[Junkie](/wiki/Junkie_%28novel%29 "Junkie (novel)")*, in 1953, as well as the first novels by several prominent science\-fiction writers including [Philip K. Dick](/wiki/Philip_K._Dick "Philip K. Dick"), [Samuel R. Delany](/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany "Samuel R. Delany"), and [Ursula K. Le Guin](/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin "Ursula K. Le Guin").
A precocious child, Peter started first grade at Manhattan's Hunter College Elementary School at the age of 5\. He later attended [Phillips Academy](/wiki/Phillips_Academy "Phillips Academy") in Andover, Massachusetts, a prep school known for its art museum and, at the time, innovative art program. While at Andover, Halley took an interest in various forms of media and became the programming director for the school's low\-wattage radio station. It was also during this time that he began painting, making his first works in his great uncle Aaron's art studio.
He received college acceptances with full scholarships from Brown, Harvard, and Yale, but chose to study at Yale because of their renowned art program. But, after his sophomore year, Halley was denied entry into the art major and decided to move to New Orleans, where he lived for one year. He returned to Yale the following year to study art history, and wrote his senior thesis on [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse "Henri Matisse") before graduating in 1975\. After graduation, Halley returned to New Orleans and, in 1976, enrolled in the University of New Orleans MFA program. He received his MFA in 1978 and lived in New Orleans until 1980 (also traveling to Mexico, Central America, Europe, and North Africa during this time)."Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 12\."Peter Halley" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 8\.
|
[
"Introduction\n------------",
"Halley came to prominence as an artist in the mid\\-1980s, as part of the generation of [Neo\\-Conceptualist](/wiki/Neo-Conceptualist \"Neo-Conceptualist\") artists that first exhibited in New York's East Village, including [Jeff Koons](/wiki/Jeff_Koons \"Jeff Koons\"), [Haim Steinbach](/wiki/Haim_Steinbach \"Haim Steinbach\"), [Sarah Charlesworth](/wiki/Sarah_Charlesworth \"Sarah Charlesworth\"), [Annette Lemieux](/wiki/Annette_Lemieux \"Annette Lemieux\"), [Steven Parrino](/wiki/Steven_Parrino \"Steven Parrino\"), [Phillip Taaffe](/wiki/Philip_Taaffe \"Philip Taaffe\"), and [Gretchen Bender](/wiki/Gretchen_Bender \"Gretchen Bender\").",
"Halley's paintings explore both the physical and psychological structures of social space; he connects the hermetic language of geometric abstraction—as practiced by artists such as [Barnett Newman](/wiki/Barnett_Newman \"Barnett Newman\") and [Ellsworth Kelly](/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly \"Ellsworth Kelly\")—to the actualities of urban space and the digital landscape. In the 1990s, he expanded his practice to include public installations based around the technology of large\\-scale digital prints.",
"Halley is also known for his critical writings, which, beginning in the 1980s, linked the ideas of French [Post\\-Structuralist](/wiki/Post-Structuralist \"Post-Structuralist\") theorists including [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault \"Michel Foucault\") and [Jean Baudrillard](/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard \"Jean Baudrillard\") to the digital revolution and the visual arts. From 1996 to 2005, Halley published *[Index Magazine](/wiki/Index_Magazine \"Index Magazine\")*, which featured in\\-depth interviews with emergent and established figures in fashion, music, film, and other creative fields. Having also taught art in several graduate programs, Halley became the director of graduate studies in painting and printmaking at the [Yale University School of Art](/wiki/Yale_University_School_of_Art \"Yale University School of Art\"), serving from 2002 to 2011\\.",
"### Early life and education",
"Halley was born and raised in New York City. He is the son of Janice Halley, a registered nurse of Polish ancestry, and [Rudolph Halley](/wiki/Rudolph_Halley \"Rudolph Halley\"), an attorney and politician of German\\-Austrian Jewish descent. In 1951, Rudolph \"became an instant celebrity,\" as Halley has said, while serving as chief prosecutor for the [United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_to_Investigate_Crime_in_Interstate_Commerce \"United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce\"), also known as the Kefauver Committee (after Senator Estes Kefauver). \"This series of hearings with various colorful mobsters was broadcast on television all over the country,\" Halley notes.Interview with Katherine Hixson, \"Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991\" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 9\\. Rudolph was also assistant counsel to the wartime [Truman Committee](/wiki/Truman_Committee \"Truman Committee\"), investigating fraud and waste in defense contracting. He served as president of the New York City Council from 1951 to 1953, and unsuccessfully ran for New York City Mayor in 1953\\. He died soon after at the age of forty\\-three, when Halley was three years old.Interview with Katherine Hixson, \"Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991\" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 10\\.Calvin Tomkins, \"Between Neo\\- and Post\\-,\" The New Yorker, 24 Nov 1986, 106\\.",
"Other notable family members include Rudolph's first cousin [Carl Solomon](/wiki/Carl_Solomon \"Carl Solomon\") (1928–1993\\), to whom [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\") dedicated his epic poem \"[Howl](/wiki/Howl_%28poem%29 \"Howl (poem)\") (for Carl Solomon)\" in 1955\\. Halley is also related to Samuel Shipman (1884–1937\\), a well\\-known and colorful writer of Broadway comedies in the 1920s. Halley's great aunt and uncle, Rose and [A.A. Wyn](/wiki/A.A._Wyn \"A.A. Wyn\"), published [Ace Comics](/wiki/Ace_Comics \"Ace Comics\") from 1940 to 1956 and [Ace Books](/wiki/Ace_Books \"Ace Books\") from 1952 to 1973\\. Ace Books was an American publisher of science fiction that published [William Burroughs](/wiki/William_Burroughs \"William Burroughs\")'s first novel, *[Junkie](/wiki/Junkie_%28novel%29 \"Junkie (novel)\")*, in 1953, as well as the first novels by several prominent science\\-fiction writers including [Philip K. Dick](/wiki/Philip_K._Dick \"Philip K. Dick\"), [Samuel R. Delany](/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany \"Samuel R. Delany\"), and [Ursula K. Le Guin](/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin \"Ursula K. Le Guin\").",
"A precocious child, Peter started first grade at Manhattan's Hunter College Elementary School at the age of 5\\. He later attended [Phillips Academy](/wiki/Phillips_Academy \"Phillips Academy\") in Andover, Massachusetts, a prep school known for its art museum and, at the time, innovative art program. While at Andover, Halley took an interest in various forms of media and became the programming director for the school's low\\-wattage radio station. It was also during this time that he began painting, making his first works in his great uncle Aaron's art studio.",
"He received college acceptances with full scholarships from Brown, Harvard, and Yale, but chose to study at Yale because of their renowned art program. But, after his sophomore year, Halley was denied entry into the art major and decided to move to New Orleans, where he lived for one year. He returned to Yale the following year to study art history, and wrote his senior thesis on [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse \"Henri Matisse\") before graduating in 1975\\. After graduation, Halley returned to New Orleans and, in 1976, enrolled in the University of New Orleans MFA program. He received his MFA in 1978 and lived in New Orleans until 1980 (also traveling to Mexico, Central America, Europe, and North Africa during this time).\"Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991\" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 12\\.\"Peter Halley\" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 8\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
[thumb\|*Prison* (Galeria Senda, Barcelona)](/wiki/File:GaleriaSenda_Peter_Halley.jpg "GaleriaSenda Peter Halley.jpg")
### Early career and New York City
In 1980, Halley returned to New York City and moved into a loft on East 7th Street in the East Village, Manhattan; there, [Talking Heads](/wiki/Talking_Heads "Talking Heads") frontman [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne "David Byrne") was his upstairs neighbor. New York City had a lasting influence on Halley's distinct painting style. He became enamored with the city's intensity, scale, and three\-dimensional urban grid—the "geometricization of space that pervaded the 20th century." Likewise interested in abstract painting, Halley "set out to connect the language of geometric abstraction to the actual space that he saw all around him, transforming the square—borrowed from [Malevich](/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich "Kazimir Malevich"), [Albers](/wiki/Albers "Albers"), and others—into architectural icons he called 'prisons' and 'cells,' and connecting them by straight lines called 'conduits.'"This Will Have Been: Art, Love \& Politics in the 1980s, exhibition catalogue (Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, 2012\).
These particular geometric icons, which he developed in the early 1980s in the midst of a global technology boom, became the basis of Halley's painting for the decades to come. Halley derived his language not just from the urban grid but from the gridded networks permeating all facets of the contemporary "media\-controlled, post\-industrial world." With this background, the "cells" could be seen as "images of confinement and as cellular units in the scientific sense," according to [Calvin Tomkins](/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins "Calvin Tomkins").Calvin Tomkins, "Between Neo\- and Post\-," The New Yorker, 24 Nov 1986, 109\. The "conduits"—the lines connect various "cells" and other geometric patterns in a given work—represent the supports of "underlying informational and structural components of contemporary society," Amy Brandt writes.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 145\. "Halley wished to incite public awareness of the confining, underlying structures of industrialized society and commodity capitalism."
In addition to urban structures such as modernist buildings and subways, Halley drew influence from the pop themes and social issues associated with [new wave music](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music").Jeanne Siegel, "The Artist/Critic of the Eighties: Peter Halley and Stephen Westfall," Arts Magazine (Sep 1985\): 72\. He took the modernist grid of previous abstract painting—namely, according to Brandt, the work of [Frank Stella](/wiki/Frank_Stella "Frank Stella")—and amplified its colors and impact in accordance with the postmodern times. During this early period, Halley employed new colors and materials with specific connotations. He began to use fluorescent Day\-Glo paint, which has an uncanny glow that recalls the artificial lights of postmodern society and the bright government\-issued signs that mark streets and workers' clothing. Halley also uses Day\-Glo colors in response to developments in modernist painting—a "hyperrealization" of art\-historical motifs, in Halley terms (following Jean Baudrillard)—and as a means of delineating space on his canvases.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 155, 163\.
Halley also began to employ Roll\-a\-Tex, a textural additive that gives his "cells" and "prisons" a tactile, architectural quality, as Roll\-a\-Tex is most often used as surfacing in buildings such as suburban homes and motels."Peter Halley" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 12\. The postmodern, commodity\-like color and texture, not to mention the thickness, of Halley's canvases entered them into the art\-historical conversation surrounding painting and objecthood. The mixture of harsh colors and textures at once "seduce\[s] and repel\[s] viewers with assaults on their senses of sight and touch."Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 151, 153\.Interview with Katherine Hixson, "Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 15\-16\.
In the 1980s, Halley's practice and career developed amid the artistic and intellectual discourse that arose in East Village artist\-run galleries like International with Monument, Cash/Newhouse, and Nature Morte. These spaces were a community for artists such as Halley, Jeff Koons, Haim Steinbach, Sherrie Levine, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton "Ashley Bickerton"), and [Richard Prince](/wiki/Richard_Prince "Richard Prince"), who "shared a focus on the role of technology in postmodern society and rejected nature as a touchstone of meaning." (Bob Nickas, Dan Cameron, and the curatorial team Tricia Collins and [Richard Milazzo](/wiki/Richard_Milazzo "Richard Milazzo") were curators and critics associated with this scene.)David Carrier, "Baudrillard as Philosopher, or, The End of Abstract Painting," Arts Magazine (Sep 1988\): 52–53\. These artists used irony and pastiche to subvert and comment upon structural issues of the time; they drew from Conceptual Art to create "paintings and sculptures that operated as a set of pictorial signs referencing artists and moments in postwar art history," expanding their boundaries as artists to also encompass the theoretical discourse around the art objects themselves.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 164\.
Halley staged solo projects at PS122 Gallery in 1980 and at the East Village bar Beulah Land in 1984\. In 1983 he organized a show at the John Weber Gallery, *Science Fiction*, which included, among others, Jeff Koons as well as Ross Bleckner, Richard Prince, Taro Suzuki, Robert Smithson, and [Donald Judd](/wiki/Donald_Judd "Donald Judd"), the latter of whom had been an influence on Halley. Alison Pearlman described the relevance and influence of the show, writing:
> The gallery presentation dramatized a pop\-futuristic sensibility. To begin, the space was painted entirely black. Because many of the works incorporated geometric shapes, Plexiglas and lights, some flashing or rotating, the total effect was crystalline like a *Star Trek* idea of Peter Halley, Jeff Koons, and the Art at Marketing ... This high\-tech sensibility has been common in popular science fiction as well as fashion, music, and other consumer products made to look geometricizing, streamlined, synthetic, or otherwise ultra\-urban. The aesthetic coincides with actual fashions of the early 1980s.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\), 112\-114\.
Halley's first larger one\-person exhibition came in 1985 at International with Monument, a gallery at the heart of the East Village scene run by [Meyer Vaisman](/wiki/Meyer_Vaisman "Meyer Vaisman"), Kent Klamen, and Elizabeth Koury, who had all met at the [Parsons School of Design](/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design "Parsons School of Design").Cara Jordan, Peter Halley, "Introduction," Stuart Shave Modern Art, 2017\. Around this time, Halley introduced Jeff Koons to Vaisman, and Koons subsequently exhibited at International with Monument as well.
In October 1986, Vaisman organized a group show at New York's more established [Sonnabend Gallery](/wiki/Sonnabend_Gallery "Sonnabend Gallery") that featured work by Halley, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton "Ashley Bickerton"), Jeff Koons, and Vaisman himself. Embodying the intellectual style that had been established by International with Monument, the show marked a departure from the painterly style of [Neo\-Expressionism](/wiki/Neo-Expressionism "Neo-Expressionism"), the dominant style in New York's art scene of the earlier 1980s.Paul Taylor, "The Hot Four," New York Magazine, 27 Oct 1986, 50–56\. The exhibition at Sonnabend received popular and critical attention, and the four artists became identified on a wider scale with the labels "Neo\-Geo" and "[Neo\-Conceptualism](/wiki/Neo-Conceptualism "Neo-Conceptualism")."Kay Larson, "Masters of Hype," New York Magazine, 10 Nov 1986, 100–103\. In [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28magazine%29 "New York (magazine)") magazine [Kay Larson](/wiki/Kay_Larson "Kay Larson") called the artists "Masters of Hype," while in the same magazine a month earlier, Paul Taylor had dubbed them "The Hot Four" and called Halley the "intellectual of the group." Roberta Smith wrote in the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* that "Halley's geometric abstractions suggest diagrams of battery cells with conduits or prison cells with barred windows (that is, electrical or social systems), while their powerful fluorescent colors come from somewhere beyond art."Roberta Smith, "Four Young East Villagers at Sonnabend Gallery," The New York Times, 28 Oct 1986, C30\.
### Writing
As he began his art career, Halley became interested in the French Post\-Structuralist writers, including [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault "Michel Foucault"), [Roland Barthes](/wiki/Roland_Barthes "Roland Barthes"), [Paul Virilio](/wiki/Paul_Virilio "Paul Virilio"), and [Jean Baudrillard](/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard "Jean Baudrillard"), many of whose works were translated into English in the late 1970s and early 1980s and were being discussed among New York intellectuals.Richard Milazzo, Selected Essays: 1982\-2001, "Introduction," Edgewise Press: New York, 2013\. 7\.]Siegel, 1985; Stuart Sim, Fifty Key Postmodern Thinkers (New York: Routledge, 2013\), 124–129\. The ideas of the French writers informed Halley's use of synthetic colors and materials in his painting, and also the writing that he began to produce around the same time.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 151, 159\. "The modernism I grew up with was that it was spiritual," Halley said, "it was about a kind of purity and Emersonian transcendentalism ... Feeling less and less comfortable with that, I decided that for me modernism was really about skepticism, doubt, and questioning. Things that we now say are part of a postmodern sensibility."Mark Rosenthal, Abstraction in the Twentieth Century, Guggenheim Museum: New York, 1996\. 96\.
Halley put forth such ideas on modernism, postmodernism, culture, and the digital revolution—derived in part from Foucault, Baudrillard, and others, and with a neo\-Marxist slant—in his numerous writings.Jeremy Gilbert\-Rolfe, "Non\-representation in 1988: Meaning Production Beyond the Scope of the Pious," Arts Magazine (May 1988\): 30–39\. He published his first essay "Beat, Minimalism, New Wave, and Robert Smithson" in 1981 in *[Arts Magazine](/wiki/Arts_Magazine "Arts Magazine")*, a New York\-based publication that published seven more of his essays throughout that decade.Richard Milazzo, Selected Essays: 1982\-2001, "Introduction," Edgewise Press: New York, 2013\. 3\. In his essays, published from the 1980s to early 2000s, Halley makes reference to the shifting relationship between the individual and larger social structures, and how artists of his generation responded to the emerging social, economic, and cultural conditions of the 1980s and 1990s. Halley highlighted the various roles of new wave music, Cold War cultural politics, and the increased digitization of experience brought about by computers and video games. Additionally, he provided a critical overview of contemporary art during this period through examining a range of sources including the social theories of [José Ortega y Gasset](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset "José Ortega y Gasset"), [Norbert Elias](/wiki/Norbert_Elias "Norbert Elias"), and [Richard Sennett](/wiki/Richard_Sennett "Richard Sennett").Richard Milazzo, Selected Essays: 1982\-2001, "Introduction," Edgewise Press: New York, 2013\. 10\.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\), 106\.
#### Bibliography
* Peter Halley, "Selected Essays 1981\-2001", [Edgewise Press](/wiki/Edgewise_Press "Edgewise Press"), N.Y, 2013\. {{ISBN\|9781893207264}} {{Cite web\|last\=Ammirati\|first\=Domenick\|date\=2015\|title\=The Invisible Giant: Postmodernism Redux, Part 1{{!}} Domenick Ammirati\|url\=http://dismagazine.com/discussion/74960/the\-invisible\-giant\-postmodernism\-redux\-part\-1/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-09\|website\=DIS Magazine}}
* Peter Halley, "Collected Essays, 1981\-87", Bruno Bischofberger, 1988\. {{ISBN\|0\-932499\-68\-6}}{{Cite web\|last\=Gilbert\-Rolfe\|first\=Jeremy\|date\=November 1998\|title\=Jeremy Gilbert\-Rolfe on Peter Halley: Collected Essays 1981–87\|url\=https://www.artforum.com/print/198809/peter\-halley\-collected\-essays\-1981\-87\-34662\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-09\|website\=www.artforum.com\|language\=en\-US}}
* Peter Halley, "Recent Essays 1990\-1996", [Edgewise Press](/wiki/Edgewise_Press "Edgewise Press"), N.Y, 1997\. {{ISBN\|0\-9646466\-1\-7}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Carrier\|first\=David\|date\=1998\|title\=Review of Recent Essays: 1990\-1996\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/432380\|journal\=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism\|volume\=56\|issue\=3\|pages\=320–321\|doi\=10\.2307/432380\|jstor\=432380\|issn\=0021\-8529}}
### Artwork from the 1990s to the present
Following the 1986 exhibition at Sonnabend Gallery, Halley had many more exhibitions in Europe and the United States, including his first museum survey, *Peter Halley: Recent Paintings,* at the Museum Haus Esters in Krefeld, Germany, in 1989\. In 1991–1992, CAPC Musee d'Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, staged an extensive retrospective of Halley's work that traveled to FAE Musee d'art Contemporain, Lausanne, Switzerland; the [Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sofia "Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia"), Madrid; and the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.Peter Halley: Recent Paintings, exhibition catalogue, Krefelder Kunstmuseen, Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany.Peter Halley: Works from 1982–1991, exhibition catalogue, CAPC Musée d'art contemporain, Bordeaux, France.
In the 1990s, in response to the changes in communications and media caused by the digital revolution, Halley adapted his visual language to the effects of the digital revolution in the 1990s.Pariss Sloan, "Pleasure and Alienation," Tirade Magazine, Issue 3, (Apr 2014\): 10–20\. The "conduits" that marked his painting began to multiply and increase in complexity, and he began to add pearlescent and metallic paints to his Day\-Glo color palette of the 1980s. "My earlier paintings were rational, diagrammatic, and logical," he said in a 1995 interview with [Flash Art](/wiki/Flash_Art "Flash Art"), explaining the difference between his '80s and subsequent outputs. "Then I made a break around 1990, and since then they've become really exaggerated, almost parodic; and they aren't analytical at all. In any case, I don't see a great formal break in the '90s, although there is a psychological break."Jeff Rian, "Peter Halley Makes a Move," Flash Art (Oct 1995\): 89–92,128\. Around 1990 Halley began producing bas\-reliefs, many of them hollow and constructed from fiberglass.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\), 131\-132\. Soon after, he began experimenting with digital printing and web\-based art.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-05\-09\|title\=Peter Halley {{!}} Artist Profile, Exhibitions \& Artworks\|url\=https://ocula.com/artists/peter\-halley/\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-09\|website\=ocula.com\|language\=en}}
In 1993, Halley created *Superdream Mutation*, a digital print available for viewing and downloading on the web bulletin board\-style platform The Thing. The piece, a monochrome image, was distributed as a GIF—and is considered to be the first artwork exclusively available for online viewing and sale (for twenty dollars).David Platzker and Elizabeth Wyckoff, Hard Pressed: 600 Years of Prints and Process, Hudson Hills: New York, 2000\. 32\. Regarding this work, Halley highlighted his thought process and the way in which the digital work related to his painting: "I set up the matrix and the person has certain choices within it. It's also based on a Jasper Johns print edition from the mid\-sixties, in which there was a line drawing of a target, and a little box of water colors. It was a kit. Another factor for the Web project was my skepticism about the notion of 'interactivity' on the computer. Most decisions are choices between two paths; binary decisions are the only possible ones with computers. So I wanted to do something in which the choices were very mechanistic."{{cite web\|url\=http://rhizome.org/discuss/28280\|title\=Mark Tribe, "Peter Halley, On Line\_\_\_\_\_\_ Rhizome, 4 May 1998}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Halley did another online project called *Exploding Cell* with the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), New York, on the occasion of his 1997 exhibition *New Concepts in Printmaking 1: Peter Halley*, a one\-person show that highlighted Halley's print and installation practices. *Exploding Cell* was published online at the time and is still available to the public.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/1997/Halley/\|title\=MoMA.org \- Interactives \- Projects \- 1997 \- Peter Halley, Exploding Cell \- Index\|website\=www.moma.org}} Glenn Lowry, director of the museum, has stated that this was MoMA's first digital acquisition."Glenn Lowry with Joachim Pissarro, Gaby Collins\-Fernandez, and David Carrier," The Brooklyn Rail, 6 May 2015\.
Throughout the twenty\-first century, Halley has continued to employ his iconic "cells," "prisons" and "conduits" in his painting, as his primary subject remains the organization of social space. But, Halley explained in 2011, "the nature of the social space we live in has changed immensely in the last thirty years since my project began. When I started my work in the '80s, the limits of communications technology were the telephone, the fax machine, and cable television. In a very short time, we've gone from the era of limited, linear communications to the epoch of the web, Google, and Facebook.""Peter Halley" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 20\.
### Digital prints and installations
In the mid\-1990s, Halley started to produce site\-specific installations for museums, galleries, and public spaces that would interact with the surrounding architecture. Halley began using Adobe Illustrator as a means of developing his compositions. He also began to explore printmaking, using a variety of techniques including silkscreen, digital, and inkjet printing. In his prints, Halley often includes comic book imagery as well as a new motif of explosions and exploding cells, often made through printing images from the computer.Nancy Princenthal, "Peter Halley at the Museum of Modern Art," Art in America (May 1998\): 121\.
His installations mix imagery and media such as painting, fiberglass relief sculpture, wall\-size flowcharts, and digitally generated wallpaper. Halley created his first site\-specific installation at the [Dallas Museum of Art](/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art "Dallas Museum of Art"); this installation included paintings, silkscreen prints, wallpaper, and murals of flow charts and other images.
Other notable installations include at [Museum Folkwang](/wiki/Museum_Folkwang "Museum Folkwang"), Essen, in 1999, and [Disjecta](/wiki/Disjecta "Disjecta"), Portland, in 2012, as well as "Judgment Day," an installation of digital prints for the exhibition, Personal Structures, at the 54th [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale") in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://artdaily.com/news/48434/Peter\-Halley\-\-Judgment\-Day\-\-\-An\-Installation\-in\-Personal\-Structures\-at\-the\-Venice\-Biennale\#.WG6Kk7YrK\-o\|title\=Peter Halley "Judgment Day": An Installation in Personal Structures at the Venice Biennale\|website\=artdaily.com}} In 2016, he exhibited *The Schirn Ring*, a large, multi\-part installation at Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany.Danny Lewis, "Wander About an Art Installation Inspired by the Large Hadron Collider," Smithsonian (Online edition), www.smithsonian.com, 16 May 2016\.
Halley has created several permanent works in public spaces. In 2002, Halley was commissioned by architects Abalos and Herreros for their recently completed public library in a working\-class neighborhood populated by university students in the district of Usera, in Madrid. The architects wanted to cover the interior walls with text imagery and invited Halley to undertake the project. Halley designed wall murals using the text from Jorge Luis Borges’ story, La Biblioteca de Babel. He digitally mutated the text until it achieved a look he describes as ‘futuristic Arabic typography.’ Halley was fascinated by how Jorges’ text, though written in European letters, gained the aspect of Arab calligraphy, referencing the Moorish rule in Spain that ended four hundred and fifty years ago. In 2005, he was commissioned to make a 17\-by\-40\-foot painting consisting of a grid of eight individual panels, for the [Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport](/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport"), Texas.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.dfwairport.com/art/P1\_017299\.php \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2017\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308050410/https://www.dfwairport.com/art/P1\_017299\.php \|archive\-date\=2017\-03\-08 \|url\-status\=dead }}Spencer Michlin, "The Art of Flying," American Way, Fort Worth, TX, 15 Jul 2005, 32\. Three years later, in 2008, he completed a permanent installation of digital prints extending over five floors for the [Gallatin School of Individualized Study](/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study "Gallatin School of Individualized Study") at New York University~~.~~{{Cite web\|title\=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation\|url\=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/peter\-halley\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-09\|website\=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation\|language\=en\-US}} In 2018, Halley had a show of paintings at the [Lever House](/wiki/Lever_House "Lever House") on Park Avenue in New York City. The show included paintings with fluorescent geometric forms, in canvases that were not square, but which had rectilinear outlines. The show also included an installation of Halley's "exploding cells". Halley created an installation for the show in the exterior\-facing windows of the Lever House, in which the light exuding from the windows was tinted fluorescent chartreuse.{{Cite web\|last\=McGrath\|first\=Katherine\|title\=Midtown Manhattan Is Bathed in Yellow Light Thanks to This Artist's Installation\|url\=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/peter\-halley\-lever\-house\-installation\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-09\|website\=Architectural Digest\|date\=24 September 2018 \|language\=en\-US}} The installation included a dance piece by Jessie Gold of [Movement Research](/wiki/Movement_Research "Movement Research"), in which dancers in the exterior\-facing windows performed for an audience below.{{Cite web\|title\=Jessie Gold {{!}} Pratt Institute\|url\=https://www.pratt.edu/faculty\_and\_staff/bio/?id\=jgold222\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-09\|website\=www.pratt.edu}}
Halley's longstanding interest in design has led to collaborative installations with international designers, creating a compelling dialogue between fine art and design. In 2007 he collaborated with French designer Matali Crasset on an installation at Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris, France; and with Italian architect [Alessandro Mendini](/wiki/Alessandro_Mendini "Alessandro Mendini") at Galleria Massimo Minini, Brescia, Italy, and at [Mary Boone Gallery](/wiki/Mary_Boone_Gallery "Mary Boone Gallery"), New York.Anna Bates, "Matali Crasset," Icon Eye (Nov 2007\).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"[thumb\\|*Prison* (Galeria Senda, Barcelona)](/wiki/File:GaleriaSenda_Peter_Halley.jpg \"GaleriaSenda Peter Halley.jpg\")",
"### Early career and New York City",
"In 1980, Halley returned to New York City and moved into a loft on East 7th Street in the East Village, Manhattan; there, [Talking Heads](/wiki/Talking_Heads \"Talking Heads\") frontman [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne \"David Byrne\") was his upstairs neighbor. New York City had a lasting influence on Halley's distinct painting style. He became enamored with the city's intensity, scale, and three\\-dimensional urban grid—the \"geometricization of space that pervaded the 20th century.\" Likewise interested in abstract painting, Halley \"set out to connect the language of geometric abstraction to the actual space that he saw all around him, transforming the square—borrowed from [Malevich](/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich \"Kazimir Malevich\"), [Albers](/wiki/Albers \"Albers\"), and others—into architectural icons he called 'prisons' and 'cells,' and connecting them by straight lines called 'conduits.'\"This Will Have Been: Art, Love \\& Politics in the 1980s, exhibition catalogue (Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, 2012\\).",
"These particular geometric icons, which he developed in the early 1980s in the midst of a global technology boom, became the basis of Halley's painting for the decades to come. Halley derived his language not just from the urban grid but from the gridded networks permeating all facets of the contemporary \"media\\-controlled, post\\-industrial world.\" With this background, the \"cells\" could be seen as \"images of confinement and as cellular units in the scientific sense,\" according to [Calvin Tomkins](/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins \"Calvin Tomkins\").Calvin Tomkins, \"Between Neo\\- and Post\\-,\" The New Yorker, 24 Nov 1986, 109\\. The \"conduits\"—the lines connect various \"cells\" and other geometric patterns in a given work—represent the supports of \"underlying informational and structural components of contemporary society,\" Amy Brandt writes.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 145\\. \"Halley wished to incite public awareness of the confining, underlying structures of industrialized society and commodity capitalism.\"",
"In addition to urban structures such as modernist buildings and subways, Halley drew influence from the pop themes and social issues associated with [new wave music](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\").Jeanne Siegel, \"The Artist/Critic of the Eighties: Peter Halley and Stephen Westfall,\" Arts Magazine (Sep 1985\\): 72\\. He took the modernist grid of previous abstract painting—namely, according to Brandt, the work of [Frank Stella](/wiki/Frank_Stella \"Frank Stella\")—and amplified its colors and impact in accordance with the postmodern times. During this early period, Halley employed new colors and materials with specific connotations. He began to use fluorescent Day\\-Glo paint, which has an uncanny glow that recalls the artificial lights of postmodern society and the bright government\\-issued signs that mark streets and workers' clothing. Halley also uses Day\\-Glo colors in response to developments in modernist painting—a \"hyperrealization\" of art\\-historical motifs, in Halley terms (following Jean Baudrillard)—and as a means of delineating space on his canvases.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 155, 163\\.",
"Halley also began to employ Roll\\-a\\-Tex, a textural additive that gives his \"cells\" and \"prisons\" a tactile, architectural quality, as Roll\\-a\\-Tex is most often used as surfacing in buildings such as suburban homes and motels.\"Peter Halley\" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 12\\. The postmodern, commodity\\-like color and texture, not to mention the thickness, of Halley's canvases entered them into the art\\-historical conversation surrounding painting and objecthood. The mixture of harsh colors and textures at once \"seduce\\[s] and repel\\[s] viewers with assaults on their senses of sight and touch.\"Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 151, 153\\.Interview with Katherine Hixson, \"Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991\" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 15\\-16\\.",
"In the 1980s, Halley's practice and career developed amid the artistic and intellectual discourse that arose in East Village artist\\-run galleries like International with Monument, Cash/Newhouse, and Nature Morte. These spaces were a community for artists such as Halley, Jeff Koons, Haim Steinbach, Sherrie Levine, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton \"Ashley Bickerton\"), and [Richard Prince](/wiki/Richard_Prince \"Richard Prince\"), who \"shared a focus on the role of technology in postmodern society and rejected nature as a touchstone of meaning.\" (Bob Nickas, Dan Cameron, and the curatorial team Tricia Collins and [Richard Milazzo](/wiki/Richard_Milazzo \"Richard Milazzo\") were curators and critics associated with this scene.)David Carrier, \"Baudrillard as Philosopher, or, The End of Abstract Painting,\" Arts Magazine (Sep 1988\\): 52–53\\. These artists used irony and pastiche to subvert and comment upon structural issues of the time; they drew from Conceptual Art to create \"paintings and sculptures that operated as a set of pictorial signs referencing artists and moments in postwar art history,\" expanding their boundaries as artists to also encompass the theoretical discourse around the art objects themselves.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 164\\.",
"Halley staged solo projects at PS122 Gallery in 1980 and at the East Village bar Beulah Land in 1984\\. In 1983 he organized a show at the John Weber Gallery, *Science Fiction*, which included, among others, Jeff Koons as well as Ross Bleckner, Richard Prince, Taro Suzuki, Robert Smithson, and [Donald Judd](/wiki/Donald_Judd \"Donald Judd\"), the latter of whom had been an influence on Halley. Alison Pearlman described the relevance and influence of the show, writing:\n> The gallery presentation dramatized a pop\\-futuristic sensibility. To begin, the space was painted entirely black. Because many of the works incorporated geometric shapes, Plexiglas and lights, some flashing or rotating, the total effect was crystalline like a *Star Trek* idea of Peter Halley, Jeff Koons, and the Art at Marketing ... This high\\-tech sensibility has been common in popular science fiction as well as fashion, music, and other consumer products made to look geometricizing, streamlined, synthetic, or otherwise ultra\\-urban. The aesthetic coincides with actual fashions of the early 1980s.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\\), 112\\-114\\.",
"",
"Halley's first larger one\\-person exhibition came in 1985 at International with Monument, a gallery at the heart of the East Village scene run by [Meyer Vaisman](/wiki/Meyer_Vaisman \"Meyer Vaisman\"), Kent Klamen, and Elizabeth Koury, who had all met at the [Parsons School of Design](/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design \"Parsons School of Design\").Cara Jordan, Peter Halley, \"Introduction,\" Stuart Shave Modern Art, 2017\\. Around this time, Halley introduced Jeff Koons to Vaisman, and Koons subsequently exhibited at International with Monument as well.",
"In October 1986, Vaisman organized a group show at New York's more established [Sonnabend Gallery](/wiki/Sonnabend_Gallery \"Sonnabend Gallery\") that featured work by Halley, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton \"Ashley Bickerton\"), Jeff Koons, and Vaisman himself. Embodying the intellectual style that had been established by International with Monument, the show marked a departure from the painterly style of [Neo\\-Expressionism](/wiki/Neo-Expressionism \"Neo-Expressionism\"), the dominant style in New York's art scene of the earlier 1980s.Paul Taylor, \"The Hot Four,\" New York Magazine, 27 Oct 1986, 50–56\\. The exhibition at Sonnabend received popular and critical attention, and the four artists became identified on a wider scale with the labels \"Neo\\-Geo\" and \"[Neo\\-Conceptualism](/wiki/Neo-Conceptualism \"Neo-Conceptualism\").\"Kay Larson, \"Masters of Hype,\" New York Magazine, 10 Nov 1986, 100–103\\. In [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28magazine%29 \"New York (magazine)\") magazine [Kay Larson](/wiki/Kay_Larson \"Kay Larson\") called the artists \"Masters of Hype,\" while in the same magazine a month earlier, Paul Taylor had dubbed them \"The Hot Four\" and called Halley the \"intellectual of the group.\" Roberta Smith wrote in the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")* that \"Halley's geometric abstractions suggest diagrams of battery cells with conduits or prison cells with barred windows (that is, electrical or social systems), while their powerful fluorescent colors come from somewhere beyond art.\"Roberta Smith, \"Four Young East Villagers at Sonnabend Gallery,\" The New York Times, 28 Oct 1986, C30\\.",
"### Writing",
"As he began his art career, Halley became interested in the French Post\\-Structuralist writers, including [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault \"Michel Foucault\"), [Roland Barthes](/wiki/Roland_Barthes \"Roland Barthes\"), [Paul Virilio](/wiki/Paul_Virilio \"Paul Virilio\"), and [Jean Baudrillard](/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard \"Jean Baudrillard\"), many of whose works were translated into English in the late 1970s and early 1980s and were being discussed among New York intellectuals.Richard Milazzo, Selected Essays: 1982\\-2001, \"Introduction,\" Edgewise Press: New York, 2013\\. 7\\.]Siegel, 1985; Stuart Sim, Fifty Key Postmodern Thinkers (New York: Routledge, 2013\\), 124–129\\. The ideas of the French writers informed Halley's use of synthetic colors and materials in his painting, and also the writing that he began to produce around the same time.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 151, 159\\. \"The modernism I grew up with was that it was spiritual,\" Halley said, \"it was about a kind of purity and Emersonian transcendentalism ... Feeling less and less comfortable with that, I decided that for me modernism was really about skepticism, doubt, and questioning. Things that we now say are part of a postmodern sensibility.\"Mark Rosenthal, Abstraction in the Twentieth Century, Guggenheim Museum: New York, 1996\\. 96\\.",
"Halley put forth such ideas on modernism, postmodernism, culture, and the digital revolution—derived in part from Foucault, Baudrillard, and others, and with a neo\\-Marxist slant—in his numerous writings.Jeremy Gilbert\\-Rolfe, \"Non\\-representation in 1988: Meaning Production Beyond the Scope of the Pious,\" Arts Magazine (May 1988\\): 30–39\\. He published his first essay \"Beat, Minimalism, New Wave, and Robert Smithson\" in 1981 in *[Arts Magazine](/wiki/Arts_Magazine \"Arts Magazine\")*, a New York\\-based publication that published seven more of his essays throughout that decade.Richard Milazzo, Selected Essays: 1982\\-2001, \"Introduction,\" Edgewise Press: New York, 2013\\. 3\\. In his essays, published from the 1980s to early 2000s, Halley makes reference to the shifting relationship between the individual and larger social structures, and how artists of his generation responded to the emerging social, economic, and cultural conditions of the 1980s and 1990s. Halley highlighted the various roles of new wave music, Cold War cultural politics, and the increased digitization of experience brought about by computers and video games. Additionally, he provided a critical overview of contemporary art during this period through examining a range of sources including the social theories of [José Ortega y Gasset](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset \"José Ortega y Gasset\"), [Norbert Elias](/wiki/Norbert_Elias \"Norbert Elias\"), and [Richard Sennett](/wiki/Richard_Sennett \"Richard Sennett\").Richard Milazzo, Selected Essays: 1982\\-2001, \"Introduction,\" Edgewise Press: New York, 2013\\. 10\\.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\\), 106\\.",
"#### Bibliography",
"* Peter Halley, \"Selected Essays 1981\\-2001\", [Edgewise Press](/wiki/Edgewise_Press \"Edgewise Press\"), N.Y, 2013\\. {{ISBN\\|9781893207264}} {{Cite web\\|last\\=Ammirati\\|first\\=Domenick\\|date\\=2015\\|title\\=The Invisible Giant: Postmodernism Redux, Part 1{{!}} Domenick Ammirati\\|url\\=http://dismagazine.com/discussion/74960/the\\-invisible\\-giant\\-postmodernism\\-redux\\-part\\-1/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|website\\=DIS Magazine}}\n* Peter Halley, \"Collected Essays, 1981\\-87\", Bruno Bischofberger, 1988\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-932499\\-68\\-6}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Gilbert\\-Rolfe\\|first\\=Jeremy\\|date\\=November 1998\\|title\\=Jeremy Gilbert\\-Rolfe on Peter Halley: Collected Essays 1981–87\\|url\\=https://www.artforum.com/print/198809/peter\\-halley\\-collected\\-essays\\-1981\\-87\\-34662\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|website\\=www.artforum.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n* Peter Halley, \"Recent Essays 1990\\-1996\", [Edgewise Press](/wiki/Edgewise_Press \"Edgewise Press\"), N.Y, 1997\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-9646466\\-1\\-7}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Carrier\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=1998\\|title\\=Review of Recent Essays: 1990\\-1996\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/432380\\|journal\\=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism\\|volume\\=56\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=320–321\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/432380\\|jstor\\=432380\\|issn\\=0021\\-8529}}",
"### Artwork from the 1990s to the present",
"Following the 1986 exhibition at Sonnabend Gallery, Halley had many more exhibitions in Europe and the United States, including his first museum survey, *Peter Halley: Recent Paintings,* at the Museum Haus Esters in Krefeld, Germany, in 1989\\. In 1991–1992, CAPC Musee d'Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, staged an extensive retrospective of Halley's work that traveled to FAE Musee d'art Contemporain, Lausanne, Switzerland; the [Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sofia \"Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia\"), Madrid; and the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.Peter Halley: Recent Paintings, exhibition catalogue, Krefelder Kunstmuseen, Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany.Peter Halley: Works from 1982–1991, exhibition catalogue, CAPC Musée d'art contemporain, Bordeaux, France.",
"In the 1990s, in response to the changes in communications and media caused by the digital revolution, Halley adapted his visual language to the effects of the digital revolution in the 1990s.Pariss Sloan, \"Pleasure and Alienation,\" Tirade Magazine, Issue 3, (Apr 2014\\): 10–20\\. The \"conduits\" that marked his painting began to multiply and increase in complexity, and he began to add pearlescent and metallic paints to his Day\\-Glo color palette of the 1980s. \"My earlier paintings were rational, diagrammatic, and logical,\" he said in a 1995 interview with [Flash Art](/wiki/Flash_Art \"Flash Art\"), explaining the difference between his '80s and subsequent outputs. \"Then I made a break around 1990, and since then they've become really exaggerated, almost parodic; and they aren't analytical at all. In any case, I don't see a great formal break in the '90s, although there is a psychological break.\"Jeff Rian, \"Peter Halley Makes a Move,\" Flash Art (Oct 1995\\): 89–92,128\\. Around 1990 Halley began producing bas\\-reliefs, many of them hollow and constructed from fiberglass.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\\), 131\\-132\\. Soon after, he began experimenting with digital printing and web\\-based art.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|title\\=Peter Halley {{!}} Artist Profile, Exhibitions \\& Artworks\\|url\\=https://ocula.com/artists/peter\\-halley/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|website\\=ocula.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"In 1993, Halley created *Superdream Mutation*, a digital print available for viewing and downloading on the web bulletin board\\-style platform The Thing. The piece, a monochrome image, was distributed as a GIF—and is considered to be the first artwork exclusively available for online viewing and sale (for twenty dollars).David Platzker and Elizabeth Wyckoff, Hard Pressed: 600 Years of Prints and Process, Hudson Hills: New York, 2000\\. 32\\. Regarding this work, Halley highlighted his thought process and the way in which the digital work related to his painting: \"I set up the matrix and the person has certain choices within it. It's also based on a Jasper Johns print edition from the mid\\-sixties, in which there was a line drawing of a target, and a little box of water colors. It was a kit. Another factor for the Web project was my skepticism about the notion of 'interactivity' on the computer. Most decisions are choices between two paths; binary decisions are the only possible ones with computers. So I wanted to do something in which the choices were very mechanistic.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rhizome.org/discuss/28280\\|title\\=Mark Tribe, \"Peter Halley, On Line\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ Rhizome, 4 May 1998}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Halley did another online project called *Exploding Cell* with the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\"), New York, on the occasion of his 1997 exhibition *New Concepts in Printmaking 1: Peter Halley*, a one\\-person show that highlighted Halley's print and installation practices. *Exploding Cell* was published online at the time and is still available to the public.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/1997/Halley/\\|title\\=MoMA.org \\- Interactives \\- Projects \\- 1997 \\- Peter Halley, Exploding Cell \\- Index\\|website\\=www.moma.org}} Glenn Lowry, director of the museum, has stated that this was MoMA's first digital acquisition.\"Glenn Lowry with Joachim Pissarro, Gaby Collins\\-Fernandez, and David Carrier,\" The Brooklyn Rail, 6 May 2015\\.",
"Throughout the twenty\\-first century, Halley has continued to employ his iconic \"cells,\" \"prisons\" and \"conduits\" in his painting, as his primary subject remains the organization of social space. But, Halley explained in 2011, \"the nature of the social space we live in has changed immensely in the last thirty years since my project began. When I started my work in the '80s, the limits of communications technology were the telephone, the fax machine, and cable television. In a very short time, we've gone from the era of limited, linear communications to the epoch of the web, Google, and Facebook.\"\"Peter Halley\" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 20\\.",
"### Digital prints and installations",
"In the mid\\-1990s, Halley started to produce site\\-specific installations for museums, galleries, and public spaces that would interact with the surrounding architecture. Halley began using Adobe Illustrator as a means of developing his compositions. He also began to explore printmaking, using a variety of techniques including silkscreen, digital, and inkjet printing. In his prints, Halley often includes comic book imagery as well as a new motif of explosions and exploding cells, often made through printing images from the computer.Nancy Princenthal, \"Peter Halley at the Museum of Modern Art,\" Art in America (May 1998\\): 121\\.",
"His installations mix imagery and media such as painting, fiberglass relief sculpture, wall\\-size flowcharts, and digitally generated wallpaper. Halley created his first site\\-specific installation at the [Dallas Museum of Art](/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art \"Dallas Museum of Art\"); this installation included paintings, silkscreen prints, wallpaper, and murals of flow charts and other images.",
"Other notable installations include at [Museum Folkwang](/wiki/Museum_Folkwang \"Museum Folkwang\"), Essen, in 1999, and [Disjecta](/wiki/Disjecta \"Disjecta\"), Portland, in 2012, as well as \"Judgment Day,\" an installation of digital prints for the exhibition, Personal Structures, at the 54th [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\") in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://artdaily.com/news/48434/Peter\\-Halley\\-\\-Judgment\\-Day\\-\\-\\-An\\-Installation\\-in\\-Personal\\-Structures\\-at\\-the\\-Venice\\-Biennale\\#.WG6Kk7YrK\\-o\\|title\\=Peter Halley \"Judgment Day\": An Installation in Personal Structures at the Venice Biennale\\|website\\=artdaily.com}} In 2016, he exhibited *The Schirn Ring*, a large, multi\\-part installation at Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany.Danny Lewis, \"Wander About an Art Installation Inspired by the Large Hadron Collider,\" Smithsonian (Online edition), www.smithsonian.com, 16 May 2016\\.",
"Halley has created several permanent works in public spaces. In 2002, Halley was commissioned by architects Abalos and Herreros for their recently completed public library in a working\\-class neighborhood populated by university students in the district of Usera, in Madrid. The architects wanted to cover the interior walls with text imagery and invited Halley to undertake the project. Halley designed wall murals using the text from Jorge Luis Borges’ story, La Biblioteca de Babel. He digitally mutated the text until it achieved a look he describes as ‘futuristic Arabic typography.’ Halley was fascinated by how Jorges’ text, though written in European letters, gained the aspect of Arab calligraphy, referencing the Moorish rule in Spain that ended four hundred and fifty years ago. In 2005, he was commissioned to make a 17\\-by\\-40\\-foot painting consisting of a grid of eight individual panels, for the [Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport](/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport \"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport\"), Texas.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dfwairport.com/art/P1\\_017299\\.php \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308050410/https://www.dfwairport.com/art/P1\\_017299\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}Spencer Michlin, \"The Art of Flying,\" American Way, Fort Worth, TX, 15 Jul 2005, 32\\. Three years later, in 2008, he completed a permanent installation of digital prints extending over five floors for the [Gallatin School of Individualized Study](/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study \"Gallatin School of Individualized Study\") at New York University~~.~~{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation\\|url\\=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/peter\\-halley\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|website\\=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 2018, Halley had a show of paintings at the [Lever House](/wiki/Lever_House \"Lever House\") on Park Avenue in New York City. The show included paintings with fluorescent geometric forms, in canvases that were not square, but which had rectilinear outlines. The show also included an installation of Halley's \"exploding cells\". Halley created an installation for the show in the exterior\\-facing windows of the Lever House, in which the light exuding from the windows was tinted fluorescent chartreuse.{{Cite web\\|last\\=McGrath\\|first\\=Katherine\\|title\\=Midtown Manhattan Is Bathed in Yellow Light Thanks to This Artist's Installation\\|url\\=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/peter\\-halley\\-lever\\-house\\-installation\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|website\\=Architectural Digest\\|date\\=24 September 2018 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The installation included a dance piece by Jessie Gold of [Movement Research](/wiki/Movement_Research \"Movement Research\"), in which dancers in the exterior\\-facing windows performed for an audience below.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Jessie Gold {{!}} Pratt Institute\\|url\\=https://www.pratt.edu/faculty\\_and\\_staff/bio/?id\\=jgold222\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09\\|website\\=www.pratt.edu}}",
"Halley's longstanding interest in design has led to collaborative installations with international designers, creating a compelling dialogue between fine art and design. In 2007 he collaborated with French designer Matali Crasset on an installation at Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris, France; and with Italian architect [Alessandro Mendini](/wiki/Alessandro_Mendini \"Alessandro Mendini\") at Galleria Massimo Minini, Brescia, Italy, and at [Mary Boone Gallery](/wiki/Mary_Boone_Gallery \"Mary Boone Gallery\"), New York.Anna Bates, \"Matali Crasset,\" Icon Eye (Nov 2007\\).",
"",
"",
""
] |
### Early career and New York City
In 1980, Halley returned to New York City and moved into a loft on East 7th Street in the East Village, Manhattan; there, [Talking Heads](/wiki/Talking_Heads "Talking Heads") frontman [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne "David Byrne") was his upstairs neighbor. New York City had a lasting influence on Halley's distinct painting style. He became enamored with the city's intensity, scale, and three\-dimensional urban grid—the "geometricization of space that pervaded the 20th century." Likewise interested in abstract painting, Halley "set out to connect the language of geometric abstraction to the actual space that he saw all around him, transforming the square—borrowed from [Malevich](/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich "Kazimir Malevich"), [Albers](/wiki/Albers "Albers"), and others—into architectural icons he called 'prisons' and 'cells,' and connecting them by straight lines called 'conduits.'"This Will Have Been: Art, Love \& Politics in the 1980s, exhibition catalogue (Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, 2012\).
These particular geometric icons, which he developed in the early 1980s in the midst of a global technology boom, became the basis of Halley's painting for the decades to come. Halley derived his language not just from the urban grid but from the gridded networks permeating all facets of the contemporary "media\-controlled, post\-industrial world." With this background, the "cells" could be seen as "images of confinement and as cellular units in the scientific sense," according to [Calvin Tomkins](/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins "Calvin Tomkins").Calvin Tomkins, "Between Neo\- and Post\-," The New Yorker, 24 Nov 1986, 109\. The "conduits"—the lines connect various "cells" and other geometric patterns in a given work—represent the supports of "underlying informational and structural components of contemporary society," Amy Brandt writes.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 145\. "Halley wished to incite public awareness of the confining, underlying structures of industrialized society and commodity capitalism."
In addition to urban structures such as modernist buildings and subways, Halley drew influence from the pop themes and social issues associated with [new wave music](/wiki/New_wave_music "New wave music").Jeanne Siegel, "The Artist/Critic of the Eighties: Peter Halley and Stephen Westfall," Arts Magazine (Sep 1985\): 72\. He took the modernist grid of previous abstract painting—namely, according to Brandt, the work of [Frank Stella](/wiki/Frank_Stella "Frank Stella")—and amplified its colors and impact in accordance with the postmodern times. During this early period, Halley employed new colors and materials with specific connotations. He began to use fluorescent Day\-Glo paint, which has an uncanny glow that recalls the artificial lights of postmodern society and the bright government\-issued signs that mark streets and workers' clothing. Halley also uses Day\-Glo colors in response to developments in modernist painting—a "hyperrealization" of art\-historical motifs, in Halley terms (following Jean Baudrillard)—and as a means of delineating space on his canvases.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 155, 163\.
Halley also began to employ Roll\-a\-Tex, a textural additive that gives his "cells" and "prisons" a tactile, architectural quality, as Roll\-a\-Tex is most often used as surfacing in buildings such as suburban homes and motels."Peter Halley" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 12\. The postmodern, commodity\-like color and texture, not to mention the thickness, of Halley's canvases entered them into the art\-historical conversation surrounding painting and objecthood. The mixture of harsh colors and textures at once "seduce\[s] and repel\[s] viewers with assaults on their senses of sight and touch."Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 151, 153\.Interview with Katherine Hixson, "Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 15\-16\.
In the 1980s, Halley's practice and career developed amid the artistic and intellectual discourse that arose in East Village artist\-run galleries like International with Monument, Cash/Newhouse, and Nature Morte. These spaces were a community for artists such as Halley, Jeff Koons, Haim Steinbach, Sherrie Levine, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton "Ashley Bickerton"), and [Richard Prince](/wiki/Richard_Prince "Richard Prince"), who "shared a focus on the role of technology in postmodern society and rejected nature as a touchstone of meaning." (Bob Nickas, Dan Cameron, and the curatorial team Tricia Collins and [Richard Milazzo](/wiki/Richard_Milazzo "Richard Milazzo") were curators and critics associated with this scene.)David Carrier, "Baudrillard as Philosopher, or, The End of Abstract Painting," Arts Magazine (Sep 1988\): 52–53\. These artists used irony and pastiche to subvert and comment upon structural issues of the time; they drew from Conceptual Art to create "paintings and sculptures that operated as a set of pictorial signs referencing artists and moments in postwar art history," expanding their boundaries as artists to also encompass the theoretical discourse around the art objects themselves.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\), 164\.
Halley staged solo projects at PS122 Gallery in 1980 and at the East Village bar Beulah Land in 1984\. In 1983 he organized a show at the John Weber Gallery, *Science Fiction*, which included, among others, Jeff Koons as well as Ross Bleckner, Richard Prince, Taro Suzuki, Robert Smithson, and [Donald Judd](/wiki/Donald_Judd "Donald Judd"), the latter of whom had been an influence on Halley. Alison Pearlman described the relevance and influence of the show, writing:
> The gallery presentation dramatized a pop\-futuristic sensibility. To begin, the space was painted entirely black. Because many of the works incorporated geometric shapes, Plexiglas and lights, some flashing or rotating, the total effect was crystalline like a *Star Trek* idea of Peter Halley, Jeff Koons, and the Art at Marketing ... This high\-tech sensibility has been common in popular science fiction as well as fashion, music, and other consumer products made to look geometricizing, streamlined, synthetic, or otherwise ultra\-urban. The aesthetic coincides with actual fashions of the early 1980s.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\), 112\-114\.
Halley's first larger one\-person exhibition came in 1985 at International with Monument, a gallery at the heart of the East Village scene run by [Meyer Vaisman](/wiki/Meyer_Vaisman "Meyer Vaisman"), Kent Klamen, and Elizabeth Koury, who had all met at the [Parsons School of Design](/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design "Parsons School of Design").Cara Jordan, Peter Halley, "Introduction," Stuart Shave Modern Art, 2017\. Around this time, Halley introduced Jeff Koons to Vaisman, and Koons subsequently exhibited at International with Monument as well.
In October 1986, Vaisman organized a group show at New York's more established [Sonnabend Gallery](/wiki/Sonnabend_Gallery "Sonnabend Gallery") that featured work by Halley, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton "Ashley Bickerton"), Jeff Koons, and Vaisman himself. Embodying the intellectual style that had been established by International with Monument, the show marked a departure from the painterly style of [Neo\-Expressionism](/wiki/Neo-Expressionism "Neo-Expressionism"), the dominant style in New York's art scene of the earlier 1980s.Paul Taylor, "The Hot Four," New York Magazine, 27 Oct 1986, 50–56\. The exhibition at Sonnabend received popular and critical attention, and the four artists became identified on a wider scale with the labels "Neo\-Geo" and "[Neo\-Conceptualism](/wiki/Neo-Conceptualism "Neo-Conceptualism")."Kay Larson, "Masters of Hype," New York Magazine, 10 Nov 1986, 100–103\. In [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28magazine%29 "New York (magazine)") magazine [Kay Larson](/wiki/Kay_Larson "Kay Larson") called the artists "Masters of Hype," while in the same magazine a month earlier, Paul Taylor had dubbed them "The Hot Four" and called Halley the "intellectual of the group." Roberta Smith wrote in the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* that "Halley's geometric abstractions suggest diagrams of battery cells with conduits or prison cells with barred windows (that is, electrical or social systems), while their powerful fluorescent colors come from somewhere beyond art."Roberta Smith, "Four Young East Villagers at Sonnabend Gallery," The New York Times, 28 Oct 1986, C30\.
|
[
"### Early career and New York City",
"In 1980, Halley returned to New York City and moved into a loft on East 7th Street in the East Village, Manhattan; there, [Talking Heads](/wiki/Talking_Heads \"Talking Heads\") frontman [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne \"David Byrne\") was his upstairs neighbor. New York City had a lasting influence on Halley's distinct painting style. He became enamored with the city's intensity, scale, and three\\-dimensional urban grid—the \"geometricization of space that pervaded the 20th century.\" Likewise interested in abstract painting, Halley \"set out to connect the language of geometric abstraction to the actual space that he saw all around him, transforming the square—borrowed from [Malevich](/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich \"Kazimir Malevich\"), [Albers](/wiki/Albers \"Albers\"), and others—into architectural icons he called 'prisons' and 'cells,' and connecting them by straight lines called 'conduits.'\"This Will Have Been: Art, Love \\& Politics in the 1980s, exhibition catalogue (Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, 2012\\).",
"These particular geometric icons, which he developed in the early 1980s in the midst of a global technology boom, became the basis of Halley's painting for the decades to come. Halley derived his language not just from the urban grid but from the gridded networks permeating all facets of the contemporary \"media\\-controlled, post\\-industrial world.\" With this background, the \"cells\" could be seen as \"images of confinement and as cellular units in the scientific sense,\" according to [Calvin Tomkins](/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins \"Calvin Tomkins\").Calvin Tomkins, \"Between Neo\\- and Post\\-,\" The New Yorker, 24 Nov 1986, 109\\. The \"conduits\"—the lines connect various \"cells\" and other geometric patterns in a given work—represent the supports of \"underlying informational and structural components of contemporary society,\" Amy Brandt writes.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 145\\. \"Halley wished to incite public awareness of the confining, underlying structures of industrialized society and commodity capitalism.\"",
"In addition to urban structures such as modernist buildings and subways, Halley drew influence from the pop themes and social issues associated with [new wave music](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\").Jeanne Siegel, \"The Artist/Critic of the Eighties: Peter Halley and Stephen Westfall,\" Arts Magazine (Sep 1985\\): 72\\. He took the modernist grid of previous abstract painting—namely, according to Brandt, the work of [Frank Stella](/wiki/Frank_Stella \"Frank Stella\")—and amplified its colors and impact in accordance with the postmodern times. During this early period, Halley employed new colors and materials with specific connotations. He began to use fluorescent Day\\-Glo paint, which has an uncanny glow that recalls the artificial lights of postmodern society and the bright government\\-issued signs that mark streets and workers' clothing. Halley also uses Day\\-Glo colors in response to developments in modernist painting—a \"hyperrealization\" of art\\-historical motifs, in Halley terms (following Jean Baudrillard)—and as a means of delineating space on his canvases.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 155, 163\\.",
"Halley also began to employ Roll\\-a\\-Tex, a textural additive that gives his \"cells\" and \"prisons\" a tactile, architectural quality, as Roll\\-a\\-Tex is most often used as surfacing in buildings such as suburban homes and motels.\"Peter Halley\" exhibition catalogue, Galerie Thomas Munich, 2011, 12\\. The postmodern, commodity\\-like color and texture, not to mention the thickness, of Halley's canvases entered them into the art\\-historical conversation surrounding painting and objecthood. The mixture of harsh colors and textures at once \"seduce\\[s] and repel\\[s] viewers with assaults on their senses of sight and touch.\"Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 151, 153\\.Interview with Katherine Hixson, \"Peter Halley: Oeuvres de 1982 à 1991\" exhibition catalogue, Bordeaux: CAPC, Musee d'Art Contemporain, 1991, 15\\-16\\.",
"In the 1980s, Halley's practice and career developed amid the artistic and intellectual discourse that arose in East Village artist\\-run galleries like International with Monument, Cash/Newhouse, and Nature Morte. These spaces were a community for artists such as Halley, Jeff Koons, Haim Steinbach, Sherrie Levine, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton \"Ashley Bickerton\"), and [Richard Prince](/wiki/Richard_Prince \"Richard Prince\"), who \"shared a focus on the role of technology in postmodern society and rejected nature as a touchstone of meaning.\" (Bob Nickas, Dan Cameron, and the curatorial team Tricia Collins and [Richard Milazzo](/wiki/Richard_Milazzo \"Richard Milazzo\") were curators and critics associated with this scene.)David Carrier, \"Baudrillard as Philosopher, or, The End of Abstract Painting,\" Arts Magazine (Sep 1988\\): 52–53\\. These artists used irony and pastiche to subvert and comment upon structural issues of the time; they drew from Conceptual Art to create \"paintings and sculptures that operated as a set of pictorial signs referencing artists and moments in postwar art history,\" expanding their boundaries as artists to also encompass the theoretical discourse around the art objects themselves.Amy Brandt, Interplay: Neoconceptual Art of the 1980s (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014\\), 164\\.",
"Halley staged solo projects at PS122 Gallery in 1980 and at the East Village bar Beulah Land in 1984\\. In 1983 he organized a show at the John Weber Gallery, *Science Fiction*, which included, among others, Jeff Koons as well as Ross Bleckner, Richard Prince, Taro Suzuki, Robert Smithson, and [Donald Judd](/wiki/Donald_Judd \"Donald Judd\"), the latter of whom had been an influence on Halley. Alison Pearlman described the relevance and influence of the show, writing:\n> The gallery presentation dramatized a pop\\-futuristic sensibility. To begin, the space was painted entirely black. Because many of the works incorporated geometric shapes, Plexiglas and lights, some flashing or rotating, the total effect was crystalline like a *Star Trek* idea of Peter Halley, Jeff Koons, and the Art at Marketing ... This high\\-tech sensibility has been common in popular science fiction as well as fashion, music, and other consumer products made to look geometricizing, streamlined, synthetic, or otherwise ultra\\-urban. The aesthetic coincides with actual fashions of the early 1980s.Alison Pearlman, Unpackaging Art of the 1980s (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003\\), 112\\-114\\.",
"",
"Halley's first larger one\\-person exhibition came in 1985 at International with Monument, a gallery at the heart of the East Village scene run by [Meyer Vaisman](/wiki/Meyer_Vaisman \"Meyer Vaisman\"), Kent Klamen, and Elizabeth Koury, who had all met at the [Parsons School of Design](/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design \"Parsons School of Design\").Cara Jordan, Peter Halley, \"Introduction,\" Stuart Shave Modern Art, 2017\\. Around this time, Halley introduced Jeff Koons to Vaisman, and Koons subsequently exhibited at International with Monument as well.",
"In October 1986, Vaisman organized a group show at New York's more established [Sonnabend Gallery](/wiki/Sonnabend_Gallery \"Sonnabend Gallery\") that featured work by Halley, [Ashley Bickerton](/wiki/Ashley_Bickerton \"Ashley Bickerton\"), Jeff Koons, and Vaisman himself. Embodying the intellectual style that had been established by International with Monument, the show marked a departure from the painterly style of [Neo\\-Expressionism](/wiki/Neo-Expressionism \"Neo-Expressionism\"), the dominant style in New York's art scene of the earlier 1980s.Paul Taylor, \"The Hot Four,\" New York Magazine, 27 Oct 1986, 50–56\\. The exhibition at Sonnabend received popular and critical attention, and the four artists became identified on a wider scale with the labels \"Neo\\-Geo\" and \"[Neo\\-Conceptualism](/wiki/Neo-Conceptualism \"Neo-Conceptualism\").\"Kay Larson, \"Masters of Hype,\" New York Magazine, 10 Nov 1986, 100–103\\. In [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28magazine%29 \"New York (magazine)\") magazine [Kay Larson](/wiki/Kay_Larson \"Kay Larson\") called the artists \"Masters of Hype,\" while in the same magazine a month earlier, Paul Taylor had dubbed them \"The Hot Four\" and called Halley the \"intellectual of the group.\" Roberta Smith wrote in the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")* that \"Halley's geometric abstractions suggest diagrams of battery cells with conduits or prison cells with barred windows (that is, electrical or social systems), while their powerful fluorescent colors come from somewhere beyond art.\"Roberta Smith, \"Four Young East Villagers at Sonnabend Gallery,\" The New York Times, 28 Oct 1986, C30\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Bosio began his contact with music at age 11, when he first heard [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") and became determined to learn to play bass guitar.
While at the school he formed two bands: "Water" and "La Banda de San Francisco." Later he joined the navy, and with his first paycheck bought a bass guitar in Puerto Rico. In the army he joined the orchestra and honed his musical skills:
"I played all kinds of music from salsa to Arabic songs."
When he returned to Buenos Aires, he studied advertising at the University of El Salvador. He was part of "The Morgan," a band that also included Sandra Baylac, Hugo Dop, Christian Hansen, Pablo Rodriguez, Charly Amato, Osvaldo Kaplan, Andres Calamaro, and eventually, [Gustavo Cerati](/wiki/Gustavo_Cerati "Gustavo Cerati"). They played on the student program "Happy Sunday" on Channel 9\. The Morgan released a single, Perfume, a song originally by [Rita Lee](/wiki/Rita_Lee "Rita Lee").
[thumb\|left\|Bosio with Soda Stereo in 2007](/wiki/File:SodaenLima-Zeta-2101703488.jpg "SodaenLima-Zeta-2101703488.jpg")
In 1979, Zeta met [Gustavo Cerati](/wiki/Gustavo_Cerati "Gustavo Cerati") in college, but they did not become friends. During the summer of 1982, they met again at [Punta del Este](/wiki/Punta_del_Este "Punta del Este") (Uruguay), Cerati with his group Sauvage and Bosio with The Morgan. Due to a series of adventures, Cerati and Bosio established a close musical bond and friendship which led them to play together.
Zeta and Gustavo shared the same musical tastes and dreams, and began a search for integrating a punk rock group inspired by [The Police](/wiki/The_Police "The Police") (who played the same year in Argentina), with their own songs in Spanish. Cerati first joined The Morgan and then formed a band called the Stress (along with Charlie Amato and drummer Pablo Guadalupe), then Erekto Project with [Andres Calamaro](/wiki/Andres_Calamaro "Andres Calamaro"). Shortly after Gustavo and Zeta decided to visit [Charly Alberti](/wiki/Charly_Alberti "Charly Alberti") (son of the famous percussionist [Tito Alberti](/wiki/Tito_Alberti "Tito Alberti"), who was four years younger than Bosio and three years younger than Cerati), to hear him play his father's drums. [Soda Stereo](/wiki/Soda_Stereo "Soda Stereo") was formed there, and debuted in July 1983\.
In Soda Stereo, Zeta played the bass and sang backing vocals. He also played acoustic guitar and the [chapman stick](/wiki/Chapman_stick "Chapman stick").
Soda Stereo was dissolved in September 1997 and subsequently Zeta worked with other groups, first through the web Under Project, then as manager of Sony Music Argentina, and in more recent years with Alert Discos.
In 2005, 2006 and 2007, Zeta hosted a TV show called Rock Road on the Argentine channel Much Music.
He was also bassist in the band invited Catupecu Machu Argentina, after the car accident suffered by Gabriel Ruiz Diaz.
In June 2007, Soda Stereo announced their comeback with a tour. Between October and December of that year, Zeta Bosio and Soda Stereo played throughout Latin America on a tour called [Me Verás Volver](/wiki/Me_Ver%C3%A1s_Volver "Me Verás Volver").
In 2008, Zeta and his companions in Soda Stereo returned to their own projects after their brief reunion. In addition to hosting the show *Keep Rockin* on Radio Rock \& Pop, Zeta toured as a DJ performing in various parts of Latin America in what were called Live Sessions. He has stated that he is fascinated by electronic music, dance and Dancefloor, and in addition to being a DJ, Zeta has plans to release a solo album with his mixes and compositions.
Zeta participated in the *[Lollapalooza](/wiki/Lollapalooza "Lollapalooza")* festival, held for the first time outside the US, in Chile in April 2011\.
In 2013, Zeta joined Chilean band [La Ley](/wiki/La_Ley_%28band%29 "La Ley (band)") as bassist.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Bosio began his contact with music at age 11, when he first heard [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") and became determined to learn to play bass guitar.",
"While at the school he formed two bands: \"Water\" and \"La Banda de San Francisco.\" Later he joined the navy, and with his first paycheck bought a bass guitar in Puerto Rico. In the army he joined the orchestra and honed his musical skills:",
"\"I played all kinds of music from salsa to Arabic songs.\"",
"When he returned to Buenos Aires, he studied advertising at the University of El Salvador. He was part of \"The Morgan,\" a band that also included Sandra Baylac, Hugo Dop, Christian Hansen, Pablo Rodriguez, Charly Amato, Osvaldo Kaplan, Andres Calamaro, and eventually, [Gustavo Cerati](/wiki/Gustavo_Cerati \"Gustavo Cerati\"). They played on the student program \"Happy Sunday\" on Channel 9\\. The Morgan released a single, Perfume, a song originally by [Rita Lee](/wiki/Rita_Lee \"Rita Lee\").\n[thumb\\|left\\|Bosio with Soda Stereo in 2007](/wiki/File:SodaenLima-Zeta-2101703488.jpg \"SodaenLima-Zeta-2101703488.jpg\")",
"In 1979, Zeta met [Gustavo Cerati](/wiki/Gustavo_Cerati \"Gustavo Cerati\") in college, but they did not become friends. During the summer of 1982, they met again at [Punta del Este](/wiki/Punta_del_Este \"Punta del Este\") (Uruguay), Cerati with his group Sauvage and Bosio with The Morgan. Due to a series of adventures, Cerati and Bosio established a close musical bond and friendship which led them to play together.",
"Zeta and Gustavo shared the same musical tastes and dreams, and began a search for integrating a punk rock group inspired by [The Police](/wiki/The_Police \"The Police\") (who played the same year in Argentina), with their own songs in Spanish. Cerati first joined The Morgan and then formed a band called the Stress (along with Charlie Amato and drummer Pablo Guadalupe), then Erekto Project with [Andres Calamaro](/wiki/Andres_Calamaro \"Andres Calamaro\"). Shortly after Gustavo and Zeta decided to visit [Charly Alberti](/wiki/Charly_Alberti \"Charly Alberti\") (son of the famous percussionist [Tito Alberti](/wiki/Tito_Alberti \"Tito Alberti\"), who was four years younger than Bosio and three years younger than Cerati), to hear him play his father's drums. [Soda Stereo](/wiki/Soda_Stereo \"Soda Stereo\") was formed there, and debuted in July 1983\\.",
"In Soda Stereo, Zeta played the bass and sang backing vocals. He also played acoustic guitar and the [chapman stick](/wiki/Chapman_stick \"Chapman stick\").",
"Soda Stereo was dissolved in September 1997 and subsequently Zeta worked with other groups, first through the web Under Project, then as manager of Sony Music Argentina, and in more recent years with Alert Discos.",
"In 2005, 2006 and 2007, Zeta hosted a TV show called Rock Road on the Argentine channel Much Music.",
"He was also bassist in the band invited Catupecu Machu Argentina, after the car accident suffered by Gabriel Ruiz Diaz.",
"In June 2007, Soda Stereo announced their comeback with a tour. Between October and December of that year, Zeta Bosio and Soda Stereo played throughout Latin America on a tour called [Me Verás Volver](/wiki/Me_Ver%C3%A1s_Volver \"Me Verás Volver\").",
"In 2008, Zeta and his companions in Soda Stereo returned to their own projects after their brief reunion. In addition to hosting the show *Keep Rockin* on Radio Rock \\& Pop, Zeta toured as a DJ performing in various parts of Latin America in what were called Live Sessions. He has stated that he is fascinated by electronic music, dance and Dancefloor, and in addition to being a DJ, Zeta has plans to release a solo album with his mixes and compositions.",
"Zeta participated in the *[Lollapalooza](/wiki/Lollapalooza \"Lollapalooza\")* festival, held for the first time outside the US, in Chile in April 2011\\.",
"In 2013, Zeta joined Chilean band [La Ley](/wiki/La_Ley_%28band%29 \"La Ley (band)\") as bassist.",
""
] |
Plot
----
While his girlfriend Annie is away for the weekend, 30\-year\-old Dave works fervently on his next big art project. Dave has a habit of not being able to finish anything, is apparently jobless and gets his income from his parents, whom he believes are tired of him. He finally has a breakthrough and begins to build something from the center and work his way out. When Annie comes home, she is surprised to find Dave's project: a small cardboard fort that is supposedly bigger on the inside. Dave, who communicates with Annie from the vents he added, tells her not to enter or destroy his project. When Annie shakes the exterior, she is confused by the abundance of noise and machinery she hears on the inside.
Annie calls Gordon, who comes to the same conclusion, and he, in turn, calls several of their friends over, including Leonard, Brynn, Greg, Jane and Harry, a filmmaker, along with his [boom operator](/wiki/Boom_operator_%28media%29 "Boom operator (media)") and [cameraman](/wiki/Camera_operator "Camera operator"). They also randomly bring over a [hobo](/wiki/Hobo "Hobo") (because he apparently "knows about cardboard") and two [Flemish](/wiki/Flemish_people "Flemish people") tourists. Leonard briefly leaves the apartment in disappointment when he learns they cannot enter. Harry tries to get a reaction out of Annie for a supposed documentary he is filming and upon realizing how much she truly cares about Dave, the whole group (minus the hobo) all enter the maze. Annie, Gordon, Harry and his crew stick together as they see first hand the true surreal and supernatural nature of the maze and travel from room to room where they realize that it houses living [origami](/wiki/Origami "Origami") birds and other creatures. Leonard later returns to the apartment and throughout the film is seen following close behind the group, while the Flemish tourists appear to simply be having a picnic in the maze.
Eventually, the main group run into Jane, who, after stepping on a lever, has her head chopped off by an ax (though instead of blood, her body squirts out red yarn and confetti). Greg and Brynn find themselves in some catacombs and Greg trips a wire and is impaled by a trap. Brynn meets up with Annie and the rest and when they return to Greg discover his body is missing. Based on the "paint can prints" Gordon deduces that a [Minotaur](/wiki/Minotaur "Minotaur") took his body away. Annie uses a [box cutter](/wiki/Utility_knife "Utility knife") to cut through the walls and realizes that the maze is alive. As the group jump through the wall, the Minotaur kills Brynn. The group run into Dave, who leads them to safety. Dave admits that he is not sure how the maze came to be how it is, but he knows that it is growing on its own and that it might be connected to his imagination. He insists that they finish the maze so that they can escape, even though he is not sure how. Dave also reveals that his hand is now made entirely of cardboard due to sticking it into an odd [vulva](/wiki/Vulva "Vulva")\-shaped hole.
After several other near\-deaths, the group realize that they need to attack the maze at its heart, which Dave neglected to make. They reach a strange cardboard puppet version of Brynn who keeps asking for [high fives](/wiki/High_five "High five"). They immediately realize it is a trap and Gordon, Harry and his crew keep it distracted by interviewing it while Dave and Annie go off to find the heart. After another surreal moment of clarity, Dave and Annie manage to make a heart resembling a [zoetrope](/wiki/Zoetrope "Zoetrope"). They cut through the wall which causes the maze to react. Gordon, Harry and the crew attempt to catch the fake Brynn which suddenly produces a giant demonic hand. The hand retreats, but the cameraman is dragged along with it. He tosses the bag of tapes to Harry before dying.
The group reunite as Gordon distracts the Minotaur by leading it away. He passes Leonard who is killed by cardboard saw blades. Dave, Annie, Harry and the boom operator set up the heart and using a [katana](/wiki/Katana "Katana"), slice the heart causing all the walls and the entire maze to fall. Everyone finds themselves back in the apartment and proceed to clean up all the cardboard. Harry tasks Gordon with telling the families of those who died and asks Dave what they should call the documentary. Dave sarcastically suggests *Dave Made a Maze*, despite Gordon's belief that it was a labyrinth. As Dave and Annie toss the last of the cardboard by the dumpster, they fail to notice the Minotaur climbing out along with an origami bird. The Minotaur walks away while throwing up an [ILY sign](/wiki/ILY_sign "ILY sign").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"While his girlfriend Annie is away for the weekend, 30\\-year\\-old Dave works fervently on his next big art project. Dave has a habit of not being able to finish anything, is apparently jobless and gets his income from his parents, whom he believes are tired of him. He finally has a breakthrough and begins to build something from the center and work his way out. When Annie comes home, she is surprised to find Dave's project: a small cardboard fort that is supposedly bigger on the inside. Dave, who communicates with Annie from the vents he added, tells her not to enter or destroy his project. When Annie shakes the exterior, she is confused by the abundance of noise and machinery she hears on the inside.",
"Annie calls Gordon, who comes to the same conclusion, and he, in turn, calls several of their friends over, including Leonard, Brynn, Greg, Jane and Harry, a filmmaker, along with his [boom operator](/wiki/Boom_operator_%28media%29 \"Boom operator (media)\") and [cameraman](/wiki/Camera_operator \"Camera operator\"). They also randomly bring over a [hobo](/wiki/Hobo \"Hobo\") (because he apparently \"knows about cardboard\") and two [Flemish](/wiki/Flemish_people \"Flemish people\") tourists. Leonard briefly leaves the apartment in disappointment when he learns they cannot enter. Harry tries to get a reaction out of Annie for a supposed documentary he is filming and upon realizing how much she truly cares about Dave, the whole group (minus the hobo) all enter the maze. Annie, Gordon, Harry and his crew stick together as they see first hand the true surreal and supernatural nature of the maze and travel from room to room where they realize that it houses living [origami](/wiki/Origami \"Origami\") birds and other creatures. Leonard later returns to the apartment and throughout the film is seen following close behind the group, while the Flemish tourists appear to simply be having a picnic in the maze.",
"Eventually, the main group run into Jane, who, after stepping on a lever, has her head chopped off by an ax (though instead of blood, her body squirts out red yarn and confetti). Greg and Brynn find themselves in some catacombs and Greg trips a wire and is impaled by a trap. Brynn meets up with Annie and the rest and when they return to Greg discover his body is missing. Based on the \"paint can prints\" Gordon deduces that a [Minotaur](/wiki/Minotaur \"Minotaur\") took his body away. Annie uses a [box cutter](/wiki/Utility_knife \"Utility knife\") to cut through the walls and realizes that the maze is alive. As the group jump through the wall, the Minotaur kills Brynn. The group run into Dave, who leads them to safety. Dave admits that he is not sure how the maze came to be how it is, but he knows that it is growing on its own and that it might be connected to his imagination. He insists that they finish the maze so that they can escape, even though he is not sure how. Dave also reveals that his hand is now made entirely of cardboard due to sticking it into an odd [vulva](/wiki/Vulva \"Vulva\")\\-shaped hole.",
"After several other near\\-deaths, the group realize that they need to attack the maze at its heart, which Dave neglected to make. They reach a strange cardboard puppet version of Brynn who keeps asking for [high fives](/wiki/High_five \"High five\"). They immediately realize it is a trap and Gordon, Harry and his crew keep it distracted by interviewing it while Dave and Annie go off to find the heart. After another surreal moment of clarity, Dave and Annie manage to make a heart resembling a [zoetrope](/wiki/Zoetrope \"Zoetrope\"). They cut through the wall which causes the maze to react. Gordon, Harry and the crew attempt to catch the fake Brynn which suddenly produces a giant demonic hand. The hand retreats, but the cameraman is dragged along with it. He tosses the bag of tapes to Harry before dying.",
"The group reunite as Gordon distracts the Minotaur by leading it away. He passes Leonard who is killed by cardboard saw blades. Dave, Annie, Harry and the boom operator set up the heart and using a [katana](/wiki/Katana \"Katana\"), slice the heart causing all the walls and the entire maze to fall. Everyone finds themselves back in the apartment and proceed to clean up all the cardboard. Harry tasks Gordon with telling the families of those who died and asks Dave what they should call the documentary. Dave sarcastically suggests *Dave Made a Maze*, despite Gordon's belief that it was a labyrinth. As Dave and Annie toss the last of the cardboard by the dumpster, they fail to notice the Minotaur climbing out along with an origami bird. The Minotaur walks away while throwing up an [ILY sign](/wiki/ILY_sign \"ILY sign\").",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
Born 9 December 1959 in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"), Jackson made his debut for Ireland in June 1981 against [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_cricket_team "Canada national cricket team"). The following month, he played against [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club "Middlesex County Cricket Club") and made his List A debut against [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club "Gloucestershire County Cricket Club") in the [NatWest Trophy](/wiki/Friends_Provident_Trophy "Friends Provident Trophy") and his first\-class debut against Scotland. He played three times in August that year, against the [MCC](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club "Marylebone Cricket Club") at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s "Lord's"), [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_cricket_team "Wales national cricket team") and [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club "Surrey County Cricket Club").
He played four times in 1982, starting with two matches against [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team "India national cricket team") in Belfast, followed by matches against Scotland and [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club "Warwickshire County Cricket Club"). He [bowled](/wiki/Bowler_%28cricket%29 "Bowler (cricket)") for the first time in 1983, against the MCC in August, the final game of a season that saw him play against [Worcestershire](/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club "Worcestershire County Cricket Club"), [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club "Sussex County Cricket Club"), Scotland, [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club "Gloucestershire County Cricket Club") and Wales.
The MCC were his first opponents the following year, 1984, followed by matches against the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team "West Indies cricket team"), Surrey, Wales and Scotland. He played four times for Ireland in 1985 before going on a tour to [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe") in January 1986 on which he took his only [wicket](/wiki/Wicket%23Dismissing_a_batsman "Wicket#Dismissing a batsman") for Ireland, against [Mashonaland](/wiki/Mashonaland "Mashonaland") Country Districts. He played several matches at home that year, twice each against [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team "India national cricket team") and [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club "Yorkshire County Cricket Club") followed by games against Wales, [Leicestershire](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club "Leicestershire County Cricket Club"), the MCC and Scotland.
Several matches were played in 1987, including two against [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team "Pakistan national cricket team"). He did not play against any [Test](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket")\-playing opposition in 1988 and 1989, though he did play several games for Ireland against various English [county](/wiki/County_cricket "County cricket") teams, the MCC and Scotland. [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team "New Zealand national cricket team") were his Test\-playing opponents in 1990, and he again toured Zimbabwe in March 1991\. He only played one match at home that year, however, against the West Indies.
His Ireland career was beginning to wind down at this point, though he did play some matches in 1992, against [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club "Middlesex County Cricket Club"), [Durham](/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club "Durham County Cricket Club"), an England amateur side and the MCC. He played just twice in 1993, his final first\-class match against Scotland and a NatWest Trophy match against Yorkshire. He played for Ireland in the [1994 ICC Trophy](/wiki/1994_ICC_Trophy "1994 ICC Trophy")[ICC Trophy matches played by Paul Jackson at Cricket Archive](http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/17/17689/ICC_Trophy_Matches.html) and in April that year played a [Benson \& Hedges Cup](/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges_Cup "Benson & Hedges Cup") match against Leicestershire, which was his last for Ireland.
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"Born 9 December 1959 in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\"), Jackson made his debut for Ireland in June 1981 against [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_cricket_team \"Canada national cricket team\"). The following month, he played against [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club \"Middlesex County Cricket Club\") and made his List A debut against [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Gloucestershire County Cricket Club\") in the [NatWest Trophy](/wiki/Friends_Provident_Trophy \"Friends Provident Trophy\") and his first\\-class debut against Scotland. He played three times in August that year, against the [MCC](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\") at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"), [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_cricket_team \"Wales national cricket team\") and [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club \"Surrey County Cricket Club\").",
"He played four times in 1982, starting with two matches against [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team \"India national cricket team\") in Belfast, followed by matches against Scotland and [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Warwickshire County Cricket Club\"). He [bowled](/wiki/Bowler_%28cricket%29 \"Bowler (cricket)\") for the first time in 1983, against the MCC in August, the final game of a season that saw him play against [Worcestershire](/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Worcestershire County Cricket Club\"), [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club \"Sussex County Cricket Club\"), Scotland, [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Gloucestershire County Cricket Club\") and Wales.",
"The MCC were his first opponents the following year, 1984, followed by matches against the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team \"West Indies cricket team\"), Surrey, Wales and Scotland. He played four times for Ireland in 1985 before going on a tour to [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\") in January 1986 on which he took his only [wicket](/wiki/Wicket%23Dismissing_a_batsman \"Wicket#Dismissing a batsman\") for Ireland, against [Mashonaland](/wiki/Mashonaland \"Mashonaland\") Country Districts. He played several matches at home that year, twice each against [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team \"India national cricket team\") and [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") followed by games against Wales, [Leicestershire](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Leicestershire County Cricket Club\"), the MCC and Scotland.",
"Several matches were played in 1987, including two against [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team \"Pakistan national cricket team\"). He did not play against any [Test](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\")\\-playing opposition in 1988 and 1989, though he did play several games for Ireland against various English [county](/wiki/County_cricket \"County cricket\") teams, the MCC and Scotland. [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team \"New Zealand national cricket team\") were his Test\\-playing opponents in 1990, and he again toured Zimbabwe in March 1991\\. He only played one match at home that year, however, against the West Indies.",
"His Ireland career was beginning to wind down at this point, though he did play some matches in 1992, against [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club \"Middlesex County Cricket Club\"), [Durham](/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club \"Durham County Cricket Club\"), an England amateur side and the MCC. He played just twice in 1993, his final first\\-class match against Scotland and a NatWest Trophy match against Yorkshire. He played for Ireland in the [1994 ICC Trophy](/wiki/1994_ICC_Trophy \"1994 ICC Trophy\")[ICC Trophy matches played by Paul Jackson at Cricket Archive](http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/17/17689/ICC_Trophy_Matches.html) and in April that year played a [Benson \\& Hedges Cup](/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges_Cup \"Benson & Hedges Cup\") match against Leicestershire, which was his last for Ireland.",
""
] |
Imprisonment and accusation
---------------------------
On 8 November 2011, Zschäpe tried to turn herself in to the police by a phone call, when she introduced herself by saying, "Hello, this is Beate Zschäpe". She said that she was the person they had been looking for and that she was the reason why the whole city had been closed off. However, the policeman who had answered the call did not recognize her and said he did not know anything about such a case. A few hours later, Zschäpe herself arrived with her lawyer at the police station in Jena.[*Guten Tag, hier ist Beate Zschäpe": Polizist erkennt Rechtsterroristin nicht*](http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/panorama/Guten-Tag-hier-ist-Beate-Zschaepe-Polizist-erkennt-Rechtsterroristin-nicht-id18428271.html), *[Augsburger Allgemeine](/wiki/Augsburger_Allgemeine "Augsburger Allgemeine")* 23 January 2012 Since 8 November 2011, she has been held in [custody](/wiki/Detention_%28imprisonment%29 "Detention (imprisonment)"). On 11 November 2011, the Office of the [Attorney General of Germany](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany "Attorney General of Germany") began investigating Zschäpe's then alleged membership of a terrorist unit.[*Press release 35/2011*](http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid=417) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705131017/http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid\=417 \|date\=5 July 2017 }}, [Attorney General of Germany](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany "Attorney General of Germany"), 11 November 2011\.
On 8 November 2012, one year after the series of murders became known, the Office of the Attorney General pressed charges against Zschäpe and four alleged supporters. As a founding member of the NSU, she was accused of having taken part in the murders of eight fellow citizens of Turkish origin and one fellow citizen of Greek origin, in the murderous attack on two police officers in [Heilbronn](/wiki/Heilbronn "Heilbronn"), as well as in the attempted murders by bomb attacks of the NSU in the [historic district of Cologne](/wiki/Innenstadt%2C_Cologne "Innenstadt, Cologne") and in [Cologne\-Mülheim](/wiki/M%C3%BClheim%2C_Cologne "Mülheim, Cologne").[*Press release 32/2012*](http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid=460) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135654/http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid\=460 \|date\=13 September 2017 }} [Attorney General of Germany](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany "Attorney General of Germany"), 8 November 2012\.
According to the charges, the NSU was a group of three members with equal rights who committed their crimes after having coordinated their division of labour. In this process, Zschäpe is said to have had the indispensable task of giving the existence of such a terrorist unit the appearance of normality and legality by, among other things, maintaining an inconspicuous facade at their respective places of residence and by securing their joint flat as a safe haven and headquarters for their actions. In addition, she is said to have been "significantly responsible for the logistics of the group".{{citation needed\|date\=July 2018}}
In a fingerprint analysis, evidence of Zschäpe's DNA is said to have been found on newspaper articles about the bomb attack in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") and the murder of Habil Kilic. In addition, Zschäpe is accused of having set the apartment in [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau "Zwickau") on fire, hereby having rendered herself liable for prosecution for the attempted murder of a neighbour and two craftsmen as well as for particularly serious arson.[*Sie hatte die Jungs im Griff*](https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/zschaepeportraet100.html), [Tagesschau](/wiki/Tagesschau_%28Germany%29 "Tagesschau (Germany)"), 8 November 2012\.
The department of public prosecution in Zwickau also investigated her because [child pornography](/wiki/Child_pornography "Child pornography") had been found on her computer. However, this investigation was said to have been closed, since the penalty for this would be of "no significant weight" in comparison to the penalty for the actions of which she had already been accused.["Besitz von Kinderpornografie: Staatsanwaltschaft ermittelte gegen Zschäpe"](http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/kinderpornografie-staatsanwaltschaft-ermittelte-gegen-beate-zschaepe-a-882951.html), *[Spiegel Online Panorama](/wiki/Spiegel_Online "Spiegel Online")*, 12 February 2013\.
In February 2013, 60\-year\-old Annerose Zschäpe told *[Focus](/wiki/Focus_%28German_magazine%29 "Focus (German magazine)")* that she thought her daughter was being prejudged and that her position was not being considered objectively. She said that part of a statement she had made to police was misrepresented in the press or taken out of context. She said there was a lot she would like to see put straight, but she did not want to say more before the trial commenced.[*Meine Tochter ist vorverurteilt*](http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/nazi-terror/meine-tochter-ist-vorverurteilt-beate-zschaepes-mutter-macht-polizei-und-justiz-vorwuerfe_aid_911603.html) *[Focus](/wiki/Focus_%28German_magazine%29 "Focus (German magazine)")*, 3 February 2013\.
|
[
"Imprisonment and accusation\n---------------------------",
"On 8 November 2011, Zschäpe tried to turn herself in to the police by a phone call, when she introduced herself by saying, \"Hello, this is Beate Zschäpe\". She said that she was the person they had been looking for and that she was the reason why the whole city had been closed off. However, the policeman who had answered the call did not recognize her and said he did not know anything about such a case. A few hours later, Zschäpe herself arrived with her lawyer at the police station in Jena.[*Guten Tag, hier ist Beate Zschäpe\": Polizist erkennt Rechtsterroristin nicht*](http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/panorama/Guten-Tag-hier-ist-Beate-Zschaepe-Polizist-erkennt-Rechtsterroristin-nicht-id18428271.html), *[Augsburger Allgemeine](/wiki/Augsburger_Allgemeine \"Augsburger Allgemeine\")* 23 January 2012 Since 8 November 2011, she has been held in [custody](/wiki/Detention_%28imprisonment%29 \"Detention (imprisonment)\"). On 11 November 2011, the Office of the [Attorney General of Germany](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany \"Attorney General of Germany\") began investigating Zschäpe's then alleged membership of a terrorist unit.[*Press release 35/2011*](http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid=417) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705131017/http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid\\=417 \\|date\\=5 July 2017 }}, [Attorney General of Germany](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany \"Attorney General of Germany\"), 11 November 2011\\.",
"On 8 November 2012, one year after the series of murders became known, the Office of the Attorney General pressed charges against Zschäpe and four alleged supporters. As a founding member of the NSU, she was accused of having taken part in the murders of eight fellow citizens of Turkish origin and one fellow citizen of Greek origin, in the murderous attack on two police officers in [Heilbronn](/wiki/Heilbronn \"Heilbronn\"), as well as in the attempted murders by bomb attacks of the NSU in the [historic district of Cologne](/wiki/Innenstadt%2C_Cologne \"Innenstadt, Cologne\") and in [Cologne\\-Mülheim](/wiki/M%C3%BClheim%2C_Cologne \"Mülheim, Cologne\").[*Press release 32/2012*](http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid=460) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135654/http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid\\=460 \\|date\\=13 September 2017 }} [Attorney General of Germany](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany \"Attorney General of Germany\"), 8 November 2012\\.",
"According to the charges, the NSU was a group of three members with equal rights who committed their crimes after having coordinated their division of labour. In this process, Zschäpe is said to have had the indispensable task of giving the existence of such a terrorist unit the appearance of normality and legality by, among other things, maintaining an inconspicuous facade at their respective places of residence and by securing their joint flat as a safe haven and headquarters for their actions. In addition, she is said to have been \"significantly responsible for the logistics of the group\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2018}}",
"In a fingerprint analysis, evidence of Zschäpe's DNA is said to have been found on newspaper articles about the bomb attack in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") and the murder of Habil Kilic. In addition, Zschäpe is accused of having set the apartment in [Zwickau](/wiki/Zwickau \"Zwickau\") on fire, hereby having rendered herself liable for prosecution for the attempted murder of a neighbour and two craftsmen as well as for particularly serious arson.[*Sie hatte die Jungs im Griff*](https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/zschaepeportraet100.html), [Tagesschau](/wiki/Tagesschau_%28Germany%29 \"Tagesschau (Germany)\"), 8 November 2012\\.",
"The department of public prosecution in Zwickau also investigated her because [child pornography](/wiki/Child_pornography \"Child pornography\") had been found on her computer. However, this investigation was said to have been closed, since the penalty for this would be of \"no significant weight\" in comparison to the penalty for the actions of which she had already been accused.[\"Besitz von Kinderpornografie: Staatsanwaltschaft ermittelte gegen Zschäpe\"](http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/kinderpornografie-staatsanwaltschaft-ermittelte-gegen-beate-zschaepe-a-882951.html), *[Spiegel Online Panorama](/wiki/Spiegel_Online \"Spiegel Online\")*, 12 February 2013\\.",
"In February 2013, 60\\-year\\-old Annerose Zschäpe told *[Focus](/wiki/Focus_%28German_magazine%29 \"Focus (German magazine)\")* that she thought her daughter was being prejudged and that her position was not being considered objectively. She said that part of a statement she had made to police was misrepresented in the press or taken out of context. She said there was a lot she would like to see put straight, but she did not want to say more before the trial commenced.[*Meine Tochter ist vorverurteilt*](http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/nazi-terror/meine-tochter-ist-vorverurteilt-beate-zschaepes-mutter-macht-polizei-und-justiz-vorwuerfe_aid_911603.html) *[Focus](/wiki/Focus_%28German_magazine%29 \"Focus (German magazine)\")*, 3 February 2013\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
At the age of 17, his talent was later spotted by police officers who later invited Abdul Ghani to play with the Police Depot Football Team in the Selangor League.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the\-star\-malaysia/20120929/284283887272759\|title\= Goalscorer Supreme\|via\=\[\[PressReader]]\|accessdate\=29 September 2012}} He was asked to play in the left wing position, even though he was right footed. He used this opportunity to develop his left footed skill.
In 1955, Abdul Ghani was chosen to play with [Selangor FA](/wiki/Selangor_FA "Selangor FA") in their attempt to win the [HMS Malaya Cup](/wiki/Malaysia_Cup "Malaysia Cup") for the first time in 6 years. Selangor faced [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore_Lions "Singapore Lions") in the 1956 Malaya Cup final.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay56\.html\|title\=Malaysia 1956\|website\=www.rsssf.org}} Abdul Ghani helped Selangor beat Singapore 2–1 by scoring a goal in Selangor's victory. His performance was praised by his teammates. Shortly after the match, he was called up by national coach, Neoh Boon Hean to represent the [Malaya national team](/wiki/Malaysia_national_football_team "Malaysia national football team") in a friendly against [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team "Cambodia national football team").
Abdul Ghani continued to play for [Selangor](/wiki/Selangor_FA "Selangor FA") over the years and Selangor was considered the best club in Malaya with the name The Red Giants. Abdul Ghani, alongside [M. Chandran](/wiki/M._Chandran_%28Malaysian_footballer%29 "M. Chandran (Malaysian footballer)"), Stanley Gabrielle, Robert Choe and Arthur Koh, Selangor was a very powerful and feared team across [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") and Singapore.
One of his most invaluable experiences was being sent on attachments to gain experiences and undergo better training to several clubs in England ([West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C."), [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."), [Spurs](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.")), Wales ([Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C.")) and Germany ([Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt "Eintracht Frankfurt")) in 1962\.
In 1967, Abdul Ghani helped Selangor to qualify the first ever [1967 Asian Club Championship](/wiki/1967_Asian_Club_Championship "1967 Asian Club Championship"). They managed to go in the finals after beating [Tungsten Mining FC](/wiki/Daehan_Tungsten_FC "Daehan Tungsten FC") of [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"). The Israeli club [Hapoel Tel Aviv](/wiki/Hapoel_Tel_Aviv_F.C. "Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.") manage to overcome Selangor by beating Abdul Ghani side 2–1 in [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup67\.html\#cc\|title\=Asian Club Competitions 1967\|website\=www.rsssf.org}} However, Selangor was praised by the [Football Association of Malaysia](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Malaysia "Football Association of Malaysia") by being the first team to qualify the finals in the [Asian Club Championship](/wiki/AFC_Champions_League "AFC Champions League").
Abdul Ghani officially retired in 1968 with the [1968 Malaysia Cup](/wiki/Malaysia_Cup "Malaysia Cup") final being Abdul Ghani's last match in football.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.isportsasia.com/ghani\-minhat\-raja\-bola\-malaya/\|title\=GHANI MINHAT: RAJA BOLA MALAYA\|language\=Malay\|publisher\=i sports Asia\|accessdate\=22 December 2022\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222063202/https://www.isportsasia.com/ghani\-minhat\-raja\-bola\-malaya/\|archivedate\=22 December 2022\|url\-status\=dead}} Selangor won with a big margin 8–1\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay68\.html\|title\=Malaysia 1968\|website\=www.rsssf.org}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"At the age of 17, his talent was later spotted by police officers who later invited Abdul Ghani to play with the Police Depot Football Team in the Selangor League.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the\\-star\\-malaysia/20120929/284283887272759\\|title\\= Goalscorer Supreme\\|via\\=\\[\\[PressReader]]\\|accessdate\\=29 September 2012}} He was asked to play in the left wing position, even though he was right footed. He used this opportunity to develop his left footed skill.",
"In 1955, Abdul Ghani was chosen to play with [Selangor FA](/wiki/Selangor_FA \"Selangor FA\") in their attempt to win the [HMS Malaya Cup](/wiki/Malaysia_Cup \"Malaysia Cup\") for the first time in 6 years. Selangor faced [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore_Lions \"Singapore Lions\") in the 1956 Malaya Cup final.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay56\\.html\\|title\\=Malaysia 1956\\|website\\=www.rsssf.org}} Abdul Ghani helped Selangor beat Singapore 2–1 by scoring a goal in Selangor's victory. His performance was praised by his teammates. Shortly after the match, he was called up by national coach, Neoh Boon Hean to represent the [Malaya national team](/wiki/Malaysia_national_football_team \"Malaysia national football team\") in a friendly against [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team \"Cambodia national football team\").",
"Abdul Ghani continued to play for [Selangor](/wiki/Selangor_FA \"Selangor FA\") over the years and Selangor was considered the best club in Malaya with the name The Red Giants. Abdul Ghani, alongside [M. Chandran](/wiki/M._Chandran_%28Malaysian_footballer%29 \"M. Chandran (Malaysian footballer)\"), Stanley Gabrielle, Robert Choe and Arthur Koh, Selangor was a very powerful and feared team across [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") and Singapore.",
"One of his most invaluable experiences was being sent on attachments to gain experiences and undergo better training to several clubs in England ([West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\"), [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), [Spurs](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\")), Wales ([Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\")) and Germany ([Eintracht Frankfurt](/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt \"Eintracht Frankfurt\")) in 1962\\.",
"In 1967, Abdul Ghani helped Selangor to qualify the first ever [1967 Asian Club Championship](/wiki/1967_Asian_Club_Championship \"1967 Asian Club Championship\"). They managed to go in the finals after beating [Tungsten Mining FC](/wiki/Daehan_Tungsten_FC \"Daehan Tungsten FC\") of [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"). The Israeli club [Hapoel Tel Aviv](/wiki/Hapoel_Tel_Aviv_F.C. \"Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.\") manage to overcome Selangor by beating Abdul Ghani side 2–1 in [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup67\\.html\\#cc\\|title\\=Asian Club Competitions 1967\\|website\\=www.rsssf.org}} However, Selangor was praised by the [Football Association of Malaysia](/wiki/Football_Association_of_Malaysia \"Football Association of Malaysia\") by being the first team to qualify the finals in the [Asian Club Championship](/wiki/AFC_Champions_League \"AFC Champions League\").",
"Abdul Ghani officially retired in 1968 with the [1968 Malaysia Cup](/wiki/Malaysia_Cup \"Malaysia Cup\") final being Abdul Ghani's last match in football.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.isportsasia.com/ghani\\-minhat\\-raja\\-bola\\-malaya/\\|title\\=GHANI MINHAT: RAJA BOLA MALAYA\\|language\\=Malay\\|publisher\\=i sports Asia\\|accessdate\\=22 December 2022\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222063202/https://www.isportsasia.com/ghani\\-minhat\\-raja\\-bola\\-malaya/\\|archivedate\\=22 December 2022\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Selangor won with a big margin 8–1\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay68\\.html\\|title\\=Malaysia 1968\\|website\\=www.rsssf.org}}",
""
] |
Application
-----------
Project Naptha can be used on a few applications, enabling users to copy texts from any images displayed in the browser. This includes comics, photos, [screenshots](/wiki/Screenshot "Screenshot"), images with text overlays such as internet memes, animated [GIFS](/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format "Graphics Interchange Format"), scans, diagrams with labels, and translations.{{cite web\|title\=Project Naptha\|url\=https://projectnaptha.com\|website\=Project Naptha\|access\-date\=7 April 2015}}
### Comics
In October 2013, the first [prototype](/wiki/Prototype "Prototype") for the extension for comics was released. The need for an extension for comic was due to the use of comic fonts, which are more casual and informal. Characters are often placed closely together as if they are connected and if one tries to copy and paste text from a comic, the copied text will usually appear to be jumbled up and unclear.
### Photos
The [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") used by Project Naptha for photos is the Stroke Width Transform, which was specially designed for detecting text in natural scenes and photographs. This is because photographs are generally tougher and more technically challenging to copy texts from as compared to most regular images.
### Screenshots
For Screenshots, Project Naptha transforms [static](/wiki/wikt:Static "Static") screenshots into something more similar to an interactive snapshot of the computer as it was when the screen was captured. The cursor changes when hovering over different parts, and blocks of text become selectable.
### Editing Text on Images
Project Naptha allows one to erase and edit texts on an image by using the translation technology. This translation technology essentially makes use of “[Inpainting](/wiki/Inpainting "Inpainting")”.
During the changing of a text, it uses the same trick that [translation](/wiki/Translation "Translation") uses. The Translate menu includes the capability to translate in\-image text to many other different languages such as English, Spanish, Russian, French, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Japanese, or German.
|
[
"Application\n-----------",
"Project Naptha can be used on a few applications, enabling users to copy texts from any images displayed in the browser. This includes comics, photos, [screenshots](/wiki/Screenshot \"Screenshot\"), images with text overlays such as internet memes, animated [GIFS](/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format \"Graphics Interchange Format\"), scans, diagrams with labels, and translations.{{cite web\\|title\\=Project Naptha\\|url\\=https://projectnaptha.com\\|website\\=Project Naptha\\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2015}}",
"### Comics",
"In October 2013, the first [prototype](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\") for the extension for comics was released. The need for an extension for comic was due to the use of comic fonts, which are more casual and informal. Characters are often placed closely together as if they are connected and if one tries to copy and paste text from a comic, the copied text will usually appear to be jumbled up and unclear.",
"### Photos",
"The [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm \"Algorithm\") used by Project Naptha for photos is the Stroke Width Transform, which was specially designed for detecting text in natural scenes and photographs. This is because photographs are generally tougher and more technically challenging to copy texts from as compared to most regular images.",
"### Screenshots",
"For Screenshots, Project Naptha transforms [static](/wiki/wikt:Static \"Static\") screenshots into something more similar to an interactive snapshot of the computer as it was when the screen was captured. The cursor changes when hovering over different parts, and blocks of text become selectable.",
"### Editing Text on Images",
"Project Naptha allows one to erase and edit texts on an image by using the translation technology. This translation technology essentially makes use of “[Inpainting](/wiki/Inpainting \"Inpainting\")”.",
"During the changing of a text, it uses the same trick that [translation](/wiki/Translation \"Translation\") uses. The Translate menu includes the capability to translate in\\-image text to many other different languages such as English, Spanish, Russian, French, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Japanese, or German.",
""
] |
Technical Limitations
---------------------
There are a few technical difficulties that Project Naptha still faces despite the constant improvements made to the software.
The [language\-agnostic](/wiki/Language-independent_specification "Language-independent specification") nature of Project Naptha's underlying Stroke Width Transform algorithm allows it detect the little squiggles as text. Despite it being a plus point since it is capable of detecting minor details, it can also end up to be seen as a bug by detecting and including too many unwanted details.
When the colours of the texts and background of an image are similar, it becomes challenging for words to be detected, as words become less distinctive from the image. This creates inaccuracies in the detection and copying of texts.
Due to character segmentation, handwritings are especially tough for detection. The characters in handwritings are often written too close to each other, making it difficult to segment the characters or to separate the letters apart. Hence, copying texts from these types of sources will result in high [inaccuracy](/wiki/Inaccuracy "Inaccuracy") and with [jumbled](/wiki/Jumble "Jumble") letters.
As part of an improvement feature, Project Naptha started work on it and enabling it to support rotated text. However, this function is only limited only up to about 30 degrees. Any text with rotation of more than 30 degrees may become incapable of being copied or translated.
For techniques that make use of inpainting, present loopholes to it is that images may hardly be a substitute for the original and can leave marks of it being edited. It will however, look as though the words have been flawlessly removed from the image from a distance away.
|
[
"Technical Limitations\n---------------------",
"There are a few technical difficulties that Project Naptha still faces despite the constant improvements made to the software.",
"The [language\\-agnostic](/wiki/Language-independent_specification \"Language-independent specification\") nature of Project Naptha's underlying Stroke Width Transform algorithm allows it detect the little squiggles as text. Despite it being a plus point since it is capable of detecting minor details, it can also end up to be seen as a bug by detecting and including too many unwanted details.",
"When the colours of the texts and background of an image are similar, it becomes challenging for words to be detected, as words become less distinctive from the image. This creates inaccuracies in the detection and copying of texts.",
"Due to character segmentation, handwritings are especially tough for detection. The characters in handwritings are often written too close to each other, making it difficult to segment the characters or to separate the letters apart. Hence, copying texts from these types of sources will result in high [inaccuracy](/wiki/Inaccuracy \"Inaccuracy\") and with [jumbled](/wiki/Jumble \"Jumble\") letters.",
"As part of an improvement feature, Project Naptha started work on it and enabling it to support rotated text. However, this function is only limited only up to about 30 degrees. Any text with rotation of more than 30 degrees may become incapable of being copied or translated.",
"For techniques that make use of inpainting, present loopholes to it is that images may hardly be a substitute for the original and can leave marks of it being edited. It will however, look as though the words have been flawlessly removed from the image from a distance away.",
""
] |
Security
--------
### Security Concerns
For any other software that is used on sites, one of the greatest concerns is due to issues arising regarding the balance between user experience and [privacy](/wiki/Privacy "Privacy"). It is understood that the developers of Project Naptha are doing their best in attempting to allow the processing on the client side (i.e., within the browser). However, as text selected by users for extraction from the image are being processed in the cloud. This means that in order to achieve higher [translation](/wiki/Translation "Translation") accuracy, there is still a need to rely on greater cloud processing and hence compromising on privacy.
There is a [default](/wiki/Default_%28computer_science%29 "Default (computer science)") setting which helps to strike a delicate balance between having all the functionality made available and respecting user privacy. By default, when users begin selecting a text, a secure [HTTPS](/wiki/HTTPS "HTTPS") request is sent. This is only contains the URL of the specific image and nothing else – no [User Tokens](/wiki/Access_token "Access token"), no Website Information, no [Cookies](/wiki/HTTP_Cookie "HTTP Cookie") or analytics and the requests are not logged. The server responds with a list of existing translations and OCR languages that have been done. This allows you to recognize text from an image with much more accuracy than otherwise possible.
Depending on the preference of the users, this default function can be disabled by checking on the “Disable Lookup” item under the Options Menu.
### Privacy
When installed, Project Naptha requires the permissions and sweeping access to user's information. This informations would be requested in the installation dialog. In order to allow for the interaction with all images, it requires the permission from the user for the software to read all images from all sites. On another hand, if the user does not want to allow access for Project Naptha to all images on all sides, they can also disable this function under the installation dialog. In this case, Project Naptha will be operating at a very low level of access, and is ideally the kind of functionality that gets built into browsers and operating systems natively.
The extension is almost entirely written in client side [JavaScript](/wiki/JavaScript "JavaScript"), allowing the extension to function without an access to a remote server. However a point to take note is that an online translation running offline is contradicting and the inadequate access to a cached OCR service running in the cloud would mean a compromise and reduction in performance and lower [transcription](/wiki/Transcription_%28linguistics%29 "Transcription (linguistics)") accuracy.
Lastly due to scalability issues, the translation feature is currently in limited rollout. The online OCR services has per\-user metering, hence requires a [unique identifier token](/wiki/Session_ID "Session ID"). This token is completely anonymous and is not linked with any [personally identifiable information](/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information "Personally identifiable information").
|
[
"Security\n--------",
"### Security Concerns",
"For any other software that is used on sites, one of the greatest concerns is due to issues arising regarding the balance between user experience and [privacy](/wiki/Privacy \"Privacy\"). It is understood that the developers of Project Naptha are doing their best in attempting to allow the processing on the client side (i.e., within the browser). However, as text selected by users for extraction from the image are being processed in the cloud. This means that in order to achieve higher [translation](/wiki/Translation \"Translation\") accuracy, there is still a need to rely on greater cloud processing and hence compromising on privacy.",
"There is a [default](/wiki/Default_%28computer_science%29 \"Default (computer science)\") setting which helps to strike a delicate balance between having all the functionality made available and respecting user privacy. By default, when users begin selecting a text, a secure [HTTPS](/wiki/HTTPS \"HTTPS\") request is sent. This is only contains the URL of the specific image and nothing else – no [User Tokens](/wiki/Access_token \"Access token\"), no Website Information, no [Cookies](/wiki/HTTP_Cookie \"HTTP Cookie\") or analytics and the requests are not logged. The server responds with a list of existing translations and OCR languages that have been done. This allows you to recognize text from an image with much more accuracy than otherwise possible.",
"Depending on the preference of the users, this default function can be disabled by checking on the “Disable Lookup” item under the Options Menu.",
"### Privacy",
"When installed, Project Naptha requires the permissions and sweeping access to user's information. This informations would be requested in the installation dialog. In order to allow for the interaction with all images, it requires the permission from the user for the software to read all images from all sites. On another hand, if the user does not want to allow access for Project Naptha to all images on all sides, they can also disable this function under the installation dialog. In this case, Project Naptha will be operating at a very low level of access, and is ideally the kind of functionality that gets built into browsers and operating systems natively.",
"The extension is almost entirely written in client side [JavaScript](/wiki/JavaScript \"JavaScript\"), allowing the extension to function without an access to a remote server. However a point to take note is that an online translation running offline is contradicting and the inadequate access to a cached OCR service running in the cloud would mean a compromise and reduction in performance and lower [transcription](/wiki/Transcription_%28linguistics%29 \"Transcription (linguistics)\") accuracy.",
"Lastly due to scalability issues, the translation feature is currently in limited rollout. The online OCR services has per\\-user metering, hence requires a [unique identifier token](/wiki/Session_ID \"Session ID\"). This token is completely anonymous and is not linked with any [personally identifiable information](/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information \"Personally identifiable information\").",
""
] |
Species
-------
### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *africanus*
The species was originally named *Canis africanus* (Pohle 1928\) but was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *africanus*. It existed during the [Late Pliocene](/wiki/Late_Pliocene "Late Pliocene") and [Early Pleistocene](/wiki/Early_Pleistocene "Early Pleistocene") of Africa.
### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *antonii*
The species was originally named *Canis antonii* (Zdansky 1924\) but was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *antonii*. It existed during the late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Asia. The name was applied to Late Pliocene fossils of canids with hypercarnivorous dentition that were found in China at the sites Loc. 33 ([Yangshao](/wiki/Yangshao%2C_Mianchi "Yangshao, Mianchi"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan")), Loc. 64 ([Zhili](/wiki/Zhili "Zhili") Province) and [Fancun](/wiki/Fancun%2C_Hejin "Fancun, Hejin"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi") Province. The species was recorded in Europe as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *falconeri*.
### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *falconeri*
[thumb\|*Canis (Xenocyon) falconeri* mandible](/wiki/File:Xenocyon_falconeri_2.JPG "Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG")
Upper [Valdarno](/wiki/Valdarno "Valdarno") is the name given to that part of the [Arno](/wiki/Arno "Arno") valley situated in the provinces of [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") and [Arezzo](/wiki/Arezzo "Arezzo"), Italy. The region is bounded by the [Pratomagno](/wiki/Pratomagno "Pratomagno") mountain range to the north and east and by the Chianti mountains to the south and west. The Upper Valdarno Basin has provided the remains of three fossil canid species dated to the Late [Villafranchian](/wiki/Villafranchian "Villafranchian") era of Europe 1\.9\-1\.8 million years ago that arrived with a faunal turnover around that time ([Early Pleistocene](/wiki/Early_Pleistocene "Early Pleistocene")). It is here that the Swiss paleontologist [Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major](/wiki/Charles_Immanuel_Forsyth_Major "Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major") discovered Falconer's wolf (*Canis falconeri*) (Forsyth Major 1877\). The species was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *falconeri*, but was later regarded as the European arrival of *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *antonii*. The species gave rise to *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycanoides*.
### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycaonoides*
[thumb\|left\|Life restoration](/wiki/File:Bartolini-Lucenti%2C_S.%2C_Madurell-Malapeira%2C_J.%2C_Mart%C3%ADnez-Navarro%2C_B._et_al._%282021%29_fig._4_Xenocyon_lycaonoides.png "Bartolini-Lucenti, S., Madurell-Malapeira, J., Martínez-Navarro, B. et al. (2021) fig. 4 Xenocyon lycaonoides.png")
The species was originally named *Xenocyon lycaonoides* (Kretzoi 1938\) but was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycanoides*.
Another view is that *lycaonoides* and *falconeri* should be classified under genus *Lycaon*, to give the descent of 3 chronospecies: *L. falconeri* Late Pliocene of Eurasia → *L. lycaonoides* Early Pleistocene
and the beginning of the [Middle Pleistocene](/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene "Middle Pleistocene") of Eurasia and Africa → *L. pictus* Middle Pleistocene to the present day.
The diversity of the wolf\-sized species decreased by the end of the Early Pleistocene and into the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. These wolves include the large hypercarnivorous *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycaonoides* that was comparable in size with the modern gray wolf (*C. lupus*) northern populations and the small Mosbach wolf (*[C. mosbachensis](/wiki/Canis_mosbachensis "Canis mosbachensis")*) that is comparable in size to the modern [Indian wolf](/wiki/Indian_wolf "Indian wolf") (*C. l. pallipes*). Both types of wolves could be found existing from England and Greece across Europe to the high latitudes of Siberia through to Transbaikalia, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and China. Remains of both canid species are also found in [Ubeidiya](/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site "Ubeidiya prehistoric site"), in the southern Levant.{{Cite journal \|last\=Martínez\-Navarro \|first\=Bienvenido \|last2\=Belmaker \|first2\=Miriam \|last3\=Bar\-Yosef \|first3\=Ofer \|date\=May 2009 \|title\=The large carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications \|url\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248409000256 \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Human Evolution]] \|language\=en \|volume\=56 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=514–524 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jhevol.2009\.02\.004 \|access\-date\=23 March 2024 \|via\=Elsevier Science Direct}} The true gray wolves did not make an appearance until the end of the Middle Pleistocene, 500\-300 thousand years ago.
Fossil evidence to dated 1\.8 million years ago from [Dmanisi](/wiki/Dmanisi "Dmanisi"), Georgia in the southern Caucasus suggests that they were cooperative hunters which cared for their sick, injured and disabled pack members similar to the modern grey wolf.{{cite journal\|doi\=10\.1038/s41598\-021\-92818\-4\|title\=The early hunting dog from Dmanisi with comments on the social behaviour in Canidae and hominins\|year\=2021\|last1\=Bartolini\-Lucenti\|first1\=Saverio\|last2\=Madurell\-Malapeira\|first2\=Joan\|last3\=Martínez\-Navarro\|first3\=Bienvenido\|last4\=Palmqvist\|first4\=Paul\|last5\=Lordkipanidze\|first5\=David\|last6\=Rook\|first6\=Lorenzo\|journal\=Scientific Reports\|volume\=11\|issue\=1\|page\=13501\|pmid\=34326360\|pmc\=8322302\|bibcode\=2021NatSR..1113501B }}
It preyed on [antelope](/wiki/Antelope "Antelope"), [deer](/wiki/Deer "Deer"), [elephant](/wiki/Elephant "Elephant") calves, [aurochs](/wiki/Aurochs "Aurochs"), [baboons](/wiki/Baboon "Baboon"), [wild horses](/wiki/Wild_horse "Wild horse") and possibly [humans](/wiki/Human "Human"). It was probably the ancestor of the [African wild dog](/wiki/African_wild_dog "African wild dog") (*Lycaon pictus*) and possibly the [dhole](/wiki/Dhole "Dhole") (*Cuon alpinus*) of southeastern Asia, the extinct [Sardinian dhole](/wiki/Sardinian_dhole "Sardinian dhole") (*Cynotherium sardous*) and perhaps two extinct Javanese dogs (Merriam's dog (*[Megacyon merriami](/wiki/Megacyon_merriami "Megacyon merriami")*) and the Trinil dog (*[Mececyon trinilensis](/wiki/Mececyon_trinilensis "Mececyon trinilensis")*)).
Just before the appearance of the [dire wolf](/wiki/Dire_wolf "Dire wolf") (*Aenocyon dirus*), North America was invaded by the genus *Xenocyon*, which was as large as *A. dirus* and more hypercarnivorous. The fossil record shows them as rare and it is assumed that they could not compete with the newly derived *A. dirus*. These have been ascribed to *Xenocyon lycaonoides*, with *Xenocyon texanus* from as far south as Texas as its [taxonomic synonym](/wiki/Taxonomic_synonym "Taxonomic synonym").
|
[
"Species\n-------",
"### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *africanus*",
"The species was originally named *Canis africanus* (Pohle 1928\\) but was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *africanus*. It existed during the [Late Pliocene](/wiki/Late_Pliocene \"Late Pliocene\") and [Early Pleistocene](/wiki/Early_Pleistocene \"Early Pleistocene\") of Africa.",
"### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *antonii*",
"The species was originally named *Canis antonii* (Zdansky 1924\\) but was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *antonii*. It existed during the late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Asia. The name was applied to Late Pliocene fossils of canids with hypercarnivorous dentition that were found in China at the sites Loc. 33 ([Yangshao](/wiki/Yangshao%2C_Mianchi \"Yangshao, Mianchi\"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\")), Loc. 64 ([Zhili](/wiki/Zhili \"Zhili\") Province) and [Fancun](/wiki/Fancun%2C_Hejin \"Fancun, Hejin\"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\") Province. The species was recorded in Europe as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *falconeri*.",
"### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *falconeri*",
"[thumb\\|*Canis (Xenocyon) falconeri* mandible](/wiki/File:Xenocyon_falconeri_2.JPG \"Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG\")\nUpper [Valdarno](/wiki/Valdarno \"Valdarno\") is the name given to that part of the [Arno](/wiki/Arno \"Arno\") valley situated in the provinces of [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") and [Arezzo](/wiki/Arezzo \"Arezzo\"), Italy. The region is bounded by the [Pratomagno](/wiki/Pratomagno \"Pratomagno\") mountain range to the north and east and by the Chianti mountains to the south and west. The Upper Valdarno Basin has provided the remains of three fossil canid species dated to the Late [Villafranchian](/wiki/Villafranchian \"Villafranchian\") era of Europe 1\\.9\\-1\\.8 million years ago that arrived with a faunal turnover around that time ([Early Pleistocene](/wiki/Early_Pleistocene \"Early Pleistocene\")). It is here that the Swiss paleontologist [Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major](/wiki/Charles_Immanuel_Forsyth_Major \"Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major\") discovered Falconer's wolf (*Canis falconeri*) (Forsyth Major 1877\\). The species was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *falconeri*, but was later regarded as the European arrival of *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *antonii*. The species gave rise to *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycanoides*.",
"### *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycaonoides*",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Life restoration](/wiki/File:Bartolini-Lucenti%2C_S.%2C_Madurell-Malapeira%2C_J.%2C_Mart%C3%ADnez-Navarro%2C_B._et_al._%282021%29_fig._4_Xenocyon_lycaonoides.png \"Bartolini-Lucenti, S., Madurell-Malapeira, J., Martínez-Navarro, B. et al. (2021) fig. 4 Xenocyon lycaonoides.png\")\nThe species was originally named *Xenocyon lycaonoides* (Kretzoi 1938\\) but was later reassigned as *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycanoides*.",
"Another view is that *lycaonoides* and *falconeri* should be classified under genus *Lycaon*, to give the descent of 3 chronospecies: *L. falconeri* Late Pliocene of Eurasia → *L. lycaonoides* Early Pleistocene\nand the beginning of the [Middle Pleistocene](/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene \"Middle Pleistocene\") of Eurasia and Africa → *L. pictus* Middle Pleistocene to the present day.",
"The diversity of the wolf\\-sized species decreased by the end of the Early Pleistocene and into the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. These wolves include the large hypercarnivorous *Canis* (*Xenocyon*) *lycaonoides* that was comparable in size with the modern gray wolf (*C. lupus*) northern populations and the small Mosbach wolf (*[C. mosbachensis](/wiki/Canis_mosbachensis \"Canis mosbachensis\")*) that is comparable in size to the modern [Indian wolf](/wiki/Indian_wolf \"Indian wolf\") (*C. l. pallipes*). Both types of wolves could be found existing from England and Greece across Europe to the high latitudes of Siberia through to Transbaikalia, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and China. Remains of both canid species are also found in [Ubeidiya](/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site \"Ubeidiya prehistoric site\"), in the southern Levant.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Martínez\\-Navarro \\|first\\=Bienvenido \\|last2\\=Belmaker \\|first2\\=Miriam \\|last3\\=Bar\\-Yosef \\|first3\\=Ofer \\|date\\=May 2009 \\|title\\=The large carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications \\|url\\=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248409000256 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Human Evolution]] \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=514–524 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jhevol.2009\\.02\\.004 \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2024 \\|via\\=Elsevier Science Direct}} The true gray wolves did not make an appearance until the end of the Middle Pleistocene, 500\\-300 thousand years ago.",
"Fossil evidence to dated 1\\.8 million years ago from [Dmanisi](/wiki/Dmanisi \"Dmanisi\"), Georgia in the southern Caucasus suggests that they were cooperative hunters which cared for their sick, injured and disabled pack members similar to the modern grey wolf.{{cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41598\\-021\\-92818\\-4\\|title\\=The early hunting dog from Dmanisi with comments on the social behaviour in Canidae and hominins\\|year\\=2021\\|last1\\=Bartolini\\-Lucenti\\|first1\\=Saverio\\|last2\\=Madurell\\-Malapeira\\|first2\\=Joan\\|last3\\=Martínez\\-Navarro\\|first3\\=Bienvenido\\|last4\\=Palmqvist\\|first4\\=Paul\\|last5\\=Lordkipanidze\\|first5\\=David\\|last6\\=Rook\\|first6\\=Lorenzo\\|journal\\=Scientific Reports\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=13501\\|pmid\\=34326360\\|pmc\\=8322302\\|bibcode\\=2021NatSR..1113501B }}",
"It preyed on [antelope](/wiki/Antelope \"Antelope\"), [deer](/wiki/Deer \"Deer\"), [elephant](/wiki/Elephant \"Elephant\") calves, [aurochs](/wiki/Aurochs \"Aurochs\"), [baboons](/wiki/Baboon \"Baboon\"), [wild horses](/wiki/Wild_horse \"Wild horse\") and possibly [humans](/wiki/Human \"Human\"). It was probably the ancestor of the [African wild dog](/wiki/African_wild_dog \"African wild dog\") (*Lycaon pictus*) and possibly the [dhole](/wiki/Dhole \"Dhole\") (*Cuon alpinus*) of southeastern Asia, the extinct [Sardinian dhole](/wiki/Sardinian_dhole \"Sardinian dhole\") (*Cynotherium sardous*) and perhaps two extinct Javanese dogs (Merriam's dog (*[Megacyon merriami](/wiki/Megacyon_merriami \"Megacyon merriami\")*) and the Trinil dog (*[Mececyon trinilensis](/wiki/Mececyon_trinilensis \"Mececyon trinilensis\")*)).",
"Just before the appearance of the [dire wolf](/wiki/Dire_wolf \"Dire wolf\") (*Aenocyon dirus*), North America was invaded by the genus *Xenocyon*, which was as large as *A. dirus* and more hypercarnivorous. The fossil record shows them as rare and it is assumed that they could not compete with the newly derived *A. dirus*. These have been ascribed to *Xenocyon lycaonoides*, with *Xenocyon texanus* from as far south as Texas as its [taxonomic synonym](/wiki/Taxonomic_synonym \"Taxonomic synonym\").",
""
] |
Rail trails around the world
----------------------------
### Americas
#### Bermuda
{{Main\|Bermuda Railway}}
The Bermuda Railway ceased to operate as such when the only carrier to exist in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") folded in 1948\. Some of the former right of way were converted for automobile traffic, and in 1984 18 miles were converted to a rail trail, reserved for pedestrian use and bicycles on paved portions.{{cite web\|title\=Bermuda Railway Trail\|publisher\=Bermuda Dept. of Tourism\|url\=http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\.aspx\|access\-date\=December 14, 2008\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106092332/http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}} The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Bermuda "Hamilton, Bermuda") to [St. George's](/wiki/St._George%27s%2C_Bermuda "St. George's, Bermuda") and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, causing the trail to be fragmented.
#### Canada
{{Further\|List of trails in Canada}}
The [Kettle Valley Rail Trail](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Rail_Trail "Kettle Valley Rail Trail") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now\-abandoned [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway "Kettle Valley Railway"). The trail was developed during the 1990s after the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway "Canadian Pacific Railway") abandoned train service.
The longest rail trail in Canada is the [Newfoundland T'Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway "Newfoundland T'Railway") that covers a distance of {{convert\|883\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic [Newfoundland Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway "Newfoundland Railway") as transferred from its most recent owner, [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway"), to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 "Newfoundland (island)") in 1988\. The rail corridor stretches from [Channel\-Port aux Basques](/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador") in the west to [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador") in the east with branches to [Stephenville](/wiki/Stephenville%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Lewisporte](/wiki/Lewisporte%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Bonavista](/wiki/Bonavista%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Placentia](/wiki/Placentia%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador") and [Carbonear](/wiki/Carbonear%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador").
Following the abandonment of the [Prince Edward Island Railway](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Railway "Prince Edward Island Railway") in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right\-of\-way to the entire railway system. The [Confederation Trail](/wiki/Confederation_Trail "Confederation Trail") was developed as a tip\-to\-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.
[thumb\|left\|[Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge](/wiki/Fredericton_Railway_Bridge "Fredericton Railway Bridge") in Fredericton](/wiki/File:FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg "FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg")
In Quebec, [Le P'tit Train du Nord](/wiki/Le_P%27tit_Train_du_Nord "Le P'tit Train du Nord") runs {{convert\|200\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} from [Saint\-Jérôme](/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Quebec "Saint-Jérôme, Quebec") to [Mont\-Laurier](/wiki/Mont-Laurier "Mont-Laurier").
In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), there are two rail trails, the [Beltline Trail](/wiki/Beltline_Trail "Beltline Trail") and the [West Toronto Railpath](/wiki/West_Toronto_Railpath "West Toronto Railpath").
In central Ontario, the former [Victoria Railway](/wiki/Victoria_Railway "Victoria Railway") line, which runs {{convert\|89\|km\|mi}} from the town of [Lindsay, Ontario](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario "Lindsay, Ontario"), north to the village of Haliburton, in [Haliburton County](/wiki/Haliburton_County "Haliburton County"), serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the [Canadian Shield](/wiki/Canadian_Shield "Canadian Shield"), with historic [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge "Trestle bridge") crossing several rivers.
The old Sarnia Bridge in [St. Marys, Ontario](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ontario "St. Marys, Ontario"), was re\-purposed as part of the [Grand Trunk Trail](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Trail "Grand Trunk Trail"). The former [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway "Grand Trunk Railway") viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995\. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over {{convert\|3\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re\-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the [North America Railway Hall of Fame](/wiki/North_America_Railway_Hall_of_Fame "North America Railway Hall of Fame").{{cite web\|title \= North America Railway Hall of Fame\|url\=http://narhf.org/?p\=6361\|website \= narhf.org\|access\-date \= 2015\-05\-15\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145005/http://narhf.org/?p\=6361\|archive\-date \= 2013\-09\-29}}
A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba"), was turned into a {{convert\|7\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete") trail in 2007\. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into [East St. Paul](/wiki/East_St._Paul "East St. Paul"), and eventually to Birds Hill Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.winnipegtrails.ca/trails\-maps/northeast\-pioneers\-greenwaynew/ \|title\=Northeast Pioneers Greenway \| Winnipeg Trails Association \|website\=Winnipegtrails.ca \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
In [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), almost every section of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail "Trans Canada Trail") and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from [Musquodoboit Harbour](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour%2C_Nova_Scotia "Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia") ([Musquodoboit Trailway](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Trailway "Musquodoboit Trailway")) to [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia "Dartmouth, Nova Scotia") are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia") to [New Germany](/wiki/New_Germany%2C_Nova_Scotia "New Germany, Nova Scotia") to [Yarmouth](/wiki/Yarmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia "Yarmouth, Nova Scotia") to [Grand Pre](/wiki/Grand_Pre%2C_Nova_Scotia "Grand Pre, Nova Scotia").
A considerable part of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail "Trans Canada Trail") are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi\-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.
#### United States
{{Further\|List\_of\_rail\_trails\_in\_the\_United\_States\|l1\=List of rail trails in the United States}}
{{See also\|Great American Rail\-Trail}}
[thumb\|upright 0\.75\|A rail trail in southern [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island")](/wiki/File:South_County_Bike_Path_in_Peace_Dale%2C_June_2016.jpg "South County Bike Path in Peace Dale, June 2016.jpg")
In North America, the decades\-long consolidation of the rail industry led to the closure of a number of uneconomical branch lines and redundant mainlines. Some were maintained as [short line railways](/wiki/Short-line_railroad "Short-line railroad"), but many others were abandoned. The first abandoned rail corridor in the United States converted into a recreational trail was the [Elroy\-Sparta State Trail](/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail "Elroy-Sparta State Trail") in [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin"), which opened in 1967\. The following year the [Illinois Prairie Path](/wiki/Illinois_Prairie_Path "Illinois Prairie Path") opened. The conversion of rails to trails hastened with the federal government passing legislation promoting the use of [railbanking](/wiki/Railbanking "Railbanking") for abandoned railroad corridors in 1983 which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990\. This process preserves rail corridors for possible future rail use with interim use as a trail. By the 1970s, even main lines were being sold or abandoned. This was especially true when regional rail lines merged and streamlined their operations. As both the supply of potential trails increased and awareness of the possibilities rose, state governments, municipalities, conservation authorities, and private organizations bought the rail corridors to create, expand or link [green spaces](/wiki/Open_space_reserve "Open space reserve").
The longest developed rail trail is currently the {{convert\|240\|mi}} [Katy Trail](/wiki/Katy_Trail_State_Park "Katy Trail State Park") in [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri "Missouri").{{cite web\|title\=Katy Trail mileage is 237\.5 mile per railroad mileage markers\|url\=http://mostateparks.com/page/57944/general\-information\|website\=Mostateparks.com\|date\=21 February 2011\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18\|quotation\=However, per correspondence with Dawn Frederickson of Missouri State Parks (8/8/2014\), the total trail mileage is 240 miles, taking into consideration trail deviations from the original railbed.}} When complete, the [Cowboy Trail](/wiki/Cowboy_Trail "Cowboy Trail") in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") will become the second\-longest, extending for {{convert\|321\|mi}},{{cite web\|url\=http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\.html \|title\=Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy:: May 2009 Trail of the Month :: Cowboy Trail, Nebraska \|access\-date\=2013\-06\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021192921/http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\.html \|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-21 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bikecowboytrail.com/ \|title\=Home \|website\=bikecowboytrail.com}} the longest being the [Ohio to Erie Trail](/wiki/Ohio_to_Erie_Trail "Ohio to Erie Trail") in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") at {{convert\|326\|mi}}.{{cite news \|last1\=Withrow \|first1\=Brandon \|title\=The Best Cross\-Country Road Trip Is on a Bike \|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the\-great\-american\-rail\-trail\-the\-best\-cross\-country\-road\-trip\-is\-on\-a\-bike \|newspaper\=The Daily Beast \|date\=22 June 2019 \|publisher\=Daily Beast \|access\-date\=2 October 2019}}
The [BeltLine](/wiki/BeltLine "BeltLine"), in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), Georgia, is currently under construction. In 2030, its anticipated year of completion, it will be one of the longest continuous trails. The Atlanta BeltLine is a sustainable redevelopment project that will provide a network of public parks, multi\-use trails and transit along a historic 22\-mile railroad corridor circling downtown and connecting many neighborhoods directly to each other.{{cite web\|url\=http://beltline.org/about/ \|title\=ABOUT // Atlanta BeltLine \|website\=Beltline.org \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
The [Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy "Rails-to-Trails Conservancy") is a nationwide nonprofit group that advocates for rail trails and has many documents and advice on building a rail trail. Per their records, the U.S. currently has 22,107 miles of rail trail complete. {{as of \|2015}}, Michigan has the most total mileage (2,381\) of any state.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.railstotrails.org/our\-work/united\-states/ \|title\=United States \| Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy \|website\=Railstotrails.org \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
{{Clear}}
### Europe
#### Germany
[thumb\|The "Nordbahntrasse" in [Wuppertal](/wiki/Wuppertal "Wuppertal"), Germany](/wiki/File:Wuppertal_Funckstra%C3%9Fe_2017_076.jpg "Wuppertal Funckstraße 2017 076.jpg")
{{Further\|List of rail trails\#Germany\|l1\=List of rail trails in Germany}}
Germany has the largest number of rail trails in Europe, with 677 rail trails with a total length of {{convert\|5020\|km}} (as at February 2015\).{{cite web\|author\=Achim Bartoschek \|url\=http://www.bahntrassenradeln.de/bahntrassenradeln.htm \|title\=Bahntrassenradeln \- Deutschland \[Achim Bartoschek] \|website\=Bahntrassenradeln.de \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}} 80 more projects are being planned or under construction. Some of the longest rail trails are in the state of [Rhineland\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate "Rhineland-Palatinate"). These are the [Maare\-Mosel\-Radweg](/wiki/Maare-Mosel-Radweg "Maare-Mosel-Radweg") with {{convert\|39\|km}} on the old rail track, the [Ruwer\-Hochwald\-Radweg](/wiki/Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg "Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg") with {{convert\|44\|km}} on the old rail track and the [Schinderhannes\-Radweg](/wiki/Schinderhannes-Radweg "Schinderhannes-Radweg") with {{convert\|36\|km}} on the old track of the [Hunsrück Railway](/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck_Railway "Hunsrück Railway"). Up to date, the 23 km long [Nordbahntrasse](/wiki/Nordbahntrasse "Nordbahntrasse") in [Wuppertal](/wiki/Wuppertal "Wuppertal") is still the rail trail with the highest standard in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and is a prime example of conversion of an abandoned railway track into a multiuser cycling path.
#### United Kingdom
{{Further\|List of rail trails\#United\_Kingdom\|l1\=List of rail trails in the United Kingdom}}
With almost 150 lines in use, the United Kingdom has the second\-largest network of rail trails in Europe after Germany.{{cite book \|editor\-last\=Conlin\|editor\-first\=Michael V.\|last\=Bird\|first\=Geoffrey R.\|title\=Railway heritage and tourism : global perspectives \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Channel View Multi Matter \|location\=Bristol \|isbn\=9781845414382 \|pages\=92–93\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-FSJAwAAQBAJ\&q\=rail%20trails%20UK\&pg\=PA92 \|chapter\=A Brief History of Rail Trail Development}} The development of [rail trails in the United Kingdom](/wiki/List_of_rail_trails%23United_Kingdom "List of rail trails#United Kingdom") grew after a major programme of railway line closures in the 1960s known as the [Beeching cuts](/wiki/Beeching_cuts "Beeching cuts"). The scheme, named after [Dr. Richard Beeching](/wiki/Richard_Beeching%2C_Baron_Beeching "Richard Beeching, Baron Beeching"), the then chairman of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways "British Railways"), decommissioned approximately {{convert\|5000\|mi\|km}} of railway lines all over Great Britain. Many rural and suburban lines were closed along with selected main line trunk routes.{{cite news\|title\=Britain's most hated civil servant\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7644630\.stm\|website\=BBC News\|access\-date\=7 February 2015}} Since then, approximately {{convert\|1200\-2200\|mi\|km}} of disused railway lines in Britain have been converted to public leisure purposes, and today the majority of rail trails are maintained by either the [local authority](/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom "Local government in the United Kingdom") or charitable organisations such as [Sustrans](/wiki/Sustrans "Sustrans"), the [Railway Ramblers](/wiki/Railway_Ramblers "Railway Ramblers") or [Railway Paths](/wiki/Railway_Paths "Railway Paths"). A {{convert\|31\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} section (between [Braunton](/wiki/Braunton "Braunton") and [Meeth](/wiki/Meeth "Meeth")) of the [Tarka Trail](/wiki/Tarka_Trail "Tarka Trail") in [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon") is one of the longest of these.
Many of these former railway lines form part of the British [National Cycle Network](/wiki/National_Cycle_Network "National Cycle Network"), connecting with long\-distance paths and [towpaths](/wiki/Towpath "Towpath") along [Britain's extensive network of canals](/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom "Canals of the United Kingdom"). For example, the [Milton Keynes redway system](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_redway_system "Milton Keynes redway system") runs throughout [Milton Keynes](/wiki/Milton_Keynes "Milton Keynes") in Buckinghamshire, England, in parts using the former trackbed of the defunct [Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line](/wiki/Wolverton_to_Newport_Pagnell_Line "Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line") (closed 1962\) and the [Grand Union Canal](/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal "Grand Union Canal") towpath. Together, these paths form part of the long\-distance National Cycle Network [Route 6](/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_6 "National Cycle Route 6") and [Route 51](/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_51 "National Cycle Route 51"). Other urban and suburban rail trails include the [Fallowfield Loop Line](/wiki/Fallowfield_Loop_Line "Fallowfield Loop Line") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), the [Middlewood Way](/wiki/Middlewood_Way "Middlewood Way") in [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire "Cheshire") and the [Ebury Way](/wiki/Ebury_Way "Ebury Way") in [Watford](/wiki/Watford "Watford"). Notable rural rail trails include the [Dava Way](/wiki/Dava_Way "Dava Way"), running along the route of the former [Highland Railway](/wiki/Highland_Railway "Highland Railway") between [Grantown](/wiki/Grantown "Grantown") and [Forres](/wiki/Forres "Forres") in the [Scottish Highlands](/wiki/Scottish_Highlands "Scottish Highlands"), and the [High Peak Trail](/wiki/High_Peak_Trail "High Peak Trail") in the English [Peak District](/wiki/Peak_District "Peak District"). In [London](/wiki/London "London"), a more unusual scheme has been proposed to convert some [disused London Underground tunnels](/wiki/List_of_former_and_unopened_London_Underground_stations "List of former and unopened London Underground stations") into subterranean rail trails under the city, but this scheme has not been officially approved.{{cite news\|last1\=O'Sullivan\|first1\=Feargus\|title\=Bike paths in abandoned tube tunnels: is the London Underline serious?\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/05/bike\-paths\-abandoned\-tube\-tunnels\-london\-underline\|access\-date\=7 February 2015\|work\=The Guardian}}
{{Clear}}
#### Spain
[thumb\| A bridge along a rail trail in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), the {{lang\|es\|Vía Verde de las Vegas del Guadiana y las Villuercas}}](/wiki/File:Camino_natural_vegas_del_guadiana_2.JPG "Camino natural vegas del guadiana 2.JPG")
{{Further\|List of rail trails\#Spain\|l1\=List of rail trails in Spain}}
With more than 2,500 kilometers of rail trails (Via Verde){{cite web\|title\=Map of the Spanish rail trails\|url\=http://www.viasverdes.com/mapas/VVerdes2016\.html\|access\-date\=4 March 2017\|archive\-date\=5 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035318/http://www.viasverdes.com/mapas/VVerdes2016\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} in a network of 117 cycling and walking itineraries, [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") ranks high in the European greenways scene. The trails are managed or coordinated by the Spanish Railways Foundation, an institution created in 1985\. Many of the converted tracks were originally built for the mining industry, connecting remote mountain sites with port locations on the coast, now offering picturesque rides from wild interior landscapes to the seaside, following near\-flat routes with long\-spanning viaducts and bridges, plus a number of tunnels.{{cite web\|title\=Vias Verdes\|url\=http://www.viasverdes.com/en/principal.asp\|website\=Official website of the Rail Trails of Spain\|access\-date\=4 March 2017}}
{{clr}}
#### Ireland
[thumb\|upright\|The [Great Western Greenway](/wiki/Great_Western_Greenway "Great Western Greenway")](/wiki/file:Corraun_peninsula_viewed_from_the_Great_Western_Greenway.JPG "Corraun peninsula viewed from the Great Western Greenway.JPG")
{{Further\|List of rail trails\#Ireland\|l1\=List of rail trails in Ireland}}
Cuts to Ireland's once expansive rail network in the mid 20th century left Ireland with a vast network of disused railways. While many lines were ripped up and the sections of the land acquired by private owners, a number of former railways do exist intact, thus providing the option for the development of many rail trails in the future.
The rail\-trail on the former [Westport](/wiki/Westport%2C_County_Mayo "Westport, County Mayo") to [Achill Island](/wiki/Achill_Island "Achill Island") line, known as the [Great Western Greenway](/wiki/Great_Western_Greenway "Great Western Greenway"), was completed in 2011\. Much progress has been made on the development of a rail\-trail on the former [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick "Limerick") to [Tralee](/wiki/Tralee "Tralee")/[Fenit](/wiki/Fenit "Fenit") line, in the form of the [Great Southern Trail](/wiki/Great_Southern_Trail "Great Southern Trail"). As of 2013, a {{convert\|36\|km\|adj\=on}} section from [Rathkeale](/wiki/Rathkeale "Rathkeale") to [Abbeyfeale](/wiki/Abbeyfeale "Abbeyfeale") has been completed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.southerntrail.net/trail\_information.htm \|title\=Trail Information \|work\=SouthernTrail.net \|access\-date\=21 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407002544/http://www.southerntrail.net/trail\_information.htm \|archive\-date\=7 April 2012 }}
Planning permission has been granted to redevelop the former [Galway](/wiki/Galway "Galway") to [Clifden](/wiki/Clifden "Clifden") railway into a greenway,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0313/376474\-connemara\-galway\-greenway/http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0313/376474\-connemara\-galway\-greenway\|title\=RTE News \|work\=rte.ie \|access\-date\=21 October 2013}} but negotiations are still underway with landowners regarding its routing.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.connachttribune.ie/breaking\-news/28337\-negotiations\-ongoing\-over\-proposed\-connemara\-greenway \|title\=Connemara greenway negotiations \|work\=connachttribune.ie \|access\-date\=21 October 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021180353/http://www.connachttribune.ie/breaking\-news/28337\-negotiations\-ongoing\-over\-proposed\-connemara\-greenway \|archive\-date\=21 October 2013 }} A section of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway railway line, from [Claremorris](/wiki/Claremorris "Claremorris") to [Collooney](/wiki/Collooney "Collooney") has been touted for redevelopment as a greenway, but has met with some recent opposition from groups wishing for reestablishment of the railway itself.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sligotoday.ie/details.php?id\=27325 \|title\= Proposed Sligo\-Mayo Greenway stalled over dispute and funding \|work\=Sligo Today News \|access\-date\=21 October 2013 }}
{{clr}}
#### Belgium
[thumb\|A former railway tunnel, near [Houyet](/wiki/Houyet "Houyet"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), now converted to pedestrian and bicycle use](/wiki/File:Disused_railway_tunnel.jpg "Disused railway tunnel.jpg")
{{Further\|List of rail trails\#Belgium\|l1\=List of rail trails in Belgium}}
The RAVeL network in Belgium combines converted tracks, [byways](/wiki/Byway_%28road%29 "Byway (road)") and [towpaths](/wiki/Towpath "Towpath"), adding up to a total of {{convert\|1200\|km\|abbr\=on}} , a significant figure considering the size of the country. The gradient is never more than six per cent, and the tracks are open to all forms of non\-motorised travellers, including cyclists, horse\-riders, hikers and even roller\-bladers.{{cite web\|title\=RAVeL Network\|url\=http://www.belgiumtheplaceto.be/walking\_\_cycling\_ravel.php\|website\=Official website in English\|access\-date\=4 March 2017}}
There is also the [Vennbahn](/wiki/Vennbahn "Vennbahn"), which runs along an unusual border between Belgium and Germany.
#### Finland
[Baana](/wiki/Baana "Baana") is an old cargo rail track in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki "Helsinki") converted into a pedestrian and bicycle trail.
### Oceania
#### Australia
{{Further\|List of rail trails in Australia}}
[thumb\|right\|The [Great Victorian Rail Trail](/wiki/Great_Victorian_Rail_Trail "Great Victorian Rail Trail") bridge at [Bonnie Doon, Victoria](/wiki/Bonnie_Doon%2C_Victoria "Bonnie Doon, Victoria").](/wiki/File:Goulburn_River_High_Country_Rail_Trail_bridge_at_Bonnie_Doon.jpg "Goulburn River High Country Rail Trail bridge at Bonnie Doon.jpg")
The development of rail trails in southeastern Australia can be traced to the [gold rushes](/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes "Australian gold rushes") of the second half of the 19th century. Dozens of rail lines sprang up, aided by the overly enthusiastic "[Octopus Act](/wiki/Railway_Construction_Act_1884 "Railway Construction Act 1884")", but soon became unprofitable as the gold ran out, leading to a decreased demand for timber in turn. Decades later, these easements found a new use as tourist drawcards, once converted to rail trails. Dozens exist in some form, like the {{convert\|37\|km\|adj\=on}} [Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail](/wiki/Port_Fairy_to_Warrnambool_Rail_Trail "Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail"),[Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail](http://www.portfairytowarrnamboolrailtrail.com/Port-Fairy-to-Warrnambool-Rail-Trail_about-us.htm), About us, accessed 5 June 2013 but only a few – such as the {{convert\|95\|km\|adj\=on}} [Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail](/wiki/Murray_to_the_Mountains_Rail_Trail "Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail") — have been fully developed. Progress is frequently hampered by [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge "Trestle bridge") in unsafe condition, easements that have been sold off to farmers, and lack of funds. Funding is typically contributed in roughly equal parts from federal, state, and local governments, with voluntary labour and in kind donations contributed by local groups.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.railtrails.org.au/documents/Rail\_Trail\_Establishment\_Guidelines.pdf \|title\=Rail Trails \|publisher\=Rail Trails \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18 \|archive\-date\=2006\-08\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821222338/http://www.railtrails.org.au/documents/Rail\_Trail\_Establishment\_Guidelines.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
The latest addition to the Rail Trail scene in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)") is [The Great Victorian Rail Trail](/wiki/The_Great_Victorian_Rail_Trail "The Great Victorian Rail Trail") which is the longest rail trail in Victoria covering {{convert\|134\|km\|abbr\=on}}. It has become popular with tourists as it meanders through steep valleys and open farm country. The Rail Trails Australia website is a good source of local information. about trails in Australia.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.railtrails.org.au \| title\=Home}}
#### New Zealand
{{Further\|List\_of\_rail\_trails\#New Zealand\|l1\=List of rail trails in New Zealand}}
A number of rail trails have been established through New Zealand; the best known are the [Hauraki Rail Trail](/wiki/Hauraki_Rail_Trail "Hauraki Rail Trail") (linking Thames, Paeroa, Te Aroha and Waikino/Waihi), [Otago Central Rail Trail](/wiki/Otago_Central_Rail_Trail "Otago Central Rail Trail") and the [Little River Rail Trail](/wiki/Little_River_Rail_Trail "Little River Rail Trail"). The [New Zealand Cycle Trail](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cycle_Trail "New Zealand Cycle Trail") project, a Government\-led initiative, will greatly accelerate the establishment of new trails. The first seven projects (not all of them rail trails, though) were announced in July 2009 and will receive NZ$9 million in funding of the total project budget of NZ$50 million.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\_id\=1\&objectid\=10608394 \|title\=PM turns first sod on cycleway project \|date\=10 November 2009 \|agency\=\[\[Newstalk ZB]] \|work\=\[\[The New Zealand Herald]] \|access\-date\=30 October 2011}}
### Asia
{{Further\|List\_of\_rail\_trails\#Asia\|l1\=List of rail trails in Asia}}
#### Singapore
On 24 May 2010, the Singapore and Malaysia governments agreed{{cite web\|url\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/20100524\-Joint\_Statement\-KTMB.pdf \|title\=JOINT STATEMENT BY PRIME MINISTER LEE HSIEN LOONG AND PRIME MINISTER DATO' SRI MOHD NAJIB TUN ABDUL RAZAK AT THE SINGAPORE\-MALAYSIA LEADERS' RETREAT ON 24 MAY 2010 \|website\=Habitatnews.nus.edu.sg \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}} to move the Singapore terminus of the [Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu_Berhad "Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad") from the [Tanjong Pagar railway station](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_railway_station "Tanjong Pagar railway station") in southern Singapore to [Woodlands Train Checkpoint](/wiki/Woodlands_Train_Checkpoint "Woodlands Train Checkpoint") in northern Singapore. This resulted in the railway lines in Singapore becoming surplus as the Woodlands terminus is just over the border from Malaysia. Government agencies such as the [Urban Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority "Urban Redevelopment Authority") (URA) and the [Singapore Land Authority](/wiki/Singapore_Land_Authority "Singapore Land Authority") (SLA) have taken responsibility for developing and implementing ideas and activities for the former rail lands. The URA has a dedicated web site on Rail Corridor.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/index.html \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512202346/http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/index.html \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-12 }} An example of activities permitted include street art on a section of the disused railway, supported by the SLA, URA, [Land Transport Authority](/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority") and the [National Arts Council](/wiki/National_Arts_Council_%28Singapore%29 "National Arts Council (Singapore)").{{cite web\|title \= LAND : MARCH 2014 Issue : brought to you by SLA\|url \= http://www.sla.gov.sg/Portals/0/Newsletter/landMar14/article\-06\.html\|website \= www.sla.gov.sg\|access\-date \= 2015\-05\-15\|archive\-date \= 2015\-04\-22\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150422050800/http://www.sla.gov.sg/Portals/0/Newsletter/landMar14/article\-06\.html\|url\-status \= dead}}
The disused railway consists of the main line from the Tanjong Pagar railway station to Woodlands, extending either {{convert\|24\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/about.html \|title\=About the Project \|website\=Ura.gov.sg \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18 \|archive\-date\=2016\-09\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919053251/https://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/about.html \|url\-status\=dead }} or {{convert\|26\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}},{{cite web\|url\=http://cityform.mit.edu/projects/50 \|title\=50 ways to the Singapore Rail Corridor — City Form Lab \|website\=Cityform.mit.edu \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}} depending on the source. There is also the Jurong spur line, {{convert\|14\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} in length.{{cite web\|url\=http://nss.org.sg/documents/TheGreenCorridor101103\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2015\-02\-19 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123041910/http://nss.org.sg/documents/TheGreenCorridor101103\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-11\-23 }} The area occupied by the railways is at least {{convert\|80\|ha\|acre\|abbr\=on}}, and up to {{convert\|173\.7\|ha\|acre\|abbr\=on}} when the land around the Tanjong Pagar Railway Station and other nodes are included. Given the location of the railway lands in land scarce Singapore, there was concern that the lands would be developed. Organisations such as the Nature Society Singapore developed comprehensive plans to maintain the rail lands for nature\-related pursuits. The Green Corridor web site is a campaign website dedicated to preserving its natural form.
|
[
"Rail trails around the world\n----------------------------",
"### Americas",
"#### Bermuda",
"{{Main\\|Bermuda Railway}}\nThe Bermuda Railway ceased to operate as such when the only carrier to exist in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") folded in 1948\\. Some of the former right of way were converted for automobile traffic, and in 1984 18 miles were converted to a rail trail, reserved for pedestrian use and bicycles on paved portions.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bermuda Railway Trail\\|publisher\\=Bermuda Dept. of Tourism\\|url\\=http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106092332/http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Bermuda \"Hamilton, Bermuda\") to [St. George's](/wiki/St._George%27s%2C_Bermuda \"St. George's, Bermuda\") and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, causing the trail to be fragmented.",
"#### Canada",
"{{Further\\|List of trails in Canada}}\nThe [Kettle Valley Rail Trail](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Rail_Trail \"Kettle Valley Rail Trail\") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now\\-abandoned [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway \"Kettle Valley Railway\"). The trail was developed during the 1990s after the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\") abandoned train service.",
"The longest rail trail in Canada is the [Newfoundland T'Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway \"Newfoundland T'Railway\") that covers a distance of {{convert\\|883\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic [Newfoundland Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway \"Newfoundland Railway\") as transferred from its most recent owner, [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"), to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 \"Newfoundland (island)\") in 1988\\. The rail corridor stretches from [Channel\\-Port aux Basques](/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador\") in the west to [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador\") in the east with branches to [Stephenville](/wiki/Stephenville%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Lewisporte](/wiki/Lewisporte%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Bonavista](/wiki/Bonavista%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Placentia](/wiki/Placentia%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador\") and [Carbonear](/wiki/Carbonear%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador\").",
"Following the abandonment of the [Prince Edward Island Railway](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Railway \"Prince Edward Island Railway\") in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right\\-of\\-way to the entire railway system. The [Confederation Trail](/wiki/Confederation_Trail \"Confederation Trail\") was developed as a tip\\-to\\-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge](/wiki/Fredericton_Railway_Bridge \"Fredericton Railway Bridge\") in Fredericton](/wiki/File:FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg \"FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg\")\nIn Quebec, [Le P'tit Train du Nord](/wiki/Le_P%27tit_Train_du_Nord \"Le P'tit Train du Nord\") runs {{convert\\|200\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} from [Saint\\-Jérôme](/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Jérôme, Quebec\") to [Mont\\-Laurier](/wiki/Mont-Laurier \"Mont-Laurier\").",
"In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), there are two rail trails, the [Beltline Trail](/wiki/Beltline_Trail \"Beltline Trail\") and the [West Toronto Railpath](/wiki/West_Toronto_Railpath \"West Toronto Railpath\").",
"In central Ontario, the former [Victoria Railway](/wiki/Victoria_Railway \"Victoria Railway\") line, which runs {{convert\\|89\\|km\\|mi}} from the town of [Lindsay, Ontario](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario \"Lindsay, Ontario\"), north to the village of Haliburton, in [Haliburton County](/wiki/Haliburton_County \"Haliburton County\"), serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the [Canadian Shield](/wiki/Canadian_Shield \"Canadian Shield\"), with historic [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge \"Trestle bridge\") crossing several rivers.",
"The old Sarnia Bridge in [St. Marys, Ontario](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ontario \"St. Marys, Ontario\"), was re\\-purposed as part of the [Grand Trunk Trail](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Trail \"Grand Trunk Trail\"). The former [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway \"Grand Trunk Railway\") viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995\\. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re\\-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the [North America Railway Hall of Fame](/wiki/North_America_Railway_Hall_of_Fame \"North America Railway Hall of Fame\").{{cite web\\|title \\= North America Railway Hall of Fame\\|url\\=http://narhf.org/?p\\=6361\\|website \\= narhf.org\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-05\\-15\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145005/http://narhf.org/?p\\=6361\\|archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-09\\-29}}",
"A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\"), was turned into a {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\") trail in 2007\\. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into [East St. Paul](/wiki/East_St._Paul \"East St. Paul\"), and eventually to Birds Hill Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegtrails.ca/trails\\-maps/northeast\\-pioneers\\-greenwaynew/ \\|title\\=Northeast Pioneers Greenway \\| Winnipeg Trails Association \\|website\\=Winnipegtrails.ca \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"In [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), almost every section of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail \"Trans Canada Trail\") and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from [Musquodoboit Harbour](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia\") ([Musquodoboit Trailway](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Trailway \"Musquodoboit Trailway\")) to [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Dartmouth, Nova Scotia\") are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\") to [New Germany](/wiki/New_Germany%2C_Nova_Scotia \"New Germany, Nova Scotia\") to [Yarmouth](/wiki/Yarmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Yarmouth, Nova Scotia\") to [Grand Pre](/wiki/Grand_Pre%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Grand Pre, Nova Scotia\").",
"A considerable part of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail \"Trans Canada Trail\") are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi\\-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.",
"#### United States",
"{{Further\\|List\\_of\\_rail\\_trails\\_in\\_the\\_United\\_States\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in the United States}}\n{{See also\\|Great American Rail\\-Trail}}\n[thumb\\|upright 0\\.75\\|A rail trail in southern [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\")](/wiki/File:South_County_Bike_Path_in_Peace_Dale%2C_June_2016.jpg \"South County Bike Path in Peace Dale, June 2016.jpg\")\nIn North America, the decades\\-long consolidation of the rail industry led to the closure of a number of uneconomical branch lines and redundant mainlines. Some were maintained as [short line railways](/wiki/Short-line_railroad \"Short-line railroad\"), but many others were abandoned. The first abandoned rail corridor in the United States converted into a recreational trail was the [Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail](/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail \"Elroy-Sparta State Trail\") in [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), which opened in 1967\\. The following year the [Illinois Prairie Path](/wiki/Illinois_Prairie_Path \"Illinois Prairie Path\") opened. The conversion of rails to trails hastened with the federal government passing legislation promoting the use of [railbanking](/wiki/Railbanking \"Railbanking\") for abandoned railroad corridors in 1983 which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990\\. This process preserves rail corridors for possible future rail use with interim use as a trail. By the 1970s, even main lines were being sold or abandoned. This was especially true when regional rail lines merged and streamlined their operations. As both the supply of potential trails increased and awareness of the possibilities rose, state governments, municipalities, conservation authorities, and private organizations bought the rail corridors to create, expand or link [green spaces](/wiki/Open_space_reserve \"Open space reserve\").",
"The longest developed rail trail is currently the {{convert\\|240\\|mi}} [Katy Trail](/wiki/Katy_Trail_State_Park \"Katy Trail State Park\") in [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Katy Trail mileage is 237\\.5 mile per railroad mileage markers\\|url\\=http://mostateparks.com/page/57944/general\\-information\\|website\\=Mostateparks.com\\|date\\=21 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18\\|quotation\\=However, per correspondence with Dawn Frederickson of Missouri State Parks (8/8/2014\\), the total trail mileage is 240 miles, taking into consideration trail deviations from the original railbed.}} When complete, the [Cowboy Trail](/wiki/Cowboy_Trail \"Cowboy Trail\") in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\") will become the second\\-longest, extending for {{convert\\|321\\|mi}},{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\\.html \\|title\\=Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy:: May 2009 Trail of the Month :: Cowboy Trail, Nebraska \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021192921/http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-21 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bikecowboytrail.com/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=bikecowboytrail.com}} the longest being the [Ohio to Erie Trail](/wiki/Ohio_to_Erie_Trail \"Ohio to Erie Trail\") in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\") at {{convert\\|326\\|mi}}.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Withrow \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|title\\=The Best Cross\\-Country Road Trip Is on a Bike \\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the\\-great\\-american\\-rail\\-trail\\-the\\-best\\-cross\\-country\\-road\\-trip\\-is\\-on\\-a\\-bike \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Beast \\|date\\=22 June 2019 \\|publisher\\=Daily Beast \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2019}}",
"The [BeltLine](/wiki/BeltLine \"BeltLine\"), in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Georgia, is currently under construction. In 2030, its anticipated year of completion, it will be one of the longest continuous trails. The Atlanta BeltLine is a sustainable redevelopment project that will provide a network of public parks, multi\\-use trails and transit along a historic 22\\-mile railroad corridor circling downtown and connecting many neighborhoods directly to each other.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://beltline.org/about/ \\|title\\=ABOUT // Atlanta BeltLine \\|website\\=Beltline.org \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"The [Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy \"Rails-to-Trails Conservancy\") is a nationwide nonprofit group that advocates for rail trails and has many documents and advice on building a rail trail. Per their records, the U.S. currently has 22,107 miles of rail trail complete. {{as of \\|2015}}, Michigan has the most total mileage (2,381\\) of any state.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railstotrails.org/our\\-work/united\\-states/ \\|title\\=United States \\| Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy \\|website\\=Railstotrails.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"{{Clear}}\n### Europe",
"#### Germany",
"[thumb\\|The \"Nordbahntrasse\" in [Wuppertal](/wiki/Wuppertal \"Wuppertal\"), Germany](/wiki/File:Wuppertal_Funckstra%C3%9Fe_2017_076.jpg \"Wuppertal Funckstraße 2017 076.jpg\")\n{{Further\\|List of rail trails\\#Germany\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in Germany}}\nGermany has the largest number of rail trails in Europe, with 677 rail trails with a total length of {{convert\\|5020\\|km}} (as at February 2015\\).{{cite web\\|author\\=Achim Bartoschek \\|url\\=http://www.bahntrassenradeln.de/bahntrassenradeln.htm \\|title\\=Bahntrassenradeln \\- Deutschland \\[Achim Bartoschek] \\|website\\=Bahntrassenradeln.de \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}} 80 more projects are being planned or under construction. Some of the longest rail trails are in the state of [Rhineland\\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate \"Rhineland-Palatinate\"). These are the [Maare\\-Mosel\\-Radweg](/wiki/Maare-Mosel-Radweg \"Maare-Mosel-Radweg\") with {{convert\\|39\\|km}} on the old rail track, the [Ruwer\\-Hochwald\\-Radweg](/wiki/Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg \"Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg\") with {{convert\\|44\\|km}} on the old rail track and the [Schinderhannes\\-Radweg](/wiki/Schinderhannes-Radweg \"Schinderhannes-Radweg\") with {{convert\\|36\\|km}} on the old track of the [Hunsrück Railway](/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck_Railway \"Hunsrück Railway\"). Up to date, the 23 km long [Nordbahntrasse](/wiki/Nordbahntrasse \"Nordbahntrasse\") in [Wuppertal](/wiki/Wuppertal \"Wuppertal\") is still the rail trail with the highest standard in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and is a prime example of conversion of an abandoned railway track into a multiuser cycling path.",
"#### United Kingdom",
"{{Further\\|List of rail trails\\#United\\_Kingdom\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in the United Kingdom}}\nWith almost 150 lines in use, the United Kingdom has the second\\-largest network of rail trails in Europe after Germany.{{cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Conlin\\|editor\\-first\\=Michael V.\\|last\\=Bird\\|first\\=Geoffrey R.\\|title\\=Railway heritage and tourism : global perspectives \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Channel View Multi Matter \\|location\\=Bristol \\|isbn\\=9781845414382 \\|pages\\=92–93\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-FSJAwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=rail%20trails%20UK\\&pg\\=PA92 \\|chapter\\=A Brief History of Rail Trail Development}} The development of [rail trails in the United Kingdom](/wiki/List_of_rail_trails%23United_Kingdom \"List of rail trails#United Kingdom\") grew after a major programme of railway line closures in the 1960s known as the [Beeching cuts](/wiki/Beeching_cuts \"Beeching cuts\"). The scheme, named after [Dr. Richard Beeching](/wiki/Richard_Beeching%2C_Baron_Beeching \"Richard Beeching, Baron Beeching\"), the then chairman of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways \"British Railways\"), decommissioned approximately {{convert\\|5000\\|mi\\|km}} of railway lines all over Great Britain. Many rural and suburban lines were closed along with selected main line trunk routes.{{cite news\\|title\\=Britain's most hated civil servant\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7644630\\.stm\\|website\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015}} Since then, approximately {{convert\\|1200\\-2200\\|mi\\|km}} of disused railway lines in Britain have been converted to public leisure purposes, and today the majority of rail trails are maintained by either the [local authority](/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Local government in the United Kingdom\") or charitable organisations such as [Sustrans](/wiki/Sustrans \"Sustrans\"), the [Railway Ramblers](/wiki/Railway_Ramblers \"Railway Ramblers\") or [Railway Paths](/wiki/Railway_Paths \"Railway Paths\"). A {{convert\\|31\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} section (between [Braunton](/wiki/Braunton \"Braunton\") and [Meeth](/wiki/Meeth \"Meeth\")) of the [Tarka Trail](/wiki/Tarka_Trail \"Tarka Trail\") in [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\") is one of the longest of these.",
"Many of these former railway lines form part of the British [National Cycle Network](/wiki/National_Cycle_Network \"National Cycle Network\"), connecting with long\\-distance paths and [towpaths](/wiki/Towpath \"Towpath\") along [Britain's extensive network of canals](/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Canals of the United Kingdom\"). For example, the [Milton Keynes redway system](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_redway_system \"Milton Keynes redway system\") runs throughout [Milton Keynes](/wiki/Milton_Keynes \"Milton Keynes\") in Buckinghamshire, England, in parts using the former trackbed of the defunct [Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line](/wiki/Wolverton_to_Newport_Pagnell_Line \"Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line\") (closed 1962\\) and the [Grand Union Canal](/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal \"Grand Union Canal\") towpath. Together, these paths form part of the long\\-distance National Cycle Network [Route 6](/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_6 \"National Cycle Route 6\") and [Route 51](/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_51 \"National Cycle Route 51\"). Other urban and suburban rail trails include the [Fallowfield Loop Line](/wiki/Fallowfield_Loop_Line \"Fallowfield Loop Line\") in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), the [Middlewood Way](/wiki/Middlewood_Way \"Middlewood Way\") in [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire \"Cheshire\") and the [Ebury Way](/wiki/Ebury_Way \"Ebury Way\") in [Watford](/wiki/Watford \"Watford\"). Notable rural rail trails include the [Dava Way](/wiki/Dava_Way \"Dava Way\"), running along the route of the former [Highland Railway](/wiki/Highland_Railway \"Highland Railway\") between [Grantown](/wiki/Grantown \"Grantown\") and [Forres](/wiki/Forres \"Forres\") in the [Scottish Highlands](/wiki/Scottish_Highlands \"Scottish Highlands\"), and the [High Peak Trail](/wiki/High_Peak_Trail \"High Peak Trail\") in the English [Peak District](/wiki/Peak_District \"Peak District\"). In [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), a more unusual scheme has been proposed to convert some [disused London Underground tunnels](/wiki/List_of_former_and_unopened_London_Underground_stations \"List of former and unopened London Underground stations\") into subterranean rail trails under the city, but this scheme has not been officially approved.{{cite news\\|last1\\=O'Sullivan\\|first1\\=Feargus\\|title\\=Bike paths in abandoned tube tunnels: is the London Underline serious?\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/05/bike\\-paths\\-abandoned\\-tube\\-tunnels\\-london\\-underline\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2015\\|work\\=The Guardian}}\n{{Clear}}",
"#### Spain",
"[thumb\\| A bridge along a rail trail in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), the {{lang\\|es\\|Vía Verde de las Vegas del Guadiana y las Villuercas}}](/wiki/File:Camino_natural_vegas_del_guadiana_2.JPG \"Camino natural vegas del guadiana 2.JPG\") \n{{Further\\|List of rail trails\\#Spain\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in Spain}}\nWith more than 2,500 kilometers of rail trails (Via Verde){{cite web\\|title\\=Map of the Spanish rail trails\\|url\\=http://www.viasverdes.com/mapas/VVerdes2016\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035318/http://www.viasverdes.com/mapas/VVerdes2016\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} in a network of 117 cycling and walking itineraries, [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") ranks high in the European greenways scene. The trails are managed or coordinated by the Spanish Railways Foundation, an institution created in 1985\\. Many of the converted tracks were originally built for the mining industry, connecting remote mountain sites with port locations on the coast, now offering picturesque rides from wild interior landscapes to the seaside, following near\\-flat routes with long\\-spanning viaducts and bridges, plus a number of tunnels.{{cite web\\|title\\=Vias Verdes\\|url\\=http://www.viasverdes.com/en/principal.asp\\|website\\=Official website of the Rail Trails of Spain\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2017}}\n{{clr}}\n#### Ireland",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|The [Great Western Greenway](/wiki/Great_Western_Greenway \"Great Western Greenway\")](/wiki/file:Corraun_peninsula_viewed_from_the_Great_Western_Greenway.JPG \"Corraun peninsula viewed from the Great Western Greenway.JPG\") \n{{Further\\|List of rail trails\\#Ireland\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in Ireland}}\nCuts to Ireland's once expansive rail network in the mid 20th century left Ireland with a vast network of disused railways. While many lines were ripped up and the sections of the land acquired by private owners, a number of former railways do exist intact, thus providing the option for the development of many rail trails in the future.",
"The rail\\-trail on the former [Westport](/wiki/Westport%2C_County_Mayo \"Westport, County Mayo\") to [Achill Island](/wiki/Achill_Island \"Achill Island\") line, known as the [Great Western Greenway](/wiki/Great_Western_Greenway \"Great Western Greenway\"), was completed in 2011\\. Much progress has been made on the development of a rail\\-trail on the former [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\") to [Tralee](/wiki/Tralee \"Tralee\")/[Fenit](/wiki/Fenit \"Fenit\") line, in the form of the [Great Southern Trail](/wiki/Great_Southern_Trail \"Great Southern Trail\"). As of 2013, a {{convert\\|36\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} section from [Rathkeale](/wiki/Rathkeale \"Rathkeale\") to [Abbeyfeale](/wiki/Abbeyfeale \"Abbeyfeale\") has been completed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.southerntrail.net/trail\\_information.htm \\|title\\=Trail Information \\|work\\=SouthernTrail.net \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407002544/http://www.southerntrail.net/trail\\_information.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2012 }}",
"Planning permission has been granted to redevelop the former [Galway](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\") to [Clifden](/wiki/Clifden \"Clifden\") railway into a greenway,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0313/376474\\-connemara\\-galway\\-greenway/http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0313/376474\\-connemara\\-galway\\-greenway\\|title\\=RTE News \\|work\\=rte.ie \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013}} but negotiations are still underway with landowners regarding its routing.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.connachttribune.ie/breaking\\-news/28337\\-negotiations\\-ongoing\\-over\\-proposed\\-connemara\\-greenway \\|title\\=Connemara greenway negotiations \\|work\\=connachttribune.ie \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021180353/http://www.connachttribune.ie/breaking\\-news/28337\\-negotiations\\-ongoing\\-over\\-proposed\\-connemara\\-greenway \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2013 }} A section of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway railway line, from [Claremorris](/wiki/Claremorris \"Claremorris\") to [Collooney](/wiki/Collooney \"Collooney\") has been touted for redevelopment as a greenway, but has met with some recent opposition from groups wishing for reestablishment of the railway itself.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sligotoday.ie/details.php?id\\=27325 \\|title\\= Proposed Sligo\\-Mayo Greenway stalled over dispute and funding \\|work\\=Sligo Today News \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013 }}\n{{clr}}\n#### Belgium",
"[thumb\\|A former railway tunnel, near [Houyet](/wiki/Houyet \"Houyet\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), now converted to pedestrian and bicycle use](/wiki/File:Disused_railway_tunnel.jpg \"Disused railway tunnel.jpg\")\n{{Further\\|List of rail trails\\#Belgium\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in Belgium}}\nThe RAVeL network in Belgium combines converted tracks, [byways](/wiki/Byway_%28road%29 \"Byway (road)\") and [towpaths](/wiki/Towpath \"Towpath\"), adding up to a total of {{convert\\|1200\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} , a significant figure considering the size of the country. The gradient is never more than six per cent, and the tracks are open to all forms of non\\-motorised travellers, including cyclists, horse\\-riders, hikers and even roller\\-bladers.{{cite web\\|title\\=RAVeL Network\\|url\\=http://www.belgiumtheplaceto.be/walking\\_\\_cycling\\_ravel.php\\|website\\=Official website in English\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2017}}",
"There is also the [Vennbahn](/wiki/Vennbahn \"Vennbahn\"), which runs along an unusual border between Belgium and Germany.",
"#### Finland",
"[Baana](/wiki/Baana \"Baana\") is an old cargo rail track in [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\") converted into a pedestrian and bicycle trail.",
"",
"### Oceania",
"#### Australia",
"{{Further\\|List of rail trails in Australia}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|The [Great Victorian Rail Trail](/wiki/Great_Victorian_Rail_Trail \"Great Victorian Rail Trail\") bridge at [Bonnie Doon, Victoria](/wiki/Bonnie_Doon%2C_Victoria \"Bonnie Doon, Victoria\").](/wiki/File:Goulburn_River_High_Country_Rail_Trail_bridge_at_Bonnie_Doon.jpg \"Goulburn River High Country Rail Trail bridge at Bonnie Doon.jpg\")\nThe development of rail trails in southeastern Australia can be traced to the [gold rushes](/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes \"Australian gold rushes\") of the second half of the 19th century. Dozens of rail lines sprang up, aided by the overly enthusiastic \"[Octopus Act](/wiki/Railway_Construction_Act_1884 \"Railway Construction Act 1884\")\", but soon became unprofitable as the gold ran out, leading to a decreased demand for timber in turn. Decades later, these easements found a new use as tourist drawcards, once converted to rail trails. Dozens exist in some form, like the {{convert\\|37\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} [Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail](/wiki/Port_Fairy_to_Warrnambool_Rail_Trail \"Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail\"),[Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail](http://www.portfairytowarrnamboolrailtrail.com/Port-Fairy-to-Warrnambool-Rail-Trail_about-us.htm), About us, accessed 5 June 2013 but only a few – such as the {{convert\\|95\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} [Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail](/wiki/Murray_to_the_Mountains_Rail_Trail \"Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail\") — have been fully developed. Progress is frequently hampered by [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge \"Trestle bridge\") in unsafe condition, easements that have been sold off to farmers, and lack of funds. Funding is typically contributed in roughly equal parts from federal, state, and local governments, with voluntary labour and in kind donations contributed by local groups.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.railtrails.org.au/documents/Rail\\_Trail\\_Establishment\\_Guidelines.pdf \\|title\\=Rail Trails \\|publisher\\=Rail Trails \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-08\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821222338/http://www.railtrails.org.au/documents/Rail\\_Trail\\_Establishment\\_Guidelines.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nThe latest addition to the Rail Trail scene in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\") is [The Great Victorian Rail Trail](/wiki/The_Great_Victorian_Rail_Trail \"The Great Victorian Rail Trail\") which is the longest rail trail in Victoria covering {{convert\\|134\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}}. It has become popular with tourists as it meanders through steep valleys and open farm country. The Rail Trails Australia website is a good source of local information. about trails in Australia.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.railtrails.org.au \\| title\\=Home}}",
"#### New Zealand",
"{{Further\\|List\\_of\\_rail\\_trails\\#New Zealand\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in New Zealand}}\nA number of rail trails have been established through New Zealand; the best known are the [Hauraki Rail Trail](/wiki/Hauraki_Rail_Trail \"Hauraki Rail Trail\") (linking Thames, Paeroa, Te Aroha and Waikino/Waihi), [Otago Central Rail Trail](/wiki/Otago_Central_Rail_Trail \"Otago Central Rail Trail\") and the [Little River Rail Trail](/wiki/Little_River_Rail_Trail \"Little River Rail Trail\"). The [New Zealand Cycle Trail](/wiki/New_Zealand_Cycle_Trail \"New Zealand Cycle Trail\") project, a Government\\-led initiative, will greatly accelerate the establishment of new trails. The first seven projects (not all of them rail trails, though) were announced in July 2009 and will receive NZ$9 million in funding of the total project budget of NZ$50 million.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c\\_id\\=1\\&objectid\\=10608394 \\|title\\=PM turns first sod on cycleway project \\|date\\=10 November 2009 \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Newstalk ZB]] \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New Zealand Herald]] \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2011}}",
"### Asia",
"{{Further\\|List\\_of\\_rail\\_trails\\#Asia\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in Asia}}",
"#### Singapore",
"On 24 May 2010, the Singapore and Malaysia governments agreed{{cite web\\|url\\=http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/pdf/20100524\\-Joint\\_Statement\\-KTMB.pdf \\|title\\=JOINT STATEMENT BY PRIME MINISTER LEE HSIEN LOONG AND PRIME MINISTER DATO' SRI MOHD NAJIB TUN ABDUL RAZAK AT THE SINGAPORE\\-MALAYSIA LEADERS' RETREAT ON 24 MAY 2010 \\|website\\=Habitatnews.nus.edu.sg \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}} to move the Singapore terminus of the [Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)](/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu_Berhad \"Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad\") from the [Tanjong Pagar railway station](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_railway_station \"Tanjong Pagar railway station\") in southern Singapore to [Woodlands Train Checkpoint](/wiki/Woodlands_Train_Checkpoint \"Woodlands Train Checkpoint\") in northern Singapore. This resulted in the railway lines in Singapore becoming surplus as the Woodlands terminus is just over the border from Malaysia. Government agencies such as the [Urban Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority \"Urban Redevelopment Authority\") (URA) and the [Singapore Land Authority](/wiki/Singapore_Land_Authority \"Singapore Land Authority\") (SLA) have taken responsibility for developing and implementing ideas and activities for the former rail lands. The URA has a dedicated web site on Rail Corridor.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/index.html \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512202346/http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-12 }} An example of activities permitted include street art on a section of the disused railway, supported by the SLA, URA, [Land Transport Authority](/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority \"Land Transport Authority\") and the [National Arts Council](/wiki/National_Arts_Council_%28Singapore%29 \"National Arts Council (Singapore)\").{{cite web\\|title \\= LAND : MARCH 2014 Issue : brought to you by SLA\\|url \\= http://www.sla.gov.sg/Portals/0/Newsletter/landMar14/article\\-06\\.html\\|website \\= www.sla.gov.sg\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-05\\-15\\|archive\\-date \\= 2015\\-04\\-22\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150422050800/http://www.sla.gov.sg/Portals/0/Newsletter/landMar14/article\\-06\\.html\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"The disused railway consists of the main line from the Tanjong Pagar railway station to Woodlands, extending either {{convert\\|24\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/about.html \\|title\\=About the Project \\|website\\=Ura.gov.sg \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919053251/https://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/about.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} or {{convert\\|26\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}},{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cityform.mit.edu/projects/50 \\|title\\=50 ways to the Singapore Rail Corridor — City Form Lab \\|website\\=Cityform.mit.edu \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}} depending on the source. There is also the Jurong spur line, {{convert\\|14\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} in length.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nss.org.sg/documents/TheGreenCorridor101103\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123041910/http://nss.org.sg/documents/TheGreenCorridor101103\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-23 }} The area occupied by the railways is at least {{convert\\|80\\|ha\\|acre\\|abbr\\=on}}, and up to {{convert\\|173\\.7\\|ha\\|acre\\|abbr\\=on}} when the land around the Tanjong Pagar Railway Station and other nodes are included. Given the location of the railway lands in land scarce Singapore, there was concern that the lands would be developed. Organisations such as the Nature Society Singapore developed comprehensive plans to maintain the rail lands for nature\\-related pursuits. The Green Corridor web site is a campaign website dedicated to preserving its natural form.",
""
] |
### Americas
#### Bermuda
{{Main\|Bermuda Railway}}
The Bermuda Railway ceased to operate as such when the only carrier to exist in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") folded in 1948\. Some of the former right of way were converted for automobile traffic, and in 1984 18 miles were converted to a rail trail, reserved for pedestrian use and bicycles on paved portions.{{cite web\|title\=Bermuda Railway Trail\|publisher\=Bermuda Dept. of Tourism\|url\=http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\.aspx\|access\-date\=December 14, 2008\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106092332/http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}} The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Bermuda "Hamilton, Bermuda") to [St. George's](/wiki/St._George%27s%2C_Bermuda "St. George's, Bermuda") and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, causing the trail to be fragmented.
#### Canada
{{Further\|List of trails in Canada}}
The [Kettle Valley Rail Trail](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Rail_Trail "Kettle Valley Rail Trail") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now\-abandoned [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway "Kettle Valley Railway"). The trail was developed during the 1990s after the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway "Canadian Pacific Railway") abandoned train service.
The longest rail trail in Canada is the [Newfoundland T'Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway "Newfoundland T'Railway") that covers a distance of {{convert\|883\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic [Newfoundland Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway "Newfoundland Railway") as transferred from its most recent owner, [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway"), to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 "Newfoundland (island)") in 1988\. The rail corridor stretches from [Channel\-Port aux Basques](/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador") in the west to [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador") in the east with branches to [Stephenville](/wiki/Stephenville%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Lewisporte](/wiki/Lewisporte%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Bonavista](/wiki/Bonavista%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Placentia](/wiki/Placentia%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador") and [Carbonear](/wiki/Carbonear%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador").
Following the abandonment of the [Prince Edward Island Railway](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Railway "Prince Edward Island Railway") in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right\-of\-way to the entire railway system. The [Confederation Trail](/wiki/Confederation_Trail "Confederation Trail") was developed as a tip\-to\-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.
[thumb\|left\|[Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge](/wiki/Fredericton_Railway_Bridge "Fredericton Railway Bridge") in Fredericton](/wiki/File:FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg "FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg")
In Quebec, [Le P'tit Train du Nord](/wiki/Le_P%27tit_Train_du_Nord "Le P'tit Train du Nord") runs {{convert\|200\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} from [Saint\-Jérôme](/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Quebec "Saint-Jérôme, Quebec") to [Mont\-Laurier](/wiki/Mont-Laurier "Mont-Laurier").
In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), there are two rail trails, the [Beltline Trail](/wiki/Beltline_Trail "Beltline Trail") and the [West Toronto Railpath](/wiki/West_Toronto_Railpath "West Toronto Railpath").
In central Ontario, the former [Victoria Railway](/wiki/Victoria_Railway "Victoria Railway") line, which runs {{convert\|89\|km\|mi}} from the town of [Lindsay, Ontario](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario "Lindsay, Ontario"), north to the village of Haliburton, in [Haliburton County](/wiki/Haliburton_County "Haliburton County"), serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the [Canadian Shield](/wiki/Canadian_Shield "Canadian Shield"), with historic [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge "Trestle bridge") crossing several rivers.
The old Sarnia Bridge in [St. Marys, Ontario](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ontario "St. Marys, Ontario"), was re\-purposed as part of the [Grand Trunk Trail](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Trail "Grand Trunk Trail"). The former [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway "Grand Trunk Railway") viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995\. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over {{convert\|3\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re\-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the [North America Railway Hall of Fame](/wiki/North_America_Railway_Hall_of_Fame "North America Railway Hall of Fame").{{cite web\|title \= North America Railway Hall of Fame\|url\=http://narhf.org/?p\=6361\|website \= narhf.org\|access\-date \= 2015\-05\-15\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145005/http://narhf.org/?p\=6361\|archive\-date \= 2013\-09\-29}}
A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba"), was turned into a {{convert\|7\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete") trail in 2007\. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into [East St. Paul](/wiki/East_St._Paul "East St. Paul"), and eventually to Birds Hill Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.winnipegtrails.ca/trails\-maps/northeast\-pioneers\-greenwaynew/ \|title\=Northeast Pioneers Greenway \| Winnipeg Trails Association \|website\=Winnipegtrails.ca \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
In [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), almost every section of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail "Trans Canada Trail") and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from [Musquodoboit Harbour](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour%2C_Nova_Scotia "Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia") ([Musquodoboit Trailway](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Trailway "Musquodoboit Trailway")) to [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia "Dartmouth, Nova Scotia") are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia") to [New Germany](/wiki/New_Germany%2C_Nova_Scotia "New Germany, Nova Scotia") to [Yarmouth](/wiki/Yarmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia "Yarmouth, Nova Scotia") to [Grand Pre](/wiki/Grand_Pre%2C_Nova_Scotia "Grand Pre, Nova Scotia").
A considerable part of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail "Trans Canada Trail") are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi\-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.
#### United States
{{Further\|List\_of\_rail\_trails\_in\_the\_United\_States\|l1\=List of rail trails in the United States}}
{{See also\|Great American Rail\-Trail}}
[thumb\|upright 0\.75\|A rail trail in southern [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island")](/wiki/File:South_County_Bike_Path_in_Peace_Dale%2C_June_2016.jpg "South County Bike Path in Peace Dale, June 2016.jpg")
In North America, the decades\-long consolidation of the rail industry led to the closure of a number of uneconomical branch lines and redundant mainlines. Some were maintained as [short line railways](/wiki/Short-line_railroad "Short-line railroad"), but many others were abandoned. The first abandoned rail corridor in the United States converted into a recreational trail was the [Elroy\-Sparta State Trail](/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail "Elroy-Sparta State Trail") in [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin"), which opened in 1967\. The following year the [Illinois Prairie Path](/wiki/Illinois_Prairie_Path "Illinois Prairie Path") opened. The conversion of rails to trails hastened with the federal government passing legislation promoting the use of [railbanking](/wiki/Railbanking "Railbanking") for abandoned railroad corridors in 1983 which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990\. This process preserves rail corridors for possible future rail use with interim use as a trail. By the 1970s, even main lines were being sold or abandoned. This was especially true when regional rail lines merged and streamlined their operations. As both the supply of potential trails increased and awareness of the possibilities rose, state governments, municipalities, conservation authorities, and private organizations bought the rail corridors to create, expand or link [green spaces](/wiki/Open_space_reserve "Open space reserve").
The longest developed rail trail is currently the {{convert\|240\|mi}} [Katy Trail](/wiki/Katy_Trail_State_Park "Katy Trail State Park") in [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri "Missouri").{{cite web\|title\=Katy Trail mileage is 237\.5 mile per railroad mileage markers\|url\=http://mostateparks.com/page/57944/general\-information\|website\=Mostateparks.com\|date\=21 February 2011\|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18\|quotation\=However, per correspondence with Dawn Frederickson of Missouri State Parks (8/8/2014\), the total trail mileage is 240 miles, taking into consideration trail deviations from the original railbed.}} When complete, the [Cowboy Trail](/wiki/Cowboy_Trail "Cowboy Trail") in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") will become the second\-longest, extending for {{convert\|321\|mi}},{{cite web\|url\=http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\.html \|title\=Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy:: May 2009 Trail of the Month :: Cowboy Trail, Nebraska \|access\-date\=2013\-06\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021192921/http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\.html \|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-21 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bikecowboytrail.com/ \|title\=Home \|website\=bikecowboytrail.com}} the longest being the [Ohio to Erie Trail](/wiki/Ohio_to_Erie_Trail "Ohio to Erie Trail") in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") at {{convert\|326\|mi}}.{{cite news \|last1\=Withrow \|first1\=Brandon \|title\=The Best Cross\-Country Road Trip Is on a Bike \|url\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the\-great\-american\-rail\-trail\-the\-best\-cross\-country\-road\-trip\-is\-on\-a\-bike \|newspaper\=The Daily Beast \|date\=22 June 2019 \|publisher\=Daily Beast \|access\-date\=2 October 2019}}
The [BeltLine](/wiki/BeltLine "BeltLine"), in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), Georgia, is currently under construction. In 2030, its anticipated year of completion, it will be one of the longest continuous trails. The Atlanta BeltLine is a sustainable redevelopment project that will provide a network of public parks, multi\-use trails and transit along a historic 22\-mile railroad corridor circling downtown and connecting many neighborhoods directly to each other.{{cite web\|url\=http://beltline.org/about/ \|title\=ABOUT // Atlanta BeltLine \|website\=Beltline.org \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
The [Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy "Rails-to-Trails Conservancy") is a nationwide nonprofit group that advocates for rail trails and has many documents and advice on building a rail trail. Per their records, the U.S. currently has 22,107 miles of rail trail complete. {{as of \|2015}}, Michigan has the most total mileage (2,381\) of any state.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.railstotrails.org/our\-work/united\-states/ \|title\=United States \| Rails\-to\-Trails Conservancy \|website\=Railstotrails.org \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
{{Clear}}
|
[
"### Americas",
"#### Bermuda",
"{{Main\\|Bermuda Railway}}\nThe Bermuda Railway ceased to operate as such when the only carrier to exist in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") folded in 1948\\. Some of the former right of way were converted for automobile traffic, and in 1984 18 miles were converted to a rail trail, reserved for pedestrian use and bicycles on paved portions.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bermuda Railway Trail\\|publisher\\=Bermuda Dept. of Tourism\\|url\\=http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\\.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106092332/http://www.bermudatourism.com/180\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Bermuda \"Hamilton, Bermuda\") to [St. George's](/wiki/St._George%27s%2C_Bermuda \"St. George's, Bermuda\") and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, causing the trail to be fragmented.",
"#### Canada",
"{{Further\\|List of trails in Canada}}\nThe [Kettle Valley Rail Trail](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Rail_Trail \"Kettle Valley Rail Trail\") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now\\-abandoned [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway \"Kettle Valley Railway\"). The trail was developed during the 1990s after the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\") abandoned train service.",
"The longest rail trail in Canada is the [Newfoundland T'Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway \"Newfoundland T'Railway\") that covers a distance of {{convert\\|883\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic [Newfoundland Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway \"Newfoundland Railway\") as transferred from its most recent owner, [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"), to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 \"Newfoundland (island)\") in 1988\\. The rail corridor stretches from [Channel\\-Port aux Basques](/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador\") in the west to [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador\") in the east with branches to [Stephenville](/wiki/Stephenville%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Lewisporte](/wiki/Lewisporte%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Bonavista](/wiki/Bonavista%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Placentia](/wiki/Placentia%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador\") and [Carbonear](/wiki/Carbonear%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador\").",
"Following the abandonment of the [Prince Edward Island Railway](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Railway \"Prince Edward Island Railway\") in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right\\-of\\-way to the entire railway system. The [Confederation Trail](/wiki/Confederation_Trail \"Confederation Trail\") was developed as a tip\\-to\\-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge](/wiki/Fredericton_Railway_Bridge \"Fredericton Railway Bridge\") in Fredericton](/wiki/File:FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg \"FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg\")\nIn Quebec, [Le P'tit Train du Nord](/wiki/Le_P%27tit_Train_du_Nord \"Le P'tit Train du Nord\") runs {{convert\\|200\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} from [Saint\\-Jérôme](/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Jérôme, Quebec\") to [Mont\\-Laurier](/wiki/Mont-Laurier \"Mont-Laurier\").",
"In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), there are two rail trails, the [Beltline Trail](/wiki/Beltline_Trail \"Beltline Trail\") and the [West Toronto Railpath](/wiki/West_Toronto_Railpath \"West Toronto Railpath\").",
"In central Ontario, the former [Victoria Railway](/wiki/Victoria_Railway \"Victoria Railway\") line, which runs {{convert\\|89\\|km\\|mi}} from the town of [Lindsay, Ontario](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario \"Lindsay, Ontario\"), north to the village of Haliburton, in [Haliburton County](/wiki/Haliburton_County \"Haliburton County\"), serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the [Canadian Shield](/wiki/Canadian_Shield \"Canadian Shield\"), with historic [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge \"Trestle bridge\") crossing several rivers.",
"The old Sarnia Bridge in [St. Marys, Ontario](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ontario \"St. Marys, Ontario\"), was re\\-purposed as part of the [Grand Trunk Trail](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Trail \"Grand Trunk Trail\"). The former [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway \"Grand Trunk Railway\") viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995\\. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re\\-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the [North America Railway Hall of Fame](/wiki/North_America_Railway_Hall_of_Fame \"North America Railway Hall of Fame\").{{cite web\\|title \\= North America Railway Hall of Fame\\|url\\=http://narhf.org/?p\\=6361\\|website \\= narhf.org\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-05\\-15\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145005/http://narhf.org/?p\\=6361\\|archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-09\\-29}}",
"A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\"), was turned into a {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\") trail in 2007\\. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into [East St. Paul](/wiki/East_St._Paul \"East St. Paul\"), and eventually to Birds Hill Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegtrails.ca/trails\\-maps/northeast\\-pioneers\\-greenwaynew/ \\|title\\=Northeast Pioneers Greenway \\| Winnipeg Trails Association \\|website\\=Winnipegtrails.ca \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"In [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), almost every section of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail \"Trans Canada Trail\") and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from [Musquodoboit Harbour](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia\") ([Musquodoboit Trailway](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Trailway \"Musquodoboit Trailway\")) to [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Dartmouth, Nova Scotia\") are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\") to [New Germany](/wiki/New_Germany%2C_Nova_Scotia \"New Germany, Nova Scotia\") to [Yarmouth](/wiki/Yarmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Yarmouth, Nova Scotia\") to [Grand Pre](/wiki/Grand_Pre%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Grand Pre, Nova Scotia\").",
"A considerable part of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail \"Trans Canada Trail\") are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi\\-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.",
"#### United States",
"{{Further\\|List\\_of\\_rail\\_trails\\_in\\_the\\_United\\_States\\|l1\\=List of rail trails in the United States}}\n{{See also\\|Great American Rail\\-Trail}}\n[thumb\\|upright 0\\.75\\|A rail trail in southern [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\")](/wiki/File:South_County_Bike_Path_in_Peace_Dale%2C_June_2016.jpg \"South County Bike Path in Peace Dale, June 2016.jpg\")\nIn North America, the decades\\-long consolidation of the rail industry led to the closure of a number of uneconomical branch lines and redundant mainlines. Some were maintained as [short line railways](/wiki/Short-line_railroad \"Short-line railroad\"), but many others were abandoned. The first abandoned rail corridor in the United States converted into a recreational trail was the [Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail](/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail \"Elroy-Sparta State Trail\") in [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), which opened in 1967\\. The following year the [Illinois Prairie Path](/wiki/Illinois_Prairie_Path \"Illinois Prairie Path\") opened. The conversion of rails to trails hastened with the federal government passing legislation promoting the use of [railbanking](/wiki/Railbanking \"Railbanking\") for abandoned railroad corridors in 1983 which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1990\\. This process preserves rail corridors for possible future rail use with interim use as a trail. By the 1970s, even main lines were being sold or abandoned. This was especially true when regional rail lines merged and streamlined their operations. As both the supply of potential trails increased and awareness of the possibilities rose, state governments, municipalities, conservation authorities, and private organizations bought the rail corridors to create, expand or link [green spaces](/wiki/Open_space_reserve \"Open space reserve\").",
"The longest developed rail trail is currently the {{convert\\|240\\|mi}} [Katy Trail](/wiki/Katy_Trail_State_Park \"Katy Trail State Park\") in [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Katy Trail mileage is 237\\.5 mile per railroad mileage markers\\|url\\=http://mostateparks.com/page/57944/general\\-information\\|website\\=Mostateparks.com\\|date\\=21 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18\\|quotation\\=However, per correspondence with Dawn Frederickson of Missouri State Parks (8/8/2014\\), the total trail mileage is 240 miles, taking into consideration trail deviations from the original railbed.}} When complete, the [Cowboy Trail](/wiki/Cowboy_Trail \"Cowboy Trail\") in [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\") will become the second\\-longest, extending for {{convert\\|321\\|mi}},{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\\.html \\|title\\=Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy:: May 2009 Trail of the Month :: Cowboy Trail, Nebraska \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-06\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021192921/http://www.railstotrails.org/news/recurringFeatures/trailMonth/archives/0905\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-21 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bikecowboytrail.com/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=bikecowboytrail.com}} the longest being the [Ohio to Erie Trail](/wiki/Ohio_to_Erie_Trail \"Ohio to Erie Trail\") in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\") at {{convert\\|326\\|mi}}.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Withrow \\|first1\\=Brandon \\|title\\=The Best Cross\\-Country Road Trip Is on a Bike \\|url\\=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the\\-great\\-american\\-rail\\-trail\\-the\\-best\\-cross\\-country\\-road\\-trip\\-is\\-on\\-a\\-bike \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Beast \\|date\\=22 June 2019 \\|publisher\\=Daily Beast \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2019}}",
"The [BeltLine](/wiki/BeltLine \"BeltLine\"), in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Georgia, is currently under construction. In 2030, its anticipated year of completion, it will be one of the longest continuous trails. The Atlanta BeltLine is a sustainable redevelopment project that will provide a network of public parks, multi\\-use trails and transit along a historic 22\\-mile railroad corridor circling downtown and connecting many neighborhoods directly to each other.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://beltline.org/about/ \\|title\\=ABOUT // Atlanta BeltLine \\|website\\=Beltline.org \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"The [Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy](/wiki/Rails-to-Trails_Conservancy \"Rails-to-Trails Conservancy\") is a nationwide nonprofit group that advocates for rail trails and has many documents and advice on building a rail trail. Per their records, the U.S. currently has 22,107 miles of rail trail complete. {{as of \\|2015}}, Michigan has the most total mileage (2,381\\) of any state.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railstotrails.org/our\\-work/united\\-states/ \\|title\\=United States \\| Rails\\-to\\-Trails Conservancy \\|website\\=Railstotrails.org \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"{{Clear}}",
""
] |
#### Canada
{{Further\|List of trails in Canada}}
The [Kettle Valley Rail Trail](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Rail_Trail "Kettle Valley Rail Trail") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now\-abandoned [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway "Kettle Valley Railway"). The trail was developed during the 1990s after the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway "Canadian Pacific Railway") abandoned train service.
The longest rail trail in Canada is the [Newfoundland T'Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway "Newfoundland T'Railway") that covers a distance of {{convert\|883\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic [Newfoundland Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway "Newfoundland Railway") as transferred from its most recent owner, [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway"), to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 "Newfoundland (island)") in 1988\. The rail corridor stretches from [Channel\-Port aux Basques](/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador") in the west to [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador") in the east with branches to [Stephenville](/wiki/Stephenville%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Lewisporte](/wiki/Lewisporte%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Bonavista](/wiki/Bonavista%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador"), [Placentia](/wiki/Placentia%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador") and [Carbonear](/wiki/Carbonear%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador").
Following the abandonment of the [Prince Edward Island Railway](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Railway "Prince Edward Island Railway") in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right\-of\-way to the entire railway system. The [Confederation Trail](/wiki/Confederation_Trail "Confederation Trail") was developed as a tip\-to\-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.
[thumb\|left\|[Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge](/wiki/Fredericton_Railway_Bridge "Fredericton Railway Bridge") in Fredericton](/wiki/File:FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg "FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg")
In Quebec, [Le P'tit Train du Nord](/wiki/Le_P%27tit_Train_du_Nord "Le P'tit Train du Nord") runs {{convert\|200\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} from [Saint\-Jérôme](/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Quebec "Saint-Jérôme, Quebec") to [Mont\-Laurier](/wiki/Mont-Laurier "Mont-Laurier").
In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), there are two rail trails, the [Beltline Trail](/wiki/Beltline_Trail "Beltline Trail") and the [West Toronto Railpath](/wiki/West_Toronto_Railpath "West Toronto Railpath").
In central Ontario, the former [Victoria Railway](/wiki/Victoria_Railway "Victoria Railway") line, which runs {{convert\|89\|km\|mi}} from the town of [Lindsay, Ontario](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario "Lindsay, Ontario"), north to the village of Haliburton, in [Haliburton County](/wiki/Haliburton_County "Haliburton County"), serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the [Canadian Shield](/wiki/Canadian_Shield "Canadian Shield"), with historic [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge "Trestle bridge") crossing several rivers.
The old Sarnia Bridge in [St. Marys, Ontario](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ontario "St. Marys, Ontario"), was re\-purposed as part of the [Grand Trunk Trail](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Trail "Grand Trunk Trail"). The former [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway "Grand Trunk Railway") viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995\. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over {{convert\|3\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re\-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the [North America Railway Hall of Fame](/wiki/North_America_Railway_Hall_of_Fame "North America Railway Hall of Fame").{{cite web\|title \= North America Railway Hall of Fame\|url\=http://narhf.org/?p\=6361\|website \= narhf.org\|access\-date \= 2015\-05\-15\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145005/http://narhf.org/?p\=6361\|archive\-date \= 2013\-09\-29}}
A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg "Winnipeg"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba"), was turned into a {{convert\|7\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete "Asphalt concrete") trail in 2007\. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into [East St. Paul](/wiki/East_St._Paul "East St. Paul"), and eventually to Birds Hill Park.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.winnipegtrails.ca/trails\-maps/northeast\-pioneers\-greenwaynew/ \|title\=Northeast Pioneers Greenway \| Winnipeg Trails Association \|website\=Winnipegtrails.ca \|date\=2014\-06\-20 \|access\-date\=2016\-08\-18}}
In [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), almost every section of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail "Trans Canada Trail") and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from [Musquodoboit Harbour](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour%2C_Nova_Scotia "Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia") ([Musquodoboit Trailway](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Trailway "Musquodoboit Trailway")) to [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia "Dartmouth, Nova Scotia") are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia") to [New Germany](/wiki/New_Germany%2C_Nova_Scotia "New Germany, Nova Scotia") to [Yarmouth](/wiki/Yarmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia "Yarmouth, Nova Scotia") to [Grand Pre](/wiki/Grand_Pre%2C_Nova_Scotia "Grand Pre, Nova Scotia").
A considerable part of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail "Trans Canada Trail") are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi\-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.
|
[
"#### Canada",
"{{Further\\|List of trails in Canada}}\nThe [Kettle Valley Rail Trail](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Rail_Trail \"Kettle Valley Rail Trail\") in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now\\-abandoned [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway \"Kettle Valley Railway\"). The trail was developed during the 1990s after the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\") abandoned train service.",
"The longest rail trail in Canada is the [Newfoundland T'Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_T%27Railway \"Newfoundland T'Railway\") that covers a distance of {{convert\\|883\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. Protected as a linear park under the provincial park system, the T'Railway consists of the railbed of the historic [Newfoundland Railway](/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway \"Newfoundland Railway\") as transferred from its most recent owner, [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"), to the provincial government after rail service was abandoned on the island of [Newfoundland](/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29 \"Newfoundland (island)\") in 1988\\. The rail corridor stretches from [Channel\\-Port aux Basques](/wiki/Channel-Port_aux_Basques%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador\") in the west to [St. John's](/wiki/St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador\") in the east with branches to [Stephenville](/wiki/Stephenville%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Lewisporte](/wiki/Lewisporte%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Bonavista](/wiki/Bonavista%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador\"), [Placentia](/wiki/Placentia%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador\") and [Carbonear](/wiki/Carbonear%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador\").",
"Following the abandonment of the [Prince Edward Island Railway](/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Railway \"Prince Edward Island Railway\") in 1989, the government of Prince Edward Island purchased the right\\-of\\-way to the entire railway system. The [Confederation Trail](/wiki/Confederation_Trail \"Confederation Trail\") was developed as a tip\\-to\\-tip walking/cycling gravel rail trail which doubles as a monitored and groomed snowmobile trail during the winter months, operated by the PEI Snowmobile Association.\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Bill Thorpe Walking Bridge](/wiki/Fredericton_Railway_Bridge \"Fredericton Railway Bridge\") in Fredericton](/wiki/File:FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg \"FrederictonPedBridge2014.jpg\")\nIn Quebec, [Le P'tit Train du Nord](/wiki/Le_P%27tit_Train_du_Nord \"Le P'tit Train du Nord\") runs {{convert\\|200\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} from [Saint\\-Jérôme](/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Quebec \"Saint-Jérôme, Quebec\") to [Mont\\-Laurier](/wiki/Mont-Laurier \"Mont-Laurier\").",
"In [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), there are two rail trails, the [Beltline Trail](/wiki/Beltline_Trail \"Beltline Trail\") and the [West Toronto Railpath](/wiki/West_Toronto_Railpath \"West Toronto Railpath\").",
"In central Ontario, the former [Victoria Railway](/wiki/Victoria_Railway \"Victoria Railway\") line, which runs {{convert\\|89\\|km\\|mi}} from the town of [Lindsay, Ontario](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario \"Lindsay, Ontario\"), north to the village of Haliburton, in [Haliburton County](/wiki/Haliburton_County \"Haliburton County\"), serves as a public recreation trail. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the winter months, and walking, cycling, and horse riding from spring to autumn. The majority of the rail trail passes through sparsely populated areas of the [Canadian Shield](/wiki/Canadian_Shield \"Canadian Shield\"), with historic [trestle bridges](/wiki/Trestle_bridge \"Trestle bridge\") crossing several rivers.",
"The old Sarnia Bridge in [St. Marys, Ontario](/wiki/St._Marys%2C_Ontario \"St. Marys, Ontario\"), was re\\-purposed as part of the [Grand Trunk Trail](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Trail \"Grand Trunk Trail\"). The former [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway \"Grand Trunk Railway\") viaduct was purchased from Canadian National Railway in 1995\\. The Grand Trunk Trail was opened in 1998 with over {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} of paved, accessible trail. In 2012, The re\\-purposing of the Sarnia Bridge was inducted into the [North America Railway Hall of Fame](/wiki/North_America_Railway_Hall_of_Fame \"North America Railway Hall of Fame\").{{cite web\\|title \\= North America Railway Hall of Fame\\|url\\=http://narhf.org/?p\\=6361\\|website \\= narhf.org\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-05\\-15\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145005/http://narhf.org/?p\\=6361\\|archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-09\\-29}}",
"A railroad between Gateway Road and Raleigh Street (i.e. streets immediately parallel to the railway on each side) in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\"), was turned into a {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} [asphalt](/wiki/Asphalt_concrete \"Asphalt concrete\") trail in 2007\\. It is called the Northeast Pioneers Greenway, and there are plans for expansion into [East St. Paul](/wiki/East_St._Paul \"East St. Paul\"), and eventually to Birds Hill Park.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.winnipegtrails.ca/trails\\-maps/northeast\\-pioneers\\-greenwaynew/ \\|title\\=Northeast Pioneers Greenway \\| Winnipeg Trails Association \\|website\\=Winnipegtrails.ca \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-18}}",
"In [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), almost every section of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail \"Trans Canada Trail\") and other walking trails are abandoned railways. A small railway line from [Musquodoboit Harbour](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Harbour%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Musquodoboit Harbour, Nova Scotia\") ([Musquodoboit Trailway](/wiki/Musquodoboit_Trailway \"Musquodoboit Trailway\")) to [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Dartmouth, Nova Scotia\") are nearly fully used by community members and tourists. Another extremely large section is used from [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\") to [New Germany](/wiki/New_Germany%2C_Nova_Scotia \"New Germany, Nova Scotia\") to [Yarmouth](/wiki/Yarmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Yarmouth, Nova Scotia\") to [Grand Pre](/wiki/Grand_Pre%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Grand Pre, Nova Scotia\").",
"A considerable part of the [Trans Canada Trail](/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail \"Trans Canada Trail\") are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP and CN rail rebuilt as walking trails. The main section runs along the southern areas of Canada connecting most of Canada's major cities and most populous areas. There is also a long northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton and then up through northern British Columbia to Yukon. The trail is multi\\-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, cross country skiers and snowmobilers.",
""
] |
Life
----
### Family
Michotte was born to a distinguished, well\-to\-do, noble Catholic family.{{cite journal \| author \= Thinès, Georges \|author2\= Costall, Alan\|author3\= Butterworth, George \|date\=Summer 1994 \| title \= Michotte's Experimental Phenomenology of Perception, Review \| journal \= The American Journal of Psychology \| volume \= 107 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 275–6 \| doi \= 10\.2307/1423041 \| publisher \= University of Illinois Press \| jstor \= 1423041}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://eupedia.com/belgium/belgian\_nobility.shtml\#Baron\|title \= Eupedia}} He was second and last child of Edmond Michotte and Marie Bellefroid and younger brother of [geographer](/wiki/Geographer "Geographer") Paul Michotte.
Michotte married Lucie Mulle (1885–1958\), who gained the title Baroness Lucie Michotte van den Berck.
### Certification
He enrolled at the [University of Leuven](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_%281834%E2%80%931968%29 "Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)") at the age of sixteen, originally studying philosophy.
He obtained his *license* in 1899 in the study of [Physiology](/wiki/Physiology "Physiology") and the psychology of sleep, and in 1900, his [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate "Doctorate") in philosophy with a thesis on [Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer "Herbert Spencer")'s ethics.
### Early work
His interest was drawn toward experimental research, and so enrolled in the department of natural sciences where he joined the laboratory for two years, the same which had once been used by [Arthur Van Gehuchten](/wiki/Arthur_Van_Gehuchten "Arthur Van Gehuchten").
It was during this time that he made his first scientific contributions: two publications on the [histology](/wiki/Histology "Histology") of the nerve cell.
After having a conversation with Désiré Mercier, founder of Leuven's laboratory of experimental psychology, was when he finally decided to dedicate himself to psychology.
He began working under Armand Thiéry, who had been the laboratory director since 1894\.
Michotte wrote a publication on his research on tactual sense in 1905 based on his first experimental work.
Between 1905 and 1908, he spent one semester of each year in Germany, working first with [Wilhelm Wundt](/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt "Wilhelm Wundt") at [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig"), then at [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg "Würzburg") with [Oswald Külpe](/wiki/Oswald_K%C3%BClpe "Oswald Külpe"). During this time he was also giving a course at Leuven on experimental psychology the other half of the year. His early work, done before World War I, was focused on logical memory and voluntary choice. Much of that work was heavily influenced by Külpe, through the employment of "systematic experimental introspection".{{cite journal \| author \= Nuttin, Joseph R \|date\=June 1966 \| title \= Albert Edouard Michotte van den Berck: 1881\-1965 \| journal \= The American Journal of Psychology \| volume \= 79 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 331–3\|pmid\=5330873 }}
### Flees Belgium
After Leuven burned down in the beginning of World War I, Michotte fled the country, as many other Belgians of the time did. He went to the Netherlands where he stayed until 1918\. There he worked with a friend at the Utrecht laboratory, studying the measurement of acoustic energy.
### Post WWI
After the war he returned to Belgium and returned to his teaching post and research at Leuven. Through his involvement, the teaching and research of psychology at Leuven underwent a considerable expansion and several additional professors were appointed. Michotte organized an Institut de Psychologie in 1944, which was able to grant the degree of *docteur en psychologie*. Throughout these years, even during World War II, Michotte was completely devoted to his work, and had little time for other activities or interests. He would often travel to various foreign universities to present papers. He also attended every International Congress of Psychology from 1905 until the 1950s. He was elected an International Member of the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society") in 1950\.{{Cite web \|title\=APS Member History \|url\=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator\=Albert\+Michotte\&title\=\&subject\=\&subdiv\=\&mem\=\&year\=\&year\-max\=\&dead\=\&keyword\=\&smode\=advanced \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-21 \|website\=search.amphilsoc.org}} In 1952 he became professor emeritus, though continued to teach a course in perception in to 1956\. He was elected to the United States [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences") that same year.{{Cite web \|title\=Albert E. Michotte \|url\=http://www.nasonline.org/member\-directory/deceased\-members/20001887\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-21 \|website\=www.nasonline.org}}
### Old age
He continued to frequent the laboratory; however, in 1962 he had a small cardiac attack, which sent him to a clinic for several months. Yet even there he continued to write and direct experiments through the help of his colleagues. Although he remained active until a few weeks before his death, he was housebound for the last three years of his life. He died in his home in 1965\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"### Family",
"Michotte was born to a distinguished, well\\-to\\-do, noble Catholic family.{{cite journal \\| author \\= Thinès, Georges \\|author2\\= Costall, Alan\\|author3\\= Butterworth, George \\|date\\=Summer 1994 \\| title \\= Michotte's Experimental Phenomenology of Perception, Review \\| journal \\= The American Journal of Psychology \\| volume \\= 107 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 275–6 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2307/1423041 \\| publisher \\= University of Illinois Press \\| jstor \\= 1423041}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://eupedia.com/belgium/belgian\\_nobility.shtml\\#Baron\\|title \\= Eupedia}} He was second and last child of Edmond Michotte and Marie Bellefroid and younger brother of [geographer](/wiki/Geographer \"Geographer\") Paul Michotte.",
"Michotte married Lucie Mulle (1885–1958\\), who gained the title Baroness Lucie Michotte van den Berck.",
"### Certification",
"He enrolled at the [University of Leuven](/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_%281834%E2%80%931968%29 \"Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)\") at the age of sixteen, originally studying philosophy.\nHe obtained his *license* in 1899 in the study of [Physiology](/wiki/Physiology \"Physiology\") and the psychology of sleep, and in 1900, his [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate \"Doctorate\") in philosophy with a thesis on [Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer \"Herbert Spencer\")'s ethics.",
"### Early work",
"His interest was drawn toward experimental research, and so enrolled in the department of natural sciences where he joined the laboratory for two years, the same which had once been used by [Arthur Van Gehuchten](/wiki/Arthur_Van_Gehuchten \"Arthur Van Gehuchten\").\nIt was during this time that he made his first scientific contributions: two publications on the [histology](/wiki/Histology \"Histology\") of the nerve cell.\nAfter having a conversation with Désiré Mercier, founder of Leuven's laboratory of experimental psychology, was when he finally decided to dedicate himself to psychology. \nHe began working under Armand Thiéry, who had been the laboratory director since 1894\\.\nMichotte wrote a publication on his research on tactual sense in 1905 based on his first experimental work.\nBetween 1905 and 1908, he spent one semester of each year in Germany, working first with [Wilhelm Wundt](/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt \"Wilhelm Wundt\") at [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\"), then at [Würzburg](/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg \"Würzburg\") with [Oswald Külpe](/wiki/Oswald_K%C3%BClpe \"Oswald Külpe\"). During this time he was also giving a course at Leuven on experimental psychology the other half of the year. His early work, done before World War I, was focused on logical memory and voluntary choice. Much of that work was heavily influenced by Külpe, through the employment of \"systematic experimental introspection\".{{cite journal \\| author \\= Nuttin, Joseph R \\|date\\=June 1966 \\| title \\= Albert Edouard Michotte van den Berck: 1881\\-1965 \\| journal \\= The American Journal of Psychology \\| volume \\= 79 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 331–3\\|pmid\\=5330873 }}",
"### Flees Belgium",
"After Leuven burned down in the beginning of World War I, Michotte fled the country, as many other Belgians of the time did. He went to the Netherlands where he stayed until 1918\\. There he worked with a friend at the Utrecht laboratory, studying the measurement of acoustic energy.",
"### Post WWI",
"After the war he returned to Belgium and returned to his teaching post and research at Leuven. Through his involvement, the teaching and research of psychology at Leuven underwent a considerable expansion and several additional professors were appointed. Michotte organized an Institut de Psychologie in 1944, which was able to grant the degree of *docteur en psychologie*. Throughout these years, even during World War II, Michotte was completely devoted to his work, and had little time for other activities or interests. He would often travel to various foreign universities to present papers. He also attended every International Congress of Psychology from 1905 until the 1950s. He was elected an International Member of the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society \"American Philosophical Society\") in 1950\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=APS Member History \\|url\\=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator\\=Albert\\+Michotte\\&title\\=\\&subject\\=\\&subdiv\\=\\&mem\\=\\&year\\=\\&year\\-max\\=\\&dead\\=\\&keyword\\=\\&smode\\=advanced \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-21 \\|website\\=search.amphilsoc.org}} In 1952 he became professor emeritus, though continued to teach a course in perception in to 1956\\. He was elected to the United States [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences \"National Academy of Sciences\") that same year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Albert E. Michotte \\|url\\=http://www.nasonline.org/member\\-directory/deceased\\-members/20001887\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-21 \\|website\\=www.nasonline.org}}",
"### Old age",
"He continued to frequent the laboratory; however, in 1962 he had a small cardiac attack, which sent him to a clinic for several months. Yet even there he continued to write and direct experiments through the help of his colleagues. Although he remained active until a few weeks before his death, he was housebound for the last three years of his life. He died in his home in 1965\\.",
""
] |
Early life and education
------------------------
Carol Travis Alonso was born in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"), on December 5, 1941, just two days before the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"). Her parents, Clifford Fergus Travis and Margaret Torrence Grafton Travis, had emigrated to Canada as children from England and Scotland respectively. Alonso grew up in Canada, living in Montreal, Merrickville (a small northern town on the Rideau River in Ontario), Hamilton, Toronto, Brantford, and Port Dover on Lake Erie.
In 1952 Alonso's parents moved their family aboard Romana, a 52\-foot old\-style yacht moored in Port Dover. Her father was an engineer. She attended East High School.
In 1959 Alonso became a United States citizen at Erie County Courthouse. She graduated valedictorian of her high school class in 1959, having earned a Merit Scholarship used to attend a fine liberal arts school, Allegheny College, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. She was the first member of her family to go to college. At Allegheny she carried a double major in physics and mathematics with a minor in art. She was inducted to Phi Beta Kappa as a junior in 1962, and won the Academic Prize when graduating with honors from Allegheny in 1963\.
From 1963 through 1965, Alonso studied biophysics at [Bryn Mawr College](/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College "Bryn Mawr College"), where she researched the effect of x\-radiation on the transmission of action potentials through live axons in crayfish. Her thesis resulted in an M.S. degree in BioPhysics.
Pursuing her longtime goals, Alonso in 1965, having won a National Science Foundation Fellowship, obtained admission to the Physics Graduate School at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") in Cambridge, MA. In those days very few of the Physics graduate students were women. In Francis Low's large quantum mechanics class of about a hundred students, for example, she was the only female.
She completed her Ph.D. thesis *Perturbed Angular Correlations* in 1970{{Cite journal\|last1\=Alonso\|first1\=Carol Travis\|last2\=Grodzins\|first2\=Lee\|date\=1972\-03\-01\|title\=Theoretical Aspects of Quadrupole Perturbations of Time\-Integrated Angular Correlations\|journal\=Physical Review C\|volume\=5\|issue\=3\|pages\=728–738\|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevC.5\.728\|bibcode\=1972PhRvC...5\..728A}} supervised by [Lee Grodzins](/wiki/Lee_Grodzins "Lee Grodzins").{{Cite web\|url\=http://web.mit.edu/physics/news/physicsatmit/physicsatmit\_16\_alumnotes.pdf\|title\=Alumni/ae Notes\|date\=2016\|website\=MIT\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-11}} While at MIT she chaired the Graduate Student Council, and was instrumental in initiating an annual review and ranking of faculty members that exists to this day. In 1970 Dr. Carol Travis Alonso graduated with a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.blazinglantern.com/poetry\-award.html\|title\=Poem of the Month\|website\=Blazing Lantern Book Publishing\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-11}}
|
[
"Early life and education\n------------------------",
"Carol Travis Alonso was born in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), on December 5, 1941, just two days before the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"). Her parents, Clifford Fergus Travis and Margaret Torrence Grafton Travis, had emigrated to Canada as children from England and Scotland respectively. Alonso grew up in Canada, living in Montreal, Merrickville (a small northern town on the Rideau River in Ontario), Hamilton, Toronto, Brantford, and Port Dover on Lake Erie.",
"In 1952 Alonso's parents moved their family aboard Romana, a 52\\-foot old\\-style yacht moored in Port Dover. Her father was an engineer. She attended East High School.",
"In 1959 Alonso became a United States citizen at Erie County Courthouse. She graduated valedictorian of her high school class in 1959, having earned a Merit Scholarship used to attend a fine liberal arts school, Allegheny College, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. She was the first member of her family to go to college. At Allegheny she carried a double major in physics and mathematics with a minor in art. She was inducted to Phi Beta Kappa as a junior in 1962, and won the Academic Prize when graduating with honors from Allegheny in 1963\\.",
"From 1963 through 1965, Alonso studied biophysics at [Bryn Mawr College](/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College \"Bryn Mawr College\"), where she researched the effect of x\\-radiation on the transmission of action potentials through live axons in crayfish. Her thesis resulted in an M.S. degree in BioPhysics.",
"Pursuing her longtime goals, Alonso in 1965, having won a National Science Foundation Fellowship, obtained admission to the Physics Graduate School at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") in Cambridge, MA. In those days very few of the Physics graduate students were women. In Francis Low's large quantum mechanics class of about a hundred students, for example, she was the only female.",
"She completed her Ph.D. thesis *Perturbed Angular Correlations* in 1970{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Alonso\\|first1\\=Carol Travis\\|last2\\=Grodzins\\|first2\\=Lee\\|date\\=1972\\-03\\-01\\|title\\=Theoretical Aspects of Quadrupole Perturbations of Time\\-Integrated Angular Correlations\\|journal\\=Physical Review C\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=728–738\\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevC.5\\.728\\|bibcode\\=1972PhRvC...5\\..728A}} supervised by [Lee Grodzins](/wiki/Lee_Grodzins \"Lee Grodzins\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://web.mit.edu/physics/news/physicsatmit/physicsatmit\\_16\\_alumnotes.pdf\\|title\\=Alumni/ae Notes\\|date\\=2016\\|website\\=MIT\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-11}} While at MIT she chaired the Graduate Student Council, and was instrumental in initiating an annual review and ranking of faculty members that exists to this day. In 1970 Dr. Carol Travis Alonso graduated with a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. \n{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.blazinglantern.com/poetry\\-award.html\\|title\\=Poem of the Month\\|website\\=Blazing Lantern Book Publishing\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-11}}",
""
] |
Research
--------
Alonso joined [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") as a [postdoctoral](/wiki/Postdoctoral "Postdoctoral") fellow in 1970,
working on heavy ion research at the Yale HILAC with John Rasmussen. She also taught basic physics to pre\-medical students at Yale. In 1972 she moved to Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to work with Nobel Laureate [Glenn T. Seaborg](/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg "Glenn T. Seaborg").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.lanl.gov/discover/publications/actinide\-research\-quarterly/pdfs/ARQ\-2009\-06\.pdf\|title\=Actinide Research Quarterly\|date\=2009\|website\=LLNL\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-11}} Their team discovered element 106, which some years later was named seaborgium. Alonso, while attending a conference in [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") to present a nuclear hydrodynamics paper, got caught in the middle of a competition between the US and the Soviet Union to first announce the discovery of element 106\. At Berkeley they used [californium\-249](/wiki/Californium-249 "Californium-249") as a target and eventually discovered [seaborgium](/wiki/Seaborgium "Seaborgium").{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=yP63CgAAQBAJ\&q\=carol\+alonso\+106\&pg\=PA316\|title\=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story\|last1\=Albert\|first1\=Ghiorso\|last2\=C\|first2\=Hoffman Darleane\|last3\=T\|first3\=Seaborg Glenn\|date\=2000\-01\-21\|publisher\=World Scientific\|isbn\=9781783262441\|language\=en}} The new nucleus had a 0\.9 second half\-life and underwent alpha decay to [rutherfordium\-259](/wiki/Rutherfordium-259 "Rutherfordium-259").{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_uu3CgAAQBAJ\&q\=carol\+alonso\+llnl\&pg\=PA10\|title\=Candid Science Iii: More Conversations With Famous Chemists\|last1\=Istvan\|first1\=Hargittai\|last2\=Magdolna\|first2\=Hargittai\|date\=2003\-03\-21\|publisher\=World Scientific\|isbn\=9781783261116\|language\=en}}
In 1975 Dr. Alonso became a full staff research physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, doing nuclear research in A\-Division. Her career at LLNL spanned many aspects of National Security research and management, from 1975 until her retirement in July 2001\. National Security at LLNL includes nuclear defense research and development as well as anti\-terrorist and non\-proliferation research and analysis, and arms control issues.
Alonso began her work at LLNL with research on inertially confined laser fusion and thermonuclear fusion physics. In 1980 she founded and was named manager of Rodeo Program, which studied innovative processes associated with thermonuclear fusion. She became Deputy A\-Division Leader for Thermonuclear Design in 1984, with an additional year as Associate Program Leader for X\-Ray Laser Design in 1986–87\. During these years Alonso worked with national teams to provide technical input into the policy area of nuclear test thresholds, particularly with regard to arms control issues. She also collaborated on a computer simulation study of ultra\-relativistic collisions of heavy atomic nuclei.
In 1984\-85 Carol collaborated with astronaut Taylor Wang of the Jet Propulsion Lab on a hydrodynamics experiment on space shuttle Challenger. NASA invited her to view the launch of STS\-51\-B as a VIP on April 29, 1985, at Cape Canaveral. An NBC film crew accompanied Carol on this trip, filming her for a Today Show special on Carol's work at LLNL. This show, with anchor Jane Pauley, was aired prime time on July 16, 1985\.
From 1982 to 1990 Dr. Alonso served as LLNL Chairman of the Joint US/UK Working Group, set up by federal statute to allow collaboration between the United States and the United Kingdom on certain aspects of nuclear defense. This position entailed frequent liaison trips to Aldermaston and Whitehall in the United Kingdom. During this period Alonso in 1987 co\-authored, with George Miller and Paul Brown, the “Report to Congress on Stockpile Reliability, Weapon Remanufacture, and the Role of Nuclear Testing” in answer to a direct request from Senator Edward Kennedy and Congressmen Aspin, Dicks, Fascell, Markey and Spratt.
In September 1990 Alonso was appointed Assistant to the Deputy Director, where she worked on a variety of Laboratory operational and policy administration issues, including chairing several complex incident analysis teams. Subsequently, as Special Assistant in the Director's Office, she served as Laboratory Coordinator for the first University of California Science and Technology Performance Review. In 1994 Alonso was named by the Director as LLNL's point\-of\-contact to DOE for the White House's National Science and Technology Council, and also as LLNL's policy representative on DOE's federal R\&D database team.
In 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, initiating the Gulf War, Alonso chaired Project Desert Orchid, in which LLNL's intellectual resources were tapped to suggest solutions to the conflict's diverse technical problems. Alonso shared a patent on a device to cap burning oil wells. In 1993 she was awarded a medal from Washington, DC, "For Outstanding Service to the United States."
In 1995 Dr. Alonso was appointed Assistant Associate Director for National Security, a position she held until her retirement from LLNL in July 2001\. In this capacity she administered various internal security programs at the Laboratory, chaired numerous DOE technical study teams, wrote several reports associated with stockpile stewardship, and generally managed internal security affairs at the Laboratory.
Alonso was Executive Secretary of the LLNL National Security Council, composed of Laboratory Associate Directors. During these tumultuous years of change, the United States engaged in a voluntary test ban that altered the priorities of the Laboratory, inducing it to develop the Stockpile Stewardship Program in which nuclear testing at Nevada Test Site was replaced by very advanced simulation computer codes and high energy density laboratory experiments. During those years Alonso co\-authored a historical paper entitled "The Road To Zero Yield."
In 2001, Alonso retired from the Laboratory after almost 30 years of service to the University of California and the United States Government. Her second career focused on a completely different long\-term passion, the art of dressage \- that is, the art of dancing horses. She became a horse trainer and competitor. She continues this avocation to this day, with a competition specialty in freestyle to music. In 2009, she won a bronze medal from the United States Dressage Federation. With several horses, competing as an amateur, she has garnered a variety of awards and championships over the years, culminating in an invitation in 2015 to compete a freestyle in the U.S. Dressage Finals at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, KY. In her Finals ride she and her 24\-year old Andalusian horse, El Gavilan, were the oldest rider\-horse pair among 400 competitors. In 2017 Alonso and El Gavilan qualified for the rare U.S. Century Ride, for which the sum of the ages of horse and rider must exceed 100\. This ride took place on May 6, 2017, with much festivity and 70 invited guests.
Alonso is on the editorial publication board of *The Iberian Horse*, the quarterly magazine of the [International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association](/wiki/International_Andalusian_and_Lusitano_Horse_Association "International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association"). In 2019 she published her first book, *Sun Stallion*, an historical novel of the Conquest of Peru. This novel was a finalist in the 2018 Blazing Lantern Fiction Contest, winning 3rd place among 123 entries.
|
[
"Research\n--------",
"Alonso joined [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") as a [postdoctoral](/wiki/Postdoctoral \"Postdoctoral\") fellow in 1970,\nworking on heavy ion research at the Yale HILAC with John Rasmussen. She also taught basic physics to pre\\-medical students at Yale. In 1972 she moved to Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to work with Nobel Laureate [Glenn T. Seaborg](/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg \"Glenn T. Seaborg\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.lanl.gov/discover/publications/actinide\\-research\\-quarterly/pdfs/ARQ\\-2009\\-06\\.pdf\\|title\\=Actinide Research Quarterly\\|date\\=2009\\|website\\=LLNL\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-11}} Their team discovered element 106, which some years later was named seaborgium. Alonso, while attending a conference in [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") to present a nuclear hydrodynamics paper, got caught in the middle of a competition between the US and the Soviet Union to first announce the discovery of element 106\\. At Berkeley they used [californium\\-249](/wiki/Californium-249 \"Californium-249\") as a target and eventually discovered [seaborgium](/wiki/Seaborgium \"Seaborgium\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=yP63CgAAQBAJ\\&q\\=carol\\+alonso\\+106\\&pg\\=PA316\\|title\\=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story\\|last1\\=Albert\\|first1\\=Ghiorso\\|last2\\=C\\|first2\\=Hoffman Darleane\\|last3\\=T\\|first3\\=Seaborg Glenn\\|date\\=2000\\-01\\-21\\|publisher\\=World Scientific\\|isbn\\=9781783262441\\|language\\=en}} The new nucleus had a 0\\.9 second half\\-life and underwent alpha decay to [rutherfordium\\-259](/wiki/Rutherfordium-259 \"Rutherfordium-259\").{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_uu3CgAAQBAJ\\&q\\=carol\\+alonso\\+llnl\\&pg\\=PA10\\|title\\=Candid Science Iii: More Conversations With Famous Chemists\\|last1\\=Istvan\\|first1\\=Hargittai\\|last2\\=Magdolna\\|first2\\=Hargittai\\|date\\=2003\\-03\\-21\\|publisher\\=World Scientific\\|isbn\\=9781783261116\\|language\\=en}}",
"In 1975 Dr. Alonso became a full staff research physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, doing nuclear research in A\\-Division. Her career at LLNL spanned many aspects of National Security research and management, from 1975 until her retirement in July 2001\\. National Security at LLNL includes nuclear defense research and development as well as anti\\-terrorist and non\\-proliferation research and analysis, and arms control issues.",
"Alonso began her work at LLNL with research on inertially confined laser fusion and thermonuclear fusion physics. In 1980 she founded and was named manager of Rodeo Program, which studied innovative processes associated with thermonuclear fusion. She became Deputy A\\-Division Leader for Thermonuclear Design in 1984, with an additional year as Associate Program Leader for X\\-Ray Laser Design in 1986–87\\. During these years Alonso worked with national teams to provide technical input into the policy area of nuclear test thresholds, particularly with regard to arms control issues. She also collaborated on a computer simulation study of ultra\\-relativistic collisions of heavy atomic nuclei.",
"In 1984\\-85 Carol collaborated with astronaut Taylor Wang of the Jet Propulsion Lab on a hydrodynamics experiment on space shuttle Challenger. NASA invited her to view the launch of STS\\-51\\-B as a VIP on April 29, 1985, at Cape Canaveral. An NBC film crew accompanied Carol on this trip, filming her for a Today Show special on Carol's work at LLNL. This show, with anchor Jane Pauley, was aired prime time on July 16, 1985\\.",
"From 1982 to 1990 Dr. Alonso served as LLNL Chairman of the Joint US/UK Working Group, set up by federal statute to allow collaboration between the United States and the United Kingdom on certain aspects of nuclear defense. This position entailed frequent liaison trips to Aldermaston and Whitehall in the United Kingdom. During this period Alonso in 1987 co\\-authored, with George Miller and Paul Brown, the “Report to Congress on Stockpile Reliability, Weapon Remanufacture, and the Role of Nuclear Testing” in answer to a direct request from Senator Edward Kennedy and Congressmen Aspin, Dicks, Fascell, Markey and Spratt.",
"In September 1990 Alonso was appointed Assistant to the Deputy Director, where she worked on a variety of Laboratory operational and policy administration issues, including chairing several complex incident analysis teams. Subsequently, as Special Assistant in the Director's Office, she served as Laboratory Coordinator for the first University of California Science and Technology Performance Review. In 1994 Alonso was named by the Director as LLNL's point\\-of\\-contact to DOE for the White House's National Science and Technology Council, and also as LLNL's policy representative on DOE's federal R\\&D database team.",
"In 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, initiating the Gulf War, Alonso chaired Project Desert Orchid, in which LLNL's intellectual resources were tapped to suggest solutions to the conflict's diverse technical problems. Alonso shared a patent on a device to cap burning oil wells. In 1993 she was awarded a medal from Washington, DC, \"For Outstanding Service to the United States.\"",
"In 1995 Dr. Alonso was appointed Assistant Associate Director for National Security, a position she held until her retirement from LLNL in July 2001\\. In this capacity she administered various internal security programs at the Laboratory, chaired numerous DOE technical study teams, wrote several reports associated with stockpile stewardship, and generally managed internal security affairs at the Laboratory.",
"Alonso was Executive Secretary of the LLNL National Security Council, composed of Laboratory Associate Directors. During these tumultuous years of change, the United States engaged in a voluntary test ban that altered the priorities of the Laboratory, inducing it to develop the Stockpile Stewardship Program in which nuclear testing at Nevada Test Site was replaced by very advanced simulation computer codes and high energy density laboratory experiments. During those years Alonso co\\-authored a historical paper entitled \"The Road To Zero Yield.\"",
"In 2001, Alonso retired from the Laboratory after almost 30 years of service to the University of California and the United States Government. Her second career focused on a completely different long\\-term passion, the art of dressage \\- that is, the art of dancing horses. She became a horse trainer and competitor. She continues this avocation to this day, with a competition specialty in freestyle to music. In 2009, she won a bronze medal from the United States Dressage Federation. With several horses, competing as an amateur, she has garnered a variety of awards and championships over the years, culminating in an invitation in 2015 to compete a freestyle in the U.S. Dressage Finals at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, KY. In her Finals ride she and her 24\\-year old Andalusian horse, El Gavilan, were the oldest rider\\-horse pair among 400 competitors. In 2017 Alonso and El Gavilan qualified for the rare U.S. Century Ride, for which the sum of the ages of horse and rider must exceed 100\\. This ride took place on May 6, 2017, with much festivity and 70 invited guests.",
"Alonso is on the editorial publication board of *The Iberian Horse*, the quarterly magazine of the [International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association](/wiki/International_Andalusian_and_Lusitano_Horse_Association \"International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association\"). In 2019 she published her first book, *Sun Stallion*, an historical novel of the Conquest of Peru. This novel was a finalist in the 2018 Blazing Lantern Fiction Contest, winning 3rd place among 123 entries.",
""
] |
Background
----------
In the early 1990s, while "in the bowels of the [London Library](/wiki/London_Library "London Library")",{{cite web
\| last \= Staff
\| title \= Timbuctoo
\| publisher \= \[\[Amazon.com]]
\| date \= April 2012
\| url \= https://www.amazon.com/Timbuctoo\-Tahir\-Shah/dp/0957242905/
\| access\-date \= 2012\-05\-02}} the author, Tahir Shah, says he noticed an old book propping up a water pipe. Surprised that such an old and apparently valuable volume should be being used for this purpose, Shah pulled it down, and read it.
The book was *[The Narrative of Robert Adams](/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams "The Narrative of Robert Adams")*, the tale of an illiterate American sailor who had been shipwrecked on the west coast of [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa") at [Capo Blanco](/wiki/Ras_Nouadhibou "Ras Nouadhibou") in 1810\.{{cite web
\| last \= Gordon
\| first \= Sam
\| title \= Morocco: Hunt for Djinns and Sorcerers
\| publisher \= MoroccoBoard.com
\| date \= 29 March 2012
\| url \= http://www.moroccoboard.com/news/5592\-morocco\-hunt\-for\-djinns\-and\-sorcerers
\| access\-date \= 2012\-05\-02}} At a time when numerous European powers were eagerly dispatching their best explorers to find the city of [Timbuktu](/wiki/Timbuktu "Timbuktu") (among them the likes of [Mungo Park](/wiki/Mungo_Park_%28explorer%29 "Mungo Park (explorer)") and [Hugh Clapperton](/wiki/Hugh_Clapperton "Hugh Clapperton")), the only people not searching for the "African [El Dorado](/wiki/El_Dorado "El Dorado")", was the fledgling [United States of America](/wiki/United_States_of_America "United States of America"). And so it was all the more surprising when an illiterate American sailor was discovered half naked and starving on the streets of London in the winter of 1815, claiming rather nonchalantly, that he had been to Timbuktu. He had been taken there as a slave, having been captured by [Toureg](/wiki/Tuareg_people "Tuareg people") warriors.
*Timbuctoo* is the fictional account of [Robert Adams](/wiki/Robert_Adams_%28sailor%29 "Robert Adams (sailor)")' journey to Timbuktu (now in the [West African](/wiki/West_Africa "West Africa") nation of [Mali](/wiki/Mali "Mali")), loosely based on Adams' own narrative, and his arrival in [Regency](/wiki/Regency_era "Regency era") [London](/wiki/London "London").
As Shah writes in a foreword:
"The book you hold is my own fictional version of what is surely one of the greatest stories of survival ever told. I can only offer gratitude to the reader for turning a blind eye to any historical inaccuracies, and for tolerating a novelist's liberties. I am no historian, and have massaged facts and fictions into place, re\-conjuring history."{{cite book
\| last \= Shah
\| first \= Tahir
\| author\-link \= Tahir Shah
\| title \= Timbuctoo
\| publisher \= Secretum Mundi Publishing
\| year \= 2012
\| isbn \= 0957242905}}
Shunning conventional publishing models, Shah decided to publish the book himself, under the name *Secretum Mundi Publishing*. He says he did this in part to achieve the book he had "always dreamt for", and in part to draw attention to the frailties of the existing publishing system.
Timbuctoo is produced in a limited edition of 5000 copies with six large fold out maps. Five of these are reprinted from [Richard Horwood](/wiki/Richard_Horwood "Richard Horwood")'s [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_era "Georgian era") atlas of London, the last, a facsimile of the map published in the original *Narrative of Robert Adams*.
Many of the characters that appear were contemporary to the time. They include the [Prince Regent](/wiki/Prince_regent%23Prince_Regent_in_the_United_Kingdom "Prince regent#Prince Regent in the United Kingdom") (later [George IV](/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom "George IV of the United Kingdom")), [Lord Alvanley](/wiki/William_Arden%2C_2nd_Baron_Alvanley "William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley"), [Sir Joseph Banks](/wiki/Joseph_Banks "Joseph Banks") and [Lord Byron](/wiki/Lord_Byron "Lord Byron").
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"In the early 1990s, while \"in the bowels of the [London Library](/wiki/London_Library \"London Library\")\",{{cite web\n \\| last \\= Staff\n \\| title \\= Timbuctoo\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Amazon.com]]\n \\| date \\= April 2012\n \\| url \\= https://www.amazon.com/Timbuctoo\\-Tahir\\-Shah/dp/0957242905/\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-05\\-02}} the author, Tahir Shah, says he noticed an old book propping up a water pipe. Surprised that such an old and apparently valuable volume should be being used for this purpose, Shah pulled it down, and read it.",
"The book was *[The Narrative of Robert Adams](/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams \"The Narrative of Robert Adams\")*, the tale of an illiterate American sailor who had been shipwrecked on the west coast of [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") at [Capo Blanco](/wiki/Ras_Nouadhibou \"Ras Nouadhibou\") in 1810\\.{{cite web\n \\| last \\= Gordon\n \\| first \\= Sam\n \\| title \\= Morocco: Hunt for Djinns and Sorcerers\n \\| publisher \\= MoroccoBoard.com\n \\| date \\= 29 March 2012\n \\| url \\= http://www.moroccoboard.com/news/5592\\-morocco\\-hunt\\-for\\-djinns\\-and\\-sorcerers\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-05\\-02}} At a time when numerous European powers were eagerly dispatching their best explorers to find the city of [Timbuktu](/wiki/Timbuktu \"Timbuktu\") (among them the likes of [Mungo Park](/wiki/Mungo_Park_%28explorer%29 \"Mungo Park (explorer)\") and [Hugh Clapperton](/wiki/Hugh_Clapperton \"Hugh Clapperton\")), the only people not searching for the \"African [El Dorado](/wiki/El_Dorado \"El Dorado\")\", was the fledgling [United States of America](/wiki/United_States_of_America \"United States of America\"). And so it was all the more surprising when an illiterate American sailor was discovered half naked and starving on the streets of London in the winter of 1815, claiming rather nonchalantly, that he had been to Timbuktu. He had been taken there as a slave, having been captured by [Toureg](/wiki/Tuareg_people \"Tuareg people\") warriors.",
"*Timbuctoo* is the fictional account of [Robert Adams](/wiki/Robert_Adams_%28sailor%29 \"Robert Adams (sailor)\")' journey to Timbuktu (now in the [West African](/wiki/West_Africa \"West Africa\") nation of [Mali](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\")), loosely based on Adams' own narrative, and his arrival in [Regency](/wiki/Regency_era \"Regency era\") [London](/wiki/London \"London\").",
"As Shah writes in a foreword:",
"\"The book you hold is my own fictional version of what is surely one of the greatest stories of survival ever told. I can only offer gratitude to the reader for turning a blind eye to any historical inaccuracies, and for tolerating a novelist's liberties. I am no historian, and have massaged facts and fictions into place, re\\-conjuring history.\"{{cite book\n \\| last \\= Shah\n \\| first \\= Tahir\n \\| author\\-link \\= Tahir Shah\n \\| title \\= Timbuctoo\n \\| publisher \\= Secretum Mundi Publishing\n \\| year \\= 2012\n \\| isbn \\= 0957242905}}",
"Shunning conventional publishing models, Shah decided to publish the book himself, under the name *Secretum Mundi Publishing*. He says he did this in part to achieve the book he had \"always dreamt for\", and in part to draw attention to the frailties of the existing publishing system.",
"Timbuctoo is produced in a limited edition of 5000 copies with six large fold out maps. Five of these are reprinted from [Richard Horwood](/wiki/Richard_Horwood \"Richard Horwood\")'s [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_era \"Georgian era\") atlas of London, the last, a facsimile of the map published in the original *Narrative of Robert Adams*.",
"Many of the characters that appear were contemporary to the time. They include the [Prince Regent](/wiki/Prince_regent%23Prince_Regent_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Prince regent#Prince Regent in the United Kingdom\") (later [George IV](/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom \"George IV of the United Kingdom\")), [Lord Alvanley](/wiki/William_Arden%2C_2nd_Baron_Alvanley \"William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley\"), [Sir Joseph Banks](/wiki/Joseph_Banks \"Joseph Banks\") and [Lord Byron](/wiki/Lord_Byron \"Lord Byron\").",
""
] |
Career
------
During his studies in Kyiv, events occurred that influenced the choice of Georgy Govorov's life path: in 1838, his mother died, and a year later, his father. On October 1, 1840, he submitted to the academic authorities a petition for monastic [tonsure](/wiki/Tonsure "Tonsure"); on February 15, 1841, 26\-year\-old Georgy Govorov received monastic tonsure from the rector of the Kyiv Theological Academy, Archimandrite Jeremiah Solovyov with the name Theophanes in honor of the [Theophanes the Confessor](/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor "Theophanes the Confessor"). On April 6 of the same year, on the day of his episcopal consecration, Jeremiah ordained him to the [hierodeacon](/wiki/Hierodeacon "Hierodeacon"), and on July 1 of the same year to the [hieromonk](/wiki/Hieromonk "Hieromonk").
In 1841, Hieromonk Theophan was among the first to graduate from the Academy with a master's degree in theology for a course essay "Review of Sublaw Religion" (Обозрение подзаконной религии), which, among the best works, was sent to the [Most Holy Synod](/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod "Most Holy Synod"), a permanent member of which Metropolitan [Philaret Drozdov](/wiki/Philaret_Drozdov "Philaret Drozdov") of Moscow indicated in his review: "This work contains so much information and considerations about the law of Moses that they serve as sufficient evidence of the knowledge of the writer, giving him the right to a master's degree." Immediately after graduating from the Academy, Theophan was appointed rector of the Kyiv\-Sofia Theological College, where he began to teach [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin").
On December 7, 1842, he was appointed an inspector and teacher of psychology and logic at the [Novgorod Theological Seminary](/wiki/Novgorod_Theological_Seminary "Novgorod Theological Seminary"). On December 18 of the same year he was confirmed in the degree of [Master of Divinity](/wiki/Master_of_Divinity "Master of Divinity").
On October 16, 1844, he was appointed teacher of the [Saint Petersburg Theological Academy](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Theological_Academy "Saint Petersburg Theological Academy") in the Department of [Moral](/wiki/Moral_Theology "Moral Theology") and [Pastoral Theology](/wiki/Pastoral_Theology "Pastoral Theology"). Since March 22, 1845, Hieromonk Theophan has been an assistant inspector of the Academy. On July 3, 1845, he was appointed a member of the committee to review the summaries of academic subjects taught at the seminary.
However, at this time he was already attracted to a solitary monastic life; in a letter to his spiritual father Jeremiah, who tonsured and ordained him, he wrote: "I am beginning to be burdened by my academic position to the point of unbearability. I would like to go to church, and sit there". On August 21, 1847, at his request, he was appointed a member of the [Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Ecclesiastical_Mission_in_Jerusalem "Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem"), headed by Archimandrite [Porphyrius (Uspensky)](/wiki/Porphyrius_Uspensky "Porphyrius Uspensky"). In Jerusalem, Theophan learned [iconography](/wiki/Iconography "Iconography"), studied [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"), [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"), [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language") and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic"). In Palestine, he became acquainted with the ancient asceticism of the Eastern monasteries, with the monuments of ascetic writing of the past centuries; engaged in the translation of the works of the [holy fathers](/wiki/Church_Fathers "Church Fathers") of the [Philokalia](/wiki/Philokalia "Philokalia"). In addition, he became intimately acquainted with the non\-Orthodox Christian beliefs, knowing both the strength and weakness of their propaganda. Theophan's works did not go unnoticed: on May 5, 1851, he was awarded the gold pectoral cross.
In 1853, the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") began, and on May 3, 1854, the mission was withdrawn to Russia. The return took place through [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe"): Theophan visited many cities, visited churches, museums, libraries, educational institutions; Archimandrite Porphyrius and Hieromonk Theophan had an audience with [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX "Pope Pius IX").
Upon his return to Russia, he was appointed a teacher of [canon law](/wiki/Canon_law "Canon law") at the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy; on April 14, 1855, he was elevated to the rank of [Archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite "Archimandrite"). In September of the same year, he was appointed rector of the [Olonets Theological Seminary](/wiki/Olonets_Theological_Seminary "Olonets Theological Seminary"), which was located in the building of the Petrozavodsk Theological College; Archimandrite Theophan had to organize the construction of his own building for the seminary. At this time he was writing: "We don't have a seminary. By right of the strong, we live in a building bought for a school, and it is in an apartment. The seminary bursa is also in the apartment, which is very, very inconvenient". In October 1855, he was appointed a member of the Olonets Ecclesiastical Consistory. At the suggestion of Archbishop Arcadius (Fyodorov), he was appointed censor of the sermons of the Olonets diocese. At the seminary, he organized an anti\-schismatic library.
Less than a year later, on May 21, 1856, he was appointed rector of the Russian embassy church in Constantinople (Ottoman Empire), as he was well acquainted with the Orthodox East. Theophan was charged with collecting information about the [Greco\-Bulgarian Schism](/wiki/Greco-Bulgarian_Schism "Greco-Bulgarian Schism") that was brewing at that time. For his labors, on April 17, 1857, he was awarded the [Order of St. Anna](/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna "Order of St. Anna"), 2nd degree.
In May 1857, he was appointed rector of the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy. In addition to the rector's office, he was entrusted with overseeing the teaching of the [Law of God](/wiki/Law_of_God "Law of God") in secular educational institutions of the St. Petersburg district; he was chairman of the committee at the [Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences "Russian Academy of Sciences") for the publication of works of Byzantine historians, and since 1858 he was a chairman of the committee for the [translation of Holy Scripture into Russian](/wiki/Russian_Synodal_Bible "Russian Synodal Bible").
On May 29, 1859, Archimandrite Theophan was elected Bishop of [Tambov and Shatsk](/wiki/Diocese_of_Tambov "Diocese of Tambov"), and on June 1, in the [Trinity Cathedral](/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg "Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg") of the [Alexander Nevsky Lavra](/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra "Alexander Nevsky Lavra"), he was consecrated bishop. On July 5, he took over the diocese. The Tambov diocese was one of the most extensive and populous: there were only 1,172 priests, 681 deacons, several hundred monastics; there were many sectarians and [Old Believers](/wiki/Old_Believers "Old Believers") among the population. Bishop Theophan paid special attention to preaching; he accompanied almost every service with a sermon. Bishop Theophan and the clergy were convinced "that preaching is his first, direct and sacred duty, and at the same time should be an internal need, if only to properly and consciously treat his high ministry". The Tambov male monastery of [Our Lady of Kazan](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan "Our Lady of Kazan") at the bishop's house became the center of preaching. In the Tambov Diocesan Gazette, Bishop Theophan published his homiletic treatise "How to compose a sermon", in which he pointed out the distinctive features of the sermon, gave practical advice on how to compose it, gave his own example: "the peculiarity of my sermons is that they are not composed \[…] These are written impromptu."
On July 22, 1863, Bishop Theophan was moved to the ancient Vladimir diocese. At the Diocese of Vladimir, which needed Orthodox missionary work, since there were many schismatics and sectarians here, Theophan's fame as a preacher finally strengthened. Of great importance was his "Instruction for Preaching the Word of God", published on November 27, 1864 in the Vladimir Diocesan Gazette; in the same year he sent Hieromonk Moses to Moscow to verify old printed books; in [Vyazniki county](/wiki/Vyaznikovsky_Uyezd "Vyaznikovsky Uyezd") he opened the "Epiphany Orthodox Brotherhood". In 1865, a women's diocesan school was opened under his care. For his archpastoral activity, on April 19, 1864, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"During his studies in Kyiv, events occurred that influenced the choice of Georgy Govorov's life path: in 1838, his mother died, and a year later, his father. On October 1, 1840, he submitted to the academic authorities a petition for monastic [tonsure](/wiki/Tonsure \"Tonsure\"); on February 15, 1841, 26\\-year\\-old Georgy Govorov received monastic tonsure from the rector of the Kyiv Theological Academy, Archimandrite Jeremiah Solovyov with the name Theophanes in honor of the [Theophanes the Confessor](/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor \"Theophanes the Confessor\"). On April 6 of the same year, on the day of his episcopal consecration, Jeremiah ordained him to the [hierodeacon](/wiki/Hierodeacon \"Hierodeacon\"), and on July 1 of the same year to the [hieromonk](/wiki/Hieromonk \"Hieromonk\").",
"In 1841, Hieromonk Theophan was among the first to graduate from the Academy with a master's degree in theology for a course essay \"Review of Sublaw Religion\" (Обозрение подзаконной религии), which, among the best works, was sent to the [Most Holy Synod](/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod \"Most Holy Synod\"), a permanent member of which Metropolitan [Philaret Drozdov](/wiki/Philaret_Drozdov \"Philaret Drozdov\") of Moscow indicated in his review: \"This work contains so much information and considerations about the law of Moses that they serve as sufficient evidence of the knowledge of the writer, giving him the right to a master's degree.\" Immediately after graduating from the Academy, Theophan was appointed rector of the Kyiv\\-Sofia Theological College, where he began to teach [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\").",
"On December 7, 1842, he was appointed an inspector and teacher of psychology and logic at the [Novgorod Theological Seminary](/wiki/Novgorod_Theological_Seminary \"Novgorod Theological Seminary\"). On December 18 of the same year he was confirmed in the degree of [Master of Divinity](/wiki/Master_of_Divinity \"Master of Divinity\").",
"On October 16, 1844, he was appointed teacher of the [Saint Petersburg Theological Academy](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Theological_Academy \"Saint Petersburg Theological Academy\") in the Department of [Moral](/wiki/Moral_Theology \"Moral Theology\") and [Pastoral Theology](/wiki/Pastoral_Theology \"Pastoral Theology\"). Since March 22, 1845, Hieromonk Theophan has been an assistant inspector of the Academy. On July 3, 1845, he was appointed a member of the committee to review the summaries of academic subjects taught at the seminary.",
"However, at this time he was already attracted to a solitary monastic life; in a letter to his spiritual father Jeremiah, who tonsured and ordained him, he wrote: \"I am beginning to be burdened by my academic position to the point of unbearability. I would like to go to church, and sit there\". On August 21, 1847, at his request, he was appointed a member of the [Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Ecclesiastical_Mission_in_Jerusalem \"Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem\"), headed by Archimandrite [Porphyrius (Uspensky)](/wiki/Porphyrius_Uspensky \"Porphyrius Uspensky\"). In Jerusalem, Theophan learned [iconography](/wiki/Iconography \"Iconography\"), studied [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"), [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\") and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"). In Palestine, he became acquainted with the ancient asceticism of the Eastern monasteries, with the monuments of ascetic writing of the past centuries; engaged in the translation of the works of the [holy fathers](/wiki/Church_Fathers \"Church Fathers\") of the [Philokalia](/wiki/Philokalia \"Philokalia\"). In addition, he became intimately acquainted with the non\\-Orthodox Christian beliefs, knowing both the strength and weakness of their propaganda. Theophan's works did not go unnoticed: on May 5, 1851, he was awarded the gold pectoral cross.",
"In 1853, the [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") began, and on May 3, 1854, the mission was withdrawn to Russia. The return took place through [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\"): Theophan visited many cities, visited churches, museums, libraries, educational institutions; Archimandrite Porphyrius and Hieromonk Theophan had an audience with [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX \"Pope Pius IX\").",
"Upon his return to Russia, he was appointed a teacher of [canon law](/wiki/Canon_law \"Canon law\") at the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy; on April 14, 1855, he was elevated to the rank of [Archimandrite](/wiki/Archimandrite \"Archimandrite\"). In September of the same year, he was appointed rector of the [Olonets Theological Seminary](/wiki/Olonets_Theological_Seminary \"Olonets Theological Seminary\"), which was located in the building of the Petrozavodsk Theological College; Archimandrite Theophan had to organize the construction of his own building for the seminary. At this time he was writing: \"We don't have a seminary. By right of the strong, we live in a building bought for a school, and it is in an apartment. The seminary bursa is also in the apartment, which is very, very inconvenient\". In October 1855, he was appointed a member of the Olonets Ecclesiastical Consistory. At the suggestion of Archbishop Arcadius (Fyodorov), he was appointed censor of the sermons of the Olonets diocese. At the seminary, he organized an anti\\-schismatic library.",
"Less than a year later, on May 21, 1856, he was appointed rector of the Russian embassy church in Constantinople (Ottoman Empire), as he was well acquainted with the Orthodox East. Theophan was charged with collecting information about the [Greco\\-Bulgarian Schism](/wiki/Greco-Bulgarian_Schism \"Greco-Bulgarian Schism\") that was brewing at that time. For his labors, on April 17, 1857, he was awarded the [Order of St. Anna](/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna \"Order of St. Anna\"), 2nd degree.",
"In May 1857, he was appointed rector of the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy. In addition to the rector's office, he was entrusted with overseeing the teaching of the [Law of God](/wiki/Law_of_God \"Law of God\") in secular educational institutions of the St. Petersburg district; he was chairman of the committee at the [Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences \"Russian Academy of Sciences\") for the publication of works of Byzantine historians, and since 1858 he was a chairman of the committee for the [translation of Holy Scripture into Russian](/wiki/Russian_Synodal_Bible \"Russian Synodal Bible\").",
"On May 29, 1859, Archimandrite Theophan was elected Bishop of [Tambov and Shatsk](/wiki/Diocese_of_Tambov \"Diocese of Tambov\"), and on June 1, in the [Trinity Cathedral](/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg \"Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg\") of the [Alexander Nevsky Lavra](/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra \"Alexander Nevsky Lavra\"), he was consecrated bishop. On July 5, he took over the diocese. The Tambov diocese was one of the most extensive and populous: there were only 1,172 priests, 681 deacons, several hundred monastics; there were many sectarians and [Old Believers](/wiki/Old_Believers \"Old Believers\") among the population. Bishop Theophan paid special attention to preaching; he accompanied almost every service with a sermon. Bishop Theophan and the clergy were convinced \"that preaching is his first, direct and sacred duty, and at the same time should be an internal need, if only to properly and consciously treat his high ministry\". The Tambov male monastery of [Our Lady of Kazan](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan \"Our Lady of Kazan\") at the bishop's house became the center of preaching. In the Tambov Diocesan Gazette, Bishop Theophan published his homiletic treatise \"How to compose a sermon\", in which he pointed out the distinctive features of the sermon, gave practical advice on how to compose it, gave his own example: \"the peculiarity of my sermons is that they are not composed \\[…] These are written impromptu.\"",
"On July 22, 1863, Bishop Theophan was moved to the ancient Vladimir diocese. At the Diocese of Vladimir, which needed Orthodox missionary work, since there were many schismatics and sectarians here, Theophan's fame as a preacher finally strengthened. Of great importance was his \"Instruction for Preaching the Word of God\", published on November 27, 1864 in the Vladimir Diocesan Gazette; in the same year he sent Hieromonk Moses to Moscow to verify old printed books; in [Vyazniki county](/wiki/Vyaznikovsky_Uyezd \"Vyaznikovsky Uyezd\") he opened the \"Epiphany Orthodox Brotherhood\". In 1865, a women's diocesan school was opened under his care. For his archpastoral activity, on April 19, 1864, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.",
""
] |
History
-------
Three brothers from the city of [Bamberg](/wiki/Bamberg "Bamberg") (from what became the [Rotenhan](/wiki/Burg_Rotenhan "Burg Rotenhan") family and Redwitz from Rodach family) made a gift of the estate of Langheim to [Otto I, bishop of Bamberg](/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg "Otto of Bamberg"), who in 1132 offered it [Adam of Ebrach](/wiki/Adam_of_Ebrach "Adam of Ebrach"), abbot of the Cistercian [Ebrach Abbey](/wiki/Ebrach_Abbey "Ebrach Abbey"), on condition that it should be used for the establishment of a new monastery of that order. The first stone was laid on 1 August 1132 and in 1142 the buildings were completed. The abbey, like Ebrach, was dedicated to the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary"), [John the Evangelist](/wiki/John_the_Evangelist "John the Evangelist") and [Saint Nicholas](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas "Saint Nicholas").
The first abbot was Adam (1141–80\), who succeeded in gaining the support not only of the bishops of Bamberg but of the local nobility. In consequence the new abbey rapidly acquired extensive property and the cure of many parishes. [Pope Eugene III](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III "Pope Eugene III") and the [emperors](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor "Holy Roman Emperor") granted it many privileges. It was famous at this time for its wealth and magnificence.
By about 1380, however, as result of plague and economic difficulties, the abbey administration had more or less failed, and in 1385 Lambrecht von Brunn, bishop of Bamberg, was able without resistance to divert the abbey's management and property to the cathedral chapter. In 1429 the [Hussites](/wiki/Hussites "Hussites") destroyed the buildings by fire.
[thumb\|250px\|Konventbau](/wiki/image:Kloster_Langheim_Konventbau.JPG "Kloster Langheim Konventbau.JPG")
Langheim was able nevertheless to recover from these misfortunes and to re\-build the premises and its economic stability, but in 1525, during the [German Peasants' Wars](/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War "German Peasants' War"), it was once again burnt down by a rioting mob.
It was re\-built yet again, only to be destroyed yet again with particular brutality in 1632 by the [Swedes](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") during the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War").
It took a century for the abbey to recover from this, but abbot Stephen Mösinger (1734–51\) was at last able to have the monastery reconstructed on a scale and to a standard that recalled the first building. During this interval the bishops of Bamberg had again become favorable to the abbey, although they failed to restore either the property they had taken or the former privileges. The bishop did intervene in the abbey's finances, when in 1788 he suspended the then abbot on account of the huge debts that had been incurred for building works.
The final catastrophe occurred on 7 May 1802, when fire destroyed the splendid buildings erected by Stephen Mösinger and put an end to Langheim. On 23 June 1803, the community, at that time numbering forty\-nine members, was secularised by a decree of the Prince Elector of [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria"). The monks were dispersed to various places, and the last abbot, Candide Hemmerlein, received a pension of 8000 florins, with which he retired to Thieb Castle, where he died in 1814\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Three brothers from the city of [Bamberg](/wiki/Bamberg \"Bamberg\") (from what became the [Rotenhan](/wiki/Burg_Rotenhan \"Burg Rotenhan\") family and Redwitz from Rodach family) made a gift of the estate of Langheim to [Otto I, bishop of Bamberg](/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg \"Otto of Bamberg\"), who in 1132 offered it [Adam of Ebrach](/wiki/Adam_of_Ebrach \"Adam of Ebrach\"), abbot of the Cistercian [Ebrach Abbey](/wiki/Ebrach_Abbey \"Ebrach Abbey\"), on condition that it should be used for the establishment of a new monastery of that order. The first stone was laid on 1 August 1132 and in 1142 the buildings were completed. The abbey, like Ebrach, was dedicated to the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\"), [John the Evangelist](/wiki/John_the_Evangelist \"John the Evangelist\") and [Saint Nicholas](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas \"Saint Nicholas\").",
"The first abbot was Adam (1141–80\\), who succeeded in gaining the support not only of the bishops of Bamberg but of the local nobility. In consequence the new abbey rapidly acquired extensive property and the cure of many parishes. [Pope Eugene III](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III \"Pope Eugene III\") and the [emperors](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Holy Roman Emperor\") granted it many privileges. It was famous at this time for its wealth and magnificence.",
"By about 1380, however, as result of plague and economic difficulties, the abbey administration had more or less failed, and in 1385 Lambrecht von Brunn, bishop of Bamberg, was able without resistance to divert the abbey's management and property to the cathedral chapter. In 1429 the [Hussites](/wiki/Hussites \"Hussites\") destroyed the buildings by fire.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Konventbau](/wiki/image:Kloster_Langheim_Konventbau.JPG \"Kloster Langheim Konventbau.JPG\")\nLangheim was able nevertheless to recover from these misfortunes and to re\\-build the premises and its economic stability, but in 1525, during the [German Peasants' Wars](/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War \"German Peasants' War\"), it was once again burnt down by a rioting mob.",
"It was re\\-built yet again, only to be destroyed yet again with particular brutality in 1632 by the [Swedes](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") during the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\").",
"It took a century for the abbey to recover from this, but abbot Stephen Mösinger (1734–51\\) was at last able to have the monastery reconstructed on a scale and to a standard that recalled the first building. During this interval the bishops of Bamberg had again become favorable to the abbey, although they failed to restore either the property they had taken or the former privileges. The bishop did intervene in the abbey's finances, when in 1788 he suspended the then abbot on account of the huge debts that had been incurred for building works.",
"The final catastrophe occurred on 7 May 1802, when fire destroyed the splendid buildings erected by Stephen Mösinger and put an end to Langheim. On 23 June 1803, the community, at that time numbering forty\\-nine members, was secularised by a decree of the Prince Elector of [Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\"). The monks were dispersed to various places, and the last abbot, Candide Hemmerlein, received a pension of 8000 florins, with which he retired to Thieb Castle, where he died in 1814\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
She began her media career with the radio station [Kiss 100](/wiki/Kiss_%28UK_radio_station%29 "Kiss (UK radio station)") around 1997\.
{{when\|date\=August 2017}} and later became an [MTV UK and Ireland](/wiki/MTV_%28UK_and_Ireland%29 "MTV (UK and Ireland)") presenter (MTV *Dance Floor Chart*). In 2001, she appeared on *[Lily Savage's Blankety Blank](/wiki/Lily_Savage%27s_Blankety_Blank "Lily Savage's Blankety Blank")* (ITV).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0526854/\|title\=Blankety Blank (1979–2016\), Episode \#16\.18\|publisher\=IMDb\|date\=27 May 2001}} As one of the female faces of [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4")’s daytime teen\-aimed strand [T4](/wiki/T4_%28Channel_4%29 "T4 (Channel 4)") for nine years, she interviewed [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair") for a T4 special, *When Tony Met June*, which aired in January 2005\. She runs her own production company, Lipgloss Productions. Projects in development include a sitcom and a programme on climate change.
In recent years, Sarpong has presented other series, including *[Your Face or Mine?](/wiki/Your_Face_or_Mine%3F "Your Face or Mine?")*, a game show co\-hosted with [Jimmy Carr](/wiki/Jimmy_Carr "Jimmy Carr") for E4; *Dirty Laundry*, an urban talk\-show that was an original idea of Sarpong's; *Playing It Straight*, a dating game\-show filmed in Mexico for Channel 4, and Sarpong has presented the *Smash Hits Poll Winners Party* and the *Party In The Park*. She is a regular at the [MOBO](/wiki/MOBO "MOBO") Awards and presented them for three years in a row. She has also appeared on BBC Television's *[Question Time](/wiki/Question_Time_%28TV_series%29 "Question Time (TV series)")*, Channel 4's *[8 Out of 10 Cats](/wiki/8_Out_of_10_Cats "8 Out of 10 Cats")*, and BBC's *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You "Have I Got News for You")*. She also has appeared on the programme *[Never Mind the Buzzcocks](/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Buzzcocks "Never Mind the Buzzcocks")* and introduced reports on youth culture for [*This Week*](/wiki/This_Week_%28BBC_TV_series%29 "This Week (BBC TV series)"). In 2006 she hosted [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 "ITV2")'s *[WAGs Boutique](/wiki/WAGs_Boutique "WAGs Boutique")*. Sarpong has also appeared on the third series of *[Bo' Selecta!](/wiki/Bo%27_Selecta%21 "Bo' Selecta!")*.
Sarpong appeared in the *[Extras](/wiki/Extras_%28TV_series%29 "Extras (TV series)")* Special Series Finale with [Ricky Gervais](/wiki/Ricky_Gervais "Ricky Gervais") (2007\). On 22 October 2007 it was announced that she had quit her presenter role on [T4](/wiki/T4_%28Channel_4%29 "T4 (Channel 4)") after nine years. Her last show was broadcast on 23 December 2007\.
Sarpong made a guest appearance in *[Little Miss Jocelyn](/wiki/Little_Miss_Jocelyn "Little Miss Jocelyn")* series 2, episode 3 (2008\). On 6 November 2009 she hosted the Sky1 programme *Michael Jackson: The Search for...His Spirit*, in which she went around locations pertinent to [Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson")'s life looking for signs of his ghost. The programme was broadcast as part of a double bill, the second part comprising a live [séance](/wiki/S%C3%A9ance "Séance") conducted by [Derek Acorah](/wiki/Derek_Acorah "Derek Acorah"), for which Sarpong again played host.
Sarpong worked as an interviewer on [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura "Jesse Ventura")'s *[Conspiracy Theory](/wiki/Conspiracy_Theory_with_Jesse_Ventura "Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura")* show broadcast on [TruTV](/wiki/TruTV "TruTV").["Disinformation Interviews June Sarpong of ‘Conspiracy Theory’"](http://disinfo.com/2010/02/disinformation-interviews-june-sarpong-of-conspiracy-theory-with-jesse-ventura/#sthash.XQTU9nIu.dpbs), 7 February 2010\. On the first episode she made the claim that the [2004 Tsunami](/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami") was not preceded by "pretremors or any warning". Journalist [Peter Hadfield](/wiki/Peter_Hadfield_%28journalist%29 "Peter Hadfield (journalist)") criticized this claim as being unsupported by [seismological](/wiki/Seismology "Seismology") records and scientific papers.["Conspiracy theories conspiracy"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhWpP-vPUcQ). Youtube.com, 18 June 2013\.
In late 2013, [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John "Elton John") performed a variation of his 1970 hit "[Your Song](/wiki/Your_Song "Your Song")" with the amended lyrics "You can tell everybody 'You're June Sarpong'" as an apparent reference to an in\-joke between the pair from a charity event earlier that year.{{cite web\|url\=http://eltonjohn.com/\|title\=EltonJohn.com}}
After the "\#WheresJuneSarpongGone" campaign begun by *[Celebrity Juice](/wiki/Celebrity_Juice "Celebrity Juice")* on 19 March 2015, *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women "Loose Women")* welcomed her to the panel as a guest panellist on 23 March. Following her first appearance back on screen, Sarpong appeared on *Celebrity Juice*, in [Fearne Cotton](/wiki/Fearne_Cotton "Fearne Cotton")'s team, on 2 April.
After appearing alongside [Ruth Langsford](/wiki/Ruth_Langsford "Ruth Langsford"), [Coleen Nolan](/wiki/Coleen_Nolan "Coleen Nolan") and [Janet Street\-Porter](/wiki/Janet_Street-Porter "Janet Street-Porter") on 23 March 2015, as a guest panellist, Sarpong later appeared as a guest panellist a further three times on 16 April, 17 April and 1 May. Since appearing on the programme again on 15 May, she became a regular panellist, initially as cover for [Sherrie Hewson](/wiki/Sherrie_Hewson "Sherrie Hewson"), while Hewson was filming *[Benidorm](/wiki/Benidorm_%28British_TV_series%29 "Benidorm (British TV series)")*, later on 21 July 2015, Sarpong became a regular. She left the show in December 2016 and made 46 appearances in total.
On 7 January 2016, June made an emotional speech live on *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women "Loose Women")*, following the death of her brother. The first part of the show was dedicated to him. A picture of a rainbow was re\-tweeted more than 5,000 times throughout the course of the show, in his memory. She has been a panellist on two series of *[Debatable](/wiki/Debatable_%28TV_show%29 "Debatable (TV show)")* on [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two").
Since April 2016, June has made regular appearances on [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") *[The Pledge](/wiki/The_Pledge_%28British_TV_programme%29 "The Pledge (British TV programme)")*.
She is the author of the books *Diversify: Six Degrees of integration* (2017\), *The Power of Women* (2018\), and *The Power of Privilege: How white people can challenge racism* (2020\).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"She began her media career with the radio station [Kiss 100](/wiki/Kiss_%28UK_radio_station%29 \"Kiss (UK radio station)\") around 1997\\. \n {{when\\|date\\=August 2017}} and later became an [MTV UK and Ireland](/wiki/MTV_%28UK_and_Ireland%29 \"MTV (UK and Ireland)\") presenter (MTV *Dance Floor Chart*). In 2001, she appeared on *[Lily Savage's Blankety Blank](/wiki/Lily_Savage%27s_Blankety_Blank \"Lily Savage's Blankety Blank\")* (ITV).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0526854/\\|title\\=Blankety Blank (1979–2016\\), Episode \\#16\\.18\\|publisher\\=IMDb\\|date\\=27 May 2001}} As one of the female faces of [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\")’s daytime teen\\-aimed strand [T4](/wiki/T4_%28Channel_4%29 \"T4 (Channel 4)\") for nine years, she interviewed [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\") for a T4 special, *When Tony Met June*, which aired in January 2005\\. She runs her own production company, Lipgloss Productions. Projects in development include a sitcom and a programme on climate change.",
"In recent years, Sarpong has presented other series, including *[Your Face or Mine?](/wiki/Your_Face_or_Mine%3F \"Your Face or Mine?\")*, a game show co\\-hosted with [Jimmy Carr](/wiki/Jimmy_Carr \"Jimmy Carr\") for E4; *Dirty Laundry*, an urban talk\\-show that was an original idea of Sarpong's; *Playing It Straight*, a dating game\\-show filmed in Mexico for Channel 4, and Sarpong has presented the *Smash Hits Poll Winners Party* and the *Party In The Park*. She is a regular at the [MOBO](/wiki/MOBO \"MOBO\") Awards and presented them for three years in a row. She has also appeared on BBC Television's *[Question Time](/wiki/Question_Time_%28TV_series%29 \"Question Time (TV series)\")*, Channel 4's *[8 Out of 10 Cats](/wiki/8_Out_of_10_Cats \"8 Out of 10 Cats\")*, and BBC's *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You \"Have I Got News for You\")*. She also has appeared on the programme *[Never Mind the Buzzcocks](/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Buzzcocks \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\")* and introduced reports on youth culture for [*This Week*](/wiki/This_Week_%28BBC_TV_series%29 \"This Week (BBC TV series)\"). In 2006 she hosted [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 \"ITV2\")'s *[WAGs Boutique](/wiki/WAGs_Boutique \"WAGs Boutique\")*. Sarpong has also appeared on the third series of *[Bo' Selecta!](/wiki/Bo%27_Selecta%21 \"Bo' Selecta!\")*.",
"Sarpong appeared in the *[Extras](/wiki/Extras_%28TV_series%29 \"Extras (TV series)\")* Special Series Finale with [Ricky Gervais](/wiki/Ricky_Gervais \"Ricky Gervais\") (2007\\). On 22 October 2007 it was announced that she had quit her presenter role on [T4](/wiki/T4_%28Channel_4%29 \"T4 (Channel 4)\") after nine years. Her last show was broadcast on 23 December 2007\\.",
"Sarpong made a guest appearance in *[Little Miss Jocelyn](/wiki/Little_Miss_Jocelyn \"Little Miss Jocelyn\")* series 2, episode 3 (2008\\). On 6 November 2009 she hosted the Sky1 programme *Michael Jackson: The Search for...His Spirit*, in which she went around locations pertinent to [Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\")'s life looking for signs of his ghost. The programme was broadcast as part of a double bill, the second part comprising a live [séance](/wiki/S%C3%A9ance \"Séance\") conducted by [Derek Acorah](/wiki/Derek_Acorah \"Derek Acorah\"), for which Sarpong again played host.",
"Sarpong worked as an interviewer on [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura \"Jesse Ventura\")'s *[Conspiracy Theory](/wiki/Conspiracy_Theory_with_Jesse_Ventura \"Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura\")* show broadcast on [TruTV](/wiki/TruTV \"TruTV\").[\"Disinformation Interviews June Sarpong of ‘Conspiracy Theory’\"](http://disinfo.com/2010/02/disinformation-interviews-june-sarpong-of-conspiracy-theory-with-jesse-ventura/#sthash.XQTU9nIu.dpbs), 7 February 2010\\. On the first episode she made the claim that the [2004 Tsunami](/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami \"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami\") was not preceded by \"pretremors or any warning\". Journalist [Peter Hadfield](/wiki/Peter_Hadfield_%28journalist%29 \"Peter Hadfield (journalist)\") criticized this claim as being unsupported by [seismological](/wiki/Seismology \"Seismology\") records and scientific papers.[\"Conspiracy theories conspiracy\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhWpP-vPUcQ). Youtube.com, 18 June 2013\\.",
"In late 2013, [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John \"Elton John\") performed a variation of his 1970 hit \"[Your Song](/wiki/Your_Song \"Your Song\")\" with the amended lyrics \"You can tell everybody 'You're June Sarpong'\" as an apparent reference to an in\\-joke between the pair from a charity event earlier that year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://eltonjohn.com/\\|title\\=EltonJohn.com}}",
"After the \"\\#WheresJuneSarpongGone\" campaign begun by *[Celebrity Juice](/wiki/Celebrity_Juice \"Celebrity Juice\")* on 19 March 2015, *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women \"Loose Women\")* welcomed her to the panel as a guest panellist on 23 March. Following her first appearance back on screen, Sarpong appeared on *Celebrity Juice*, in [Fearne Cotton](/wiki/Fearne_Cotton \"Fearne Cotton\")'s team, on 2 April.",
"After appearing alongside [Ruth Langsford](/wiki/Ruth_Langsford \"Ruth Langsford\"), [Coleen Nolan](/wiki/Coleen_Nolan \"Coleen Nolan\") and [Janet Street\\-Porter](/wiki/Janet_Street-Porter \"Janet Street-Porter\") on 23 March 2015, as a guest panellist, Sarpong later appeared as a guest panellist a further three times on 16 April, 17 April and 1 May. Since appearing on the programme again on 15 May, she became a regular panellist, initially as cover for [Sherrie Hewson](/wiki/Sherrie_Hewson \"Sherrie Hewson\"), while Hewson was filming *[Benidorm](/wiki/Benidorm_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Benidorm (British TV series)\")*, later on 21 July 2015, Sarpong became a regular. She left the show in December 2016 and made 46 appearances in total.",
"On 7 January 2016, June made an emotional speech live on *[Loose Women](/wiki/Loose_Women \"Loose Women\")*, following the death of her brother. The first part of the show was dedicated to him. A picture of a rainbow was re\\-tweeted more than 5,000 times throughout the course of the show, in his memory. She has been a panellist on two series of *[Debatable](/wiki/Debatable_%28TV_show%29 \"Debatable (TV show)\")* on [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\").",
"Since April 2016, June has made regular appearances on [Sky News](/wiki/Sky_News \"Sky News\") *[The Pledge](/wiki/The_Pledge_%28British_TV_programme%29 \"The Pledge (British TV programme)\")*.",
"She is the author of the books *Diversify: Six Degrees of integration* (2017\\), *The Power of Women* (2018\\), and *The Power of Privilege: How white people can challenge racism* (2020\\).",
""
] |
Structure
---------
{{plain image with caption\|Phloem cells.svg\|Cross section of some phloem cells\|440px}}
Phloem tissue consists of conducting [cells](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 "Cell (biology)"), generally called sieve elements, [parenchyma](/wiki/Ground_tissue%23Parenchyma "Ground tissue#Parenchyma") cells, including both specialized companion cells or albuminous cells and unspecialized cells and supportive cells, such as [fibres](/wiki/Fibres "Fibres") and [sclereids](/wiki/Sclereid "Sclereid").
### Conducting cells (sieve elements)
[thumb\|Simplified phloem and companion cells: {{ordered list \|\[\[Xylem]] \|Phloem \|\[\[Cambium]] \|\[\[Pith]]\|Companion cells}}](/wiki/File:Phloem_and_Xylem_in_stem.svg "Phloem and Xylem in stem.svg")
[Sieve tube elements](/wiki/Sieve_tube_element "Sieve tube element") are the type of cell that are responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant. At maturity they lack a [nucleus](/wiki/Cell_nucleus "Cell nucleus") and have very few [organelles](/wiki/Organelle "Organelle"), so they rely on companion cells or albuminous cells for most of their metabolic needs. Sieve tube cells do contain [vacuoles](/wiki/Vacuole "Vacuole") and other organelles, such as [ribosomes](/wiki/Ribosome "Ribosome"), before they mature, but these generally migrate to the cell wall and dissolve at maturity; this ensures there is little to impede the movement of fluids. One of the few organelles they do contain at maturity is the rough [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum "Endoplasmic reticulum"), which can be found at the plasma membrane, often nearby the [plasmodesmata](/wiki/Plasmodesmata "Plasmodesmata") that connect them to their companion or albuminous cells. All sieve cells have groups of pores at their ends that grow from modified and enlarged plasmodesmata, called *sieve areas*. The pores are reinforced by platelets of a [polysaccharide](/wiki/Polysaccharide "Polysaccharide") called [callose](/wiki/Callose "Callose").
### Parenchyma cells
Other [parenchyma](/wiki/Ground_tissue%23Parenchyma "Ground tissue#Parenchyma") cells within the phloem are generally undifferentiated and used for food storage.
#### Companion cells
The metabolic functioning of sieve\-tube members depends on a close association with the *companion cells*, a specialized form of parenchyma cell. All of the cellular functions of a sieve\-tube element are carried out by the (much smaller) companion cell, a typical nucleate [plant cell](/wiki/Plant_cell "Plant cell") except the companion cell usually has a larger number of ribosomes and [mitochondria](/wiki/Mitochondria "Mitochondria"). The dense cytoplasm of a companion cell is connected to the sieve\-tube element by plasmodesmata.{{cite book \|last\=Raven \|first\=Peter H. \|author2\=Evert, R.F. \|author3\=Eichhorn, S.E. \|title\=Biology of Plants \|year\=1992 \|publisher\=Worth Publishers \|location\=New York, NY, U.S.A. \|page\=791 \|isbn\=978\-1\-4292\-3995\-0}} The common sidewall shared by a sieve tube element and a companion cell has large numbers of plasmodesmata.
There are three types of companion cells.
1. *Ordinary companion cells*, which have smooth walls and few or no plasmodesmatal connections to cells other than the sieve tube.
2. *[Transfer cells](/wiki/Transfer_cell "Transfer cell")*, which have much\-folded walls that are adjacent to non\-sieve cells, allowing for larger areas of transfer. They are specialized in scavenging solutes from those in the cell walls that are actively pumped requiring energy.
3. *Intermediary cells*, which possess many vacuoles and plasmodesmata and synthesize raffinose family [oligosaccharides](/wiki/Oligosaccharide "Oligosaccharide").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Slewinski\|first1\=Thomas L.\|last2\=Zhang\|first2\=Cankui\|last3\=Turgeon\|first3\=Robert\|date\=2013\-07\-05\|title\=Structural and functional heterogeneity in phloem loading and transport\|journal\=Frontiers in Plant Science\|volume\=4\|pages\=244\|doi\=10\.3389/fpls.2013\.00244\|issn\=1664\-462X\|pmc\=3701861\|pmid\=23847646\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite book\|last\=Bhatla\|first\=Satish C.\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077622456\|title\=Plant physiology, development and metabolism\|date\=2018\|others\=Manju A. Lal\|isbn\=978\-981\-13\-2023\-1\|location\=Singapore\|oclc\=1077622456}}
#### Albuminous cells
Albuminous cells have a similar role to companion cells, but are associated with sieve cells only and are hence found only in seedless vascular plants and [gymnosperms](/wiki/Gymnosperm "Gymnosperm").
### Supportive cells
Although its primary function is transport of sugars, phloem may also contain cells that have a mechanical support function. These are sclerenchyma cells which generally fall into two categories: fibres and sclereids. Both cell types have a [secondary cell wall](/wiki/Secondary_cell_wall "Secondary cell wall") and are dead at maturity. The secondary cell wall increases their rigidity and tensile strength, especially because they contain [lignin](/wiki/Lignin "Lignin").
#### Fibres
[Bast fibres](/wiki/Bast_fibre "Bast fibre") are the long, narrow supportive cells that provide [tension](/wiki/Tension_%28physics%29 "Tension (physics)") strength without limiting flexibility. They are also found in [xylem](/wiki/Xylem "Xylem"), and are the main component of many textiles such as paper, linen, and cotton.
#### Sclereids
{{Main\|Sclereid}}
Sclereids are irregularly shaped cells that add compression strength but may reduce flexibility to some extent. They also serve as anti\-herbivory structures, as their irregular shape and hardness will increase wear on teeth as the herbivores chew. For example, they are responsible for the gritty texture in pears, and in winter pears.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Martin\-Cabrejas \|first1\=Maria A. \|last2\=Waldron \|first2\=Keith W. \|last3\=Selvendran \|first3\=Robert R. \|last4\=Parker \|first4\=Mary L. \|last5\=Moates \|first5\=Graham K. \|date\=1994 \|title\=Ripening\-related changes in the cell walls of Spanish pear (Pyrus communis) \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.1399\-3054\.1994\.tb03004\.x \|journal\=Physiologia Plantarum \|language\=en \|volume\=91 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=671–679 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1399\-3054\.1994\.tb03004\.x \|issn\=0031\-9317}}
|
[
"Structure\n---------",
"{{plain image with caption\\|Phloem cells.svg\\|Cross section of some phloem cells\\|440px}}",
"Phloem tissue consists of conducting [cells](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 \"Cell (biology)\"), generally called sieve elements, [parenchyma](/wiki/Ground_tissue%23Parenchyma \"Ground tissue#Parenchyma\") cells, including both specialized companion cells or albuminous cells and unspecialized cells and supportive cells, such as [fibres](/wiki/Fibres \"Fibres\") and [sclereids](/wiki/Sclereid \"Sclereid\").",
"### Conducting cells (sieve elements)",
"[thumb\\|Simplified phloem and companion cells: {{ordered list \\|\\[\\[Xylem]] \\|Phloem \\|\\[\\[Cambium]] \\|\\[\\[Pith]]\\|Companion cells}}](/wiki/File:Phloem_and_Xylem_in_stem.svg \"Phloem and Xylem in stem.svg\")",
"[Sieve tube elements](/wiki/Sieve_tube_element \"Sieve tube element\") are the type of cell that are responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant. At maturity they lack a [nucleus](/wiki/Cell_nucleus \"Cell nucleus\") and have very few [organelles](/wiki/Organelle \"Organelle\"), so they rely on companion cells or albuminous cells for most of their metabolic needs. Sieve tube cells do contain [vacuoles](/wiki/Vacuole \"Vacuole\") and other organelles, such as [ribosomes](/wiki/Ribosome \"Ribosome\"), before they mature, but these generally migrate to the cell wall and dissolve at maturity; this ensures there is little to impede the movement of fluids. One of the few organelles they do contain at maturity is the rough [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum \"Endoplasmic reticulum\"), which can be found at the plasma membrane, often nearby the [plasmodesmata](/wiki/Plasmodesmata \"Plasmodesmata\") that connect them to their companion or albuminous cells. All sieve cells have groups of pores at their ends that grow from modified and enlarged plasmodesmata, called *sieve areas*. The pores are reinforced by platelets of a [polysaccharide](/wiki/Polysaccharide \"Polysaccharide\") called [callose](/wiki/Callose \"Callose\").",
"### Parenchyma cells",
"Other [parenchyma](/wiki/Ground_tissue%23Parenchyma \"Ground tissue#Parenchyma\") cells within the phloem are generally undifferentiated and used for food storage.",
"#### Companion cells",
"The metabolic functioning of sieve\\-tube members depends on a close association with the *companion cells*, a specialized form of parenchyma cell. All of the cellular functions of a sieve\\-tube element are carried out by the (much smaller) companion cell, a typical nucleate [plant cell](/wiki/Plant_cell \"Plant cell\") except the companion cell usually has a larger number of ribosomes and [mitochondria](/wiki/Mitochondria \"Mitochondria\"). The dense cytoplasm of a companion cell is connected to the sieve\\-tube element by plasmodesmata.{{cite book \\|last\\=Raven \\|first\\=Peter H. \\|author2\\=Evert, R.F. \\|author3\\=Eichhorn, S.E. \\|title\\=Biology of Plants \\|year\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Worth Publishers \\|location\\=New York, NY, U.S.A. \\|page\\=791 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4292\\-3995\\-0}} The common sidewall shared by a sieve tube element and a companion cell has large numbers of plasmodesmata.",
"There are three types of companion cells.\n1. *Ordinary companion cells*, which have smooth walls and few or no plasmodesmatal connections to cells other than the sieve tube.\n2. *[Transfer cells](/wiki/Transfer_cell \"Transfer cell\")*, which have much\\-folded walls that are adjacent to non\\-sieve cells, allowing for larger areas of transfer. They are specialized in scavenging solutes from those in the cell walls that are actively pumped requiring energy.\n3. *Intermediary cells*, which possess many vacuoles and plasmodesmata and synthesize raffinose family [oligosaccharides](/wiki/Oligosaccharide \"Oligosaccharide\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Slewinski\\|first1\\=Thomas L.\\|last2\\=Zhang\\|first2\\=Cankui\\|last3\\=Turgeon\\|first3\\=Robert\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-05\\|title\\=Structural and functional heterogeneity in phloem loading and transport\\|journal\\=Frontiers in Plant Science\\|volume\\=4\\|pages\\=244\\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fpls.2013\\.00244\\|issn\\=1664\\-462X\\|pmc\\=3701861\\|pmid\\=23847646\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite book\\|last\\=Bhatla\\|first\\=Satish C.\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077622456\\|title\\=Plant physiology, development and metabolism\\|date\\=2018\\|others\\=Manju A. Lal\\|isbn\\=978\\-981\\-13\\-2023\\-1\\|location\\=Singapore\\|oclc\\=1077622456}}",
"#### Albuminous cells",
"Albuminous cells have a similar role to companion cells, but are associated with sieve cells only and are hence found only in seedless vascular plants and [gymnosperms](/wiki/Gymnosperm \"Gymnosperm\").",
"### Supportive cells",
"Although its primary function is transport of sugars, phloem may also contain cells that have a mechanical support function. These are sclerenchyma cells which generally fall into two categories: fibres and sclereids. Both cell types have a [secondary cell wall](/wiki/Secondary_cell_wall \"Secondary cell wall\") and are dead at maturity. The secondary cell wall increases their rigidity and tensile strength, especially because they contain [lignin](/wiki/Lignin \"Lignin\").",
"#### Fibres",
"[Bast fibres](/wiki/Bast_fibre \"Bast fibre\") are the long, narrow supportive cells that provide [tension](/wiki/Tension_%28physics%29 \"Tension (physics)\") strength without limiting flexibility. They are also found in [xylem](/wiki/Xylem \"Xylem\"), and are the main component of many textiles such as paper, linen, and cotton.",
"#### Sclereids",
"{{Main\\|Sclereid}}\nSclereids are irregularly shaped cells that add compression strength but may reduce flexibility to some extent. They also serve as anti\\-herbivory structures, as their irregular shape and hardness will increase wear on teeth as the herbivores chew. For example, they are responsible for the gritty texture in pears, and in winter pears.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Martin\\-Cabrejas \\|first1\\=Maria A. \\|last2\\=Waldron \\|first2\\=Keith W. \\|last3\\=Selvendran \\|first3\\=Robert R. \\|last4\\=Parker \\|first4\\=Mary L. \\|last5\\=Moates \\|first5\\=Graham K. \\|date\\=1994 \\|title\\=Ripening\\-related changes in the cell walls of Spanish pear (Pyrus communis) \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.1399\\-3054\\.1994\\.tb03004\\.x \\|journal\\=Physiologia Plantarum \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=91 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=671–679 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1399\\-3054\\.1994\\.tb03004\\.x \\|issn\\=0031\\-9317}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Girard was born in the village of [Lourmarin](/wiki/Lourmarin "Lourmarin") in the *[département](/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France "Département in France")* of [Vaucluse](/wiki/Vaucluse "Vaucluse"), France, to a wealthy [aristocratic](/wiki/Aristocratic "Aristocratic") family. As a child, he was sent by his parents to some of the most notable French schools of the era. However, in the effect of the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), his family was forced to flee France and young Philippe had to abandon his studies in order to help his family earn money for living.
In May 1810 Napoleon I tried to stop English cotton fabrics from entering the continent of Europe and offered a reward of one million [francs](/wiki/Francs "Francs") to any inventor who could devise the best machinery for the spinning of flax yarn. After only a short period Philippe de Girard took out a French patent for important inventions for both dry and wet methods of spinning flax. He was not awarded the prize money and failed to gain the recognition he felt was deserved. He had been counting on the prize money to pay the expenses of his invention, and he got into serious financial difficulties.{{Cite EB1911\|wstitle\=Girard, Philippe Henri de}} So he accepted, when in 1815 he was invited by the Austrian government to establish a spinning mill in [Hirtenberg](/wiki/Hirtenberg "Hirtenberg") near Vienna, which employed his spinning frames. However, it failed to prove a commercial success. {{fact\|date\=January 2019}}
In 1817 Girard returned to France with a prototype of his spinning machinery ready, but the internal situation of France after the fall of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France "Napoleon I of France") prevented the new French authorities from payment of the debts and eventually, Girard sold his patent to England.
His inventions were patented in England in 1814, by Horace Hall (possibly a pseudonym).
It would not have been easy for a French man to introduce a new development into England at this point in history. It never really caught on.
In the British Isles [James Kay](/wiki/James_Kay_%28British_inventor%29 "James Kay (British inventor)") was initially credited with the invention. Although, on December 2, 1826, shortly after Kay’s patent was awarded, Girard seems to have been prompted to write to the editor of *[The Manchester Guardian](/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian "The Manchester Guardian")* complaining about this and pointing out he had been the inventor. A court invalidated Kay's patent in 1839, stating it was too similar to Horace Hall's, a decision upheld on appeal in 1841\.{{Cite book\|last\=Horrocks\|first\=Richard\|title\=James Kay of Turton Tower: Inventor and Flax Spinner (1774\-1857\)\|publisher\=Independently published\|year\=2020\|isbn\=979\-8651909896}} The fact that [Horace Hall](/wiki/Horace_Hall "Horace Hall") made no complaint might suggest this name being a pseudonym.
Several years afterward the situation in France improved and Girard started the first modern textile factory in [Lille](/wiki/Lille "Lille"). Initially the business was a failure and Girard almost went bankrupt.
In 1825, through an old army connection, baron [Piotr Galichet](/wiki/Piotr_Galichet "Piotr Galichet"), who had settled in Poland, he was hired by the government of the [Kingdom of Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland "Congress Poland") to help develop a Polish textile industry. He became consultant to the Polish government, as well as the [Bank Polski](/wiki/Bank_Polski "Bank Polski"). Because of the financial support of the latter, in 1831 he organized the first major factory of his project in [Marymont](/wiki/Marymont "Marymont") near [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"). Two years later he was invited by relatives of Galichet, the [Łubieński brothers](/wiki/%C5%81ubie%C5%84ski_family "Łubieński family") with his business to their estate at Ruda Guzowska, where the factory had better prospects. Soon it became a great success and brought fame and prosperity both to the settlement and to Girard. In honour of Girard, Ruda Guzowska was renamed, *Żyrardów*, a toponym derived of the [polonised](/wiki/Polish_language "Polish language") spelling of Girard's name.
In 1844 Girard returned to France, where he planned to open more factories. However, he died the following year. Apart from the town of Żyrardów (currently one of the biggest satellite towns of Warsaw), Girard had a street and a college in [18th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris "18th arrondissement of Paris") named after him and two secondary schools, one in Żyrardów, the other in [Avignon](/wiki/Avignon "Avignon").
After his death in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), his work was recognised and his descendants were rewarded with a small pension by the French Emperor.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Girard was born in the village of [Lourmarin](/wiki/Lourmarin \"Lourmarin\") in the *[département](/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France \"Département in France\")* of [Vaucluse](/wiki/Vaucluse \"Vaucluse\"), France, to a wealthy [aristocratic](/wiki/Aristocratic \"Aristocratic\") family. As a child, he was sent by his parents to some of the most notable French schools of the era. However, in the effect of the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), his family was forced to flee France and young Philippe had to abandon his studies in order to help his family earn money for living.",
"In May 1810 Napoleon I tried to stop English cotton fabrics from entering the continent of Europe and offered a reward of one million [francs](/wiki/Francs \"Francs\") to any inventor who could devise the best machinery for the spinning of flax yarn. After only a short period Philippe de Girard took out a French patent for important inventions for both dry and wet methods of spinning flax. He was not awarded the prize money and failed to gain the recognition he felt was deserved. He had been counting on the prize money to pay the expenses of his invention, and he got into serious financial difficulties.{{Cite EB1911\\|wstitle\\=Girard, Philippe Henri de}} So he accepted, when in 1815 he was invited by the Austrian government to establish a spinning mill in [Hirtenberg](/wiki/Hirtenberg \"Hirtenberg\") near Vienna, which employed his spinning frames. However, it failed to prove a commercial success. {{fact\\|date\\=January 2019}}",
"In 1817 Girard returned to France with a prototype of his spinning machinery ready, but the internal situation of France after the fall of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France \"Napoleon I of France\") prevented the new French authorities from payment of the debts and eventually, Girard sold his patent to England.\nHis inventions were patented in England in 1814, by Horace Hall (possibly a pseudonym).\nIt would not have been easy for a French man to introduce a new development into England at this point in history. It never really caught on.",
"In the British Isles [James Kay](/wiki/James_Kay_%28British_inventor%29 \"James Kay (British inventor)\") was initially credited with the invention. Although, on December 2, 1826, shortly after Kay’s patent was awarded, Girard seems to have been prompted to write to the editor of *[The Manchester Guardian](/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian \"The Manchester Guardian\")* complaining about this and pointing out he had been the inventor. A court invalidated Kay's patent in 1839, stating it was too similar to Horace Hall's, a decision upheld on appeal in 1841\\.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Horrocks\\|first\\=Richard\\|title\\=James Kay of Turton Tower: Inventor and Flax Spinner (1774\\-1857\\)\\|publisher\\=Independently published\\|year\\=2020\\|isbn\\=979\\-8651909896}} The fact that [Horace Hall](/wiki/Horace_Hall \"Horace Hall\") made no complaint might suggest this name being a pseudonym.",
"Several years afterward the situation in France improved and Girard started the first modern textile factory in [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\"). Initially the business was a failure and Girard almost went bankrupt.",
"In 1825, through an old army connection, baron [Piotr Galichet](/wiki/Piotr_Galichet \"Piotr Galichet\"), who had settled in Poland, he was hired by the government of the [Kingdom of Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland \"Congress Poland\") to help develop a Polish textile industry. He became consultant to the Polish government, as well as the [Bank Polski](/wiki/Bank_Polski \"Bank Polski\"). Because of the financial support of the latter, in 1831 he organized the first major factory of his project in [Marymont](/wiki/Marymont \"Marymont\") near [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"). Two years later he was invited by relatives of Galichet, the [Łubieński brothers](/wiki/%C5%81ubie%C5%84ski_family \"Łubieński family\") with his business to their estate at Ruda Guzowska, where the factory had better prospects. Soon it became a great success and brought fame and prosperity both to the settlement and to Girard. In honour of Girard, Ruda Guzowska was renamed, *Żyrardów*, a toponym derived of the [polonised](/wiki/Polish_language \"Polish language\") spelling of Girard's name.",
"In 1844 Girard returned to France, where he planned to open more factories. However, he died the following year. Apart from the town of Żyrardów (currently one of the biggest satellite towns of Warsaw), Girard had a street and a college in [18th arrondissement of Paris](/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"18th arrondissement of Paris\") named after him and two secondary schools, one in Żyrardów, the other in [Avignon](/wiki/Avignon \"Avignon\").",
"After his death in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), his work was recognised and his descendants were rewarded with a small pension by the French Emperor.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Origin and education
[thumb\|[François\-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie%2C_1st_duc_de_Broglie "François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie") (1671–1745\) ancestor of Louis de Broglie and [Marshal of France](/wiki/Marshal_of_France "Marshal of France") under [Louis XV of France](/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France "Louis XV of France")](/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg "Portrait of François Marie de Broglie, Duke of Broglie, Marshal of France (member of the circle of Hyacinthe Rigaud).jpg")
Louis de Broglie belonged to the famous aristocratic family of [Broglie](/wiki/House_of_Broglie "House of Broglie"), whose representatives for several centuries occupied important military and political posts in France. The father of the future physicist, [Louis\-Alphonse\-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Victor%2C_5th_duc_de_Broglie "Victor, 5th duc de Broglie"), was married to Pauline d’Armaille, the granddaughter of the Napoleonic General [Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur](/wiki/Philippe_Paul%2C_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur "Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur") and his wife, the biographer, [Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé](/wiki/Marie_C%C3%A9lestine_Am%C3%A9lie_d%27Armaill%C3%A9 "Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé"). They had five children; in addition to Louis, these were: Albertina (1872–1946\), subsequently the Marquise de Luppé; [Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie") (1875–1960\), subsequently a famous experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890\), who died two years before the birth of Louis, and Pauline, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972\), subsequently a famous writer.{{cite journal \|author \= M. J. Nye. \|title\= Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: The De Broglies in Modern France \|journal\= Isis\|edition\= Isis \|year\= 1997 \|volume\= 88 \|issue\= 3\|pages \= 397–421 \|doi \= 10\.1086/383768\|jstor\= 236150\|s2cid\= 143439041}} Louis was born in [Dieppe](/wiki/Dieppe%2C_France "Dieppe, France"), Seine\-Maritime. As the youngest child in the family, Louis grew up in relative loneliness, read a lot, and was fond of history, especially political. From early childhood, he had a good memory and could accurately read an excerpt from a theatrical production or give a complete list of ministers of the [Third Republic of France](/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France "Third Republic of France"). For this, he was predicted to become a great statesman in the future.{{cite journal \|author \= \[\[Anatole Abragam\|A. Abragam]]. \|title\= Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie \|edition\= Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society \|year\= 1988 \|volume\= 34 \|pages \= 22–41 \|doi \= 10\.1098/rsbm.1988\.0002\|doi\-access\= }}
De Broglie had intended a career in [humanities](/wiki/Humanities "Humanities"), and received his first degree (*[licence ès lettres](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29%23France "Licentiate (degree)#France")*) in history. Afterwards he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree (*[licence ès sciences](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29%23France "Licentiate (degree)#France")*) in physics. With the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.
### Military service
After graduation, Louis de Broglie joined the engineering forces to undergo compulsory service. It began at [Fort Mont Valérien](/wiki/Fort_Mont_Val%C3%A9rien "Fort Mont Valérien"), but soon, on the initiative of his brother, he was seconded to the Wireless Communications Service and worked on the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower "Eiffel Tower"), where the radio transmitter was located. Louis de Broglie remained in military service throughout the First World War, dealing with purely technical issues. In particular, together with [Léon Brillouin](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin "Léon Brillouin") and brother Maurice, he participated in establishing wireless communications with submarines. Louis de Broglie was demobilized in August 1919 with the rank of [adjudant](/wiki/Adjudant "Adjudant"). Later, the scientist regretted that he had to spend about six years away from the fundamental problems of science that interested him.{{cite journal \|author \= J. Lacki. \|url\= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\-2830905527\.html \|title\= Louis de Broglie \|edition\= New Dictionary of Scientific Biography \|location\= Detroit \|year\= 2008 \|publisher\= Charles Scribner's Sons \|volume\= 1 \|pages \= 409–415 }}
### Scientific and pedagogical career
His 1924 thesis *Recherches sur la théorie des quanta*{{cite web \|last1\=de Broglie \|first1\=Louis Victor \|title\=On the Theory of Quanta \|url\=http://aflb.ensmp.fr/LDB\-oeuvres/De\_Broglie\_Kracklauer.pdf \|website\=Foundation of Louis de Broglie \|edition\= English translation by A.F. Kracklauer, 2004\. \|access\-date\=2 January 2020}} (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced his theory of [electron](/wiki/Electron "Electron") waves. This included the [wave–particle duality](/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality "Wave–particle duality") theory of matter, based on the work of [Max Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck "Max Planck") and [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") on light. This research culminated in the [de Broglie hypothesis](/wiki/Matter_wave "Matter wave") stating that *any moving particle or object had an associated wave*. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the *mécanique ondulatoire*, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). He won the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics") in 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons".{{cite web \|title\=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 \|publisher\=Nobel Foundation \|url\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html \|access\-date\=9 October 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html \|archive\-date\=24 October 2008 \|url\-status\=live }}
In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a [causal](/wiki/Causality_%28physics%29 "Causality (physics)") explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly [probabilistic](/wiki/Probabilistic "Probabilistic") models which dominate [quantum mechanical](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical "Quantum mechanical") theory; it was refined by [David Bohm](/wiki/David_Bohm "David Bohm") in the 1950s. The theory has since been known as the [De Broglie–Bohm theory](/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory "De Broglie–Bohm theory").
In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the [philosophy of science](/wiki/Philosophy_of_science "Philosophy of science"), including the value of modern scientific discoveries. In 1930 he founded the book series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by [Éditions Hermann](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Hermann "Éditions Hermann").[Recherche (PPN) 01331081X: Actualités scientifiques et industrielles](https://www.sudoc.fr/01331081X), sudoc.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2021\.
De Broglie became a member of the [Académie des sciences](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences "Académie des sciences") in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942\. He was asked to join *Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais*, but declined because he was non\-religious.{{cite book\|title\=Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics\|year\=2007\|publisher\=Springer\|isbn\=9783540326632\|first1\=James \|last1\=Evans \|first2\=Alan S. \|last2\=Thorndike\|page\=71\|quote\=Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.}}Kimball, John (2015\). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323\. {{ISBN\|978\-1\-4665\-7636\-0}}.
In 1941, he was made a member of the National Council of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France"). Les professeurs de la Faculté des sciences de Paris [https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp\_0298\-5632\_1989\_ant\_25\_1\_8664](https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp_0298-5632_1989_ant_25_1_8664) On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the [Académie Française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise "Académie Française"), replacing mathematician [Émile Picard](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard "Émile Picard"). Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934\. [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") awarded him the first [Kalinga Prize](/wiki/Kalinga_Prize "Kalinga Prize") in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the [Royal Society](/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society") on 23 April 1953\.
Louis became the 7th [duc de Broglie](/wiki/Duc_de_Broglie "Duc de Broglie") in 1960 upon the death without heir of his elder brother, [Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Maurice%2C_6th_duc_de_Broglie "Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie"), also a physicist.
In 1961, he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur "Légion d'honneur"). De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the [Henri Poincaré Institute](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Institute "Henri Poincaré Institute"), where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the [International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science](/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science "International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science") and was an early member.{{cite book\|author1\=Piotr Piecuch\|author2\=Jean Maruani\|author3\=Gerardo Delgado\-Barrio\|author4\=Stephen Wilson\|title\=Advances in the Theory of Atomic and Molecular Systems: Conceptual and Computational Advances in Quantum Chemistry\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1qbgc17K1dAC\|date\=30 September 2009\|publisher\=Springer Science \& Business Media\|isbn\=978\-90\-481\-2596\-8\|page\=4}}
Louis never married. When he died on 19 March 1987 in [Louveciennes](/wiki/Louveciennes "Louveciennes") at the age of 94,{{cite book \|title\=A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine \|edition\=illustrated \|first1\=Francis \|last1\=Leroy \|publisher\=CRC Press \|year\=2003 \|isbn\=0\-8247\-0876\-8 \|page\=141 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8DjwaFWE4fYC}} [Extract of page 141](https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC&pg=PA141) he was succeeded as [duke](/wiki/Duke "Duke") by a distant cousin, [Victor\-François, 8th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_8th_duc_de_Broglie "Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie"). His funeral was held 23 March 1987 at the Church of Saint\-Pierre\-de\-Neuilly.{{cite book \|author1\=Louis Néel \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=C0u4AAAAIAAJ \|title\=Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu \|author2\=Fondation Louis de Broglie \|author3\=Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (France) \|publisher\=Fondation Louis de Broglie, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers \|year\=1988}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Origin and education",
"[thumb\\|[François\\-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie%2C_1st_duc_de_Broglie \"François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie\") (1671–1745\\) ancestor of Louis de Broglie and [Marshal of France](/wiki/Marshal_of_France \"Marshal of France\") under [Louis XV of France](/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France \"Louis XV of France\")](/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg \"Portrait of François Marie de Broglie, Duke of Broglie, Marshal of France (member of the circle of Hyacinthe Rigaud).jpg\")",
"Louis de Broglie belonged to the famous aristocratic family of [Broglie](/wiki/House_of_Broglie \"House of Broglie\"), whose representatives for several centuries occupied important military and political posts in France. The father of the future physicist, [Louis\\-Alphonse\\-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Victor%2C_5th_duc_de_Broglie \"Victor, 5th duc de Broglie\"), was married to Pauline d’Armaille, the granddaughter of the Napoleonic General [Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur](/wiki/Philippe_Paul%2C_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur \"Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur\") and his wife, the biographer, [Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé](/wiki/Marie_C%C3%A9lestine_Am%C3%A9lie_d%27Armaill%C3%A9 \"Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé\"). They had five children; in addition to Louis, these were: Albertina (1872–1946\\), subsequently the Marquise de Luppé; [Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie \"Maurice de Broglie\") (1875–1960\\), subsequently a famous experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890\\), who died two years before the birth of Louis, and Pauline, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972\\), subsequently a famous writer.{{cite journal \\|author \\= M. J. Nye. \\|title\\= Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: The De Broglies in Modern France \\|journal\\= Isis\\|edition\\= Isis \\|year\\= 1997 \\|volume\\= 88 \\|issue\\= 3\\|pages \\= 397–421 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1086/383768\\|jstor\\= 236150\\|s2cid\\= 143439041}} Louis was born in [Dieppe](/wiki/Dieppe%2C_France \"Dieppe, France\"), Seine\\-Maritime. As the youngest child in the family, Louis grew up in relative loneliness, read a lot, and was fond of history, especially political. From early childhood, he had a good memory and could accurately read an excerpt from a theatrical production or give a complete list of ministers of the [Third Republic of France](/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France \"Third Republic of France\"). For this, he was predicted to become a great statesman in the future.{{cite journal \\|author \\= \\[\\[Anatole Abragam\\|A. Abragam]]. \\|title\\= Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie \\|edition\\= Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society \\|year\\= 1988 \\|volume\\= 34 \\|pages \\= 22–41 \\|doi \\= 10\\.1098/rsbm.1988\\.0002\\|doi\\-access\\= }}",
"De Broglie had intended a career in [humanities](/wiki/Humanities \"Humanities\"), and received his first degree (*[licence ès lettres](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29%23France \"Licentiate (degree)#France\")*) in history. Afterwards he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree (*[licence ès sciences](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29%23France \"Licentiate (degree)#France\")*) in physics. With the outbreak of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.",
"### Military service",
"After graduation, Louis de Broglie joined the engineering forces to undergo compulsory service. It began at [Fort Mont Valérien](/wiki/Fort_Mont_Val%C3%A9rien \"Fort Mont Valérien\"), but soon, on the initiative of his brother, he was seconded to the Wireless Communications Service and worked on the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower \"Eiffel Tower\"), where the radio transmitter was located. Louis de Broglie remained in military service throughout the First World War, dealing with purely technical issues. In particular, together with [Léon Brillouin](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin \"Léon Brillouin\") and brother Maurice, he participated in establishing wireless communications with submarines. Louis de Broglie was demobilized in August 1919 with the rank of [adjudant](/wiki/Adjudant \"Adjudant\"). Later, the scientist regretted that he had to spend about six years away from the fundamental problems of science that interested him.{{cite journal \\|author \\= J. Lacki. \\|url\\= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\\-2830905527\\.html \\|title\\= Louis de Broglie \\|edition\\= New Dictionary of Scientific Biography \\|location\\= Detroit \\|year\\= 2008 \\|publisher\\= Charles Scribner's Sons \\|volume\\= 1 \\|pages \\= 409–415 }}",
"### Scientific and pedagogical career",
"His 1924 thesis *Recherches sur la théorie des quanta*{{cite web \\|last1\\=de Broglie \\|first1\\=Louis Victor \\|title\\=On the Theory of Quanta \\|url\\=http://aflb.ensmp.fr/LDB\\-oeuvres/De\\_Broglie\\_Kracklauer.pdf \\|website\\=Foundation of Louis de Broglie \\|edition\\= English translation by A.F. Kracklauer, 2004\\. \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2020}} (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced his theory of [electron](/wiki/Electron \"Electron\") waves. This included the [wave–particle duality](/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality \"Wave–particle duality\") theory of matter, based on the work of [Max Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck \"Max Planck\") and [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\") on light. This research culminated in the [de Broglie hypothesis](/wiki/Matter_wave \"Matter wave\") stating that *any moving particle or object had an associated wave*. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the *mécanique ondulatoire*, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). He won the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics \"Nobel Prize in Physics\") in 1929 \"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons\".{{cite web \\|title\\=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 \\|publisher\\=Nobel Foundation \\|url\\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a [causal](/wiki/Causality_%28physics%29 \"Causality (physics)\") explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly [probabilistic](/wiki/Probabilistic \"Probabilistic\") models which dominate [quantum mechanical](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical \"Quantum mechanical\") theory; it was refined by [David Bohm](/wiki/David_Bohm \"David Bohm\") in the 1950s. The theory has since been known as the [De Broglie–Bohm theory](/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory \"De Broglie–Bohm theory\").",
"In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the [philosophy of science](/wiki/Philosophy_of_science \"Philosophy of science\"), including the value of modern scientific discoveries. In 1930 he founded the book series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by [Éditions Hermann](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Hermann \"Éditions Hermann\").[Recherche (PPN) 01331081X: Actualités scientifiques et industrielles](https://www.sudoc.fr/01331081X), sudoc.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2021\\.",
"De Broglie became a member of the [Académie des sciences](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences \"Académie des sciences\") in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942\\. He was asked to join *Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais*, but declined because he was non\\-religious.{{cite book\\|title\\=Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics\\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=Springer\\|isbn\\=9783540326632\\|first1\\=James \\|last1\\=Evans \\|first2\\=Alan S. \\|last2\\=Thorndike\\|page\\=71\\|quote\\=Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.}}Kimball, John (2015\\). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-4665\\-7636\\-0}}.\nIn 1941, he was made a member of the National Council of [Vichy France](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\"). Les professeurs de la Faculté des sciences de Paris [https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp\\_0298\\-5632\\_1989\\_ant\\_25\\_1\\_8664](https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp_0298-5632_1989_ant_25_1_8664) On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the [Académie Française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise \"Académie Française\"), replacing mathematician [Émile Picard](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard \"Émile Picard\"). Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934\\. [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") awarded him the first [Kalinga Prize](/wiki/Kalinga_Prize \"Kalinga Prize\") in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the [Royal Society](/wiki/Royal_Society \"Royal Society\") on 23 April 1953\\.",
"Louis became the 7th [duc de Broglie](/wiki/Duc_de_Broglie \"Duc de Broglie\") in 1960 upon the death without heir of his elder brother, [Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Maurice%2C_6th_duc_de_Broglie \"Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie\"), also a physicist.",
"In 1961, he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\"). De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the [Henri Poincaré Institute](/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Institute \"Henri Poincaré Institute\"), where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the [International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science](/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science \"International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science\") and was an early member.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Piotr Piecuch\\|author2\\=Jean Maruani\\|author3\\=Gerardo Delgado\\-Barrio\\|author4\\=Stephen Wilson\\|title\\=Advances in the Theory of Atomic and Molecular Systems: Conceptual and Computational Advances in Quantum Chemistry\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1qbgc17K1dAC\\|date\\=30 September 2009\\|publisher\\=Springer Science \\& Business Media\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-481\\-2596\\-8\\|page\\=4}}",
"Louis never married. When he died on 19 March 1987 in [Louveciennes](/wiki/Louveciennes \"Louveciennes\") at the age of 94,{{cite book \\|title\\=A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine \\|edition\\=illustrated \\|first1\\=Francis \\|last1\\=Leroy \\|publisher\\=CRC Press \\|year\\=2003 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8247\\-0876\\-8 \\|page\\=141 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8DjwaFWE4fYC}} [Extract of page 141](https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC&pg=PA141) he was succeeded as [duke](/wiki/Duke \"Duke\") by a distant cousin, [Victor\\-François, 8th duc de Broglie](/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_8th_duc_de_Broglie \"Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie\"). His funeral was held 23 March 1987 at the Church of Saint\\-Pierre\\-de\\-Neuilly.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Louis Néel \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=C0u4AAAAIAAJ \\|title\\=Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu \\|author2\\=Fondation Louis de Broglie \\|author3\\=Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (France) \\|publisher\\=Fondation Louis de Broglie, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers \\|year\\=1988}}",
""
] |
Scientific activity
-------------------
{{more citations needed section\|date\=June 2015}}
### Physics of X\-ray and photoelectric effect
The first works of Louis de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in the laboratory of his [older brother Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie "Maurice de Broglie") and dealt with the features of the [photoelectric effect](/wiki/Photoelectric_effect "Photoelectric effect") and the properties of [x\-rays](/wiki/X-rays "X-rays"). These publications examined the absorption of X\-rays and described this phenomenon using the [Bohr theory](/wiki/Bohr_theory "Bohr theory"), applied quantum principles to the interpretation of [photoelectron spectra](/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy "Photoemission spectroscopy"), and gave a systematic classification of X\-ray spectra. The studies of X\-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure of the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes for the distribution of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by [Edmund Stoner](/wiki/Edmund_Stoner "Edmund Stoner").*The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective*. New York: Wiley\-Interscience, 1974\. {{ISBN\|0\-471\-43958\-4}} Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X\-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist [Orest Khvolson](/wiki/Orest_Khvolson "Orest Khvolson") nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X\-rays.
### Matter and wave–particle duality
{{Main\|De Broglie hypothesis}}
Studying the nature of X\-ray radiation and discussing its properties with his brother Maurice, who considered these rays to be some kind of combination of waves and particles, contributed to Louis de Broglie's awareness of the need to build a theory linking particle and wave representations. In addition, he was familiar with the works (1919–1922\) of [Marcel Brillouin](/wiki/Marcel_Brillouin "Marcel Brillouin"), which proposed a hydrodynamic model of an atom and attempted to relate it to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point in the work of Louis de Broglie was the idea of Einstein about the [quanta of light](/wiki/Photon "Photon"). In his first article on this subject, published in 1922, the French scientist considered blackbody radiation as a gas of light quanta and, using classical statistical mechanics, derived the [Wien radiation law](/wiki/Wien_approximation "Wien approximation") in the framework of such a representation. In his next publication, he tried to reconcile the concept of light quanta with the phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to associate a certain periodicity with quanta. In this case, light quanta were interpreted by him as relativistic particles of very small mass.{{cite journal \|author \= J. Mehra. \|editor\= J. Mehra. \|title\= Louis de Broglie and the phase waves associated with matter \|edition\= The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics \|year\= 2001 \|publisher\= World Scientific \|pages \= 546–570 }}
It remained to extend the wave considerations to any massive particles, and in the summer of 1923 a decisive breakthrough occurred. De Broglie outlined his ideas in a short note "Waves and quanta" ({{lang\-fr\|Ondes et quanta}}, presented at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences on September 10, 1923\),{{Cite web \|date\=1923 \|title\=Membres de l'Académie des sciences depuis sa création: Louis de Broglie Ondes et quanta \|language\=fr \|url\=https://www.academie\-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Broglie/Broglie\_pdf/CR1923\_p507\.pdf \|website\=academie\-sciences.fr}} which marked the beginning of the creation of wave mechanics. In this paper and his subsequent PhD thesis, the scientist suggested that a moving particle with energy *E* and velocity **v** is characterized by some internal periodic process with a frequency E/h (later known as [Compton frequency](/wiki/Compton_frequency "Compton frequency")), where h is the [Planck constant](/wiki/Planck_constant "Planck constant"). To reconcile these considerations, based on the quantum principle, with the ideas of special relativity, de Broglie associated wave he called a "phase wave" with a moving body, which propagates with the [phase velocity](/wiki/Phase_velocity "Phase velocity") c^2/v. Such a wave, which later received the name [matter wave](/wiki/Matter_wave "Matter wave"), or [de Broglie wave](/wiki/De_Broglie_wave "De Broglie wave"), in the process of body movement remains in phase with the internal periodic process. Having then examined the motion of an electron in a closed orbit, the scientist showed that the requirement for phase matching directly leads to the quantum [Bohr\-Sommerfeld condition](/wiki/Bohr-Sommerfeld_quantization "Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization"), that is, to quantize the angular momentum. In the next two notes (reported at the meetings on September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came to the conclusion that the particle velocity is equal to the [group velocity](/wiki/Group_velocity "Group velocity") of phase waves, and the particle moves along the normal to surfaces of equal phase. In the general case, the trajectory of a particle can be determined using [Fermat's principle](/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle "Fermat's principle") (for waves) or the [principle of least action](/wiki/Principle_of_least_action "Principle of least action") (for particles), which indicates a connection between geometric optics and classical mechanics.[Max Jammer](/wiki/Max_Jammer "Max Jammer") *The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics*. New York: McGraw\-Hill, 1966 2nd ed: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1989\. {{ISBN\|0\-88318\-617\-9}}. Olivier Darrigol, "Strangeness and soundness in Louis de Broglie's early works", *Physis*, 30 (1993\): 303–372\.
This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the [electron diffraction experiments](/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment "Davisson–Germer experiment") of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of Erwin Schrödinger.
From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter\-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a [wavefunction](/wiki/Wavefunction "Wavefunction") defined by the [Schrödinger equation](/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation "Schrödinger equation"), which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter\-waves, following the work of [David Bohm](/wiki/David_Bohm "David Bohm").
### Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron
In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a [pilot wave](/wiki/Pilot_wave "Pilot wave") guides a particle.See for example the description of de Broglie's view in: David Bohm, Basil Hiley: *The de Broglie pilot wave theory and the further development and new insights arising out of it*, Foundations of Physics, volume 12, number 10, 1982, Appendix: On the background of the papers on trajectories interpretation, by D. Bohm, ([PDF](http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819234038/http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf \|date\=19 August 2011 }}) Subsequently, [David Hestenes](/wiki/David_Hestenes "David Hestenes") has proposed a link to the [zitterbewegung](/wiki/Zitterbewegung "Zitterbewegung") that was suggested by Schrödinger.D. Hestenes, October 1990, The Zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1213–1232
While attempts at verifying the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock frequency are so far not conclusive,See for example G.R. Osche, *Electron channeling resonance and de Broglie's internal clock*, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 36, 2001, pp. 61–71 ([full text](http://aflb.ensmp.fr/AFLB-361/aflb361m718.pdf)) recent experimental data is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.Catillon, Foundations of Physics, July 2001, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 659–664
### Non\-nullity and variability of mass
According to de Broglie, the [neutrino](/wiki/Neutrino "Neutrino") and the [photon](/wiki/Photon "Photon") have rest masses that are non\-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.
In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a [thermodynamic](/wiki/Thermodynamic "Thermodynamic") machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.
### Generalization of the principle of least action
{{ Also\| Hamilton's optico\-mechanical analogy}}
In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with [Fermat's optical principle](/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle "Fermat's principle"): "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to [Maupertuis' principle](/wiki/Maupertuis%27_principle "Maupertuis' principle") applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave." This latter equivalence had been pointed out by [William Rowan Hamilton](/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton "William Rowan Hamilton") a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, for the case of light.
### Duality of the laws of nature
Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which [Max Born](/wiki/Max_Born "Max Born") thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the [laws of nature.](/wiki/Natural_law "Natural law")
His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:{{cn\|date\=December 2023}}
{{blockquote\|When \[\[Boltzmann]] and his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be a complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my actual ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be a simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that idea that is, by far, the most important and the most profound.}}
That idea seems to match the continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of [Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz](/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"), who posited the necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the system of mechanical laws.{{cn\|date\=December 2023}}
However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other){{cn\|date\=December 2023}} and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics:
m c^2 \= h \\nu
### Neutrino theory of light
{{main\|Neutrino theory of light}}
This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two [Dirac neutrinos](/wiki/Dirac_fermion "Dirac fermion"). It is not currently accepted by the majority of physicists.
### Hidden thermodynamics
De Broglie's final idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and [Carnot](/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_%28thermodynamics%29 "Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)").
In this work, [action](/wiki/Action_%28physics%29 "Action (physics)") becomes a sort of opposite to [entropy](/wiki/Entropy "Entropy"), through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form:
{\\text{action}\\over h} \= \-{\\text{entropy}\\over k}
As a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the [uncertainty principle](/wiki/Uncertainty_principle "Uncertainty principle") to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to *reductions in entropy*.
|
[
"Scientific activity\n-------------------",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=June 2015}}",
"### Physics of X\\-ray and photoelectric effect",
"The first works of Louis de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in the laboratory of his [older brother Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie \"Maurice de Broglie\") and dealt with the features of the [photoelectric effect](/wiki/Photoelectric_effect \"Photoelectric effect\") and the properties of [x\\-rays](/wiki/X-rays \"X-rays\"). These publications examined the absorption of X\\-rays and described this phenomenon using the [Bohr theory](/wiki/Bohr_theory \"Bohr theory\"), applied quantum principles to the interpretation of [photoelectron spectra](/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy \"Photoemission spectroscopy\"), and gave a systematic classification of X\\-ray spectra. The studies of X\\-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure of the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes for the distribution of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by [Edmund Stoner](/wiki/Edmund_Stoner \"Edmund Stoner\").*The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective*. New York: Wiley\\-Interscience, 1974\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-471\\-43958\\-4}} Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X\\-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist [Orest Khvolson](/wiki/Orest_Khvolson \"Orest Khvolson\") nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X\\-rays.",
"### Matter and wave–particle duality",
"{{Main\\|De Broglie hypothesis}}\nStudying the nature of X\\-ray radiation and discussing its properties with his brother Maurice, who considered these rays to be some kind of combination of waves and particles, contributed to Louis de Broglie's awareness of the need to build a theory linking particle and wave representations. In addition, he was familiar with the works (1919–1922\\) of [Marcel Brillouin](/wiki/Marcel_Brillouin \"Marcel Brillouin\"), which proposed a hydrodynamic model of an atom and attempted to relate it to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point in the work of Louis de Broglie was the idea of Einstein about the [quanta of light](/wiki/Photon \"Photon\"). In his first article on this subject, published in 1922, the French scientist considered blackbody radiation as a gas of light quanta and, using classical statistical mechanics, derived the [Wien radiation law](/wiki/Wien_approximation \"Wien approximation\") in the framework of such a representation. In his next publication, he tried to reconcile the concept of light quanta with the phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to associate a certain periodicity with quanta. In this case, light quanta were interpreted by him as relativistic particles of very small mass.{{cite journal \\|author \\= J. Mehra. \\|editor\\= J. Mehra. \\|title\\= Louis de Broglie and the phase waves associated with matter \\|edition\\= The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics \\|year\\= 2001 \\|publisher\\= World Scientific \\|pages \\= 546–570 }}",
"It remained to extend the wave considerations to any massive particles, and in the summer of 1923 a decisive breakthrough occurred. De Broglie outlined his ideas in a short note \"Waves and quanta\" ({{lang\\-fr\\|Ondes et quanta}}, presented at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences on September 10, 1923\\),{{Cite web \\|date\\=1923 \\|title\\=Membres de l'Académie des sciences depuis sa création: Louis de Broglie Ondes et quanta \\|language\\=fr \\|url\\=https://www.academie\\-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Broglie/Broglie\\_pdf/CR1923\\_p507\\.pdf \\|website\\=academie\\-sciences.fr}} which marked the beginning of the creation of wave mechanics. In this paper and his subsequent PhD thesis, the scientist suggested that a moving particle with energy *E* and velocity **v** is characterized by some internal periodic process with a frequency E/h (later known as [Compton frequency](/wiki/Compton_frequency \"Compton frequency\")), where h is the [Planck constant](/wiki/Planck_constant \"Planck constant\"). To reconcile these considerations, based on the quantum principle, with the ideas of special relativity, de Broglie associated wave he called a \"phase wave\" with a moving body, which propagates with the [phase velocity](/wiki/Phase_velocity \"Phase velocity\") c^2/v. Such a wave, which later received the name [matter wave](/wiki/Matter_wave \"Matter wave\"), or [de Broglie wave](/wiki/De_Broglie_wave \"De Broglie wave\"), in the process of body movement remains in phase with the internal periodic process. Having then examined the motion of an electron in a closed orbit, the scientist showed that the requirement for phase matching directly leads to the quantum [Bohr\\-Sommerfeld condition](/wiki/Bohr-Sommerfeld_quantization \"Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization\"), that is, to quantize the angular momentum. In the next two notes (reported at the meetings on September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came to the conclusion that the particle velocity is equal to the [group velocity](/wiki/Group_velocity \"Group velocity\") of phase waves, and the particle moves along the normal to surfaces of equal phase. In the general case, the trajectory of a particle can be determined using [Fermat's principle](/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle \"Fermat's principle\") (for waves) or the [principle of least action](/wiki/Principle_of_least_action \"Principle of least action\") (for particles), which indicates a connection between geometric optics and classical mechanics.[Max Jammer](/wiki/Max_Jammer \"Max Jammer\") *The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics*. New York: McGraw\\-Hill, 1966 2nd ed: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1989\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-88318\\-617\\-9}}. Olivier Darrigol, \"Strangeness and soundness in Louis de Broglie's early works\", *Physis*, 30 (1993\\): 303–372\\.",
"This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the [electron diffraction experiments](/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment \"Davisson–Germer experiment\") of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of Erwin Schrödinger.",
"From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter\\-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a [wavefunction](/wiki/Wavefunction \"Wavefunction\") defined by the [Schrödinger equation](/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation \"Schrödinger equation\"), which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter\\-waves, following the work of [David Bohm](/wiki/David_Bohm \"David Bohm\").",
"### Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron",
"In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a [pilot wave](/wiki/Pilot_wave \"Pilot wave\") guides a particle.See for example the description of de Broglie's view in: David Bohm, Basil Hiley: *The de Broglie pilot wave theory and the further development and new insights arising out of it*, Foundations of Physics, volume 12, number 10, 1982, Appendix: On the background of the papers on trajectories interpretation, by D. Bohm, ([PDF](http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819234038/http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf \\|date\\=19 August 2011 }}) Subsequently, [David Hestenes](/wiki/David_Hestenes \"David Hestenes\") has proposed a link to the [zitterbewegung](/wiki/Zitterbewegung \"Zitterbewegung\") that was suggested by Schrödinger.D. Hestenes, October 1990, The Zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1213–1232",
"While attempts at verifying the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock frequency are so far not conclusive,See for example G.R. Osche, *Electron channeling resonance and de Broglie's internal clock*, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 36, 2001, pp. 61–71 ([full text](http://aflb.ensmp.fr/AFLB-361/aflb361m718.pdf)) recent experimental data is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.Catillon, Foundations of Physics, July 2001, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 659–664",
"### Non\\-nullity and variability of mass",
"According to de Broglie, the [neutrino](/wiki/Neutrino \"Neutrino\") and the [photon](/wiki/Photon \"Photon\") have rest masses that are non\\-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.",
"In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a [thermodynamic](/wiki/Thermodynamic \"Thermodynamic\") machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.",
"### Generalization of the principle of least action",
"{{ Also\\| Hamilton's optico\\-mechanical analogy}}\nIn the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with [Fermat's optical principle](/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle \"Fermat's principle\"): \"Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to [Maupertuis' principle](/wiki/Maupertuis%27_principle \"Maupertuis' principle\") applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave.\" This latter equivalence had been pointed out by [William Rowan Hamilton](/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton \"William Rowan Hamilton\") a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, for the case of light.",
"### Duality of the laws of nature",
"Far from claiming to make \"the contradiction disappear\" which [Max Born](/wiki/Max_Born \"Max Born\") thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the [laws of nature.](/wiki/Natural_law \"Natural law\")",
"His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}}\n{{blockquote\\|When \\[\\[Boltzmann]] and his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be a complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my actual ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be a simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that idea that is, by far, the most important and the most profound.}}\nThat idea seems to match the continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of [Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz](/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz \"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\"), who posited the necessity of \"architectonic principles\" to complete the system of mechanical laws.{{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}}",
"However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other){{cn\\|date\\=December 2023}} and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics:\n m c^2 \\= h \\\\nu",
"### Neutrino theory of light",
"{{main\\|Neutrino theory of light}}\nThis theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two [Dirac neutrinos](/wiki/Dirac_fermion \"Dirac fermion\"). It is not currently accepted by the majority of physicists.",
"### Hidden thermodynamics",
"De Broglie's final idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and [Carnot](/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_%28thermodynamics%29 \"Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)\").",
"In this work, [action](/wiki/Action_%28physics%29 \"Action (physics)\") becomes a sort of opposite to [entropy](/wiki/Entropy \"Entropy\"), through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form:\n {\\\\text{action}\\\\over h} \\= \\-{\\\\text{entropy}\\\\over k}\nAs a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the [uncertainty principle](/wiki/Uncertainty_principle \"Uncertainty principle\") to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to *reductions in entropy*.",
""
] |
105\.7 before WIXO
------------------
### WWTO and WWCT
The original 105\.7 was operating as [Drake\-Chenault](/wiki/Drake-Chenault "Drake-Chenault") programmed WWTO in the early 1970s.["WWTO(FM) 105\.7 Peoria, Illinois"](http://www.dougquick.com/areachrradiohistory2.html) by Doug Quick. Retrieved November 19, 2006\. In 1976, the station changed its callsign to WWCT and made its debut as an [album rock](/wiki/Album_rock "Album rock") station. Calling itself simply "106" or "WWCT" early on, by the 1990s it was using the nickname "*Rock 106*". Some of their well\-known positioning statements included "Rockin' With The Best" and "The Home Of Rock n Roll." Much of their time was spent downtown on both Jefferson St. and 1111 Main St. They moved uptown in 1997 to War Memorial Dr. near Northwoods Mall.
In late 1998 Bruce Foster sold the station to Kelly Communications. Kelly took over immediately with an LMA and brought in satellite programming in lieu of local jocks. A *[Peoria Journal Star](/wiki/Peoria_Journal_Star "Peoria Journal Star")* article{{page needed\|date\=February 2012}} talking about the station's DJs located in Dallas became fodder for competitor WGLO. In the summer of 1999, Kelly Communications decided to offer a lower price than what was originally negotiated in the sale, and Foster decided to back out of the deal. In what amounts to a legendary story, a group of jocks from the old WWCT days went to the transmitter site on a Friday afternoon and took back control of the station with the words "We're back, and we're pissed off!" Through the weekend a great number of former jocks, local leaders, and even competing radio station personnel took part in an anything\-goes broadcast from the transmitter site in rural [Tazewell County, Illinois](/wiki/Tazewell_County%2C_Illinois "Tazewell County, Illinois").
In 2000 WWCT was acquired by AAA Entertainment Radio Group, moved towards an [active rock](/wiki/Active_rock "Active rock") format, and was named "Rock 105\.7" towards the end of the format on 105\.7 in 2003\.
### WXMP
AAA replaced WWCT with "Mix 105\.7" and the callsign WXMP, and marketed the station as a [Bloomington\-Normal](/wiki/Bloomington-Normal "Bloomington-Normal") station for some time despite the station being licensed to Peoria.
AAA Entertainment exited the Peoria market in September 2006 during a shakeup in Peoria radio ownership, selling 101\.1 at [Glasford, Illinois](/wiki/Glasford%2C_Illinois "Glasford, Illinois") to [Independence Media Holdings](/wiki/Independence_Media_Holdings "Independence Media Holdings"), who moved the WXMP callsign and format there, and selling 105\.7 to [Regent Communications](/wiki/Regent_Communications "Regent Communications"), owners of 99\.9 WIXO at [Bartonville, Illinois](/wiki/Bartonville%2C_Illinois "Bartonville, Illinois").
|
[
"105\\.7 before WIXO\n------------------",
"### WWTO and WWCT",
"The original 105\\.7 was operating as [Drake\\-Chenault](/wiki/Drake-Chenault \"Drake-Chenault\") programmed WWTO in the early 1970s.[\"WWTO(FM) 105\\.7 Peoria, Illinois\"](http://www.dougquick.com/areachrradiohistory2.html) by Doug Quick. Retrieved November 19, 2006\\. In 1976, the station changed its callsign to WWCT and made its debut as an [album rock](/wiki/Album_rock \"Album rock\") station. Calling itself simply \"106\" or \"WWCT\" early on, by the 1990s it was using the nickname \"*Rock 106*\". Some of their well\\-known positioning statements included \"Rockin' With The Best\" and \"The Home Of Rock n Roll.\" Much of their time was spent downtown on both Jefferson St. and 1111 Main St. They moved uptown in 1997 to War Memorial Dr. near Northwoods Mall.",
"In late 1998 Bruce Foster sold the station to Kelly Communications. Kelly took over immediately with an LMA and brought in satellite programming in lieu of local jocks. A *[Peoria Journal Star](/wiki/Peoria_Journal_Star \"Peoria Journal Star\")* article{{page needed\\|date\\=February 2012}} talking about the station's DJs located in Dallas became fodder for competitor WGLO. In the summer of 1999, Kelly Communications decided to offer a lower price than what was originally negotiated in the sale, and Foster decided to back out of the deal. In what amounts to a legendary story, a group of jocks from the old WWCT days went to the transmitter site on a Friday afternoon and took back control of the station with the words \"We're back, and we're pissed off!\" Through the weekend a great number of former jocks, local leaders, and even competing radio station personnel took part in an anything\\-goes broadcast from the transmitter site in rural [Tazewell County, Illinois](/wiki/Tazewell_County%2C_Illinois \"Tazewell County, Illinois\").",
"In 2000 WWCT was acquired by AAA Entertainment Radio Group, moved towards an [active rock](/wiki/Active_rock \"Active rock\") format, and was named \"Rock 105\\.7\" towards the end of the format on 105\\.7 in 2003\\.",
"### WXMP",
"AAA replaced WWCT with \"Mix 105\\.7\" and the callsign WXMP, and marketed the station as a [Bloomington\\-Normal](/wiki/Bloomington-Normal \"Bloomington-Normal\") station for some time despite the station being licensed to Peoria.",
"AAA Entertainment exited the Peoria market in September 2006 during a shakeup in Peoria radio ownership, selling 101\\.1 at [Glasford, Illinois](/wiki/Glasford%2C_Illinois \"Glasford, Illinois\") to [Independence Media Holdings](/wiki/Independence_Media_Holdings \"Independence Media Holdings\"), who moved the WXMP callsign and format there, and selling 105\\.7 to [Regent Communications](/wiki/Regent_Communications \"Regent Communications\"), owners of 99\\.9 WIXO at [Bartonville, Illinois](/wiki/Bartonville%2C_Illinois \"Bartonville, Illinois\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Chiusano was born in [Fondi](/wiki/Fondi "Fondi"), in the [province of Latina](/wiki/Province_of_Latina "Province of Latina"), a region in [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio "Lazio").
Uncle\-in\-law of the anchorman Ettore Andenna.
He was a self\-taught [guitarist](/wiki/Guitarist "Guitarist"). Later on, he learned to play the drums. He left his native village before his twentieth birthday and moved to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"). After work, he performed in local clubs as a singer and guitarist.
He successfully auditioned for [EIAR](/wiki/Ente_Italiano_per_le_Audizioni_Radiofoniche "Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche"), the Italian national radio broadcasting company, and worked as a singer for radio orchestras.
In 1941, he replaced [Enrico Gentile](/wiki/Enrico_Gentile "Enrico Gentile") in the line\-up of [Quartetto Ritmo](/wiki/Quartetto_Ritmo "Quartetto Ritmo"), a vocal quartet soon to be renamed [Quartetto Cetra](/wiki/Quartetto_Cetra "Quartetto Cetra").
Felice Chiusano was known as the "bald head" of [Quartetto Cetra](/wiki/Quartetto_Cetra "Quartetto Cetra"). He was famous for his sense of humour and jokes.
During the 1970s and 1980s, as [Quartetto Cetra](/wiki/Quartetto_Cetra "Quartetto Cetra") gradually scaled back their public appearances, he also worked in the organization of shows and cultural events.
Chiusano died in [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") in 1990\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Chiusano was born in [Fondi](/wiki/Fondi \"Fondi\"), in the [province of Latina](/wiki/Province_of_Latina \"Province of Latina\"), a region in [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio \"Lazio\").",
"Uncle\\-in\\-law of the anchorman Ettore Andenna.",
"He was a self\\-taught [guitarist](/wiki/Guitarist \"Guitarist\"). Later on, he learned to play the drums. He left his native village before his twentieth birthday and moved to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"). After work, he performed in local clubs as a singer and guitarist.",
"He successfully auditioned for [EIAR](/wiki/Ente_Italiano_per_le_Audizioni_Radiofoniche \"Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche\"), the Italian national radio broadcasting company, and worked as a singer for radio orchestras.",
"In 1941, he replaced [Enrico Gentile](/wiki/Enrico_Gentile \"Enrico Gentile\") in the line\\-up of [Quartetto Ritmo](/wiki/Quartetto_Ritmo \"Quartetto Ritmo\"), a vocal quartet soon to be renamed [Quartetto Cetra](/wiki/Quartetto_Cetra \"Quartetto Cetra\").",
"Felice Chiusano was known as the \"bald head\" of [Quartetto Cetra](/wiki/Quartetto_Cetra \"Quartetto Cetra\"). He was famous for his sense of humour and jokes.",
"During the 1970s and 1980s, as [Quartetto Cetra](/wiki/Quartetto_Cetra \"Quartetto Cetra\") gradually scaled back their public appearances, he also worked in the organization of shows and cultural events.",
"Chiusano died in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") in 1990\\.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Calcas, a Trojan prophet, has foreseen the fall of the city and joined the Greeks. His daughter, Criseida, is protected from the worst consequences of her father's defection by [Hector](/wiki/Hector "Hector") alone.
Troilo sees the lovelorn glances of other young men attending a festival in the [Palladium](/wiki/Palladium_%28classical_antiquity%29 "Palladium (classical antiquity)"). But almost immediately he sees a young widow in mourning. This is Criseida. Troilo falls in love with her but sees no sign of her similar feelings in him, despite his efforts to attract attention by excelling in the battles before Troy.
Troilo's close friend Pandaro ([Pandarus](/wiki/Pandarus "Pandarus")), a cousin of Criseida, senses something is distressing him. He calls on Troilo, finding him in tears. Eventually Pandarus finds out the reason and agrees to act as go\-between. Troilo, with Pandaro's help, eventually wins Criseida's hand.
During a truce, Calcas persuades the Greeks to propose a hostage exchange: Criseida for [Antenor](/wiki/Antenor "Antenor"). When the two lovers meet again, Troilo suggests elopement, but Criseida argues that he should not abandon Troy and she should protect her honour. Instead she promises to meet him in ten days' time.
The Greek hero [Diomedes](/wiki/Diomedes "Diomedes"), supervising the hostage exchange, sees the parting looks of the two lovers and guesses the truth. But he falls in love with Criseida, and seduces her. She misses the appointment with Troilo who dreams of a boar which he recognises as a symbol of Diomede. Troilo rightly interprets the dream to mean that Cressida has switched her affections to the Greek. But Pandaro persuades him that this is his imagination. Cressida, meanwhile, sends letters that pretend a continuing love for Troilo.
Troilo has his fears confirmed when his brother Deífobo ([Deiphobus](/wiki/Deiphobus "Deiphobus")) returns to the city with the clothes that he has snatched in battle from Diomedes; on the garment is a clasp that belonged to Criseida.
Troilo, infuriated, goes into battle to seek out Diomedes, killing a thousand men. He and Diomedes fight many times, but never manage to kill each other. Instead Troilo's life and his suffering are ended by [Achilles](/wiki/Achilles "Achilles").
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Calcas, a Trojan prophet, has foreseen the fall of the city and joined the Greeks. His daughter, Criseida, is protected from the worst consequences of her father's defection by [Hector](/wiki/Hector \"Hector\") alone.",
"Troilo sees the lovelorn glances of other young men attending a festival in the [Palladium](/wiki/Palladium_%28classical_antiquity%29 \"Palladium (classical antiquity)\"). But almost immediately he sees a young widow in mourning. This is Criseida. Troilo falls in love with her but sees no sign of her similar feelings in him, despite his efforts to attract attention by excelling in the battles before Troy.",
"Troilo's close friend Pandaro ([Pandarus](/wiki/Pandarus \"Pandarus\")), a cousin of Criseida, senses something is distressing him. He calls on Troilo, finding him in tears. Eventually Pandarus finds out the reason and agrees to act as go\\-between. Troilo, with Pandaro's help, eventually wins Criseida's hand.",
"During a truce, Calcas persuades the Greeks to propose a hostage exchange: Criseida for [Antenor](/wiki/Antenor \"Antenor\"). When the two lovers meet again, Troilo suggests elopement, but Criseida argues that he should not abandon Troy and she should protect her honour. Instead she promises to meet him in ten days' time.",
"The Greek hero [Diomedes](/wiki/Diomedes \"Diomedes\"), supervising the hostage exchange, sees the parting looks of the two lovers and guesses the truth. But he falls in love with Criseida, and seduces her. She misses the appointment with Troilo who dreams of a boar which he recognises as a symbol of Diomede. Troilo rightly interprets the dream to mean that Cressida has switched her affections to the Greek. But Pandaro persuades him that this is his imagination. Cressida, meanwhile, sends letters that pretend a continuing love for Troilo.",
"Troilo has his fears confirmed when his brother Deífobo ([Deiphobus](/wiki/Deiphobus \"Deiphobus\")) returns to the city with the clothes that he has snatched in battle from Diomedes; on the garment is a clasp that belonged to Criseida.",
"Troilo, infuriated, goes into battle to seek out Diomedes, killing a thousand men. He and Diomedes fight many times, but never manage to kill each other. Instead Troilo's life and his suffering are ended by [Achilles](/wiki/Achilles \"Achilles\").",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1850\= 3669
\|1860\= 7215
\|1870\= 15960
\|1880\= 25381
\|1890\= 32223
\|1900\= 30141
\|1910\= 25869
\|1920\= 23933
\|1930\= 22068
\|1940\= 19531
\|1950\= 17534
\|1960\= 15905
\|1970\= 15468
\|1980\= 15873
\|1990\= 15025
\|2000\= 16653
\|2010\= 17049
\|2020\= 16042
\|estyear\=
\|estimate\=
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018\.html\|title\=Population and Housing Unit Estimates\|access\-date\=November 29, 2019}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=November 13, 2014}}
1790\-1960{{cite web\|url\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\|title\=Historical Census Browser\|publisher\=University of Virginia Library\|access\-date\=November 13, 2014}} 1900\-1990{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mo190090\.txt\|title\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=November 13, 2014}}
1990\-2000{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 27, 2010 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Census 2000 PHC\-T\-4\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=November 13, 2014}} 2010\-2020
}}
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=May 14, 2011 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 16,653 people, 6,511 households, and 4,557 families residing in the county. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|20\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|people \|people\|}}. There were 7,247 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|8\|/mi2\|/km2\|adj\=pre\|units }}. The racial makeup of the county was 97\.33% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.61% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 "Black (U.S. Census)") or [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.59% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.15% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.39% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.92% from two or more races. Approximately 1\.07% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race.
There were 6,511 households, out of which 32\.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\.80% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\.00% were non\-families. 26\.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.51 and the average family size was 3\.02\.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26\.50% under the age of 18, 7\.50% from 18 to 24, 26\.00% from 25 to 44, 22\.60% from 45 to 64, and 17\.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95\.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $30,731, and the median income for a family was $36,470\. Males had a median income of $30,298 versus $19,772 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the county was $15,477\. About 11\.50% of families and 14\.50% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 18\.30% of those under age 18 and 14\.10% of those age 65 or over.
### Religion
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010\), Bates County is regarded as being a part of the [Bible Belt](/wiki/Bible_Belt "Bible Belt"), with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Bates County who adhere to a religion are [Southern Baptists](/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention "Southern Baptist Convention") (34\.21%), [United Methodists](/wiki/United_Methodist_Church "United Methodist Church") (15\.78%), and [Christian Churches and Churches of Christ](/wiki/Christian_Churches_and_Churches_of_Christ "Christian Churches and Churches of Christ") (14\.48%).
### 2020 Census
| \+Bates County Racial Composition{{Cite web\|title \=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Bates County, Missouri\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=Bates%20County,%20Missouri\&t\=Race%20and%20Ethnicity\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2}} | Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (NH) | 14,799 | 92\.3% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (NH) | 155 | 1% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") (NH) | 92 | 0\.6% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)") (NH) | 48 | 0\.3% |
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") (NH) | 9 | 0\.06% |
| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") (NH) | 604 | 3\.81% |
| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") | 335 | 2\.1% |
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1850\\= 3669\n\\|1860\\= 7215\n\\|1870\\= 15960\n\\|1880\\= 25381\n\\|1890\\= 32223\n\\|1900\\= 30141\n\\|1910\\= 25869\n\\|1920\\= 23933\n\\|1930\\= 22068\n\\|1940\\= 19531\n\\|1950\\= 17534\n\\|1960\\= 15905\n\\|1970\\= 15468\n\\|1980\\= 15873\n\\|1990\\= 15025\n\\|2000\\= 16653\n\\|2010\\= 17049\n\\|2020\\= 16042\n\\|estyear\\=\n\\|estimate\\=\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018\\.html\\|title\\=Population and Housing Unit Estimates\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2019}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2014}} \n1790\\-1960{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\\|title\\=Historical Census Browser\\|publisher\\=University of Virginia Library\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2014}} 1900\\-1990{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mo190090\\.txt\\|title\\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2014}} \n1990\\-2000{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 27, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Census 2000 PHC\\-T\\-4\\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2014}} 2010\\-2020\n}}",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2011 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 16,653 people, 6,511 households, and 4,557 families residing in the county. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|20\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|people \\|people\\|}}. There were 7,247 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|8\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|adj\\=pre\\|units }}. The racial makeup of the county was 97\\.33% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.61% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Black (U.S. Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.59% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.15% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.39% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.92% from two or more races. Approximately 1\\.07% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race.",
"There were 6,511 households, out of which 32\\.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\\.80% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\\.00% were non\\-families. 26\\.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.51 and the average family size was 3\\.02\\.",
"In the county, the population was spread out, with 26\\.50% under the age of 18, 7\\.50% from 18 to 24, 26\\.00% from 25 to 44, 22\\.60% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95\\.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\\.50 males.",
"The median income for a household in the county was $30,731, and the median income for a family was $36,470\\. Males had a median income of $30,298 versus $19,772 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the county was $15,477\\. About 11\\.50% of families and 14\\.50% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 18\\.30% of those under age 18 and 14\\.10% of those age 65 or over.",
"### Religion",
"According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010\\), Bates County is regarded as being a part of the [Bible Belt](/wiki/Bible_Belt \"Bible Belt\"), with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Bates County who adhere to a religion are [Southern Baptists](/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention \"Southern Baptist Convention\") (34\\.21%), [United Methodists](/wiki/United_Methodist_Church \"United Methodist Church\") (15\\.78%), and [Christian Churches and Churches of Christ](/wiki/Christian_Churches_and_Churches_of_Christ \"Christian Churches and Churches of Christ\") (14\\.48%).",
"### 2020 Census",
"",
"| \\+Bates County Racial Composition{{Cite web\\|title \\=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Bates County, Missouri\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=Bates%20County,%20Missouri\\&t\\=Race%20and%20Ethnicity\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2}} | Race | Num. | Perc. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (NH) | 14,799 | 92\\.3% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (NH) | 155 | 1% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") (NH) | 92 | 0\\.6% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") (NH) | 48 | 0\\.3% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") (NH) | 9 | 0\\.06% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") (NH) | 604 | 3\\.81% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") | 335 | 2\\.1% |",
""
] |
Politics
--------
### Local
Politics are divided at the local level in Bates County. [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") hold a majority of the elected positions in the county.
{{Missouri county elected officials
\| name \=Bates County, Missouri
\| assessor \=Carl Bettels
\| assessorparty \=Republican
\| circuitclerk \=Shelli White
\| circuitclerkparty \=Republican
\| countyclerk \=Jami Page
\| countyclerkparty \=Republican
\| presiding \=Jim Wheatley
\| presidingparty \=Republican
\| districtnorth \=Ken Mooney
\| districtnorthparty \=Republican
\| districtsouth \=Trent Nelson
\| districtsouthparty \=Republican
\| coroner \=Greg Mullinax
\| coronerparty \=Republican
\| prosecutor \=Hugh C. Jenkins
\| prosecutorparty \=Republican
\| administrator \=Brenda Doody
\| administratorparty\=Democratic
\| recorder \=Danyelle Baker
\| recorderparty \=Republican
\| sheriff \=Chad Anderson
\| sheriffparty \=Republican
\| surveyor \=W.C. “Bill” Lethcho
\| surveyorparty \=Democratic
\| treasurercollector \=Jimmy Platt
\| treasurercollectorparty \=Democratic
}}
### State
| \+ Past Gubernatorial Elections Results |
| --- |
| Year | [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") | [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Third Parties](/wiki/Third_Party_%28United_States%29 "Third Party (United States)") |
|[2020](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2020 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 2020")
**76\.70%** *6,410*
21\.08% *1,762*
2\.21% *185*
|[2016](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2016 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 2016")
**59\.64%** *4,772*
37\.36% *2,989*
3\.00% *240*
|[2012](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2012 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 2012")
45\.46% *3,513*
**51\.40%** *3,972*
3\.14% *243*
|[2008](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2008 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 2008")
41\.75% *3,431*
**55\.43%** *4,555*
2\.82% *232*
|[2004](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2004 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 2004")
**53\.22%** *4,479*
45\.09% *3,795*
1\.69% *142*
|[2000](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2000 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 2000")
48\.88% *3,783*
**49\.02%** *3,794*
2\.10% *162*
|[1996](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_1996 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 1996")
34\.70% *2,483*
**63\.33%** *4,531*
1\.97% *141*
|[1992](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_1992 "Missouri gubernatorial election, 1992")
42\.06% *3,204*
**57\.94%** *4,414*
0\.00% *0*
Bates County is split between three legislative districts in the [Missouri House of Representatives](/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives "Missouri House of Representatives"), all of which are held by Republicans.
* District 56 — [Michael Davis](https://www.house.mo.gov/MemberDetails.aspx?district=056&year=2018) (R\-[Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri")). Consists of unincorporated areas in the northwestern quadrant of the county south of Drexel.
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 56 — Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Michael Davis'''
\|votes \= '''244'''
\|percentage \= '''71\.98%'''
\|change \= '''\-28\.02'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Neal Barnes
\|votes \= 95
\|percentage \= 28\.02%
\|change \= \+28\.02
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 56 — Bates County (2018\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Jack Bondon'''
\|votes \= '''200'''
\|percentage \= '''100\.00%'''
\|change \= '''\+25\.33'''
}}
{{Election box end}}
* District 57 — [Rodger Reedy](https://www.house.mo.gov/MemberDetails.aspx?year=2021&code=R&district=057) (R\-[Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Missouri "Windsor, Missouri")). Consists of unincorporated areas in the northern part of the county south of Archie and Creighton.
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 57 — Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Rodger Reedy'''
\|votes \= '''438'''
\|percentage \= '''100\.00%'''
\|change \= '''\+29\.83'''
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 57 — Bates County (2018\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Rodger Reedy'''
\|votes \= '''254'''
\|percentage \= '''70\.17%'''
\|change \= '''\-1\.80'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Joan Shores
\|votes \= 108
\|percentage \= 29\.83%
\|change \= \+1\.80
}}
{{Election box end}}
* District 126 — [Patricia Pike](http://house.mo.gov/member.aspx?year=2017&district=126) (R\-[Adrian](/wiki/Adrian%2C_Missouri "Adrian, Missouri")). Consists of most of the entire county.
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 126 — Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Patricia Pike'''
\|votes \= '''5,850'''
\|percentage \= '''78\.42%'''
\|change \= '''\+6\.72'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Jim Hogan
\|votes \= 1,610
\|percentage \= 21\.58%
\|change \= \-4\.87
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 126 — Bates County (2018\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Patricia Pike'''
\|votes \= '''4,332'''
\|percentage \= '''71\.70%'''
\|change \= '''\-28\.30'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Jim Hogan
\|votes \= 1,598
\|percentage \= 26\.45%
\|change \= \+26\.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Constitution Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Stephen Biles
\|votes \= 112
\|percentage \= 1\.85%
\|change \= \+1\.85
}}
{{Election box end}}
All of Bates County is a part of Missouri's 31st Senatorial District in the [Missouri Senate](/wiki/Missouri_Senate "Missouri Senate") and is currently represented by [Rick Brattin](https://www.senate.mo.gov/mem31/#:~:text=Senator%20Rick%20Brattin%20was%20elected,55th%20District%20in%20Cass%20County.) (R\-[Harrisonville](/wiki/Harrisonville%2C_Missouri "Harrisonville, Missouri")).
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri Senate — District 31 — Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Rick Brattin'''
\|votes \= '''6\.323'''
\|percentage \= '''77\.76%'''
\|change \= '''\+6\.74'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Raymond Kinney
\|votes \= 1,808
\|percentage \= 22\.24%
\|change \= \+22\.24
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=Missouri Senate — District 31 — Bates County (2016\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Ed Emery'''
\|votes \= '''5,373'''
\|percentage \= '''71\.02%'''
\|change \= '''\+9\.57'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Tim Wells
\|votes \= 1,459
\|percentage \= 19\.29%
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Libertarian Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Lora Young
\|votes \= 733
\|percentage \= 9\.69%
\|change \= \+9\.69
}}
{{Election box end}}
### Federal
All of Bates County is included in [Missouri's 4th Congressional District](/wiki/MO-04 "MO-04") and as of 2022 was represented by [Vicky Hartzler](/wiki/Vicky_Hartzler "Vicky Hartzler") (R\-[Harrisonville](/wiki/Harrisonville%2C_Missouri "Harrisonville, Missouri")) in the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives"). Hartzler was elected to a sixth term in [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2020 United States House of Representatives elections") over Democratic challenger Lindsey Simmons.
{{Election box begin\|title\=U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri's 4th Congressional District — Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Vicky Hartzler'''
\|votes \= ''''6,539'''
\|percentage \= '''78\.88%'''
\|change \= '''\+5\.43'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Lindsey Simmons
\|votes \= 1,556
\|percentage \= 18\.77%
\|change \= \-5\.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Libertarian Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Steven K. Koonse
\|votes \= 195
\|percentage \= 2\.35%
\|change \= \-0\.32
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin\|title\=U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri’s 4th Congressional District — Bates County (2018\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Vicky Hartzler'''
\|votes \= '''4,893'''
\|percentage \= '''73\.45%'''
\|change \= '''\-0\.24'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Renee Hoagenson
\|votes \= 1,591
\|percentage \= 23\.88%
\|change \= \+1\.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Libertarian Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Mark Bliss
\|votes \= 178
\|percentage \= 2\.67%
\|change \= \-1\.59
}}
{{Election box end}}
Bates County, along with the rest of the state of Missouri, is represented in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/U.S._Senate "U.S. Senate") by [Josh Hawley](/wiki/Josh_Hawley "Josh Hawley") (R\-[Columbia](/wiki/Columbia%2C_Missouri "Columbia, Missouri")) and [Roy Blunt](/wiki/Roy_Blunt "Roy Blunt") (R\-[Strafford](/wiki/Strafford%2C_Missouri "Strafford, Missouri")).
{{Election box begin\|title\=U.S. Senate – Class I – Bates County (2018\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Josh Hawley'''
\|votes \= '''4,467'''
\|percentage \= '''66\.82%'''
\|change \= '''\+23\.37'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Claire McCaskill
\|votes \= 1,906
\|percentage \= 28\.51%
\|change \= \-19\.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Independent (politician)
\|candidate \= Craig O'Dear
\|votes \= 183
\|percentage \= 2\.74%
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Libertarian Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Japheth Campbell
\|votes \= 89
\|percentage \= 1\.33%
\|change \= \-6\.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Jo Crain
\|votes \= 40
\|percentage \= 0\.60%
\|change \= \+0\.60
}}
{{Election box end}}
Blunt was elected to a second term in [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections "2016 United States Senate elections") over then\-Missouri Secretary of State [Jason Kander](/wiki/Jason_Kander "Jason Kander").
{{Election box begin\|title\=U.S. Senate — Class III — Bates County (2016\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Roy Blunt'''
\|votes \= '''4,630'''
\|percentage \= '''58\.06%'''
\|change \= '''\+14\.61'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Jason Kander
\|votes \= 2,866
\|percentage \= 35\.94%
\|change \= \-12\.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Libertarian Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Jonathan Dine
\|votes \= 259
\|percentage \= 3\.25%
\|change \= \-5\.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Green Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Johnathan McFarland
\|votes \= 126
\|percentage \= 1\.58%
\|change \= \+1\.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Constitution Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Fred Ryman
\|votes \= 94
\|percentage \= 1\.18%
\|change \= \+1\.18
}}
{{Election box end}}
#### Political culture
{{PresHead\|place\=Bates County, Missouri\|whig\=no\|source1\={{Cite web\|url\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS\|title\=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\|last\=Leip\|first\=David\|website\=uselectionatlas.org\|access\-date\=March 24, 2018}}}}
{{PresRow\|2020\|Republican\|6,597\|1,672\|169\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|2016\|Republican\|6,001\|1,618\|464\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|2012\|Republican\|5,020\|2,557\|194\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|2008\|Republican\|4,833\|3,271\|179\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|2004\|Republican\|5,004\|3,398\|64\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|2000\|Republican\|4,245\|3,386\|161\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1996\|Democratic\|2,904\|3,224\|1,009\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1992\|Democratic\|2,499\|2,993\|2,238\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1988\|Republican\|3,574\|3,332\|24\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1984\|Republican\|4,223\|2,889\|0\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1980\|Republican\|4,061\|3,297\|163\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1976\|Democratic\|3,350\|4,288\|46\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1972\|Republican\|5,314\|3,020\|0\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1968\|Republican\|4,087\|3,370\|801\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1964\|Democratic\|3,514\|5,162\|0\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1960\|Republican\|5,429\|3,906\|0\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1956\|Republican\|5,467\|4,300\|0\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1952\|Republican\|6,002\|3,995\|2\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1948\|Democratic\|4,156\|4,371\|6\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1944\|Republican\|5,122\|4,096\|18\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1940\|Republican\|5,727\|4,978\|33\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1936\|Democratic\|5,022\|5,681\|74\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1932\|Democratic\|3,395\|6,220\|79\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1928\|Republican\|6,133\|3,594\|54\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1924\|Democratic\|4,552\|4,722\|389\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1920\|Republican\|5,039\|4,433\|236\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1916\|Democratic\|2,597\|3,255\|204\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1912\|Democratic\|1,383\|3,057\|1,587\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1908\|Democratic\|2,754\|3,248\|247\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1904\|Democratic\|2,956\|2,967\|352\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1900\|Democratic\|2,731\|3,591\|634\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1896\|Democratic\|2,522\|5,073\|133\|Missouri}}
{{PresRow\|1892\|Democratic\|1,928\|3,007\|2,039\|Missouri}}
{{PresFoot\|1888\|Democratic\|2,674\|3,556\|794\|Missouri}}
At the presidential level, Bates County has become solidly Republican in recent years. Bates County strongly favored [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in both [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") and [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election"). [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") was the last Democratic presidential nominee to carry Bates County in [1996](/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election "1996 United States presidential election") with a plurality of the vote, and a Democrat hasn't won majority support from the county's voters in a presidential election since [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") in [1976](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election "1976 United States presidential election").
Like most rural areas throughout Missouri, voters in Bates County generally adhere to socially and culturally [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism") principles which tend to influence their Republican leanings, at least on the state and national levels. Despite Bates County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing [populist](/wiki/Populism "Populism") causes. In 2018, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition A) concerning [right to work](/wiki/Right_to_Work "Right to Work"), the outcome of which ultimately reversed the right to work legislation passed in the state the previous year. 75\.43% of Bates County voters cast their ballots to overturn the law.
### Missouri presidential preference primaries
#### 2020
The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10\. On the Democratic side, former [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") (D\-[Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware")) both won statewide and carried Bates County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeat [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in the general election.
{{Election box begin \| title\=Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Joe Biden'''
\|votes \= '''602'''
\|percentage \= '''63\.77'''
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Bernie Sanders
\|votes \= 273
\|percentage \= 28\.92
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Tulsi Gabbard
\|votes \= 18
\|percentage \= 1\.91
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Others/Uncommitted
\|votes \= 51
\|percentage \= 5\.40
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Incumbent [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (R\-[Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida")) faced a primary challenge from former [Massachusetts Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts") [Bill Weld](/wiki/Bill_Weld "Bill Weld"), but won both Bates County and statewide by overwhelming margins.
{{Election box begin \| title\=Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bates County (2020\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Donald Trump'''
\|votes \= '''947'''
\|percentage \= '''97\.83'''
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Bill Weld
\|votes \= 2
\|percentage \= 0\.21
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Others/Uncommitted
\|votes \= 19
\|percentage \= 1\.96
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
#### 2016
The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15\. Businessman [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (R\-[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)")) narrowly won the state overall and carried a plurality of the vote in Bates County. He went on to win the presidency.
{{Election box begin \| title\=Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bates County (2016\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Donald Trump'''
\|votes \= '''1,306'''
\|percentage \= '''46\.04'''
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Ted Cruz
\|votes \= 1,080
\|percentage \= 38\.07
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= John Kasich
\|votes \= 199
\|percentage \= 7\.01
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Marco Rubio
\|votes \= 143
\|percentage \= 5\.04
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Others/Uncommitted
\|votes \= 109
\|percentage \= 3\.84
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
On the Democratic side, former [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") (D\-[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)")) narrowly won statewide, but [Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") [Bernie Sanders](/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") (I\-[Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont")) won a majority of the vote in Bates County.
{{Election box begin \| title\=Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bates County (2016\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Bernie Sanders'''
\|votes \= '''632'''
\|percentage \= '''53\.12'''
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Hillary Clinton
\|votes \= 518
\|percentage \= 43\.53
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Others/Uncommitted
\|votes \= 40
\|percentage \= 3\.36
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
#### 2012
The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Bates County supported former [U.S. Senator](/wiki/U.S._Senator "U.S. Senator") [Rick Santorum](/wiki/Rick_Santorum "Rick Santorum") (R\-[Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania")), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to former [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts") [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") (R\-[Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts")). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Santorum. Incumbent [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.
#### 2008
In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, with [Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator "United States Senator") [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") (R\-[Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona")) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination.
{{Election box begin \| title\=Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bates County (2008\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''John McCain'''
\|votes \= '''594'''
\|percentage \= '''37\.71'''
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Mike Huckabee
\|votes \= 503
\|percentage \= 31\.94
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Mitt Romney
\|votes \= 368
\|percentage \= 23\.37
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Ron Paul
\|votes \= 71
\|percentage \= 4\.51
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Republican Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Others/Uncommitted
\|votes \= 39
\|percentage \= 2\.48
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
Then\-[Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator "United States Senator") [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") (D\-[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)")) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Bates County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri, [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (D\-[Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois")), also a [Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator "United States Senator") at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.
{{Election box begin \| title\=Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bates County (2008\)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= '''Hillary Clinton'''
\|votes \= '''1,427'''
\|percentage \= '''63\.51'''
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Barack Obama
\|votes \= 676
\|percentage \= 30\.08
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link\|
\|party \= Democratic Party (United States)
\|candidate \= Others/Uncommitted
\|votes \= 144
\|percentage \= 6\.41
\|change \=
}}
{{Election box end}}
|
[
"Politics\n--------",
"### Local",
"Politics are divided at the local level in Bates County. [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") hold a majority of the elected positions in the county.",
"{{Missouri county elected officials\n\\| name \\=Bates County, Missouri\n\\| assessor \\=Carl Bettels\n\\| assessorparty \\=Republican\n\\| circuitclerk \\=Shelli White \n\\| circuitclerkparty \\=Republican\n\\| countyclerk \\=Jami Page\n\\| countyclerkparty \\=Republican\n\\| presiding \\=Jim Wheatley\n\\| presidingparty \\=Republican\n\\| districtnorth \\=Ken Mooney\n\\| districtnorthparty \\=Republican\n\\| districtsouth \\=Trent Nelson\n\\| districtsouthparty \\=Republican\n\\| coroner \\=Greg Mullinax\n\\| coronerparty \\=Republican\n\\| prosecutor \\=Hugh C. Jenkins\n\\| prosecutorparty \\=Republican\n\\| administrator \\=Brenda Doody\n\\| administratorparty\\=Democratic\n\\| recorder \\=Danyelle Baker\n\\| recorderparty \\=Republican\n\\| sheriff \\=Chad Anderson\n\\| sheriffparty \\=Republican\n\\| surveyor \\=W.C. “Bill” Lethcho\n\\| surveyorparty \\=Democratic\n\\| treasurercollector \\=Jimmy Platt\n\\| treasurercollectorparty \\=Democratic\n}}",
"### State",
"",
"| \\+ Past Gubernatorial Elections Results |\n| --- |\n| Year | [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") | [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") | [Third Parties](/wiki/Third_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Third Party (United States)\") |\n|[2020](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2020 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 2020\")",
"**76\\.70%** *6,410*",
"21\\.08% *1,762*",
"2\\.21% *185*",
"|[2016](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2016 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 2016\")",
"**59\\.64%** *4,772*",
"37\\.36% *2,989*",
"3\\.00% *240*",
"|[2012](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2012 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 2012\")",
"45\\.46% *3,513*",
"**51\\.40%** *3,972*",
"3\\.14% *243*",
"|[2008](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2008 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 2008\")",
"41\\.75% *3,431*",
"**55\\.43%** *4,555*",
"2\\.82% *232*",
"|[2004](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2004 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 2004\")",
"**53\\.22%** *4,479*",
"45\\.09% *3,795*",
"1\\.69% *142*",
"|[2000](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_2000 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 2000\")",
"48\\.88% *3,783*",
"**49\\.02%** *3,794*",
"2\\.10% *162*",
"|[1996](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_1996 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 1996\")",
"34\\.70% *2,483*",
"**63\\.33%** *4,531*",
"1\\.97% *141*",
"|[1992](/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election%2C_1992 \"Missouri gubernatorial election, 1992\")",
"42\\.06% *3,204*",
"**57\\.94%** *4,414*",
"0\\.00% *0*",
"",
"Bates County is split between three legislative districts in the [Missouri House of Representatives](/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives \"Missouri House of Representatives\"), all of which are held by Republicans.",
"* District 56 — [Michael Davis](https://www.house.mo.gov/MemberDetails.aspx?district=056&year=2018) (R\\-[Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri \"Kansas City, Missouri\")). Consists of unincorporated areas in the northwestern quadrant of the county south of Drexel.\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 56 — Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Michael Davis'''\n \\|votes \\= '''244'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''71\\.98%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\-28\\.02'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Neal Barnes\n \\|votes \\= 95\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.02%\n \\|change \\= \\+28\\.02\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 56 — Bates County (2018\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Jack Bondon'''\n \\|votes \\= '''200'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''100\\.00%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+25\\.33'''\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n* District 57 — [Rodger Reedy](https://www.house.mo.gov/MemberDetails.aspx?year=2021&code=R&district=057) (R\\-[Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Missouri \"Windsor, Missouri\")). Consists of unincorporated areas in the northern part of the county south of Archie and Creighton.\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 57 — Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Rodger Reedy'''\n \\|votes \\= '''438'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''100\\.00%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+29\\.83'''\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 57 — Bates County (2018\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Rodger Reedy'''\n \\|votes \\= '''254'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''70\\.17%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\-1\\.80'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Joan Shores\n \\|votes \\= 108\n \\|percentage \\= 29\\.83%\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.80\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n* District 126 — [Patricia Pike](http://house.mo.gov/member.aspx?year=2017&district=126) (R\\-[Adrian](/wiki/Adrian%2C_Missouri \"Adrian, Missouri\")). Consists of most of the entire county.\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 126 — Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Patricia Pike'''\n \\|votes \\= '''5,850'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''78\\.42%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+6\\.72'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Jim Hogan\n \\|votes \\= 1,610\n \\|percentage \\= 21\\.58%\n \\|change \\= \\-4\\.87\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri House of Representatives — District 126 — Bates County (2018\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Patricia Pike'''\n \\|votes \\= '''4,332'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''71\\.70%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\-28\\.30'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Jim Hogan\n \\|votes \\= 1,598\n \\|percentage \\= 26\\.45%\n \\|change \\= \\+26\\.45\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Constitution Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Stephen Biles\n \\|votes \\= 112\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.85%\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.85\n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"All of Bates County is a part of Missouri's 31st Senatorial District in the [Missouri Senate](/wiki/Missouri_Senate \"Missouri Senate\") and is currently represented by [Rick Brattin](https://www.senate.mo.gov/mem31/#:~:text=Senator%20Rick%20Brattin%20was%20elected,55th%20District%20in%20Cass%20County.) (R\\-[Harrisonville](/wiki/Harrisonville%2C_Missouri \"Harrisonville, Missouri\")).\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri Senate — District 31 — Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Rick Brattin'''\n \\|votes \\= '''6\\.323'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''77\\.76%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+6\\.74'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Raymond Kinney\n \\|votes \\= 1,808\n \\|percentage \\= 22\\.24%\n \\|change \\= \\+22\\.24\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=Missouri Senate — District 31 — Bates County (2016\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Ed Emery'''\n \\|votes \\= '''5,373'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''71\\.02%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+9\\.57'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Tim Wells\n \\|votes \\= 1,459\n \\|percentage \\= 19\\.29%\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Libertarian Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Lora Young\n \\|votes \\= 733\n \\|percentage \\= 9\\.69%\n \\|change \\= \\+9\\.69\n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"### Federal",
"All of Bates County is included in [Missouri's 4th Congressional District](/wiki/MO-04 \"MO-04\") and as of 2022 was represented by [Vicky Hartzler](/wiki/Vicky_Hartzler \"Vicky Hartzler\") (R\\-[Harrisonville](/wiki/Harrisonville%2C_Missouri \"Harrisonville, Missouri\")) in the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\"). Hartzler was elected to a sixth term in [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections \"2020 United States House of Representatives elections\") over Democratic challenger Lindsey Simmons.\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri's 4th Congressional District — Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Vicky Hartzler'''\n \\|votes \\= ''''6,539'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''78\\.88%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+5\\.43'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Lindsey Simmons\n \\|votes \\= 1,556\n \\|percentage \\= 18\\.77%\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.11\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Libertarian Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Steven K. Koonse\n \\|votes \\= 195\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.35%\n \\|change \\= \\-0\\.32\n }}\n{{Election box end}}\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri’s 4th Congressional District — Bates County (2018\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Vicky Hartzler'''\n \\|votes \\= '''4,893'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''73\\.45%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\-0\\.24'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Renee Hoagenson\n \\|votes \\= 1,591\n \\|percentage \\= 23\\.88%\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.83\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Libertarian Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Mark Bliss\n \\|votes \\= 178\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.67%\n \\|change \\= \\-1\\.59\n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Bates County, along with the rest of the state of Missouri, is represented in the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/U.S._Senate \"U.S. Senate\") by [Josh Hawley](/wiki/Josh_Hawley \"Josh Hawley\") (R\\-[Columbia](/wiki/Columbia%2C_Missouri \"Columbia, Missouri\")) and [Roy Blunt](/wiki/Roy_Blunt \"Roy Blunt\") (R\\-[Strafford](/wiki/Strafford%2C_Missouri \"Strafford, Missouri\")).\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=U.S. Senate – Class I – Bates County (2018\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Josh Hawley'''\n \\|votes \\= '''4,467'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''66\\.82%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+23\\.37'''\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Claire McCaskill\n \\|votes \\= 1,906\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.51%\n \\|change \\= \\-19\\.76\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n \\|candidate \\= Craig O'Dear\n \\|votes \\= 183\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.74%\n \\|change \\= \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Libertarian Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Japheth Campbell\n \\|votes \\= 89\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.33%\n \\|change \\= \\-6\\.95\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Jo Crain\n \\|votes \\= 40\n \\|percentage \\= 0\\.60%\n \\|change \\= \\+0\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Blunt was elected to a second term in [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections \"2016 United States Senate elections\") over then\\-Missouri Secretary of State [Jason Kander](/wiki/Jason_Kander \"Jason Kander\").\n{{Election box begin\\|title\\=U.S. Senate — Class III — Bates County (2016\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Roy Blunt'''\n \\|votes \\= '''4,630'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''58\\.06%'''\n \\|change \\= '''\\+14\\.61'''\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Jason Kander\n \\|votes \\= 2,866\n \\|percentage \\= 35\\.94%\n \\|change \\= \\-12\\.33\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Libertarian Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Jonathan Dine\n \\|votes \\= 259\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.25%\n \\|change \\= \\-5\\.02\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Green Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Johnathan McFarland\n \\|votes \\= 126\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.58%\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.58\n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Constitution Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Fred Ryman\n \\|votes \\= 94\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.18%\n \\|change \\= \\+1\\.18\n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"#### Political culture",
"{{PresHead\\|place\\=Bates County, Missouri\\|whig\\=no\\|source1\\={{Cite web\\|url\\=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS\\|title\\=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\\|last\\=Leip\\|first\\=David\\|website\\=uselectionatlas.org\\|access\\-date\\=March 24, 2018}}}}\n{{PresRow\\|2020\\|Republican\\|6,597\\|1,672\\|169\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|2016\\|Republican\\|6,001\\|1,618\\|464\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|2012\\|Republican\\|5,020\\|2,557\\|194\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|2008\\|Republican\\|4,833\\|3,271\\|179\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|2004\\|Republican\\|5,004\\|3,398\\|64\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|2000\\|Republican\\|4,245\\|3,386\\|161\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1996\\|Democratic\\|2,904\\|3,224\\|1,009\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1992\\|Democratic\\|2,499\\|2,993\\|2,238\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1988\\|Republican\\|3,574\\|3,332\\|24\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1984\\|Republican\\|4,223\\|2,889\\|0\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1980\\|Republican\\|4,061\\|3,297\\|163\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1976\\|Democratic\\|3,350\\|4,288\\|46\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1972\\|Republican\\|5,314\\|3,020\\|0\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1968\\|Republican\\|4,087\\|3,370\\|801\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1964\\|Democratic\\|3,514\\|5,162\\|0\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1960\\|Republican\\|5,429\\|3,906\\|0\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1956\\|Republican\\|5,467\\|4,300\\|0\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1952\\|Republican\\|6,002\\|3,995\\|2\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1948\\|Democratic\\|4,156\\|4,371\\|6\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1944\\|Republican\\|5,122\\|4,096\\|18\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1940\\|Republican\\|5,727\\|4,978\\|33\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1936\\|Democratic\\|5,022\\|5,681\\|74\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1932\\|Democratic\\|3,395\\|6,220\\|79\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1928\\|Republican\\|6,133\\|3,594\\|54\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1924\\|Democratic\\|4,552\\|4,722\\|389\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1920\\|Republican\\|5,039\\|4,433\\|236\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1916\\|Democratic\\|2,597\\|3,255\\|204\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1912\\|Democratic\\|1,383\\|3,057\\|1,587\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1908\\|Democratic\\|2,754\\|3,248\\|247\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1904\\|Democratic\\|2,956\\|2,967\\|352\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1900\\|Democratic\\|2,731\\|3,591\\|634\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1896\\|Democratic\\|2,522\\|5,073\\|133\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresRow\\|1892\\|Democratic\\|1,928\\|3,007\\|2,039\\|Missouri}}\n{{PresFoot\\|1888\\|Democratic\\|2,674\\|3,556\\|794\\|Missouri}}",
"At the presidential level, Bates County has become solidly Republican in recent years. Bates County strongly favored [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") in both [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\") and [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\"). [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") was the last Democratic presidential nominee to carry Bates County in [1996](/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election \"1996 United States presidential election\") with a plurality of the vote, and a Democrat hasn't won majority support from the county's voters in a presidential election since [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") in [1976](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election \"1976 United States presidential election\").",
"Like most rural areas throughout Missouri, voters in Bates County generally adhere to socially and culturally [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\") principles which tend to influence their Republican leanings, at least on the state and national levels. Despite Bates County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing [populist](/wiki/Populism \"Populism\") causes. In 2018, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition A) concerning [right to work](/wiki/Right_to_Work \"Right to Work\"), the outcome of which ultimately reversed the right to work legislation passed in the state the previous year. 75\\.43% of Bates County voters cast their ballots to overturn the law.",
"### Missouri presidential preference primaries",
"#### 2020",
"The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10\\. On the Democratic side, former [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") (D\\-[Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\")) both won statewide and carried Bates County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeat [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") in the general election.\n{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Joe Biden'''\n \\|votes \\= '''602'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''63\\.77'''\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Bernie Sanders\n \\|votes \\= 273\n \\|percentage \\= 28\\.92\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Tulsi Gabbard\n \\|votes \\= 18\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.91\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Others/Uncommitted\n \\|votes \\= 51\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.40\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Incumbent [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") (R\\-[Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\")) faced a primary challenge from former [Massachusetts Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts \"Governor of Massachusetts\") [Bill Weld](/wiki/Bill_Weld \"Bill Weld\"), but won both Bates County and statewide by overwhelming margins.\n{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bates County (2020\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Donald Trump'''\n \\|votes \\= '''947'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''97\\.83'''\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Bill Weld\n \\|votes \\= 2\n \\|percentage \\= 0\\.21\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Others/Uncommitted\n \\|votes \\= 19\n \\|percentage \\= 1\\.96\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"#### 2016",
"The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15\\. Businessman [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") (R\\-[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")) narrowly won the state overall and carried a plurality of the vote in Bates County. He went on to win the presidency.\n{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bates County (2016\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Donald Trump'''\n \\|votes \\= '''1,306'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''46\\.04'''\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Ted Cruz\n \\|votes \\= 1,080\n \\|percentage \\= 38\\.07\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= John Kasich\n \\|votes \\= 199\n \\|percentage \\= 7\\.01\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Marco Rubio\n \\|votes \\= 143\n \\|percentage \\= 5\\.04\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Others/Uncommitted\n \\|votes \\= 109\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.84\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"On the Democratic side, former [Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") (D\\-[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")) narrowly won statewide, but [Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") [Bernie Sanders](/wiki/Bernie_Sanders \"Bernie Sanders\") (I\\-[Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\")) won a majority of the vote in Bates County.\n{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bates County (2016\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Bernie Sanders'''\n \\|votes \\= '''632'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''53\\.12'''\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Hillary Clinton\n \\|votes \\= 518\n \\|percentage \\= 43\\.53\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Others/Uncommitted\n \\|votes \\= 40\n \\|percentage \\= 3\\.36\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"#### 2012",
"The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Bates County supported former [U.S. Senator](/wiki/U.S._Senator \"U.S. Senator\") [Rick Santorum](/wiki/Rick_Santorum \"Rick Santorum\") (R\\-[Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\")), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to former [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts \"Governor of Massachusetts\") [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") (R\\-[Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\")). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Santorum. Incumbent [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.",
"#### 2008",
"In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, with [Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator \"United States Senator\") [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") (R\\-[Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\")) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination.\n{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bates County (2008\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''John McCain'''\n \\|votes \\= '''594'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''37\\.71'''\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Mike Huckabee\n \\|votes \\= 503\n \\|percentage \\= 31\\.94\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Mitt Romney\n \\|votes \\= 368\n \\|percentage \\= 23\\.37\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Ron Paul\n \\|votes \\= 71\n \\|percentage \\= 4\\.51\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Republican Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Others/Uncommitted\n \\|votes \\= 39\n \\|percentage \\= 2\\.48\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
"Then\\-[Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator \"United States Senator\") [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") (D\\-[New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Bates County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri, [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") (D\\-[Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\")), also a [Senator](/wiki/United_States_Senator \"United States Senator\") at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.\n{{Election box begin \\| title\\=Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bates County (2008\\)}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= '''Hillary Clinton'''\n \\|votes \\= '''1,427'''\n \\|percentage \\= '''63\\.51'''\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Barack Obama\n \\|votes \\= 676\n \\|percentage \\= 30\\.08\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box candidate with party link\\|\n \\|party \\= Democratic Party (United States)\n \\|candidate \\= Others/Uncommitted\n \\|votes \\= 144\n \\|percentage \\= 6\\.41\n \\|change \\= \n }}\n{{Election box end}}",
""
] |
Academic administration career
------------------------------
### Wofford College (1968\-1972\)
Hardin assumed the presidency of [Wofford College](/wiki/Wofford_College "Wofford College") in the late 1960s—a time of student unrest across the country. He is credited with championing openness on campus, introducing an open speakers policy and assuring free student expression. He spearheaded continued efforts to desegregate the student body, and he hired the first African\-American administrator at Wofford.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wofford.edu/about/history/\|title\=Wofford College \- A History of Wofford, 1854\-2010\|website\=www.wofford.edu\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://wspa.com/2017/07/01/former\-wofford\-college\-president\-dies\-after\-battling\-als/\|title\=Former Wofford College president dies after battling ALS\|author\=WSPA Staff\|date\=2017\-07\-01\|website\=WSPA.com\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02}}
### Southern Methodist University (1972\-1974\)
Hardin went on to serve as President of Southern Methodist University, in [Dallas, Texas.](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas") Two years into his tenure, he discovered infractions within the SMU football program involving coaches, boosters and university trustees. Hardin reported the violations to the NCAA, a move that was applauded by some, but eventually led to his forced resignation at the hands of powerful members of the SMU Board of Governors. After his departure, the malfeasance continued into the 1990s, eventually leading to the [Southern Methodist University football scandal](/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University_football_scandal "Southern Methodist University football scandal").
Hardin did not view the event as a setback. In fact, he considered it a jumping off point for a successful career in academic administration.
> I think some people flinched and they were the people who later got that university into such trouble that they incurred the only death penalty in the history of the NCAA," Hardin said. "So I tried to curb this before it got under way and they really suggested that I go elsewhere. And that's when my career really perked up.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/how\-getting\-fired\-for\-reporting\-payments\-to\-smu\-football\-players\-perked\-up\-paul\-hardins\-career\-7126298\|title\=How Getting Fired for Reporting Payments to SMU Football Players "Perked Up" Paul Hardin's Career\|last\=Nicholson\|first\=Eric\|date\=2012\-09\-19\|work\=Dallas Observer\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02}}
### Drew University (1974\-1988\)
After his ouster from Dallas, Hardin moved to [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") to lead Drew University. He built a reputation as a charismatic fundraiser and an energetic leader. Among his legacies at Drew are the United Methodist Church Archives Center, the remodeled Learning Center and the Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE) program. While at Drew, he worked to bolster the sciences at the small liberal arts campus. In 1983, long before it was widespread practice, Drew assigned a personal computer to every student.
### University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1988\-1995\)
To those familiar with the [Tobacco Road](/wiki/Carolina%E2%80%93Duke_rivalry "Carolina–Duke rivalry") rivalry, Hardin may have seemed an unlikely candidate to become Chancellor at North Carolina. But in spite of his Duke pedigree, and after stints at several smaller private institutions, he took the reins at the large public research university in 1988\. The [Chapel Hill](/wiki/Chapel_Hill%2C_North_Carolina "Chapel Hill, North Carolina") campus offered stark contrast against the backdrop of the tiny, private Wofford and Drew communities, and Hardin encountered the understandable [culture shock](/wiki/Culture_shock "Culture shock") of operating as an administrator in the public sector.
Hardin was hired to lead UNC into its third century, first by spearheading the largest capital campaign in school history. He led the effort with his characteristic enthusiasm and gusto. In the end the campaign raised $440 million, well over its goal of $300 million. The Bicentennial Observance culminated in a University Day celebration in 1993, during which Hardin conferred an honorary degree upon [President Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"). The 130 events of the Bicentennial Observance was chronicled by executive director Steven Tepper in a book published by the university in 1998\.Tepper, Steven J, and Rich Beckman. The Chronicles of the Bicentennial Observance of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill: The University, 1998\. Print.
[thumb\|Chancellor Paul Hardin of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill confers an honorary degree upon President Bill Clinton at University Day, 1993](/wiki/File:Paul_Hardin_III_confers_an_honorary_degree_upon_President_Bill_Clinton%2C_1993.jpg "Paul Hardin III confers an honorary degree upon President Bill Clinton, 1993.jpg")
Hardin's time at UNC was not without conflict. In 1992 he refused student demands to build a freestanding Black Cultural Center on campus, recommending instead to expand the BCC's current space within the existing Student Union. He believed that a freestanding center would promote separatism, but proponents of the idea believed he was degrading the importance of black culture on campus. Emphasizing his position, Hardin stated, "We want a forum, not a fortress." The disagreement led to the largest demonstration movement on campus since Vietnam. The protests garnered national attention, with [Rev. Jesse Jackson](/wiki/Jesse_Jackson "Jesse Jackson") and filmmaker [Spike Lee](/wiki/Spike_Lee "Spike Lee") coming to Chapel Hill to support the cause. In 1993, Hardin appointed a planning committee to assess the situation and recommend a course of action. The committee concluded that a freestanding center was appropriate, but supported Hardin in his belief that the center should be a working classroom building controlled by the Office of the Provost, rather than a separate student union under the Department of Student Affairs. The Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center opened in 2004\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://alumni.unc.edu/news/paul\-hardin\-universitys\-bicentennial\-chancellor\-dies/\|title\=Paul Hardin, University's 'Bicentennial Chancellor,' Dies \- UNC General Alumni Association\|website\=alumni.unc.edu\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02}}
Hardin deemed the period "the greatest personal anguish" of his career. Hardin was active in civil rights issues, and even ran for mayor of [Durham](/wiki/Durham%2C_North_Carolina "Durham, North Carolina") in 1967, losing in part due to his liberal views on race relations. He worried that he was being portrayed as a "60s liberal who stopped growing," while in fact throughout his career he worked to promote underrepresented groups and opinions on campuses and in his administrations.
> I had always championed diversity and had taken steps to establish diversity on this campus and had said that if you satisfy me that you're establishing an institution that would be open and that will be constructive, I will support it to the hilt."{{Cite journal\|last\=McDade\|first\=Sharon A.\|date\=2006\-06\-05\|title\=The Research University Presidency in the Late Twentieth Century: A Life Cycle/Case History Approach (review)\|url\=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/198723\|journal\=The Review of Higher Education\|volume\=29\|issue\=4\|pages\=534–535\|doi\=10\.1353/rhe.2006\.0034\|s2cid\=145708462 \|issn\=1090\-7009}}
In the midst of politics, state budget constraints and other roadblocks, his triumphs outweighed his hardships. When he retired in 1995, Hardin left the university with a larger student body, a healthier budget and an endowment that had more than doubled.
|
[
"Academic administration career\n------------------------------",
"### Wofford College (1968\\-1972\\)",
"Hardin assumed the presidency of [Wofford College](/wiki/Wofford_College \"Wofford College\") in the late 1960s—a time of student unrest across the country. He is credited with championing openness on campus, introducing an open speakers policy and assuring free student expression. He spearheaded continued efforts to desegregate the student body, and he hired the first African\\-American administrator at Wofford.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wofford.edu/about/history/\\|title\\=Wofford College \\- A History of Wofford, 1854\\-2010\\|website\\=www.wofford.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wspa.com/2017/07/01/former\\-wofford\\-college\\-president\\-dies\\-after\\-battling\\-als/\\|title\\=Former Wofford College president dies after battling ALS\\|author\\=WSPA Staff\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-01\\|website\\=WSPA.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02}}",
"### Southern Methodist University (1972\\-1974\\)",
"Hardin went on to serve as President of Southern Methodist University, in [Dallas, Texas.](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\") Two years into his tenure, he discovered infractions within the SMU football program involving coaches, boosters and university trustees. Hardin reported the violations to the NCAA, a move that was applauded by some, but eventually led to his forced resignation at the hands of powerful members of the SMU Board of Governors. After his departure, the malfeasance continued into the 1990s, eventually leading to the [Southern Methodist University football scandal](/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University_football_scandal \"Southern Methodist University football scandal\").",
"Hardin did not view the event as a setback. In fact, he considered it a jumping off point for a successful career in academic administration.",
"",
"> I think some people flinched and they were the people who later got that university into such trouble that they incurred the only death penalty in the history of the NCAA,\" Hardin said. \"So I tried to curb this before it got under way and they really suggested that I go elsewhere. And that's when my career really perked up.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/how\\-getting\\-fired\\-for\\-reporting\\-payments\\-to\\-smu\\-football\\-players\\-perked\\-up\\-paul\\-hardins\\-career\\-7126298\\|title\\=How Getting Fired for Reporting Payments to SMU Football Players \"Perked Up\" Paul Hardin's Career\\|last\\=Nicholson\\|first\\=Eric\\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-19\\|work\\=Dallas Observer\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02}}",
"### Drew University (1974\\-1988\\)",
"After his ouster from Dallas, Hardin moved to [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") to lead Drew University. He built a reputation as a charismatic fundraiser and an energetic leader. Among his legacies at Drew are the United Methodist Church Archives Center, the remodeled Learning Center and the Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE) program. While at Drew, he worked to bolster the sciences at the small liberal arts campus. In 1983, long before it was widespread practice, Drew assigned a personal computer to every student.",
"### University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1988\\-1995\\)",
"To those familiar with the [Tobacco Road](/wiki/Carolina%E2%80%93Duke_rivalry \"Carolina–Duke rivalry\") rivalry, Hardin may have seemed an unlikely candidate to become Chancellor at North Carolina. But in spite of his Duke pedigree, and after stints at several smaller private institutions, he took the reins at the large public research university in 1988\\. The [Chapel Hill](/wiki/Chapel_Hill%2C_North_Carolina \"Chapel Hill, North Carolina\") campus offered stark contrast against the backdrop of the tiny, private Wofford and Drew communities, and Hardin encountered the understandable [culture shock](/wiki/Culture_shock \"Culture shock\") of operating as an administrator in the public sector.",
"Hardin was hired to lead UNC into its third century, first by spearheading the largest capital campaign in school history. He led the effort with his characteristic enthusiasm and gusto. In the end the campaign raised $440 million, well over its goal of $300 million. The Bicentennial Observance culminated in a University Day celebration in 1993, during which Hardin conferred an honorary degree upon [President Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"). The 130 events of the Bicentennial Observance was chronicled by executive director Steven Tepper in a book published by the university in 1998\\.Tepper, Steven J, and Rich Beckman. The Chronicles of the Bicentennial Observance of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill: The University, 1998\\. Print.\n[thumb\\|Chancellor Paul Hardin of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill confers an honorary degree upon President Bill Clinton at University Day, 1993](/wiki/File:Paul_Hardin_III_confers_an_honorary_degree_upon_President_Bill_Clinton%2C_1993.jpg \"Paul Hardin III confers an honorary degree upon President Bill Clinton, 1993.jpg\")\nHardin's time at UNC was not without conflict. In 1992 he refused student demands to build a freestanding Black Cultural Center on campus, recommending instead to expand the BCC's current space within the existing Student Union. He believed that a freestanding center would promote separatism, but proponents of the idea believed he was degrading the importance of black culture on campus. Emphasizing his position, Hardin stated, \"We want a forum, not a fortress.\" The disagreement led to the largest demonstration movement on campus since Vietnam. The protests garnered national attention, with [Rev. Jesse Jackson](/wiki/Jesse_Jackson \"Jesse Jackson\") and filmmaker [Spike Lee](/wiki/Spike_Lee \"Spike Lee\") coming to Chapel Hill to support the cause. In 1993, Hardin appointed a planning committee to assess the situation and recommend a course of action. The committee concluded that a freestanding center was appropriate, but supported Hardin in his belief that the center should be a working classroom building controlled by the Office of the Provost, rather than a separate student union under the Department of Student Affairs. The Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center opened in 2004\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://alumni.unc.edu/news/paul\\-hardin\\-universitys\\-bicentennial\\-chancellor\\-dies/\\|title\\=Paul Hardin, University's 'Bicentennial Chancellor,' Dies \\- UNC General Alumni Association\\|website\\=alumni.unc.edu\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02}}",
"Hardin deemed the period \"the greatest personal anguish\" of his career. Hardin was active in civil rights issues, and even ran for mayor of [Durham](/wiki/Durham%2C_North_Carolina \"Durham, North Carolina\") in 1967, losing in part due to his liberal views on race relations. He worried that he was being portrayed as a \"60s liberal who stopped growing,\" while in fact throughout his career he worked to promote underrepresented groups and opinions on campuses and in his administrations.",
"",
"> I had always championed diversity and had taken steps to establish diversity on this campus and had said that if you satisfy me that you're establishing an institution that would be open and that will be constructive, I will support it to the hilt.\"{{Cite journal\\|last\\=McDade\\|first\\=Sharon A.\\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-05\\|title\\=The Research University Presidency in the Late Twentieth Century: A Life Cycle/Case History Approach (review)\\|url\\=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/198723\\|journal\\=The Review of Higher Education\\|volume\\=29\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=534–535\\|doi\\=10\\.1353/rhe.2006\\.0034\\|s2cid\\=145708462 \\|issn\\=1090\\-7009}}",
"In the midst of politics, state budget constraints and other roadblocks, his triumphs outweighed his hardships. When he retired in 1995, Hardin left the university with a larger student body, a healthier budget and an endowment that had more than doubled.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Founding and early years
[thumb\|President [Albert Murphree](/wiki/Albert_Murphree "Albert Murphree")](/wiki/File:Albert_A._Murphree.jpg "Albert A. Murphree.jpg")
Florida Blue Key was established November 1, 1923, several days before the University's homecoming celebration.{{cite web\|last\=Thompson\|first\=David\|url\=https://www.gatorcountry.com/feature/silencing\-growl/\|title\=The silencing of the Growl\|website\=GatorCountry.com\|date\=October 16, 2014\|access\-date\=April 8, 2020}}{{Cite web \|title\=Leadership: The New Blue Key \- Florida Trend \|url\=https://www.floridatrend.com/print/article/12133 \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-17 \|website\=www.floridatrend.com}} At the suggestion of President [Albert Murphree](/wiki/Albert_Murphree "Albert Murphree"), dean of general extension Bert C. Riley brought together a group of student leaders to form an organization recognizing leadership and promoting service. Among the duties of Florida Blue Key were hosting campus visitors and assisting the university's president.
In this respect, Blue Key was given the task of planning and executing homecoming activities that year and has continued to lead this activity ever since. Also included in the 1923 Homecoming was Dad's Day, a time for parents to visit and acquaint themselves with campus life. Dad's Day and Homecoming were held concurrently until the 1930s.
The organization quickly became so popular that Blue Key spread to colleges and universities across the country. Initially, membership in the organization was *ex officio*; a student automatically belonged to the organization if he held one of the major student organization positions on campus.Who's Who in Florida Blue Key; Volume XIII
In the 1920s, the University of Florida was the state's only institution of higher learning where a white male could continue his education.Pursuant to the [Buckman Act](/wiki/Buckman_Act "Buckman Act"), adopted by the Florida Legislature in 1905, the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") was reserved for white male students, [Florida State College for Women](/wiki/Florida_State_University "Florida State University") was reserved for white female students, and [Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes](/wiki/Florida_A_%26_M_University "Florida A & M University") was a coeducational institution for black students. During the same time, the leadership of the state was male, predominantly those from Florida. If one of those leaders were college educated, it was most likely he went to the University of Florida and, to a large measure, it was consistent that student leaders at the University of Florida would likely remain in Florida and would assume roles of leadership within the professional, political, governmental, business, education cultural, religious, and social life of the state. The networking of those students with each other, and with other alumni of the institution, provided a powerful force and unique opportunity for service to the University of Florida. While Florida Blue Key membership offered many opportunities for service to the University, it also provided opportunities for personal enhancement and advancement. Many doors were opened to young college graduates whose resume included membership in Florida Blue Key.
### Separation with national chapters
The concept of a group of student leaders pooling their talents and interests to plan and promote a major event for their campus was a popular idea. Through Dean Riley's travels and professional contacts, similar organizations were developed on other campuses and it wasn't long before it seemed appropriate to organize into a national group.
For a variety of reasons, the University of Florida chapter decided not to be part of the national organization with the issue coming to a decision point 1932 and 1935\. The Florida group thought the proposed constitution of the national organization took too much control from the hands of the students; and it disagreed with some specific tenets of membership, including the requirement of a 2\.5 grade point average. The Florida group believed the organization was not an academic one but, rather, a leadership and service group; thus, if one was progressing satisfactorily toward a degree (i.e. 2\.0\), one should be eligible for membership. Since then, Florida Blue Key has changed its stance on the grade point average requirement, now requiring a 2\.75 GPA in order to be tapped.
The [Blue Key Honor Society](/wiki/Blue_Key_Honor_Society "Blue Key Honor Society") came into being and is a very respected national organization with chapters on many campuses throughout the country. Florida Blue Key was also formed as an organization only to be found at the University of Florida. The dispute was a clear indication that FBK did not intend to serve as a passive honor for University of Florida students, but rather as an active force in shaping the events of the university and state.
The parting of the ways between the parent chapter and other chapters forming the national organization left deep wounds on many Florida students. The perceptions of the conflict being a very important part of any subsequent discussions about the organization for years to come; including discussions of orientation of new members. The active members at that time wanted nothing to do with the national organization once it was founded, and, further, wanted to be sure that their successors would not become involved in it. Examples of such feelings are expressed in the last sentence of the Oath of Membership in Florida Blue Key and the Constitution. Through the 1940s, the orientation of new members included hours on the discussion of this topic.
Today, the memory of this separation is still discussed in orientation, but only for the purposes of relating its historical significance and for emphasizing that Florida Blue Key is the name of the organization and that it has no relationship to, and is not part of, The Blue Key National Honor Society. A transfer student to the University of Florida often assumes his membership in a Blue Key National Honor Society chapter at another institution provides him with reciprocal membership in Florida Blue Key only to find out that is not the case. To this day, Florida Blue Key controls the use of all trademark and intellectual property rights related to Blue Key Honor Society. Furthermore, Blue Key Honor Society is prohibited from chartering or forming chapters at any institution within the State of Florida.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Founding and early years",
"[thumb\\|President [Albert Murphree](/wiki/Albert_Murphree \"Albert Murphree\")](/wiki/File:Albert_A._Murphree.jpg \"Albert A. Murphree.jpg\")\nFlorida Blue Key was established November 1, 1923, several days before the University's homecoming celebration.{{cite web\\|last\\=Thompson\\|first\\=David\\|url\\=https://www.gatorcountry.com/feature/silencing\\-growl/\\|title\\=The silencing of the Growl\\|website\\=GatorCountry.com\\|date\\=October 16, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2020}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Leadership: The New Blue Key \\- Florida Trend \\|url\\=https://www.floridatrend.com/print/article/12133 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-17 \\|website\\=www.floridatrend.com}} At the suggestion of President [Albert Murphree](/wiki/Albert_Murphree \"Albert Murphree\"), dean of general extension Bert C. Riley brought together a group of student leaders to form an organization recognizing leadership and promoting service. Among the duties of Florida Blue Key were hosting campus visitors and assisting the university's president.",
"In this respect, Blue Key was given the task of planning and executing homecoming activities that year and has continued to lead this activity ever since. Also included in the 1923 Homecoming was Dad's Day, a time for parents to visit and acquaint themselves with campus life. Dad's Day and Homecoming were held concurrently until the 1930s.",
"The organization quickly became so popular that Blue Key spread to colleges and universities across the country. Initially, membership in the organization was *ex officio*; a student automatically belonged to the organization if he held one of the major student organization positions on campus.Who's Who in Florida Blue Key; Volume XIII",
"In the 1920s, the University of Florida was the state's only institution of higher learning where a white male could continue his education.Pursuant to the [Buckman Act](/wiki/Buckman_Act \"Buckman Act\"), adopted by the Florida Legislature in 1905, the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida \"University of Florida\") was reserved for white male students, [Florida State College for Women](/wiki/Florida_State_University \"Florida State University\") was reserved for white female students, and [Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes](/wiki/Florida_A_%26_M_University \"Florida A & M University\") was a coeducational institution for black students. During the same time, the leadership of the state was male, predominantly those from Florida. If one of those leaders were college educated, it was most likely he went to the University of Florida and, to a large measure, it was consistent that student leaders at the University of Florida would likely remain in Florida and would assume roles of leadership within the professional, political, governmental, business, education cultural, religious, and social life of the state. The networking of those students with each other, and with other alumni of the institution, provided a powerful force and unique opportunity for service to the University of Florida. While Florida Blue Key membership offered many opportunities for service to the University, it also provided opportunities for personal enhancement and advancement. Many doors were opened to young college graduates whose resume included membership in Florida Blue Key.",
"### Separation with national chapters",
"The concept of a group of student leaders pooling their talents and interests to plan and promote a major event for their campus was a popular idea. Through Dean Riley's travels and professional contacts, similar organizations were developed on other campuses and it wasn't long before it seemed appropriate to organize into a national group.",
"For a variety of reasons, the University of Florida chapter decided not to be part of the national organization with the issue coming to a decision point 1932 and 1935\\. The Florida group thought the proposed constitution of the national organization took too much control from the hands of the students; and it disagreed with some specific tenets of membership, including the requirement of a 2\\.5 grade point average. The Florida group believed the organization was not an academic one but, rather, a leadership and service group; thus, if one was progressing satisfactorily toward a degree (i.e. 2\\.0\\), one should be eligible for membership. Since then, Florida Blue Key has changed its stance on the grade point average requirement, now requiring a 2\\.75 GPA in order to be tapped.",
"The [Blue Key Honor Society](/wiki/Blue_Key_Honor_Society \"Blue Key Honor Society\") came into being and is a very respected national organization with chapters on many campuses throughout the country. Florida Blue Key was also formed as an organization only to be found at the University of Florida. The dispute was a clear indication that FBK did not intend to serve as a passive honor for University of Florida students, but rather as an active force in shaping the events of the university and state.",
"The parting of the ways between the parent chapter and other chapters forming the national organization left deep wounds on many Florida students. The perceptions of the conflict being a very important part of any subsequent discussions about the organization for years to come; including discussions of orientation of new members. The active members at that time wanted nothing to do with the national organization once it was founded, and, further, wanted to be sure that their successors would not become involved in it. Examples of such feelings are expressed in the last sentence of the Oath of Membership in Florida Blue Key and the Constitution. Through the 1940s, the orientation of new members included hours on the discussion of this topic.",
"Today, the memory of this separation is still discussed in orientation, but only for the purposes of relating its historical significance and for emphasizing that Florida Blue Key is the name of the organization and that it has no relationship to, and is not part of, The Blue Key National Honor Society. A transfer student to the University of Florida often assumes his membership in a Blue Key National Honor Society chapter at another institution provides him with reciprocal membership in Florida Blue Key only to find out that is not the case. To this day, Florida Blue Key controls the use of all trademark and intellectual property rights related to Blue Key Honor Society. Furthermore, Blue Key Honor Society is prohibited from chartering or forming chapters at any institution within the State of Florida.",
""
] |
### Separation with national chapters
The concept of a group of student leaders pooling their talents and interests to plan and promote a major event for their campus was a popular idea. Through Dean Riley's travels and professional contacts, similar organizations were developed on other campuses and it wasn't long before it seemed appropriate to organize into a national group.
For a variety of reasons, the University of Florida chapter decided not to be part of the national organization with the issue coming to a decision point 1932 and 1935\. The Florida group thought the proposed constitution of the national organization took too much control from the hands of the students; and it disagreed with some specific tenets of membership, including the requirement of a 2\.5 grade point average. The Florida group believed the organization was not an academic one but, rather, a leadership and service group; thus, if one was progressing satisfactorily toward a degree (i.e. 2\.0\), one should be eligible for membership. Since then, Florida Blue Key has changed its stance on the grade point average requirement, now requiring a 2\.75 GPA in order to be tapped.
The [Blue Key Honor Society](/wiki/Blue_Key_Honor_Society "Blue Key Honor Society") came into being and is a very respected national organization with chapters on many campuses throughout the country. Florida Blue Key was also formed as an organization only to be found at the University of Florida. The dispute was a clear indication that FBK did not intend to serve as a passive honor for University of Florida students, but rather as an active force in shaping the events of the university and state.
The parting of the ways between the parent chapter and other chapters forming the national organization left deep wounds on many Florida students. The perceptions of the conflict being a very important part of any subsequent discussions about the organization for years to come; including discussions of orientation of new members. The active members at that time wanted nothing to do with the national organization once it was founded, and, further, wanted to be sure that their successors would not become involved in it. Examples of such feelings are expressed in the last sentence of the Oath of Membership in Florida Blue Key and the Constitution. Through the 1940s, the orientation of new members included hours on the discussion of this topic.
Today, the memory of this separation is still discussed in orientation, but only for the purposes of relating its historical significance and for emphasizing that Florida Blue Key is the name of the organization and that it has no relationship to, and is not part of, The Blue Key National Honor Society. A transfer student to the University of Florida often assumes his membership in a Blue Key National Honor Society chapter at another institution provides him with reciprocal membership in Florida Blue Key only to find out that is not the case. To this day, Florida Blue Key controls the use of all trademark and intellectual property rights related to Blue Key Honor Society. Furthermore, Blue Key Honor Society is prohibited from chartering or forming chapters at any institution within the State of Florida.
|
[
"### Separation with national chapters",
"The concept of a group of student leaders pooling their talents and interests to plan and promote a major event for their campus was a popular idea. Through Dean Riley's travels and professional contacts, similar organizations were developed on other campuses and it wasn't long before it seemed appropriate to organize into a national group.",
"For a variety of reasons, the University of Florida chapter decided not to be part of the national organization with the issue coming to a decision point 1932 and 1935\\. The Florida group thought the proposed constitution of the national organization took too much control from the hands of the students; and it disagreed with some specific tenets of membership, including the requirement of a 2\\.5 grade point average. The Florida group believed the organization was not an academic one but, rather, a leadership and service group; thus, if one was progressing satisfactorily toward a degree (i.e. 2\\.0\\), one should be eligible for membership. Since then, Florida Blue Key has changed its stance on the grade point average requirement, now requiring a 2\\.75 GPA in order to be tapped.",
"The [Blue Key Honor Society](/wiki/Blue_Key_Honor_Society \"Blue Key Honor Society\") came into being and is a very respected national organization with chapters on many campuses throughout the country. Florida Blue Key was also formed as an organization only to be found at the University of Florida. The dispute was a clear indication that FBK did not intend to serve as a passive honor for University of Florida students, but rather as an active force in shaping the events of the university and state.",
"The parting of the ways between the parent chapter and other chapters forming the national organization left deep wounds on many Florida students. The perceptions of the conflict being a very important part of any subsequent discussions about the organization for years to come; including discussions of orientation of new members. The active members at that time wanted nothing to do with the national organization once it was founded, and, further, wanted to be sure that their successors would not become involved in it. Examples of such feelings are expressed in the last sentence of the Oath of Membership in Florida Blue Key and the Constitution. Through the 1940s, the orientation of new members included hours on the discussion of this topic.",
"Today, the memory of this separation is still discussed in orientation, but only for the purposes of relating its historical significance and for emphasizing that Florida Blue Key is the name of the organization and that it has no relationship to, and is not part of, The Blue Key National Honor Society. A transfer student to the University of Florida often assumes his membership in a Blue Key National Honor Society chapter at another institution provides him with reciprocal membership in Florida Blue Key only to find out that is not the case. To this day, Florida Blue Key controls the use of all trademark and intellectual property rights related to Blue Key Honor Society. Furthermore, Blue Key Honor Society is prohibited from chartering or forming chapters at any institution within the State of Florida.",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Sunderland
Born in [Downpatrick](/wiki/Downpatrick "Downpatrick"), Northern Ireland, Carson began his football career at Killyleagh Boys before he joined [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") in 2004\. He then progressed the ranks at the [club's youth system](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Reserves_and_Academy "Sunderland A.F.C. Reserves and Academy").{{cite news\|title\=YOUTH FOOTBALL\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/7142292\.youth\-football/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=15 August 2005\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Luckless Kyle suffers more hip injury woe\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/6955175\.luckless\-kyle\-suffers\-hip\-injury\-woe/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=15 April 2005\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Carson then became a backup to fellow teenager [Ben Alnwick](/wiki/Ben_Alnwick "Ben Alnwick") for the final three games of [the campaign](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Sunderland_A.F.C._season "2004–05 Sunderland A.F.C. season").{{cite news\|title\=Sunderland 2–1 Leicester City\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/4451267\.stm\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=23 April 2005\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=West Ham United 1–2 Sunderland\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/4475923\.stm\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=29 April 2005\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Sunderland 1–0 Stoke City\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/4500825\.stm\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=6 May 2005\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} As a result, he signed professional terms with Sunderland and then signed a one–year contract extension the following year.{{cite news\|title\=Murray pleads for patience from fans\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/769548\.murray\-pleads\-patience\-fans/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=24 May 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/dan\-deal\-as\-cats\-trio\-sign\-up\-1\-1122716\|title\=Dan deal as Cats trio sign up\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=30 June 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816152047/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/dan\-deal\-as\-cats\-trio\-sign\-up\-1\-1122716\|archive\-date\=16 August 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Carson made his Sunderland debut on 16 July 2006 in a friendly match, coming on as an 80th\-minute substitute, in a 2–0 win against [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. "Rotherham United F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=Boro aim to lure Arca from North\-East rivals\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/840871\.boro\-aim\-lure\-arca\-north\-east\-rivals/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=16 July 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He continued to remain as the club's backup goalkeeper behind Alnwick and then [Darren Ward](/wiki/Darren_Ward_%28footballer%2C_born_1974%29 "Darren Ward (footballer, born 1974)").{{cite news\|title\=Time for action to replace the talking – Quinn\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/866451\.time\-action\-replace\-talking\-\-\-quinn/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=5 August 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Alnwick regrets decision to ask for Black Cats' transfer\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/886273\.alnwick\-regrets\-decision\-ask\-black\-cats\-transfer/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=19 August 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Ward determined to make the most of unexpected early opportunity\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/981507\.ward\-determined\-make\-unexpected\-early\-opportunity/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=21 October 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} At one point, Carson missed one match, due to family bereavement.{{cite news\|title\=Alnwick on his way to Spurs\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/1045047\.alnwick\-way\-spurs/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=28 November 2006\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
He made his debut for Sunderland on 16 July, against Darlington in a 4–0 win. Later that year, with [Craig Gordon](/wiki/Craig_Gordon "Craig Gordon") out through injury, manager [Steve Bruce](/wiki/Steve_Bruce "Steve Bruce") urged Carson to push [Márton Fülöp](/wiki/M%C3%A1rton_F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p "Márton Fülöp") for the No.1 spot in the squad.{{cite news\|title\=Darlington 0 Sunderland 4\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/darlington/4498521\.todd\-welcomes\-back\-trio\-starting\-eleven/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=16 July 2009\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Carson on standby to make his debut\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4593250\.carson\-standby\-make\-debut/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=11 September 2009\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He signed a new contract with Sunderland on 22 October 2009 which would keep him at the [Stadium of Light](/wiki/Stadium_of_Light "Stadium of Light") until 2012\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sunderland/8320388\.stm\|title\=Carson signs new Sunderland deal\|date\=22 October 2009\|work\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=23 January 2011}} Throughout his Sunderland's career, Carson continuously remained as the club's backup goalkeeper.{{cite news\|title\=Why Sunderland remain in safe hands\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4745412\.sunderland\-remain\-safe\-hands/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=18 November 2009\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Gordon happy with Bruce's methods\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4713469\.gordon\-happy\-bruces\-methods/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=31 October 2009\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Black Cats won't pay inflated prices\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/8114003\.black\-cats\-wont\-pay\-inflated\-prices/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=22 April 2010\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
However, in the 2010–11 season, Carson suffered a shoulder injury during Sunderland's pre–season tour and saw him sidelined for several months.{{cite news\|title\=Bent back for Cats\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/football/8305428\.bent\-back\-cats/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=30 July 2010\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Mensah to return to Sunderland on season\-long loan\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/8310931\.mensah\-return\-sunderland\-season\-long\-loan/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=4 August 2010\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} After showing promise at Sunderland, he was released by the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League") club on 19 May 2012\.{{cite news\|title\=Craig Gordon released by Sunderland as nine players leave\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18128262\|work\=BBC Sport\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=19 May 2012\|access\-date\=19 May 2012}}
#### Loan spells from Sunderland
On 14 August 2008, Carson joined [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. "Chesterfield F.C.") on a season\-long loan deal.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chesterfield/7561040\.stm\|title\=Carson joins Chesterfield on loan\|date\=14 August 2008\|work\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=23 January 2011}} He made his professional début in a 1–0 victory against [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. "Grimsby Town F.C.") keeping a clean sheet on 23 August 2008\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~43775,00\.html\|title\=Grimsby Town vs Chesterfield\|publisher\=Chesterfield F.C.\|date\=23 August 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005183908/http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~43775,00\.html\|archive\-date\=5 October 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} Since making his debut for the club, Carson quickly established himself in the starting eleven, becoming Chesterfield's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~44231,00\.html\|title\=Chesterfield vs Aldershot Town\|publisher\=Chesterfield F.C.\|date\=22 October 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225022210/http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~44231,00\.html\|archive\-date\=25 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~44474,00\.html\|title\=Exeter City vs Chesterfield\|publisher\=Chesterfield F.C.\|date\=28 October 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225080000/http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~44474,00\.html\|archive\-date\=25 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~46660,00\.html\|title\=Chesterfield vs Mansfield Town\|publisher\=Chesterfield F.C.\|date\=8 November 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225074129/http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~46660,00\.html\|archive\-date\=25 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} This lasted until he was dropped in favour of [Tommy Lee](/wiki/Tommy_Lee_%28footballer%29 "Tommy Lee (footballer)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~43565,00\.html\|title\=Port Vale vs Chesterfield\|publisher\=Chesterfield F.C.\|date\=20 December 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225074112/http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~43565,00\.html\|archive\-date\=25 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~46905,00\.html\|title\=Droylsden vs Chesterfield\|publisher\=Chesterfield F.C.\|date\=23 December 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125418/http://www.chesterfield\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\~46905,00\.html\|archive\-date\=20 December 2008\|url\-status\=dead}} As a result, Carson was recalled by Sunderland early in January 2009 after a shortage of keepers due to injuries.{{cite news\|title\=Wallace keeping all options available\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4025825\.wallace\-keeping\-options\-available/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=7 January 2009\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
Carson was loaned out to [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. "Lincoln City F.C.") on 20 January 2011 until the end of the season.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln\_city/9368725\.stm\|title\=Lincoln City sign Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson\|work\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=23 January 2011\|date\=20 January 2011}} Two days later on 22 January 2011, he made his debut for the club against [Stockport County](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C. "Stockport County F.C.") in a 4–3 win.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_3/9362100\.stm\|title\=Stockport 3–4 Lincoln City\|date\=22 January 2011\|work\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=23 January 2011}} Since joining Lincoln City, Carson quickly established himself in the first team as the club's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\|title\=DEADLY DUO LINE UP AGAINST IMPS\|url\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/deadly\-duo\-line\-up\-against\-imps/\|publisher\=Lincoln City Vital Football\|date\=25 January 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=TREVOR, PLEASE STAY!\|url\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/trevor\-please\-stay/\|publisher\=Lincoln City Vital Football\|date\=22 February 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=IMPS STILL NEED FOUR POINTS\|url\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/imps\-still\-need\-four\-points/\|publisher\=Lincoln City Vital Football\|date\=21 March 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} As a result, he had loan spell with the club extended until on 23 April 2011\.{{cite news\|title\=BLACK CATS KEEPER KEEN TO CONTINUE\|url\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/black\-cats\-keeper\-keen\-to\-continue/\|publisher\=Lincoln City Vital Football\|date\=8 February 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bruce faced with difficult decision over Mensah\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/8866811\.bruce\-faced\-difficult\-decision\-mensah/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=22 February 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} This lasted until Carson was recalled by his parent club, in which he said it was a risky move.{{cite news\|title\=CARSON RECALLED THEN LOANED OUT AGAIN\|url\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/carson\-recalled\-then\-loaned\-out\-again/\|publisher\=Lincoln City Vital Football\|date\=25 March 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Leaving Lincoln for Brentford was a risk – Carson\|url\=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/other\-sport/leaving\-lincoln\-brentford\-risk\-\-\-5988430\|publisher\=My London News\|date\=29 March 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
It was announced on 24 March 2011 that Carson joined [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. "Brentford F.C.") on loan until the rest of the 2010–11 season.{{cite news\|title\=Brentford sign Sunderland's Trevor Carson on loan\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/12853964\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=24 March 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He made his only appearances for the club, coming against [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") five days later on 29 March 2011\.{{cite news\|title\=Sheffield Wednesday 1–3 Brentford\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9436379\.stm\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=29 March 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} However, Carson suffered a knee injury that saw him out for the remaining Brentford's matches.{{cite news\|title\=Sunderland keeper suffers injury blow\|url\=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/other\-sport/sunderland\-keeper\-suffers\-injury\-blow\-5987103\|publisher\=My London News\|date\=12 April 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He was then recalled by the club on 21 April 2011\.{{cite news\|title\=Brentford v Colchester\|url\=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/other\-sport/brentford\-v\-colchester\-5987339\|publisher\=My London News\|date\=21 April 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
It was announced on 12 September 2011 that Carson was loaned out to [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. "Bury F.C.") on a two\-month loan deal.{{cite news\|title\=Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson joins Bury on loan\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14886606\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=12 September 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} The following day, he made his debut for the club, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Chesterfield.{{cite news\|title\=VERDICT: Chesterfield 1 Bury 0\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9250532\.verdict\-chesterfield\-1\-bury\-0/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=13 September 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Since joining Bury, Carson quickly established as the club's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\|title\=VERDICT: Yeovil 1 Bury 3\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9284289\.verdict\-yeovil\-1\-bury\-3/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=1 October 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Fine and Andy\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9301629\.fine\-and\-andy/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=13 October 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Belford confident he will keep getting better\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9301445\.belford\-confident\-he\-will\-keep\-getting\-better/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=13 October 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} However, on 3 November 2011, Carson was recalled by his parent club, in which he made eight appearances in all competitions for the side.{{cite news\|title\=Mignolet and O'Shea are sidelined\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/9343628\.mignolet\-oshea\-sidelined/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=3 November 2011\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
It wasn't until on 13 January 2012 when Carson was loaned out again to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.") for a month.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16530927\.stm\|title\=Hull City sign Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson on loan\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=13 January 2012\|access\-date\=13 January 2012}}
{{cite news\|title\=Carson Joins City Ranks\|url\=http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10338\~2575636,00\.html\|work\=The Tigers Official Website\|publisher\=Hull City A.F.C.\|date\=13 January 2012\|access\-date\=20 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624000921/http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10338\~2575636%2C00\.html\|archive\-date\=24 June 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} However, he never made an appearance for the club, appearing as an unused substitute before returning to his parent club a month later.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/MatchReport/0,,10338\~59386,00\.html\|title\=Hull City vs Peterborough\|publisher\=Hull City A.F.C.\|date\=14 January 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118031631/http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/MatchReport/0,,10338\~59386,00\.html\|archive\-date\=18 January 2012\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite news\|title\=O'Neill happy to keep youngsters away from Wearside as Laing extends loan\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/9530482\.oneill\-happy\-keep\-youngsters\-away\-wearside\-laing\-extends\-loan/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=14 February 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
Shortly after leaving Hull City, Carson was loaned out to [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. "Bury F.C.") on a month loan.{{cite news\|title\=Bury to sign keeper Sunderland goalkeeper Trevor Carson\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17177903\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=27 February 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He made his second debut for the club, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. "Leyton Orient F.C.") on 25 February 2012\.{{cite news\|title\=Bury 1–1 Leyton Orient\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17083192\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=25 February 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Since joining Bury for the second time, Carson continued to regain his first choice goalkeeper role until he left the club on 1 April 2012\.{{cite news\|title\=Bury 1 Hartlepool 2\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9561156\.bury\-1\-hartlepool\-2/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=1 March 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=We must protect our goalkeeper – Skarz\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9617747\.we\-must\-protect\-our\-goalkeeper\-skarz/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=29 March 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Carson signs off with coveted clean sheet\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9631404\.carson\-signs\-off\-with\-coveted\-clean\-sheet/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=2 April 2012\|accessdate\=21 November 2020}} By the time Carson left Bury, he made 17 appearances over two loan spells either side of his time at Hull.{{cite news\|title\=Adam Lockwood looks to learn at Bury\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18797111\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=17 July 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
### Bury
On 22 May 2012 it was announced that Bury had completed the signing of Carson on a two\-year contract after impressing on loan.{{cite news\|title\=Bury sign Sunderland goalkeeper Trevor Carson on two\-year deal\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18159946\|work\=BBC Sport\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=22 May 2012\|access\-date\=22 May 2012}}{{cite news\|title\=Carson returns to Gigg on two\-year deal\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9722713\.carson\-returns\-to\-gigg\-on\-two\-year\-deal/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=22 May 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Upon joining the club, he was given a number one shirt for the side.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/july/squad\-numbers\-revealed/\|title\=Squad numbers revealed\|publisher\=Bury F.C.\|date\=4 July 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120213528/https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/july/squad\-numbers\-revealed/\|archive\-date\=20 November 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
Carson's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2012, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") in the first round of the League Cup.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/august/bury\-v\-middlesbrough/\|title\=Bury v Middlesbrough\|publisher\=Bury F.C.\|date\=11 August 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929155425/https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/august/bury\-v\-middlesbrough/\|archive\-date\=29 September 2020\|url\-status\=live}} Since joining Bury, he quickly established as the club's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\|title\=SEASON PREVIEW: Carson relishing number one role\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9875223\.season\-preview\-carson\-relishing\-number\-one\-role/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=16 August 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=MATCH VERDICT: Bury 1 Preston 2\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9930260\.match\-verdict\-bury\-1\-preston\-2/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=14 September 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Blackwell's revolution is starting to take shape\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10018872\.blackwells\-revolution\-is\-starting\-to\-take\-shape/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=1 November 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Carson then captained Bury for the first time in his career, as the club drew 2–2 against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") on 25 August 2012\.{{cite news\|title\=MATCH VERDICT: Tactical switch key to comeback\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9899473\.match\-verdict\-tactical\-switch\-key\-to\-comeback/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=29 August 2012\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He helped the club keep two consecutive clean sheets in two matches between 26 January 2013 and 2 February 2013 against [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. "Shrewsbury Town F.C.") and [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=VERDICT: Shrewsbury Town 0 Bury 0\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10195427\.verdict\-shrewsbury\-town\-0\-bury\-0/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=31 January 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bury 2 Doncaster Rovers 0\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10203161\.bury\-2\-doncaster\-rovers\-0/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=2 February 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} However, Carson suffered a hand injury but continued to start in goal with a fractured hand, in a 2–2 draw against [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. "Brentford F.C.") on 9 February 2013\.{{cite news\|title\=Hopper loan deal cut short\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10210571\.hopper\-loan\-deal\-cut\-short/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=7 February 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bury take the sting out of Bees with spirited double comeback\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10218633\.bury\-take\-the\-sting\-out\-of\-bees\-with\-spirited\-double\-comeback/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=11 February 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Carson sacrifices country for club\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10240460\.carson\-sacrifices\-country\-for\-club/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=21 February 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} In late–March, Manager [Kevin Blackwell](/wiki/Kevin_Blackwell "Kevin Blackwell") dropped him in favour of [Cameron Belford](/wiki/Cameron_Belford "Cameron Belford").{{cite news\|title\=Kevin Blackwell urges Bury board to listen to fans' concerns\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10324876\.kevin\-blackwell\-urges\-bury\-board\-to\-listen\-to\-fans\-concerns/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=1 April 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} To make matters, Carson suffered injuries that saw him sidelined for the rest of the season.{{cite news\|title\=Blackwell stands by youth selection policy\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10348397\.blackwell\-stands\-by\-youth\-selection\-policy/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=12 April 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Shirtliff issues target for Gigg squad\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10361708\.shirtliff\-issues\-target\-for\-gigg\-squad/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=18 April 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Last men standing for Bury League One curtain call\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10395630\.shakers\-captain\-is\-a\-definite\-maybe/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=2 May 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Bury was later relegated to the fourth tier ([EFL League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two "EFL League Two")).{{cite news\|title\=Bury 0–1 Oldham Athletic\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22049662\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=13 April 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} In his first season at [Gigg Lane](/wiki/Gigg_Lane "Gigg Lane"), he made forty–five appearances in all competitions (thirty–nine were league appearances).
At the start of the 2013–14 season, Carson lost his first choice goalkeeper role after Manager Blackwell signed [Brian Jensen](/wiki/Brian_Jensen_%28footballer%2C_born_1975%29 "Brian Jensen (footballer, born 1975)"), [Rob Lainton](/wiki/Rob_Lainton "Rob Lainton") and [Reice Charles\-Cook](/wiki/Reice_Charles-Cook "Reice Charles-Cook").{{cite news\|title\=MATCHDAY: Bury 0 Chesterfield 2\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10590941\.matchday\-bury\-0\-chesterfield\-2/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=3 August 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=New Bury stopper Brain Jensen plays it for keeps\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10656357\.new\-bury\-stopper\-brain\-jensen\-plays\-it\-for\-keeps/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=5 September 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Brian Jensen warned: It's payback time\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10716763\.brian\-jensen\-warned\-its\-payback\-time/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=4 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Having appeared on the substitute bench, he made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 4–1 win against [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. "Cheltenham Town F.C.") on 31 August 2013\.{{cite news\|title\=VERDICT: Bury 3 Accrington Stanley 0\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10626120\.verdict\-bury\-3\-accrington\-stanley\-0/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=23 August 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bury 4–1 Cheltenham Town\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23822596\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=31 August 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} As a result, Carson was told by Blackwell that he can leave the club.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson set for Bury FC exit\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10591138\.trevor\-carson\-set\-for\-bury\-fc\-exit/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=4 August 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bury in transfer deadlock\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10612257\.bury\-in\-transfer\-deadlock/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=15 August 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bury boss allays Trevor Carson loan fears\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10669060\.bury\-boss\-allays\-trevor\-carson\-loan\-fears/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=12 September 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} By the time Carson was loaned out, he made a total of five appearances for the side.{{cite news\|title\=FULL TIME: Rochdale 1 Bury 0\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10661534\.full\-time\-rochdale\-1\-bury\-0/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=7 September 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=VERDICT: Fleetwood Town 2 Bury 1\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10682759\.verdict\-fleetwood\-town\-2\-bury\-1/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=19 September 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=MATCH VERDICT: Bury 1 Southend 1\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10697708\.match\-verdict\-bury\-1\-southend\-1/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=26 September 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=VERDICT: Dagenham \& Redbridge 2 Bury 1\|url\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10713329\.verdict\-dagenham\-redbridge\-2\-bury\-1/\|work\=The Bury Times\|date\=3 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2013–14 season, Carson was released by Bury on 30 April 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/article/retained\-list\-1520463\.aspx\|title\=Retained List\|publisher\=Bury F.C.\|date\=30 April 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220245/http://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/article/retained\-list\-1520463\.aspx\|archive\-date\=20 May 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Portsmouth (loan)
On 3 October 2013, Carson joined [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") in a three\-month loan deal.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/carson\-arrives\-on\-loan\-1093176\.aspx\|title\=Carson Arrives on Loan\|publisher\=Portsmouth F.C.\|date\=3 October 2013\|access\-date\=3 October 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213144/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/carson\-arrives\-on\-loan\-1093176\.aspx\|archive\-date\=4 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}
He made his debut for the club in a league match against [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C. "Rochdale A.F.C.") kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 victory.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/pompey\-3\-rochdale\-0\-1096783\.aspx\|title\=Pompey 3 Rochdale 0\|publisher\=Portsmouth F.C.\|date\=6 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008090533/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk:80/news/article/pompey\-3\-rochdale\-0\-1096783\.aspx\|archive\-date\=8 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} After the match, he was happy to make his Portsmouth debut by having a win and a clean sheet.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/carsons\-dream\-debut\-1097773\.aspx\|title\=Carson's Dream Debut\|publisher\=Portsmouth F.C.\|date\=6 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008165213/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk:80/news/article/carsons\-dream\-debut\-1097773\.aspx\|archive\-date\=8 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Since making his debut for the club, he established himself as number one ahead of [John Sullivan](/wiki/John_Sullivan_%28English_footballer%29 "John Sullivan (English footballer)") and [Phil Smith](/wiki/Phil_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1979%29 "Phil Smith (footballer, born 1979)").{{cite news\|title\=Carson: Pompey defensive duo shining brightly in League Two\|url\=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/carson\-pompey\-defensive\-duo\-shining\-brightly\-league\-two\-887543\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=6 November 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\-my\-future\-is\-at\-pompey\-1\-5608662\|title\=Carson: My future is at Pompey\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=22 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023100440/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\-my\-future\-is\-at\-pompey\-1\-5608662\|archive\-date\=23 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Carson set himself up to be signed up permanently in January 2014, when he outlined that he was keen to stay at the South Coast club.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\-unsure\-on\-blues\-stay\-1\-5753649\|title\=Carson unsure on Blues stay\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=17 December 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220101409/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\-unsure\-on\-blues\-stay\-1\-5753649\|archive\-date\=20 December 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Carson helped Portsmouth keep two consecutive clean sheets between 26 December 2013 and 29 December 2013 against [Dagenham \& Redbridge](/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C. "Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.") and [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. "Northampton Town F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=Portsmouth 1–0 Dagenham \& Redbridge\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25441929\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=26 December 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Portsmouth 0–0 Northampton Town\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25482590\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=29 December 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Shortly, he had his loan spell with the club extended until the end of the season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\-extends\-pompey\-stay\-1\-5780164\|title\=Carson extends Pompey stay\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=31 December 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103134439/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\-extends\-pompey\-stay\-1\-5780164\|archive\-date\=3 January 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Carson, once again, helped Portsmouth keep four consecutive clean sheets between 25 February 2014 and 11 March 2014\.{{cite news\|title\=Portsmouth 1–0 Accrington Stanley\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25817707\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=25 February 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Chesterfield 0–0 Portsmouth\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26318860\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=3 March 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Portsmouth 0–0 Cheltenham Town\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26395901\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=8 March 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Portsmouth 0–0 Burton Albion\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26428755\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=11 March 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Having previously did not play against his parent club, Bury, Carson eventually started in goal against the club, as Portsmouth drew 4–4 on 26 April 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/guy\-carson\-s\-stand\-in\-won\-t\-stand\-in\-for\-long\-1\-5598995\|title\=Guy: Carson's stand in won't stand in for long\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=18 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021041527/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/guy\-carson\-s\-stand\-in\-won\-t\-stand\-in\-for\-long\-1\-5598995\|archive\-date\=21 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/catlin\-carson\-not\-returning\-to\-bury\-1\-5583634\|title\=Catlin: Carson not returning to Bury\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=15 October 2013\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018060806/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/catlin\-carson\-not\-returning\-to\-bury\-1\-5583634\|archive\-date\=18 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite news\|title\=Bury 4–4 Portsmouth\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27084534\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=26 April 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2013–14 season, he went on to make thirty–nine appearances in all competitions.
Following this, Carson returned to Bury when the season was concluded.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/nine\-players\-released\-1544121\.aspx\|title\=NINE PLAYERS RELEASED\|publisher\=Portsmouth F.C.\|date\=8 May 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512172624/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/nine\-players\-released\-1544121\.aspx\|archive\-date\=12 May 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Once he was released by Bury, there were speculation on whether Portsmouth would make a move to sign him on a permanent basis.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey\-not\-rushing\-for\-carson\-1\-6076747\|title\=Pompey not rushing for Carson\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=23 May 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525114454/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey\-not\-rushing\-for\-carson\-1\-6076747\|archive\-date\=25 May 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} However, the club did not make an effort to sign Carson, as Manager [Andy Awford](/wiki/Andy_Awford "Andy Awford") opted to sign [Paul Jones](/wiki/Paul_Jones_%28footballer%2C_born_1986%29 "Paul Jones (footballer, born 1986)") and [Michael Poke](/wiki/Michael_Poke "Michael Poke") instead.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/awford\-explains\-carson\-decision\-1\-6148095\|title\=Awford explains Carson decision\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=28 June 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629222843/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/awford\-explains\-carson\-decision\-1\-6148095\|archive\-date\=29 June 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Two years after leaving Portsmouth, he spoke about his fondness on the club.{{cite news\|title\=Carson: I miss playing at Fratton Park\|url\=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/carson\-i\-miss\-playing\-fratton\-park\-1170060\|publisher\=Portsmouth News\|date\=18 December 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
### Cheltenham Town
On 30 June 2014, Carson joined [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. "Cheltenham Town F.C.") on a free transfer after his release from Bury.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28063993\|title\=Trevor Carson: Cheltenham Town sign former Bury goalkeeper\|date\=30 June 2014\|access\-date\=1 July 2014\|work\=BBC Sport\|publisher\=BBC}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/news/article/carson\-signs\-1695583\.aspx\|title\=Trevor Carson Completes Move To Cheltenham Town\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=30 June 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085443/http://www.ctfc.com/news/article/carson\-signs\-1695583\.aspx\|archive\-date\=14 July 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Upon the club, he was given a number one shirt.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/july/squad\-numbers\-confirmed/\|title\=Squad Numbers Confirmed\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=17 July 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121110857/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/july/squad\-numbers\-confirmed/\|archive\-date\=21 November 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
Carson made his Cheltenham Town debut, starting the whole game, against Bury, and kept a clean sheet, in a 1–0 win.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3733531\&tcmuri\=1655937\|title\=Full Time: Bury 0, Robins 1\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=9 August 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119190339/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3733531\&tcmuri\=1655937\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} After the match, he was named Football League's Team of the Week.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/august/carson\-makes\-team\-of\-the\-week/\|title\=Carson Makes Team of the Week\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=11 August 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121112757/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/august/carson\-makes\-team\-of\-the\-week/\|archive\-date\=21 November 2020\|url\-status\=live}} In a follow–up match against [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.") in the first round of the League Cup, Carson captained the club for the first time in his career, as they lost 2–0\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3739366\&tcmuri\=1708403\|title\=Full\-time: Brighton 2, Robins 0\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=12 August 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119191314/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3739366\&tcmuri\=1708403\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} In a match against [Accrington Stanley](/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C. "Accrington Stanley F.C."), Carson played an important role when he set up a goal for [Koby Arthur](/wiki/Koby_Arthur "Koby Arthur"), who scored a winning goal, in a 2–1 win.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3733603\|title\=Full\-time: Robins 2, Stanley 1\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=16 August 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185435/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3733603\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} His performance, along with his five clean sheets, earned him August's Player of the Month but lost out to [Matt Tubbs](/wiki/Matt_Tubbs "Matt Tubbs").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3733659\|title\=Full Time: Robins 0, Carlisle 0\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=19 August 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185038/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3733659\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3733775\|title\=Full\-time: Robins 1, Pools 0\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=30 August 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185643/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3733775\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3770771\&tcmuri\=1892809\|title\=Full\-Time: Robins 2, Oxford 0\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=2 September 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195127/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3770771\&tcmuri\=1892809\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3733824\&tcmuri\=1655942\|title\=Full\-Time: Morecambe 0, Robins 0\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=6 September 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063117/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/?matchid\=3733824\&tcmuri\=1655942\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/september/yates\-\-carson\-shortlisted\-for\-awards/\|title\=Yates \& Carson Shortlisted For Awards\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=2 September 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121112838/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/september/yates\-\-carson\-shortlisted\-for\-awards/\|archive\-date\=21 November 2020\|url\-status\=live}} He, once again, captained Cheltenham Town on two occasions, coming against [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. "Cambridge United F.C.") on 21 October 2014 and then against [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C.") on 8 November 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3734272\|title\=Full\-time: Cambridge United 1, Robins 2\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=21 October 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119190743/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3734272\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}
{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3786886\|title\=Full\-time: Robins 5, Swindon Town 0\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=21 October 2014\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119191001/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\-results/match\-report/index.aspx?matchid\=3786886\|archive\-date\=19 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} However, Carson was unable to help the club avoid relegation to the National League following a 1–0 loss against [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. "Shrewsbury Town F.C.") on 25 April 2015\.{{cite news\|title\=Cheltenham Town 0–1 Shrewsbury Town\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32362680\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=25 April 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2014–15 season, he went on to make fifty–one appearances in all competitions.
For his performance, Carson was awarded the club's Player of the Year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2015/may/trevor\-carson\-the\-third\-goalkeeper\-to\-win\-player\-of\-the\-year\-in\-league\-era/\|title\=Trevor Carson the third goalkeeper to win Player of the Year in League era\|publisher\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\|date\=6 May 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121112836/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2015/may/trevor\-carson\-the\-third\-goalkeeper\-to\-win\-player\-of\-the\-year\-in\-league\-era/\|archive\-date\=21 November 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
### Hartlepool United
On 15 June 2015, Carson signed for [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C. "Hartlepool United F.C.") for an undisclosed fee.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33135017\|title\=Trevor Carson: Hartlepool sign up Cheltenham goalkeeper\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=15 June 2015\|access\-date\=1 August 2020}}
{{Cite news\|title\=Moore Clinches Sixth Summer Signing\|url\=http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\-sign\-cheltenhams\-former\-sunderland\-goalkeepr\-trevor\-carson\-2493581\.aspx?\|publisher\=Hartlepool United F.C.\|date\=15 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615190147/http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\-sign\-cheltenhams\-former\-sunderland\-goalkeepr\-trevor\-carson\-2493581\.aspx\|archive\-date\=15 June 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} Upon joining the club, he was given a number one shirt.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\-confirm\-squad\-numbers\-for\-201516\-2544050\.aspx\|title\=Squad Numbers Confirmed For 2015/16\|publisher\=Hartlepool United F.C.\|date\=13 July 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914214428/http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\-confirm\-squad\-numbers\-for\-201516\-2544050\.aspx\|archive\-date\=14 September 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} Carson later said his move to Hartlepool United was to be closer to his family.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool goalie Carson makes sure he works on keeping as well as fitness\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\-united/hartlepool\-goalie\-carson\-makes\-sure\-he\-works\-keeping\-well\-fitness\-2488030\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=10 July 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
He was initially expected to be the club's first choice goalkeeper ahead of new signing, [Adam Bartlett](/wiki/Adam_Bartlett "Adam Bartlett") but suffered a toe injury while training and was sidelined for months.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool's understudy keeper Adam Bartlett will push No 1 Trevor Carson all the way\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\-united/hartlepools\-understudy\-keeper\-adam\-bartlett\-will\-push\-no\-1\-trevor\-carson\-all\-way\-2487764\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=17 July 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Pools go down to Spireites at Victoria Park\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/football/13524493\.pools\-go\-spireites\-victoria\-park/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=1 August 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Moore bemoans his cup luck\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/13586768\.moore\-bemoans\-cup\-luck/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=11 August 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} By October, Carson made a return to the substitute bench for a match against [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. "Luton Town F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=Moore aiming to strengthen his Pools ranks\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/13805657\.moore\-aiming\-strengthen\-pools\-ranks/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=6 October 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} It wasn't until on 17 October 2015 when he made his Hartlepool United debut, starting the whole game and kept a clean sheet, in a 1–0 win against Dagenham \& Redbridge.{{cite news\|title\=Match team news: Dagenham \& Redbridge v Hartlepool United\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\-united/match\-team\-news\-dagenham\-redbridge\-v\-hartlepool\-united\-2484906\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=16 October 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Dagenham \& Redbridge 0–1 Hartlepool United\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34431554\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=17 October 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Since making his debut for the club, Carson quickly became a first choice goalkeeper, dispatching a place from Bartlett.{{cite news\|title\=Moore concerned by defensive errors\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/13839015\.moore\-concerned\-defensive\-errors/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=10 October 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Craig Hignett starts to fill Hartlepool United jigsaw with Hawkins, Bartlett and Blackford\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/sport/football/craig\-hignett\-starts\-fill\-hartlepool\-united\-jigsaw\-hawkins\-bartlett\-and\-blackford\-369633\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=16 April 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Roy Kelly's Analysis: The only way is up for Hartlepool United after Newport point\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/roy\-kellys\-analysis\-only\-way\-hartlepool\-united\-after\-newport\-point\-396830\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=16 March 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} His performances earned him praise from Manager [Ronnie Moore](/wiki/Ronnie_Moore "Ronnie Moore").{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United boss Ronnie Moore: We need a midfielder\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\-united/hartlepool\-united\-boss\-ronnie\-moore\-we\-need\-midfielder\-2484592\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=26 October 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Wimbledon 2 Hartlepool United 0: Scott Fenwick makes Pools impact\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\-united/wimbledon\-2\-hartlepool\-united\-0\-scott\-fenwick\-makes\-pools\-impact\-2484347\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=2 November 2015\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Player ratings: Heroic Hartlepool performances but who scooped man of match award?\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/player\-ratings\-heroic\-hartlepool\-performances\-who\-scooped\-man\-match\-award\-396614\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=28 March 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool boss wants better for '˜best keeper' Carson\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\-boss\-wants\-better\-best\-keeper\-carson\-397840\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=22 January 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He then helped Hartlepool United keep four consecutive clean sheets between 15 March 2016 and 28 March 2016\.{{cite news\|title\=Newport County 0 Hartlepool United 0: Recap the action as Pools extend unbeaten run\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/newport\-county\-0\-hartlepool\-united\-0\-recap\-action\-pools\-extend\-unbeaten\-run\-396843\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=16 March 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Crawley Town 0 Hartlepool United 0: Match report, Pools clinch point\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crawley\-town\-0\-hartlepool\-united\-0\-match\-report\-pools\-clinch\-point\-370760\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=19 March 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=It's another Marvellous March for Hartlepool United after Wimbledon win\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14385303\.another\-marvellous\-march\-hartlepool\-united\-wimbledon\-win/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=25 March 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Pools make it six unbeaten with solid win at Orient\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14388112\.pools\-make\-six\-unbeaten\-solid\-win\-orient/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=28 March 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} On 16 April 2016, Carson signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2019\.{{cite news\|title\=Ex\-Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson signs long\-term Hartlepool United contract\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/ex\-sunderland\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-signs\-long\-term\-hartlepool\-united\-contract\-369625\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=16 April 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He later helped Hartlepool United finish sixteenth place in the league.{{cite news\|title\=Carson urges Hartlepool United boss to stick with the core group\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/carson\-urges\-hartlepool\-united\-boss\-stick\-core\-group\-367938\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=31 May 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Despite being sidelined at the start of the season, Carson was awarded Hartlepool United's Player of the Year and Hartlepool Mail Player of the Year.{{cite news\|title\=Northern Ireland's ex\-Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson is Hartlepool United Player of the Year\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/northern\-irelands\-ex\-sunderland\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-hartlepool\-united\-player\-year\-369187\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=4 May 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Northern Ireland keeper Trevor Carson was ready to quit if Hartlepool United went down\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/northern\-ireland\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-was\-ready\-quit\-if\-hartlepool\-united\-went\-down\-396049\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=10 May 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He was also awarded The Northern Echo's North\-East Team of the Season.{{cite news\|title\=Who has made The Northern Echo's North\-East Team of the Season?\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14490986\.made\-northern\-echos\-north\-east\-team\-season/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=13 May 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2015–16 season, Carson went on to make thirty–eight appearances in all competitions.
At the start of the 2016–17 season, Carson continued to remain as Hartlepool United's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United 1 Colchester 1: Roy Kelly's Pools analysis\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\-united\-1\-colchester\-1\-roy\-kellys\-pools\-analysis\-395130\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=8 August 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Pools keeper Adam Bartlett opens up about losing his place to Trevor Carson\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/pools\-keeper\-adam\-bartlett\-opens\-about\-losing\-his\-place\-trevor\-carson\-394441\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=12 October 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Will Adam Bartlett be given a chance to stake his claim for Hartlepool United starting spot?\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/will\-adam\-bartlett\-be\-given\-chance\-stake\-his\-claim\-hartlepool\-united\-starting\-spot\-393993\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=18 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Portsmouth performance made Hartlepool keeper Trevor Carson feel like 'proper' footballer again\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/portsmouth\-performance\-made\-hartlepool\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-feel\-proper\-footballer\-again\-393546\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=19 December 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Boss Hignett hails resilient Pools performance at Portsmouth\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/boss\-hignett\-hails\-resilient\-pools\-performance\-portsmouth\-361934\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=19 December 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Along the way, he missed two matches, due to being on international duty.{{cite news\|title\=Northern Ireland keeper Trevor Carson wishes Hartlepool United all the best\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/northern\-ireland\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-wishes\-hartlepool\-united\-all\-best\-365194\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=2 September 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United boss excited by potential of Pools to '˜do something' this season\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/hartlepool\-united\-boss\-excited\-potential\-pools\-do\-something\-season\-364690\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=10 October 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} On 12 November 2016, less than 24 hours after being included in the Northern Ireland squad against [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_football_team "Azerbaijan national football team"), Carson started in goal against Cheltenham Town but suffered an injury that saw him substituted in the 37th minute.{{cite news\|title\=Ex\-Sunderland keeper's Northern Ireland cap dream threatened by dislocation\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/ex\-sunderland\-keepers\-northern\-ireland\-cap\-dream\-threatened\-dislocation\-364210\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=14 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} This resulted in him preventing from making his debut for the national team against [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team "Croatia national football team").{{cite news\|title\=Former Sunderland keeper on the international dream which became a nightmare\|url\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/former\-sunderland\-keeper\-international\-dream\-which\-became\-nightmare\-362980\|work\=Sunderland Echo\|date\=2 December 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.") on 19 November 2016, resulting in the club losing 2–1\.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool news: Injury update on keeper Trevor Carson\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\-team\-news\-seven\-changes\-pools\-checkatrade\-dead\-rubber\-393997\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=17 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Match ratings: How did Hartlepool rate in Doncaster defeat?\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/match\-ratings\-how\-did\-hartlepool\-rate\-doncaster\-defeat\-393935\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=19 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Doncaster Rovers 2 Hartlepool United 1\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14916218\.doncaster\-rovers\-2\-hartlepool\-united\-1/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=19 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Carson wrote a columns on the club's Match Programme, expressing his embarrassment on Hartlepool United's woeful defensive record.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson '˜embarrassed' by Hartlepool's goals against column\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/trevor\-carson\-embarrassed\-hartlepools\-goals\-against\-column\-393606\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=14 December 2016\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} However, he suffered a shoulder injury that resulted in him being sidelined for the rest of the season.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\-united/injury\-blow\-for\-hartlepool\-as\-star\-man\-is\-ruled\-out\-for\-season\-1\-8319791\|title\=Injury blow for Hartlepool as star man is ruled out for season\|first\=Liam\|last\=Kennedy\|newspaper\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=5 January 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} But in mid–April, Carson recovered from his shoulder injury and returned to training.{{cite news\|title\=Update from Dave Jones' press conference\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15235772\.update\-dave\-jones\-press\-conference/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=19 April 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United: Jones won't change his ways for anyone\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15237446\.hartlepool\-united\-jones\-wont\-change\-ways\-anyone/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=21 April 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He then made his return to the starting line–up against Cheltenham Town on 29 April 2017, as the club lost 1–0\.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United: Carson back for the finale\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15257086\.hartlepool\-united\-carson\-back\-finale/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=29 April 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} In the last game of the season, Carson started in goal against Doncaster Rovers, which a win must ensure Hartlepool United's stay in League Two if [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_F.C. "Newport County F.C.") lose.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United: Carson makes an early return to help the cause\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15261025\.hartlepool\-united\-carson\-makes\-early\-return\-help\-cause/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=3 May 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Despite winning 2–1, the club, however, were relegated after Newport County avoided relegation following their win against [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United 2–1 Doncaster Rovers\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39753913\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=6 May 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United 2 Doncaster Rovers 1\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15269928\.hartlepool\-united\-2\-doncaster\-rovers\-1/\|work\=The Northern Echo\|date\=6 May 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2016–17 season, he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions.
Following this, it was expected that Carson would be leaving Hartlepool United as a result of their relegation.{{cite news\|title\=Hartlepool United sale: Thomas, Carson, Amond to go in transfer window?\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\-united\-sale\-thomas\-carson\-amond\-go\-transfer\-window\-392053\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=12 May 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
### Motherwell
On 6 June 2017, Carson joined [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. "Motherwell F.C.") for an undisclosed fee from Hartlepool United, on a three\-year contract.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson Hartlepool exit confirmed – signs three\-year deal at Scottish Premiership side Motherwell\|url\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/trevor\-carson\-hartlepool\-exit\-confirmed\-signs\-three\-year\-deal\-scottish\-premiership\-side\-motherwell\-391945\|work\=Hartlepool Mail\|date\=6 June 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}{{cite web\|title\=Carson Joins From Pools\|url\=http://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/06/carson\-joins\-from\-pools/\|website\=motherwellfc.co.uk\|publisher\=Motherwell F.C.\|access\-date\=6 June 2017\|date\=6 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610110632/https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/06/carson\-joins\-from\-pools/\|archive\-date\=10 June 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Upon joining the club, he was given the '1' squad number.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/21/squad\-numbers\-for\-2017\-18/\|title\=SQUAD NUMBERS FOR 2017/18\|publisher\=Motherwell F.C.\|date\=21 June 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121170723/https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/21/squad\-numbers\-for\-2017\-18/\|archive\-date\=21 November 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
Carson made his Motherwell debut in a 2–1 loss against [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. "Rangers F.C.") in the opening game of the season.{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell 1–2 Rangers\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40766961\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=6 August 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} In the following match against [St Johnstone](/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C. "St Johnstone F.C."), he was sent–off in the 63rd minute for handling outside his area, as the club lost 4–1\.{{cite news\|title\=St Johnstone 4–1 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40835319\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=12 August 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} After serving a one match suspension, Carson returned to the starting line–up against [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") on 26 August 2017, in a 2–1 win.{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell defender wins one of two red card appeals\|url\=https://archive.news.stv.tv/sport/1395874\-well\-s\-charles\-dunne\-wins\-one\-of\-two\-red\-card\-appeals.html\|publisher\=STV News\|date\=17 August 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell 2–1 Heart of Midlothian\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40983958\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=26 August 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} After returning from suspension, he regained his place as Motherwell's first choice goalkeeper in his first season.{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell keeper Trevor Carson praises home support and targets first away win\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local\-sport/motherwell\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-praises\-11162202\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=13 September 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell boss Robinson hails "fantastic" goalkeeper Trevor Carson\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/motherwell\-boss\-robinson\-hails\-fantastic\-goalkeeper\-trevor\-carson\-2057516\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=28 March 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell ace Andy Rose: Celtic's Callum McGregor could easily have stayed on his feet in penalty incident\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/motherwell\-ace\-andy\-rose\-celtics\-callum\-mcgregor\-could\-easily\-have\-stayed\-his\-feet\-penalty\-incident\-2065161\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=30 November 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Carson helped the club beat Rangers 2–0 in the semi–finals of the [Scottish League Cup](/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup "Scottish League Cup").{{cite news\|title\=Rangers 0 Motherwell 2: Well book League Cup final spot with win over Rangers\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local\-sport/rangers\-0\-motherwell\-2\-well\-11389038\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=23 October 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson uses memories of dark days in football to appreciate career high at Motherwell\|url\=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/sport/15613861\.trevor\-carson\-uses\-memories\-of\-dark\-days\-in\-football\-to\-appreciate\-career\-high\-at\-motherwell/\|work\=The Glasgow Times\|date\=24 October 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He started in goal for the [2017 Scottish League Cup final](/wiki/2017_Scottish_League_Cup_final "2017 Scottish League Cup final") as Motherwell lost 2–0 against [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell 0–2 Celtic\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42056522\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=26 November 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} In early December, Carson suffered a knee injury that saw him out for two weeks.{{cite news\|title\=Louis Moult blow for Motherwell as Premiership's top scorer is ruled out for a month\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/louis\-moult\-blow\-motherwell\-premierships\-11659877\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=8 December 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Single Lafferty goal for Hearts sinks Motherwell at Tynecastle\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/single\-lafferty\-goal\-hearts\-sinks\-motherwell\-tynecastle\-2064530\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=9 December 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson thinks Motherwell's walking wounded can still pile pressure on "young" Rangers\|url\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/15791999\.trevor\-carson\-thinks\-motherwells\-walking\-wounded\-can\-still\-pile\-pressure\-on\-young\-rangers/\|work\=The Herald\|location\=Glasgow\|date\=25 December 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He returned to the starting line–up against [Dundee](/wiki/Dundee_F.C. "Dundee F.C.") on 23 December 2017, as Motherwell drew 1–1\.{{cite news\|title\=10\-man Motherwell battle to earn 1–1 home draw against Dundee at blustery Fir Park\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/10\-man\-motherwell\-battle\-earn\-1\-1\-home\-draw\-against\-dundee\-blustery\-fir\-park\-2063270\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=23 December 2017\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} The following month saw him linked with a move to Celtic, but the club twice rejected a bid for him.{{cite news\|title\=Celtic have bid for Motherwell goalkeeper Trevor Carson rejected\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-transfer\-news/celtic\-bid\-motherwell\-goalkeeper\-trevor\-11935773\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=28 January 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Celtic ramp up Trevor Carson bid to £375k and set 2pm deadline for Motherwell to accept\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-transfer\-news/celtic\-ramp\-up\-trevor\-carson\-11942987\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=31 January 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Celtic have second Trevor Carson bid booted out by Motherwell as Steelmen hold out for £750k\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-transfer\-news/celtic\-second\-trevor\-carson\-bid\-11944037\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=31 January 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He helped Motherwell to reach the [2018 Scottish Cup final](/wiki/2018_Scottish_Cup_final "2018 Scottish Cup final") after beating [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. "Aberdeen F.C.") 3–0;{{cite news\|title\=Aberdeen 0–3 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43678497\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=14 April 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} he started in the final, as the club lost 2–0 to Celtic at [Hampden Park](/wiki/Hampden_Park "Hampden Park") for the second occasion that season.{{cite news\|title\=Celtic 2–0 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44091573\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=19 May 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} By the end of the 2017–18 season, he made forty–six appearances in all competitions, keeping a total of 18 clean sheets.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson would trade Motherwell clean sheet record for silverware\|url\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/16232915\.trevor\-carson\-trade\-motherwell\-clean\-sheet\-record\-silverware/\|work\=The Herald\|location\=Glasgow\|date\=17 May 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
At the start of the 2018–19 season, Carson continued to keep his jersey as Motherwell's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\|title\=Five reasons for optimism for Motherwell going in against Rangers this Sunday\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/five\-reasons\-optimism\-motherwell\-going\-against\-rangers\-sunday\-2044945\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=18 August 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell goalkeeper has been usurped by Leeds shotstopper Bailey Peacock\-Farrell in the national set\-up\|url\=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/sport/17198818\.motherwell\-goalkeeper\-usurped\-leeds\-shotstopper\-bailey\-peacock\-farrell\-national\-set\-up/\|work\=Glasgow Times\|date\=2 November 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson orders Motherwell stars to toughen up after Rangers mauling\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/trevor\-carson\-orders\-motherwell\-stars\-13618828\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=20 November 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} However, during a 1–0 loss against Hearts on 15 September 2018, he suffered ankle injury following a collision with [Uche Ikpeazu](/wiki/Uche_Ikpeazu "Uche Ikpeazu") and was substituted in the 31st minute.{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell 0 Hearts 1 as Steven Naismith strike extends Jambos Premiership lead – 3 talking points\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-match\-reports/motherwell\-0\-hearts\-1\-steven\-13249574\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=15 September 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell boss Stephen Robinson calls for VAR after Trevor Carson horror injury\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/motherwell\-boss\-stephen\-robinson\-calls\-13254500\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=16 September 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} Carson made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against Aberdeen just days later, losing 1–0\.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson back for Motherwell in 1–0 Scottish Premiership defeat to Aberdeen at Pittodrie\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/trevor\-carson\-back\-motherwell\-1\-0\-scottish\-premiership\-defeat\-aberdeen\-pittodrie\-251327\|work\=Mothewell Times\|date\=15 September 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Aberdeen 1–0 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45529875\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=22 September 2018\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He was replaced by [Mark Gillespie](/wiki/Mark_Gillespie_%28footballer%29 "Mark Gillespie (footballer)") after a 7–1 defeat to [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. "Rangers F.C.") in November 2018,[Rangers close on leaders Celtic after 7–1 thrashing of 10\-man Motherwell](https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/11/rangers-close-on-leaders-celtic-after-7-1-thrashing-motherwell), *The Guardian*, 11 November 2018 which coincided with him developing [deep vein thrombosis](/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis "Deep vein thrombosis") in his shoulder and lung, a life\-threatening condition for someone in a contact sport.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2018/11/23/trevor\-carson\-ruled\-out\-for\-indefinite\-period/\|title\=Trevor Carson ruled out for indefinite period\|publisher\=Motherwell FC\|date\=23 November 2018}}[Trevor Carson: Motherwell goalkeeper on cancer, DVT \& working hard in the gym](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47098220), BBC Sport, 5 February 2019 He returned to fitness in May 2019, but was now second\-choice in the squad.{{cite news\|title\=Trever Carson on the mend as Motherwell keeper returns to training after DVT hell\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/trever\-carson\-mend\-motherwell\-keeper\-14719884\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=26 April 2019r\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He went on to make seventeen appearances in all competitions in the 2018–19 season.
On 7 January 2020, at that time still backup to Gillespie, Carson signed a new two\-and\-a\-half\-year contract keeping him at [Fir Park](/wiki/Fir_Park "Fir Park") until 2022\.{{cite web\|title\=Motherwell: Trevor Carson signs two\-and\-a\-half\-year contract\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51022668\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=7 January 2020\|access\-date\=7 January 2020}} He continued to remain as a backup until [the season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Scottish_Premiership "2019–20 Scottish Premiership") was curtailed on 18 May 2020, due to [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), with Motherwell finishing in third place in the league.{{cite news\|title\=Stephen Robinson: Motherwell are third now but I have to temper expectations\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/international/stephen\-robinson\-motherwell\-are\-third\-now\-i\-have\-temper\-expectations\-2018978\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=10 December 2019\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Stephen Robinson: No reason why Motherwell can't stay third into New Year\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/international/stephen\-robinson\-no\-reason\-why\-motherwell\-cant\-stay\-third\-new\-year\-2016992\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=22 December 2019\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson on his 19 months from hell as keeper reveals the key promise that sealed Motherwell stay\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-transfer\-news/trevor\-carson\-19\-months\-hell\-22165559\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=10 June 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52646282\|title\=Celtic champions \& Hearts relegated after SPFL ends season\| work\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\| date\=18 May 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
When Gillespie moved on to [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") in the summer of 2020, Carson regained the starting place and played his first match in twenty months on 3 August 2020 in a 1–0 loss against [Ross County](/wiki/Ross_County_F.C. "Ross County F.C."),{{cite news\|title\=Ross County 1–0 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53549282\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=4 August 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} and was also named as the club's vice\-captain.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson opens up on Motherwell season of pain as keeper reveals nagging return fears\|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/trevor\-carson\-opens\-up\-motherwell\-22487323\|work\=Daily Record\|date\=8 August 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} He then started in a [2020–21 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League "2020–21 UEFA Europa League") tie against Northern Irish club [Coleraine](/wiki/Coleraine_F.C. "Coleraine F.C.") (the first senior club match he had played in his homeland): he conceded two goals from penalties during the match which finished 2–2, but then made a 'hat\-trick' of saves from kicks in the resultant shootout which Motherwell won 3–0 to progress in the tournament.[Coleraine 2–2 Motherwell: Scots edge through on penalties](https://www.bbc.com/sport/amp/football/54145465), BBC Sport, 17 September 2020
{{cite news\|title\=Stephen Robinson: Motherwell FC keeper Trevor Carson says it's vital Steelmen have retained gaffer\|url\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/international/stephen\-robinson\-motherwell\-fc\-keeper\-trevor\-carson\-says\-its\-vital\-steelmen\-have\-retained\-gaffer\-2934505\|work\=Motherwell Times\|date\=6 October 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}} However, in October 2020, he suffered a knee injury that required surgery.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54712366\|title\=Motherwell: Trevor Carson out until at least February with knee injury\|website\=BBC Sport\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=28 October 2020\|access\-date\=28 October 2020}} Up until then, Carson kept four clean sheets for the side, including two in succession.{{cite news\|title\=Hibernian 0–0 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53703650\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=16 August 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell 1–0 St Johnstone\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54038441\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=12 September 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Aberdeen 0–3 Motherwell\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54135419\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=20 September 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
{{cite news\|title\=Motherwell 4–0 Ross County\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54580485\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=24 October 2020\|access\-date\=21 November 2020}}
### Dundee United
[Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C. "Dundee United F.C.") confirmed the signing of Carson on 8 July 2021 on a two\-year contract.{{cite news\|title\=Trevor Carson becomes our second summer signing\|url\=https://www.dundeeunitedfc.co.uk/news/6894/TREVOR\-CARSON\-BECOMES\-OUR\-SECOND\-SUMMER\-SIGNING.html\|work\=Dundee United Football Club\|date\=8 July 2021\|access\-date\=8 July 2021}}
#### Morecambe (loan)
On 5 January 2022, Carson rejoined former [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. "Motherwell F.C.") boss [Stephen Robinson](/wiki/Stephen_Robinson_%28footballer%29 "Stephen Robinson (footballer)") after joining [EFL League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One "EFL League One") side [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe_F.C. "Morecambe F.C.") on loan for the remainder of the season.{{Cite web\|title\=The Shrimps snap up Carson\|url\=https://www.morecambefc.com/news/2022/january/the\-shrimps\-snap\-up\-carson/\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-05\|website\=www.morecambefc.com\|language\=en\-gb}}
### St Mirren
On 25 May 2022, it was confirmed that Carson would join [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. "St Mirren F.C.") on a two\-year deal for an undisclosed fee.{{cite news \|title\=Trevor Carson: St Mirren sign goalkeeper from Dundee United on two\-year deal \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61585542 \|access\-date\=10 March 2023 \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=25 May 2022}} In March 2023, he signed a contract extension keeping him at *The Saints* until the end of the 2024/25 season.{{cite news \|title\=Trevor Carson signs St Mirren contract extension as keeper agrees to stay in Paisley until 2025 \|url\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\-transfer\-news/trevor\-carson\-signs\-st\-mirren\-29421362 \|access\-date\=10 March 2023 \|publisher\=Daily Record \|date\=10 March 2023}}
### Dundee
On 2 August 2023, [Dundee](/wiki/Dundee_F.C. "Dundee F.C.") announced the signing of Carson on a three\-year deal, for an undisclosed fee.{{cite news \|title\=CARSON JOINS THE DEE \|url\=https://dundeefc.co.uk/news/carson\-joins\-the\-dee/ \|access\-date\=2 August 2023 \|publisher\=Daily Record \|date\=2 August 2023}} Carson made his debut for the *Dee* in the league away to his former club [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. "St Mirren F.C.").{{Cite news \|title\=St Mirren hold off Dundee fightback to go top \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC Sport \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66413636 \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-12}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Sunderland",
"Born in [Downpatrick](/wiki/Downpatrick \"Downpatrick\"), Northern Ireland, Carson began his football career at Killyleagh Boys before he joined [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") in 2004\\. He then progressed the ranks at the [club's youth system](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Reserves_and_Academy \"Sunderland A.F.C. Reserves and Academy\").{{cite news\\|title\\=YOUTH FOOTBALL\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/7142292\\.youth\\-football/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=15 August 2005\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Luckless Kyle suffers more hip injury woe\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/6955175\\.luckless\\-kyle\\-suffers\\-hip\\-injury\\-woe/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=15 April 2005\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Carson then became a backup to fellow teenager [Ben Alnwick](/wiki/Ben_Alnwick \"Ben Alnwick\") for the final three games of [the campaign](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Sunderland_A.F.C._season \"2004–05 Sunderland A.F.C. season\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Sunderland 2–1 Leicester City\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/4451267\\.stm\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=23 April 2005\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=West Ham United 1–2 Sunderland\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/4475923\\.stm\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=29 April 2005\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Sunderland 1–0 Stoke City\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/4500825\\.stm\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=6 May 2005\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} As a result, he signed professional terms with Sunderland and then signed a one–year contract extension the following year.{{cite news\\|title\\=Murray pleads for patience from fans\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/769548\\.murray\\-pleads\\-patience\\-fans/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=24 May 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/dan\\-deal\\-as\\-cats\\-trio\\-sign\\-up\\-1\\-1122716\\|title\\=Dan deal as Cats trio sign up\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=30 June 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816152047/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/dan\\-deal\\-as\\-cats\\-trio\\-sign\\-up\\-1\\-1122716\\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Carson made his Sunderland debut on 16 July 2006 in a friendly match, coming on as an 80th\\-minute substitute, in a 2–0 win against [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. \"Rotherham United F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Boro aim to lure Arca from North\\-East rivals\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/840871\\.boro\\-aim\\-lure\\-arca\\-north\\-east\\-rivals/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=16 July 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He continued to remain as the club's backup goalkeeper behind Alnwick and then [Darren Ward](/wiki/Darren_Ward_%28footballer%2C_born_1974%29 \"Darren Ward (footballer, born 1974)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Time for action to replace the talking – Quinn\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/866451\\.time\\-action\\-replace\\-talking\\-\\-\\-quinn/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=5 August 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Alnwick regrets decision to ask for Black Cats' transfer\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/886273\\.alnwick\\-regrets\\-decision\\-ask\\-black\\-cats\\-transfer/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=19 August 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Ward determined to make the most of unexpected early opportunity\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/981507\\.ward\\-determined\\-make\\-unexpected\\-early\\-opportunity/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=21 October 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} At one point, Carson missed one match, due to family bereavement.{{cite news\\|title\\=Alnwick on his way to Spurs\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/1045047\\.alnwick\\-way\\-spurs/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=28 November 2006\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"He made his debut for Sunderland on 16 July, against Darlington in a 4–0 win. Later that year, with [Craig Gordon](/wiki/Craig_Gordon \"Craig Gordon\") out through injury, manager [Steve Bruce](/wiki/Steve_Bruce \"Steve Bruce\") urged Carson to push [Márton Fülöp](/wiki/M%C3%A1rton_F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p \"Márton Fülöp\") for the No.1 spot in the squad.{{cite news\\|title\\=Darlington 0 Sunderland 4\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/darlington/4498521\\.todd\\-welcomes\\-back\\-trio\\-starting\\-eleven/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=16 July 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson on standby to make his debut\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4593250\\.carson\\-standby\\-make\\-debut/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=11 September 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He signed a new contract with Sunderland on 22 October 2009 which would keep him at the [Stadium of Light](/wiki/Stadium_of_Light \"Stadium of Light\") until 2012\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sunderland/8320388\\.stm\\|title\\=Carson signs new Sunderland deal\\|date\\=22 October 2009\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2011}} Throughout his Sunderland's career, Carson continuously remained as the club's backup goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|title\\=Why Sunderland remain in safe hands\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4745412\\.sunderland\\-remain\\-safe\\-hands/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=18 November 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Gordon happy with Bruce's methods\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4713469\\.gordon\\-happy\\-bruces\\-methods/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=31 October 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Black Cats won't pay inflated prices\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/8114003\\.black\\-cats\\-wont\\-pay\\-inflated\\-prices/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=22 April 2010\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"However, in the 2010–11 season, Carson suffered a shoulder injury during Sunderland's pre–season tour and saw him sidelined for several months.{{cite news\\|title\\=Bent back for Cats\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/football/8305428\\.bent\\-back\\-cats/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=30 July 2010\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Mensah to return to Sunderland on season\\-long loan\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/8310931\\.mensah\\-return\\-sunderland\\-season\\-long\\-loan/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=4 August 2010\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} After showing promise at Sunderland, he was released by the [Premier League](/wiki/Premier_League \"Premier League\") club on 19 May 2012\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Craig Gordon released by Sunderland as nine players leave\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18128262\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=19 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2012}}",
"#### Loan spells from Sunderland",
"On 14 August 2008, Carson joined [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. \"Chesterfield F.C.\") on a season\\-long loan deal.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chesterfield/7561040\\.stm\\|title\\=Carson joins Chesterfield on loan\\|date\\=14 August 2008\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2011}} He made his professional début in a 1–0 victory against [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. \"Grimsby Town F.C.\") keeping a clean sheet on 23 August 2008\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~43775,00\\.html\\|title\\=Grimsby Town vs Chesterfield\\|publisher\\=Chesterfield F.C.\\|date\\=23 August 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005183908/http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~43775,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Since making his debut for the club, Carson quickly established himself in the starting eleven, becoming Chesterfield's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~44231,00\\.html\\|title\\=Chesterfield vs Aldershot Town\\|publisher\\=Chesterfield F.C.\\|date\\=22 October 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225022210/http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~44231,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~44474,00\\.html\\|title\\=Exeter City vs Chesterfield\\|publisher\\=Chesterfield F.C.\\|date\\=28 October 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225080000/http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~44474,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~46660,00\\.html\\|title\\=Chesterfield vs Mansfield Town\\|publisher\\=Chesterfield F.C.\\|date\\=8 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225074129/http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~46660,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} This lasted until he was dropped in favour of [Tommy Lee](/wiki/Tommy_Lee_%28footballer%29 \"Tommy Lee (footballer)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~43565,00\\.html\\|title\\=Port Vale vs Chesterfield\\|publisher\\=Chesterfield F.C.\\|date\\=20 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225074112/http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~43565,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~46905,00\\.html\\|title\\=Droylsden vs Chesterfield\\|publisher\\=Chesterfield F.C.\\|date\\=23 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125418/http://www.chesterfield\\-fc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10435\\~46905,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} As a result, Carson was recalled by Sunderland early in January 2009 after a shortage of keepers due to injuries.{{cite news\\|title\\=Wallace keeping all options available\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4025825\\.wallace\\-keeping\\-options\\-available/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=7 January 2009\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"Carson was loaned out to [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. \"Lincoln City F.C.\") on 20 January 2011 until the end of the season.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln\\_city/9368725\\.stm\\|title\\=Lincoln City sign Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2011\\|date\\=20 January 2011}} Two days later on 22 January 2011, he made his debut for the club against [Stockport County](/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C. \"Stockport County F.C.\") in a 4–3 win.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_3/9362100\\.stm\\|title\\=Stockport 3–4 Lincoln City\\|date\\=22 January 2011\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2011}} Since joining Lincoln City, Carson quickly established himself in the first team as the club's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|title\\=DEADLY DUO LINE UP AGAINST IMPS\\|url\\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/deadly\\-duo\\-line\\-up\\-against\\-imps/\\|publisher\\=Lincoln City Vital Football\\|date\\=25 January 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=TREVOR, PLEASE STAY!\\|url\\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/trevor\\-please\\-stay/\\|publisher\\=Lincoln City Vital Football\\|date\\=22 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=IMPS STILL NEED FOUR POINTS\\|url\\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/imps\\-still\\-need\\-four\\-points/\\|publisher\\=Lincoln City Vital Football\\|date\\=21 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} As a result, he had loan spell with the club extended until on 23 April 2011\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=BLACK CATS KEEPER KEEN TO CONTINUE\\|url\\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/black\\-cats\\-keeper\\-keen\\-to\\-continue/\\|publisher\\=Lincoln City Vital Football\\|date\\=8 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bruce faced with difficult decision over Mensah\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/8866811\\.bruce\\-faced\\-difficult\\-decision\\-mensah/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=22 February 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} This lasted until Carson was recalled by his parent club, in which he said it was a risky move.{{cite news\\|title\\=CARSON RECALLED THEN LOANED OUT AGAIN\\|url\\=https://lincoln.vitalfootball.co.uk/carson\\-recalled\\-then\\-loaned\\-out\\-again/\\|publisher\\=Lincoln City Vital Football\\|date\\=25 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Leaving Lincoln for Brentford was a risk – Carson\\|url\\=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/other\\-sport/leaving\\-lincoln\\-brentford\\-risk\\-\\-\\-5988430\\|publisher\\=My London News\\|date\\=29 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"It was announced on 24 March 2011 that Carson joined [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. \"Brentford F.C.\") on loan until the rest of the 2010–11 season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Brentford sign Sunderland's Trevor Carson on loan\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/12853964\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=24 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He made his only appearances for the club, coming against [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") five days later on 29 March 2011\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sheffield Wednesday 1–3 Brentford\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9436379\\.stm\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=29 March 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} However, Carson suffered a knee injury that saw him out for the remaining Brentford's matches.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sunderland keeper suffers injury blow\\|url\\=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/other\\-sport/sunderland\\-keeper\\-suffers\\-injury\\-blow\\-5987103\\|publisher\\=My London News\\|date\\=12 April 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He was then recalled by the club on 21 April 2011\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Brentford v Colchester\\|url\\=https://www.mylondon.news/sport/other\\-sport/brentford\\-v\\-colchester\\-5987339\\|publisher\\=My London News\\|date\\=21 April 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"It was announced on 12 September 2011 that Carson was loaned out to [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. \"Bury F.C.\") on a two\\-month loan deal.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson joins Bury on loan\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14886606\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=12 September 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} The following day, he made his debut for the club, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Chesterfield.{{cite news\\|title\\=VERDICT: Chesterfield 1 Bury 0\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9250532\\.verdict\\-chesterfield\\-1\\-bury\\-0/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=13 September 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Since joining Bury, Carson quickly established as the club's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|title\\=VERDICT: Yeovil 1 Bury 3\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9284289\\.verdict\\-yeovil\\-1\\-bury\\-3/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=1 October 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Fine and Andy\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9301629\\.fine\\-and\\-andy/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=13 October 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Belford confident he will keep getting better\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9301445\\.belford\\-confident\\-he\\-will\\-keep\\-getting\\-better/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=13 October 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} However, on 3 November 2011, Carson was recalled by his parent club, in which he made eight appearances in all competitions for the side.{{cite news\\|title\\=Mignolet and O'Shea are sidelined\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/9343628\\.mignolet\\-oshea\\-sidelined/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=3 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"It wasn't until on 13 January 2012 when Carson was loaned out again to [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\") for a month.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16530927\\.stm\\|title\\=Hull City sign Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson on loan\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=13 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2012}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson Joins City Ranks\\|url\\=http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/NewsDetail/0,,10338\\~2575636,00\\.html\\|work\\=The Tigers Official Website\\|publisher\\=Hull City A.F.C.\\|date\\=13 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624000921/http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10338\\~2575636%2C00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} However, he never made an appearance for the club, appearing as an unused substitute before returning to his parent club a month later.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/MatchReport/0,,10338\\~59386,00\\.html\\|title\\=Hull City vs Peterborough\\|publisher\\=Hull City A.F.C.\\|date\\=14 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118031631/http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/MatchReport/0,,10338\\~59386,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=O'Neill happy to keep youngsters away from Wearside as Laing extends loan\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/9530482\\.oneill\\-happy\\-keep\\-youngsters\\-away\\-wearside\\-laing\\-extends\\-loan/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=14 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"Shortly after leaving Hull City, Carson was loaned out to [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. \"Bury F.C.\") on a month loan.{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury to sign keeper Sunderland goalkeeper Trevor Carson\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17177903\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=27 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He made his second debut for the club, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. \"Leyton Orient F.C.\") on 25 February 2012\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury 1–1 Leyton Orient\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17083192\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=25 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Since joining Bury for the second time, Carson continued to regain his first choice goalkeeper role until he left the club on 1 April 2012\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury 1 Hartlepool 2\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9561156\\.bury\\-1\\-hartlepool\\-2/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=1 March 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=We must protect our goalkeeper – Skarz\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9617747\\.we\\-must\\-protect\\-our\\-goalkeeper\\-skarz/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=29 March 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson signs off with coveted clean sheet\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9631404\\.carson\\-signs\\-off\\-with\\-coveted\\-clean\\-sheet/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=2 April 2012\\|accessdate\\=21 November 2020}} By the time Carson left Bury, he made 17 appearances over two loan spells either side of his time at Hull.{{cite news\\|title\\=Adam Lockwood looks to learn at Bury\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18797111\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=17 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"### Bury",
"On 22 May 2012 it was announced that Bury had completed the signing of Carson on a two\\-year contract after impressing on loan.{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury sign Sunderland goalkeeper Trevor Carson on two\\-year deal\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18159946\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=22 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2012}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson returns to Gigg on two\\-year deal\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9722713\\.carson\\-returns\\-to\\-gigg\\-on\\-two\\-year\\-deal/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=22 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Upon joining the club, he was given a number one shirt for the side.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/july/squad\\-numbers\\-revealed/\\|title\\=Squad numbers revealed\\|publisher\\=Bury F.C.\\|date\\=4 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120213528/https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/july/squad\\-numbers\\-revealed/\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Carson's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2012, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") in the first round of the League Cup.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/august/bury\\-v\\-middlesbrough/\\|title\\=Bury v Middlesbrough\\|publisher\\=Bury F.C.\\|date\\=11 August 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929155425/https://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/2012/august/bury\\-v\\-middlesbrough/\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Since joining Bury, he quickly established as the club's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|title\\=SEASON PREVIEW: Carson relishing number one role\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9875223\\.season\\-preview\\-carson\\-relishing\\-number\\-one\\-role/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=16 August 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=MATCH VERDICT: Bury 1 Preston 2\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9930260\\.match\\-verdict\\-bury\\-1\\-preston\\-2/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=14 September 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Blackwell's revolution is starting to take shape\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10018872\\.blackwells\\-revolution\\-is\\-starting\\-to\\-take\\-shape/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=1 November 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Carson then captained Bury for the first time in his career, as the club drew 2–2 against [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") on 25 August 2012\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=MATCH VERDICT: Tactical switch key to comeback\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/9899473\\.match\\-verdict\\-tactical\\-switch\\-key\\-to\\-comeback/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=29 August 2012\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He helped the club keep two consecutive clean sheets in two matches between 26 January 2013 and 2 February 2013 against [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. \"Shrewsbury Town F.C.\") and [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=VERDICT: Shrewsbury Town 0 Bury 0\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10195427\\.verdict\\-shrewsbury\\-town\\-0\\-bury\\-0/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=31 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury 2 Doncaster Rovers 0\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10203161\\.bury\\-2\\-doncaster\\-rovers\\-0/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=2 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} However, Carson suffered a hand injury but continued to start in goal with a fractured hand, in a 2–2 draw against [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. \"Brentford F.C.\") on 9 February 2013\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hopper loan deal cut short\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10210571\\.hopper\\-loan\\-deal\\-cut\\-short/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=7 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury take the sting out of Bees with spirited double comeback\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10218633\\.bury\\-take\\-the\\-sting\\-out\\-of\\-bees\\-with\\-spirited\\-double\\-comeback/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=11 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson sacrifices country for club\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10240460\\.carson\\-sacrifices\\-country\\-for\\-club/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=21 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} In late–March, Manager [Kevin Blackwell](/wiki/Kevin_Blackwell \"Kevin Blackwell\") dropped him in favour of [Cameron Belford](/wiki/Cameron_Belford \"Cameron Belford\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Kevin Blackwell urges Bury board to listen to fans' concerns\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10324876\\.kevin\\-blackwell\\-urges\\-bury\\-board\\-to\\-listen\\-to\\-fans\\-concerns/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=1 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} To make matters, Carson suffered injuries that saw him sidelined for the rest of the season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Blackwell stands by youth selection policy\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10348397\\.blackwell\\-stands\\-by\\-youth\\-selection\\-policy/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=12 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Shirtliff issues target for Gigg squad\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10361708\\.shirtliff\\-issues\\-target\\-for\\-gigg\\-squad/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=18 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Last men standing for Bury League One curtain call\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10395630\\.shakers\\-captain\\-is\\-a\\-definite\\-maybe/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=2 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Bury was later relegated to the fourth tier ([EFL League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two \"EFL League Two\")).{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury 0–1 Oldham Athletic\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22049662\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=13 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} In his first season at [Gigg Lane](/wiki/Gigg_Lane \"Gigg Lane\"), he made forty–five appearances in all competitions (thirty–nine were league appearances).",
"At the start of the 2013–14 season, Carson lost his first choice goalkeeper role after Manager Blackwell signed [Brian Jensen](/wiki/Brian_Jensen_%28footballer%2C_born_1975%29 \"Brian Jensen (footballer, born 1975)\"), [Rob Lainton](/wiki/Rob_Lainton \"Rob Lainton\") and [Reice Charles\\-Cook](/wiki/Reice_Charles-Cook \"Reice Charles-Cook\").{{cite news\\|title\\=MATCHDAY: Bury 0 Chesterfield 2\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10590941\\.matchday\\-bury\\-0\\-chesterfield\\-2/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=3 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=New Bury stopper Brain Jensen plays it for keeps\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10656357\\.new\\-bury\\-stopper\\-brain\\-jensen\\-plays\\-it\\-for\\-keeps/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=5 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Brian Jensen warned: It's payback time\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10716763\\.brian\\-jensen\\-warned\\-its\\-payback\\-time/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=4 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Having appeared on the substitute bench, he made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 4–1 win against [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. \"Cheltenham Town F.C.\") on 31 August 2013\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=VERDICT: Bury 3 Accrington Stanley 0\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10626120\\.verdict\\-bury\\-3\\-accrington\\-stanley\\-0/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=23 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury 4–1 Cheltenham Town\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/23822596\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=31 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} As a result, Carson was told by Blackwell that he can leave the club.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson set for Bury FC exit\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10591138\\.trevor\\-carson\\-set\\-for\\-bury\\-fc\\-exit/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=4 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury in transfer deadlock\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10612257\\.bury\\-in\\-transfer\\-deadlock/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=15 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury boss allays Trevor Carson loan fears\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10669060\\.bury\\-boss\\-allays\\-trevor\\-carson\\-loan\\-fears/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=12 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} By the time Carson was loaned out, he made a total of five appearances for the side.{{cite news\\|title\\=FULL TIME: Rochdale 1 Bury 0\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10661534\\.full\\-time\\-rochdale\\-1\\-bury\\-0/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=7 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=VERDICT: Fleetwood Town 2 Bury 1\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10682759\\.verdict\\-fleetwood\\-town\\-2\\-bury\\-1/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=19 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=MATCH VERDICT: Bury 1 Southend 1\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10697708\\.match\\-verdict\\-bury\\-1\\-southend\\-1/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=26 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=VERDICT: Dagenham \\& Redbridge 2 Bury 1\\|url\\=https://www.burytimes.co.uk/sport/10713329\\.verdict\\-dagenham\\-redbridge\\-2\\-bury\\-1/\\|work\\=The Bury Times\\|date\\=3 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2013–14 season, Carson was released by Bury on 30 April 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/article/retained\\-list\\-1520463\\.aspx\\|title\\=Retained List\\|publisher\\=Bury F.C.\\|date\\=30 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220245/http://www.buryfc.co.uk/news/article/retained\\-list\\-1520463\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Portsmouth (loan)",
"On 3 October 2013, Carson joined [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") in a three\\-month loan deal.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/carson\\-arrives\\-on\\-loan\\-1093176\\.aspx\\|title\\=Carson Arrives on Loan\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth F.C.\\|date\\=3 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213144/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/carson\\-arrives\\-on\\-loan\\-1093176\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"He made his debut for the club in a league match against [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C. \"Rochdale A.F.C.\") kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 victory.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/pompey\\-3\\-rochdale\\-0\\-1096783\\.aspx\\|title\\=Pompey 3 Rochdale 0\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth F.C.\\|date\\=6 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008090533/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk:80/news/article/pompey\\-3\\-rochdale\\-0\\-1096783\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After the match, he was happy to make his Portsmouth debut by having a win and a clean sheet.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/carsons\\-dream\\-debut\\-1097773\\.aspx\\|title\\=Carson's Dream Debut\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth F.C.\\|date\\=6 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008165213/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk:80/news/article/carsons\\-dream\\-debut\\-1097773\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Since making his debut for the club, he established himself as number one ahead of [John Sullivan](/wiki/John_Sullivan_%28English_footballer%29 \"John Sullivan (English footballer)\") and [Phil Smith](/wiki/Phil_Smith_%28footballer%2C_born_1979%29 \"Phil Smith (footballer, born 1979)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson: Pompey defensive duo shining brightly in League Two\\|url\\=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/carson\\-pompey\\-defensive\\-duo\\-shining\\-brightly\\-league\\-two\\-887543\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=6 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\\-my\\-future\\-is\\-at\\-pompey\\-1\\-5608662\\|title\\=Carson: My future is at Pompey\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=22 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023100440/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\\-my\\-future\\-is\\-at\\-pompey\\-1\\-5608662\\|archive\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Carson set himself up to be signed up permanently in January 2014, when he outlined that he was keen to stay at the South Coast club.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\\-unsure\\-on\\-blues\\-stay\\-1\\-5753649\\|title\\=Carson unsure on Blues stay\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=17 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220101409/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\\-unsure\\-on\\-blues\\-stay\\-1\\-5753649\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Carson helped Portsmouth keep two consecutive clean sheets between 26 December 2013 and 29 December 2013 against [Dagenham \\& Redbridge](/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C. \"Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\") and [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. \"Northampton Town F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Portsmouth 1–0 Dagenham \\& Redbridge\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25441929\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=26 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Portsmouth 0–0 Northampton Town\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25482590\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=29 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Shortly, he had his loan spell with the club extended until the end of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\\-extends\\-pompey\\-stay\\-1\\-5780164\\|title\\=Carson extends Pompey stay\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=31 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103134439/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/carson\\-extends\\-pompey\\-stay\\-1\\-5780164\\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Carson, once again, helped Portsmouth keep four consecutive clean sheets between 25 February 2014 and 11 March 2014\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Portsmouth 1–0 Accrington Stanley\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25817707\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=25 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Chesterfield 0–0 Portsmouth\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26318860\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=3 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Portsmouth 0–0 Cheltenham Town\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26395901\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=8 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Portsmouth 0–0 Burton Albion\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26428755\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=11 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Having previously did not play against his parent club, Bury, Carson eventually started in goal against the club, as Portsmouth drew 4–4 on 26 April 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/guy\\-carson\\-s\\-stand\\-in\\-won\\-t\\-stand\\-in\\-for\\-long\\-1\\-5598995\\|title\\=Guy: Carson's stand in won't stand in for long\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=18 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021041527/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/guy\\-carson\\-s\\-stand\\-in\\-won\\-t\\-stand\\-in\\-for\\-long\\-1\\-5598995\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/catlin\\-carson\\-not\\-returning\\-to\\-bury\\-1\\-5583634\\|title\\=Catlin: Carson not returning to Bury\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=15 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018060806/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/catlin\\-carson\\-not\\-returning\\-to\\-bury\\-1\\-5583634\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Bury 4–4 Portsmouth\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27084534\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=26 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2013–14 season, he went on to make thirty–nine appearances in all competitions.",
"Following this, Carson returned to Bury when the season was concluded.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/nine\\-players\\-released\\-1544121\\.aspx\\|title\\=NINE PLAYERS RELEASED\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth F.C.\\|date\\=8 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512172624/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/article/nine\\-players\\-released\\-1544121\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Once he was released by Bury, there were speculation on whether Portsmouth would make a move to sign him on a permanent basis.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey\\-not\\-rushing\\-for\\-carson\\-1\\-6076747\\|title\\=Pompey not rushing for Carson\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=23 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525114454/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/pompey\\-not\\-rushing\\-for\\-carson\\-1\\-6076747\\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} However, the club did not make an effort to sign Carson, as Manager [Andy Awford](/wiki/Andy_Awford \"Andy Awford\") opted to sign [Paul Jones](/wiki/Paul_Jones_%28footballer%2C_born_1986%29 \"Paul Jones (footballer, born 1986)\") and [Michael Poke](/wiki/Michael_Poke \"Michael Poke\") instead.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/awford\\-explains\\-carson\\-decision\\-1\\-6148095\\|title\\=Awford explains Carson decision\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=28 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629222843/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/pompey/awford\\-explains\\-carson\\-decision\\-1\\-6148095\\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Two years after leaving Portsmouth, he spoke about his fondness on the club.{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson: I miss playing at Fratton Park\\|url\\=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/carson\\-i\\-miss\\-playing\\-fratton\\-park\\-1170060\\|publisher\\=Portsmouth News\\|date\\=18 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"### Cheltenham Town",
"On 30 June 2014, Carson joined [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. \"Cheltenham Town F.C.\") on a free transfer after his release from Bury.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28063993\\|title\\=Trevor Carson: Cheltenham Town sign former Bury goalkeeper\\|date\\=30 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2014\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|publisher\\=BBC}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/news/article/carson\\-signs\\-1695583\\.aspx\\|title\\=Trevor Carson Completes Move To Cheltenham Town\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=30 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714085443/http://www.ctfc.com/news/article/carson\\-signs\\-1695583\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Upon the club, he was given a number one shirt.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/july/squad\\-numbers\\-confirmed/\\|title\\=Squad Numbers Confirmed\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=17 July 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121110857/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/july/squad\\-numbers\\-confirmed/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Carson made his Cheltenham Town debut, starting the whole game, against Bury, and kept a clean sheet, in a 1–0 win.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3733531\\&tcmuri\\=1655937\\|title\\=Full Time: Bury 0, Robins 1\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=9 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119190339/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3733531\\&tcmuri\\=1655937\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After the match, he was named Football League's Team of the Week.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/august/carson\\-makes\\-team\\-of\\-the\\-week/\\|title\\=Carson Makes Team of the Week\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=11 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121112757/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/august/carson\\-makes\\-team\\-of\\-the\\-week/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In a follow–up match against [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\") in the first round of the League Cup, Carson captained the club for the first time in his career, as they lost 2–0\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3739366\\&tcmuri\\=1708403\\|title\\=Full\\-time: Brighton 2, Robins 0\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=12 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119191314/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3739366\\&tcmuri\\=1708403\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In a match against [Accrington Stanley](/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C. \"Accrington Stanley F.C.\"), Carson played an important role when he set up a goal for [Koby Arthur](/wiki/Koby_Arthur \"Koby Arthur\"), who scored a winning goal, in a 2–1 win.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3733603\\|title\\=Full\\-time: Robins 2, Stanley 1\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=16 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185435/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3733603\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} His performance, along with his five clean sheets, earned him August's Player of the Month but lost out to [Matt Tubbs](/wiki/Matt_Tubbs \"Matt Tubbs\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3733659\\|title\\=Full Time: Robins 0, Carlisle 0\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=19 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185038/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3733659\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3733775\\|title\\=Full\\-time: Robins 1, Pools 0\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=30 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119185643/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3733775\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3770771\\&tcmuri\\=1892809\\|title\\=Full\\-Time: Robins 2, Oxford 0\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=2 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195127/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3770771\\&tcmuri\\=1892809\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3733824\\&tcmuri\\=1655942\\|title\\=Full\\-Time: Morecambe 0, Robins 0\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=6 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063117/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/?matchid\\=3733824\\&tcmuri\\=1655942\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/september/yates\\-\\-carson\\-shortlisted\\-for\\-awards/\\|title\\=Yates \\& Carson Shortlisted For Awards\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=2 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121112838/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2014/september/yates\\-\\-carson\\-shortlisted\\-for\\-awards/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He, once again, captained Cheltenham Town on two occasions, coming against [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. \"Cambridge United F.C.\") on 21 October 2014 and then against [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\") on 8 November 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3734272\\|title\\=Full\\-time: Cambridge United 1, Robins 2\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=21 October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119190743/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3734272\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3786886\\|title\\=Full\\-time: Robins 5, Swindon Town 0\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=21 October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119191001/http://www.ctfc.com/fixtures\\-results/match\\-report/index.aspx?matchid\\=3786886\\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} However, Carson was unable to help the club avoid relegation to the National League following a 1–0 loss against [Shrewsbury Town](/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C. \"Shrewsbury Town F.C.\") on 25 April 2015\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Cheltenham Town 0–1 Shrewsbury Town\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32362680\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=25 April 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2014–15 season, he went on to make fifty–one appearances in all competitions.",
"For his performance, Carson was awarded the club's Player of the Year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ctfc.com/news/2015/may/trevor\\-carson\\-the\\-third\\-goalkeeper\\-to\\-win\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-in\\-league\\-era/\\|title\\=Trevor Carson the third goalkeeper to win Player of the Year in League era\\|publisher\\=Cheltenham Town F.C.\\|date\\=6 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121112836/https://www.ctfc.com/news/2015/may/trevor\\-carson\\-the\\-third\\-goalkeeper\\-to\\-win\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-in\\-league\\-era/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Hartlepool United",
"On 15 June 2015, Carson signed for [Hartlepool United](/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C. \"Hartlepool United F.C.\") for an undisclosed fee.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33135017\\|title\\=Trevor Carson: Hartlepool sign up Cheltenham goalkeeper\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=15 June 2015\\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2020}} \n{{Cite news\\|title\\=Moore Clinches Sixth Summer Signing\\|url\\=http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\\-sign\\-cheltenhams\\-former\\-sunderland\\-goalkeepr\\-trevor\\-carson\\-2493581\\.aspx?\\|publisher\\=Hartlepool United F.C.\\|date\\=15 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615190147/http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\\-sign\\-cheltenhams\\-former\\-sunderland\\-goalkeepr\\-trevor\\-carson\\-2493581\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Upon joining the club, he was given a number one shirt.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\\-confirm\\-squad\\-numbers\\-for\\-201516\\-2544050\\.aspx\\|title\\=Squad Numbers Confirmed For 2015/16\\|publisher\\=Hartlepool United F.C.\\|date\\=13 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914214428/http://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/article/hartlepool\\-confirm\\-squad\\-numbers\\-for\\-201516\\-2544050\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Carson later said his move to Hartlepool United was to be closer to his family.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool goalie Carson makes sure he works on keeping as well as fitness\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\\-united/hartlepool\\-goalie\\-carson\\-makes\\-sure\\-he\\-works\\-keeping\\-well\\-fitness\\-2488030\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=10 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"He was initially expected to be the club's first choice goalkeeper ahead of new signing, [Adam Bartlett](/wiki/Adam_Bartlett \"Adam Bartlett\") but suffered a toe injury while training and was sidelined for months.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool's understudy keeper Adam Bartlett will push No 1 Trevor Carson all the way\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\\-united/hartlepools\\-understudy\\-keeper\\-adam\\-bartlett\\-will\\-push\\-no\\-1\\-trevor\\-carson\\-all\\-way\\-2487764\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=17 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Pools go down to Spireites at Victoria Park\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/football/13524493\\.pools\\-go\\-spireites\\-victoria\\-park/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=1 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Moore bemoans his cup luck\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/13586768\\.moore\\-bemoans\\-cup\\-luck/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=11 August 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} By October, Carson made a return to the substitute bench for a match against [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. \"Luton Town F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Moore aiming to strengthen his Pools ranks\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/13805657\\.moore\\-aiming\\-strengthen\\-pools\\-ranks/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=6 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} It wasn't until on 17 October 2015 when he made his Hartlepool United debut, starting the whole game and kept a clean sheet, in a 1–0 win against Dagenham \\& Redbridge.{{cite news\\|title\\=Match team news: Dagenham \\& Redbridge v Hartlepool United\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\\-united/match\\-team\\-news\\-dagenham\\-redbridge\\-v\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-2484906\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=16 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Dagenham \\& Redbridge 0–1 Hartlepool United\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34431554\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=17 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Since making his debut for the club, Carson quickly became a first choice goalkeeper, dispatching a place from Bartlett.{{cite news\\|title\\=Moore concerned by defensive errors\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/13839015\\.moore\\-concerned\\-defensive\\-errors/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=10 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Craig Hignett starts to fill Hartlepool United jigsaw with Hawkins, Bartlett and Blackford\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/sport/football/craig\\-hignett\\-starts\\-fill\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-jigsaw\\-hawkins\\-bartlett\\-and\\-blackford\\-369633\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=16 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Roy Kelly's Analysis: The only way is up for Hartlepool United after Newport point\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/roy\\-kellys\\-analysis\\-only\\-way\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-after\\-newport\\-point\\-396830\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=16 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} His performances earned him praise from Manager [Ronnie Moore](/wiki/Ronnie_Moore \"Ronnie Moore\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United boss Ronnie Moore: We need a midfielder\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\\-united/hartlepool\\-united\\-boss\\-ronnie\\-moore\\-we\\-need\\-midfielder\\-2484592\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=26 October 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Wimbledon 2 Hartlepool United 0: Scott Fenwick makes Pools impact\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\\-united/wimbledon\\-2\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-0\\-scott\\-fenwick\\-makes\\-pools\\-impact\\-2484347\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=2 November 2015\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Player ratings: Heroic Hartlepool performances but who scooped man of match award?\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/player\\-ratings\\-heroic\\-hartlepool\\-performances\\-who\\-scooped\\-man\\-match\\-award\\-396614\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=28 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool boss wants better for '˜best keeper' Carson\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\\-boss\\-wants\\-better\\-best\\-keeper\\-carson\\-397840\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=22 January 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He then helped Hartlepool United keep four consecutive clean sheets between 15 March 2016 and 28 March 2016\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Newport County 0 Hartlepool United 0: Recap the action as Pools extend unbeaten run\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/newport\\-county\\-0\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-0\\-recap\\-action\\-pools\\-extend\\-unbeaten\\-run\\-396843\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=16 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Crawley Town 0 Hartlepool United 0: Match report, Pools clinch point\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crawley\\-town\\-0\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-0\\-match\\-report\\-pools\\-clinch\\-point\\-370760\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=19 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=It's another Marvellous March for Hartlepool United after Wimbledon win\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14385303\\.another\\-marvellous\\-march\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-wimbledon\\-win/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=25 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Pools make it six unbeaten with solid win at Orient\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14388112\\.pools\\-make\\-six\\-unbeaten\\-solid\\-win\\-orient/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=28 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} On 16 April 2016, Carson signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2019\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ex\\-Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson signs long\\-term Hartlepool United contract\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/ex\\-sunderland\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-signs\\-long\\-term\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-contract\\-369625\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=16 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He later helped Hartlepool United finish sixteenth place in the league.{{cite news\\|title\\=Carson urges Hartlepool United boss to stick with the core group\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/carson\\-urges\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-boss\\-stick\\-core\\-group\\-367938\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=31 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Despite being sidelined at the start of the season, Carson was awarded Hartlepool United's Player of the Year and Hartlepool Mail Player of the Year.{{cite news\\|title\\=Northern Ireland's ex\\-Sunderland keeper Trevor Carson is Hartlepool United Player of the Year\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/northern\\-irelands\\-ex\\-sunderland\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-player\\-year\\-369187\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=4 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Northern Ireland keeper Trevor Carson was ready to quit if Hartlepool United went down\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/northern\\-ireland\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-was\\-ready\\-quit\\-if\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-went\\-down\\-396049\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=10 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He was also awarded The Northern Echo's North\\-East Team of the Season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Who has made The Northern Echo's North\\-East Team of the Season?\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14490986\\.made\\-northern\\-echos\\-north\\-east\\-team\\-season/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=13 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2015–16 season, Carson went on to make thirty–eight appearances in all competitions.",
"At the start of the 2016–17 season, Carson continued to remain as Hartlepool United's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United 1 Colchester 1: Roy Kelly's Pools analysis\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\\-united\\-1\\-colchester\\-1\\-roy\\-kellys\\-pools\\-analysis\\-395130\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=8 August 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Pools keeper Adam Bartlett opens up about losing his place to Trevor Carson\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/pools\\-keeper\\-adam\\-bartlett\\-opens\\-about\\-losing\\-his\\-place\\-trevor\\-carson\\-394441\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=12 October 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Will Adam Bartlett be given a chance to stake his claim for Hartlepool United starting spot?\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/will\\-adam\\-bartlett\\-be\\-given\\-chance\\-stake\\-his\\-claim\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-starting\\-spot\\-393993\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=18 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Portsmouth performance made Hartlepool keeper Trevor Carson feel like 'proper' footballer again\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/portsmouth\\-performance\\-made\\-hartlepool\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-feel\\-proper\\-footballer\\-again\\-393546\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=19 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Boss Hignett hails resilient Pools performance at Portsmouth\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/boss\\-hignett\\-hails\\-resilient\\-pools\\-performance\\-portsmouth\\-361934\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=19 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Along the way, he missed two matches, due to being on international duty.{{cite news\\|title\\=Northern Ireland keeper Trevor Carson wishes Hartlepool United all the best\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/northern\\-ireland\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-wishes\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-all\\-best\\-365194\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=2 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United boss excited by potential of Pools to '˜do something' this season\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/hartlepool\\-united\\-boss\\-excited\\-potential\\-pools\\-do\\-something\\-season\\-364690\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=10 October 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} On 12 November 2016, less than 24 hours after being included in the Northern Ireland squad against [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_football_team \"Azerbaijan national football team\"), Carson started in goal against Cheltenham Town but suffered an injury that saw him substituted in the 37th minute.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ex\\-Sunderland keeper's Northern Ireland cap dream threatened by dislocation\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/ex\\-sunderland\\-keepers\\-northern\\-ireland\\-cap\\-dream\\-threatened\\-dislocation\\-364210\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=14 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} This resulted in him preventing from making his debut for the national team against [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team \"Croatia national football team\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Former Sunderland keeper on the international dream which became a nightmare\\|url\\=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/former\\-sunderland\\-keeper\\-international\\-dream\\-which\\-became\\-nightmare\\-362980\\|work\\=Sunderland Echo\\|date\\=2 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} But he made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") on 19 November 2016, resulting in the club losing 2–1\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool news: Injury update on keeper Trevor Carson\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\\-team\\-news\\-seven\\-changes\\-pools\\-checkatrade\\-dead\\-rubber\\-393997\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=17 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Match ratings: How did Hartlepool rate in Doncaster defeat?\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/match\\-ratings\\-how\\-did\\-hartlepool\\-rate\\-doncaster\\-defeat\\-393935\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=19 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Doncaster Rovers 2 Hartlepool United 1\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/14916218\\.doncaster\\-rovers\\-2\\-hartlepool\\-united\\-1/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=19 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Carson wrote a columns on the club's Match Programme, expressing his embarrassment on Hartlepool United's woeful defensive record.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson '˜embarrassed' by Hartlepool's goals against column\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/trevor\\-carson\\-embarrassed\\-hartlepools\\-goals\\-against\\-column\\-393606\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=14 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} However, he suffered a shoulder injury that resulted in him being sidelined for the rest of the season.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool\\-united/injury\\-blow\\-for\\-hartlepool\\-as\\-star\\-man\\-is\\-ruled\\-out\\-for\\-season\\-1\\-8319791\\|title\\=Injury blow for Hartlepool as star man is ruled out for season\\|first\\=Liam\\|last\\=Kennedy\\|newspaper\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=5 January 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} But in mid–April, Carson recovered from his shoulder injury and returned to training.{{cite news\\|title\\=Update from Dave Jones' press conference\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15235772\\.update\\-dave\\-jones\\-press\\-conference/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=19 April 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United: Jones won't change his ways for anyone\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15237446\\.hartlepool\\-united\\-jones\\-wont\\-change\\-ways\\-anyone/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=21 April 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He then made his return to the starting line–up against Cheltenham Town on 29 April 2017, as the club lost 1–0\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United: Carson back for the finale\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15257086\\.hartlepool\\-united\\-carson\\-back\\-finale/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=29 April 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} In the last game of the season, Carson started in goal against Doncaster Rovers, which a win must ensure Hartlepool United's stay in League Two if [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_F.C. \"Newport County F.C.\") lose.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United: Carson makes an early return to help the cause\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15261025\\.hartlepool\\-united\\-carson\\-makes\\-early\\-return\\-help\\-cause/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=3 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Despite winning 2–1, the club, however, were relegated after Newport County avoided relegation following their win against [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United 2–1 Doncaster Rovers\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39753913\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=6 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United 2 Doncaster Rovers 1\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/15269928\\.hartlepool\\-united\\-2\\-doncaster\\-rovers\\-1/\\|work\\=The Northern Echo\\|date\\=6 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} At the end of the 2016–17 season, he went on to make twenty–five appearances in all competitions.",
"Following this, it was expected that Carson would be leaving Hartlepool United as a result of their relegation.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hartlepool United sale: Thomas, Carson, Amond to go in transfer window?\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool\\-united\\-sale\\-thomas\\-carson\\-amond\\-go\\-transfer\\-window\\-392053\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=12 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"### Motherwell",
"On 6 June 2017, Carson joined [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. \"Motherwell F.C.\") for an undisclosed fee from Hartlepool United, on a three\\-year contract.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson Hartlepool exit confirmed – signs three\\-year deal at Scottish Premiership side Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/trevor\\-carson\\-hartlepool\\-exit\\-confirmed\\-signs\\-three\\-year\\-deal\\-scottish\\-premiership\\-side\\-motherwell\\-391945\\|work\\=Hartlepool Mail\\|date\\=6 June 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Carson Joins From Pools\\|url\\=http://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/06/carson\\-joins\\-from\\-pools/\\|website\\=motherwellfc.co.uk\\|publisher\\=Motherwell F.C.\\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2017\\|date\\=6 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610110632/https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/06/carson\\-joins\\-from\\-pools/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Upon joining the club, he was given the '1' squad number.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/21/squad\\-numbers\\-for\\-2017\\-18/\\|title\\=SQUAD NUMBERS FOR 2017/18\\|publisher\\=Motherwell F.C.\\|date\\=21 June 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121170723/https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2017/06/21/squad\\-numbers\\-for\\-2017\\-18/\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Carson made his Motherwell debut in a 2–1 loss against [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. \"Rangers F.C.\") in the opening game of the season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell 1–2 Rangers\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40766961\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=6 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} In the following match against [St Johnstone](/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C. \"St Johnstone F.C.\"), he was sent–off in the 63rd minute for handling outside his area, as the club lost 4–1\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=St Johnstone 4–1 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40835319\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=12 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} After serving a one match suspension, Carson returned to the starting line–up against [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") on 26 August 2017, in a 2–1 win.{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell defender wins one of two red card appeals\\|url\\=https://archive.news.stv.tv/sport/1395874\\-well\\-s\\-charles\\-dunne\\-wins\\-one\\-of\\-two\\-red\\-card\\-appeals.html\\|publisher\\=STV News\\|date\\=17 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell 2–1 Heart of Midlothian\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40983958\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=26 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} After returning from suspension, he regained his place as Motherwell's first choice goalkeeper in his first season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell keeper Trevor Carson praises home support and targets first away win\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local\\-sport/motherwell\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-praises\\-11162202\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=13 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell boss Robinson hails \"fantastic\" goalkeeper Trevor Carson\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/motherwell\\-boss\\-robinson\\-hails\\-fantastic\\-goalkeeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-2057516\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=28 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell ace Andy Rose: Celtic's Callum McGregor could easily have stayed on his feet in penalty incident\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/motherwell\\-ace\\-andy\\-rose\\-celtics\\-callum\\-mcgregor\\-could\\-easily\\-have\\-stayed\\-his\\-feet\\-penalty\\-incident\\-2065161\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=30 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Carson helped the club beat Rangers 2–0 in the semi–finals of the [Scottish League Cup](/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup \"Scottish League Cup\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Rangers 0 Motherwell 2: Well book League Cup final spot with win over Rangers\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local\\-sport/rangers\\-0\\-motherwell\\-2\\-well\\-11389038\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=23 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson uses memories of dark days in football to appreciate career high at Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/sport/15613861\\.trevor\\-carson\\-uses\\-memories\\-of\\-dark\\-days\\-in\\-football\\-to\\-appreciate\\-career\\-high\\-at\\-motherwell/\\|work\\=The Glasgow Times\\|date\\=24 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He started in goal for the [2017 Scottish League Cup final](/wiki/2017_Scottish_League_Cup_final \"2017 Scottish League Cup final\") as Motherwell lost 2–0 against [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell 0–2 Celtic\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42056522\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=26 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} In early December, Carson suffered a knee injury that saw him out for two weeks.{{cite news\\|title\\=Louis Moult blow for Motherwell as Premiership's top scorer is ruled out for a month\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/louis\\-moult\\-blow\\-motherwell\\-premierships\\-11659877\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=8 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Single Lafferty goal for Hearts sinks Motherwell at Tynecastle\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/single\\-lafferty\\-goal\\-hearts\\-sinks\\-motherwell\\-tynecastle\\-2064530\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=9 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson thinks Motherwell's walking wounded can still pile pressure on \"young\" Rangers\\|url\\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/15791999\\.trevor\\-carson\\-thinks\\-motherwells\\-walking\\-wounded\\-can\\-still\\-pile\\-pressure\\-on\\-young\\-rangers/\\|work\\=The Herald\\|location\\=Glasgow\\|date\\=25 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He returned to the starting line–up against [Dundee](/wiki/Dundee_F.C. \"Dundee F.C.\") on 23 December 2017, as Motherwell drew 1–1\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=10\\-man Motherwell battle to earn 1–1 home draw against Dundee at blustery Fir Park\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/10\\-man\\-motherwell\\-battle\\-earn\\-1\\-1\\-home\\-draw\\-against\\-dundee\\-blustery\\-fir\\-park\\-2063270\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=23 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} The following month saw him linked with a move to Celtic, but the club twice rejected a bid for him.{{cite news\\|title\\=Celtic have bid for Motherwell goalkeeper Trevor Carson rejected\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-transfer\\-news/celtic\\-bid\\-motherwell\\-goalkeeper\\-trevor\\-11935773\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=28 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Celtic ramp up Trevor Carson bid to £375k and set 2pm deadline for Motherwell to accept\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-transfer\\-news/celtic\\-ramp\\-up\\-trevor\\-carson\\-11942987\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=31 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Celtic have second Trevor Carson bid booted out by Motherwell as Steelmen hold out for £750k\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-transfer\\-news/celtic\\-second\\-trevor\\-carson\\-bid\\-11944037\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=31 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He helped Motherwell to reach the [2018 Scottish Cup final](/wiki/2018_Scottish_Cup_final \"2018 Scottish Cup final\") after beating [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. \"Aberdeen F.C.\") 3–0;{{cite news\\|title\\=Aberdeen 0–3 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43678497\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=14 April 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} he started in the final, as the club lost 2–0 to Celtic at [Hampden Park](/wiki/Hampden_Park \"Hampden Park\") for the second occasion that season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Celtic 2–0 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44091573\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=19 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} By the end of the 2017–18 season, he made forty–six appearances in all competitions, keeping a total of 18 clean sheets.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson would trade Motherwell clean sheet record for silverware\\|url\\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/16232915\\.trevor\\-carson\\-trade\\-motherwell\\-clean\\-sheet\\-record\\-silverware/\\|work\\=The Herald\\|location\\=Glasgow\\|date\\=17 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"At the start of the 2018–19 season, Carson continued to keep his jersey as Motherwell's first choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|title\\=Five reasons for optimism for Motherwell going in against Rangers this Sunday\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/five\\-reasons\\-optimism\\-motherwell\\-going\\-against\\-rangers\\-sunday\\-2044945\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=18 August 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell goalkeeper has been usurped by Leeds shotstopper Bailey Peacock\\-Farrell in the national set\\-up\\|url\\=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/sport/17198818\\.motherwell\\-goalkeeper\\-usurped\\-leeds\\-shotstopper\\-bailey\\-peacock\\-farrell\\-national\\-set\\-up/\\|work\\=Glasgow Times\\|date\\=2 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson orders Motherwell stars to toughen up after Rangers mauling\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/trevor\\-carson\\-orders\\-motherwell\\-stars\\-13618828\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=20 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} However, during a 1–0 loss against Hearts on 15 September 2018, he suffered ankle injury following a collision with [Uche Ikpeazu](/wiki/Uche_Ikpeazu \"Uche Ikpeazu\") and was substituted in the 31st minute.{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell 0 Hearts 1 as Steven Naismith strike extends Jambos Premiership lead – 3 talking points\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-match\\-reports/motherwell\\-0\\-hearts\\-1\\-steven\\-13249574\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=15 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell boss Stephen Robinson calls for VAR after Trevor Carson horror injury\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/motherwell\\-boss\\-stephen\\-robinson\\-calls\\-13254500\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=16 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} Carson made a quick recovery and returned to the starting line–up against Aberdeen just days later, losing 1–0\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson back for Motherwell in 1–0 Scottish Premiership defeat to Aberdeen at Pittodrie\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/trevor\\-carson\\-back\\-motherwell\\-1\\-0\\-scottish\\-premiership\\-defeat\\-aberdeen\\-pittodrie\\-251327\\|work\\=Mothewell Times\\|date\\=15 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Aberdeen 1–0 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45529875\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=22 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He was replaced by [Mark Gillespie](/wiki/Mark_Gillespie_%28footballer%29 \"Mark Gillespie (footballer)\") after a 7–1 defeat to [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. \"Rangers F.C.\") in November 2018,[Rangers close on leaders Celtic after 7–1 thrashing of 10\\-man Motherwell](https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/11/rangers-close-on-leaders-celtic-after-7-1-thrashing-motherwell), *The Guardian*, 11 November 2018 which coincided with him developing [deep vein thrombosis](/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis \"Deep vein thrombosis\") in his shoulder and lung, a life\\-threatening condition for someone in a contact sport.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2018/11/23/trevor\\-carson\\-ruled\\-out\\-for\\-indefinite\\-period/\\|title\\=Trevor Carson ruled out for indefinite period\\|publisher\\=Motherwell FC\\|date\\=23 November 2018}}[Trevor Carson: Motherwell goalkeeper on cancer, DVT \\& working hard in the gym](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47098220), BBC Sport, 5 February 2019 He returned to fitness in May 2019, but was now second\\-choice in the squad.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trever Carson on the mend as Motherwell keeper returns to training after DVT hell\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/trever\\-carson\\-mend\\-motherwell\\-keeper\\-14719884\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=26 April 2019r\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He went on to make seventeen appearances in all competitions in the 2018–19 season.",
"On 7 January 2020, at that time still backup to Gillespie, Carson signed a new two\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year contract keeping him at [Fir Park](/wiki/Fir_Park \"Fir Park\") until 2022\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Motherwell: Trevor Carson signs two\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year contract\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51022668\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=7 January 2020\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2020}} He continued to remain as a backup until [the season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Scottish_Premiership \"2019–20 Scottish Premiership\") was curtailed on 18 May 2020, due to [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), with Motherwell finishing in third place in the league.{{cite news\\|title\\=Stephen Robinson: Motherwell are third now but I have to temper expectations\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/international/stephen\\-robinson\\-motherwell\\-are\\-third\\-now\\-i\\-have\\-temper\\-expectations\\-2018978\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=10 December 2019\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Stephen Robinson: No reason why Motherwell can't stay third into New Year\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/international/stephen\\-robinson\\-no\\-reason\\-why\\-motherwell\\-cant\\-stay\\-third\\-new\\-year\\-2016992\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=22 December 2019\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson on his 19 months from hell as keeper reveals the key promise that sealed Motherwell stay\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-transfer\\-news/trevor\\-carson\\-19\\-months\\-hell\\-22165559\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=10 June 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52646282\\|title\\=Celtic champions \\& Hearts relegated after SPFL ends season\\| work\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\| date\\=18 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"When Gillespie moved on to [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") in the summer of 2020, Carson regained the starting place and played his first match in twenty months on 3 August 2020 in a 1–0 loss against [Ross County](/wiki/Ross_County_F.C. \"Ross County F.C.\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Ross County 1–0 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53549282\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=4 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} and was also named as the club's vice\\-captain.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson opens up on Motherwell season of pain as keeper reveals nagging return fears\\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/trevor\\-carson\\-opens\\-up\\-motherwell\\-22487323\\|work\\=Daily Record\\|date\\=8 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} He then started in a [2020–21 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League \"2020–21 UEFA Europa League\") tie against Northern Irish club [Coleraine](/wiki/Coleraine_F.C. \"Coleraine F.C.\") (the first senior club match he had played in his homeland): he conceded two goals from penalties during the match which finished 2–2, but then made a 'hat\\-trick' of saves from kicks in the resultant shootout which Motherwell won 3–0 to progress in the tournament.[Coleraine 2–2 Motherwell: Scots edge through on penalties](https://www.bbc.com/sport/amp/football/54145465), BBC Sport, 17 September 2020 \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Stephen Robinson: Motherwell FC keeper Trevor Carson says it's vital Steelmen have retained gaffer\\|url\\=https://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/sport/football/international/stephen\\-robinson\\-motherwell\\-fc\\-keeper\\-trevor\\-carson\\-says\\-its\\-vital\\-steelmen\\-have\\-retained\\-gaffer\\-2934505\\|work\\=Motherwell Times\\|date\\=6 October 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} However, in October 2020, he suffered a knee injury that required surgery.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54712366\\|title\\=Motherwell: Trevor Carson out until at least February with knee injury\\|website\\=BBC Sport\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=28 October 2020\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2020}} Up until then, Carson kept four clean sheets for the side, including two in succession.{{cite news\\|title\\=Hibernian 0–0 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53703650\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=16 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell 1–0 St Johnstone\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54038441\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=12 September 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Aberdeen 0–3 Motherwell\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54135419\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=20 September 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Motherwell 4–0 Ross County\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54580485\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=24 October 2020\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2020}}",
"### Dundee United",
"[Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C. \"Dundee United F.C.\") confirmed the signing of Carson on 8 July 2021 on a two\\-year contract.{{cite news\\|title\\=Trevor Carson becomes our second summer signing\\|url\\=https://www.dundeeunitedfc.co.uk/news/6894/TREVOR\\-CARSON\\-BECOMES\\-OUR\\-SECOND\\-SUMMER\\-SIGNING.html\\|work\\=Dundee United Football Club\\|date\\=8 July 2021\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2021}}",
"#### Morecambe (loan)",
"On 5 January 2022, Carson rejoined former [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_F.C. \"Motherwell F.C.\") boss [Stephen Robinson](/wiki/Stephen_Robinson_%28footballer%29 \"Stephen Robinson (footballer)\") after joining [EFL League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One \"EFL League One\") side [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe_F.C. \"Morecambe F.C.\") on loan for the remainder of the season.{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Shrimps snap up Carson\\|url\\=https://www.morecambefc.com/news/2022/january/the\\-shrimps\\-snap\\-up\\-carson/\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-05\\|website\\=www.morecambefc.com\\|language\\=en\\-gb}}",
"### St Mirren",
"On 25 May 2022, it was confirmed that Carson would join [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. \"St Mirren F.C.\") on a two\\-year deal for an undisclosed fee.{{cite news \\|title\\=Trevor Carson: St Mirren sign goalkeeper from Dundee United on two\\-year deal \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61585542 \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2023 \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=25 May 2022}} In March 2023, he signed a contract extension keeping him at *The Saints* until the end of the 2024/25 season.{{cite news \\|title\\=Trevor Carson signs St Mirren contract extension as keeper agrees to stay in Paisley until 2025 \\|url\\=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-transfer\\-news/trevor\\-carson\\-signs\\-st\\-mirren\\-29421362 \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2023 \\|publisher\\=Daily Record \\|date\\=10 March 2023}}",
"### Dundee",
"On 2 August 2023, [Dundee](/wiki/Dundee_F.C. \"Dundee F.C.\") announced the signing of Carson on a three\\-year deal, for an undisclosed fee.{{cite news \\|title\\=CARSON JOINS THE DEE \\|url\\=https://dundeefc.co.uk/news/carson\\-joins\\-the\\-dee/ \\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2023 \\|publisher\\=Daily Record \\|date\\=2 August 2023}} Carson made his debut for the *Dee* in the league away to his former club [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. \"St Mirren F.C.\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=St Mirren hold off Dundee fightback to go top \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66413636 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-12}}",
""
] |
Pre\-World War II
-----------------
The first 40 years of the 20th century saw simultaneous advances in biochemistry and engineering that rapidly and profoundly changed farming. The introduction of the gasoline\-powered [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") ushered in the era of the [tractor](/wiki/Tractor "Tractor") and made possible [hundreds of mechanized farm implements](/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery "List of agricultural machinery"). Research in [plant breeding](/wiki/Plant_breeding "Plant breeding") led to the commercialization of [hybrid seed](/wiki/Hybrid_seed "Hybrid seed"). And a new manufacturing process made nitrogen fertilizer — first synthesized in the mid\-19th century{{cite book \| title \= A short history of twentieth\-century technology c. 1900\-c. 1950 \| author1 \= Trevor Illtyd Williams \| author2 \= Thomas Kingston Derry \| publisher \= Oxford University Press \| year \= 1982 \| isbn \= 0\-19\-858159\-9 \| pages \= 134–135}} — affordably abundant. These factors changed the labour equation: there were almost no tractors in the US around 1910, but over 3,000,000 by 1950; in 1900, it took one farmer to feed 2\.5 people, but currently the ratio is 1 to well over 100\. Fields grew bigger and cropping more specialized to make more efficient use of machinery. The reduced need for [manual labour](/wiki/Manual_labour "Manual labour") and [animal labour](/wiki/Working_animal "Working animal") that machinery, herbicides, and fertilizers made possible created an era in which the [mechanization of agriculture](/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture "Mechanised agriculture") evolved rapidly.
Consciously organic agriculture (as opposed to traditional agricultural methods from before the inorganic options existed, which always employed only organic means) began more or less simultaneously in Central Europe and India. The British botanist [Sir Albert Howard](/wiki/Sir_Albert_Howard "Sir Albert Howard") is often referred to as the father of modern organic agriculture, because he was the first to apply modern scientific knowledge and methods to traditional agriculture. From 1905 to 1924, he and his wife [Gabrielle](/wiki/Gabrielle_Howard "Gabrielle Howard"), herself a plant physiologist, worked as agricultural advisers in [Pusa](/wiki/Samastipur_district "Samastipur district"), [Bengal](/wiki/Bengal "Bengal"), where they documented traditional Indian farming practices and came to regard them as superior to their conventional agriculture science. Their research and further development of these methods is recorded in his writings, notably, his 1940 book, *[An Agricultural Testament](/wiki/An_Agricultural_Testament "An Agricultural Testament")*, which influenced many scientists and farmers of the day.
In Germany, [Rudolf Steiner](/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner "Rudolf Steiner")'s development, [biodynamic agriculture](/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture "Biodynamic agriculture"), was probably the first comprehensive system of what we now call organic farming. This began with a lecture series Steiner presented at a farm in Koberwitz ([Kobierzyce](/wiki/Kobierzyce "Kobierzyce") now in Poland) in 1924\.{{cite journal \| author \= Paull John \| year \= 2011 \| title \= Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924 \| url \= http://orgprints.org/18809/1/Paull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf \| journal \= European Journal of Social Sciences \| volume \= 21 \| issue \= 1\| pages \= 64–70 }} Steiner emphasized the farmer's role in guiding and balancing the interaction of the animals, plants and soil. Healthy animals depended upon healthy plants (for their food), healthy plants upon healthy soil, healthy soil upon healthy animals (for the manure).{{cite book\|title\=Organic Crop Production – Ambitions and Limitations \|url\=https://archive.org/details/organiccropprodu00kirc \|url\-access\=limited \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=Springer \|location\=Berlin \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/organiccropprodu00kirc/page/n20 13]–37 \|author\=Holger Kirchmann \|author2\=Gudni Thorvaldsson \|author3\=Lars Bergström \|author4\=Martin Gerzabek \|author5\=Olof Andrén \|author6\=Lars\-Olov Eriksson \|author7\=Mikael Winninge \|editor\=Holger Kirchmann and Lars Bergström \|quote\=Organic agriculture can be traced back to the early 20th century, initiated by the Austrian spiritual philosopher Rudolf Steiner.}}Lotter, D.W. (2003\) [Organic agriculture](http://www.donlotter.net/lotter_organicag.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809192338/http://donlotter.net/lotter\_organicag.pdf \|date\=2017\-08\-09 }}. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21(4\)Biodynamics is listed as a "modern organic agriculture" system in: Minou Yussefi and Helga Willer (Eds.), [The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Future Prospects](http://orgprints.org/544/1/world_of_organic.pdf), 2003, p. 57Biodynamic agriculture is "a type of organic system". Charles Francis and J. van Wart (2009\), "History of Organic Farming and Certification", in [Organic farming: the ecological system](https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40726.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526123011/https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40726\.pdf \|date\=2013\-05\-26 }}. American Society of Agronomy. pp. 3\-18 His system was based on his philosophy of [anthroposophy](/wiki/Anthroposophy "Anthroposophy") rather than a good understanding of science.{{rp\|17–19}} To develop his system of farming, Steiner established an international research group called the Agricultural Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners of the General Anthroposophical Society.Paull, John (2013\) [A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia.](http://orgprints.org/26110/7/26110.pdf) In: Bruno Mascitelli, and Antonio Lobo (Eds.) Organics in the Global Food Chain. Connor Court Publishing, Ballarat, ch.3, pp.37\-61\.
In 1909, American agronomist [F.H. King](/wiki/F.H._King "F.H. King") toured China, Korea, and Japan, studying traditional fertilization, tillage, and general farming practices. He published his findings in *[Farmers of Forty Centuries](/wiki/Farmers_of_Forty_Centuries "Farmers of Forty Centuries")* (1911, Courier Dover Publications, {{ISBN\|0\-486\-43609\-8}}). King foresaw a "world movement for the introduction of new and improved methods"{{cite web\| url \= http://orgprints.org/10237/ \| publisher \= Journal of Bio\-Dynamics Tasmania \| title \= Permanent Agriculture: Precursor to Organic Farming \| author \= J. Paull \|year\=2006 \|pages \= J. Paull (83\) 19–21}} of agriculture and in later years his book became an important organic reference.
The term "organic farming" was coined by [Walter James (Lord Northbourne)](/wiki/Walter_James%2C_4th_Baron_Northbourne "Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne"), a student of Biodynamic Agriculture, in his book *Look to the Land* (written in 1939, published 1940\).Paull, John (2014\) [Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography](http://orgprints.org/26547/12/26547.pdf) Journal of Organic Systems, 9 (1\), pp. 31\-53\. In this text, James described a holistic, ecologically balanced approach to farming, "the farm as organism,"Paull, John (2006\). [The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture.](http://orgprints.org/10138/) Journal of Bio\-Dynamics Tasmania (80\), pp. 14\-18\. basing this on Steiner's agricultural principles and methods. One year previously to his book's publication, James had hosted the first Biodynamic Agriculture conference in England, the [Betteshanger Summer School and Conference](/wiki/Betteshanger "Betteshanger"), at which [Ehrenfried Pfeiffer](/wiki/Ehrenfried_Pfeiffer "Ehrenfried Pfeiffer") was the key presenter.Paull, John (2011\) "The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(2\): pp. 14\-18\.
In 1939 James, Albert Howard, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer and George Stapleton joined at Farleigh to implement an experiment comparing Biodynamic, organic and chemical fertilization methods. "The Farleigh Experiment", had been planned since initial meetings in 1936 including ten participants. The experiment was cut short due to the fact that Biodynamic compost was not available until after the Betteshanger Summer School event, the disruption of the impending war, and lack of funding. Though inconclusive, this experiment was seen as providing impetus for the similar "Haughley Experiment" described below.
In 1939 [Lady Eve Balfour](/wiki/Lady_Eve_Balfour "Lady Eve Balfour"), who had been farming since 1920 in Haughley Green, Suffolk, England, launched the [Haughley Experiment](/wiki/Haughley_Experiment "Haughley Experiment"). Lady Balfour believed that mankind's health and future depended on how the soil was used, and that non\-[intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming "Intensive farming") could produce more wholesome food. The experiment was run to generate data to test these beliefs.{{cite book\|title\=Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rItfbxpris0C\&pg\=PA10 \|year\=2004 \|publisher\=CABI\|isbn\=978\-0\-85199\-049\-1 \|pages\=10–\|first\=Ian\|last\=Gordon}} Four years later, she published *[The Living Soil](/wiki/The_Living_Soil "The Living Soil")*, based on the initial findings of the Haughley Experiment. Widely read, it led to the formation of a key international organic advocacy group, the [Soil Association](/wiki/Soil_Association "Soil Association").
In Japan, [Masanobu Fukuoka](/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuoka "Masanobu Fukuoka"), a microbiologist working in [soil science](/wiki/Soil_science "Soil science") and plant pathology, began to doubt the modern agricultural movement. In 1937, he quit his job as a research scientist, returned to his family's farm in 1938, and devoted the next 60 years to developing a radical no\-till organic method for growing grain and many other crops, now known as {{nihongo\|\[\[natural farming]]\|自然農法\|shizen nōhō}}, nature farming, 'do–nothing' farming or Fukuoka farming.
|
[
"Pre\\-World War II\n-----------------",
"The first 40 years of the 20th century saw simultaneous advances in biochemistry and engineering that rapidly and profoundly changed farming. The introduction of the gasoline\\-powered [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine \"Internal combustion engine\") ushered in the era of the [tractor](/wiki/Tractor \"Tractor\") and made possible [hundreds of mechanized farm implements](/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery \"List of agricultural machinery\"). Research in [plant breeding](/wiki/Plant_breeding \"Plant breeding\") led to the commercialization of [hybrid seed](/wiki/Hybrid_seed \"Hybrid seed\"). And a new manufacturing process made nitrogen fertilizer — first synthesized in the mid\\-19th century{{cite book \\| title \\= A short history of twentieth\\-century technology c. 1900\\-c. 1950 \\| author1 \\= Trevor Illtyd Williams \\| author2 \\= Thomas Kingston Derry \\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press \\| year \\= 1982 \\| isbn \\= 0\\-19\\-858159\\-9 \\| pages \\= 134–135}} — affordably abundant. These factors changed the labour equation: there were almost no tractors in the US around 1910, but over 3,000,000 by 1950; in 1900, it took one farmer to feed 2\\.5 people, but currently the ratio is 1 to well over 100\\. Fields grew bigger and cropping more specialized to make more efficient use of machinery. The reduced need for [manual labour](/wiki/Manual_labour \"Manual labour\") and [animal labour](/wiki/Working_animal \"Working animal\") that machinery, herbicides, and fertilizers made possible created an era in which the [mechanization of agriculture](/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture \"Mechanised agriculture\") evolved rapidly.",
"Consciously organic agriculture (as opposed to traditional agricultural methods from before the inorganic options existed, which always employed only organic means) began more or less simultaneously in Central Europe and India. The British botanist [Sir Albert Howard](/wiki/Sir_Albert_Howard \"Sir Albert Howard\") is often referred to as the father of modern organic agriculture, because he was the first to apply modern scientific knowledge and methods to traditional agriculture. From 1905 to 1924, he and his wife [Gabrielle](/wiki/Gabrielle_Howard \"Gabrielle Howard\"), herself a plant physiologist, worked as agricultural advisers in [Pusa](/wiki/Samastipur_district \"Samastipur district\"), [Bengal](/wiki/Bengal \"Bengal\"), where they documented traditional Indian farming practices and came to regard them as superior to their conventional agriculture science. Their research and further development of these methods is recorded in his writings, notably, his 1940 book, *[An Agricultural Testament](/wiki/An_Agricultural_Testament \"An Agricultural Testament\")*, which influenced many scientists and farmers of the day.",
"In Germany, [Rudolf Steiner](/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner \"Rudolf Steiner\")'s development, [biodynamic agriculture](/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture \"Biodynamic agriculture\"), was probably the first comprehensive system of what we now call organic farming. This began with a lecture series Steiner presented at a farm in Koberwitz ([Kobierzyce](/wiki/Kobierzyce \"Kobierzyce\") now in Poland) in 1924\\.{{cite journal \\| author \\= Paull John \\| year \\= 2011 \\| title \\= Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924 \\| url \\= http://orgprints.org/18809/1/Paull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf \\| journal \\= European Journal of Social Sciences \\| volume \\= 21 \\| issue \\= 1\\| pages \\= 64–70 }} Steiner emphasized the farmer's role in guiding and balancing the interaction of the animals, plants and soil. Healthy animals depended upon healthy plants (for their food), healthy plants upon healthy soil, healthy soil upon healthy animals (for the manure).{{cite book\\|title\\=Organic Crop Production – Ambitions and Limitations \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/organiccropprodu00kirc \\|url\\-access\\=limited \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|location\\=Berlin \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/organiccropprodu00kirc/page/n20 13]–37 \\|author\\=Holger Kirchmann \\|author2\\=Gudni Thorvaldsson \\|author3\\=Lars Bergström \\|author4\\=Martin Gerzabek \\|author5\\=Olof Andrén \\|author6\\=Lars\\-Olov Eriksson \\|author7\\=Mikael Winninge \\|editor\\=Holger Kirchmann and Lars Bergström \\|quote\\=Organic agriculture can be traced back to the early 20th century, initiated by the Austrian spiritual philosopher Rudolf Steiner.}}Lotter, D.W. (2003\\) [Organic agriculture](http://www.donlotter.net/lotter_organicag.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809192338/http://donlotter.net/lotter\\_organicag.pdf \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-09 }}. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21(4\\)Biodynamics is listed as a \"modern organic agriculture\" system in: Minou Yussefi and Helga Willer (Eds.), [The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Future Prospects](http://orgprints.org/544/1/world_of_organic.pdf), 2003, p. 57Biodynamic agriculture is \"a type of organic system\". Charles Francis and J. van Wart (2009\\), \"History of Organic Farming and Certification\", in [Organic farming: the ecological system](https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40726.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526123011/https://portal.sciencesocieties.org/Downloads/pdf/B40726\\.pdf \\|date\\=2013\\-05\\-26 }}. American Society of Agronomy. pp. 3\\-18 His system was based on his philosophy of [anthroposophy](/wiki/Anthroposophy \"Anthroposophy\") rather than a good understanding of science.{{rp\\|17–19}} To develop his system of farming, Steiner established an international research group called the Agricultural Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners of the General Anthroposophical Society.Paull, John (2013\\) [A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia.](http://orgprints.org/26110/7/26110.pdf) In: Bruno Mascitelli, and Antonio Lobo (Eds.) Organics in the Global Food Chain. Connor Court Publishing, Ballarat, ch.3, pp.37\\-61\\.",
"In 1909, American agronomist [F.H. King](/wiki/F.H._King \"F.H. King\") toured China, Korea, and Japan, studying traditional fertilization, tillage, and general farming practices. He published his findings in *[Farmers of Forty Centuries](/wiki/Farmers_of_Forty_Centuries \"Farmers of Forty Centuries\")* (1911, Courier Dover Publications, {{ISBN\\|0\\-486\\-43609\\-8}}). King foresaw a \"world movement for the introduction of new and improved methods\"{{cite web\\| url \\= http://orgprints.org/10237/ \\| publisher \\= Journal of Bio\\-Dynamics Tasmania \\| title \\= Permanent Agriculture: Precursor to Organic Farming \\| author \\= J. Paull \\|year\\=2006 \\|pages \\= J. Paull (83\\) 19–21}} of agriculture and in later years his book became an important organic reference.",
"The term \"organic farming\" was coined by [Walter James (Lord Northbourne)](/wiki/Walter_James%2C_4th_Baron_Northbourne \"Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne\"), a student of Biodynamic Agriculture, in his book *Look to the Land* (written in 1939, published 1940\\).Paull, John (2014\\) [Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography](http://orgprints.org/26547/12/26547.pdf) Journal of Organic Systems, 9 (1\\), pp. 31\\-53\\. In this text, James described a holistic, ecologically balanced approach to farming, \"the farm as organism,\"Paull, John (2006\\). [The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture.](http://orgprints.org/10138/) Journal of Bio\\-Dynamics Tasmania (80\\), pp. 14\\-18\\. basing this on Steiner's agricultural principles and methods. One year previously to his book's publication, James had hosted the first Biodynamic Agriculture conference in England, the [Betteshanger Summer School and Conference](/wiki/Betteshanger \"Betteshanger\"), at which [Ehrenfried Pfeiffer](/wiki/Ehrenfried_Pfeiffer \"Ehrenfried Pfeiffer\") was the key presenter.Paull, John (2011\\) \"The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming\", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(2\\): pp. 14\\-18\\.",
"In 1939 James, Albert Howard, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer and George Stapleton joined at Farleigh to implement an experiment comparing Biodynamic, organic and chemical fertilization methods. \"The Farleigh Experiment\", had been planned since initial meetings in 1936 including ten participants. The experiment was cut short due to the fact that Biodynamic compost was not available until after the Betteshanger Summer School event, the disruption of the impending war, and lack of funding. Though inconclusive, this experiment was seen as providing impetus for the similar \"Haughley Experiment\" described below.",
"In 1939 [Lady Eve Balfour](/wiki/Lady_Eve_Balfour \"Lady Eve Balfour\"), who had been farming since 1920 in Haughley Green, Suffolk, England, launched the [Haughley Experiment](/wiki/Haughley_Experiment \"Haughley Experiment\"). Lady Balfour believed that mankind's health and future depended on how the soil was used, and that non\\-[intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming \"Intensive farming\") could produce more wholesome food. The experiment was run to generate data to test these beliefs.{{cite book\\|title\\=Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rItfbxpris0C\\&pg\\=PA10 \\|year\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=CABI\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85199\\-049\\-1 \\|pages\\=10–\\|first\\=Ian\\|last\\=Gordon}} Four years later, she published *[The Living Soil](/wiki/The_Living_Soil \"The Living Soil\")*, based on the initial findings of the Haughley Experiment. Widely read, it led to the formation of a key international organic advocacy group, the [Soil Association](/wiki/Soil_Association \"Soil Association\").",
"In Japan, [Masanobu Fukuoka](/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuoka \"Masanobu Fukuoka\"), a microbiologist working in [soil science](/wiki/Soil_science \"Soil science\") and plant pathology, began to doubt the modern agricultural movement. In 1937, he quit his job as a research scientist, returned to his family's farm in 1938, and devoted the next 60 years to developing a radical no\\-till organic method for growing grain and many other crops, now known as {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[natural farming]]\\|自然農法\\|shizen nōhō}}, nature farming, 'do–nothing' farming or Fukuoka farming.",
""
] |
Post\-World War II
------------------
Technological advances during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") accelerated post\-war innovation in all aspects of agriculture, resulting in large advances in mechanization (including large\-scale irrigation), fertilization, and pesticides. In particular, two chemicals that had been produced in quantity for warfare, were repurposed for peacetime agricultural uses. [Ammonium nitrate](/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate "Ammonium nitrate"), used in munitions, became an abundantly cheap source of nitrogen. And a range of new pesticides appeared: [DDT](/wiki/DDT "DDT"), which had been used to control disease\-carrying insects around troops, became a general insecticide, launching the era of widespread [pesticide](/wiki/Pesticide "Pesticide") use.
At the same time, increasingly powerful and sophisticated farm machinery allowed a single farmer to work larger areas of land and fields grew bigger.
In 1944, an international campaign called the [Green Revolution](/wiki/Green_Revolution "Green Revolution") was launched in Mexico with private funding from the US. It encouraged the development of hybrid plants, chemical controls, large\-scale irrigation, and heavy mechanization in agriculture around the world.
During the 1950s, sustainable agriculture was a topic of scientific interest, but research tended to concentrate on developing the new chemical approaches. One of the reasons for this, which informed and guided the ongoing Green Revolution, was the widespread belief that high [global population growth](/wiki/World_population "World population"), which was demonstrably occurring, would soon create worldwide food shortages unless humankind could rescue itself through ever higher agricultural technology. At the same time, however, the adverse effects of "modern" farming continued to kindle a small but growing organic movement. For example, in the U.S., [J. I. Rodale](/wiki/J._I._Rodale "J. I. Rodale") began to popularize the term and methods of organic growing, particularly to consumers through promotion of [organic gardening](/wiki/Organic_gardening "Organic gardening").
In 1962, [Rachel Carson](/wiki/Rachel_Carson "Rachel Carson"), a prominent scientist and naturalist, published *[Silent Spring](/wiki/Silent_Spring "Silent Spring")*, chronicling the effects of DDT and other pesticides on the environment.{{cite web\| url \= http://orgprints.org/10961/ \| publisher \= Journal of Bio\-Dynamics Tasmania \| title \= Rachel Carson, A Voice for Organics \- the First Hundred Years \|year\=2007 \| author \= Paull, John \| pages \=(86\) 37–41}} A bestseller in many countries, including the US, and widely read around the world, *Silent Spring* is widely considered as being a key factor in the US government's 1972 banning of [DDT](/wiki/DDT "DDT"). The book and its author are often credited with launching the worldwide [environmental movement](/wiki/Environmental_movement "Environmental movement").
In the 1970s, global movements concerned with pollution and the environment increased their focus on organic farming. As the distinction between organic and conventional food became clearer, one goal of the [organic movement](/wiki/Organic_movement "Organic movement") was to encourage consumption of [locally grown food](/wiki/Local_food "Local food"), which was promoted through slogans like "Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food".
An early organic farmers' association, the [Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association](/wiki/Maine_Organic_Farmers_and_Gardeners_Association "Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association") was founded in 1971\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.mofga.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=242\|title\=Abridged History\|last\=Association\|first\=Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners\|website\=www.mofga.org\|access\-date\=2016\-12\-15}}
In 1972, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements ([IFOAM](/wiki/IFOAM "IFOAM")) was founded in [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles_%28city%29 "Versailles (city)"),Paull, John (2010\) ["From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)"](http://www.academia.edu/9192738/From_France_to_the_World_The_International_Federation_of_Organic_Agriculture_Movements_IFOAM_), Journal of Social Research \& Policy. 1 (2\): 93–102\. France and dedicated to the diffusion and exchange of information on the principles and practices of organic agriculture of all schools and across national and linguistic boundaries.
In 1975, Fukuoka released his book, *[The One\-Straw Revolution](/wiki/The_One-Straw_Revolution "The One-Straw Revolution")*, with a strong impact in certain areas of the agricultural world. His approach to small\-scale grain production emphasized a meticulous balance of the local farming [ecosystem](/wiki/Ecosystem "Ecosystem"), and a minimum of human interference and labour.
In the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s, [J. I. Rodale](/wiki/J._I._Rodale "J. I. Rodale") and his Rodale Press (now [Rodale, Inc.](/wiki/Rodale%2C_Inc. "Rodale, Inc.")) advocated for organic farming methods. The press's books offered how\-to information and advice to Americans interested in trying organic gardening and farming.
In 1984, [Oregon Tilth](/wiki/Oregon_Tilth "Oregon Tilth") established an early organic certification service in the United States.{{cite web\|url\=http://washingtontilth.org/history.htm\|title\=WA Tilth Association History\|last\=Musick\|first\=Mark\|publisher\=Washington Tilth\|access\-date\=18 February 2015}}
In the 1980s, around the world, farming and consumer groups began seriously pressuring for government regulation of organic production. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. In the United States, the [Organic Foods Production Act of 1990](/wiki/Organic_Foods_Production_Act_of_1990 "Organic Foods Production Act of 1990") tasked the USDA with developing national standards for organic products, and the final rule establishing the National Organic Program was first published in the [Federal Register](/wiki/Federal_Register "Federal Register") in 2000\.{{USFR\|65\|80548}} (December 21, 2000\)
In [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), the loss of Soviet economic support following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a focus on local agricultural production and the development of a unique state\-supported urban organic agriculture program called [organopónicos](/wiki/Organop%C3%B3nicos "Organopónicos").
Since the early 1990s, the retail market for organic farming in developed economies has been growing by about 20% annually due to increasing consumer demand. Concern for the quality and safety of food, and the potential for environmental damage from conventional agriculture, are apparently responsible for this trend.
|
[
"Post\\-World War II\n------------------",
"Technological advances during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") accelerated post\\-war innovation in all aspects of agriculture, resulting in large advances in mechanization (including large\\-scale irrigation), fertilization, and pesticides. In particular, two chemicals that had been produced in quantity for warfare, were repurposed for peacetime agricultural uses. [Ammonium nitrate](/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate \"Ammonium nitrate\"), used in munitions, became an abundantly cheap source of nitrogen. And a range of new pesticides appeared: [DDT](/wiki/DDT \"DDT\"), which had been used to control disease\\-carrying insects around troops, became a general insecticide, launching the era of widespread [pesticide](/wiki/Pesticide \"Pesticide\") use.",
"At the same time, increasingly powerful and sophisticated farm machinery allowed a single farmer to work larger areas of land and fields grew bigger.",
"In 1944, an international campaign called the [Green Revolution](/wiki/Green_Revolution \"Green Revolution\") was launched in Mexico with private funding from the US. It encouraged the development of hybrid plants, chemical controls, large\\-scale irrigation, and heavy mechanization in agriculture around the world.",
"During the 1950s, sustainable agriculture was a topic of scientific interest, but research tended to concentrate on developing the new chemical approaches. One of the reasons for this, which informed and guided the ongoing Green Revolution, was the widespread belief that high [global population growth](/wiki/World_population \"World population\"), which was demonstrably occurring, would soon create worldwide food shortages unless humankind could rescue itself through ever higher agricultural technology. At the same time, however, the adverse effects of \"modern\" farming continued to kindle a small but growing organic movement. For example, in the U.S., [J. I. Rodale](/wiki/J._I._Rodale \"J. I. Rodale\") began to popularize the term and methods of organic growing, particularly to consumers through promotion of [organic gardening](/wiki/Organic_gardening \"Organic gardening\").",
"In 1962, [Rachel Carson](/wiki/Rachel_Carson \"Rachel Carson\"), a prominent scientist and naturalist, published *[Silent Spring](/wiki/Silent_Spring \"Silent Spring\")*, chronicling the effects of DDT and other pesticides on the environment.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://orgprints.org/10961/ \\| publisher \\= Journal of Bio\\-Dynamics Tasmania \\| title \\= Rachel Carson, A Voice for Organics \\- the First Hundred Years \\|year\\=2007 \\| author \\= Paull, John \\| pages \\=(86\\) 37–41}} A bestseller in many countries, including the US, and widely read around the world, *Silent Spring* is widely considered as being a key factor in the US government's 1972 banning of [DDT](/wiki/DDT \"DDT\"). The book and its author are often credited with launching the worldwide [environmental movement](/wiki/Environmental_movement \"Environmental movement\").",
"In the 1970s, global movements concerned with pollution and the environment increased their focus on organic farming. As the distinction between organic and conventional food became clearer, one goal of the [organic movement](/wiki/Organic_movement \"Organic movement\") was to encourage consumption of [locally grown food](/wiki/Local_food \"Local food\"), which was promoted through slogans like \"Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food\".",
"An early organic farmers' association, the [Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association](/wiki/Maine_Organic_Farmers_and_Gardeners_Association \"Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association\") was founded in 1971\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mofga.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=242\\|title\\=Abridged History\\|last\\=Association\\|first\\=Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners\\|website\\=www.mofga.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-15}}",
"In 1972, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements ([IFOAM](/wiki/IFOAM \"IFOAM\")) was founded in [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles_%28city%29 \"Versailles (city)\"),Paull, John (2010\\) [\"From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)\"](http://www.academia.edu/9192738/From_France_to_the_World_The_International_Federation_of_Organic_Agriculture_Movements_IFOAM_), Journal of Social Research \\& Policy. 1 (2\\): 93–102\\. France and dedicated to the diffusion and exchange of information on the principles and practices of organic agriculture of all schools and across national and linguistic boundaries.",
"In 1975, Fukuoka released his book, *[The One\\-Straw Revolution](/wiki/The_One-Straw_Revolution \"The One-Straw Revolution\")*, with a strong impact in certain areas of the agricultural world. His approach to small\\-scale grain production emphasized a meticulous balance of the local farming [ecosystem](/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\"), and a minimum of human interference and labour.",
"In the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s, [J. I. Rodale](/wiki/J._I._Rodale \"J. I. Rodale\") and his Rodale Press (now [Rodale, Inc.](/wiki/Rodale%2C_Inc. \"Rodale, Inc.\")) advocated for organic farming methods. The press's books offered how\\-to information and advice to Americans interested in trying organic gardening and farming.",
"In 1984, [Oregon Tilth](/wiki/Oregon_Tilth \"Oregon Tilth\") established an early organic certification service in the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://washingtontilth.org/history.htm\\|title\\=WA Tilth Association History\\|last\\=Musick\\|first\\=Mark\\|publisher\\=Washington Tilth\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2015}}",
"In the 1980s, around the world, farming and consumer groups began seriously pressuring for government regulation of organic production. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. In the United States, the [Organic Foods Production Act of 1990](/wiki/Organic_Foods_Production_Act_of_1990 \"Organic Foods Production Act of 1990\") tasked the USDA with developing national standards for organic products, and the final rule establishing the National Organic Program was first published in the [Federal Register](/wiki/Federal_Register \"Federal Register\") in 2000\\.{{USFR\\|65\\|80548}} (December 21, 2000\\)",
"In [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"), the loss of Soviet economic support following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a focus on local agricultural production and the development of a unique state\\-supported urban organic agriculture program called [organopónicos](/wiki/Organop%C3%B3nicos \"Organopónicos\").",
"Since the early 1990s, the retail market for organic farming in developed economies has been growing by about 20% annually due to increasing consumer demand. Concern for the quality and safety of food, and the potential for environmental damage from conventional agriculture, are apparently responsible for this trend.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0683108\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715033754/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0683108\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Volta CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|access\-date\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Volta had a population of 246\. The population density was {{convert\|55\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Volta was 201 (81\.7%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 7 (2\.8%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0 (0\.0%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1 (0\.4%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 4 (1\.6%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 29 (11\.8%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 4 (1\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 132 persons (53\.7%).
The Census reported that 246 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 83 households, out of which 31 (37\.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 47 (56\.6%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5 (6\.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 7 (8\.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 8 (9\.6%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 1 (1\.2%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 17 households (20\.5%) were made up of individuals, and 7 (8\.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.96\. There were 59 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (71\.1% of all households); the average family size was 3\.47\.
The population was spread out, with 59 people (24\.0%) under the age of 18, 31 people (12\.6%) aged 18 to 24, 61 people (24\.8%) aged 25 to 44, 68 people (27\.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 27 people (11\.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36\.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107\.8 males.
There were 106 housing units at an average density of 23\.9 per square mile (9\.2/km{{sup\|2}}), of which 43 (51\.8%) were owner\-occupied, and 40 (48\.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2\.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 11\.1%. 114 people (46\.3% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 132 people (53\.7%) lived in rental housing units.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0683108\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715033754/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0683108\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Volta CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Volta had a population of 246\\. The population density was {{convert\\|55\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Volta was 201 (81\\.7%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 7 (2\\.8%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0 (0\\.0%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1 (0\\.4%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 4 (1\\.6%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 29 (11\\.8%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 4 (1\\.6%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 132 persons (53\\.7%).",
"The Census reported that 246 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.",
"There were 83 households, out of which 31 (37\\.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 47 (56\\.6%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5 (6\\.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 7 (8\\.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 8 (9\\.6%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 1 (1\\.2%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 17 households (20\\.5%) were made up of individuals, and 7 (8\\.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.96\\. There were 59 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (71\\.1% of all households); the average family size was 3\\.47\\.",
"The population was spread out, with 59 people (24\\.0%) under the age of 18, 31 people (12\\.6%) aged 18 to 24, 61 people (24\\.8%) aged 25 to 44, 68 people (27\\.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 27 people (11\\.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36\\.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107\\.8 males.",
"There were 106 housing units at an average density of 23\\.9 per square mile (9\\.2/km{{sup\\|2}}), of which 43 (51\\.8%) were owner\\-occupied, and 40 (48\\.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2\\.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 11\\.1%. 114 people (46\\.3% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 132 people (53\\.7%) lived in rental housing units.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Carolina Panthers
After college, Beavers entered the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") (NFL) as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent "Undrafted free agent") for the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers "Carolina Panthers") on May 1, 2009\. He was waived by the team at the end of preseason on September 5, 2009\.
### New Orleans Saints
On May 13, 2010, Beavers was signed by the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints").{{cite web \|author\= \|url\=http://www.neworleanssaints.com/team/roster/larry\-beavers/86ce4d02\-cf04\-47a0\-a89a\-955790020445/ \|title\=Larry Beavers \|publisher\=New Orleans Saints \|date\= \|accessdate\=July 15, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804133000/http://www.neworleanssaints.com/team/roster/larry\-beavers/86ce4d02\-cf04\-47a0\-a89a\-955790020445/ \|archive\-date\=August 4, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }} The activation of [Robert Meachem](/wiki/Robert_Meachem "Robert Meachem") from the physically unable to perform list resulted in Beavers being cut from the team.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Source\-Larry\-Beavers\-being\-waived\-by\-Saints.html \|title\=Source: Larry Beavers being waived by Saints \| National Football Post \|accessdate\=February 18, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923060817/http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Source\-Larry\-Beavers\-being\-waived\-by\-Saints.html \|archivedate\=September 23, 2010 }}
### Iowa Barnstormers
In 2011, he was signed by the [Iowa Barnstormers](/wiki/Iowa_Barnstormers "Iowa Barnstormers") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League "Arena Football League") (AFL).
### Edmonton Eskimos
On June 17, 2011, Beavers was signed by the [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos "Edmonton Eskimos") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") (CFL).{{cite web \|url\=http://athletics.wesley.edu/sports/fball/2011\-12/releases/20110617thsimk \|title\=CFL's Edmonton Eskimos Sign Larry Beavers \- Wesley \|website\=Athletics.wesley.edu \|date\=June 17, 2011 \|accessdate\=July 15, 2017 \|archive\-date\=August 4, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804141903/http://athletics.wesley.edu/sports/fball/2011\-12/releases/20110617thsimk \|url\-status\=dead }}
### New Orleans VooDoo
In 2013, Beavers was assigned to the [New Orleans VooDoo](/wiki/New_Orleans_VooDoo "New Orleans VooDoo"). He was waived by the team on July 3, 2013, only to be reassigned to the VooDoo on July 4, 2013\. He was placed on reassignment on June 25, 2015\.
### Las Vegas Outlaws
On August 6, 2015, Beavers was assigned to the [Las Vegas Outlaws](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Outlaws_%28arena_football%29 "Las Vegas Outlaws (arena football)").
### Cleveland Gladiators
On December 14, 2015, Beavers was assigned to the [Cleveland Gladiators](/wiki/Cleveland_Gladiators "Cleveland Gladiators"). He was placed on reassignment by the team on January 11, 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\=transactions \|title\=Transactions \|publisher\=afldigital.com \|accessdate\=January 19, 2017 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119174126/http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\=transactions \|archivedate\=January 19, 2017 }} On June 1, 2017, Beavers was assigned to the Gladiators. On June 5, 2017, Beavers was placed on reassignment.
### Philadelphia Soul
On June 13, 2017, Beavers was assigned to the [Philadelphia Soul](/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul "Philadelphia Soul") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League "Arena Football League") (AFL). On August 26, 2017, the Soul beat the [Tampa Bay Storm](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm "Tampa Bay Storm") in [ArenaBowl XXX](/wiki/ArenaBowl_XXX "ArenaBowl XXX") by a score of 44–40\.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.arenafootball.com/articles/soul\-snare\-second\-straight\-foster\-trophy\-in\-arenabowl\-xxx \| title\=Soul Snare Second Straight Foster Trophy in ArenaBowl XXX \| publisher\=arenafootball.com \| accessdate\=August 27, 2017 \| url\-status\=bot: unknown \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827235503/http://www.arenafootball.com/articles/soul\-snare\-second\-straight\-foster\-trophy\-in\-arenabowl\-xxx \| archivedate\=August 27, 2017 }}
### Georgia Doom
In January 2018, Beavers signed with the [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom "Georgia Doom") of the [American Arena League](/wiki/American_Arena_League "American Arena League") (AAL).{{cite web \| url\=http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/transactions%23january\-2018 \| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20180113035753/http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/transactions%23january\-2018 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=January 13, 2018 \| title\=Transactions \| publisher\=americanarenaleague.com \| accessdate\=January 12, 2018}}
### Albany Empire
On May 31, 2018, Beavers was assigned to the [Albany Empire](/wiki/Albany_Empire_%28AFL%29 "Albany Empire (AFL)") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League "Arena Football League") (AFL).{{cite web \| url\=http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\=transactions \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601025952/http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\=transactions \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=June 1, 2018 \| title\=Transactions \| publisher\=afldigital.com \| date\=May 31, 2018 \| accessdate\=May 31, 2018}} On July 2, 2018, he was placed on reassignment.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\=transactions \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705180125/http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\=transactions \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=July 5, 2018 \| title\=Transactions \| publisher\=afldigital.com \| accessdate\=July 5, 2018}}
### West Virginia Roughriders
On October 31, 2018, Beavers signed with the [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders "West Virginia Roughriders") of the [American Arena League](/wiki/American_Arena_League "American Arena League") (AAL).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/westvirginiaroughriders/photos/breaking\-news\-alert\-west\-virginia\-roughriders\-sign\-arena\-veteran\-wide\-receiver\-l/567904163631757/\|title\=West Virginia Roughriders Sign Arena Veteran Wide Receiver Larry Beavers for upcoming 2019 season\|work\=facebook.com}} On November 1, 2019, Beavers re\-signed with the Roughriders for the 2020 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/westvirginiaroughriders/posts/wr\-larry\-beavers\-is\-returning\-to\-the\-friendly\-city\-/779861485769356/\|title\=WR Larry Beavers is returning to the Friendly City!!! \|work\=facebook.com}}
### Jersey Flight
On November 2, 2020, Beavers signed with the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight "Jersey Flight") of the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/stats\#/1200/transactions?division\_id\=11634\|title\=2021 NAL Transactions\|work\=nationalarenaleague.com}}
### Orlando Predators
On November 26, 2021, Beavers signed with the [Orlando Predators](/wiki/Orlando_Predators_%28NAL%29 "Orlando Predators (NAL)") of the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League "National Arena League") (NAL).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/stats\#/1200/transactions?division\_id\=15180\|title\=2022 NAL Transactions\|work\=nationalarenaleague.com}} On October 31, 2022, Beavers re\-signed with the Predators for the [2023 season](/wiki/2023_National_Arena_League_season "2023 National Arena League season").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/stats\#/1200/transactions?division\_id\=20722\|title\=2023 NAL Transactions\|work\=nationalarenaleague.com}} On March 29, 2023, Beavers was released by the Predators.
### AFL statistics
| Year | Team | Receiving | | | Returns | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| {{tooltip\|Rec\|Receptions}} | {{tooltip\|Yds\|Receiving yards}} | {{tooltip\|TD\|Receiving touchdowns}} | {{tooltip\|Ret\|Returns}} | {{tooltip\|Yds\|Return yards}} | {{tooltip\|TD\|Return touchdowns}} |
| [2011](/wiki/2011_Arena_Football_League_season "2011 Arena Football League season") | [Iowa](/wiki/2011_Iowa_Barnstormers_season "2011 Iowa Barnstormers season") | 12 | 165 | 1 | 31 | 500 | 0 |
| [2013](/wiki/2013_Arena_Football_League_season "2013 Arena Football League season") | [New Orleans](/wiki/2013_New_Orleans_VooDoo_season "2013 New Orleans VooDoo season") | 13 | 176 | 2 | 11 | 234 | 1 |
| [2014](/wiki/2014_Arena_Football_League_season "2014 Arena Football League season") | [New Orleans](/wiki/2014_New_Orleans_VooDoo_season "2014 New Orleans VooDoo season") | 80 | 1,020 | 16 | 59 | 1,136 | 4 |
| [2015](/wiki/2015_Arena_Football_League_season "2015 Arena Football League season") | [New Orleans](/wiki/2015_New_Orleans_VooDoo_season "2015 New Orleans VooDoo season") | 10 | 125 | 1 | 23 | 534 | 2 |
| [2016](/wiki/2016_Arena_Football_League_season "2016 Arena Football League season") | [Cleveland](/wiki/2016_Cleveland_Gladiators_season "2016 Cleveland Gladiators season") | 50 | 703 | 8 | 91 | 1,494 | 1 |
| [2017](/wiki/2017_Arena_Football_League_season "2017 Arena Football League season") | [Cleveland](/wiki/2017_Cleveland_Gladiators_season "2017 Cleveland Gladiators season") | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 101 | 0 |
| [2017](/wiki/2017_Arena_Football_League_season "2017 Arena Football League season") | [Philadelphia](/wiki/2017_Philadelphia_Soul_season "2017 Philadelphia Soul season") | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 117 | 0 |
| **Career** | | 165 | 2,189 | 28 | 227 | 4,116 | 8 |
*Stats from ArenaFan*:{{cite web \| url\=http://www.arenafan.com/players/11493/ \| title\=Larry Beavers \| publisher\=arenafan.com \| accessdate\=August 3, 2017}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Carolina Panthers",
"After college, Beavers entered the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") (NFL) as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") for the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers \"Carolina Panthers\") on May 1, 2009\\. He was waived by the team at the end of preseason on September 5, 2009\\.",
"### New Orleans Saints",
"On May 13, 2010, Beavers was signed by the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\").{{cite web \\|author\\= \\|url\\=http://www.neworleanssaints.com/team/roster/larry\\-beavers/86ce4d02\\-cf04\\-47a0\\-a89a\\-955790020445/ \\|title\\=Larry Beavers \\|publisher\\=New Orleans Saints \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=July 15, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804133000/http://www.neworleanssaints.com/team/roster/larry\\-beavers/86ce4d02\\-cf04\\-47a0\\-a89a\\-955790020445/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The activation of [Robert Meachem](/wiki/Robert_Meachem \"Robert Meachem\") from the physically unable to perform list resulted in Beavers being cut from the team.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Source\\-Larry\\-Beavers\\-being\\-waived\\-by\\-Saints.html \\|title\\=Source: Larry Beavers being waived by Saints \\| National Football Post \\|accessdate\\=February 18, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923060817/http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Source\\-Larry\\-Beavers\\-being\\-waived\\-by\\-Saints.html \\|archivedate\\=September 23, 2010 }}",
"### Iowa Barnstormers",
"In 2011, he was signed by the [Iowa Barnstormers](/wiki/Iowa_Barnstormers \"Iowa Barnstormers\") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League \"Arena Football League\") (AFL).",
"### Edmonton Eskimos",
"On June 17, 2011, Beavers was signed by the [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos \"Edmonton Eskimos\") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") (CFL).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://athletics.wesley.edu/sports/fball/2011\\-12/releases/20110617thsimk \\|title\\=CFL's Edmonton Eskimos Sign Larry Beavers \\- Wesley \\|website\\=Athletics.wesley.edu \\|date\\=June 17, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=July 15, 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 4, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804141903/http://athletics.wesley.edu/sports/fball/2011\\-12/releases/20110617thsimk \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"### New Orleans VooDoo",
"In 2013, Beavers was assigned to the [New Orleans VooDoo](/wiki/New_Orleans_VooDoo \"New Orleans VooDoo\"). He was waived by the team on July 3, 2013, only to be reassigned to the VooDoo on July 4, 2013\\. He was placed on reassignment on June 25, 2015\\.",
"### Las Vegas Outlaws",
"On August 6, 2015, Beavers was assigned to the [Las Vegas Outlaws](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Outlaws_%28arena_football%29 \"Las Vegas Outlaws (arena football)\").",
"### Cleveland Gladiators",
"On December 14, 2015, Beavers was assigned to the [Cleveland Gladiators](/wiki/Cleveland_Gladiators \"Cleveland Gladiators\"). He was placed on reassignment by the team on January 11, 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\\=transactions \\|title\\=Transactions \\|publisher\\=afldigital.com \\|accessdate\\=January 19, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119174126/http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\\=transactions \\|archivedate\\=January 19, 2017 }} On June 1, 2017, Beavers was assigned to the Gladiators. On June 5, 2017, Beavers was placed on reassignment.",
"### Philadelphia Soul",
"On June 13, 2017, Beavers was assigned to the [Philadelphia Soul](/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul \"Philadelphia Soul\") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League \"Arena Football League\") (AFL). On August 26, 2017, the Soul beat the [Tampa Bay Storm](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm \"Tampa Bay Storm\") in [ArenaBowl XXX](/wiki/ArenaBowl_XXX \"ArenaBowl XXX\") by a score of 44–40\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.arenafootball.com/articles/soul\\-snare\\-second\\-straight\\-foster\\-trophy\\-in\\-arenabowl\\-xxx \\| title\\=Soul Snare Second Straight Foster Trophy in ArenaBowl XXX \\| publisher\\=arenafootball.com \\| accessdate\\=August 27, 2017 \\| url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827235503/http://www.arenafootball.com/articles/soul\\-snare\\-second\\-straight\\-foster\\-trophy\\-in\\-arenabowl\\-xxx \\| archivedate\\=August 27, 2017 }}",
"### Georgia Doom",
"In January 2018, Beavers signed with the [Georgia Doom](/wiki/Georgia_Doom \"Georgia Doom\") of the [American Arena League](/wiki/American_Arena_League \"American Arena League\") (AAL).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/transactions%23january\\-2018 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20180113035753/http://americanarenaleague.com/index.php/transactions%23january\\-2018 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=January 13, 2018 \\| title\\=Transactions \\| publisher\\=americanarenaleague.com \\| accessdate\\=January 12, 2018}}",
"### Albany Empire",
"On May 31, 2018, Beavers was assigned to the [Albany Empire](/wiki/Albany_Empire_%28AFL%29 \"Albany Empire (AFL)\") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League \"Arena Football League\") (AFL).{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\\=transactions \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601025952/http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\\=transactions \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=June 1, 2018 \\| title\\=Transactions \\| publisher\\=afldigital.com \\| date\\=May 31, 2018 \\| accessdate\\=May 31, 2018}} On July 2, 2018, he was placed on reassignment.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\\=transactions \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705180125/http://www.afldigital.com/index.cfm?view\\=transactions \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=July 5, 2018 \\| title\\=Transactions \\| publisher\\=afldigital.com \\| accessdate\\=July 5, 2018}}",
"### West Virginia Roughriders",
"On October 31, 2018, Beavers signed with the [West Virginia Roughriders](/wiki/West_Virginia_Roughriders \"West Virginia Roughriders\") of the [American Arena League](/wiki/American_Arena_League \"American Arena League\") (AAL).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/westvirginiaroughriders/photos/breaking\\-news\\-alert\\-west\\-virginia\\-roughriders\\-sign\\-arena\\-veteran\\-wide\\-receiver\\-l/567904163631757/\\|title\\=West Virginia Roughriders Sign Arena Veteran Wide Receiver Larry Beavers for upcoming 2019 season\\|work\\=facebook.com}} On November 1, 2019, Beavers re\\-signed with the Roughriders for the 2020 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/westvirginiaroughriders/posts/wr\\-larry\\-beavers\\-is\\-returning\\-to\\-the\\-friendly\\-city\\-/779861485769356/\\|title\\=WR Larry Beavers is returning to the Friendly City!!! \\|work\\=facebook.com}}",
"### Jersey Flight",
"On November 2, 2020, Beavers signed with the [Jersey Flight](/wiki/Jersey_Flight \"Jersey Flight\") of the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/stats\\#/1200/transactions?division\\_id\\=11634\\|title\\=2021 NAL Transactions\\|work\\=nationalarenaleague.com}}",
"### Orlando Predators",
"On November 26, 2021, Beavers signed with the [Orlando Predators](/wiki/Orlando_Predators_%28NAL%29 \"Orlando Predators (NAL)\") of the [National Arena League](/wiki/National_Arena_League \"National Arena League\") (NAL).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/stats\\#/1200/transactions?division\\_id\\=15180\\|title\\=2022 NAL Transactions\\|work\\=nationalarenaleague.com}} On October 31, 2022, Beavers re\\-signed with the Predators for the [2023 season](/wiki/2023_National_Arena_League_season \"2023 National Arena League season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationalarenaleague.com/stats\\#/1200/transactions?division\\_id\\=20722\\|title\\=2023 NAL Transactions\\|work\\=nationalarenaleague.com}} On March 29, 2023, Beavers was released by the Predators.",
"### AFL statistics",
"",
"| Year | Team | Receiving | | | Returns | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{tooltip\\|Rec\\|Receptions}} | {{tooltip\\|Yds\\|Receiving yards}} | {{tooltip\\|TD\\|Receiving touchdowns}} | {{tooltip\\|Ret\\|Returns}} | {{tooltip\\|Yds\\|Return yards}} | {{tooltip\\|TD\\|Return touchdowns}} |\n| [2011](/wiki/2011_Arena_Football_League_season \"2011 Arena Football League season\") | [Iowa](/wiki/2011_Iowa_Barnstormers_season \"2011 Iowa Barnstormers season\") | 12 | 165 | 1 | 31 | 500 | 0 |\n| [2013](/wiki/2013_Arena_Football_League_season \"2013 Arena Football League season\") | [New Orleans](/wiki/2013_New_Orleans_VooDoo_season \"2013 New Orleans VooDoo season\") | 13 | 176 | 2 | 11 | 234 | 1 |\n| [2014](/wiki/2014_Arena_Football_League_season \"2014 Arena Football League season\") | [New Orleans](/wiki/2014_New_Orleans_VooDoo_season \"2014 New Orleans VooDoo season\") | 80 | 1,020 | 16 | 59 | 1,136 | 4 |\n| [2015](/wiki/2015_Arena_Football_League_season \"2015 Arena Football League season\") | [New Orleans](/wiki/2015_New_Orleans_VooDoo_season \"2015 New Orleans VooDoo season\") | 10 | 125 | 1 | 23 | 534 | 2 |\n| [2016](/wiki/2016_Arena_Football_League_season \"2016 Arena Football League season\") | [Cleveland](/wiki/2016_Cleveland_Gladiators_season \"2016 Cleveland Gladiators season\") | 50 | 703 | 8 | 91 | 1,494 | 1 |\n| [2017](/wiki/2017_Arena_Football_League_season \"2017 Arena Football League season\") | [Cleveland](/wiki/2017_Cleveland_Gladiators_season \"2017 Cleveland Gladiators season\") | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 101 | 0 |\n| [2017](/wiki/2017_Arena_Football_League_season \"2017 Arena Football League season\") | [Philadelphia](/wiki/2017_Philadelphia_Soul_season \"2017 Philadelphia Soul season\") | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 117 | 0 |\n| **Career** | | 165 | 2,189 | 28 | 227 | 4,116 | 8 |",
"*Stats from ArenaFan*:{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.arenafan.com/players/11493/ \\| title\\=Larry Beavers \\| publisher\\=arenafan.com \\| accessdate\\=August 3, 2017}}",
""
] |
Postsocialism and academic fields
---------------------------------
### Postcolonialism
Like postsocialism, [postcolonial theory](/wiki/Postcolonialism "Postcolonialism") provides a critical perspective on the cultural and social legacies of a hegemonic system, focuses on continuities through periods of structural political change, and critiques mainstream Western scholarship. Scholars of postsocialism such as Katherine Verdery, Sharad Chari, and Jill Owczarak, have all explored the potential overlaps between postsocialism and postcolonialism and the ways that these theories can inform one another.
There are some key differences between postsocialism and postcolonialism. First, although influential thinkers like [Frantz Fanon](/wiki/Frantz_Fanon "Frantz Fanon") and [Aimé Césaire](/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire "Aimé Césaire") wrote texts during the height of decolonization, postcolonial studies emerged as a field largely in the 1980s, while postsocialism emerged in the mid\-1990s, only a few years after the fall of most communist states.Sharad Chari and Katherine Verdery, “Thinking between the Posts: Postcolonialism, Postsocialism, and Ethnography after the Cold War,” *Comparative Studies in Society and History* 51, no. 1 (2009\): 11\. Owczarzak claims that postcolonialism has a clearer theoretical grounding while most studies of postsocialism are geographically unified because they focus on Eastern European states.Jill Owczarzak, “Introduction: Postcolonial Studies and Postsocialism in Eastern Europe,” *Focaal* 2009, no. 53 (April 1, 2009\): 2, {{doi\|10\.3167/fcl.2009\.530101}}. Notably, [Arif Dirlik](/wiki/Arif_Dirlik "Arif Dirlik") had developed the concept of postsocialism in the context of Chinese studies prior to the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe but did so based on a significantly different definition of postsocialism.Arif Dirlik, “Postsocialism? Reflections on ‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,’” *Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars* 21, no. 1 (March 1989\): 33\-44, {{doi\|10\.1080/14672715\.1989\.10413190}}.
Verdery and Chari present three main ways of combining postsocialism and postcolonialism or thinking “between the posts.” First, postsocialism and postcolonialism can be used to explore the relationship between “empire and capital,” especially by drawing from studies of the “technologies of imperial power," studies of the relationship between empire and ethnic or nationalistic sentiment, and studies of neocolonialism and neoliberalism that explore “new kinds political and economic interventions into the affairs of formally sovereign states."Chari and Verdery, "Thinking between the Posts," 15, 13, 17\. Second, postsocialism and postcolonialism can be combined to undo the Cold War\-era tendencies for studies of the “[Three Worlds](/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory "Three Worlds Theory")” to treat each "world" in isolation and rely on different fields for analyzing each one. And third, postsocialism can draw upon postcolonial theories of race to analyze the promotion of “internal enemies” under socialism and the development of [ethnonationalism](/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism "Ethnic nationalism") in Eastern Europe. Verdery and Chari propose a unified perspective, “post\-Cold War studies,” that takes into account the impact of the Cold War on both the decolonization process and the progression and fall of socialism in Eastern Europe.Chari and Verdery, "Thinking between the Posts," 18\-26\.
Owczarak focuses on two themes of postcolonialism that scholars use in analyzing postsocialism. First, scholars can draw on [Edward Said](/wiki/Edward_Said "Edward Said")’s concept of [Orientalism](/wiki/Orientalism_%28book%29 "Orientalism (book)"), as Eastern Europe has long “served as Western Europe’s intermediary ‘Other’” and has been perceived as relatively backward and in need of civilizing or educating.Owczarzak, “Introduction," 4\-5\. Second, postsocialist scholars can use the postcolonial concept of “[hybridity](/wiki/Hybridity "Hybridity"),” or “belonging to multiple worlds” to explore the ways in which Eastern European states are both “Eastern” and “Western.”Owczarzak, “Introduction," 10\-11\. These analytical tools can help scholars take into account how analyses of and identities in Eastern Europe are formed with reference to both Western European and local concerns.Owczarzak, “Introduction," 12\-13\.
### Postsocialism and gender
Issues relating to gender, especially that of abortion, have become major political flashpoints in postsocialist states and gender is a major focus of postsocialist studies. Many postsocialist states have powerful conservative, [natalist](/wiki/Natalism "Natalism"), anti\-feminist political movements. Postsocialist scholars explain these developments as being to some extent a backlash against what many perceived as the “feminizing,” or “mothering” nature of the socialist state, which provided a great deal of services for the family and became associated with the term “feminism” itself.Verdery, *What Was Socialism*, 80\-81; Owczarzak, “Introduction," 8\-9\. The developments under postsocialism, then, involve “compelling women back into the nurturing and care\-giving roles ‘natural’ to their sex and restoring to men their ‘natural’ family authority.”Verdery, *What Was Socialism*, 80\. The retreat of the state from the public domain—in terms of reproductive rights, guaranteed employment, and social care—also led to a loss of work and engagement in civil society for women, in what Frances Pine similarly calls a “retreat to the domestic.”Frances Pine, “Retreat to the Household? Gendered Domains in Postsocialist Poland,” in *Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia*, ed. C. M. Hann (London: Routledge, 2001\), 101\.
Scholars of postsocialism have also analyzed the interaction between different visions of feminism. Analysis from Western feminists and aid from Western feminist NGOs has met with some resistance from Eastern European feminists who embrace ideas of femininity and gender difference and criticized Western observers for not understanding local gender dynamics.Owczarzak, "Introduction," 8\-9; Manduhai Buyandelgeriyn, “Post\-Post\-Transition Theories: Walking on Multiple Paths,” *Annual Review of Anthropology* 37, no. 1 (2008\): 241, {{doi\|10\.1146/annurev.anthro.37\.081407\.085214}}. At the same time, some younger Eastern European feminists have turned to Western institutions and ideas for inspiration, support, or legitimation, adding a generational tension to gender issues in the region.Owczarzak, "Introduction," 9\.
### Postsocialism and capitalism
Scholars such as anthropologist Nicolette Makovicky see utility in interrogating postsocialist societies as specific examples of local capitalism and variants of neo\-liberal models of governance.Nicolette Makovicky (2014\) "Introduction: Me, Inc? Untangling Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism," in *Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism: Enterprising Selves in Changing Economies* ed. Nicolette Mackovicky, Ashgate, 3–4\. In emphasising the long\-term and ongoing effect of economic changes, Makovicky and others who employ ethnographic approaches draw attention to postsocialism as a specific form of dispossession, remaking of subjecthood, and continuing temporal discontinuity.Jeremy Morris (2016\) *Everyday Post\-socialism: Working\-Class Communities in the Russian Margins* Springer, p. 15\. Scholars inspired by critical geography and anthropology use the concept of dispossession to open up the discussion of postsocialism as producing specific forms of illiberal populism, Don Kalb (2018\) "Upscaling Illiberalism: Class, Contradiction, and the Rise and Rise of the Populist Right in Post\-socialist Central Europe". *Fudan J. Hum. Soc. Sci.* 11, 303–321\. forms of precarious emotional citizenry,Jasmine Arpagian \& Stuart C. Aitken (2018\) "Without Space: The Politics of Precarity and Dispossession in Postsocialist Bucharest", *Annals of the American Association of Geographers*, 108:2, 445\-453, and socio\-economically generated nostalgia.Jeremy Morris (2014\) "The Warm Home of Cacti and Other Soviet Memories: Russian Workers Reflect on the Socialist Period", *Central Europe*, 12:1, 16\-31,
### Postsocialism and China
Although the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") (CCP) is still in power, the [Reform and Opening](/wiki/Reform_and_Opening "Reform and Opening") policies and concomitant changes to China's economy and society have led some scholars to use the label postsocialist to describe China as well. Arif Dirlik first used this term in 1989 in an attempt to theorize the “condition of ideological contradiction and uncertainty” present in a state that continued to call itself socialist (with the term “[socialism with Chinese characteristics](/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics "Socialism with Chinese characteristics")”) while undertaking capitalist economic reforms.Arif Dirlik, “Postsocialism?," 34\. Dirlik argues that reform in China created a tension between the CCP’s continued self\-definition as socialist and its use of “socialist revolution” in fostering nationalism, and the internal and external pressures from integration with the capitalist world economy. For Dirlik, postsocialism is a way of describing the “discursive struggle between present\-day capitalism and ‘actually existing socialism’ to appropriate the future.”Dirlik, "Postsocialism?" 43\.
Dirlik’s conception of postsocialism also rejects the idea of a linear transition from socialism to capitalist market economics, but, unlike the later Eastern Europe\-focused scholarship of postsocialism, Dirlik’s theory is focused on political and economic visions rather than culture and everyday life. Thus, Dirlik’s theory is not meant to shift studies on China in a particular direction permanently, but rather to step away from definitive labels and “rethink socialism” and its tensions with and ties to capitalism.Dirlik, "Postsocialism?" 44\.
In 1994, [Paul Pickowicz](/wiki/Paul_G._Pickowicz "Paul G. Pickowicz") proposed a different understanding of postsocialism in China based on film and culture, looking from the “bottom up” rather than top down.Paul G. Pickowicz, “Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism,” in *New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics*, ed. Nick Browne et al. (Cambridge University Press, 1994\), [https://doi.org/10\.1017/CBO9781139174121\.005](https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174121.005), 275\. Analyzing the 1980s films of director [Huang Jianxin](/wiki/Huang_Jianxin "Huang Jianxin"), Pickowicz argues for a postsocialist “identity” and “cultural condition” that is shared across China and formerly socialist states in Eastern Europe, consisting mainly of a “negative, dystopian” view of society and a sense of “profound disillusionment,” “hopelessness,” “alienation,” and a lack of a positive vision or hope for change.Pickowicz, "Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism," 275\-6, 278\. Like scholars of Eastern European postsocialism, Pickowicz focuses on the experience of socialism as reflected through culture, but Pickowicz’s postsocialism has an added dimension: because the CCP is still in charge, postsocialist artworks “‘subvert’ … the oppressive traditional socialist system by deconstructing the mythology of Chinese socialism.”Pickowicz, "Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism," 295\.
Since the emergence of postsocialist studies relating to Eastern Europe, some scholars of China have adapted these studies to China. Kevin Latham, following scholars such as Verdery, argues for describing China during the Reform Era as “postsocialist” rather than a “hybrid version of socialism” because postsocialist studies highlight both the “radical breaks and the continuities that exist alongside each other and mutually inform one another.”Kevin Latham, “Rethinking Chinese Consumption: Social Palliatives and the Rhetorics of Transition in Postsocialist China,” in *Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia*, ed. C. M. Hann (London: Routledge, 2001\), 218–219\. Latham also follows Dirlik, however, in defining postsocialism as not signifying a “straightforward ‘after’ in either logical or chronological terms,” meaning that postsocialist China is not just defined by transformations from the earlier era but also by institutions and sensibilities that remained the same.Latham, "Rethinking Chinese Consumption," 219\. Latham also argues that although “transitology” or a focus on China’s “transition” to capitalism is an inappropriate frame of analysis, it is also important that “the notion of transition *in the local rhetoric* plays an important role in maintaining Party legitimacy.”Latham, "Rethinking Chinese Consumption," 230\. In the 1990s, according to Latham, the CCP used deliberately vague ideas of “transition” to elicit support for continued reform. The people could persevere through the various problems created by Reform if something better was at the other end.Latham, "Rethinking Chinese Consumption," 231\.
|
[
"Postsocialism and academic fields\n---------------------------------",
"### Postcolonialism",
"Like postsocialism, [postcolonial theory](/wiki/Postcolonialism \"Postcolonialism\") provides a critical perspective on the cultural and social legacies of a hegemonic system, focuses on continuities through periods of structural political change, and critiques mainstream Western scholarship. Scholars of postsocialism such as Katherine Verdery, Sharad Chari, and Jill Owczarak, have all explored the potential overlaps between postsocialism and postcolonialism and the ways that these theories can inform one another.",
"There are some key differences between postsocialism and postcolonialism. First, although influential thinkers like [Frantz Fanon](/wiki/Frantz_Fanon \"Frantz Fanon\") and [Aimé Césaire](/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire \"Aimé Césaire\") wrote texts during the height of decolonization, postcolonial studies emerged as a field largely in the 1980s, while postsocialism emerged in the mid\\-1990s, only a few years after the fall of most communist states.Sharad Chari and Katherine Verdery, “Thinking between the Posts: Postcolonialism, Postsocialism, and Ethnography after the Cold War,” *Comparative Studies in Society and History* 51, no. 1 (2009\\): 11\\. Owczarzak claims that postcolonialism has a clearer theoretical grounding while most studies of postsocialism are geographically unified because they focus on Eastern European states.Jill Owczarzak, “Introduction: Postcolonial Studies and Postsocialism in Eastern Europe,” *Focaal* 2009, no. 53 (April 1, 2009\\): 2, {{doi\\|10\\.3167/fcl.2009\\.530101}}. Notably, [Arif Dirlik](/wiki/Arif_Dirlik \"Arif Dirlik\") had developed the concept of postsocialism in the context of Chinese studies prior to the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe but did so based on a significantly different definition of postsocialism.Arif Dirlik, “Postsocialism? Reflections on ‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,’” *Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars* 21, no. 1 (March 1989\\): 33\\-44, {{doi\\|10\\.1080/14672715\\.1989\\.10413190}}.",
"Verdery and Chari present three main ways of combining postsocialism and postcolonialism or thinking “between the posts.” First, postsocialism and postcolonialism can be used to explore the relationship between “empire and capital,” especially by drawing from studies of the “technologies of imperial power,\" studies of the relationship between empire and ethnic or nationalistic sentiment, and studies of neocolonialism and neoliberalism that explore “new kinds political and economic interventions into the affairs of formally sovereign states.\"Chari and Verdery, \"Thinking between the Posts,\" 15, 13, 17\\. Second, postsocialism and postcolonialism can be combined to undo the Cold War\\-era tendencies for studies of the “[Three Worlds](/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory \"Three Worlds Theory\")” to treat each \"world\" in isolation and rely on different fields for analyzing each one. And third, postsocialism can draw upon postcolonial theories of race to analyze the promotion of “internal enemies” under socialism and the development of [ethnonationalism](/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism \"Ethnic nationalism\") in Eastern Europe. Verdery and Chari propose a unified perspective, “post\\-Cold War studies,” that takes into account the impact of the Cold War on both the decolonization process and the progression and fall of socialism in Eastern Europe.Chari and Verdery, \"Thinking between the Posts,\" 18\\-26\\.",
"Owczarak focuses on two themes of postcolonialism that scholars use in analyzing postsocialism. First, scholars can draw on [Edward Said](/wiki/Edward_Said \"Edward Said\")’s concept of [Orientalism](/wiki/Orientalism_%28book%29 \"Orientalism (book)\"), as Eastern Europe has long “served as Western Europe’s intermediary ‘Other’” and has been perceived as relatively backward and in need of civilizing or educating.Owczarzak, “Introduction,\" 4\\-5\\. Second, postsocialist scholars can use the postcolonial concept of “[hybridity](/wiki/Hybridity \"Hybridity\"),” or “belonging to multiple worlds” to explore the ways in which Eastern European states are both “Eastern” and “Western.”Owczarzak, “Introduction,\" 10\\-11\\. These analytical tools can help scholars take into account how analyses of and identities in Eastern Europe are formed with reference to both Western European and local concerns.Owczarzak, “Introduction,\" 12\\-13\\.",
"### Postsocialism and gender",
"Issues relating to gender, especially that of abortion, have become major political flashpoints in postsocialist states and gender is a major focus of postsocialist studies. Many postsocialist states have powerful conservative, [natalist](/wiki/Natalism \"Natalism\"), anti\\-feminist political movements. Postsocialist scholars explain these developments as being to some extent a backlash against what many perceived as the “feminizing,” or “mothering” nature of the socialist state, which provided a great deal of services for the family and became associated with the term “feminism” itself.Verdery, *What Was Socialism*, 80\\-81; Owczarzak, “Introduction,\" 8\\-9\\. The developments under postsocialism, then, involve “compelling women back into the nurturing and care\\-giving roles ‘natural’ to their sex and restoring to men their ‘natural’ family authority.”Verdery, *What Was Socialism*, 80\\. The retreat of the state from the public domain—in terms of reproductive rights, guaranteed employment, and social care—also led to a loss of work and engagement in civil society for women, in what Frances Pine similarly calls a “retreat to the domestic.”Frances Pine, “Retreat to the Household? Gendered Domains in Postsocialist Poland,” in *Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia*, ed. C. M. Hann (London: Routledge, 2001\\), 101\\.",
"Scholars of postsocialism have also analyzed the interaction between different visions of feminism. Analysis from Western feminists and aid from Western feminist NGOs has met with some resistance from Eastern European feminists who embrace ideas of femininity and gender difference and criticized Western observers for not understanding local gender dynamics.Owczarzak, \"Introduction,\" 8\\-9; Manduhai Buyandelgeriyn, “Post\\-Post\\-Transition Theories: Walking on Multiple Paths,” *Annual Review of Anthropology* 37, no. 1 (2008\\): 241, {{doi\\|10\\.1146/annurev.anthro.37\\.081407\\.085214}}. At the same time, some younger Eastern European feminists have turned to Western institutions and ideas for inspiration, support, or legitimation, adding a generational tension to gender issues in the region.Owczarzak, \"Introduction,\" 9\\.",
"### Postsocialism and capitalism",
"Scholars such as anthropologist Nicolette Makovicky see utility in interrogating postsocialist societies as specific examples of local capitalism and variants of neo\\-liberal models of governance.Nicolette Makovicky (2014\\) \"Introduction: Me, Inc? Untangling Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism,\" in *Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism: Enterprising Selves in Changing Economies* ed. Nicolette Mackovicky, Ashgate, 3–4\\. In emphasising the long\\-term and ongoing effect of economic changes, Makovicky and others who employ ethnographic approaches draw attention to postsocialism as a specific form of dispossession, remaking of subjecthood, and continuing temporal discontinuity.Jeremy Morris (2016\\) *Everyday Post\\-socialism: Working\\-Class Communities in the Russian Margins* Springer, p. 15\\. Scholars inspired by critical geography and anthropology use the concept of dispossession to open up the discussion of postsocialism as producing specific forms of illiberal populism, Don Kalb (2018\\) \"Upscaling Illiberalism: Class, Contradiction, and the Rise and Rise of the Populist Right in Post\\-socialist Central Europe\". *Fudan J. Hum. Soc. Sci.* 11, 303–321\\. forms of precarious emotional citizenry,Jasmine Arpagian \\& Stuart C. Aitken (2018\\) \"Without Space: The Politics of Precarity and Dispossession in Postsocialist Bucharest\", *Annals of the American Association of Geographers*, 108:2, 445\\-453, and socio\\-economically generated nostalgia.Jeremy Morris (2014\\) \"The Warm Home of Cacti and Other Soviet Memories: Russian Workers Reflect on the Socialist Period\", *Central Europe*, 12:1, 16\\-31,",
"### Postsocialism and China",
"Although the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") (CCP) is still in power, the [Reform and Opening](/wiki/Reform_and_Opening \"Reform and Opening\") policies and concomitant changes to China's economy and society have led some scholars to use the label postsocialist to describe China as well. Arif Dirlik first used this term in 1989 in an attempt to theorize the “condition of ideological contradiction and uncertainty” present in a state that continued to call itself socialist (with the term “[socialism with Chinese characteristics](/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics \"Socialism with Chinese characteristics\")”) while undertaking capitalist economic reforms.Arif Dirlik, “Postsocialism?,\" 34\\. Dirlik argues that reform in China created a tension between the CCP’s continued self\\-definition as socialist and its use of “socialist revolution” in fostering nationalism, and the internal and external pressures from integration with the capitalist world economy. For Dirlik, postsocialism is a way of describing the “discursive struggle between present\\-day capitalism and ‘actually existing socialism’ to appropriate the future.”Dirlik, \"Postsocialism?\" 43\\.",
"Dirlik’s conception of postsocialism also rejects the idea of a linear transition from socialism to capitalist market economics, but, unlike the later Eastern Europe\\-focused scholarship of postsocialism, Dirlik’s theory is focused on political and economic visions rather than culture and everyday life. Thus, Dirlik’s theory is not meant to shift studies on China in a particular direction permanently, but rather to step away from definitive labels and “rethink socialism” and its tensions with and ties to capitalism.Dirlik, \"Postsocialism?\" 44\\.",
"In 1994, [Paul Pickowicz](/wiki/Paul_G._Pickowicz \"Paul G. Pickowicz\") proposed a different understanding of postsocialism in China based on film and culture, looking from the “bottom up” rather than top down.Paul G. Pickowicz, “Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism,” in *New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics*, ed. Nick Browne et al. (Cambridge University Press, 1994\\), [https://doi.org/10\\.1017/CBO9781139174121\\.005](https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174121.005), 275\\. Analyzing the 1980s films of director [Huang Jianxin](/wiki/Huang_Jianxin \"Huang Jianxin\"), Pickowicz argues for a postsocialist “identity” and “cultural condition” that is shared across China and formerly socialist states in Eastern Europe, consisting mainly of a “negative, dystopian” view of society and a sense of “profound disillusionment,” “hopelessness,” “alienation,” and a lack of a positive vision or hope for change.Pickowicz, \"Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism,\" 275\\-6, 278\\. Like scholars of Eastern European postsocialism, Pickowicz focuses on the experience of socialism as reflected through culture, but Pickowicz’s postsocialism has an added dimension: because the CCP is still in charge, postsocialist artworks “‘subvert’ … the oppressive traditional socialist system by deconstructing the mythology of Chinese socialism.”Pickowicz, \"Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism,\" 295\\.",
"Since the emergence of postsocialist studies relating to Eastern Europe, some scholars of China have adapted these studies to China. Kevin Latham, following scholars such as Verdery, argues for describing China during the Reform Era as “postsocialist” rather than a “hybrid version of socialism” because postsocialist studies highlight both the “radical breaks and the continuities that exist alongside each other and mutually inform one another.”Kevin Latham, “Rethinking Chinese Consumption: Social Palliatives and the Rhetorics of Transition in Postsocialist China,” in *Postsocialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia*, ed. C. M. Hann (London: Routledge, 2001\\), 218–219\\. Latham also follows Dirlik, however, in defining postsocialism as not signifying a “straightforward ‘after’ in either logical or chronological terms,” meaning that postsocialist China is not just defined by transformations from the earlier era but also by institutions and sensibilities that remained the same.Latham, \"Rethinking Chinese Consumption,\" 219\\. Latham also argues that although “transitology” or a focus on China’s “transition” to capitalism is an inappropriate frame of analysis, it is also important that “the notion of transition *in the local rhetoric* plays an important role in maintaining Party legitimacy.”Latham, \"Rethinking Chinese Consumption,\" 230\\. In the 1990s, according to Latham, the CCP used deliberately vague ideas of “transition” to elicit support for continued reform. The people could persevere through the various problems created by Reform if something better was at the other end.Latham, \"Rethinking Chinese Consumption,\" 231\\.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
There once was a queen with twelve healthy sons but no daughters. She said she would not care what happened to her sons if she could only have a daughter as white as snow and red as blood. A troll hag told her that she would have a daughter, but the hag would have her sons as soon as the baby was baptized.
Soon, the queen gave birth to a daughter, whom she christened "Snow\-white and Rosy\-red. " But as the hag promised, all her brothers were [turned](/wiki/Shapeshifting "Shapeshifting") into wild [ducks](/wiki/Duck "Duck") and flew away. Snow\-white and Rosy\-red were often sad, and one day, the queen asked her why. She said that everyone else had brothers and sisters, but she had none. So the queen told her about her brothers.
She set out and, after three years, found the cottage where her brothers lived. Having done all the housework, she slept in her youngest brother's bed, where her brothers found her. The oldest brother wanted to kill her as the cause of their problems, but her [youngest brother](/wiki/Youngest_son%23Brothers_with_a_sister "Youngest son#Brothers with a sister") argued that it was their mother's fault, and the sister pleaded that she had searched for them for three years. They told her that she could set them free by weaving cloth of [bog\-down](/wiki/Bog "Bog") and making them all [shirts](/wiki/Shirt "Shirt") without crying, laughing, or speaking. She set to work. Her brothers flew off as wild ducks daily but returned as men every night.
One day, a king found her and brought her to his castle to marry her over his [stepmother](/wiki/Stepfamily%23In_fiction "Stepfamily#In fiction")'s objections. Snow\-white and Rosy\-red kept on sewing but soon had a son. The old queen stole the baby and threw him into a pit of snakes. She then smeared her mouth with blood to tell her stepson that the young queen killed and eaten her baby. Twice more, the queen had a child, and twice more, the old queen killed the child until she finally persuaded the king to have his wife [burned at the stake](/wiki/Death_by_burning "Death by burning"). Snow\-white and Rosy\-red finished the clothes, and when her brothers came to take them, they turned back into men and told her to speak. Snow\-white and Rosy\-red said the truth and the princes showed them the babies still alive in the snake pit.
The king asked his mother what a fitting punishment would be for such an evil crime, and she prescribed being [torn apart by twelve horses](/wiki/Dismemberment "Dismemberment"), so she fell victim to her punishment.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"There once was a queen with twelve healthy sons but no daughters. She said she would not care what happened to her sons if she could only have a daughter as white as snow and red as blood. A troll hag told her that she would have a daughter, but the hag would have her sons as soon as the baby was baptized.",
"Soon, the queen gave birth to a daughter, whom she christened \"Snow\\-white and Rosy\\-red. \" But as the hag promised, all her brothers were [turned](/wiki/Shapeshifting \"Shapeshifting\") into wild [ducks](/wiki/Duck \"Duck\") and flew away. Snow\\-white and Rosy\\-red were often sad, and one day, the queen asked her why. She said that everyone else had brothers and sisters, but she had none. So the queen told her about her brothers.",
"She set out and, after three years, found the cottage where her brothers lived. Having done all the housework, she slept in her youngest brother's bed, where her brothers found her. The oldest brother wanted to kill her as the cause of their problems, but her [youngest brother](/wiki/Youngest_son%23Brothers_with_a_sister \"Youngest son#Brothers with a sister\") argued that it was their mother's fault, and the sister pleaded that she had searched for them for three years. They told her that she could set them free by weaving cloth of [bog\\-down](/wiki/Bog \"Bog\") and making them all [shirts](/wiki/Shirt \"Shirt\") without crying, laughing, or speaking. She set to work. Her brothers flew off as wild ducks daily but returned as men every night.",
"One day, a king found her and brought her to his castle to marry her over his [stepmother](/wiki/Stepfamily%23In_fiction \"Stepfamily#In fiction\")'s objections. Snow\\-white and Rosy\\-red kept on sewing but soon had a son. The old queen stole the baby and threw him into a pit of snakes. She then smeared her mouth with blood to tell her stepson that the young queen killed and eaten her baby. Twice more, the queen had a child, and twice more, the old queen killed the child until she finally persuaded the king to have his wife [burned at the stake](/wiki/Death_by_burning \"Death by burning\"). Snow\\-white and Rosy\\-red finished the clothes, and when her brothers came to take them, they turned back into men and told her to speak. Snow\\-white and Rosy\\-red said the truth and the princes showed them the babies still alive in the snake pit.",
"The king asked his mother what a fitting punishment would be for such an evil crime, and she prescribed being [torn apart by twelve horses](/wiki/Dismemberment \"Dismemberment\"), so she fell victim to her punishment.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1950s
[thumb\|Stone overpasses on the Garden State Parkway in Union County](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_15_59_31_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_136_%28Linden%2C_Roselle%29_on_the_border_of_Clark_Township_and_Cranford_Township_in_Union_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2020-07-11 15 59 31 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 136 (Linden, Roselle) on the border of Clark Township and Cranford Township in Union County, New Jersey.jpg")
Plans for the Garden State Parkway date back to 1942, where it would have connected to the [Palisades Interstate Parkway](/wiki/Palisades_Interstate_Parkway "Palisades Interstate Parkway") in Fort Lee.{{cite map \|map\-url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-gsp\-194/77187995/ \|map \= The Proposed Garden State Parkway in New Jersey \|title \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= January 29, 1942 \|page \= 8 \|access\-date \= May 7, 2021 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Following World War II, traffic increased substantially on highways along the New Jersey coast. Due to the high traffic volume and presence of numerous traffic lights, it took motorists over three hours to travel between [Paterson](/wiki/Paterson%2C_New_Jersey "Paterson, New Jersey") and [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey"). In 1946, plans were changed to construct a high\-speed parkway to provide a bypass of [Route 4](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_4 "New Jersey Route 4"), which, prior to 1953, ran from Cape May north to the [George Washington Bridge](/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge "George Washington Bridge") by way of Paterson, largely following present\-day [US 1](/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_New_Jersey "U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey"), [US 9](/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_Jersey "U.S. Route 9 in New Jersey"), and [Route 35](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_35 "New Jersey Route 35").State of New Jersey, Laws of 1946, Chapter 117\.{{cite map \|author \= State of New Jersey \|year \= 1927 \|url \= http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927\_routes.gif \|title \= 1927 New Jersey Road Map \|publisher \= State of New Jersey \|access\-date \= October 8, 2008 \|url\-status \= live \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160313112746/http://jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927\_routes.gif \|archive\-date \= March 13, 2016 }} This highway would be constructed using state funds and be known as the Route 4 Parkway. Construction began in 1947, and the first section to open ran from [Route 27](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_27 "New Jersey Route 27") north to [Cranford](/wiki/Cranford%2C_New_Jersey "Cranford, New Jersey") and opened on June 29, 1950\.{{cite news \|date \= June 29, 1950 \|title \= Route 4 Parkway Section Now Open \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record\-route\-4\-parkway\-section\-now\-o/139267706/ \|access\-date \= January 21, 2024 \|work \= The Record \|page \= 2 }}
The landscape architect and engineer in charge of the newly named Garden State Parkway was [Gilmore David Clarke](/wiki/Gilmore_David_Clarke "Gilmore David Clarke") of the engineering firm [Parsons Brinckerhoff](/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff "Parsons Brinckerhoff"), who had worked with [Robert Moses](/wiki/Robert_Moses "Robert Moses") on the parkway systems around [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). Clarke's design prototypes for the parkway combined the example of the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike "Pennsylvania Turnpike"), a model of efficiency with parallels in the German *[autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn "Autobahn")* routes of the 1930s, with the [Merritt Parkway](/wiki/Merritt_Parkway "Merritt Parkway") model that stressed a planted "green belt" for beauty. Both design models featured wide planted medians to prevent head\-on collisions and mask the glare of oncoming headlights. The Garden State Parkway was designed to have a natural feel. Many trees were planted, and the only signs were those for exits—there were no distracting billboards. Most of the signs were constructed from wood, or a dark\-brown metal, instead of the chrome bars used on most other highways. The guardrails were also made from wood and dark metal. Most early overpasses were stone, but were later changed to concrete, with green rails and retro etchings, popular around the 1950s and 1960s. The parkway was designed to curve gently throughout its length so that drivers would remain alert and not fall asleep at the wheel.
The highway was extended south to New Brunswick Avenue in [Woodbridge Township](/wiki/Woodbridge_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Woodbridge Township, New Jersey"), Middlesex County, on November 1 that year,{{cite news \|date \= November 2, 1950 \|title \= Last Link of New Parkway Opened Yesterday A. M. \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-register\-last\-link\-of\-new\-park/139285563/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Daily Register \|pages \= 2 }} In Cape May County, a {{convert\|4\|mi\|km\|spell\=in\|adj\=on}} bypass of [Cape May Court House](/wiki/Cape_May_Court_House%2C_New_Jersey "Cape May Court House, New Jersey") opened on July 29, 1951, from exit 12 to the point where the parkway directly parallels US 9 north of Burleigh.{{cite news \|date \= June 29, 1951 \|title \= First Section Of Freeway Opens Today \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-first\-section\-of/139290279/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 15 }}{{cite map \|author1 \= United States Geological Survey \|title \= Stone Harbor, NJ \|url \= https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht\-bin/tv\_browse.pl?id\=ab5826e75075d2b9d28f2b1ef94ef69c \|date \= 1957 \|scale \= 1:24000 }} However, due to a lack of funds, construction of the Route 4 Parkway stalled. The only segment to open was 1952, only the bypass of Toms River was opened on July 3\.{{cite news \|date \= July 3, 1952 \|title \= Toms River Bypass To Open Today \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier\-post\-toms\-river\-bypass\-to\-open\-t/139291472/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Courier\-Post \|pages \= 2 }} The solution was for the state to establish the [New Jersey Highway Authority](/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike_Authority "New Jersey Turnpike Authority") (NJHA) in April 1952 to oversee construction and operation of the remainder of the parkway as a self\-liquidating toll road from Cape May to the New York state line.{{cite encyclopedia \|last1 \= Laurie \|first1 \= Maxine N. \|last2 \= Mappen \|first2 \= Marc \|encyclopedia \= \[\[Encyclopedia of New Jersey]] \|publisher \= \[\[Rutgers University Press]] \|year \= 2004–2005 \|page \= 305 \|title \= Garden State Parkway }}{{cite book \|author \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|date \= January 30, 1952 \|title \= First Annual Report \|url \= https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a349ea0d\-df30\-4a6e\-8adb\-3d91ecb7ad26/content \|location \= Trenton \|publisher \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|access\-date \= August 14, 2024 \|via \= New Jersey State Library }}{{page needed\|date\=August 2024}} The parkway was extended north to [Union Township](/wiki/Union_Township%2C_Union_County%2C_New_Jersey "Union Township, Union County, New Jersey") on July 16, 1953\.{{cite news \|date \= July 16, 1953 \|title \= Cranford–Union Section of Parkway Opens Today \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-cranford\-union\-section\-o/139287814/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|page \= 1 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On September 16, 1953, pedestrians were banned from the parkway in order to increase safety on the segment with at\-grade intersections.{{cite news \|title \= Pedestrians Ruled Off New Parkway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-pedestrians\-ruled\-off\-ne/127913779/ \|newspaper \= The Herald\-News \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|date \= September 16, 1953 \|page \= 16 \|access\-date \= July 9, 2023 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
[thumb\|left\|Garden State Parkway southbound in Toms River](/wiki/File:2021-05-27_12_22_23_View_south_along_U.S._Route_9_and_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Ocean_County_Route_527_%28Lakehurst_Road%29_in_Toms_River_Township%2C_Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2021-05-27 12 22 23 View south along U.S. Route 9 and New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) from the overpass for Ocean County Route 527 (Lakehurst Road) in Toms River Township, Ocean County, New Jersey.jpg")
Sections opened in quick succession in 1954; these were the first to be tolled. The first tolled segment was opened on January 13, 1954, from [US 22](/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_New_Jersey "U.S. Route 22 in New Jersey") to Mill Road. Due to poor weather conditions, tolls were not collected until January 15\.{{cite news \|date \= January 15, 1954 \|title \= First Tolls Being Taken on Parkway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-first\-tolls\-being\-taken/139309056/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|pages \= 14 }} The Toms River bypass was extended south to Manahawkin on July 15,{{cite news \|date \= July 15, 1954 \|title \= Parkway Opens In Ocean County \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-register\-parkway\-opens\-in\-ocea/139309362/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Daily Register \|pages \= 17 }} and north to the Eatontown Spur (now [Route 36](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_36 "New Jersey Route 36")) on July 30, 1954\.{{cite news \|date \= July 29, 1954 \|title \= 42\-Mile Shore Parkway Link Opens Tomorrow \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-42\-mile\-shore\-parkway/139310757/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Asbury Park Press \|pages \= 1 }} The bridge carrying the parkway over the [Raritan River](/wiki/Raritan_River "Raritan River") was also opened to northbound traffic on this day,{{cite news \|title \= New Garden State Link. Raritan Bridge Is Opened for Northbound Traffic \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1954/07/31/archives/new\-garden\-state\-link\-raritan\-bridge\-is\-opened\-for\-northbound.html \|quote \= The New Jersey Highway Authority today opened a new link in the Garden State Parkway \-\- the high\-level bridge over the Raritan River for northbound traffic. \|agency \= \[\[Associated Press]] \|work \= \[\[The New York Times]] \|date \= July 31, 1954 \|access\-date \= March 18, 2009 }} extending the highway south to US 9 in Sayreville.{{cite news \|date \= July 29, 1954 \|title \= Raritan River Bridge On Parkway to Open \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-bayonne\-times\-raritan\-river\-bridge\-o/139309977/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Bayonne Times \|pages \= 13 }} The southbound lanes were opened on the bridge south to Eatontown on August 4, and an extension to New Gretna opened the day after.{{cite news \|date \= August 5, 1954 \|title \= State Parkway Link Opened \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-courier\-news\-state\-parkway\-link\-open/139312099/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Courier\-News \|pages \= 3 }} Closing the northbound gap from Eatontown to Sayreville on August 7 provided for 90 miles of unbroken highway.{{cite news \|date \= August 8, 1954 \|title \= Parkway Open to New Gretna \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-parkway\-open\-to\-n/139310064/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|page \= 1 }} Within Atlantic County, a large section from Tilton Road in [Egg Harbor Township](/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey") to the south bank of the Mullica River opened on August 11, though north of the [White Horse Pike](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_New_Jersey "U.S. Route 30 in New Jersey") the road initially operated as a temporary super two on the southbound lanes{{cite news \|date \= August 12, 1954 \|title \= Atlantic Co. Section Of Parkway Opens \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-atlantic\-co\-sect/139312759/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 1 }} until August 21\.{{cite news \|date \= August 21, 1954 \|title \= Pike–Mullica G.S. Parkway Section Open \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-pike\-mullica\-gs/139507927/ \|access\-date \= January 25, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 13 }} This was extended south to Somers Point on August 27 (again as a [super\-two](/wiki/Super-two "Super-two") before the northbound lanes opened on September 22{{cite news \|date \= September 23, 1954 \|title \= New Parkway Stretch Opens \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-courier\-news\-new\-parkway\-stretch\-ope/139319154/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Courier\-News \|pages \= 15 }}), then connected across the Mullica River to the existing section on August 28 over a temporary super\-two,{{cite news \|date \= August 27, 1954 \|title \= Garden State Parkway Links 113 Unbroken Miles Tomorrow \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-journal\-garden\-state\-parkway\-l/139317635/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Daily Journal \|pages \= 1 }} with the other lanes opened a few weeks later. The Cape May section of highway was also extended north to [Route 50](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_50 "New Jersey Route 50") at Seaville that day,{{cite news \|date \= August 26, 1954 \|title \= Parkway Open To Wildwood By Labor Day \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-parkway\-open\-to\-w/139315119/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 1 }} which then was extended south to Route 47 on September 4,{{cite news \|date \= September 4, 1954 \|title \= Cape Parkway Strip Opened \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-cape\-parkway\-stri/139314097/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 1 }} and north to [Beesley's Point Bridge](/wiki/Beesley%27s_Point_Bridge "Beesley's Point Bridge") on October 6\. The entire highway south of Irvington was declared finished on October 9, 1954\. The lone exception was across the Great Egg Harbor; the parkway temporarily detoured onto US 9 and over the Beesley's Point Bridge at this point.{{cite news \|date \= October 11, 1954 \|title \= Parkway Now Links Irvington, Cape May \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-parkway\-now\-links/139320203/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 10 }}{{cite news \|last1 \= Higgins \|first1 \= Columb \|title \= Last of Beesleys Point Bridge blasted \|url \= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/last\-of\-beesleys\-point\-bridge\-blasted/article\_7960a920\-c3f2\-5e7f\-9e44\-c24d8177d14c.html \|access\-date \= July 22, 2019 \|agency \= Gazette of Upper Township \|newspaper \= The Press of Atlantic City \|date \= November 18, 2016 }} Literature from the time suggested that the parkway would become toll\-free once bonds used for its construction were paid off. However, this speculation never became a reality.
[thumb\|right\|Garden State Parkway northbound at the Route 27 interchange in Woodbridge Township](/wiki/File:GSP_NB_from_NJ_27_overpass.jpeg "GSP NB from NJ 27 overpass.jpeg")
Segments north of Irvington began opening in the months thereafter. The section from Irvington to Central Avenue in East Orange was scheduled to open on November 26, but complaints about the road's safety from Irvington officials stalled opening until December 9, after the erection of temporary fences along the road's length.{{cite news \|date \= December 9, 1954 \|title \= Controversial Section Of Parkway Opens \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-controversial\-sec/139322805/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 2 }} An extension north also proved tumultuous: though scheduled to open on January 4, the extension to North Arlington Avenue opened a day earlier than scheduled. Mayor William McConnell ordered a blockade on this section of the highway on January 4, stating that North Arlington Avenue would be unable to handle traffic coming from the parkway. It was only when the southbound section was opened to exit 148 on January 8 that the blockade was lifted on the southbound section.{{cite news \|date \= January 10, 1955 \|title \= Parkway Opens Contested Lane \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-parkway\-opens\-con/139324750/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 11 }} At this point, Bloomfield mayor Donald E. Scott prevented the opening of the northbound lanes until the completion of a new bridge carrying Bloomfield Avenue over Second River needed to carry exiting traffic. Though this bridge was not completed for some time, the highway opened fully to US 46 on January 19, negating this prerequisite.{{cite news \|date \= January 19, 1955 \|title \= Parkway Opens Without Ceremony \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-parkway\-opens\-without\-ce/139325761/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|pages \= 1 }} However, Mayor Scott still barred all entrances and exits except for the southbound entrance from Bloomfield Avenue, until an inspection proved the highway safe; the exits were finally opened on January 21\.{{cite news \|date \= January 21, 1955 \|title \= Parkway Barriers To Be Removed \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-parkway\-barriers\-to\-be\-r/139326549/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|pages \= 1 }} During this conflict, the section from [Route 3](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_3 "New Jersey Route 3") to Hazel Street in Clifton opened on January 4\. A similar blockade was threatened to be placed, but the announcement of speedy construction of fencing prevented this.{{cite news \|date \= January 4, 1955 \|title \= Garden State Parkway Opens Clifton Stretch \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-garden\-state\-parkway\-ope/139323417/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|pages \= 1 }} On May 10, 1955, legislation was passed that made it legal for emergency vehicles to not pay tolls when on duty.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Issued Rules Booklet \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-hh\-laws/25506683/ \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= May 10, 1955 \|page \= 9 \|access\-date \= November 18, 2018 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} The bridge over the [Passaic River](/wiki/Passaic_River "Passaic River") opened on May 26, 1955\. This extended the parkway's northern terminus to [US 46](/wiki/U.S._Route_46 "U.S. Route 46") in present\-day [Elmwood Park](/wiki/Elmwood_Park%2C_New_Jersey "Elmwood Park, New Jersey"). On July 1 of that year, the portion of the highway from US 46 to [Route 17](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17 "New Jersey Route 17") in [Paramus](/wiki/Paramus%2C_New_Jersey "Paramus, New Jersey") opened. In spring 1955, a widening project began between US 22 and the Raritan River bridge; this would expand the roadway from four to six lanes. It was completed on July 9 of that year.{{cite book \|author \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|url \= http://archive.org/details/firstfiveyearsof00newj \|title \= The First Five Years of the Garden State Parkway, 1954–1959 \|date \= 1959 \|location \= Red Bank \|publisher \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|page \= \[https://archive.org/details/firstfiveyearsof00newj/page/12/mode/2up 12] \|via \= Internet Archive }} In late 1955, construction of a northbound roadway began in Cape May. The new roadbed was opened north of Seaville by October 17, south of Cape May Court House by October 25, and fully by October 28\.{{cite news \|date \= November 3, 1955 \|title \= Garden State Parkway Now Completely Divided Highway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/ridgewood\-herald\-news\-garden\-state\-parkw/139321193/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Ridgewood Herald\-News \|page \= 10 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On April 16, 1956, the parkway's trailblazer was posted.{{cite report \|title \= Garden State Parkway: 1956 Annual Report \|publisher \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|date \= 1956 \|url \= https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b1f8c359\-73cc\-4767\-9b3c\-5631388a19da/content \|access\-date \= July 2, 2024 \|via \= New Jersey State Library }} The final stretch of permanent roadway was opened alongside the [Great Egg Harbor Bridge](/wiki/Great_Egg_Harbor_Bridge "Great Egg Harbor Bridge"),{{cite news \|date \= June 16, 1956 \|title \= New Great Egg Harbor Bay Bridge To Be Dedicated By Parkway With Pageant Today \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-new\-great\-egg\-har/139327101/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 1 }} completing the parkway as outlined in original plans.
Soon after the parkway's opening, congestion on [Route 17](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17 "New Jersey Route 17") increased substantially, prompting an extension of the parkway to [Montvale](/wiki/Montvale%2C_New_Jersey "Montvale, New Jersey"), connecting to the newly\-built [New York State Thruway](/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway "New York State Thruway"). By November 30, 1955, it had been determined that this extension was financially feasible. On January 18, 1956, the NJHA entered into an agreement with the [New York State Thruway Authority](/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway_Authority "New York State Thruway Authority") (NYSTA) for the prompt, and coordinated plans for extension. The agreement was formally signed on February 1 by NJHA Chairwoman Katharine E. White and NYSTA Chairman Bertram D. Tallamy. Groundbreaking for the road began on May 1 of that year. Unlike previous segments of the roadway, this one uses prestressed concrete for overpasses; this made correcting errors during construction or future demolition easier.{{cite news \|title \= Cement Feature Eliminates Steel \|work \= The Record \|location \= Hackensack, NJ \|date \= August 29, 1957 \|page \= 44 \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record\-cement\-feature\-eliminates\-ste/139328320/ \|access\-date \= July 4, 2024 }} It was originally proposed as part of a northern extension of the unbuilt [Route 101](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_101 "New Jersey Route 101"), a highway that was intended to run from [Kearny](/wiki/Kearny%2C_New_Jersey "Kearny, New Jersey") to [Hackensack](/wiki/Hackensack%2C_New_Jersey "Hackensack, New Jersey"). The extension, Route S101, would have continued northward from Hackensack to the state line via Paramus.State of New Jersey, Laws of 1929, Chapter 105, Page 386, Section 1\. Approximately {{convert\|9\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} in length, the extension was planned to run north through the Bergen County municipalities of Paramus, Washington Township, Hillsdale, Woodcliff Lake, and Montvale to the state line, where the parkway would meet with a connecting spur from the mainline of the New York State Thruway. Part of the extension to Chestnut Ridge opened on July 3, 1957,{{cite news \|date \= July 3, 1957 \|title \= Parkway Road Open for Use \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record\-parkway\-road\-open\-for\-use/139327791/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Record \|pages \= 6 }} and the Thruway's Garden State Parkway Connector opened on August 29 that year.{{cite news \|date \= August 29, 1957 \|title \= New Thruway Link Ready For Travel \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record\-new\-thruway\-link\-ready\-for\-tr/139328064/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|work \= The Record \|pages \= 43 }} In only 36 hours, the extension reported 8,000 drivers.{{cite news \|title \= Drivers Crowd Parkway Link \|work \= Bergen Evening Record \|date \= July 5, 1957 \|page \= 1 \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record/54673629/ \|access\-date \= June 19, 2024 }}
On February 7, 1958, [U\-turning](/wiki/U-turn "U-turn") was banned in order to increase safety. This was enforced at both the toll plazas and on the main roadway, and was considered a violation even if done to correct error.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/08/archives/no\-uturns\-allowed\-garden\-state\-parkway\-bars\-them\-even\-to\-rectify.html \|title \= No U\-Turns Allowed: Garden State Parkway Bars Them, Even to Rectify Error \|work \= The New York Times \|date \= February 8, 1958 }}
[thumb\|right\|Garden State Parkway southbound approaching exit 154 with US 46 in Clifton](/wiki/File:2020-07-16_08_58_36_View_south_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_154_%28U.S._Route_46_WEST%2C_Clifton%29_in_Clifton%2C_Passaic_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2020-07-16 08 58 36 View south along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 154 (U.S. Route 46 WEST, Clifton) in Clifton, Passaic County, New Jersey.jpg")
By the time the parkway had been extended to the New York State Thruway, the need for a full interchange at the exit 154 was noted. Following the recommendation of a survey to do so, D. Louis Tonti, the executive director of the New Jersey Highway Authority, announced plans in December 1957 to construct two new overpasses at exit 154 in [Clifton](/wiki/Clifton%2C_New_Jersey "Clifton, New Jersey"). These overpasses would connect drivers from US 46 eastbound to the parkway northbound, and from the parkway southbound to US 46 westbound. In May 1958, a bid of the project went to Thomas Nichol Company, Inc. of [Farmingdale](/wiki/Farmingdale%2C_New_Jersey "Farmingdale, New Jersey"), and construction began immediately.{{cite news \|title \= Work Begins on Clifton Interchange of Parkway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661766/exit\_154\_may\_2\_1958/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= May 2, 1958 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|pages \= 1, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661790/parkway\_exit\_158\_may\_2\_1958/ 2] \|via \= Newspapers.com }} By August 1958, the piers for the new viaduct from US 46 eastbound to the parkway northbound were finishing up.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway\-Rt. 46 Job Proceeds in Clifton \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34662067/parkway\_exit\_154\_august\_5\_1958/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Paterson Evening News \|date \= August 5, 1958 \|page \= 1 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} In September, the completed piers had roadway construction on top of them.{{cite news \|title \= Early A.M. Detour Tomorrow in Clifton at Parkway, Rt. 46 \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34662716/route\_46\_viaduct\_september\_11\_1958/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= September 11, 1958 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} The new ramps opened on January 1, and the toll booths on the ramps opened the in February,{{cite news \|title \= Clifton's New Parkway Ramps Open Tuesday \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34662944/exit\_154\_december\_26\_1958/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= December 25, 1958 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|page \= 24 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} replacing the toll booths on the grounded ramps, which were later demolished.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-plan\-program\-for\-parkw/149548468/ \|title \= Plan Program For Parkway Interchange \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= January 13, 1959 \|page \= 5 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} The total cost of the project was $2\.25 million,{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Work to Expand Interchange at Route 46 \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661345/exit\_154\_may\_29\_1958/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= May 29, 1958 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|pages \= 1, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661397/parkway\_154\_may\_29\_1958\_part\_2/ 10] \|via \= Newspapers.com }} which was half a million higher than the original estimate.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway to Build 2 New Rt. 46 Ramps in Spring \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34660834/exit\_154\_december\_12\_1957/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= December 12, 1957 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Dedication of the overpasses occurred on January 15, 1959, when the Highway Authority and several city officials attended a ceremony and a luncheon.{{cite news \|title \= Officials Dedicate Parkway Interchange With Route 46 \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34660520/exit\_154\_january\_16\_1959/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= January 16, 1959 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} During 1959, traffic counts noted 1\.5 million cars used the ramps.{{cite news \|title \= 1,500,000 Cars Have Used New Parkway\-Route 46 Links \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34660496/exit\_154\_february\_29\_1960/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= February 29, 1960 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|page \= 38 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
In June 1958, the southbound road between the exit 117 and the Asbury Park Toll Plaza was widened from two lanes to three lanes. Additionally, that same summer, the Highway authority began enforcing the speed limit through use of [radar](/wiki/Radar_speed_gun "Radar speed gun").{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-nj\-turnpike\-radar\-sign/43021856/ \|title \= Here's How Radar Operates \|newspaper \= The Herald\-News \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|date \= June 4, 1958 \|page \= 20 \|access\-date \= January 26, 2020 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On June 19, 1959, the northbound roadway equivalent was widened, completing the project.
On December 30, 1959, exit 139B was opened. The ramp, which served the missing movements both exit 139 and exit 140 lacked, had cost $108,487 in state funds to construct.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-courier\-news\-exit\-139b\-december\-30/27170527/ \|title \= New Parkway Ramp Opened \|newspaper \= The Courier\-News \|location \= Plainfield, New Jersey \|date \= December 30, 1959 \|page \= 19 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
### 1960s
On February 1, 1961, the state banned motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles from the entire road. This ban was approved by the highway department's safety committee and state attorney for the toll\-free segments and NJHA's safety committee for the tolled ones. This followed a year involving 20 motorcycle accidents that resulted in two fatalities. Motorists who were caught using these modes of transportation on the parkway faced either a fine of $200 or 30\-day jail sentence.{{cite news \|title \= Garden State Parkway to Ban Motorcycles on 1st \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37049881/gsp\_motorcycle\_january\_6\_1961/ \|access\-date \= October 11, 2019 \|work \= The Daily Record \|date \= January 6, 1961 \|location \= Long Branch, New Jersey \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
On December 5, 1962, a new ramp from exit 120 onto the northbound lanes opened to traffic, serving direct access to them without traveling through [Cheesequake State Park](/wiki/Cheesequake_State_Park "Cheesequake State Park").{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-exit\-12/27170550/ \|title \= New Parkway Ramp Opened \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= December 5, 1962 \|page \= 52 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
[thumb\|left\|Garden State Parkway northbound at exit 114 in Middletown Township](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_15_05_59_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_114_%28Holmdel%2C_Middletown%29_in_Middletown_Township%2C_Monmouth_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2020-07-11 15 05 59 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 114 (Holmdel, Middletown) in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey.jpg")
In March 1961, the Highway Authority announced that plans were being made to construct a new interchange at either Red Hill Road or Nutswamp Road.{{cite news \|title\=New Interchange Set for Middletown \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686240/bell\_114\_march\_31\_1961/ \|accessdate\=August 8, 2019 \|work\=The Daily Record \|date\=March 31, 1961 \|location\=Long Branch, New Jersey \|page\=1\|via\=Newspapers.com}} By June, the Highway Authority announced that the interchange would be built at Red Hill Road.{{cite news \|title \= Road Costs Told for Bell Project \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686217/bell\_114\_june\_23\_1961/ \|access\-date \= August 8, 2019 \|work \= The Daily Register \|date \= June 23, 1961 \|location \= Red Bank, New Jersey \|pages \= 1, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686195/bell\_114\_june\_23\_1961\_part\_2/ 2] \|via \= Newspapers.com }} In November, it was announced the exit would replace the free exit 116, though rather than being demolished, it would simply be restricted to emergency traffic.{{cite news \|title \= New Parkway Interchange at Red Hill Road Approved \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28122762/red\_hill\_interchange\_november\_28\_1961/ \|access\-date \= August 8, 2019 \|work \= The Daily Register \|date \= November 28, 1961 \|location \= Red Bank, New Jersey \|pages \= 1, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34689667/red\_hill\_november\_28\_1961\_part\_2/ 3] \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Exit 114 would help relieve local congestion that traveled to the new [Bell Labs Holmdel Complex](/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex "Bell Labs Holmdel Complex") and other industrial parks operating in the area.{{cite news \|title \= New Interchange Set for Middletown \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686240/bell\_114\_march\_31\_1961/ \|access\-date \= August 8, 2019 \|work \= The Daily Record \|date \= March 31, 1961 \|location \= Long Branch, New Jersey \|page \= 1 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On December 14, the Highway Authority made an appropriation of $50,000 for the engineering work on the interchange.{{cite news \|title \= OK $50,000 for Parkway Ramp Plans \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34690011/exit\_114\_december\_15\_1961/ \|access\-date \= August 8, 2019 \|work \= The Asbury Park Evening Press \|date \= December 15, 1961 \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Construction began on the exit 114 ramps on July 30, 1962, when construction equipment was taken to the site.{{cite news \|title \= Issue Still Alive \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34727838/exit\_114\_july\_31\_1962/ \|access\-date \= August 9, 2019 \|work \= The Daily Register \|date \= July 30, 1962 \|location \= Red Bank, New Jersey \|pages \= 1, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34727849/exit\_114\_july\_31\_1962\_part\_2/ 2] \|via \= Newspapers.com }} The exit was opened to traffic on December 20, 1962\.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Opens Interchange in Monmouth \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34728692/exit\_114\_december\_20\_1962/ \|access\-date \= August 9, 2019 \|work \= The Paterson Evening News \|date \= December 20, 1962 \|page \= 24 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} with two toll facilities also being constructed. Exit 116 was closed as planned; this was received negatively by locals.{{cite news \|title \= County Planners Protest Closing \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34721983/exit\_116\_may\_29\_1962/ \|access\-date \= August 9, 2019 \|work \= The Daily Register \|date \= May 29, 1962 \|location \= Red Bank, New Jersey \|pages \= 1–\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34721994/exit\_116\_may\_29\_1962/ 2] \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
On June 18, 1963, a meeting was held between NJHA officials, Senator [Charles W. Sandman Jr.](/wiki/Charles_W._Sandman_Jr. "Charles W. Sandman Jr."), and the [Cape May County](/wiki/Cape_May_County "Cape May County") [Board of Freeholders](/wiki/Board_of_County_Commissioners_%28New_Jersey%29 "Board of County Commissioners (New Jersey)"). They discussed safety issues found at exit 12;'s exit ramp. A northbound\-only ramp that traveled at\-grade across the southbound lanes; it had been described as a "serious hazard" by the NJHA's safety committee. After an agreement was settled on and approval came from the State Highway department, it was announced to the public on June 26 that the northbound ramp would close permanently. When this occurred on July 2, all northbound traffic that previously utilized the ramp was advised to use exit 13, only {{convert\|0\.5\|mi\|km}} to the north, instead. The entrance onto the northbound lanes from US 9 was left unaltered.{{cite news \|date \= June 27, 1963 \|title \= N.J. Closing Exit 12 Of Cape Parkway For Safety Reasons \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-nj\-closing\-exit/139492539/ \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|pages \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
On July 31, 1964, a project to construct exit 38 was completed. The [cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange "Cloverleaf interchange"), which costed $800,000,000{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-register\-exit\-38\-july\-30\-196/34633490/ \|title \= Interchange 38 to Open \|newspaper \= The Daily Register \|location \= Red Bank, New Jersey \|date \= July 30, 1964 \|at \= § 2, p. 1 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} was built to serve as a link to the newly constructed [Atlantic City Expressway](/wiki/Atlantic_City_Expressway "Atlantic City Expressway").{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-millville\-daily\-exit\-38\-july\-30\-1/27493871/ \|title \= Exit 38, July 30, 1964 \|newspaper \= The Millville Daily \|date \= July 30, 1964 \|page \= 1 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
In May 1962, plans were announced to widen the segment from exit 154 to just near exit 158 from two lanes to three lanes.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-parkway\-154\-158\-159\-m/19544742/ \|title \= Outline Plans for Parkway Improvement \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= May 3, 1962 \|page \= 9 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} As part of this, the Passaic River Bridge was to be reconstructed with a wider superstructure and piers. The Bergen Toll Plaza was also rebuilt to give each direction dedicated toll canopies instead of all traffic merging into a single canopy like previously. The project was completed in December 1963\. They also repaved a 2 mile segment of roadway from the Passaic County line to exit 154 in order to add a one inch overlay of asphalt. This project also entitled lengthening and widening northbound acceleration lanes to exit 153A, exit 153B, and the grounded ramp at exit 154\. This part of the project began on August 1 and was completed by October 31\.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Exit 158 Southbound Closing Permanently in Week: To Be Replaced by Larger One in Bergen; Bloomfield–Clifton Stretch to Be Repaved \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-exit\-158\-june\-21\-1963/32745698/ \|newspaper \= The Herald\-News \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|date \= June 21, 1963 \|page \= 2 \|access\-date \= June 11, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Construction had also began on a new exit 159\. This interchange would serve [I\-80](/wiki/Interstate_80_in_New_Jersey "Interstate 80 in New Jersey") with direct connections, as well as Midland Avenue with indirect connections. In preparation of this, exit 158 was had its northbound exit and southbound entrance closed permanently on March 16, 1963,{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-exit\-158\-closed\-march/19545549/ \|title \= 'Jungle of Wires': Power Lines Called Blemish on Parkway \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= March 8, 1963 \|page \= 21 \|access\-date \= April 25, 2018 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} with the remaining connections closed on June 22\. On December 23 of that year, the ramps onto Midland Avenue from exit 159 were opened to traffic. Tolling of the interchange began immediately. However, the ramps to and from I\-80 would not open until October 20, 1964\. The project cost a total of $4,500,000\.{{cite news \|date \= October 20, 1964 \|title \= First Section Of Expressway Open From Bridge To Parkway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record\-first\-section\-of\-expressway\-o/138881703/ \|access\-date \= January 16, 2024 \|work \= The Record \|pages \= 4 }} In November of that year, the northbound exit and southbound entrance at exit 157 were permanently closed. This, was done to encourage use of exit 159\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-exit\-157\-october\-27\-19/32745992/ \|title \= Parkway to Close Two Links with Route 46 in a Month \|newspaper \= The Herald\-News \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|date \= October 27, 1964 \|page \= 13 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }}
On March 8, 1965, a project began to improve the segment between the Cape May Toll Plaza and exit 30\. It involved a major reconstruction of exits 29, replacing the at\-grade intersection with a new grade separated northbound exit and southbound entrance. Exit 30 also had its northbound entrance and southbound exit closed and a toll plaza constructed. Additionally, the Great Egg Toll Plaza was replaced by a new, wider plaza north of the old one, and the Cape May toll plazas had two extra collection lanes constructed While initially planned for competition by July 1,{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Interchange to be Closed \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27444884/exit\_30\_hafl\_closed\_march\_4\_1965/ \|access\-date \= January 21, 2019 \|work \= The Courier\-Post \|date \= March 4, 1965 \|location \= Camden, New Jersey \|page \= 6 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} competition was delayed to July 15\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/image/147718906/ \|title \= Parkway Toll Irks Visitors, Worries Mayors \|page \= 4 \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 \|url\-access \= subscription }}
In the mid\-1960s, a project to reconstruct interchanges in Essex County was undertaken. On January 1, 1966, a project was completed that constructed longer deceleration lanes and widened the exit and entrance ramps of exits 148 and 144\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-news\-exit\-146\-december\-11\-1965/29982374/ \|title \= 'Super\-Safety Structures' for Garden State Parkway \|newspaper \= The News \|location \= Paterson, New Jersey \|date \= December 11, 1965 \|page \= 23 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} On January 10, tolling began on exit 148\.{{cite news \|title \= Tolls Start Jan. 12 on New Parkway Interchanges \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29982103/exit\_145146\_december\_29\_1965/ \|access\-date \= March 27, 2019 \|work \= The Paterson Daily News \|date \= December 29, 1965 \|page \= 20 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} In December 1965, a related project began to reconstruct exit 143\. It would contain a [collector\-distributor roadway](/wiki/Collector-distributor_lanes "Collector-distributor lanes"). The project was completed on April 12, 1966, exit 142 was then renumbered as exit 143 . Additionally, in December 1965, plans were announced to replace exits 145\. Unlike the old ramps, this new one would provide access to I\-280\. Also as part of this project, exit 146 would be demolished, and an overpass would be built to replace part of the depressed roadway. The exits 146 and 145 were permanently closed to traffic in late 1965\. On January 12, 1966, the replacement exit 145 were opened to traffic, though the ramps onto I\-280 at the latter remained barricaded off while the highway was still under construction. On October 13, 1967, the I\-280 segment and its ramps were partially opened, completing the project.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Link Opens Tuesday \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19429382/exit\_145\_october\_14\_1967/ \|access\-date \= April 21, 2018 \|work \= The Asbury Park Press \|date \= October 14, 1967 \|page \= 20 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} These projects were carried out to reduce congestion, which had previously run rampant due to its interchanges being largely free of tolls.{{cite news \|title \= Paramus, Highway Authority Agree to Joint Road Construction Program \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-exit\-165166\-may\-4\-196/34633981/ \|newspaper \= The Herald\-News \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|date \= May 4, 1966 \|page \= 65 \|access\-date \= August 6, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
The Highway Authority rebuilt exit 4 into a full interchange, with new ramps being built and old ones being reconstructed to provide full connections.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-baltimore\-sun\-funsunatwildwoodnjthe/108110534/ \|title \= Fun, Sun at Wildwood, NJ \|newspaper \= The Baltimore Sun \|date \= May 12, 1969 \|page \= 6M \|access\-date \= August 22, 2022 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} The project, completed on May 24, 1968, also involved the construction of two new toll facilities. In March of that year, construction also began on a new access road to the [Garden State Arts Center](/wiki/Garden_State_Arts_Center "Garden State Arts Center") at exit 116\. It was completed in June of that year,{{cite news \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1968/03/31/archives/jersey\-parkways\-tolls\-pave\-a\-road\-to\-the\-arts.html \|title \= Jersey Parkway's Tolls Pave a Road to the Arts \|first \= Walter H. \|last \= Waggoner \|date \= March 31, 1968 \|newspaper \= The New York Times \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} and on August 8, exit 116 was reopened with a new exit number.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-news\-exit\-116\-august\-8\-1968/34732666/ \|title \= Parkway Exit 116 for Those Going to Arts Center \|newspaper \= The News \|location \= Patterson, New Jersey \|date \= August 8, 1968 \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
[thumb\|right\|Garden State Parkway and US 9 northbound in Upper Township](/wiki/File:2024-10-08_15_18_01_View_north_along_U.S._Route_9_and_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_just_north_of_Exit_25_in_Upper_Township%2C_Cape_May_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2024-10-08 15 18 01 View north along U.S. Route 9 and New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) just north of Exit 25 in Upper Township, Cape May County, New Jersey.jpg")
In May 1966, the borough of Paramus and the New Jersey Highway Authority announced plans to replace exit 165, as well as widening of the segment to three lanes. It would have involved construction of new overpasses and demolition of the old ones, including a new pedestrian overpass to serve a nearby school. Costing $3\.7 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\|{{inflation\|US\-GDP\|3700000\|1966}}}} in {{inflation\-year\|US\-GDP}}{{inflation\-fn\|US\-GDP}}), Construction on the new complete interchange began almost immediately, with the new southbound ramps opening on November 30, 1966,{{cite news \|date \= November 30, 1966 \|title \= Garden State Parkway Opens Entrance Ramps \|page \= 59 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34634444/exit\_165\_sb\_november\_30\_1966/ \|access\-date \= August 6, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On December 29, the dual ramps on the northbound direction opened. On February 13, tolls went into effect on the Ridgewood Avenue intersection.{{cite news \|date \= February 10, 1967 \|title \= Use of Interchange to Cost Dime Soon \|page \= 8 \|work \= The Bergen Record \|location \= Hackensack, New Jersey \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34634522/exit\_165\_january\_12\_1967/ \|access\-date \= August 6, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On January 6, 1967, exit 166 was closed to prevent traffic from traveling through them. The reasoning for this was that traffic heading onto them congested many of the local roads.{{cite news \|date \= December 29, 1966 \|title \= Parkway Ramps to Go Into Use \|page \= 27 \|work \= The Paterson Morning Call \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34633945/parkway\_165\_december\_29\_1966/ \|access\-date \= August 6, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} By September, it had been forcibly reopened after a [gag order](/wiki/Gag_order "Gag order") was secured to prevent local authorities from affecting parkway operations.{{cite news \|title \= Court Bars Barricades; Interchange 166 Opens \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34633788/exit\_166\_september\_23\_1967/ \|access\-date \= August 7, 2019 \|work \= The Paterson Daily News \|date \= September 23, 1967 \|page \= 23 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} In early 1967, the parkway was widened from four lanes to six lanes between the Bergen Toll Plaza and exit 161 in Paramus. In 1968, the road was widened from four lanes to six lanes between exit 163 and exit 165\. In early 1969, the roadway was widened between exit 163 and exit 161\. These widenings made the entire {{Convert\|80\|mi\|km\|abbr\=\|adj\=on}} stretch from [Ocean County](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey "Ocean County, New Jersey") to Paramus at least six lanes wide.{{cite news \|title \= Paramus, Highway Authority Agree to Joint Road Construction Program \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34633981/exit\_165166\_may\_4\_1966/ \|access\-date \= August 6, 2019 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|date \= May 4, 1966 \|location \= Passaic, New Jersey \|page \= 65 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} When the parkway was opened through Clifton in 1955, a spur was supposed to open south of its exit to Broad Street at exit 155P.{{cite news \|date \= February 21, 1955 \|title \= Directories at Toll Plazas to Guide Parkway Motorists \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-herald\-news\-exit\-numbers\-february\-2/34576869/ \|access\-date \= June 16, 2024 \|work \= The Herald\-News \|pages \= 53 }} However, by 1965, no other construction had occurred, and the parkway's spur had been canceled. Because of this, in 1967, work began on a project to construct the remaining ramps at exit 155P (now exit 155A); instead of serving as a spur of the parkway, they would serve Route 20 (now [Route 19](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_19 "New Jersey Route 19")) instead.{{cite news \|date \= September 8, 1967 \|title \= Peripheral Highway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-news\-peripheral\-highway/149420864/ \|access\-date \= June 16, 2024 \|work \= The News \|pages \= 36 }} The ramps were opened to traffic on October 20, 1969\.{{cite news \|date \= October 21, 1969 \|title \= Route 20 Link Is Opened \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-morning\-call\-route\-20\-link\-is\-opened/149421474/ \|access\-date \= June 16, 2024 \|work \= The Morning Call \|pages \= 19 }}
### 1970s
[thumb\|left\|Garden State Parkway in the 1970s](/wiki/File:America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_168.jpg "America's Highways 1776–1976 - page 168.jpg")
In 1972, the dualization of the Great Egg Harbor Bridge eliminated the final two\-lane segment of the parkway.{{cite web \|title \= The Garden State Parkway Crossing the Great Egg Harbor Bay \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \|url \= http://www.njta.com/media/3387/great\-egg\-harbor\-history.pdf \|access\-date \= March 6, 2018 }} On September 18, 1969, a new exit 129 were opened,{{cite news \|date \= September 18, 1969 \|title \= Pike Linked To Parkway \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-courier\-news\-pike\-linked\-to\-parkway/139420001/ \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|work \= The Courier\-News \|pages \= 15 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} the remaining ramps were opened to traffic by early 1970\. This replaced the existing interchange, and made it so that the turnpike had direct connections to both directions and vice versa. On November 24, 1970, southbound parkway traffic from there south to the Raritan River was redirected onto a new roadway that lied in the median of the old one, the old were not demolished however, but rather became an exit onto US 9, effectively creating a collector\-distributor road.{{cite news \|date \= November 26, 1970 \|title \= New Routes Cause P'way Confusion \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\-of\-atlantic\-city\-new\-routes\-cause/139455499/ \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|work \= Press of Atlantic City \|page \= 24 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} This bypass effectively eliminated the two former exits, while these still exist, they are now Route 9 exits.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/18/archives/jersey\-parkway\-eliminates\-two\-southbound\-exits.html \|title \= Jersey Parkway Eliminates Two Southbound Exits \|work \= The New York Times \|date \= November 18, 1970 }} On August 17, 1971, the same switch occurred to the northbound roadway, the old one also became a collector\-distributor road, though it rather served as a US 9 ramp to connect to the northbound GSP as well as the New Jersey Turnpike.{{cite news \|date \= August 15, 1971 \|title \= Parkway Traffic to Change Lanes Tuesday \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-parkway\-traffic\-to\-cha/139418754/ \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|work \= Asbury Park Press \|page \= 11 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
An expansion of the Driscoll Bridge across the Raritan River was completed on September 2, 1971\.{{cite news \|date \= September 3, 1971 \|title \= Open Second Parkway Span at Raritan River \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-register\-open\-second\-parkway\-s/139415354/ \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|work \= The Daily Register \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Work then began on widening the Sayerville side and repairing and widening the existing part of the bridge deck, work was completed by beginning of 1972\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/06/archives/parkway\-widening\-to\-ease\-drives\-to\-shore.html \|title \= Parkway Widening to Ease Drives to Shore \|date \= February 6, 1972 \|newspaper \= The New York Times \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} On January 17, 1973, exit 127 was opened to Route 440 south.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-part\-of/139386844/ \|title \= Part of Parkway Link Open to 287 traffic \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= January 18, 1973 \|page \= 12 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} By June, the link to Route 440 north had opened.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-parkway/139343795/ \|title \= Parkway's link with Route 440 opens Thursday \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= June 26, 1973 \|page \= 7 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} In May 1973, exit 98 was opened to northbound traffic. On July 3, 1973, the southbound exit 98 opened, completing the project. this exit replaced the preexisting exits 96, 97, and 97A, with the new exit featuring a right hand collector\-distributor roadway combining the cloverleafs at exits 97 and 97A as well as the left\-hand ramp at exits 97,{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Improvement Program to Take Toll \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19478936/exits\_9697\_june\_29\_1973/ \|access\-date \= April 22, 2018 \|work \= The Asbury Park Press \|date \= June 29, 1973 \|page \= 7 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Changes \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32745776/exits\_9697a\_july\_3\_1974/ \|access\-date \= June 10, 2019 \|work \= The Montclair Times \|date \= July 3, 1974 \|page \= 28 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} which had its southbound ramp closed on July 1, 1973\.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Plans to Shut Exits \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-parkway\-exits\-96\-and\-9/22212741/ \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= June 28, 1974 \|page \= C8 \|access\-date \= July 26, 2018 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}
The speed limit was raised from {{convert\|50\|to\|55\|mph\|km/h}} on January 3, 1974\.{{cite news \|title \= Coats of Rain Add to Driver's Woes \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-record\-national\-speed\-limit/98738996/ \|newspaper \= The Record \|location \= Hackensack, New Jersey \|date \= January 3, 1974 \|page \= A3 \|access\-date \= March 31, 2022 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Additionally, on February 21 of that year, a project to rebuild exit 91 to increase safety was completed, as part of this project, the at\-grae intersection as toll plazas were constructed.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-exit\-117a\-february\-21/36992831/ \|title \= Exit 117A, February 21, 1974 \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= February 21, 1974 \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} On February 27, 1974, exit 117A (now exit 118\) opened to the public; a temporary northbound ramp was opened while exit 117 was reconstructed into a right side exit. This was completed later that year, the new exit 117 as well as the southbound exit 117A were tolled, unlike their original equivalents. On July 2, 1973, southbound traffic heading onto exit 105 was redirected onto a new right hand ramp, and the left\-hand ramp was permanently closed. In mid 1974, construction began on new express roadways in the median thorough Monmouth County; it was two lanes wide in each direction, and had much fewer exits than the local roadway. The segment from Sayerville to Keyport was opened on July 3\.{{cite news \|date \= August 5, 1974 \|title \= Parkway express lane section open \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-register\-parkway\-express\-lane/139479247/ \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|work \= The Daily Register \|page \= 5 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Alongside this project came new ramps onto exit 105\. The segment of roadway from Keyport to the Tinton Falls toll plaza was opened on August 2 of that year. Alongside this segment came new ramps at exit 117\.
On November 1, 1975, motorcycles were relegalized after over 14 years of protest from motorcyclists; all of the other restrictions remained.{{cite news \|last1 \= Karey \|first1 \= Gerald \|title \= Cyclists Back on Parkway at Midnight After 14 Years \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37050107/gsp\_october\_31\_1975/ \|access\-date \= October 11, 2019 \|work \= The Asbury Park Press \|date \= October 31, 1975 \|page \= 45 \|via \= Newspapers.com }}{{cite news \|title \= Forbes Takes Cycle Ban Fight to Washington \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37050267/malcolm\_forbes\_gsp\_september\_8\_1973/ \|access\-date \= October 11, 2019 \|work \= The Courier\-News \|date \= September 8, 1973 \|location \= Plainfield, New Jersey \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Particular pushback was made by [Malcolm Forbes](/wiki/Malcolm_Forbes "Malcolm Forbes"),{{cite book \|first \= Melissa Holbrook \|last \= Pierson \|title \= The Perfect Vehicle: What It Is About Motorcycles \|location \= New York \|publisher \= W. W. Norton \& Company \|year \= 1998 \|isbn \= 0\-393\-31809\-5 \|oclc \= 39520883 \|page \= 82 }} who filed two lawsuits to stop this ban.{{citation needed\|date\= August 2024}} On April 14, 1976, exits 142 was opened to traffic.{{cite news \|first \= John O. \|last \= Davies \|date \= April 14, 1976 \|title \= Another link to Rt. 78, but . . . \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-courier\-news\-another\-link\-to\-rt\-78/139207060/ \|access\-date \= January 21, 2024 \|work \= The Courier\-News \|location \= Bridgewater, New Jersey \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} This interchange constructed by the highway department was first proposed in 1966\.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Reserves Future Exit Number \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-exits\-1/19465777/ \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= May 1, 1966 \|page \= 15 \|access\-date \= April 22, 2018 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} The parkway was planned to have a interchange with [Route 55](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_55 "New Jersey Route 55") constructed at milepost 19\. This was canceled in 1975 after the conclusion that the highway ran through too many wetland areas.{{cite news \|last \= Mansnerus \|first \= Laura \|access\-date \= September 12, 2019 \|title \= Road and Rail; Seeking a Line in the Sand \|newspaper \= The New York Times \|date \= May 7, 2000 \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/nyregion/road\-and\-rail\-seeking\-a\-line\-in\-the\-sand.html?scp\=1\&sq\=new%20jersey%20%22route%2055%22\&st\=cse }} The idea has since been revisited after frequent traffic jams on [Route 47](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_47 "New Jersey Route 47").{{cite news \|title \= Hugin: Extend Route 55 in South Jersey \|url \= https://www.insidernj.com/press\-release/hugin\-extend\-route\-55\-south\-jersey/ \|access\-date \= January 14, 2020 \|work \= Insider NJ \|date \= October 2, 2018 }}{{cite news \|last1 \= Barlow \|first1 \= Bill \|title \= Safety Cited in Push for Route 55 Extension \|url \= https://www.capemaycountyherald.com/news/article\_3875386e\-0779\-11e8\-b98a\-6fac06a38d9b.html \|access\-date \= January 14, 2020 \|work \= Cape May County Herald \|date \= February 1, 2018 }} The parkway was also planned to be the southern terminus of the unbuilt [Driscoll Expressway](/wiki/Driscoll_Expressway "Driscoll Expressway"), a {{convert\|38\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} toll road that was planned in the early 1970s to run from Toms River to the New Jersey Turnpike in [South Brunswick](/wiki/South_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey "South Brunswick, New Jersey"); this plan was abandoned in 1977\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/20/archives/new\-jersey\-weekly\-turnpike\-drops\-crossstate\-road\-turnpike\-drops.html \|title \= Turnpike Drops Cross\-State Road \|last \= Sullivan \|first \= Ronald \|date \= February 20, 1977 \|work \= The New York Times \|access\-date \= June 30, 2019 \|language \= en\-US \|issn \= 0362\-4331 }}
### 1980s
In 1979, proposals for an exit at milepost 124 were proposed; in 1980 construction of this interchange became a priority.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-exit\-12/34731422/ \|title \= Old Bridge Glum about Road Signs \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= February 27, 1980 \|page \= 7 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} In March of that year, Hardroads Inc., a firm located in [East Brunswick](/wiki/East_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey "East Brunswick, New Jersey"), was hired to construct this new interchange.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-exit\-124\-april\-23\-19/34731367/ \|title \= State Hires Company to Build Interchange \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= April 23, 1982 \|page \= C16 \|access\-date \= August 9, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} They quickly acquired land for the interchage, and construction began shortly after.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-exit\-12/34731373/ \|title \= New Garden State Parkway Exit Planned for Sayreville \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= March 26, 1982 \|page \= 27 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} On October 25, 1982, this exit was partially opened to traffic.{{cite news \|title \= Parkway Ramp Debuts Monday \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19429368/exit\_124\_opens\_october\_23\_1982/ \|access\-date \= April 21, 2018 \|work \= The Central Jersey Home News \|date \= October 23, 1982 \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Later, on November 19, the final part of the ramp was completed.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-exit\-124\-november\-19/34731339/ \|title \= Parkway Interchange Opening in Sayreville \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= November 19, 1982 \|page \= 42 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} In 1980, plans was proposed to construct exit 84, which would have consisted of a southbound exit and northbound entrance onto Indian Head Road.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-parkway\-interchange\-84/37066914/ \|title \= Alternate Parkway Plan Unveiled \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= February 1, 1980 \|page \= 8 \|access\-date \= October 12, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} They also would have widened the New Gretna Toll Plaza. {{cite news \|last \= Simmons \|first \= Fred \|date \= January 22, 1980 \|title \= Environmental Agency Fights Parkway Proposal \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-parkway\-exit\-84\-janua/37066798/ \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|page \= 2 \|access\-date \= October 12, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} However, it was declared unbeneficial after a study deemed it to likely discourage use of public transit, and despite a replanning of the interchange, it was later shelved indefinitely. Additionally, in 1983, plans were made to reopen exit 116 as a tolled interchange. However, they ended up unsuccessful after protest from Homdel officials.{{cite news \|first \= Dan \|last \= Breen \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-register\-exit\-116\-toll\-june\-1/40045290/ \|title \= Homdel to fight exit at center \|date \= June 15, 1983 \|newspaper \= The Daily Register \|location \= Red Bank, New Jersey \|pages \= B1 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }}
In 1980, plans were made to construct exit 171, which would serve the boom of office complexes replacing farmland across Chestnut Ridge road. In March 1985, the entrance leading onto the southbound parkway was opened, with the exit ramp opening on July 25 of that year.{{cite news \|last1 \= Brackett \|first1 \= Georgia \|title \= Parkway Exit Finally Opens \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33615918/exit\_171\_july\_26\_1985/ \|access\-date \= July 7, 2019 \|work \= The Bergen Record \|date \= July 26, 1985 \|location \= Hackensack, New Jersey \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} In 1973, plans were made to widen a {{convert\|3\.1\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} segment in Toms River. While this widening was planned to be completed by 1975,{{cite news \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/01/archives/parkway\-is\-seeking\-to\-end\-bottleneck.html \|title \= Parkway Is Seeking to End Bottleneck \|work \= The New York Times \|date \= May 1, 1973 }} however, its competition was delayed to 1978\.{{cite magazine \|last \= Hofmann \|first \= F. J. \|date \= March 1978 \|title \= Highway Widening Proceeds Behind Semi\-Permanent Median Barrier \|url \= https://trid.trb.org/Results?txtKeywords\=HIGHWAY%20WIDENING%20PROCEEDS%20BEHIND%20SEMI\-PERMANENT%20MEDIAN%20BARRIER\&txtTitle\=\&txtSerial\=\&ddlSubject\=\&txtReportNum\=\&ddlTrisfile\=\&txtIndex\=\&specificTerms\=\&txtAgency\=\&sourceagency\=\&txtAuthor\=\&ddlResultType\=\&chkFulltextOnly\=\&abstractsOnly\=\&recordLanguage\=\&subjectLogic\=or\&termsLogic\=or\&dateStart\=\&dateEnd\=\&rangeType\=emptyrange\&sortBy\=published\&sortOrder\=DESC\&rpp\=25\#/View/73622 \|magazine \= Civil Engineering \|volume \= 48 \|issue \= 3 \|pages \= 92–94 \|issn \= 0885\-7024 }} By 1979, work on the Toms River segment was completed, at this point the project transitioned to widening the segment between the Asbury Park toll plaza and exit 100 from two to four lanes, as well reconstructing exits 102, and widening the segment in Lakewood from two lanes to three lanes.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/28/archives/widening\-jersey\-parkway\-stretch\-is\-bigger\-job\-than\-original\-road.html \|title \= Widening Jersey Parkway Stretch Is Bigger Job Than Original Road \|date \= February 28, 1978 \|newspaper \= The New York Times \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} On November 17, 1980,{{cite news \|title \= Few Motorists Use Car Pool Lane \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press/127654533/ \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= November 18, 1980 \|page \= 32 \|access\-date \= July 5, 2023 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} the road was widened from three to four lanes between exits 129 and exits 141\.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/50thanniversary/njdot1980s.shtm \|title \= Through the Years: 1980s, NJDOT 50th Anniversary \|publisher \= New Jersey Department of Transportation \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} These new lanes were HOV lanes that were restricted to vehicles with three or more occupants, though this was later lowered to two or more occupants in June 1981\. They were converted into general use lanes in 1982 after almost universal criticism.{{cite book \|url \= https://trid.trb.org/View/196605 \|isbn \= 978\-0\-309\-03520\-0 \|title \= Garden State Parkway HOV Lane (Abridgment) \|date \= 1983 \|publisher \= National Academy of Sciences }} In late 1983, a project to widen the segment of roadway near the Raritan Toll Plaza from five to six lanes began. The entire project was completed by 1984\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/image/148496427/ \|title \= Uncorking Parkway Bottlenecks \|date \= October 23, 1983 \|page \= 60 \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 \|url\-access \= subscription }} Work on the rest of the project was completed at the end of 1985\. Also as part of this project the Asbury Park and Union toll plaza were reconstructed with dedicated canopies in each direction.{{cite book \|author \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|year \= 1985 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=7pcq\-Fu4nJUC\&q\=work \|title \= Annual Report: New Jersey Highway Authority, Garden State Parkway, Garden State Arts Center \|publisher \= New Jersey Highway Authority \|via \= Google Books \|access\-date \= August 10, 2024 }} This project made it so that the entire segment between Woodbridge and East Orange was at least four lanes wide.{{cite book \|author \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \|year \= 2009 \|title \= 2009 Annual Report \|url \= https://www.njta.com/media/1694/fin\_ann\_rpt\_2009\.pdf \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority }}{{page needed\|date\=August 2024}}
On November 19, 1986, exit 131B was opened to traffic. The interchange, which was constructed as part of a related upgrade to Metropark station, cost $4\.4 million to construct.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press/125914424/ \|title \= New Parkway Interchange Open at Woodbridge Station \|date \= November 20, 1986 \|page \= 15 \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} In 1987, the NJHA purchased the {{convert\|19\|mi\|km}} of road that had been constructed by what is now the New Jersey Department of Transportation. These state\-maintained segments were located in Cape May County between exits 6 and exits 12, in Ocean County between exit 80 and exit 83, and between exit 129 and exit 140\. NJDOT sold the sections for one dollar with the requirement that tolls were never to be charged on them.{{cite news \|date \= February 21, 1999 \|title \= Parkway Has 'Free' Sections, but You Would Never Know It \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier\-post/21466159/ \|access\-date \= June 15, 2024 \|work \= Courier\-Post \|pages \= 11 }} That same year, the roadway between mileposts 99\.5 and 83\.5 was restriped from two lanes with a shoulder to three lanes with no shoulder.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.nj.com/news/2012/08/parkway\_widening\_project\_desig.html \|title \= Parkway's most dangerous stretch gains lane\-widening project contract \|date \= August 15, 2012 }} In December 1986, a new right hand ramp at exit 100 was opened, the existing the left\-hand one was then closed permanently.{{cite news \|date \= December 24, 1986 \|title \= Parkway Opens New Exit \|page \= 21 \|work \= The Asbury Park Press \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27494517/exit\_100a\_december\_24\_1986/ \|access\-date \= January 21, 2019 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Work also began in March 1987, to construct new overpasses, implode the existing ones, replacing lighting and signage, reconstructing the unaltered exits to meet with the new overpasses, and widening the parkway in the area from four lanes to six lanes. Work on the project was fully complete by December 1987\.{{cite web \|url \= https://ghcci.com/projects/garden\-state\-parkway\-contract\-101a\-691\-interchange\-100/ \|title \= Garden State Parkway Contract \#101A\-691, Interchange 100 \|publisher \= George Harms Construction Company }} In 1988, the northbound exit 105 ramp was reconstructed, a new new loop ramp was built to feed onto NJ route 18 northbound was built, and the existing deceleration lane was replaced by a new one. In addition, an on\-ramp was built that allows southbound Route 18 traffic to enter the southbound local roadway.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/00000018\_\_\-.pdf \|title \= Route 18 Straight Line Diagram \|publisher \= New Jersey Department of Transportation \|year \= 2006 \|access\-date \= May 16, 2013 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060322204547/http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/00000018\_\_\-.pdf \|archive\-date \= March 22, 2006 }}
### 1990s
In 1994, a third lane was added to the segment between mileposts 81 and 82\. The Highway Authority rebuilt exit 74\. In addition to the construction of toll plazas in both directions, other alterations were made, such as demolishing the southbound entrance and exit ramps and constructing new ones to turn around at where the southbound entrance once was, thus eliminating the traffic signal that existed prior. This was completed on November 20, 1996, though at the cost of $4\.4 million.{{cite news \|title \= No Free Ride \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-gsp\-exit\-74\-tolls\-1996/83309063/ \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= November 21, 1996 \|page \= 1 \|access\-date \= September 2, 2021 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} In April 1997, plans to construct an jughandle overpass from southbound exits 159 onto eastbound I\-80 were made. Also as part of this, new traffic signals would be installed at the Midland avenue ramps, and its overpass crossing the parkway would be reconstructed to be wider.{{cite press release \|first \= Jim \|last \= Berzok \|date \= April 1, 1997 \|url \= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/press/1997/040197a.shtm \|title \= Media Advisory \|publisher \= New Jersey Department of Transportation \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} Work on this project began immediately, and the ramp was opened to traffic in January 1998, six months ahead of schedule. Despite the fact it was not designed with it in mind, the overpass carrying I\-80 traffic was not rebuilt, instead, a retaining wall was constructed instead{{cite web \|title \= Merit Award: Short Span \- Garden State Parkway Interchange 159 \- Bergen County, New Jersey \|publisher \= American Institute of Steel Construction \|url \= https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/modern\-steel/archives/2000/07/2000v07\_garden\_state.pdf \|access\-date \= July 2, 2024 }}
On April 1, 1998, a project to construct a new northbound ramp to Lomell lane at exit 83 was completed. Later that year, a traffic signal was installed at exit 81, in addition to other safety improvements.{{cite news \|first \= Jean \|last \= Mikle \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-exit\-83\-january\-9\-19/34633767/ \|title \= New Parkway Ramp to Open 4 Months Early \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= January 9, 1998 \|page \= 3 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} Later that year, large portions of the roadway had their speed limit increased to {{convert\|65\|mph\|km/h}}.{{cite web \|last \= Koch \|first \= Jeff \|date \= September 23, 2018 \|title \= Garden State Parkway \|url \= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/garden\-state\-parkway \|access\-date \= June 13, 2024 \|website \= Hemmings }} In June 1999, a project to expand the Barnegat toll plaza was completed and with it eliminated the final single canopied mainline plaza. Also included in this project was new fencing, new electrical work, increased landscaping, and a toll re\-coordinating shed.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-barnegat\-toll\-plaza\-19/83142041/ \|title \= Toll Plaza Expansion on Road to Completion \|type \= Photo \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= March 30, 1999 \|page \= 2 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} E\-ZPass was first installed at the Pascack Valley Toll Plaza in December 1999,{{cite book \|type \= Report \|last1 \= Currie \|first1 \= Janet \|last2 \= Walker \|first2 \= Reed \|title \= Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E\-ZPass \|date \= October 2009 \|page \= 11 \|url \= http://econ.ucsb.edu/\~doug/245a/Papers/Traffic%20and%20Infant%20Health.pdf \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813014422/http://econ.ucsb.edu/\~doug/245a/Papers/Traffic%20and%20Infant%20Health.pdf \|archive\-date \= August 13, 2017 \|access\-date \= February 2, 2020 }}{{cite web \|url \= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/ezpass/ezpass.pdf \|date \= July 11, 2002 \|title \= E\-ZPass: A plan that works for NJ \|pages \= 9–10 \|access\-date \= June 22, 2009 }} with the Raritan Toll plaza following in April 2000\.{{cite news \|title \= E\-ZPass Lanes Open a Busy Plaza \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-central\-new\-jersey\-home\-news\-raritan/83309445/ \|newspaper \= The Central New Jersey Home News \|location \= New Brunswick, New Jersey \|date \= April 1, 2000 \|page \= 1 \|access\-date \= September 2, 2021 \|via \= Newspapers.com }} By August, installation of the system had been fully completed.
### 2000s
In April 2001, a project to replace the Dover Road overpass to allow for improvements to said road was completed.{{cite news \|title \= Berkeley parkway exchange under way \|work \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= June 24, 2001 \|page \= 27 \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-berkeley\-parkway\-excha/139499611/ \|access\-date \= July 5, 2024 }} Later that year, a law was also passed that required tolls to be kept as long as there are construction projects occurring,{{cite web \|url \= https://catcountry1073\.com/why\-there\-will\-always\-be\-construction\-on\-the\-parkway/ \|title \= Why There Will Always be Construction on the Parkway \|date \= April 20, 2018 }} effectively shooting down any proposals to de\-toll the tolled segments.
On July 9, 2003, Governor [Jim McGreevey](/wiki/Jim_McGreevey "Jim McGreevey")'s plan to disband the New Jersey Highway Authority and give control of the parkway to the [New Jersey Turnpike Authority](/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike_Authority "New Jersey Turnpike Authority") (NJTA) was completed.{{cite web \|title \= Request for Bid \|url \= https://www.njta.com/media/3626/r\-137627\.pdf \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \|access\-date \= May 23, 2023 }} Additionally, in November of that year, construction was completed on the $16\.23 million exit 89, a new southbound exit and northbound entrance in [Lakewood](/wiki/Lakewood%2C_New_Jersey "Lakewood, New Jersey"). This new exit featured a toll facility, and was located in the same general area as exit 88\. Due to featuring collector\-distributor lanes, the Cedar Bridge Road bridge had to be demolished and a replacement with a wider [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure "Superstructure") built in its place.{{cite web \|url \= https://ghcci.com/projects/interchange\-89\-improvements/ \|title \= Garden State Parkway Interchange \#89 improvements }}
In 2005, the entrance and exit at exit 123 were both widened from one lane to two lanes, a southbound entrance was constructed at exit 131, and missing links were constructed at exit 114 as well as exit 13\.{{cite book \|title \= FY 2003\-05 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program \|url \= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/capital/stip/Section5/authorities.PDF \|publisher \= New Jersey Department of Transportation \|date \= October 8, 2002 \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }}
In 2006, exit 77, an entirely new interchange, was opened to traffic. The interchange, which had the northbound and southbound ramps constructed {{convert\|1/2\|mi\|km}} away from each other to avoid demolition of the nearby Double Trouble State Park, contains one toll facility in each direction.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} Later that year, a project was also completed that rebuilt the overpass carrying NJ 138 eastbound over the Parkway.{{cite web \|title \= Garden State Parkway \|website \= NYCRoads \|url \= http://www.nycroads.com/roads/garden\-state/ \|access\-date \= May 27, 2024 }} This allowed the roadway underneath it to be widened from three to four lanes, as well as eliminating a curve the old overpass contained.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}}
In March 2007, a project to reconstruct exit 69 was completed. New ramps were built, and the existing ones were demolished. Unlike them, the new ramps had full connections; the new ones were also tolled, with two plazas being built on each side. This also came with replacement of the overpass carrying traffic over the parkway with a longer one.{{cite web \|url \= https://ghcci.com/projects/interchange\-69\-ramptoll\-improvements/ \|title \= Interchange \#69 Ramp/Toll Improvements \|publisher \= George Harms Construction }}
In September 2006, construction began on improvements to exit 145\.{{cite press release \|url \= http://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/press/2006/091506\.shtm \|title \= NJDOT to begin reconstruction of Route I\-280/Garden State Parkway Interchange 145 \|publisher \= \[\[New Jersey Department of Transportation]] \|date \= September 15, 2006 \|access\-date \= June 14, 2007 }} This project, which replaced the ramps with longer and wider ones as well as building new EZ\-Pass lanes at the ramps toll plaza, was completed in November 2007 at the price of $11 million, and was completed three years ahead of schedule.
In October 2007, a project to improve exit 135 began. It was completed circa May 2008\.{{cite web \|title \= Clark Circle \|publisher \= Union County Bureau of Traffic Safety \& Maintenance \|date \= October 8, 2007 \|url \= http://www.ucnj.org/traffic/projects/clark/clark\_circle.htm \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071015075600/http://www.ucnj.org/traffic/projects/clark/clark\_circle.htm \|archive\-date \= October 15, 2007 \|access\-date \= August 8, 2008 }}
In 2001, plans to reconstruct exit 63 and add missing connections were announced.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\-park\-press\-berkeley\-parkway\-excha/139499611/ \|title \= Berkeley parkway exchange under way \|newspaper \= Asbury Park Press \|date \= June 24, 2001 \|page \= 27 \|via \= Newspapers.com \|access\-date \= June 20, 2024 }} This project was completed in late 2008\. That same year, the speed limit was reverted to {{convert\|55\|mph\|km/h}} between mileposts 80 and 100 in order to reduce accidents.
[Garden State Parkway northbound approaching the Driscoll Bridge in 2002, before the southbound span was built\|thumb\|right](/wiki/File:Driscoll-vieser-edison_bridges_2002.jpg "Driscoll-vieser-edison bridges 2002.jpg")
On September 25, 2002, construction began on a new span of the [Driscoll Bridge](/wiki/Driscoll_Bridge "Driscoll Bridge") just west of the original spans, consisting of seven lanes and emergency shoulders. On May 3, 2006, all traffic was shifted onto the new span, and the original was closed for superstructure replacement.{{cite web \|title \= Driscoll Bridge \|url \= https://structurae.net/en/structures/driscoll\-bridge\-2006 \|website \= Structurae \|access\-date \= January 15, 2020 }} On May 20, 2009, all northbound traffic was shifted back onto the original spans, and the new one was made exclusively for southbound traffic.{{cite news \|last1 \= Yurasko \|first1 \= William \|title \= Garden State Parkway's Driscoll Bridge now 15 lanes \|url \= https://www.yurasko.net/wfy/2009/05/garden\-state\-parkways\-driscoll\-bridge\-now\-15\-lanes.html \|access\-date \= September 11, 2019 \|date \= May 21, 2009 }}
[left\|thumb\|Historical picture of a Garden State Parkway toll plaza](/wiki/File:Garden_State_Parkway_Toll_booth.jpg "Garden State Parkway Toll booth.jpg")
To reduce congestion, 10 of the 11 toll plazas on the roadway were converted into one\-way plazas between 2004 and 2010\. The Cape May (in [Upper Township](/wiki/Upper_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Upper Township, New Jersey")), Great Egg (in [Somers Point](/wiki/Somers_Point%2C_New_Jersey "Somers Point, New Jersey")), New Gretna (in [Bass River Township](/wiki/Bass_River_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Bass River Township, New Jersey")), Barnegat (in [Barnegat Township](/wiki/Barnegat_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Barnegat Township, New Jersey")), Asbury Park (in [Tinton Falls](/wiki/Tinton_Falls%2C_New_Jersey "Tinton Falls, New Jersey")), Raritan (in [Sayreville](/wiki/Sayreville%2C_New_Jersey "Sayreville, New Jersey")), Union (in [Hillside](/wiki/Hillside%2C_New_Jersey "Hillside, New Jersey")), Essex (in [Bloomfield](/wiki/Bloomfield%2C_New_Jersey "Bloomfield, New Jersey")), Bergen (in [Saddle Brook](/wiki/Saddle_Brook%2C_New_Jersey "Saddle Brook, New Jersey")), and Pascack Valley (in [Washington Township](/wiki/Washington_Township%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey "Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey")) toll plazas were among these.{{cite book \|last1 \= Yang \|first1 \= Hong \|title \= Effect of Removing Freeway Mainline Barrier Toll Plazas on Safety \|date \= 2013 \|url \= https://rits.rutgers.edu/files/trb2013\-5001\.pdf }} The tolls at these plazas were doubled upon conversion. The Toms River Toll Plaza (in [Toms River](/wiki/Toms_River%2C_New_Jersey "Toms River, New Jersey")) is the only location on the parkway mainline where a toll is still collected in both directions.
[thumb\|left\|Flyover ramp from the GSP northbound to I\-78 westbound, opened in 2009](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_16_27_41_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_142C_%28Maplewood%29_in_Hillside_Township%2C_Union_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2020-07-11 16 27 41 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 142C (Maplewood) in Hillside Township, Union County, New Jersey.jpg")
In April 2008, a $150 million project began to construct new overpasses at exit 142\. In its 1976 configuration, the parkway northbound did not have a ramp to I\-78 westbound, and the parkway southbound did not have an exit to I\-78 eastbound. The lack of connections was due to the cancellation of the extension of [I\-278](/wiki/Interstate_278 "Interstate 278") (which would have connected northbound parkway traffic with I\-78 westbound) and [Route 75](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_75 "New Jersey Route 75") (which would have connected southbound parkway traffic with I\-78 eastbound via I\-280\) in the early 1980s.{{cite news \|last \= Rispoli \|first \= Michael \|access\-date \= January 13, 2010 \|title \= Garden State Parkway, Route 78 connection to end commuter merry\-go\-round \|newspaper \= \[\[The Star\-Ledger]] \|date \= September 16, 2009 \|url \= http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/garden\_state\_parkway\_route\_78\.html }} The [New Jersey Department of Transportation](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation "New Jersey Department of Transportation") (NJDOT) awarded the project contract to the engineering firm [Gannett Fleming](/wiki/Gannett_Fleming "Gannett Fleming") for the design, and to Union Paving \& Construction Company for building the ramps.{{cite press release \|title \= NJDOT announces completion of project fully linking I\-78 and the Garden State Parkway \|url \= https://www.state.nj.us/transportation/about/press/2011/092111a.shtm \|access\-date \= September 13, 2019 \|publisher \= New Jersey Department of Transportation \|date \= September 21, 2011 }} The ramp connecting the parkway northbound with I\-78 westbound opened on September 16, 2009, with a ribbon cutting ceremony led by Governor [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine "Jon Corzine").{{cite news \|last1 \= Santiago \|first1 \= Katherine \|title \= New link at Garden State Parkway, Route 78 to save commuters 10 minutes daily \|url \= https://www.nj.com/news/2009/09/commuters\_may\_save\_about\_10\_mi.html \|access\-date \= September 13, 2019 \|work \= The Star\-Ledger \|date \= September 17, 2009 }} The ramp connecting the parkway southbound with I\-78 eastbound opened on December 10, 2010\.
### 2010s
In April 2011, New Jersey Transportation Commissioner [James Simpson](/wiki/James_Simpson_%28government_official%29 "James Simpson (government official)") announced the NJTA was considering allowing trucks on the northern portion of the Garden State Parkway.{{cite news \|access\-date \= April 19, 2011 \|title \= N.J. to consider allowing trucks on Garden State Parkway north of exit 105 \|agency \= \[\[Associated Press]] \|work \= \[\[The Star\-Ledger]] \|date \= April 18, 2011 \|url \= http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/nj\_to\_consider\_allowing\_truck.html }} However, the idea was quickly abandoned after the agency found the road had engineering concerns that would not accommodate trucks on this segment.{{cite news \|access\-date \= April 19, 2011 \|title \= N.J. won't allow trucks on Garden State Parkway north of exit 105 \|agency \= \[\[Associated Press]] \|work \= \[\[The Star\-Ledger]] \|date \= April 18, 2011 \|url \= http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/nj\_wont\_allow\_trucks\_on\_garden.html }}
A project that rebuilt the Watchung Avenue overpass at exit 151 in order to add shoulders to the segment underneath and increased safety by being wider and more friendly to pedestrians{{cite web \|url \= https://boswellengineering.com/projects\-c\-transportation\-garden\-state\-parkway\-interchange\-151/ \|title \= Garden State Parkway Interchange 151 \|publisher \= Boswell Engineering \|access\-date \= August 16, 2024 }} was completed in 2013\. Additionally, both existing ramps were widened from two lanes to three lanes, and both of the entrance ramps onto the Parkway were entirely rebuilt.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}}
On July 22, 2014, the NJTA filed a federal lawsuit against Jersey Boardwalk Pizza, a pizza chain in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), for using a logo too similar to the Garden State Parkway's trailblazer.{{cite web \|title \= New Jersey Sues Florida Pizza Shop \|agency \= Associated Press \|publisher \= WCAU\-TV \|location \= Philadelphia \|date \= July 24, 2014 \|url \= http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/New\-Jersey\-Sues\-Florida\-Pizza\-Shop\-268413632\.html \|access\-date \= July 24, 2014 }} Federal Judge [William Martini](/wiki/William_Martini "William Martini") dismissed the suit on March 26, 2015\.{{cite web \|title \= New Jersey Turnpike suit over Florida pizza shop logo tossed \|url \= http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/03/27/new\-jersey\-suit\-over\-florida\-pizza\-shop\-logos\-likeness\-to\-gsp\-logo\-tossed/ \|website \= CBS New York \|publisher \= WCBS\-TV \|location \= New York \|agency \= Associated Press \|date \= March 27, 2015 }}{{cite court \|litigants \= New Jersey Tpk. Auth. v. Jersey Boardwalk Franchising Co. \|vol \= \|reporter \= No. \|opinion \= 2:14\-cv\-04589 \|pinpoint \= 2015 WL 1403767 \|court \= \[\[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey\|D.N.J.]] \|date \= March 26, 2015 \|url \= https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/5832401/22/new\-jersey\-turnpike\-authority\-v\-jersey\-boardwalk\-franchising\-co\-inc/ \|access\-date \= November 11, 2021 \|quote \= }}
[thumb\|right\|Former traffic light at exit 9 (Shell Bay Avenue) before construction of overpass in 2014](/wiki/File:GSP_NB_at_Shellbay_Avenue.JPG "GSP NB at Shellbay Avenue.JPG")
As originally built, in [Cape May County](/wiki/Cape_May_County%2C_New_Jersey "Cape May County, New Jersey"), the parkway had three at\-grade intersections (at exits 9, 10, and 11\), but a project to eliminate began in early 2013, when construction began on three overpasses in [Cape May Court House](/wiki/Cape_May_Court_House%2C_New_Jersey "Cape May Court House, New Jersey").{{cite news \|last1 \= Russell \|first1 \= Mike \|title \= Project to eliminate traffic lights on New Jersey's Parkway nears halfway mark \|url \= https://whyy.org/articles/project\-to\-eliminate\-traffic\-lights\-on\-new\-jerseys\-parkway\-nears\-halfway\-mark/ \|access\-date \= July 22, 2019 \|publisher \= WHYY \|date \= August 20, 2014 }} The plan was delayed because it had not been approved by the federal government. The $125 million project was largely complete by September 2015, with the Mechanic Street interchange also being closed around this time.{{cite web \|title \= Advisory: Mechanic Street Exit from Garden State Parkway to Close Permanently \|url \= https://middletownship.com/advisory\-mechanic\-street\-exit\-from\-garden\-state\-parkway\-to\-close\-permanently/ \|website \= Middle Township New Jersey \|publisher \= Middle Township Municipality \|access\-date \= January 31, 2020 \|archive\-date \= October 23, 2020 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063035/https://middletownship.com/advisory\-mechanic\-street\-exit\-from\-garden\-state\-parkway\-to\-close\-permanently/ \|url\-status \= dead }}
On September 5, 2016, a project to rebuild exit 0 was completed. It involved constructing a new ramp from NJ 109 southbound onto the parkway northbound, relocating the ramp itself onto a new, shorter alignment, and reconfiguring the traffic signal with pedestrian crosswalks and other safety features.{{cite web \|url \= https://pressofatlanticcity.com/exit\-0\-cape\-may\-garden\-state\-parkway\-map\-jpg/image\_053348a4\-ed5b\-11e5\-bfb3\-2b582d34c00b.html \|title \= Exit 0 Cape May Garden State Parkway map.jpg \|date \= March 18, 2016 \|website \= Press of Atlantic City }}
In 2012, a project to reconstruct the roadway between mileposts 83 and 100 in order to add shoulders was started.{{cite book \|title \= FY 2014–2023 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program: Transportation Authorities Project Descriptions \|url \= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/capital/stip1423/sec8/pdf/ap\_njta.pdf \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \|access\-date \= August 10, 2024 }} On November 9, 2014, exit 88 was permanently closed.{{cite web \|url \= https://patch.com/new\-jersey/brick/parkway\-exit\-88\-may\-be\-gone\-89\-takes\-you\-where\-you\-went\-brick\-0 \|title \= Parkway Exit 88 May Be Gone, But 89 Takes You Where You Went Before In Brick \|date \= November 13, 2014 \|website \= Brick, NJ Patch }} On June 11, 2015, the northbound replacement exit 89 were opened to traffic.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/new\-exit\-opens\-on\-garden\-state\-parkway\-in\-ocean\-county/1993519/ \|title \= New Exit Opens on Garden State Parkway in Ocean County \|date \= June 11, 2015 }} It was completed in May 2017, when the reconstruction of exits 91 into a full interchange was completed,{{cite web \|url \= https://www.app.com/story/news/traffic/commuting/2017/08/07/garden\-state\-parkway\-exit\-91\-improvements\-construction/541306001/ \|title \= Exit 91: New Garden State Parkway ramps in Brick opening \|first \= Mike \|last \= Davis \|website \= Asbury Park Press }} ten months behind schedule{{cite web \|url \= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/capital/stip0710/pdf/authorities.pdf \|title \= NJDOT's 2007–2010 Road Improvements }} {{small\|(1\.53 MB)}} because the legislature failed to raise the state's gas tax.{{cite web \|url \= http://brick.shorebeat.com/2016/07/parkway\-exit\-91\-project\-now\-shut\-down\-brick\-officials\-in\-the\-dark/ \|title \= Parkway Exit 91 Project Now Shut Down, Brick Officials in the Dark \|last1 \= Nee \|first1 \= Daniel \|work \= Brick Shorebeat \|date \= July 13, 2016 \|access\-date \= September 3, 2016 }}
[thumb\|right\|Garden State Parkway northbound at Route 17 in Paramus](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_17_33_35_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_163_%28New_Jersey_State_Route_17_NORTH%2C_Mahwah%29_in_Paramus%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg "2020-07-11 17 33 35 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 163 (New Jersey State Route 17 NORTH, Mahwah) in Paramus, Bergen County, New Jersey.jpg")
In April 2014, a $68 million project to eliminate the left\-hand ramps at exit 163 began. Due to this, a half mile stretch of the GSP mainline was shifted towards the median, with the existing ramps retained but now passing under the Parkway and joining it from the right. This major project was completed in September 2017, with minor work continuing into mid\-October.{{cite news \|first \= Larry \|last \= Higgs \|date \= September 12, 2017 \|url \= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2017/09/big\_parkway\_exit\_headache\_in\_north\_jersey\_in\_final\_weeks\_state\_says.html \|title \= Big Parkway exit headache in North Jersey in final weeks, state says \|work \= NJ.com \|access\-date \= August 10, 2024 }}
In 2012, the improvement of exit 105 southbound at the intersection with NJ route 36 on the local lanes was proposed.{{cite book \|title \= Garden State Parkway Interchange 105 Improvements: Boroughs of Tinton Falls and Eatontown, Monmouth County \|url \= https://www.njta.com/media/1545/gsp105\_publichearingflyer.pdf \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215136/https://www.njta.com/media/1545/gsp105\_publichearingflyer.pdf \|archive\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|url\-status \= live }} It involved replacing the single\-lane ramp which provided access to Route 36 with a new one. This ramp would have two lanes and a wider shoulder, and would also provide access to Route 18 via Wayside road. Additionally, the northbound ramp onto route 36 would be constructed, as opposed to locating traffic onto route 36, it would instead carry traffic into an intersection with Wayside Road .{{cite web \|title \= New Jersey to spend million for new Parkway Exit 105 in Tinton Falls \|work \= NewJerseyNewsroom.com \|url \= https://gloribee.com/new\-jersey\-to\-spend\-million\-for\-new\-parkway\-exit\-105\-in\-tinton\-falls\-state\-newjerseynewsroomcom\-your\-state\-your\-news/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|language \= en\-US }} Also, in both directions, the deceleration lanes were increased in length and widened to two lanes in addition to lighting improvements and replacing the underhead signage southbound with new overhead ones, and replacing the sign heads northbound. Construction began in 2013, and was completed by the end of 2017\.{{cite news \|first \= Larry \|last \= Higgs \|date \= January 28, 2018 \|url \= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2018/01/what\_are\_2018s\_big\_projects\_on\_the\_nj\_turnpike\_and.html \|title \= The biggest Turnpike and Parkway projects this year \|work \= NJ.com \|access\-date \= August 10, 2024 }}
In May 2005, Governor [Richard Codey](/wiki/Richard_Codey "Richard Codey") announced plans for a widening of the parkway between exit 63 in [Stafford Township](/wiki/Stafford_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Stafford Township, New Jersey") and exit 80 in the borough of [South Toms River](/wiki/South_Toms_River%2C_New_Jersey "South Toms River, New Jersey") from two to three lanes in both directions. However, the NJTA later made plans to widen the parkway from exit 80 all the way south to exit 30 in [Somers Point](/wiki/Somers_Point%2C_New_Jersey "Somers Point, New Jersey"). In 2008, planning began on a project to construct a southbound entrance and northbound exit at exit 67\. By March 27, it was revealed that the new ramps would not be tolled. Construction began in the summer of 2008\. While initially planned for completion on May 20, 2009,{{cite news \|url \= http://www.app.com/article/20090519/NEWS/905190346/1070/NEWS02 \|title \= Barnegat's interchange to open Wednesday \|date \= May 20, 2009 \|work \= Ashbury Park Press }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2024}} it was ultimately completed in October 2010\.{{cite news \|last1 \= Spahr \|first1 \= Rob \|title \= New Garden State Parkway exit at Barnegat opens to traffic in Ocean County \|url \= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/new\-garden\-state\-parkway\-exit\-at\-barnegat\-opens\-to\-traffic/article\_6419fd66\-db93\-11df\-9cab\-001cc4c002e0\.html \|access\-date \= September 16, 2019 \|newspaper \= The Press of Atlantic City \|date \= October 19, 2010 }} The project was divided into three phases. The first of these, the one from exits 80 to 63, was completed in may 2011\.{{cite news \|url \= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/parkway\-widening\-project\-in\-ocean\-county\-to\-be\-ready\-for/article\_877b7a56\-87bd\-11e0\-836d\-001cc4c03286\.html \|title \= Parkway widening project in Ocean County to be ready for motorists today \|last \= Weaver \|first \= Donna \|date \= May 26, 2011 \|work \= The Press of Atlantic City \|access\-date \= September 12, 2019 }} In November 2014, a widening project was completed between exits 63 and 48\.{{cite web \|title \= Garden State Parkway Widening (Phase 2\) \|url \= https://www.atkinsglobal.com/en\-GB/projects/garden\-state\-parkway\-widening\-phase2 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160716224901/https://www.atkinsglobal.com/en\-GB/projects/garden\-state\-parkway\-widening\-phase2 \|archive\-date \= July 16, 2016 \|access\-date \= September 12, 2019 \|publisher \= Atkins Global \|language \= en\-GB }} Exit 41 was opened on March 13, 2015\.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2015/03/what\_exit\_parkway\_exit\_numbers\_officially\_change\_today\_as\_new\_exit\_opens.html \|title \= What exit? New Parkway exit opens today as numbers change on others next week \|first \= Larry \|last \= Higgs \|date \= March 13, 2015 \|website \= NJ.com \|publisher \= NJ Advance Media }} Previously, drivers who wanted to go to Jimmie Leeds Road had to cut through the parking lot of the Atlantic City Service area, though they still can, however the traffic light that previously existed was eliminated.{{google maps \|SV \= yes \|url \= https://www.google.com/maps/@39\.4741508,\-74\.5269648,3a,75y,313\.73h,69\.85t/data\=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1saiskwe7c7P2THjobcwWP3g!2e0!5s20120501T000000!7i13312!8i6656?entry\=ttu \|title \= NJ\-444, Galloway, New Jersey \|date \= May 2012 }} In August 2015, a project which constructed missing movements at exits 44 was completed.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} In June 2017, three projects to improve exits 36, 37, and 38 were completed.{{cite web \|url \= https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/expressway\-exit\-7s\-at\-garden\-state\-parkway\-to\-open\-extra\-lane\-by\-weekend/article\_68fb324e\-1a5a\-5dda\-ba64\-de3ebfdd837b.html \|title \= Expressway Exit 7S at Garden State Parkway to open extra lane by weekend \|first \= Diane \|last \= D'Amico Staff \|date \= June 29, 2017 \|website \= Press of Atlantic City }} A new ramp was built at exit 38 order to reduce unsafe weaving, exit 37 had its deceleration lane reconstructed to be longer, and exit 36 was rebuilt to eliminate its stop\-and\-go pattern.{{cite web \|url \= https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/garden\-state\-parkway\-construction\-project\-focuses\-on\-new\-exits/article\_7bfd4d8a\-3187\-11e5\-9deb\-3ff061500a54\.html \|title \= Garden State Parkway construction project focuses on new exits \|first \= Donald \|last \= Wittkowski \|date \= July 23, 2015 \|website \= Press of Atlantic City }} In 2018, a widening from exits 48 to milepost 30 was completed, it included reconstruction of overpasses, and the opening of new bridges across the [Mullica River](/wiki/Mullica_River "Mullica River") from [Port Republic](/wiki/Port_Republic%2C_New_Jersey "Port Republic, New Jersey") to [Bass River](/wiki/Bass_River_Township%2C_New_Jersey "Bass River Township, New Jersey"), after which point the older ones had their superstructures replaced.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2018/01/what\_are\_2018s\_big\_projects\_on\_the\_nj\_turnpike\_and.html \|title \= The biggest Turnpike and Parkway projects this year \|last \= Higgs \|first \= Larry \|date \= January 28, 2018 \|website \= NJ.com \|publisher \= NJ Advance Media \|language \= en\-US \|access\-date \= September 12, 2019 }}
The southbound bridge over the Great Egg Harbor Bay was replaced with a wider span parallel to the older span as part of a $79\.3 million project. Construction began in 2013\. The new bridge was opened in 2016, the old one was then permanently closed. While the northbound bridge was kept open briefly, all traffic was moved onto it in 2017 so the old bridge could be demolished and the northbound span could undergo strengthening and a superstructure replacement. Work on the project was considered mostly complete by October 2019\.{{cite news \|last1 \= Auble \|first1 \= Amanda \|title \= Garden State Parkway bridge construction nearing a close \|url \= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/garden\-state\-parkway\-bridge\-construction\-nearing\-a\-close/article\_cfd734c7\-5be1\-5f7f\-a52c\-c77d6526f709\.html \|access\-date \= September 16, 2019 \|work \= The Press of Atlantic City \|date \= February 18, 2019 }}
In April 2016, a project to reconstruct exits 125 into a full interchange commenced. A new southbound exit would be tolled and made exclusively for [E\-ZPass](/wiki/E-ZPass "E-ZPass") users; no toll would be added to the new northbound entrance. Also involved in this project was the replacement of the overpasses that carried the parkway over Chevalier Avenue with wider structures, adding a alternate ramp onto Main Street, and constructing a new southbound entrance ramp and demolishing the existing one–this would provide greater access to a new shopping mall in the vicinity that is yet to be completed.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.njta.com/newsroom/2017/july/ezpass\-only\-exit\#:\~:text\=in\+April\+2016,\+and\+construction,until\+the\+fall\+of\+2019\. \|title \= EZPass only exit \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority }} It was completed in February 2020\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}}
In 2018, planning began for a improvement project at the northbound ramps at exits 109\.{{cite web \|last \= Zimmer \|first \= Russ \|title \= Garden State Parkway: Exit 109 construction timeline \|url \= https://www.app.com/story/news/traffic/commuting/2018/01/26/garden\-state\-parkway\-exit\-109\-construction\-middletown\-nj/1064806001/ \|access\-date \= January 22, 2024 \|website \= Asbury Park Press \|language \= en\-US }} The project involved partly winding the ramp and constructing a new ramp to directly allow access to the [Lincroft park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride "Park and ride") from the parkway and to allow easier access to Newman Spring Road eastbound. Improvements were also made to the ramps onto the parkway from County Route 520\. These include a ramp and overpass being built on Newman Spring Road eastbound, the addition of a [traffic light](/wiki/Traffic_light "Traffic light") at Schulz Dr, the removal of the U\-turn ramp to Half Mile Road and the addition of a [left turn signal](/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation "Variations in traffic light operation") at the junction to compassionate. Bidding for the project was completed in July 2018, and construction began shortly after. It was completed in May 2020\.{{cite web \|first \= E. Scott \|last \= Wingerter \|date \= May 4, 2020 \|title \= Red Bank GSP 109: Traffic Lights On, the 'Mousetrap" Expected to Open \|url \= https://www.tapinto.net/towns/red\-bank/sections/government/articles/red\-bank\-gsp\-109\-traffic\-lights\-on\-the\-mousetrap\-expected\-to\-open \|work \= TAPinto Red Bank \|access\-date \= August 11, 2024 }}
In June 2018, an improvement project began at the interchange with I\-280 and CR 508 (Central Avenue). The project involved widening the entrance ramp to the parkway southbound from one to two lanes and adding a second deceleration lane on the parkway northbound. Due to the addition of the deceleration lane to South Grove St, the northbound toll plaza on the exit was completely removed starting on July 26, 2018, at 10 pm.{{cite press release \|title \= Tolls for drivers leaving the northbound lanes on the Parkway at Exit 145 in The Oranges will be eliminated on July 26, 2018 at 10 pm while drivers enter the southbound lanes on the Parkway will be charged $1\.00 \|url \= http://www.njta.com/newsroom/2017/2018\-1/one\-way\-tolling \|access\-date \= July 17, 2018 \|publisher \= \[\[New Jersey Turnpike Authority]] \|date \= July 17, 2018 }} To accommodate the wider roadway, the overpass carrying Central Avenue over the parkway was also rebuilt. Five nearby bridges were also rehabilitated as part of the project. The project cost approximately $63 million and was completed in August 2022\.{{cite news \|last1 \= Higgs \|first1 \= Larry \|title \= This frustrating Parkway bottleneck is going to be fixed. It will cost $63M \|url \= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2018/03/63\_million\_will\_buy\_relief\_from\_this\_frustrating\_p.html \|access\-date \= January 11, 2020 \|publisher \= NJ Advance Media \|work \= NJ.com \|date \= March 27, 2018 }}{{cite web \|title \= Project Overview \|url \= http://www.gspexit145\.com/project\-overview/ \|website \= Garden State Parkway Exit 145 \|access\-date \= January 11, 2020 }}
### 2020s
On March 24, 2020, the NJTA temporarily suspended cash toll collection due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Drivers without [E\-ZPass](/wiki/E-ZPass "E-ZPass") transponders had their license plates photographed at the toll plazas and were sent bills in the mail. Cash collection resumed on May 19 of that year.{{cite news \|title \= Coronavirus News: Cash Tolls Returning to NJ Turnpike and Garden State Parkway \|url \= https://www.abc7ny.com/amp/coronavirus\-nj\-reopen\-new\-jersey\-update\-news/6188286 \|access\-date \= December 21, 2020 \|publisher \= WABC\-TV \|location \= New York \|date \= May 16, 2020 \|archive\-date \= January 14, 2021 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215356/https://abc7ny.com/amp/coronavirus\-nj\-reopen\-new\-jersey\-update\-news/6188286/ \|url\-status \= dead }} Also around this time, a new high speed toll gantry was completed at the New Gretna Toll Plaza.
In March 2022, exit 105 was closed in multiple stages so that five of the overpasses, of which some date back to 1954 and others to 1974, could be replaced.{{cite press release \|url \= https://www.njta.com/newsroom/ramp\-closure\-at\-interchange\-105 \|title \= Ramp closure at Interchange 105 \|publisher \= New Jersey Turnpike Authority }} The project was completed in late 2023\.{{cite web \|url \= https://www.gspexit105\.com/ \|title \= Garden State Parkway Interchange 105 is complete \|access\-date \= May 27, 2024 }} Additionally a temporary crossover was built at mile marker 108\.5 that lasted from March 2023 to February 2024\.
In 2020, a project that involved making multiple improvements between mileposts 140 and 143 was commenced. It involves repaving the road, adding new lighting, and constructing a [median barrier](/wiki/Median_barrier "Median barrier"). It also systematically replaces multiple bridges in between the mile markers, including two that carry traffic over US 22 and one that carries traffic over NJ 82\.{{cite web \|title \= GSP Roadway and Interchange 145 Toll Plaza \|url \= https://www.gsp140to143\.com/project\-overview\-garden\-state\-parkway\-from\-milepost\-140\-to\-143 \|access\-date \= January 24, 2024 \|website \= gsp140to143 \|language \= en\-US }} It is scheduled to be completed at the end of 2024\.
On February 23, 2023, the overpass carrying exit 156 were was temporarily closed to traffic{{cite tweet \|user \= 511njgsp \|title \= Long term road construction and Roadwork, roadwork on Garden State Parkway northbound Exit 156 \- US 46 (Clifton) exit ramp closed to traffic until further notice 511nj.org/event/ORI12374… \|number \= 1761249584133685381 \|url \= https://x.com/511njgsp/status/1761249584133685381 \|date \= February 23, 2024 \|access\-date \= July 3, 2024 }} this was because the ramp was in the way of construction on the Passaic River Bridge and needed a retaining wall to be constructed in order to minimize disruption to local communities. This was completed on July 15, and is part of a greater project to reconstruct the Passaic River Bridge, the current superstructure considered functionally obsolete and structurally deficient, in addition to not meeting the greater standards of the New Jersey turnpike Authority. Work on that part of the project is scheduled for competition in fall 2025\.{{cite news \|last \= Comstock \|first \= Lori \|title \= Parkway exit has been closed for months. When will it reopen for North Jersey drivers? \|work \= Newton New Jersey Herald \|date \= July 2, 2024 \|url \= https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/transportation/2024/07/02/closed\-garden\-state\-parkway\-exit\-156\-to\-reopen/74247432007/ \|access\-date \= July 3, 2024 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1950s",
"[thumb\\|Stone overpasses on the Garden State Parkway in Union County](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_15_59_31_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_136_%28Linden%2C_Roselle%29_on_the_border_of_Clark_Township_and_Cranford_Township_in_Union_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2020-07-11 15 59 31 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 136 (Linden, Roselle) on the border of Clark Township and Cranford Township in Union County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nPlans for the Garden State Parkway date back to 1942, where it would have connected to the [Palisades Interstate Parkway](/wiki/Palisades_Interstate_Parkway \"Palisades Interstate Parkway\") in Fort Lee.{{cite map \\|map\\-url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-gsp\\-194/77187995/ \\|map \\= The Proposed Garden State Parkway in New Jersey \\|title \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= January 29, 1942 \\|page \\= 8 \\|access\\-date \\= May 7, 2021 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Following World War II, traffic increased substantially on highways along the New Jersey coast. Due to the high traffic volume and presence of numerous traffic lights, it took motorists over three hours to travel between [Paterson](/wiki/Paterson%2C_New_Jersey \"Paterson, New Jersey\") and [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\"). In 1946, plans were changed to construct a high\\-speed parkway to provide a bypass of [Route 4](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_4 \"New Jersey Route 4\"), which, prior to 1953, ran from Cape May north to the [George Washington Bridge](/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge \"George Washington Bridge\") by way of Paterson, largely following present\\-day [US 1](/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_New_Jersey \"U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey\"), [US 9](/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_Jersey \"U.S. Route 9 in New Jersey\"), and [Route 35](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_35 \"New Jersey Route 35\").State of New Jersey, Laws of 1946, Chapter 117\\.{{cite map \\|author \\= State of New Jersey \\|year \\= 1927 \\|url \\= http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927\\_routes.gif \\|title \\= 1927 New Jersey Road Map \\|publisher \\= State of New Jersey \\|access\\-date \\= October 8, 2008 \\|url\\-status \\= live \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160313112746/http://jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927\\_routes.gif \\|archive\\-date \\= March 13, 2016 }} This highway would be constructed using state funds and be known as the Route 4 Parkway. Construction began in 1947, and the first section to open ran from [Route 27](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_27 \"New Jersey Route 27\") north to [Cranford](/wiki/Cranford%2C_New_Jersey \"Cranford, New Jersey\") and opened on June 29, 1950\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= June 29, 1950 \\|title \\= Route 4 Parkway Section Now Open \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record\\-route\\-4\\-parkway\\-section\\-now\\-o/139267706/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 21, 2024 \\|work \\= The Record \\|page \\= 2 }}",
"The landscape architect and engineer in charge of the newly named Garden State Parkway was [Gilmore David Clarke](/wiki/Gilmore_David_Clarke \"Gilmore David Clarke\") of the engineering firm [Parsons Brinckerhoff](/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff \"Parsons Brinckerhoff\"), who had worked with [Robert Moses](/wiki/Robert_Moses \"Robert Moses\") on the parkway systems around [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). Clarke's design prototypes for the parkway combined the example of the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike \"Pennsylvania Turnpike\"), a model of efficiency with parallels in the German *[autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn \"Autobahn\")* routes of the 1930s, with the [Merritt Parkway](/wiki/Merritt_Parkway \"Merritt Parkway\") model that stressed a planted \"green belt\" for beauty. Both design models featured wide planted medians to prevent head\\-on collisions and mask the glare of oncoming headlights. The Garden State Parkway was designed to have a natural feel. Many trees were planted, and the only signs were those for exits—there were no distracting billboards. Most of the signs were constructed from wood, or a dark\\-brown metal, instead of the chrome bars used on most other highways. The guardrails were also made from wood and dark metal. Most early overpasses were stone, but were later changed to concrete, with green rails and retro etchings, popular around the 1950s and 1960s. The parkway was designed to curve gently throughout its length so that drivers would remain alert and not fall asleep at the wheel.",
"The highway was extended south to New Brunswick Avenue in [Woodbridge Township](/wiki/Woodbridge_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Woodbridge Township, New Jersey\"), Middlesex County, on November 1 that year,{{cite news \\|date \\= November 2, 1950 \\|title \\= Last Link of New Parkway Opened Yesterday A. M. \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-register\\-last\\-link\\-of\\-new\\-park/139285563/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|pages \\= 2 }} In Cape May County, a {{convert\\|4\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in\\|adj\\=on}} bypass of [Cape May Court House](/wiki/Cape_May_Court_House%2C_New_Jersey \"Cape May Court House, New Jersey\") opened on July 29, 1951, from exit 12 to the point where the parkway directly parallels US 9 north of Burleigh.{{cite news \\|date \\= June 29, 1951 \\|title \\= First Section Of Freeway Opens Today \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-first\\-section\\-of/139290279/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 15 }}{{cite map \\|author1 \\= United States Geological Survey \\|title \\= Stone Harbor, NJ \\|url \\= https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht\\-bin/tv\\_browse.pl?id\\=ab5826e75075d2b9d28f2b1ef94ef69c \\|date \\= 1957 \\|scale \\= 1:24000 }} However, due to a lack of funds, construction of the Route 4 Parkway stalled. The only segment to open was 1952, only the bypass of Toms River was opened on July 3\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= July 3, 1952 \\|title \\= Toms River Bypass To Open Today \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier\\-post\\-toms\\-river\\-bypass\\-to\\-open\\-t/139291472/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Courier\\-Post \\|pages \\= 2 }} The solution was for the state to establish the [New Jersey Highway Authority](/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike_Authority \"New Jersey Turnpike Authority\") (NJHA) in April 1952 to oversee construction and operation of the remainder of the parkway as a self\\-liquidating toll road from Cape May to the New York state line.{{cite encyclopedia \\|last1 \\= Laurie \\|first1 \\= Maxine N. \\|last2 \\= Mappen \\|first2 \\= Marc \\|encyclopedia \\= \\[\\[Encyclopedia of New Jersey]] \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Rutgers University Press]] \\|year \\= 2004–2005 \\|page \\= 305 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway }}{{cite book \\|author \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|date \\= January 30, 1952 \\|title \\= First Annual Report \\|url \\= https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a349ea0d\\-df30\\-4a6e\\-8adb\\-3d91ecb7ad26/content \\|location \\= Trenton \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|access\\-date \\= August 14, 2024 \\|via \\= New Jersey State Library }}{{page needed\\|date\\=August 2024}} The parkway was extended north to [Union Township](/wiki/Union_Township%2C_Union_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Union Township, Union County, New Jersey\") on July 16, 1953\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= July 16, 1953 \\|title \\= Cranford–Union Section of Parkway Opens Today \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-cranford\\-union\\-section\\-o/139287814/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|page \\= 1 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On September 16, 1953, pedestrians were banned from the parkway in order to increase safety on the segment with at\\-grade intersections.{{cite news \\|title \\= Pedestrians Ruled Off New Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-pedestrians\\-ruled\\-off\\-ne/127913779/ \\|newspaper \\= The Herald\\-News \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|date \\= September 16, 1953 \\|page \\= 16 \\|access\\-date \\= July 9, 2023 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Garden State Parkway southbound in Toms River](/wiki/File:2021-05-27_12_22_23_View_south_along_U.S._Route_9_and_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Ocean_County_Route_527_%28Lakehurst_Road%29_in_Toms_River_Township%2C_Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2021-05-27 12 22 23 View south along U.S. Route 9 and New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) from the overpass for Ocean County Route 527 (Lakehurst Road) in Toms River Township, Ocean County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nSections opened in quick succession in 1954; these were the first to be tolled. The first tolled segment was opened on January 13, 1954, from [US 22](/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_New_Jersey \"U.S. Route 22 in New Jersey\") to Mill Road. Due to poor weather conditions, tolls were not collected until January 15\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= January 15, 1954 \\|title \\= First Tolls Being Taken on Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-first\\-tolls\\-being\\-taken/139309056/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|pages \\= 14 }} The Toms River bypass was extended south to Manahawkin on July 15,{{cite news \\|date \\= July 15, 1954 \\|title \\= Parkway Opens In Ocean County \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-register\\-parkway\\-opens\\-in\\-ocea/139309362/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|pages \\= 17 }} and north to the Eatontown Spur (now [Route 36](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_36 \"New Jersey Route 36\")) on July 30, 1954\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= July 29, 1954 \\|title \\= 42\\-Mile Shore Parkway Link Opens Tomorrow \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-42\\-mile\\-shore\\-parkway/139310757/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Asbury Park Press \\|pages \\= 1 }} The bridge carrying the parkway over the [Raritan River](/wiki/Raritan_River \"Raritan River\") was also opened to northbound traffic on this day,{{cite news \\|title \\= New Garden State Link. Raritan Bridge Is Opened for Northbound Traffic \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1954/07/31/archives/new\\-garden\\-state\\-link\\-raritan\\-bridge\\-is\\-opened\\-for\\-northbound.html \\|quote \\= The New Jersey Highway Authority today opened a new link in the Garden State Parkway \\-\\- the high\\-level bridge over the Raritan River for northbound traffic. \\|agency \\= \\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|work \\= \\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date \\= July 31, 1954 \\|access\\-date \\= March 18, 2009 }} extending the highway south to US 9 in Sayreville.{{cite news \\|date \\= July 29, 1954 \\|title \\= Raritan River Bridge On Parkway to Open \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-bayonne\\-times\\-raritan\\-river\\-bridge\\-o/139309977/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Bayonne Times \\|pages \\= 13 }} The southbound lanes were opened on the bridge south to Eatontown on August 4, and an extension to New Gretna opened the day after.{{cite news \\|date \\= August 5, 1954 \\|title \\= State Parkway Link Opened \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-courier\\-news\\-state\\-parkway\\-link\\-open/139312099/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Courier\\-News \\|pages \\= 3 }} Closing the northbound gap from Eatontown to Sayreville on August 7 provided for 90 miles of unbroken highway.{{cite news \\|date \\= August 8, 1954 \\|title \\= Parkway Open to New Gretna \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-parkway\\-open\\-to\\-n/139310064/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|page \\= 1 }} Within Atlantic County, a large section from Tilton Road in [Egg Harbor Township](/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey\") to the south bank of the Mullica River opened on August 11, though north of the [White Horse Pike](/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_New_Jersey \"U.S. Route 30 in New Jersey\") the road initially operated as a temporary super two on the southbound lanes{{cite news \\|date \\= August 12, 1954 \\|title \\= Atlantic Co. Section Of Parkway Opens \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-atlantic\\-co\\-sect/139312759/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 1 }} until August 21\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= August 21, 1954 \\|title \\= Pike–Mullica G.S. Parkway Section Open \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-pike\\-mullica\\-gs/139507927/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 25, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 13 }} This was extended south to Somers Point on August 27 (again as a [super\\-two](/wiki/Super-two \"Super-two\") before the northbound lanes opened on September 22{{cite news \\|date \\= September 23, 1954 \\|title \\= New Parkway Stretch Opens \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-courier\\-news\\-new\\-parkway\\-stretch\\-ope/139319154/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Courier\\-News \\|pages \\= 15 }}), then connected across the Mullica River to the existing section on August 28 over a temporary super\\-two,{{cite news \\|date \\= August 27, 1954 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Links 113 Unbroken Miles Tomorrow \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-journal\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-l/139317635/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Daily Journal \\|pages \\= 1 }} with the other lanes opened a few weeks later. The Cape May section of highway was also extended north to [Route 50](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_50 \"New Jersey Route 50\") at Seaville that day,{{cite news \\|date \\= August 26, 1954 \\|title \\= Parkway Open To Wildwood By Labor Day \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-parkway\\-open\\-to\\-w/139315119/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 1 }} which then was extended south to Route 47 on September 4,{{cite news \\|date \\= September 4, 1954 \\|title \\= Cape Parkway Strip Opened \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-cape\\-parkway\\-stri/139314097/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 1 }} and north to [Beesley's Point Bridge](/wiki/Beesley%27s_Point_Bridge \"Beesley's Point Bridge\") on October 6\\. The entire highway south of Irvington was declared finished on October 9, 1954\\. The lone exception was across the Great Egg Harbor; the parkway temporarily detoured onto US 9 and over the Beesley's Point Bridge at this point.{{cite news \\|date \\= October 11, 1954 \\|title \\= Parkway Now Links Irvington, Cape May \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-parkway\\-now\\-links/139320203/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 10 }}{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Higgins \\|first1 \\= Columb \\|title \\= Last of Beesleys Point Bridge blasted \\|url \\= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/last\\-of\\-beesleys\\-point\\-bridge\\-blasted/article\\_7960a920\\-c3f2\\-5e7f\\-9e44\\-c24d8177d14c.html \\|access\\-date \\= July 22, 2019 \\|agency \\= Gazette of Upper Township \\|newspaper \\= The Press of Atlantic City \\|date \\= November 18, 2016 }} Literature from the time suggested that the parkway would become toll\\-free once bonds used for its construction were paid off. However, this speculation never became a reality.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Garden State Parkway northbound at the Route 27 interchange in Woodbridge Township](/wiki/File:GSP_NB_from_NJ_27_overpass.jpeg \"GSP NB from NJ 27 overpass.jpeg\")\nSegments north of Irvington began opening in the months thereafter. The section from Irvington to Central Avenue in East Orange was scheduled to open on November 26, but complaints about the road's safety from Irvington officials stalled opening until December 9, after the erection of temporary fences along the road's length.{{cite news \\|date \\= December 9, 1954 \\|title \\= Controversial Section Of Parkway Opens \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-controversial\\-sec/139322805/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 2 }} An extension north also proved tumultuous: though scheduled to open on January 4, the extension to North Arlington Avenue opened a day earlier than scheduled. Mayor William McConnell ordered a blockade on this section of the highway on January 4, stating that North Arlington Avenue would be unable to handle traffic coming from the parkway. It was only when the southbound section was opened to exit 148 on January 8 that the blockade was lifted on the southbound section.{{cite news \\|date \\= January 10, 1955 \\|title \\= Parkway Opens Contested Lane \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-parkway\\-opens\\-con/139324750/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 11 }} At this point, Bloomfield mayor Donald E. Scott prevented the opening of the northbound lanes until the completion of a new bridge carrying Bloomfield Avenue over Second River needed to carry exiting traffic. Though this bridge was not completed for some time, the highway opened fully to US 46 on January 19, negating this prerequisite.{{cite news \\|date \\= January 19, 1955 \\|title \\= Parkway Opens Without Ceremony \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-parkway\\-opens\\-without\\-ce/139325761/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|pages \\= 1 }} However, Mayor Scott still barred all entrances and exits except for the southbound entrance from Bloomfield Avenue, until an inspection proved the highway safe; the exits were finally opened on January 21\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= January 21, 1955 \\|title \\= Parkway Barriers To Be Removed \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-parkway\\-barriers\\-to\\-be\\-r/139326549/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|pages \\= 1 }} During this conflict, the section from [Route 3](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_3 \"New Jersey Route 3\") to Hazel Street in Clifton opened on January 4\\. A similar blockade was threatened to be placed, but the announcement of speedy construction of fencing prevented this.{{cite news \\|date \\= January 4, 1955 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Opens Clifton Stretch \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-ope/139323417/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|pages \\= 1 }} On May 10, 1955, legislation was passed that made it legal for emergency vehicles to not pay tolls when on duty.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Issued Rules Booklet \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-hh\\-laws/25506683/ \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= May 10, 1955 \\|page \\= 9 \\|access\\-date \\= November 18, 2018 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} The bridge over the [Passaic River](/wiki/Passaic_River \"Passaic River\") opened on May 26, 1955\\. This extended the parkway's northern terminus to [US 46](/wiki/U.S._Route_46 \"U.S. Route 46\") in present\\-day [Elmwood Park](/wiki/Elmwood_Park%2C_New_Jersey \"Elmwood Park, New Jersey\"). On July 1 of that year, the portion of the highway from US 46 to [Route 17](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17 \"New Jersey Route 17\") in [Paramus](/wiki/Paramus%2C_New_Jersey \"Paramus, New Jersey\") opened. In spring 1955, a widening project began between US 22 and the Raritan River bridge; this would expand the roadway from four to six lanes. It was completed on July 9 of that year.{{cite book \\|author \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|url \\= http://archive.org/details/firstfiveyearsof00newj \\|title \\= The First Five Years of the Garden State Parkway, 1954–1959 \\|date \\= 1959 \\|location \\= Red Bank \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|page \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/firstfiveyearsof00newj/page/12/mode/2up 12] \\|via \\= Internet Archive }} In late 1955, construction of a northbound roadway began in Cape May. The new roadbed was opened north of Seaville by October 17, south of Cape May Court House by October 25, and fully by October 28\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= November 3, 1955 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Now Completely Divided Highway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/ridgewood\\-herald\\-news\\-garden\\-state\\-parkw/139321193/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Ridgewood Herald\\-News \\|page \\= 10 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On April 16, 1956, the parkway's trailblazer was posted.{{cite report \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway: 1956 Annual Report \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|date \\= 1956 \\|url \\= https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b1f8c359\\-73cc\\-4767\\-9b3c\\-5631388a19da/content \\|access\\-date \\= July 2, 2024 \\|via \\= New Jersey State Library }} The final stretch of permanent roadway was opened alongside the [Great Egg Harbor Bridge](/wiki/Great_Egg_Harbor_Bridge \"Great Egg Harbor Bridge\"),{{cite news \\|date \\= June 16, 1956 \\|title \\= New Great Egg Harbor Bay Bridge To Be Dedicated By Parkway With Pageant Today \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-new\\-great\\-egg\\-har/139327101/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 1 }} completing the parkway as outlined in original plans.",
"Soon after the parkway's opening, congestion on [Route 17](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17 \"New Jersey Route 17\") increased substantially, prompting an extension of the parkway to [Montvale](/wiki/Montvale%2C_New_Jersey \"Montvale, New Jersey\"), connecting to the newly\\-built [New York State Thruway](/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway \"New York State Thruway\"). By November 30, 1955, it had been determined that this extension was financially feasible. On January 18, 1956, the NJHA entered into an agreement with the [New York State Thruway Authority](/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway_Authority \"New York State Thruway Authority\") (NYSTA) for the prompt, and coordinated plans for extension. The agreement was formally signed on February 1 by NJHA Chairwoman Katharine E. White and NYSTA Chairman Bertram D. Tallamy. Groundbreaking for the road began on May 1 of that year. Unlike previous segments of the roadway, this one uses prestressed concrete for overpasses; this made correcting errors during construction or future demolition easier.{{cite news \\|title \\= Cement Feature Eliminates Steel \\|work \\= The Record \\|location \\= Hackensack, NJ \\|date \\= August 29, 1957 \\|page \\= 44 \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record\\-cement\\-feature\\-eliminates\\-ste/139328320/ \\|access\\-date \\= July 4, 2024 }} It was originally proposed as part of a northern extension of the unbuilt [Route 101](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_101 \"New Jersey Route 101\"), a highway that was intended to run from [Kearny](/wiki/Kearny%2C_New_Jersey \"Kearny, New Jersey\") to [Hackensack](/wiki/Hackensack%2C_New_Jersey \"Hackensack, New Jersey\"). The extension, Route S101, would have continued northward from Hackensack to the state line via Paramus.State of New Jersey, Laws of 1929, Chapter 105, Page 386, Section 1\\. Approximately {{convert\\|9\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} in length, the extension was planned to run north through the Bergen County municipalities of Paramus, Washington Township, Hillsdale, Woodcliff Lake, and Montvale to the state line, where the parkway would meet with a connecting spur from the mainline of the New York State Thruway. Part of the extension to Chestnut Ridge opened on July 3, 1957,{{cite news \\|date \\= July 3, 1957 \\|title \\= Parkway Road Open for Use \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record\\-parkway\\-road\\-open\\-for\\-use/139327791/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Record \\|pages \\= 6 }} and the Thruway's Garden State Parkway Connector opened on August 29 that year.{{cite news \\|date \\= August 29, 1957 \\|title \\= New Thruway Link Ready For Travel \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record\\-new\\-thruway\\-link\\-ready\\-for\\-tr/139328064/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|work \\= The Record \\|pages \\= 43 }} In only 36 hours, the extension reported 8,000 drivers.{{cite news \\|title \\= Drivers Crowd Parkway Link \\|work \\= Bergen Evening Record \\|date \\= July 5, 1957 \\|page \\= 1 \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record/54673629/ \\|access\\-date \\= June 19, 2024 }}",
"On February 7, 1958, [U\\-turning](/wiki/U-turn \"U-turn\") was banned in order to increase safety. This was enforced at both the toll plazas and on the main roadway, and was considered a violation even if done to correct error.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/08/archives/no\\-uturns\\-allowed\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-bars\\-them\\-even\\-to\\-rectify.html \\|title \\= No U\\-Turns Allowed: Garden State Parkway Bars Them, Even to Rectify Error \\|work \\= The New York Times \\|date \\= February 8, 1958 }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Garden State Parkway southbound approaching exit 154 with US 46 in Clifton](/wiki/File:2020-07-16_08_58_36_View_south_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_154_%28U.S._Route_46_WEST%2C_Clifton%29_in_Clifton%2C_Passaic_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2020-07-16 08 58 36 View south along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 154 (U.S. Route 46 WEST, Clifton) in Clifton, Passaic County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nBy the time the parkway had been extended to the New York State Thruway, the need for a full interchange at the exit 154 was noted. Following the recommendation of a survey to do so, D. Louis Tonti, the executive director of the New Jersey Highway Authority, announced plans in December 1957 to construct two new overpasses at exit 154 in [Clifton](/wiki/Clifton%2C_New_Jersey \"Clifton, New Jersey\"). These overpasses would connect drivers from US 46 eastbound to the parkway northbound, and from the parkway southbound to US 46 westbound. In May 1958, a bid of the project went to Thomas Nichol Company, Inc. of [Farmingdale](/wiki/Farmingdale%2C_New_Jersey \"Farmingdale, New Jersey\"), and construction began immediately.{{cite news \\|title \\= Work Begins on Clifton Interchange of Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661766/exit\\_154\\_may\\_2\\_1958/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= May 2, 1958 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|pages \\= 1, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661790/parkway\\_exit\\_158\\_may\\_2\\_1958/ 2] \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} By August 1958, the piers for the new viaduct from US 46 eastbound to the parkway northbound were finishing up.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway\\-Rt. 46 Job Proceeds in Clifton \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34662067/parkway\\_exit\\_154\\_august\\_5\\_1958/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Paterson Evening News \\|date \\= August 5, 1958 \\|page \\= 1 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} In September, the completed piers had roadway construction on top of them.{{cite news \\|title \\= Early A.M. Detour Tomorrow in Clifton at Parkway, Rt. 46 \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34662716/route\\_46\\_viaduct\\_september\\_11\\_1958/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= September 11, 1958 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} The new ramps opened on January 1, and the toll booths on the ramps opened the in February,{{cite news \\|title \\= Clifton's New Parkway Ramps Open Tuesday \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34662944/exit\\_154\\_december\\_26\\_1958/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= December 25, 1958 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|page \\= 24 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} replacing the toll booths on the grounded ramps, which were later demolished.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-plan\\-program\\-for\\-parkw/149548468/ \\|title \\= Plan Program For Parkway Interchange \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= January 13, 1959 \\|page \\= 5 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} The total cost of the project was $2\\.25 million,{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Work to Expand Interchange at Route 46 \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661345/exit\\_154\\_may\\_29\\_1958/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= May 29, 1958 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|pages \\= 1, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34661397/parkway\\_154\\_may\\_29\\_1958\\_part\\_2/ 10] \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} which was half a million higher than the original estimate.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway to Build 2 New Rt. 46 Ramps in Spring \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34660834/exit\\_154\\_december\\_12\\_1957/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= December 12, 1957 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Dedication of the overpasses occurred on January 15, 1959, when the Highway Authority and several city officials attended a ceremony and a luncheon.{{cite news \\|title \\= Officials Dedicate Parkway Interchange With Route 46 \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34660520/exit\\_154\\_january\\_16\\_1959/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= January 16, 1959 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} During 1959, traffic counts noted 1\\.5 million cars used the ramps.{{cite news \\|title \\= 1,500,000 Cars Have Used New Parkway\\-Route 46 Links \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34660496/exit\\_154\\_february\\_29\\_1960/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= February 29, 1960 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|page \\= 38 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"In June 1958, the southbound road between the exit 117 and the Asbury Park Toll Plaza was widened from two lanes to three lanes. Additionally, that same summer, the Highway authority began enforcing the speed limit through use of [radar](/wiki/Radar_speed_gun \"Radar speed gun\").{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-nj\\-turnpike\\-radar\\-sign/43021856/ \\|title \\= Here's How Radar Operates \\|newspaper \\= The Herald\\-News \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|date \\= June 4, 1958 \\|page \\= 20 \\|access\\-date \\= January 26, 2020 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On June 19, 1959, the northbound roadway equivalent was widened, completing the project.",
"On December 30, 1959, exit 139B was opened. The ramp, which served the missing movements both exit 139 and exit 140 lacked, had cost $108,487 in state funds to construct.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-courier\\-news\\-exit\\-139b\\-december\\-30/27170527/ \\|title \\= New Parkway Ramp Opened \\|newspaper \\= The Courier\\-News \\|location \\= Plainfield, New Jersey \\|date \\= December 30, 1959 \\|page \\= 19 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"### 1960s",
"On February 1, 1961, the state banned motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles from the entire road. This ban was approved by the highway department's safety committee and state attorney for the toll\\-free segments and NJHA's safety committee for the tolled ones. This followed a year involving 20 motorcycle accidents that resulted in two fatalities. Motorists who were caught using these modes of transportation on the parkway faced either a fine of $200 or 30\\-day jail sentence.{{cite news \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway to Ban Motorcycles on 1st \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37049881/gsp\\_motorcycle\\_january\\_6\\_1961/ \\|access\\-date \\= October 11, 2019 \\|work \\= The Daily Record \\|date \\= January 6, 1961 \\|location \\= Long Branch, New Jersey \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"On December 5, 1962, a new ramp from exit 120 onto the northbound lanes opened to traffic, serving direct access to them without traveling through [Cheesequake State Park](/wiki/Cheesequake_State_Park \"Cheesequake State Park\").{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-exit\\-12/27170550/ \\|title \\= New Parkway Ramp Opened \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= December 5, 1962 \\|page \\= 52 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Garden State Parkway northbound at exit 114 in Middletown Township](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_15_05_59_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_114_%28Holmdel%2C_Middletown%29_in_Middletown_Township%2C_Monmouth_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2020-07-11 15 05 59 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 114 (Holmdel, Middletown) in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nIn March 1961, the Highway Authority announced that plans were being made to construct a new interchange at either Red Hill Road or Nutswamp Road.{{cite news \\|title\\=New Interchange Set for Middletown \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686240/bell\\_114\\_march\\_31\\_1961/ \\|accessdate\\=August 8, 2019 \\|work\\=The Daily Record \\|date\\=March 31, 1961 \\|location\\=Long Branch, New Jersey \\|page\\=1\\|via\\=Newspapers.com}} By June, the Highway Authority announced that the interchange would be built at Red Hill Road.{{cite news \\|title \\= Road Costs Told for Bell Project \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686217/bell\\_114\\_june\\_23\\_1961/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 8, 2019 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|date \\= June 23, 1961 \\|location \\= Red Bank, New Jersey \\|pages \\= 1, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686195/bell\\_114\\_june\\_23\\_1961\\_part\\_2/ 2] \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} In November, it was announced the exit would replace the free exit 116, though rather than being demolished, it would simply be restricted to emergency traffic.{{cite news \\|title \\= New Parkway Interchange at Red Hill Road Approved \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28122762/red\\_hill\\_interchange\\_november\\_28\\_1961/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 8, 2019 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|date \\= November 28, 1961 \\|location \\= Red Bank, New Jersey \\|pages \\= 1, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34689667/red\\_hill\\_november\\_28\\_1961\\_part\\_2/ 3] \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Exit 114 would help relieve local congestion that traveled to the new [Bell Labs Holmdel Complex](/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex \"Bell Labs Holmdel Complex\") and other industrial parks operating in the area.{{cite news \\|title \\= New Interchange Set for Middletown \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34686240/bell\\_114\\_march\\_31\\_1961/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 8, 2019 \\|work \\= The Daily Record \\|date \\= March 31, 1961 \\|location \\= Long Branch, New Jersey \\|page \\= 1 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On December 14, the Highway Authority made an appropriation of $50,000 for the engineering work on the interchange.{{cite news \\|title \\= OK $50,000 for Parkway Ramp Plans \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34690011/exit\\_114\\_december\\_15\\_1961/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 8, 2019 \\|work \\= The Asbury Park Evening Press \\|date \\= December 15, 1961 \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Construction began on the exit 114 ramps on July 30, 1962, when construction equipment was taken to the site.{{cite news \\|title \\= Issue Still Alive \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34727838/exit\\_114\\_july\\_31\\_1962/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 9, 2019 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|date \\= July 30, 1962 \\|location \\= Red Bank, New Jersey \\|pages \\= 1, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34727849/exit\\_114\\_july\\_31\\_1962\\_part\\_2/ 2] \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} The exit was opened to traffic on December 20, 1962\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Opens Interchange in Monmouth \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34728692/exit\\_114\\_december\\_20\\_1962/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 9, 2019 \\|work \\= The Paterson Evening News \\|date \\= December 20, 1962 \\|page \\= 24 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} with two toll facilities also being constructed. Exit 116 was closed as planned; this was received negatively by locals.{{cite news \\|title \\= County Planners Protest Closing \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34721983/exit\\_116\\_may\\_29\\_1962/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 9, 2019 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|date \\= May 29, 1962 \\|location \\= Red Bank, New Jersey \\|pages \\= 1–\\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34721994/exit\\_116\\_may\\_29\\_1962/ 2] \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"On June 18, 1963, a meeting was held between NJHA officials, Senator [Charles W. Sandman Jr.](/wiki/Charles_W._Sandman_Jr. \"Charles W. Sandman Jr.\"), and the [Cape May County](/wiki/Cape_May_County \"Cape May County\") [Board of Freeholders](/wiki/Board_of_County_Commissioners_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Board of County Commissioners (New Jersey)\"). They discussed safety issues found at exit 12;'s exit ramp. A northbound\\-only ramp that traveled at\\-grade across the southbound lanes; it had been described as a \"serious hazard\" by the NJHA's safety committee. After an agreement was settled on and approval came from the State Highway department, it was announced to the public on June 26 that the northbound ramp would close permanently. When this occurred on July 2, all northbound traffic that previously utilized the ramp was advised to use exit 13, only {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|mi\\|km}} to the north, instead. The entrance onto the northbound lanes from US 9 was left unaltered.{{cite news \\|date \\= June 27, 1963 \\|title \\= N.J. Closing Exit 12 Of Cape Parkway For Safety Reasons \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-nj\\-closing\\-exit/139492539/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|pages \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"On July 31, 1964, a project to construct exit 38 was completed. The [cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange \"Cloverleaf interchange\"), which costed $800,000,000{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-register\\-exit\\-38\\-july\\-30\\-196/34633490/ \\|title \\= Interchange 38 to Open \\|newspaper \\= The Daily Register \\|location \\= Red Bank, New Jersey \\|date \\= July 30, 1964 \\|at \\= § 2, p. 1 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} was built to serve as a link to the newly constructed [Atlantic City Expressway](/wiki/Atlantic_City_Expressway \"Atlantic City Expressway\").{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-millville\\-daily\\-exit\\-38\\-july\\-30\\-1/27493871/ \\|title \\= Exit 38, July 30, 1964 \\|newspaper \\= The Millville Daily \\|date \\= July 30, 1964 \\|page \\= 1 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"In May 1962, plans were announced to widen the segment from exit 154 to just near exit 158 from two lanes to three lanes.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-parkway\\-154\\-158\\-159\\-m/19544742/ \\|title \\= Outline Plans for Parkway Improvement \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= May 3, 1962 \\|page \\= 9 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} As part of this, the Passaic River Bridge was to be reconstructed with a wider superstructure and piers. The Bergen Toll Plaza was also rebuilt to give each direction dedicated toll canopies instead of all traffic merging into a single canopy like previously. The project was completed in December 1963\\. They also repaved a 2 mile segment of roadway from the Passaic County line to exit 154 in order to add a one inch overlay of asphalt. This project also entitled lengthening and widening northbound acceleration lanes to exit 153A, exit 153B, and the grounded ramp at exit 154\\. This part of the project began on August 1 and was completed by October 31\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Exit 158 Southbound Closing Permanently in Week: To Be Replaced by Larger One in Bergen; Bloomfield–Clifton Stretch to Be Repaved \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-exit\\-158\\-june\\-21\\-1963/32745698/ \\|newspaper \\= The Herald\\-News \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|date \\= June 21, 1963 \\|page \\= 2 \\|access\\-date \\= June 11, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Construction had also began on a new exit 159\\. This interchange would serve [I\\-80](/wiki/Interstate_80_in_New_Jersey \"Interstate 80 in New Jersey\") with direct connections, as well as Midland Avenue with indirect connections. In preparation of this, exit 158 was had its northbound exit and southbound entrance closed permanently on March 16, 1963,{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-exit\\-158\\-closed\\-march/19545549/ \\|title \\= 'Jungle of Wires': Power Lines Called Blemish on Parkway \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= March 8, 1963 \\|page \\= 21 \\|access\\-date \\= April 25, 2018 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} with the remaining connections closed on June 22\\. On December 23 of that year, the ramps onto Midland Avenue from exit 159 were opened to traffic. Tolling of the interchange began immediately. However, the ramps to and from I\\-80 would not open until October 20, 1964\\. The project cost a total of $4,500,000\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= October 20, 1964 \\|title \\= First Section Of Expressway Open From Bridge To Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record\\-first\\-section\\-of\\-expressway\\-o/138881703/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 16, 2024 \\|work \\= The Record \\|pages \\= 4 }} In November of that year, the northbound exit and southbound entrance at exit 157 were permanently closed. This, was done to encourage use of exit 159\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-exit\\-157\\-october\\-27\\-19/32745992/ \\|title \\= Parkway to Close Two Links with Route 46 in a Month \\|newspaper \\= The Herald\\-News \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|date \\= October 27, 1964 \\|page \\= 13 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }}",
"On March 8, 1965, a project began to improve the segment between the Cape May Toll Plaza and exit 30\\. It involved a major reconstruction of exits 29, replacing the at\\-grade intersection with a new grade separated northbound exit and southbound entrance. Exit 30 also had its northbound entrance and southbound exit closed and a toll plaza constructed. Additionally, the Great Egg Toll Plaza was replaced by a new, wider plaza north of the old one, and the Cape May toll plazas had two extra collection lanes constructed While initially planned for competition by July 1,{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Interchange to be Closed \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27444884/exit\\_30\\_hafl\\_closed\\_march\\_4\\_1965/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 21, 2019 \\|work \\= The Courier\\-Post \\|date \\= March 4, 1965 \\|location \\= Camden, New Jersey \\|page \\= 6 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} competition was delayed to July 15\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/image/147718906/ \\|title \\= Parkway Toll Irks Visitors, Worries Mayors \\|page \\= 4 \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 \\|url\\-access \\= subscription }}",
"In the mid\\-1960s, a project to reconstruct interchanges in Essex County was undertaken. On January 1, 1966, a project was completed that constructed longer deceleration lanes and widened the exit and entrance ramps of exits 148 and 144\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-news\\-exit\\-146\\-december\\-11\\-1965/29982374/ \\|title \\= 'Super\\-Safety Structures' for Garden State Parkway \\|newspaper \\= The News \\|location \\= Paterson, New Jersey \\|date \\= December 11, 1965 \\|page \\= 23 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} On January 10, tolling began on exit 148\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= Tolls Start Jan. 12 on New Parkway Interchanges \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29982103/exit\\_145146\\_december\\_29\\_1965/ \\|access\\-date \\= March 27, 2019 \\|work \\= The Paterson Daily News \\|date \\= December 29, 1965 \\|page \\= 20 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} In December 1965, a related project began to reconstruct exit 143\\. It would contain a [collector\\-distributor roadway](/wiki/Collector-distributor_lanes \"Collector-distributor lanes\"). The project was completed on April 12, 1966, exit 142 was then renumbered as exit 143 . Additionally, in December 1965, plans were announced to replace exits 145\\. Unlike the old ramps, this new one would provide access to I\\-280\\. Also as part of this project, exit 146 would be demolished, and an overpass would be built to replace part of the depressed roadway. The exits 146 and 145 were permanently closed to traffic in late 1965\\. On January 12, 1966, the replacement exit 145 were opened to traffic, though the ramps onto I\\-280 at the latter remained barricaded off while the highway was still under construction. On October 13, 1967, the I\\-280 segment and its ramps were partially opened, completing the project.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Link Opens Tuesday \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19429382/exit\\_145\\_october\\_14\\_1967/ \\|access\\-date \\= April 21, 2018 \\|work \\= The Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= October 14, 1967 \\|page \\= 20 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} These projects were carried out to reduce congestion, which had previously run rampant due to its interchanges being largely free of tolls.{{cite news \\|title \\= Paramus, Highway Authority Agree to Joint Road Construction Program \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-exit\\-165166\\-may\\-4\\-196/34633981/ \\|newspaper \\= The Herald\\-News \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|date \\= May 4, 1966 \\|page \\= 65 \\|access\\-date \\= August 6, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"The Highway Authority rebuilt exit 4 into a full interchange, with new ramps being built and old ones being reconstructed to provide full connections.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-baltimore\\-sun\\-funsunatwildwoodnjthe/108110534/ \\|title \\= Fun, Sun at Wildwood, NJ \\|newspaper \\= The Baltimore Sun \\|date \\= May 12, 1969 \\|page \\= 6M \\|access\\-date \\= August 22, 2022 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} The project, completed on May 24, 1968, also involved the construction of two new toll facilities. In March of that year, construction also began on a new access road to the [Garden State Arts Center](/wiki/Garden_State_Arts_Center \"Garden State Arts Center\") at exit 116\\. It was completed in June of that year,{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1968/03/31/archives/jersey\\-parkways\\-tolls\\-pave\\-a\\-road\\-to\\-the\\-arts.html \\|title \\= Jersey Parkway's Tolls Pave a Road to the Arts \\|first \\= Walter H. \\|last \\= Waggoner \\|date \\= March 31, 1968 \\|newspaper \\= The New York Times \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} and on August 8, exit 116 was reopened with a new exit number.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-news\\-exit\\-116\\-august\\-8\\-1968/34732666/ \\|title \\= Parkway Exit 116 for Those Going to Arts Center \\|newspaper \\= The News \\|location \\= Patterson, New Jersey \\|date \\= August 8, 1968 \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Garden State Parkway and US 9 northbound in Upper Township](/wiki/File:2024-10-08_15_18_01_View_north_along_U.S._Route_9_and_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_just_north_of_Exit_25_in_Upper_Township%2C_Cape_May_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2024-10-08 15 18 01 View north along U.S. Route 9 and New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) just north of Exit 25 in Upper Township, Cape May County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nIn May 1966, the borough of Paramus and the New Jersey Highway Authority announced plans to replace exit 165, as well as widening of the segment to three lanes. It would have involved construction of new overpasses and demolition of the old ones, including a new pedestrian overpass to serve a nearby school. Costing $3\\.7 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice\\|{{inflation\\|US\\-GDP\\|3700000\\|1966}}}} in {{inflation\\-year\\|US\\-GDP}}{{inflation\\-fn\\|US\\-GDP}}), Construction on the new complete interchange began almost immediately, with the new southbound ramps opening on November 30, 1966,{{cite news \\|date \\= November 30, 1966 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Opens Entrance Ramps \\|page \\= 59 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34634444/exit\\_165\\_sb\\_november\\_30\\_1966/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 6, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On December 29, the dual ramps on the northbound direction opened. On February 13, tolls went into effect on the Ridgewood Avenue intersection.{{cite news \\|date \\= February 10, 1967 \\|title \\= Use of Interchange to Cost Dime Soon \\|page \\= 8 \\|work \\= The Bergen Record \\|location \\= Hackensack, New Jersey \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34634522/exit\\_165\\_january\\_12\\_1967/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 6, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On January 6, 1967, exit 166 was closed to prevent traffic from traveling through them. The reasoning for this was that traffic heading onto them congested many of the local roads.{{cite news \\|date \\= December 29, 1966 \\|title \\= Parkway Ramps to Go Into Use \\|page \\= 27 \\|work \\= The Paterson Morning Call \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34633945/parkway\\_165\\_december\\_29\\_1966/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 6, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} By September, it had been forcibly reopened after a [gag order](/wiki/Gag_order \"Gag order\") was secured to prevent local authorities from affecting parkway operations.{{cite news \\|title \\= Court Bars Barricades; Interchange 166 Opens \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34633788/exit\\_166\\_september\\_23\\_1967/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Paterson Daily News \\|date \\= September 23, 1967 \\|page \\= 23 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} In early 1967, the parkway was widened from four lanes to six lanes between the Bergen Toll Plaza and exit 161 in Paramus. In 1968, the road was widened from four lanes to six lanes between exit 163 and exit 165\\. In early 1969, the roadway was widened between exit 163 and exit 161\\. These widenings made the entire {{Convert\\|80\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=\\|adj\\=on}} stretch from [Ocean County](/wiki/Ocean_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Ocean County, New Jersey\") to Paramus at least six lanes wide.{{cite news \\|title \\= Paramus, Highway Authority Agree to Joint Road Construction Program \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34633981/exit\\_165166\\_may\\_4\\_1966/ \\|access\\-date \\= August 6, 2019 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|date \\= May 4, 1966 \\|location \\= Passaic, New Jersey \\|page \\= 65 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} When the parkway was opened through Clifton in 1955, a spur was supposed to open south of its exit to Broad Street at exit 155P.{{cite news \\|date \\= February 21, 1955 \\|title \\= Directories at Toll Plazas to Guide Parkway Motorists \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-herald\\-news\\-exit\\-numbers\\-february\\-2/34576869/ \\|access\\-date \\= June 16, 2024 \\|work \\= The Herald\\-News \\|pages \\= 53 }} However, by 1965, no other construction had occurred, and the parkway's spur had been canceled. Because of this, in 1967, work began on a project to construct the remaining ramps at exit 155P (now exit 155A); instead of serving as a spur of the parkway, they would serve Route 20 (now [Route 19](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_19 \"New Jersey Route 19\")) instead.{{cite news \\|date \\= September 8, 1967 \\|title \\= Peripheral Highway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-news\\-peripheral\\-highway/149420864/ \\|access\\-date \\= June 16, 2024 \\|work \\= The News \\|pages \\= 36 }} The ramps were opened to traffic on October 20, 1969\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= October 21, 1969 \\|title \\= Route 20 Link Is Opened \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-morning\\-call\\-route\\-20\\-link\\-is\\-opened/149421474/ \\|access\\-date \\= June 16, 2024 \\|work \\= The Morning Call \\|pages \\= 19 }}",
"### 1970s",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Garden State Parkway in the 1970s](/wiki/File:America%27s_Highways_1776%E2%80%931976_-_page_168.jpg \"America's Highways 1776–1976 - page 168.jpg\")\nIn 1972, the dualization of the Great Egg Harbor Bridge eliminated the final two\\-lane segment of the parkway.{{cite web \\|title \\= The Garden State Parkway Crossing the Great Egg Harbor Bay \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \\|url \\= http://www.njta.com/media/3387/great\\-egg\\-harbor\\-history.pdf \\|access\\-date \\= March 6, 2018 }} On September 18, 1969, a new exit 129 were opened,{{cite news \\|date \\= September 18, 1969 \\|title \\= Pike Linked To Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-courier\\-news\\-pike\\-linked\\-to\\-parkway/139420001/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|work \\= The Courier\\-News \\|pages \\= 15 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} the remaining ramps were opened to traffic by early 1970\\. This replaced the existing interchange, and made it so that the turnpike had direct connections to both directions and vice versa. On November 24, 1970, southbound parkway traffic from there south to the Raritan River was redirected onto a new roadway that lied in the median of the old one, the old were not demolished however, but rather became an exit onto US 9, effectively creating a collector\\-distributor road.{{cite news \\|date \\= November 26, 1970 \\|title \\= New Routes Cause P'way Confusion \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/press\\-of\\-atlantic\\-city\\-new\\-routes\\-cause/139455499/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|work \\= Press of Atlantic City \\|page \\= 24 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} This bypass effectively eliminated the two former exits, while these still exist, they are now Route 9 exits.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/18/archives/jersey\\-parkway\\-eliminates\\-two\\-southbound\\-exits.html \\|title \\= Jersey Parkway Eliminates Two Southbound Exits \\|work \\= The New York Times \\|date \\= November 18, 1970 }} On August 17, 1971, the same switch occurred to the northbound roadway, the old one also became a collector\\-distributor road, though it rather served as a US 9 ramp to connect to the northbound GSP as well as the New Jersey Turnpike.{{cite news \\|date \\= August 15, 1971 \\|title \\= Parkway Traffic to Change Lanes Tuesday \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-parkway\\-traffic\\-to\\-cha/139418754/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|work \\= Asbury Park Press \\|page \\= 11 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"An expansion of the Driscoll Bridge across the Raritan River was completed on September 2, 1971\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= September 3, 1971 \\|title \\= Open Second Parkway Span at Raritan River \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-register\\-open\\-second\\-parkway\\-s/139415354/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Work then began on widening the Sayerville side and repairing and widening the existing part of the bridge deck, work was completed by beginning of 1972\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/06/archives/parkway\\-widening\\-to\\-ease\\-drives\\-to\\-shore.html \\|title \\= Parkway Widening to Ease Drives to Shore \\|date \\= February 6, 1972 \\|newspaper \\= The New York Times \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} On January 17, 1973, exit 127 was opened to Route 440 south.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-part\\-of/139386844/ \\|title \\= Part of Parkway Link Open to 287 traffic \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= January 18, 1973 \\|page \\= 12 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} By June, the link to Route 440 north had opened.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-parkway/139343795/ \\|title \\= Parkway's link with Route 440 opens Thursday \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= June 26, 1973 \\|page \\= 7 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} In May 1973, exit 98 was opened to northbound traffic. On July 3, 1973, the southbound exit 98 opened, completing the project. this exit replaced the preexisting exits 96, 97, and 97A, with the new exit featuring a right hand collector\\-distributor roadway combining the cloverleafs at exits 97 and 97A as well as the left\\-hand ramp at exits 97,{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Improvement Program to Take Toll \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19478936/exits\\_9697\\_june\\_29\\_1973/ \\|access\\-date \\= April 22, 2018 \\|work \\= The Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= June 29, 1973 \\|page \\= 7 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Changes \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32745776/exits\\_9697a\\_july\\_3\\_1974/ \\|access\\-date \\= June 10, 2019 \\|work \\= The Montclair Times \\|date \\= July 3, 1974 \\|page \\= 28 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} which had its southbound ramp closed on July 1, 1973\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Plans to Shut Exits \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-parkway\\-exits\\-96\\-and\\-9/22212741/ \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= June 28, 1974 \\|page \\= C8 \\|access\\-date \\= July 26, 2018 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}",
"The speed limit was raised from {{convert\\|50\\|to\\|55\\|mph\\|km/h}} on January 3, 1974\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= Coats of Rain Add to Driver's Woes \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-record\\-national\\-speed\\-limit/98738996/ \\|newspaper \\= The Record \\|location \\= Hackensack, New Jersey \\|date \\= January 3, 1974 \\|page \\= A3 \\|access\\-date \\= March 31, 2022 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Additionally, on February 21 of that year, a project to rebuild exit 91 to increase safety was completed, as part of this project, the at\\-grae intersection as toll plazas were constructed.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-exit\\-117a\\-february\\-21/36992831/ \\|title \\= Exit 117A, February 21, 1974 \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= February 21, 1974 \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} On February 27, 1974, exit 117A (now exit 118\\) opened to the public; a temporary northbound ramp was opened while exit 117 was reconstructed into a right side exit. This was completed later that year, the new exit 117 as well as the southbound exit 117A were tolled, unlike their original equivalents. On July 2, 1973, southbound traffic heading onto exit 105 was redirected onto a new right hand ramp, and the left\\-hand ramp was permanently closed. In mid 1974, construction began on new express roadways in the median thorough Monmouth County; it was two lanes wide in each direction, and had much fewer exits than the local roadway. The segment from Sayerville to Keyport was opened on July 3\\.{{cite news \\|date \\= August 5, 1974 \\|title \\= Parkway express lane section open \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-register\\-parkway\\-express\\-lane/139479247/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|work \\= The Daily Register \\|page \\= 5 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Alongside this project came new ramps onto exit 105\\. The segment of roadway from Keyport to the Tinton Falls toll plaza was opened on August 2 of that year. Alongside this segment came new ramps at exit 117\\.",
"On November 1, 1975, motorcycles were relegalized after over 14 years of protest from motorcyclists; all of the other restrictions remained.{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Karey \\|first1 \\= Gerald \\|title \\= Cyclists Back on Parkway at Midnight After 14 Years \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37050107/gsp\\_october\\_31\\_1975/ \\|access\\-date \\= October 11, 2019 \\|work \\= The Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= October 31, 1975 \\|page \\= 45 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }}{{cite news \\|title \\= Forbes Takes Cycle Ban Fight to Washington \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37050267/malcolm\\_forbes\\_gsp\\_september\\_8\\_1973/ \\|access\\-date \\= October 11, 2019 \\|work \\= The Courier\\-News \\|date \\= September 8, 1973 \\|location \\= Plainfield, New Jersey \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Particular pushback was made by [Malcolm Forbes](/wiki/Malcolm_Forbes \"Malcolm Forbes\"),{{cite book \\|first \\= Melissa Holbrook \\|last \\= Pierson \\|title \\= The Perfect Vehicle: What It Is About Motorcycles \\|location \\= New York \\|publisher \\= W. W. Norton \\& Company \\|year \\= 1998 \\|isbn \\= 0\\-393\\-31809\\-5 \\|oclc \\= 39520883 \\|page \\= 82 }} who filed two lawsuits to stop this ban.{{citation needed\\|date\\= August 2024}} On April 14, 1976, exits 142 was opened to traffic.{{cite news \\|first \\= John O. \\|last \\= Davies \\|date \\= April 14, 1976 \\|title \\= Another link to Rt. 78, but . . . \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-courier\\-news\\-another\\-link\\-to\\-rt\\-78/139207060/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 21, 2024 \\|work \\= The Courier\\-News \\|location \\= Bridgewater, New Jersey \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} This interchange constructed by the highway department was first proposed in 1966\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Reserves Future Exit Number \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-exits\\-1/19465777/ \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= May 1, 1966 \\|page \\= 15 \\|access\\-date \\= April 22, 2018 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} The parkway was planned to have a interchange with [Route 55](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_55 \"New Jersey Route 55\") constructed at milepost 19\\. This was canceled in 1975 after the conclusion that the highway ran through too many wetland areas.{{cite news \\|last \\= Mansnerus \\|first \\= Laura \\|access\\-date \\= September 12, 2019 \\|title \\= Road and Rail; Seeking a Line in the Sand \\|newspaper \\= The New York Times \\|date \\= May 7, 2000 \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/nyregion/road\\-and\\-rail\\-seeking\\-a\\-line\\-in\\-the\\-sand.html?scp\\=1\\&sq\\=new%20jersey%20%22route%2055%22\\&st\\=cse }} The idea has since been revisited after frequent traffic jams on [Route 47](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_47 \"New Jersey Route 47\").{{cite news \\|title \\= Hugin: Extend Route 55 in South Jersey \\|url \\= https://www.insidernj.com/press\\-release/hugin\\-extend\\-route\\-55\\-south\\-jersey/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 14, 2020 \\|work \\= Insider NJ \\|date \\= October 2, 2018 }}{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Barlow \\|first1 \\= Bill \\|title \\= Safety Cited in Push for Route 55 Extension \\|url \\= https://www.capemaycountyherald.com/news/article\\_3875386e\\-0779\\-11e8\\-b98a\\-6fac06a38d9b.html \\|access\\-date \\= January 14, 2020 \\|work \\= Cape May County Herald \\|date \\= February 1, 2018 }} The parkway was also planned to be the southern terminus of the unbuilt [Driscoll Expressway](/wiki/Driscoll_Expressway \"Driscoll Expressway\"), a {{convert\\|38\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} toll road that was planned in the early 1970s to run from Toms River to the New Jersey Turnpike in [South Brunswick](/wiki/South_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"South Brunswick, New Jersey\"); this plan was abandoned in 1977\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/20/archives/new\\-jersey\\-weekly\\-turnpike\\-drops\\-crossstate\\-road\\-turnpike\\-drops.html \\|title \\= Turnpike Drops Cross\\-State Road \\|last \\= Sullivan \\|first \\= Ronald \\|date \\= February 20, 1977 \\|work \\= The New York Times \\|access\\-date \\= June 30, 2019 \\|language \\= en\\-US \\|issn \\= 0362\\-4331 }}",
"### 1980s",
"In 1979, proposals for an exit at milepost 124 were proposed; in 1980 construction of this interchange became a priority.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-exit\\-12/34731422/ \\|title \\= Old Bridge Glum about Road Signs \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= February 27, 1980 \\|page \\= 7 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} In March of that year, Hardroads Inc., a firm located in [East Brunswick](/wiki/East_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"East Brunswick, New Jersey\"), was hired to construct this new interchange.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-exit\\-124\\-april\\-23\\-19/34731367/ \\|title \\= State Hires Company to Build Interchange \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= April 23, 1982 \\|page \\= C16 \\|access\\-date \\= August 9, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} They quickly acquired land for the interchage, and construction began shortly after.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-exit\\-12/34731373/ \\|title \\= New Garden State Parkway Exit Planned for Sayreville \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= March 26, 1982 \\|page \\= 27 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} On October 25, 1982, this exit was partially opened to traffic.{{cite news \\|title \\= Parkway Ramp Debuts Monday \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19429368/exit\\_124\\_opens\\_october\\_23\\_1982/ \\|access\\-date \\= April 21, 2018 \\|work \\= The Central Jersey Home News \\|date \\= October 23, 1982 \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Later, on November 19, the final part of the ramp was completed.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-exit\\-124\\-november\\-19/34731339/ \\|title \\= Parkway Interchange Opening in Sayreville \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= November 19, 1982 \\|page \\= 42 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} In 1980, plans was proposed to construct exit 84, which would have consisted of a southbound exit and northbound entrance onto Indian Head Road.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-parkway\\-interchange\\-84/37066914/ \\|title \\= Alternate Parkway Plan Unveiled \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= February 1, 1980 \\|page \\= 8 \\|access\\-date \\= October 12, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} They also would have widened the New Gretna Toll Plaza. {{cite news \\|last \\= Simmons \\|first \\= Fred \\|date \\= January 22, 1980 \\|title \\= Environmental Agency Fights Parkway Proposal \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-parkway\\-exit\\-84\\-janua/37066798/ \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|page \\= 2 \\|access\\-date \\= October 12, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} However, it was declared unbeneficial after a study deemed it to likely discourage use of public transit, and despite a replanning of the interchange, it was later shelved indefinitely. Additionally, in 1983, plans were made to reopen exit 116 as a tolled interchange. However, they ended up unsuccessful after protest from Homdel officials.{{cite news \\|first \\= Dan \\|last \\= Breen \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-register\\-exit\\-116\\-toll\\-june\\-1/40045290/ \\|title \\= Homdel to fight exit at center \\|date \\= June 15, 1983 \\|newspaper \\= The Daily Register \\|location \\= Red Bank, New Jersey \\|pages \\= B1 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }}",
"In 1980, plans were made to construct exit 171, which would serve the boom of office complexes replacing farmland across Chestnut Ridge road. In March 1985, the entrance leading onto the southbound parkway was opened, with the exit ramp opening on July 25 of that year.{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Brackett \\|first1 \\= Georgia \\|title \\= Parkway Exit Finally Opens \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33615918/exit\\_171\\_july\\_26\\_1985/ \\|access\\-date \\= July 7, 2019 \\|work \\= The Bergen Record \\|date \\= July 26, 1985 \\|location \\= Hackensack, New Jersey \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} In 1973, plans were made to widen a {{convert\\|3\\.1\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} segment in Toms River. While this widening was planned to be completed by 1975,{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/01/archives/parkway\\-is\\-seeking\\-to\\-end\\-bottleneck.html \\|title \\= Parkway Is Seeking to End Bottleneck \\|work \\= The New York Times \\|date \\= May 1, 1973 }} however, its competition was delayed to 1978\\.{{cite magazine \\|last \\= Hofmann \\|first \\= F. J. \\|date \\= March 1978 \\|title \\= Highway Widening Proceeds Behind Semi\\-Permanent Median Barrier \\|url \\= https://trid.trb.org/Results?txtKeywords\\=HIGHWAY%20WIDENING%20PROCEEDS%20BEHIND%20SEMI\\-PERMANENT%20MEDIAN%20BARRIER\\&txtTitle\\=\\&txtSerial\\=\\&ddlSubject\\=\\&txtReportNum\\=\\&ddlTrisfile\\=\\&txtIndex\\=\\&specificTerms\\=\\&txtAgency\\=\\&sourceagency\\=\\&txtAuthor\\=\\&ddlResultType\\=\\&chkFulltextOnly\\=\\&abstractsOnly\\=\\&recordLanguage\\=\\&subjectLogic\\=or\\&termsLogic\\=or\\&dateStart\\=\\&dateEnd\\=\\&rangeType\\=emptyrange\\&sortBy\\=published\\&sortOrder\\=DESC\\&rpp\\=25\\#/View/73622 \\|magazine \\= Civil Engineering \\|volume \\= 48 \\|issue \\= 3 \\|pages \\= 92–94 \\|issn \\= 0885\\-7024 }} By 1979, work on the Toms River segment was completed, at this point the project transitioned to widening the segment between the Asbury Park toll plaza and exit 100 from two to four lanes, as well reconstructing exits 102, and widening the segment in Lakewood from two lanes to three lanes.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/28/archives/widening\\-jersey\\-parkway\\-stretch\\-is\\-bigger\\-job\\-than\\-original\\-road.html \\|title \\= Widening Jersey Parkway Stretch Is Bigger Job Than Original Road \\|date \\= February 28, 1978 \\|newspaper \\= The New York Times \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} On November 17, 1980,{{cite news \\|title \\= Few Motorists Use Car Pool Lane \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press/127654533/ \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= November 18, 1980 \\|page \\= 32 \\|access\\-date \\= July 5, 2023 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} the road was widened from three to four lanes between exits 129 and exits 141\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/50thanniversary/njdot1980s.shtm \\|title \\= Through the Years: 1980s, NJDOT 50th Anniversary \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Department of Transportation \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} These new lanes were HOV lanes that were restricted to vehicles with three or more occupants, though this was later lowered to two or more occupants in June 1981\\. They were converted into general use lanes in 1982 after almost universal criticism.{{cite book \\|url \\= https://trid.trb.org/View/196605 \\|isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-309\\-03520\\-0 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway HOV Lane (Abridgment) \\|date \\= 1983 \\|publisher \\= National Academy of Sciences }} In late 1983, a project to widen the segment of roadway near the Raritan Toll Plaza from five to six lanes began. The entire project was completed by 1984\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/image/148496427/ \\|title \\= Uncorking Parkway Bottlenecks \\|date \\= October 23, 1983 \\|page \\= 60 \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 \\|url\\-access \\= subscription }} Work on the rest of the project was completed at the end of 1985\\. Also as part of this project the Asbury Park and Union toll plaza were reconstructed with dedicated canopies in each direction.{{cite book \\|author \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|year \\= 1985 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7pcq\\-Fu4nJUC\\&q\\=work \\|title \\= Annual Report: New Jersey Highway Authority, Garden State Parkway, Garden State Arts Center \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Highway Authority \\|via \\= Google Books \\|access\\-date \\= August 10, 2024 }} This project made it so that the entire segment between Woodbridge and East Orange was at least four lanes wide.{{cite book \\|author \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \\|year \\= 2009 \\|title \\= 2009 Annual Report \\|url \\= https://www.njta.com/media/1694/fin\\_ann\\_rpt\\_2009\\.pdf \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority }}{{page needed\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"On November 19, 1986, exit 131B was opened to traffic. The interchange, which was constructed as part of a related upgrade to Metropark station, cost $4\\.4 million to construct.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press/125914424/ \\|title \\= New Parkway Interchange Open at Woodbridge Station \\|date \\= November 20, 1986 \\|page \\= 15 \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} In 1987, the NJHA purchased the {{convert\\|19\\|mi\\|km}} of road that had been constructed by what is now the New Jersey Department of Transportation. These state\\-maintained segments were located in Cape May County between exits 6 and exits 12, in Ocean County between exit 80 and exit 83, and between exit 129 and exit 140\\. NJDOT sold the sections for one dollar with the requirement that tolls were never to be charged on them.{{cite news \\|date \\= February 21, 1999 \\|title \\= Parkway Has 'Free' Sections, but You Would Never Know It \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier\\-post/21466159/ \\|access\\-date \\= June 15, 2024 \\|work \\= Courier\\-Post \\|pages \\= 11 }} That same year, the roadway between mileposts 99\\.5 and 83\\.5 was restriped from two lanes with a shoulder to three lanes with no shoulder.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/news/2012/08/parkway\\_widening\\_project\\_desig.html \\|title \\= Parkway's most dangerous stretch gains lane\\-widening project contract \\|date \\= August 15, 2012 }} In December 1986, a new right hand ramp at exit 100 was opened, the existing the left\\-hand one was then closed permanently.{{cite news \\|date \\= December 24, 1986 \\|title \\= Parkway Opens New Exit \\|page \\= 21 \\|work \\= The Asbury Park Press \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27494517/exit\\_100a\\_december\\_24\\_1986/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 21, 2019 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Work also began in March 1987, to construct new overpasses, implode the existing ones, replacing lighting and signage, reconstructing the unaltered exits to meet with the new overpasses, and widening the parkway in the area from four lanes to six lanes. Work on the project was fully complete by December 1987\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://ghcci.com/projects/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-contract\\-101a\\-691\\-interchange\\-100/ \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Contract \\#101A\\-691, Interchange 100 \\|publisher \\= George Harms Construction Company }} In 1988, the northbound exit 105 ramp was reconstructed, a new new loop ramp was built to feed onto NJ route 18 northbound was built, and the existing deceleration lane was replaced by a new one. In addition, an on\\-ramp was built that allows southbound Route 18 traffic to enter the southbound local roadway.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/00000018\\_\\_\\-.pdf \\|title \\= Route 18 Straight Line Diagram \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Department of Transportation \\|year \\= 2006 \\|access\\-date \\= May 16, 2013 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060322204547/http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/00000018\\_\\_\\-.pdf \\|archive\\-date \\= March 22, 2006 }}",
"### 1990s",
"In 1994, a third lane was added to the segment between mileposts 81 and 82\\. The Highway Authority rebuilt exit 74\\. In addition to the construction of toll plazas in both directions, other alterations were made, such as demolishing the southbound entrance and exit ramps and constructing new ones to turn around at where the southbound entrance once was, thus eliminating the traffic signal that existed prior. This was completed on November 20, 1996, though at the cost of $4\\.4 million.{{cite news \\|title \\= No Free Ride \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-gsp\\-exit\\-74\\-tolls\\-1996/83309063/ \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= November 21, 1996 \\|page \\= 1 \\|access\\-date \\= September 2, 2021 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} In April 1997, plans to construct an jughandle overpass from southbound exits 159 onto eastbound I\\-80 were made. Also as part of this, new traffic signals would be installed at the Midland avenue ramps, and its overpass crossing the parkway would be reconstructed to be wider.{{cite press release \\|first \\= Jim \\|last \\= Berzok \\|date \\= April 1, 1997 \\|url \\= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/press/1997/040197a.shtm \\|title \\= Media Advisory \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Department of Transportation \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} Work on this project began immediately, and the ramp was opened to traffic in January 1998, six months ahead of schedule. Despite the fact it was not designed with it in mind, the overpass carrying I\\-80 traffic was not rebuilt, instead, a retaining wall was constructed instead{{cite web \\|title \\= Merit Award: Short Span \\- Garden State Parkway Interchange 159 \\- Bergen County, New Jersey \\|publisher \\= American Institute of Steel Construction \\|url \\= https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/modern\\-steel/archives/2000/07/2000v07\\_garden\\_state.pdf \\|access\\-date \\= July 2, 2024 }}",
"On April 1, 1998, a project to construct a new northbound ramp to Lomell lane at exit 83 was completed. Later that year, a traffic signal was installed at exit 81, in addition to other safety improvements.{{cite news \\|first \\= Jean \\|last \\= Mikle \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-exit\\-83\\-january\\-9\\-19/34633767/ \\|title \\= New Parkway Ramp to Open 4 Months Early \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= January 9, 1998 \\|page \\= 3 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} Later that year, large portions of the roadway had their speed limit increased to {{convert\\|65\\|mph\\|km/h}}.{{cite web \\|last \\= Koch \\|first \\= Jeff \\|date \\= September 23, 2018 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/garden\\-state\\-parkway \\|access\\-date \\= June 13, 2024 \\|website \\= Hemmings }} In June 1999, a project to expand the Barnegat toll plaza was completed and with it eliminated the final single canopied mainline plaza. Also included in this project was new fencing, new electrical work, increased landscaping, and a toll re\\-coordinating shed.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-barnegat\\-toll\\-plaza\\-19/83142041/ \\|title \\= Toll Plaza Expansion on Road to Completion \\|type \\= Photo \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= March 30, 1999 \\|page \\= 2 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} E\\-ZPass was first installed at the Pascack Valley Toll Plaza in December 1999,{{cite book \\|type \\= Report \\|last1 \\= Currie \\|first1 \\= Janet \\|last2 \\= Walker \\|first2 \\= Reed \\|title \\= Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E\\-ZPass \\|date \\= October 2009 \\|page \\= 11 \\|url \\= http://econ.ucsb.edu/\\~doug/245a/Papers/Traffic%20and%20Infant%20Health.pdf \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813014422/http://econ.ucsb.edu/\\~doug/245a/Papers/Traffic%20and%20Infant%20Health.pdf \\|archive\\-date \\= August 13, 2017 \\|access\\-date \\= February 2, 2020 }}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/ezpass/ezpass.pdf \\|date \\= July 11, 2002 \\|title \\= E\\-ZPass: A plan that works for NJ \\|pages \\= 9–10 \\|access\\-date \\= June 22, 2009 }} with the Raritan Toll plaza following in April 2000\\.{{cite news \\|title \\= E\\-ZPass Lanes Open a Busy Plaza \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-central\\-new\\-jersey\\-home\\-news\\-raritan/83309445/ \\|newspaper \\= The Central New Jersey Home News \\|location \\= New Brunswick, New Jersey \\|date \\= April 1, 2000 \\|page \\= 1 \\|access\\-date \\= September 2, 2021 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com }} By August, installation of the system had been fully completed.",
"### 2000s",
"In April 2001, a project to replace the Dover Road overpass to allow for improvements to said road was completed.{{cite news \\|title \\= Berkeley parkway exchange under way \\|work \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= June 24, 2001 \\|page \\= 27 \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-berkeley\\-parkway\\-excha/139499611/ \\|access\\-date \\= July 5, 2024 }} Later that year, a law was also passed that required tolls to be kept as long as there are construction projects occurring,{{cite web \\|url \\= https://catcountry1073\\.com/why\\-there\\-will\\-always\\-be\\-construction\\-on\\-the\\-parkway/ \\|title \\= Why There Will Always be Construction on the Parkway \\|date \\= April 20, 2018 }} effectively shooting down any proposals to de\\-toll the tolled segments.",
"On July 9, 2003, Governor [Jim McGreevey](/wiki/Jim_McGreevey \"Jim McGreevey\")'s plan to disband the New Jersey Highway Authority and give control of the parkway to the [New Jersey Turnpike Authority](/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike_Authority \"New Jersey Turnpike Authority\") (NJTA) was completed.{{cite web \\|title \\= Request for Bid \\|url \\= https://www.njta.com/media/3626/r\\-137627\\.pdf \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \\|access\\-date \\= May 23, 2023 }} Additionally, in November of that year, construction was completed on the $16\\.23 million exit 89, a new southbound exit and northbound entrance in [Lakewood](/wiki/Lakewood%2C_New_Jersey \"Lakewood, New Jersey\"). This new exit featured a toll facility, and was located in the same general area as exit 88\\. Due to featuring collector\\-distributor lanes, the Cedar Bridge Road bridge had to be demolished and a replacement with a wider [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure \"Superstructure\") built in its place.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://ghcci.com/projects/interchange\\-89\\-improvements/ \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Interchange \\#89 improvements }}",
"In 2005, the entrance and exit at exit 123 were both widened from one lane to two lanes, a southbound entrance was constructed at exit 131, and missing links were constructed at exit 114 as well as exit 13\\.{{cite book \\|title \\= FY 2003\\-05 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program \\|url \\= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/capital/stip/Section5/authorities.PDF \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Department of Transportation \\|date \\= October 8, 2002 \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }}",
"In 2006, exit 77, an entirely new interchange, was opened to traffic. The interchange, which had the northbound and southbound ramps constructed {{convert\\|1/2\\|mi\\|km}} away from each other to avoid demolition of the nearby Double Trouble State Park, contains one toll facility in each direction.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} Later that year, a project was also completed that rebuilt the overpass carrying NJ 138 eastbound over the Parkway.{{cite web \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway \\|website \\= NYCRoads \\|url \\= http://www.nycroads.com/roads/garden\\-state/ \\|access\\-date \\= May 27, 2024 }} This allowed the roadway underneath it to be widened from three to four lanes, as well as eliminating a curve the old overpass contained.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}}",
"In March 2007, a project to reconstruct exit 69 was completed. New ramps were built, and the existing ones were demolished. Unlike them, the new ramps had full connections; the new ones were also tolled, with two plazas being built on each side. This also came with replacement of the overpass carrying traffic over the parkway with a longer one.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://ghcci.com/projects/interchange\\-69\\-ramptoll\\-improvements/ \\|title \\= Interchange \\#69 Ramp/Toll Improvements \\|publisher \\= George Harms Construction }}",
"In September 2006, construction began on improvements to exit 145\\.{{cite press release \\|url \\= http://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/press/2006/091506\\.shtm \\|title \\= NJDOT to begin reconstruction of Route I\\-280/Garden State Parkway Interchange 145 \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Transportation]] \\|date \\= September 15, 2006 \\|access\\-date \\= June 14, 2007 }} This project, which replaced the ramps with longer and wider ones as well as building new EZ\\-Pass lanes at the ramps toll plaza, was completed in November 2007 at the price of $11 million, and was completed three years ahead of schedule.",
"In October 2007, a project to improve exit 135 began. It was completed circa May 2008\\.{{cite web \\|title \\= Clark Circle \\|publisher \\= Union County Bureau of Traffic Safety \\& Maintenance \\|date \\= October 8, 2007 \\|url \\= http://www.ucnj.org/traffic/projects/clark/clark\\_circle.htm \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071015075600/http://www.ucnj.org/traffic/projects/clark/clark\\_circle.htm \\|archive\\-date \\= October 15, 2007 \\|access\\-date \\= August 8, 2008 }}",
"In 2001, plans to reconstruct exit 63 and add missing connections were announced.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury\\-park\\-press\\-berkeley\\-parkway\\-excha/139499611/ \\|title \\= Berkeley parkway exchange under way \\|newspaper \\= Asbury Park Press \\|date \\= June 24, 2001 \\|page \\= 27 \\|via \\= Newspapers.com \\|access\\-date \\= June 20, 2024 }} This project was completed in late 2008\\. That same year, the speed limit was reverted to {{convert\\|55\\|mph\\|km/h}} between mileposts 80 and 100 in order to reduce accidents.",
"[Garden State Parkway northbound approaching the Driscoll Bridge in 2002, before the southbound span was built\\|thumb\\|right](/wiki/File:Driscoll-vieser-edison_bridges_2002.jpg \"Driscoll-vieser-edison bridges 2002.jpg\")\nOn September 25, 2002, construction began on a new span of the [Driscoll Bridge](/wiki/Driscoll_Bridge \"Driscoll Bridge\") just west of the original spans, consisting of seven lanes and emergency shoulders. On May 3, 2006, all traffic was shifted onto the new span, and the original was closed for superstructure replacement.{{cite web \\|title \\= Driscoll Bridge \\|url \\= https://structurae.net/en/structures/driscoll\\-bridge\\-2006 \\|website \\= Structurae \\|access\\-date \\= January 15, 2020 }} On May 20, 2009, all northbound traffic was shifted back onto the original spans, and the new one was made exclusively for southbound traffic.{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Yurasko \\|first1 \\= William \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway's Driscoll Bridge now 15 lanes \\|url \\= https://www.yurasko.net/wfy/2009/05/garden\\-state\\-parkways\\-driscoll\\-bridge\\-now\\-15\\-lanes.html \\|access\\-date \\= September 11, 2019 \\|date \\= May 21, 2009 }}",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Historical picture of a Garden State Parkway toll plaza](/wiki/File:Garden_State_Parkway_Toll_booth.jpg \"Garden State Parkway Toll booth.jpg\")\nTo reduce congestion, 10 of the 11 toll plazas on the roadway were converted into one\\-way plazas between 2004 and 2010\\. The Cape May (in [Upper Township](/wiki/Upper_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Upper Township, New Jersey\")), Great Egg (in [Somers Point](/wiki/Somers_Point%2C_New_Jersey \"Somers Point, New Jersey\")), New Gretna (in [Bass River Township](/wiki/Bass_River_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Bass River Township, New Jersey\")), Barnegat (in [Barnegat Township](/wiki/Barnegat_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Barnegat Township, New Jersey\")), Asbury Park (in [Tinton Falls](/wiki/Tinton_Falls%2C_New_Jersey \"Tinton Falls, New Jersey\")), Raritan (in [Sayreville](/wiki/Sayreville%2C_New_Jersey \"Sayreville, New Jersey\")), Union (in [Hillside](/wiki/Hillside%2C_New_Jersey \"Hillside, New Jersey\")), Essex (in [Bloomfield](/wiki/Bloomfield%2C_New_Jersey \"Bloomfield, New Jersey\")), Bergen (in [Saddle Brook](/wiki/Saddle_Brook%2C_New_Jersey \"Saddle Brook, New Jersey\")), and Pascack Valley (in [Washington Township](/wiki/Washington_Township%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey\")) toll plazas were among these.{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Yang \\|first1 \\= Hong \\|title \\= Effect of Removing Freeway Mainline Barrier Toll Plazas on Safety \\|date \\= 2013 \\|url \\= https://rits.rutgers.edu/files/trb2013\\-5001\\.pdf }} The tolls at these plazas were doubled upon conversion. The Toms River Toll Plaza (in [Toms River](/wiki/Toms_River%2C_New_Jersey \"Toms River, New Jersey\")) is the only location on the parkway mainline where a toll is still collected in both directions.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Flyover ramp from the GSP northbound to I\\-78 westbound, opened in 2009](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_16_27_41_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_142C_%28Maplewood%29_in_Hillside_Township%2C_Union_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2020-07-11 16 27 41 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 142C (Maplewood) in Hillside Township, Union County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nIn April 2008, a $150 million project began to construct new overpasses at exit 142\\. In its 1976 configuration, the parkway northbound did not have a ramp to I\\-78 westbound, and the parkway southbound did not have an exit to I\\-78 eastbound. The lack of connections was due to the cancellation of the extension of [I\\-278](/wiki/Interstate_278 \"Interstate 278\") (which would have connected northbound parkway traffic with I\\-78 westbound) and [Route 75](/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_75 \"New Jersey Route 75\") (which would have connected southbound parkway traffic with I\\-78 eastbound via I\\-280\\) in the early 1980s.{{cite news \\|last \\= Rispoli \\|first \\= Michael \\|access\\-date \\= January 13, 2010 \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway, Route 78 connection to end commuter merry\\-go\\-round \\|newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Star\\-Ledger]] \\|date \\= September 16, 2009 \\|url \\= http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/garden\\_state\\_parkway\\_route\\_78\\.html }} The [New Jersey Department of Transportation](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation \"New Jersey Department of Transportation\") (NJDOT) awarded the project contract to the engineering firm [Gannett Fleming](/wiki/Gannett_Fleming \"Gannett Fleming\") for the design, and to Union Paving \\& Construction Company for building the ramps.{{cite press release \\|title \\= NJDOT announces completion of project fully linking I\\-78 and the Garden State Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.state.nj.us/transportation/about/press/2011/092111a.shtm \\|access\\-date \\= September 13, 2019 \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Department of Transportation \\|date \\= September 21, 2011 }} The ramp connecting the parkway northbound with I\\-78 westbound opened on September 16, 2009, with a ribbon cutting ceremony led by Governor [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine \"Jon Corzine\").{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Santiago \\|first1 \\= Katherine \\|title \\= New link at Garden State Parkway, Route 78 to save commuters 10 minutes daily \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/news/2009/09/commuters\\_may\\_save\\_about\\_10\\_mi.html \\|access\\-date \\= September 13, 2019 \\|work \\= The Star\\-Ledger \\|date \\= September 17, 2009 }} The ramp connecting the parkway southbound with I\\-78 eastbound opened on December 10, 2010\\.",
"### 2010s",
"In April 2011, New Jersey Transportation Commissioner [James Simpson](/wiki/James_Simpson_%28government_official%29 \"James Simpson (government official)\") announced the NJTA was considering allowing trucks on the northern portion of the Garden State Parkway.{{cite news \\|access\\-date \\= April 19, 2011 \\|title \\= N.J. to consider allowing trucks on Garden State Parkway north of exit 105 \\|agency \\= \\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|work \\= \\[\\[The Star\\-Ledger]] \\|date \\= April 18, 2011 \\|url \\= http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/nj\\_to\\_consider\\_allowing\\_truck.html }} However, the idea was quickly abandoned after the agency found the road had engineering concerns that would not accommodate trucks on this segment.{{cite news \\|access\\-date \\= April 19, 2011 \\|title \\= N.J. won't allow trucks on Garden State Parkway north of exit 105 \\|agency \\= \\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|work \\= \\[\\[The Star\\-Ledger]] \\|date \\= April 18, 2011 \\|url \\= http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/nj\\_wont\\_allow\\_trucks\\_on\\_garden.html }}",
"A project that rebuilt the Watchung Avenue overpass at exit 151 in order to add shoulders to the segment underneath and increased safety by being wider and more friendly to pedestrians{{cite web \\|url \\= https://boswellengineering.com/projects\\-c\\-transportation\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-interchange\\-151/ \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Interchange 151 \\|publisher \\= Boswell Engineering \\|access\\-date \\= August 16, 2024 }} was completed in 2013\\. Additionally, both existing ramps were widened from two lanes to three lanes, and both of the entrance ramps onto the Parkway were entirely rebuilt.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}}",
"On July 22, 2014, the NJTA filed a federal lawsuit against Jersey Boardwalk Pizza, a pizza chain in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), for using a logo too similar to the Garden State Parkway's trailblazer.{{cite web \\|title \\= New Jersey Sues Florida Pizza Shop \\|agency \\= Associated Press \\|publisher \\= WCAU\\-TV \\|location \\= Philadelphia \\|date \\= July 24, 2014 \\|url \\= http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/New\\-Jersey\\-Sues\\-Florida\\-Pizza\\-Shop\\-268413632\\.html \\|access\\-date \\= July 24, 2014 }} Federal Judge [William Martini](/wiki/William_Martini \"William Martini\") dismissed the suit on March 26, 2015\\.{{cite web \\|title \\= New Jersey Turnpike suit over Florida pizza shop logo tossed \\|url \\= http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/03/27/new\\-jersey\\-suit\\-over\\-florida\\-pizza\\-shop\\-logos\\-likeness\\-to\\-gsp\\-logo\\-tossed/ \\|website \\= CBS New York \\|publisher \\= WCBS\\-TV \\|location \\= New York \\|agency \\= Associated Press \\|date \\= March 27, 2015 }}{{cite court \\|litigants \\= New Jersey Tpk. Auth. v. Jersey Boardwalk Franchising Co. \\|vol \\= \\|reporter \\= No. \\|opinion \\= 2:14\\-cv\\-04589 \\|pinpoint \\= 2015 WL 1403767 \\|court \\= \\[\\[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey\\|D.N.J.]] \\|date \\= March 26, 2015 \\|url \\= https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/5832401/22/new\\-jersey\\-turnpike\\-authority\\-v\\-jersey\\-boardwalk\\-franchising\\-co\\-inc/ \\|access\\-date \\= November 11, 2021 \\|quote \\= }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Former traffic light at exit 9 (Shell Bay Avenue) before construction of overpass in 2014](/wiki/File:GSP_NB_at_Shellbay_Avenue.JPG \"GSP NB at Shellbay Avenue.JPG\")\nAs originally built, in [Cape May County](/wiki/Cape_May_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Cape May County, New Jersey\"), the parkway had three at\\-grade intersections (at exits 9, 10, and 11\\), but a project to eliminate began in early 2013, when construction began on three overpasses in [Cape May Court House](/wiki/Cape_May_Court_House%2C_New_Jersey \"Cape May Court House, New Jersey\").{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Russell \\|first1 \\= Mike \\|title \\= Project to eliminate traffic lights on New Jersey's Parkway nears halfway mark \\|url \\= https://whyy.org/articles/project\\-to\\-eliminate\\-traffic\\-lights\\-on\\-new\\-jerseys\\-parkway\\-nears\\-halfway\\-mark/ \\|access\\-date \\= July 22, 2019 \\|publisher \\= WHYY \\|date \\= August 20, 2014 }} The plan was delayed because it had not been approved by the federal government. The $125 million project was largely complete by September 2015, with the Mechanic Street interchange also being closed around this time.{{cite web \\|title \\= Advisory: Mechanic Street Exit from Garden State Parkway to Close Permanently \\|url \\= https://middletownship.com/advisory\\-mechanic\\-street\\-exit\\-from\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-to\\-close\\-permanently/ \\|website \\= Middle Township New Jersey \\|publisher \\= Middle Township Municipality \\|access\\-date \\= January 31, 2020 \\|archive\\-date \\= October 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063035/https://middletownship.com/advisory\\-mechanic\\-street\\-exit\\-from\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-to\\-close\\-permanently/ \\|url\\-status \\= dead }}",
"On September 5, 2016, a project to rebuild exit 0 was completed. It involved constructing a new ramp from NJ 109 southbound onto the parkway northbound, relocating the ramp itself onto a new, shorter alignment, and reconfiguring the traffic signal with pedestrian crosswalks and other safety features.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://pressofatlanticcity.com/exit\\-0\\-cape\\-may\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-map\\-jpg/image\\_053348a4\\-ed5b\\-11e5\\-bfb3\\-2b582d34c00b.html \\|title \\= Exit 0 Cape May Garden State Parkway map.jpg \\|date \\= March 18, 2016 \\|website \\= Press of Atlantic City }}",
"In 2012, a project to reconstruct the roadway between mileposts 83 and 100 in order to add shoulders was started.{{cite book \\|title \\= FY 2014–2023 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program: Transportation Authorities Project Descriptions \\|url \\= https://www.nj.gov/transportation/capital/stip1423/sec8/pdf/ap\\_njta.pdf \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \\|access\\-date \\= August 10, 2024 }} On November 9, 2014, exit 88 was permanently closed.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://patch.com/new\\-jersey/brick/parkway\\-exit\\-88\\-may\\-be\\-gone\\-89\\-takes\\-you\\-where\\-you\\-went\\-brick\\-0 \\|title \\= Parkway Exit 88 May Be Gone, But 89 Takes You Where You Went Before In Brick \\|date \\= November 13, 2014 \\|website \\= Brick, NJ Patch }} On June 11, 2015, the northbound replacement exit 89 were opened to traffic.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/new\\-exit\\-opens\\-on\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-in\\-ocean\\-county/1993519/ \\|title \\= New Exit Opens on Garden State Parkway in Ocean County \\|date \\= June 11, 2015 }} It was completed in May 2017, when the reconstruction of exits 91 into a full interchange was completed,{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.app.com/story/news/traffic/commuting/2017/08/07/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-exit\\-91\\-improvements\\-construction/541306001/ \\|title \\= Exit 91: New Garden State Parkway ramps in Brick opening \\|first \\= Mike \\|last \\= Davis \\|website \\= Asbury Park Press }} ten months behind schedule{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/capital/stip0710/pdf/authorities.pdf \\|title \\= NJDOT's 2007–2010 Road Improvements }} {{small\\|(1\\.53 MB)}} because the legislature failed to raise the state's gas tax.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://brick.shorebeat.com/2016/07/parkway\\-exit\\-91\\-project\\-now\\-shut\\-down\\-brick\\-officials\\-in\\-the\\-dark/ \\|title \\= Parkway Exit 91 Project Now Shut Down, Brick Officials in the Dark \\|last1 \\= Nee \\|first1 \\= Daniel \\|work \\= Brick Shorebeat \\|date \\= July 13, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= September 3, 2016 }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Garden State Parkway northbound at Route 17 in Paramus](/wiki/File:2020-07-11_17_33_35_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_444_%28Garden_State_Parkway%29_at_Exit_163_%28New_Jersey_State_Route_17_NORTH%2C_Mahwah%29_in_Paramus%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg \"2020-07-11 17 33 35 View north along New Jersey State Route 444 (Garden State Parkway) at Exit 163 (New Jersey State Route 17 NORTH, Mahwah) in Paramus, Bergen County, New Jersey.jpg\")\nIn April 2014, a $68 million project to eliminate the left\\-hand ramps at exit 163 began. Due to this, a half mile stretch of the GSP mainline was shifted towards the median, with the existing ramps retained but now passing under the Parkway and joining it from the right. This major project was completed in September 2017, with minor work continuing into mid\\-October.{{cite news \\|first \\= Larry \\|last \\= Higgs \\|date \\= September 12, 2017 \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2017/09/big\\_parkway\\_exit\\_headache\\_in\\_north\\_jersey\\_in\\_final\\_weeks\\_state\\_says.html \\|title \\= Big Parkway exit headache in North Jersey in final weeks, state says \\|work \\= NJ.com \\|access\\-date \\= August 10, 2024 }}",
"In 2012, the improvement of exit 105 southbound at the intersection with NJ route 36 on the local lanes was proposed.{{cite book \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Interchange 105 Improvements: Boroughs of Tinton Falls and Eatontown, Monmouth County \\|url \\= https://www.njta.com/media/1545/gsp105\\_publichearingflyer.pdf \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215136/https://www.njta.com/media/1545/gsp105\\_publichearingflyer.pdf \\|archive\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|url\\-status \\= live }} It involved replacing the single\\-lane ramp which provided access to Route 36 with a new one. This ramp would have two lanes and a wider shoulder, and would also provide access to Route 18 via Wayside road. Additionally, the northbound ramp onto route 36 would be constructed, as opposed to locating traffic onto route 36, it would instead carry traffic into an intersection with Wayside Road .{{cite web \\|title \\= New Jersey to spend million for new Parkway Exit 105 in Tinton Falls \\|work \\= NewJerseyNewsroom.com \\|url \\= https://gloribee.com/new\\-jersey\\-to\\-spend\\-million\\-for\\-new\\-parkway\\-exit\\-105\\-in\\-tinton\\-falls\\-state\\-newjerseynewsroomcom\\-your\\-state\\-your\\-news/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|language \\= en\\-US }} Also, in both directions, the deceleration lanes were increased in length and widened to two lanes in addition to lighting improvements and replacing the underhead signage southbound with new overhead ones, and replacing the sign heads northbound. Construction began in 2013, and was completed by the end of 2017\\.{{cite news \\|first \\= Larry \\|last \\= Higgs \\|date \\= January 28, 2018 \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2018/01/what\\_are\\_2018s\\_big\\_projects\\_on\\_the\\_nj\\_turnpike\\_and.html \\|title \\= The biggest Turnpike and Parkway projects this year \\|work \\= NJ.com \\|access\\-date \\= August 10, 2024 }}",
"In May 2005, Governor [Richard Codey](/wiki/Richard_Codey \"Richard Codey\") announced plans for a widening of the parkway between exit 63 in [Stafford Township](/wiki/Stafford_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Stafford Township, New Jersey\") and exit 80 in the borough of [South Toms River](/wiki/South_Toms_River%2C_New_Jersey \"South Toms River, New Jersey\") from two to three lanes in both directions. However, the NJTA later made plans to widen the parkway from exit 80 all the way south to exit 30 in [Somers Point](/wiki/Somers_Point%2C_New_Jersey \"Somers Point, New Jersey\"). In 2008, planning began on a project to construct a southbound entrance and northbound exit at exit 67\\. By March 27, it was revealed that the new ramps would not be tolled. Construction began in the summer of 2008\\. While initially planned for completion on May 20, 2009,{{cite news \\|url \\= http://www.app.com/article/20090519/NEWS/905190346/1070/NEWS02 \\|title \\= Barnegat's interchange to open Wednesday \\|date \\= May 20, 2009 \\|work \\= Ashbury Park Press }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2024}} it was ultimately completed in October 2010\\.{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Spahr \\|first1 \\= Rob \\|title \\= New Garden State Parkway exit at Barnegat opens to traffic in Ocean County \\|url \\= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/new\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-exit\\-at\\-barnegat\\-opens\\-to\\-traffic/article\\_6419fd66\\-db93\\-11df\\-9cab\\-001cc4c002e0\\.html \\|access\\-date \\= September 16, 2019 \\|newspaper \\= The Press of Atlantic City \\|date \\= October 19, 2010 }} The project was divided into three phases. The first of these, the one from exits 80 to 63, was completed in may 2011\\.{{cite news \\|url \\= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/parkway\\-widening\\-project\\-in\\-ocean\\-county\\-to\\-be\\-ready\\-for/article\\_877b7a56\\-87bd\\-11e0\\-836d\\-001cc4c03286\\.html \\|title \\= Parkway widening project in Ocean County to be ready for motorists today \\|last \\= Weaver \\|first \\= Donna \\|date \\= May 26, 2011 \\|work \\= The Press of Atlantic City \\|access\\-date \\= September 12, 2019 }} In November 2014, a widening project was completed between exits 63 and 48\\.{{cite web \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Widening (Phase 2\\) \\|url \\= https://www.atkinsglobal.com/en\\-GB/projects/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-widening\\-phase2 \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160716224901/https://www.atkinsglobal.com/en\\-GB/projects/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-widening\\-phase2 \\|archive\\-date \\= July 16, 2016 \\|access\\-date \\= September 12, 2019 \\|publisher \\= Atkins Global \\|language \\= en\\-GB }} Exit 41 was opened on March 13, 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2015/03/what\\_exit\\_parkway\\_exit\\_numbers\\_officially\\_change\\_today\\_as\\_new\\_exit\\_opens.html \\|title \\= What exit? New Parkway exit opens today as numbers change on others next week \\|first \\= Larry \\|last \\= Higgs \\|date \\= March 13, 2015 \\|website \\= NJ.com \\|publisher \\= NJ Advance Media }} Previously, drivers who wanted to go to Jimmie Leeds Road had to cut through the parking lot of the Atlantic City Service area, though they still can, however the traffic light that previously existed was eliminated.{{google maps \\|SV \\= yes \\|url \\= https://www.google.com/maps/@39\\.4741508,\\-74\\.5269648,3a,75y,313\\.73h,69\\.85t/data\\=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1saiskwe7c7P2THjobcwWP3g!2e0!5s20120501T000000!7i13312!8i6656?entry\\=ttu \\|title \\= NJ\\-444, Galloway, New Jersey \\|date \\= May 2012 }} In August 2015, a project which constructed missing movements at exits 44 was completed.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} In June 2017, three projects to improve exits 36, 37, and 38 were completed.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/expressway\\-exit\\-7s\\-at\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-to\\-open\\-extra\\-lane\\-by\\-weekend/article\\_68fb324e\\-1a5a\\-5dda\\-ba64\\-de3ebfdd837b.html \\|title \\= Expressway Exit 7S at Garden State Parkway to open extra lane by weekend \\|first \\= Diane \\|last \\= D'Amico Staff \\|date \\= June 29, 2017 \\|website \\= Press of Atlantic City }} A new ramp was built at exit 38 order to reduce unsafe weaving, exit 37 had its deceleration lane reconstructed to be longer, and exit 36 was rebuilt to eliminate its stop\\-and\\-go pattern.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-construction\\-project\\-focuses\\-on\\-new\\-exits/article\\_7bfd4d8a\\-3187\\-11e5\\-9deb\\-3ff061500a54\\.html \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway construction project focuses on new exits \\|first \\= Donald \\|last \\= Wittkowski \\|date \\= July 23, 2015 \\|website \\= Press of Atlantic City }} In 2018, a widening from exits 48 to milepost 30 was completed, it included reconstruction of overpasses, and the opening of new bridges across the [Mullica River](/wiki/Mullica_River \"Mullica River\") from [Port Republic](/wiki/Port_Republic%2C_New_Jersey \"Port Republic, New Jersey\") to [Bass River](/wiki/Bass_River_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Bass River Township, New Jersey\"), after which point the older ones had their superstructures replaced.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2018/01/what\\_are\\_2018s\\_big\\_projects\\_on\\_the\\_nj\\_turnpike\\_and.html \\|title \\= The biggest Turnpike and Parkway projects this year \\|last \\= Higgs \\|first \\= Larry \\|date \\= January 28, 2018 \\|website \\= NJ.com \\|publisher \\= NJ Advance Media \\|language \\= en\\-US \\|access\\-date \\= September 12, 2019 }}",
"The southbound bridge over the Great Egg Harbor Bay was replaced with a wider span parallel to the older span as part of a $79\\.3 million project. Construction began in 2013\\. The new bridge was opened in 2016, the old one was then permanently closed. While the northbound bridge was kept open briefly, all traffic was moved onto it in 2017 so the old bridge could be demolished and the northbound span could undergo strengthening and a superstructure replacement. Work on the project was considered mostly complete by October 2019\\.{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Auble \\|first1 \\= Amanda \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway bridge construction nearing a close \\|url \\= https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-bridge\\-construction\\-nearing\\-a\\-close/article\\_cfd734c7\\-5be1\\-5f7f\\-a52c\\-c77d6526f709\\.html \\|access\\-date \\= September 16, 2019 \\|work \\= The Press of Atlantic City \\|date \\= February 18, 2019 }}",
"In April 2016, a project to reconstruct exits 125 into a full interchange commenced. A new southbound exit would be tolled and made exclusively for [E\\-ZPass](/wiki/E-ZPass \"E-ZPass\") users; no toll would be added to the new northbound entrance. Also involved in this project was the replacement of the overpasses that carried the parkway over Chevalier Avenue with wider structures, adding a alternate ramp onto Main Street, and constructing a new southbound entrance ramp and demolishing the existing one–this would provide greater access to a new shopping mall in the vicinity that is yet to be completed.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.njta.com/newsroom/2017/july/ezpass\\-only\\-exit\\#:\\~:text\\=in\\+April\\+2016,\\+and\\+construction,until\\+the\\+fall\\+of\\+2019\\. \\|title \\= EZPass only exit \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority }} It was completed in February 2020\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}}\n \nIn 2018, planning began for a improvement project at the northbound ramps at exits 109\\.{{cite web \\|last \\= Zimmer \\|first \\= Russ \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway: Exit 109 construction timeline \\|url \\= https://www.app.com/story/news/traffic/commuting/2018/01/26/garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-exit\\-109\\-construction\\-middletown\\-nj/1064806001/ \\|access\\-date \\= January 22, 2024 \\|website \\= Asbury Park Press \\|language \\= en\\-US }} The project involved partly winding the ramp and constructing a new ramp to directly allow access to the [Lincroft park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride \"Park and ride\") from the parkway and to allow easier access to Newman Spring Road eastbound. Improvements were also made to the ramps onto the parkway from County Route 520\\. These include a ramp and overpass being built on Newman Spring Road eastbound, the addition of a [traffic light](/wiki/Traffic_light \"Traffic light\") at Schulz Dr, the removal of the U\\-turn ramp to Half Mile Road and the addition of a [left turn signal](/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation \"Variations in traffic light operation\") at the junction to compassionate. Bidding for the project was completed in July 2018, and construction began shortly after. It was completed in May 2020\\.{{cite web \\|first \\= E. Scott \\|last \\= Wingerter \\|date \\= May 4, 2020 \\|title \\= Red Bank GSP 109: Traffic Lights On, the 'Mousetrap\" Expected to Open \\|url \\= https://www.tapinto.net/towns/red\\-bank/sections/government/articles/red\\-bank\\-gsp\\-109\\-traffic\\-lights\\-on\\-the\\-mousetrap\\-expected\\-to\\-open \\|work \\= TAPinto Red Bank \\|access\\-date \\= August 11, 2024 }}",
"In June 2018, an improvement project began at the interchange with I\\-280 and CR 508 (Central Avenue). The project involved widening the entrance ramp to the parkway southbound from one to two lanes and adding a second deceleration lane on the parkway northbound. Due to the addition of the deceleration lane to South Grove St, the northbound toll plaza on the exit was completely removed starting on July 26, 2018, at 10 pm.{{cite press release \\|title \\= Tolls for drivers leaving the northbound lanes on the Parkway at Exit 145 in The Oranges will be eliminated on July 26, 2018 at 10 pm while drivers enter the southbound lanes on the Parkway will be charged $1\\.00 \\|url \\= http://www.njta.com/newsroom/2017/2018\\-1/one\\-way\\-tolling \\|access\\-date \\= July 17, 2018 \\|publisher \\= \\[\\[New Jersey Turnpike Authority]] \\|date \\= July 17, 2018 }} To accommodate the wider roadway, the overpass carrying Central Avenue over the parkway was also rebuilt. Five nearby bridges were also rehabilitated as part of the project. The project cost approximately $63 million and was completed in August 2022\\.{{cite news \\|last1 \\= Higgs \\|first1 \\= Larry \\|title \\= This frustrating Parkway bottleneck is going to be fixed. It will cost $63M \\|url \\= https://www.nj.com/traffic/2018/03/63\\_million\\_will\\_buy\\_relief\\_from\\_this\\_frustrating\\_p.html \\|access\\-date \\= January 11, 2020 \\|publisher \\= NJ Advance Media \\|work \\= NJ.com \\|date \\= March 27, 2018 }}{{cite web \\|title \\= Project Overview \\|url \\= http://www.gspexit145\\.com/project\\-overview/ \\|website \\= Garden State Parkway Exit 145 \\|access\\-date \\= January 11, 2020 }}",
"### 2020s",
"On March 24, 2020, the NJTA temporarily suspended cash toll collection due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Drivers without [E\\-ZPass](/wiki/E-ZPass \"E-ZPass\") transponders had their license plates photographed at the toll plazas and were sent bills in the mail. Cash collection resumed on May 19 of that year.{{cite news \\|title \\= Coronavirus News: Cash Tolls Returning to NJ Turnpike and Garden State Parkway \\|url \\= https://www.abc7ny.com/amp/coronavirus\\-nj\\-reopen\\-new\\-jersey\\-update\\-news/6188286 \\|access\\-date \\= December 21, 2020 \\|publisher \\= WABC\\-TV \\|location \\= New York \\|date \\= May 16, 2020 \\|archive\\-date \\= January 14, 2021 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215356/https://abc7ny.com/amp/coronavirus\\-nj\\-reopen\\-new\\-jersey\\-update\\-news/6188286/ \\|url\\-status \\= dead }} Also around this time, a new high speed toll gantry was completed at the New Gretna Toll Plaza.",
"In March 2022, exit 105 was closed in multiple stages so that five of the overpasses, of which some date back to 1954 and others to 1974, could be replaced.{{cite press release \\|url \\= https://www.njta.com/newsroom/ramp\\-closure\\-at\\-interchange\\-105 \\|title \\= Ramp closure at Interchange 105 \\|publisher \\= New Jersey Turnpike Authority }} The project was completed in late 2023\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= https://www.gspexit105\\.com/ \\|title \\= Garden State Parkway Interchange 105 is complete \\|access\\-date \\= May 27, 2024 }} Additionally a temporary crossover was built at mile marker 108\\.5 that lasted from March 2023 to February 2024\\.",
"In 2020, a project that involved making multiple improvements between mileposts 140 and 143 was commenced. It involves repaving the road, adding new lighting, and constructing a [median barrier](/wiki/Median_barrier \"Median barrier\"). It also systematically replaces multiple bridges in between the mile markers, including two that carry traffic over US 22 and one that carries traffic over NJ 82\\.{{cite web \\|title \\= GSP Roadway and Interchange 145 Toll Plaza \\|url \\= https://www.gsp140to143\\.com/project\\-overview\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-from\\-milepost\\-140\\-to\\-143 \\|access\\-date \\= January 24, 2024 \\|website \\= gsp140to143 \\|language \\= en\\-US }} It is scheduled to be completed at the end of 2024\\.",
"On February 23, 2023, the overpass carrying exit 156 were was temporarily closed to traffic{{cite tweet \\|user \\= 511njgsp \\|title \\= Long term road construction and Roadwork, roadwork on Garden State Parkway northbound Exit 156 \\- US 46 (Clifton) exit ramp closed to traffic until further notice 511nj.org/event/ORI12374… \\|number \\= 1761249584133685381 \\|url \\= https://x.com/511njgsp/status/1761249584133685381 \\|date \\= February 23, 2024 \\|access\\-date \\= July 3, 2024 }} this was because the ramp was in the way of construction on the Passaic River Bridge and needed a retaining wall to be constructed in order to minimize disruption to local communities. This was completed on July 15, and is part of a greater project to reconstruct the Passaic River Bridge, the current superstructure considered functionally obsolete and structurally deficient, in addition to not meeting the greater standards of the New Jersey turnpike Authority. Work on that part of the project is scheduled for competition in fall 2025\\.{{cite news \\|last \\= Comstock \\|first \\= Lori \\|title \\= Parkway exit has been closed for months. When will it reopen for North Jersey drivers? \\|work \\= Newton New Jersey Herald \\|date \\= July 2, 2024 \\|url \\= https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/transportation/2024/07/02/closed\\-garden\\-state\\-parkway\\-exit\\-156\\-to\\-reopen/74247432007/ \\|access\\-date \\= July 3, 2024 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Railway initiatives around Germersheim and opening
Originally the administration of the [Circle of the Rhine](/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine "Circle of the Rhine") (*Rheinkreis*), which was part of [Bavaria](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria "Kingdom of Bavaria"), planned that its first railway line would be first in the north–south direction from Rheinschanze via [Lauterbourg](/wiki/Lauterbourg "Lauterbourg") to [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg"), which would compete with the [Mannheim–Basel railway](/wiki/Baden_main_line "Baden main line") proposed by [Baden](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden "Grand Duchy of Baden"). However, instead it was decided to build the [Palatine Ludwig Railway](/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Saarbr%C3%BCcken_railway "Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway") (*Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn*, [Ludwigshafen](/wiki/Ludwigshafen_am_Rhein "Ludwigshafen am Rhein")–[Bexbach](/wiki/Bexbach "Bexbach")), which was opened in the period from 1847 to 1849\.{{sfn\|Sturm\|2005\|pp\=17ff}} In the meantime, discussions took place as to whether a line from [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe "Neustadt an der Weinstraße") via Landau to [Wissembourg](/wiki/Wissembourg "Wissembourg") or a line along the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine") via [Speyer](/wiki/Speyer "Speyer"), [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim "Germersheim") and [Wörth](/wiki/W%C3%B6rth_am_Rhein "Wörth am Rhein") was more urgent and desirable. The facilities required for a station for Germersheim was also the subject of the debate.{{sfn\|Sturm\|2005\|p\=127}} Since the military preferred a route on the edge of the [Palatinate Forest](/wiki/Palatinate_Forest "Palatinate Forest") (*Pfälzerwald*), this was built in the form of the [Maximilian Railway](/wiki/Neustadt%E2%80%93Wissembourg_railway "Neustadt–Wissembourg railway") between Neustadt and Wissembourg.{{sfn\|Heilmann\|Schreiner\|2005\|pp\=14ff}}
Subsequently, a branch of this line was planned, which was primarily intended for the transport of coal to neighbouring Baden. In this context, the town of [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim "Germersheim") advocated a railway line from Landau through its territory to [Bruchsal](/wiki/Bruchsal "Bruchsal"). These efforts were in competition with the planned [Winden–Karlsruhe railway](/wiki/Winden%E2%80%93Karlsruhe_railway "Winden–Karlsruhe railway"). For this reason, Germersheim mobilised to prevent the latter project going ahead and even sent a deputation to the [German Confederation](/wiki/German_Confederation "German Confederation") in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"). The [Palatinate](/wiki/Palatinate_%28region%29 "Palatinate (region)") administration turned down the Germersheim approach, so the line from Winden to Karlsruhe was built starting in 1862\.{{sfn\|Sturm\|2005\|pp\=159ff}}
Instead, it was decided to extend the [Schifferstadt–Speyer railway](/wiki/Schifferstadt%E2%80%93W%C3%B6rth_railway "Schifferstadt–Wörth railway"), which opened in 1847 with the Ludwig Railway, to Germersheim. This line was opened on 14 March 1864\. The old entrance building was built at this time. Due to the fact that Germersheim was a fortified town, the station had to be built as a lightweight construction on [trusses](/wiki/Truss "Truss").{{sfn\|Sturm\|2005\|p\=165}}
### Development to the railway junction
In the following years there were new plans to connect the two fortified towns of [Landau](/wiki/Landau "Landau") and Germersheim. The railway was put into operation on 16 May 1872, after extended discussion of the route, with its station in Germersheim originally built as a terminal station.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.kbs704\.de/Geschichte/geschichte.html\| publisher\=kbs704\.de\| title\=Ein bisschen Streckengeschichte\| accessdate\=6 May 2017\| language\=de\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020438/http://www.kbs704\.de/Geschichte/geschichte.html\| archive\-date\=19 December 2013\| url\-status\=dead}} Even before the connection of Germersheim to the railway network from Schifferstadt, there were proposals to build a line in the long\-term to Wörth. Two plans were developed: one of them suggested that the line would bypass the town of Germersheim to the west, and the other recommended a bypass to the east of the town. Due to the simultaneous planning of the Bruhrain Railway between Bruchsal and Germersheim, the decision was finally made in favour of a bypass to the east. The extension of the line to Wörth was opened on 25 July 1876\.
On 15 May of the following year, the gap was closed to the Bruhrain Railway, which had ended in Rheinsheim since 1874\. This had been delayed for a few years, as the military authorities insisted that the bridge should be located so as not to obstruct the firing range of the fortress of Germersheim (*Festung Germersheim*). In this way a continuous east–west connection was established through the station, which was used a decade later by long\-distance services. Germersheim itself became an important railway junction in the Palatinate.
The station became part of the area of the *Reichsbahndirektion* ([Reichsbahn railway division](/wiki/Railway_divisions_in_Germany "Railway divisions in Germany")) of Ludwigshafen after the founding of the [Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn "Deutsche Reichsbahn") in 1922\. During the dissolution of the railway division of Ludwigshafen, responsibility for it was transferred to the railway division of Mainz on 1 May 1936\.{{sfn\|Engbarth\|2007\|p\=13}} During this time, it was also a locomotive depot, which was a sub\-depot of the Landau locomotive depot.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.bahnstatistik.de/Direktionen/BD\_Mainz.htm\| publisher\=bahnstatistik.de \|title\= Eisenbahndirektion Mainz – Zeittafel: Errichtungen – Bezeichnungen – Auflösungen \| accessdate\=6 May 2017\|language\=de}} In March 1945, the Bruhrain Railway was broken by the blowing up of the [Rhine Bridge](/wiki/Rhine_Bridge%2C_Germersheim_%28railway%29 "Rhine Bridge, Germersheim (railway)").{{cite web\| url\=http://www.kbs704\.de/Geschichte/body\_geschichte.html\| publisher\=kbs704\.de\| title\=Ein bisschen Streckengeschichte\| accessdate\=6 May 2017\| language\=de\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005202719/http://www.kbs704\.de/Geschichte/body\_geschichte.html\| archive\-date\=5 October 2015\| url\-status\=dead}}
### Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Bahn
[thumb\|Germersheim Station before the reconstruction of the line for the opening of the [Rhine\-Neckar S\-Bahn](/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_S-Bahn "Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn") (2005\)](/wiki/File:Bhfgermersheim.JPG "Bhfgermersheim.JPG")
[Deutsche Bundesbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn "Deutsche Bundesbahn") (DB), which was responsible for railway operations from 1949, assigned the station to the railway division of Mainz, which was responsible for all railway lines within the newly created state of [Rhineland\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate "Rhineland-Palatinate").{{sfn\|Sturm\|1980\|pp\=66}} The reconstruction of the Rhine bridge was discussed in the 1950s. Above all, the military had an interest in the reconstruction and preservation of the connection to Landau and its [extension to Zweibrücken](/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Rohrbach_railway "Landau–Rohrbach railway") during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") for strategic reasons. DB received funding from the federal government to finance this project, which was finished in October 1967\.{{sfn\|Engbarth\|2007\|p\=19}} The expectations of this project were not fulfilled, however, since the traffic flows within the Palatinate in the east–west direction had long since been concentrated on the [Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway](/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Saarbr%C3%BCcken_railway "Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway").{{sfn\|Heilmann\|Schreiner\|2005\|p\=127}}
In the course of the staged dissolution of the railway division of Mainz from 1 August 1971, its counterpart in Karlsruhe took responsibility for the station.{{sfn\|Engbarth\|2007\|p\=28}} Passenger operations on the line to Landau was abandoned on 1 June 1984 due to low demand. As the [Rhine Bridge between Karlsruhe and Wörth](/wiki/Maxau_Rhine_Bridge "Maxau Rhine Bridge") was heavily damaged by a shipwreck on 9 June 1987, express trains of the Saarbrücken–Zweibrücken–Landau–Wörth–Karlsruhe route ran for four weeks via Germersheim.{{sfn\|Heilmann\|Schreiner\|2005\|pp\=122f}}{{sfn\|Fiegenbaum\|Klee\|1997\|p\=220}} Freight operations towards Landau ended at the turn of the year 1991/1992\.
### Recent past
In the course of the rail reform, the station was assigned to [Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn "Deutsche Bahn"). In 1995, the station became part of the area where services are organised by the *Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund* (Karlsruhe transport association, KVV). A year later, it also became part of the area where transitional tickets of the [Verkehrsverbund Rhein\-Neckar](/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Neckar "Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar") (Rhine\-Neckar transport association, VRN) are valid.
Lines S3 and S4 of the [Rhine\-Neckar S\-Bahn](/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_S-Bahn "Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn"), which had ended at [Speyer](/wiki/Speyer_Hauptbahnhof "Speyer Hauptbahnhof"), were extended to Germersheim in 2006\. As a result, tracks to the station were electrified; the platforms were upgraded at the same time to provide [barrier\-free](/wiki/Accessibility "Accessibility") entry. The [Karlsruhe Stadtbahn](/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn "Karlsruhe Stadtbahn") between Wörth and Germersheim was opened at the end of 2010\. Thus, since then the station has been the northern terminus of lines S 51 and S 52, which connect it to the inner city of Karlsruhe. One year later, the Bruhrain Railway also became part of the Rhine\-Neckar S\-Bahn, after the original plans for a Karlsruhe Stadtbahn line had been changed.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.kbs704\.de/S\-Bahnausbau/body\_s\-bahnausbau.html\| publisher\=kbs704\.de\| title\=Was bringt die Zukunft? – S\-Bahn\-Ausbau\| accessdate\=6 May 2017\| language\=de\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219021119/http://www.kbs704\.de/S\-Bahnausbau/body\_s\-bahnausbau.html\| archive\-date\=19 December 2013\| url\-status\=dead}} As a result of these measures, the number of users has increased steadily.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Railway initiatives around Germersheim and opening",
"Originally the administration of the [Circle of the Rhine](/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine \"Circle of the Rhine\") (*Rheinkreis*), which was part of [Bavaria](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria \"Kingdom of Bavaria\"), planned that its first railway line would be first in the north–south direction from Rheinschanze via [Lauterbourg](/wiki/Lauterbourg \"Lauterbourg\") to [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\"), which would compete with the [Mannheim–Basel railway](/wiki/Baden_main_line \"Baden main line\") proposed by [Baden](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden \"Grand Duchy of Baden\"). However, instead it was decided to build the [Palatine Ludwig Railway](/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Saarbr%C3%BCcken_railway \"Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway\") (*Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn*, [Ludwigshafen](/wiki/Ludwigshafen_am_Rhein \"Ludwigshafen am Rhein\")–[Bexbach](/wiki/Bexbach \"Bexbach\")), which was opened in the period from 1847 to 1849\\.{{sfn\\|Sturm\\|2005\\|pp\\=17ff}} In the meantime, discussions took place as to whether a line from [Neustadt](/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe \"Neustadt an der Weinstraße\") via Landau to [Wissembourg](/wiki/Wissembourg \"Wissembourg\") or a line along the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\") via [Speyer](/wiki/Speyer \"Speyer\"), [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim \"Germersheim\") and [Wörth](/wiki/W%C3%B6rth_am_Rhein \"Wörth am Rhein\") was more urgent and desirable. The facilities required for a station for Germersheim was also the subject of the debate.{{sfn\\|Sturm\\|2005\\|p\\=127}} Since the military preferred a route on the edge of the [Palatinate Forest](/wiki/Palatinate_Forest \"Palatinate Forest\") (*Pfälzerwald*), this was built in the form of the [Maximilian Railway](/wiki/Neustadt%E2%80%93Wissembourg_railway \"Neustadt–Wissembourg railway\") between Neustadt and Wissembourg.{{sfn\\|Heilmann\\|Schreiner\\|2005\\|pp\\=14ff}}",
"Subsequently, a branch of this line was planned, which was primarily intended for the transport of coal to neighbouring Baden. In this context, the town of [Germersheim](/wiki/Germersheim \"Germersheim\") advocated a railway line from Landau through its territory to [Bruchsal](/wiki/Bruchsal \"Bruchsal\"). These efforts were in competition with the planned [Winden–Karlsruhe railway](/wiki/Winden%E2%80%93Karlsruhe_railway \"Winden–Karlsruhe railway\"). For this reason, Germersheim mobilised to prevent the latter project going ahead and even sent a deputation to the [German Confederation](/wiki/German_Confederation \"German Confederation\") in [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\"). The [Palatinate](/wiki/Palatinate_%28region%29 \"Palatinate (region)\") administration turned down the Germersheim approach, so the line from Winden to Karlsruhe was built starting in 1862\\.{{sfn\\|Sturm\\|2005\\|pp\\=159ff}}",
"Instead, it was decided to extend the [Schifferstadt–Speyer railway](/wiki/Schifferstadt%E2%80%93W%C3%B6rth_railway \"Schifferstadt–Wörth railway\"), which opened in 1847 with the Ludwig Railway, to Germersheim. This line was opened on 14 March 1864\\. The old entrance building was built at this time. Due to the fact that Germersheim was a fortified town, the station had to be built as a lightweight construction on [trusses](/wiki/Truss \"Truss\").{{sfn\\|Sturm\\|2005\\|p\\=165}}",
"### Development to the railway junction",
"In the following years there were new plans to connect the two fortified towns of [Landau](/wiki/Landau \"Landau\") and Germersheim. The railway was put into operation on 16 May 1872, after extended discussion of the route, with its station in Germersheim originally built as a terminal station.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.kbs704\\.de/Geschichte/geschichte.html\\| publisher\\=kbs704\\.de\\| title\\=Ein bisschen Streckengeschichte\\| accessdate\\=6 May 2017\\| language\\=de\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020438/http://www.kbs704\\.de/Geschichte/geschichte.html\\| archive\\-date\\=19 December 2013\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} Even before the connection of Germersheim to the railway network from Schifferstadt, there were proposals to build a line in the long\\-term to Wörth. Two plans were developed: one of them suggested that the line would bypass the town of Germersheim to the west, and the other recommended a bypass to the east of the town. Due to the simultaneous planning of the Bruhrain Railway between Bruchsal and Germersheim, the decision was finally made in favour of a bypass to the east. The extension of the line to Wörth was opened on 25 July 1876\\.",
"On 15 May of the following year, the gap was closed to the Bruhrain Railway, which had ended in Rheinsheim since 1874\\. This had been delayed for a few years, as the military authorities insisted that the bridge should be located so as not to obstruct the firing range of the fortress of Germersheim (*Festung Germersheim*). In this way a continuous east–west connection was established through the station, which was used a decade later by long\\-distance services. Germersheim itself became an important railway junction in the Palatinate.",
"The station became part of the area of the *Reichsbahndirektion* ([Reichsbahn railway division](/wiki/Railway_divisions_in_Germany \"Railway divisions in Germany\")) of Ludwigshafen after the founding of the [Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn \"Deutsche Reichsbahn\") in 1922\\. During the dissolution of the railway division of Ludwigshafen, responsibility for it was transferred to the railway division of Mainz on 1 May 1936\\.{{sfn\\|Engbarth\\|2007\\|p\\=13}} During this time, it was also a locomotive depot, which was a sub\\-depot of the Landau locomotive depot.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.bahnstatistik.de/Direktionen/BD\\_Mainz.htm\\| publisher\\=bahnstatistik.de \\|title\\= Eisenbahndirektion Mainz – Zeittafel: Errichtungen – Bezeichnungen – Auflösungen \\| accessdate\\=6 May 2017\\|language\\=de}} In March 1945, the Bruhrain Railway was broken by the blowing up of the [Rhine Bridge](/wiki/Rhine_Bridge%2C_Germersheim_%28railway%29 \"Rhine Bridge, Germersheim (railway)\").{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.kbs704\\.de/Geschichte/body\\_geschichte.html\\| publisher\\=kbs704\\.de\\| title\\=Ein bisschen Streckengeschichte\\| accessdate\\=6 May 2017\\| language\\=de\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005202719/http://www.kbs704\\.de/Geschichte/body\\_geschichte.html\\| archive\\-date\\=5 October 2015\\| url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Bahn",
"[thumb\\|Germersheim Station before the reconstruction of the line for the opening of the [Rhine\\-Neckar S\\-Bahn](/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_S-Bahn \"Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn\") (2005\\)](/wiki/File:Bhfgermersheim.JPG \"Bhfgermersheim.JPG\")",
"[Deutsche Bundesbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn \"Deutsche Bundesbahn\") (DB), which was responsible for railway operations from 1949, assigned the station to the railway division of Mainz, which was responsible for all railway lines within the newly created state of [Rhineland\\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate \"Rhineland-Palatinate\").{{sfn\\|Sturm\\|1980\\|pp\\=66}} The reconstruction of the Rhine bridge was discussed in the 1950s. Above all, the military had an interest in the reconstruction and preservation of the connection to Landau and its [extension to Zweibrücken](/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Rohrbach_railway \"Landau–Rohrbach railway\") during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") for strategic reasons. DB received funding from the federal government to finance this project, which was finished in October 1967\\.{{sfn\\|Engbarth\\|2007\\|p\\=19}} The expectations of this project were not fulfilled, however, since the traffic flows within the Palatinate in the east–west direction had long since been concentrated on the [Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway](/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Saarbr%C3%BCcken_railway \"Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway\").{{sfn\\|Heilmann\\|Schreiner\\|2005\\|p\\=127}}",
"In the course of the staged dissolution of the railway division of Mainz from 1 August 1971, its counterpart in Karlsruhe took responsibility for the station.{{sfn\\|Engbarth\\|2007\\|p\\=28}} Passenger operations on the line to Landau was abandoned on 1 June 1984 due to low demand. As the [Rhine Bridge between Karlsruhe and Wörth](/wiki/Maxau_Rhine_Bridge \"Maxau Rhine Bridge\") was heavily damaged by a shipwreck on 9 June 1987, express trains of the Saarbrücken–Zweibrücken–Landau–Wörth–Karlsruhe route ran for four weeks via Germersheim.{{sfn\\|Heilmann\\|Schreiner\\|2005\\|pp\\=122f}}{{sfn\\|Fiegenbaum\\|Klee\\|1997\\|p\\=220}} Freight operations towards Landau ended at the turn of the year 1991/1992\\.",
"### Recent past",
"In the course of the rail reform, the station was assigned to [Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn \"Deutsche Bahn\"). In 1995, the station became part of the area where services are organised by the *Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund* (Karlsruhe transport association, KVV). A year later, it also became part of the area where transitional tickets of the [Verkehrsverbund Rhein\\-Neckar](/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Neckar \"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar\") (Rhine\\-Neckar transport association, VRN) are valid.",
"Lines S3 and S4 of the [Rhine\\-Neckar S\\-Bahn](/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_S-Bahn \"Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn\"), which had ended at [Speyer](/wiki/Speyer_Hauptbahnhof \"Speyer Hauptbahnhof\"), were extended to Germersheim in 2006\\. As a result, tracks to the station were electrified; the platforms were upgraded at the same time to provide [barrier\\-free](/wiki/Accessibility \"Accessibility\") entry. The [Karlsruhe Stadtbahn](/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn \"Karlsruhe Stadtbahn\") between Wörth and Germersheim was opened at the end of 2010\\. Thus, since then the station has been the northern terminus of lines S 51 and S 52, which connect it to the inner city of Karlsruhe. One year later, the Bruhrain Railway also became part of the Rhine\\-Neckar S\\-Bahn, after the original plans for a Karlsruhe Stadtbahn line had been changed.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.kbs704\\.de/S\\-Bahnausbau/body\\_s\\-bahnausbau.html\\| publisher\\=kbs704\\.de\\| title\\=Was bringt die Zukunft? – S\\-Bahn\\-Ausbau\\| accessdate\\=6 May 2017\\| language\\=de\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219021119/http://www.kbs704\\.de/S\\-Bahnausbau/body\\_s\\-bahnausbau.html\\| archive\\-date\\=19 December 2013\\| url\\-status\\=dead}} As a result of these measures, the number of users has increased steadily.",
""
] |
Coaching career
---------------
In January 1987, he joined [Chester City](/wiki/Chester_City_F.C. "Chester City F.C.") as a player and assistant manager. The long\-term plan was for qualified coach Fazackerley to succeed [Harry McNally](/wiki/Harry_McNally "Harry McNally") as manager,Sumner (1997\), p. 103 but he grew unhappy at the lack of progress at the club.Sumner (1997\), p. 105 He moved on in the summer of 1988 to [York City](/wiki/York_City_F.C. "York City F.C.") to assist ex\-Rovers manager [Bobby Saxton](/wiki/Bobby_Saxton "Bobby Saxton"). In February 1989, he joined [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. "Bury F.C.") where [Martin Dobson](/wiki/Martin_Dobson "Martin Dobson") was manager and ended the season helping run the side after Dobson departed. This was his final playing season in professional football.
In May 1990, he became player\-manager of [Kumu](/wiki/Kuusankosken_Kumu "Kuusankosken Kumu") in Finland{{cite news \|url\=http://www.examiner.co.uk/huddersfield\-town\-fc/huddersfield\-town\-news/2009/08/08/derek\-fazackerley\-s\-40\-years\-in\-the\-game\-ready\-to\-pay\-off\-for\-huddersfield\-town\-86081\-24346840/ \|title\=Derek Fazackerley's 40 years in the game ready to pay off for Huddersfield Town \|work\=Huddersfield Examiner \|first\=Dougie \|last\=Thomson \|date\=8 August 2009 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012}} before moving to [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") as first team coach. He was involved in the [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") setup as assistant manager under [Kevin Keegan](/wiki/Kevin_Keegan "Kevin Keegan"), working alongside [Les Reed](/wiki/Les_Reed_%28football_coach%29 "Les Reed (football coach)").
He has since coached at other clubs, including Blackburn, [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") and [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. "Barnsley F.C.").
He was a scout for [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C.") and sat alongside [Sven\-Göran Eriksson](/wiki/Sven-G%C3%B6ran_Eriksson "Sven-Göran Eriksson") on the bench at City's matches during his only season in charge. His position at the club was placed under review following Eriksson's departure,{{cite news
\| title \= Sven\-Goran Eriksson expected to leave Manchester City next week
\| url \= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier\_league/manchester\_city/article4034954\.ece
\| work \= Times Online
\| date \= 30 May 2008
\| access\-date \= 8 July 2008 \| location\=London}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} and left in July after [Mark Hughes](/wiki/Mark_Hughes "Mark Hughes") was appointed as manager.{{cite news
\| title \= Coach Fazackerley leaves Man City
\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man\_city/7494439\.stm
\| publisher \= BBC Sport
\| date \= 7 July 2008
\| access\-date \= 8 July 2008}}
On 11 December 2008, he was made the new first team coach at [Football League One](/wiki/Football_League_One "Football League One") side [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. "Huddersfield Town A.F.C."), following the appointment of [Lee Clark](/wiki/Lee_Clark_%28footballer%29 "Lee Clark (footballer)") as manager.
On 4 October 2010, he was made the new assistant manager at [Football League Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship "Football League Championship") side [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C."), following the appointment of Sven\-Göran Eriksson as manager. He left the club in October 2011\.
When [Clark](/wiki/Lee_Clark_%28footballer%29 "Lee Clark (footballer)") took over as manager of [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City "Birmingham City") in June 2012, he appointed Fazackerley to the role of first\-team coach.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bcfc.com/page/BackroomStaffTeam/0,,10412\~2835787,00\.html \|title\=Backroom Staff: Derek Fazackerley \|publisher\=Birmingham City F.C \|access\-date\=7 August 2012 }}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} On 17 February 2014, it was widely reported that he and assistant manager [Terry McDermott](/wiki/Terry_McDermott "Terry McDermott") had left Birmingham;{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26228918 \|title\=Birmingham City: McDermott \& Fazackerley future in doubt \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 February 2014 \|access\-date\=18 February 2014}} the club stated they had "no comment to issue on the matter at this moment in time."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bcfc.com/news/article/20140217\-terry\-mcdermott\-and\-derek\-fazackerley\-1365464\.aspx \|title\=Terry McDermott and Derek Fazackerley \|publisher\=Birmingham City F.C \|date\=17 February 2014 \|access\-date\=18 February 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217172533/http://www.bcfc.com/news/article/20140217\-terry\-mcdermott\-and\-derek\-fazackerley\-1365464\.aspx \|archive\-date\=17 February 2014 \|df\=dmy\-all }}
Fazackerley joined [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. "Oxford United F.C.") as assistant manager under [Michael Appleton](/wiki/Michael_Appleton "Michael Appleton") on 21 July 2014\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oufc.co.uk/teams/first\-team/coaching\-staff/derek\-fazackerley/ \|title\=Derek Fazackerley \|publisher\=Oxford United F.C. \|access\-date\=30 January 2018 \|archive\-date\=11 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711022138/https://www.oufc.co.uk/teams/first\-team/coaching\-staff/derek\-fazackerley/ \|url\-status\=dead }} He remained at the club when Appleton joined [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") as assistant manager at the end of the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Oxford_United_F.C._season "2016–17 Oxford United F.C. season"), and when Appleton's successor [Pep Clotet](/wiki/Pep_Clotet "Pep Clotet") was sacked in January 2018, Fazackerley took over as caretaker manager.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42772878 \|title\=Pep Clotet: Oxford United sack manager \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 January 2018 \|access\-date\=30 January 2018}} He was in charge for two months, during which time the team won twice in eight games,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/sport/oxfordunited/16095564\.Oxford\_United\_s\_players\_and\_fans\_deserve\_the\_credit\_for\_win\_\_says\_Derek\_Fazackerley/ \|title\=Oxford United's players and fans deserve the credit for win, says Derek Fazackerley \|newspaper\=Oxford Times \|first\=David \|last\=Pritchard \|date\=19 March 2018 \|access\-date\=23 March 2018}} before the appointment of [Karl Robinson](/wiki/Karl_Robinson "Karl Robinson") on 22 March 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43154075\|title\=Oxford United: Karl Robinson named new head coach after\|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 March 2018\|access\-date\=22 March 2018}} He left his coaching position in 2020, though he retained an advisory position at the club{{cite news \|url\=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/18638873\.derek\-fazackerley\-moves\-new\-oxford\-united\-role\-upstairs/ \|title\=Derek Fazackerley moves to new Oxford United role upstairs \|first\=James \|last\=Roberts \|date\=10 August 2020 \|newspaper\=Oxford Mail \|access\-date\=8 November 2023}} and was involved in the recruitment of Robinson's successor, [Liam Manning](/wiki/Liam_Manning "Liam Manning"), in 2023\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/23383583\.oxford\-united\-ceo\-discusses\-hiring\-liam\-manning\-head\-coach/ \|title\=Oxford United CEO discusses hiring of Liam Manning as head coach \|first\=Liam \|last\=Rice \|date\=14 March 2023 \|newspaper\=Oxford Mail \|access\-date\=8 November 2023 \|quote\="What was really important to us was that we got the best of a sporting recruitment process – we had Ed Waldron and Derek Fazackerley involved – and then we also put in some what I'd say corporate discipline in that."}}
|
[
"Coaching career\n---------------",
"In January 1987, he joined [Chester City](/wiki/Chester_City_F.C. \"Chester City F.C.\") as a player and assistant manager. The long\\-term plan was for qualified coach Fazackerley to succeed [Harry McNally](/wiki/Harry_McNally \"Harry McNally\") as manager,Sumner (1997\\), p. 103 but he grew unhappy at the lack of progress at the club.Sumner (1997\\), p. 105 He moved on in the summer of 1988 to [York City](/wiki/York_City_F.C. \"York City F.C.\") to assist ex\\-Rovers manager [Bobby Saxton](/wiki/Bobby_Saxton \"Bobby Saxton\"). In February 1989, he joined [Bury](/wiki/Bury_F.C. \"Bury F.C.\") where [Martin Dobson](/wiki/Martin_Dobson \"Martin Dobson\") was manager and ended the season helping run the side after Dobson departed. This was his final playing season in professional football.",
"In May 1990, he became player\\-manager of [Kumu](/wiki/Kuusankosken_Kumu \"Kuusankosken Kumu\") in Finland{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.examiner.co.uk/huddersfield\\-town\\-fc/huddersfield\\-town\\-news/2009/08/08/derek\\-fazackerley\\-s\\-40\\-years\\-in\\-the\\-game\\-ready\\-to\\-pay\\-off\\-for\\-huddersfield\\-town\\-86081\\-24346840/ \\|title\\=Derek Fazackerley's 40 years in the game ready to pay off for Huddersfield Town \\|work\\=Huddersfield Examiner \\|first\\=Dougie \\|last\\=Thomson \\|date\\=8 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012}} before moving to [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") as first team coach. He was involved in the [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") setup as assistant manager under [Kevin Keegan](/wiki/Kevin_Keegan \"Kevin Keegan\"), working alongside [Les Reed](/wiki/Les_Reed_%28football_coach%29 \"Les Reed (football coach)\").",
"He has since coached at other clubs, including Blackburn, [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") and [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley_F.C. \"Barnsley F.C.\").",
"He was a scout for [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\") and sat alongside [Sven\\-Göran Eriksson](/wiki/Sven-G%C3%B6ran_Eriksson \"Sven-Göran Eriksson\") on the bench at City's matches during his only season in charge. His position at the club was placed under review following Eriksson's departure,{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Sven\\-Goran Eriksson expected to leave Manchester City next week\n\\| url \\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier\\_league/manchester\\_city/article4034954\\.ece\n\\| work \\= Times Online\n\\| date \\= 30 May 2008\n\\| access\\-date \\= 8 July 2008 \\| location\\=London}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} and left in July after [Mark Hughes](/wiki/Mark_Hughes \"Mark Hughes\") was appointed as manager.{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Coach Fazackerley leaves Man City\n\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man\\_city/7494439\\.stm\n\\| publisher \\= BBC Sport\n\\| date \\= 7 July 2008\n\\| access\\-date \\= 8 July 2008}}",
"On 11 December 2008, he was made the new first team coach at [Football League One](/wiki/Football_League_One \"Football League One\") side [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C. \"Huddersfield Town A.F.C.\"), following the appointment of [Lee Clark](/wiki/Lee_Clark_%28footballer%29 \"Lee Clark (footballer)\") as manager.",
"On 4 October 2010, he was made the new assistant manager at [Football League Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship \"Football League Championship\") side [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\"), following the appointment of Sven\\-Göran Eriksson as manager. He left the club in October 2011\\.",
"When [Clark](/wiki/Lee_Clark_%28footballer%29 \"Lee Clark (footballer)\") took over as manager of [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City \"Birmingham City\") in June 2012, he appointed Fazackerley to the role of first\\-team coach.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bcfc.com/page/BackroomStaffTeam/0,,10412\\~2835787,00\\.html \\|title\\=Backroom Staff: Derek Fazackerley \\|publisher\\=Birmingham City F.C \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2012 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} On 17 February 2014, it was widely reported that he and assistant manager [Terry McDermott](/wiki/Terry_McDermott \"Terry McDermott\") had left Birmingham;{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26228918 \\|title\\=Birmingham City: McDermott \\& Fazackerley future in doubt \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2014}} the club stated they had \"no comment to issue on the matter at this moment in time.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bcfc.com/news/article/20140217\\-terry\\-mcdermott\\-and\\-derek\\-fazackerley\\-1365464\\.aspx \\|title\\=Terry McDermott and Derek Fazackerley \\|publisher\\=Birmingham City F.C \\|date\\=17 February 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217172533/http://www.bcfc.com/news/article/20140217\\-terry\\-mcdermott\\-and\\-derek\\-fazackerley\\-1365464\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2014 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"Fazackerley joined [Oxford United](/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C. \"Oxford United F.C.\") as assistant manager under [Michael Appleton](/wiki/Michael_Appleton \"Michael Appleton\") on 21 July 2014\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oufc.co.uk/teams/first\\-team/coaching\\-staff/derek\\-fazackerley/ \\|title\\=Derek Fazackerley \\|publisher\\=Oxford United F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711022138/https://www.oufc.co.uk/teams/first\\-team/coaching\\-staff/derek\\-fazackerley/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He remained at the club when Appleton joined [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") as assistant manager at the end of the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Oxford_United_F.C._season \"2016–17 Oxford United F.C. season\"), and when Appleton's successor [Pep Clotet](/wiki/Pep_Clotet \"Pep Clotet\") was sacked in January 2018, Fazackerley took over as caretaker manager.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42772878 \\|title\\=Pep Clotet: Oxford United sack manager \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 January 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2018}} He was in charge for two months, during which time the team won twice in eight games,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/sport/oxfordunited/16095564\\.Oxford\\_United\\_s\\_players\\_and\\_fans\\_deserve\\_the\\_credit\\_for\\_win\\_\\_says\\_Derek\\_Fazackerley/ \\|title\\=Oxford United's players and fans deserve the credit for win, says Derek Fazackerley \\|newspaper\\=Oxford Times \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Pritchard \\|date\\=19 March 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2018}} before the appointment of [Karl Robinson](/wiki/Karl_Robinson \"Karl Robinson\") on 22 March 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43154075\\|title\\=Oxford United: Karl Robinson named new head coach after\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}} He left his coaching position in 2020, though he retained an advisory position at the club{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/18638873\\.derek\\-fazackerley\\-moves\\-new\\-oxford\\-united\\-role\\-upstairs/ \\|title\\=Derek Fazackerley moves to new Oxford United role upstairs \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=Roberts \\|date\\=10 August 2020 \\|newspaper\\=Oxford Mail \\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2023}} and was involved in the recruitment of Robinson's successor, [Liam Manning](/wiki/Liam_Manning \"Liam Manning\"), in 2023\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/23383583\\.oxford\\-united\\-ceo\\-discusses\\-hiring\\-liam\\-manning\\-head\\-coach/ \\|title\\=Oxford United CEO discusses hiring of Liam Manning as head coach \\|first\\=Liam \\|last\\=Rice \\|date\\=14 March 2023 \\|newspaper\\=Oxford Mail \\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2023 \\|quote\\=\"What was really important to us was that we got the best of a sporting recruitment process – we had Ed Waldron and Derek Fazackerley involved – and then we also put in some what I'd say corporate discipline in that.\"}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Pre\-draft
Wright was invited to the 2007 NFL Scouting Combine. He visited with the [Atlanta Falcons](/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons "Atlanta Falcons"), [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills"), [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers") and [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles") before the draft.
{{NFL predraft
\| height ft \= 5
\| height in \= 11 1/2
\| weight \= 228
\| dash \= 4\.73
\| ten split \= 1\.68
\| twenty split \= 2\.75
\| shuttle \= 4\.43
\| cone drill \= 7\.23
\| vertical \= 34
\| broad ft \= 9
\| broad in \= 7
\| bench \= 14
\| wonderlic \=
\| arm span \= 31 1/4
\| hand span \= 9 1/2
\| note \= All values from 2007 \[\[NFL Combine]]{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/dwayne\-wright/32005752\-4916\-8848\-d1a0\-3f0985cb2994 \|title\=Dwayne Wright Draft and Combine Prospect Profile \|website\=NFL.com \|access\-date\=April 18, 2024}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId\=18655\&DraftYear\=2007 \|title\=2007 NFL Draft Scout Dwayne Wright College Football Profile \|website\=DraftScout.com \|access\-date\=January 29, 2010}}
}}
### Buffalo Bills
Wright was drafted by the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills "Buffalo Bills") in the fourth round of the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft "2007 NFL draft").{{Cite web \|title\=2007 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/2007/draft.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-11 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} He was signed to a contract on July 25\. He was waived on August 30, 2008\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/W/WrigDw01\.htm\#all\_transactions \|title\=Dwayne Wright Transactions \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|access\-date\=April 18, 2024}}
### New York Giants
Wright was signed by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants") on January 14, 2009\. He was waived on September 5\.
### Philadelphia Eagles
After working out for the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles") on January 13, 2010,{{Cite web \|last\=Caplan, Adam \|date\=January 15, 2010 \|title\=PHI: Eagles Work Out Three RBs \|url\=http://phi.scout.com/a.z?s\=67\&p\=9\&c\=2\&cid\=938036\&nid\=4223506\&fhn\=1 \|publisher\=\[\[Scout.com]] \|accessdate\=January 17, 2010}} Wright was signed to a two\-year contract by the Eagles on January 29\. He was going to be converted to [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28American_football%29 "Fullback (American football)") after playing [running back](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") during his entire career.{{Cite web \|last\=McPherson, Chris \|date\=January 29, 2010 \|title\=Eagles Ink FB Wright To Two\-Year Deal \|url\=http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/Story.asp?story\_id\=20177 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131160226/http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/Story.asp?story\_id\=20177 \|archive\-date\=January 31, 2010 \|publisher\=Philadelphiaeagles.com \|accessdate\=January 29, 2010}} He was waived on August 1\.{{Cite news \|last\=Wulf, Bo \|date\=August 1, 2010 \|title\=RB Mallett Returns, FB Wright Released \|work\=philadelphiaeagles.com \|url\=http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/Story.asp?story\_id\=21453 \|accessdate\=August 1, 2010}}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
### Pittsburgh Steelers
Wright was claimed off waivers from the Philadelphia Eagles by the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers") on August 2, 2010\.{{Cite news \|last\=Bouchette, Ed \|date\=August 2, 2010 \|title\=Steelers acquire new fullback \|work\=\[\[Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette]] \|url\=https://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/10214/1077121\-100\.stm \|accessdate\=August 2, 2010 \|archive\-date\=August 5, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805150417/https://www.post\-gazette.com/pg/10214/1077121\-100\.stm \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }} He was waived on August 31\.
### Hartford Colonials
Wright was signed by the [Hartford Colonials](/wiki/Hartford_Colonials "Hartford Colonials") of the [United Football League](/wiki/United_Football_League_%282009%E2%80%93%29 "United Football League (2009–)") on September 9, 2012\. He played one game and then was released due to contract issues.
### Toronto Argonauts
On October 5, 2012, Wright signed a practice roster agreement with the [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts "Toronto Argonauts") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League"). He was released by the Argonauts on June 24, 2013\.
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Pre\\-draft",
"Wright was invited to the 2007 NFL Scouting Combine. He visited with the [Atlanta Falcons](/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons \"Atlanta Falcons\"), [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\"), [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\") and [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") before the draft.",
"{{NFL predraft\n\\| height ft \\= 5\n\\| height in \\= 11 1/2\n\\| weight \\= 228\n\\| dash \\= 4\\.73\n\\| ten split \\= 1\\.68\n\\| twenty split \\= 2\\.75\n\\| shuttle \\= 4\\.43\n\\| cone drill \\= 7\\.23\n\\| vertical \\= 34\n\\| broad ft \\= 9\n\\| broad in \\= 7\n\\| bench \\= 14\n\\| wonderlic \\= \n\\| arm span \\= 31 1/4\n\\| hand span \\= 9 1/2\n\\| note \\= All values from 2007 \\[\\[NFL Combine]]{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/dwayne\\-wright/32005752\\-4916\\-8848\\-d1a0\\-3f0985cb2994 \\|title\\=Dwayne Wright Draft and Combine Prospect Profile \\|website\\=NFL.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2024}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId\\=18655\\&DraftYear\\=2007 \\|title\\=2007 NFL Draft Scout Dwayne Wright College Football Profile \\|website\\=DraftScout.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2010}}\n}}",
"### Buffalo Bills",
"Wright was drafted by the [Buffalo Bills](/wiki/Buffalo_Bills \"Buffalo Bills\") in the fourth round of the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft \"2007 NFL draft\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/2007/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-11 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} He was signed to a contract on July 25\\. He was waived on August 30, 2008\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/W/WrigDw01\\.htm\\#all\\_transactions \\|title\\=Dwayne Wright Transactions \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2024}}",
"### New York Giants",
"Wright was signed by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") on January 14, 2009\\. He was waived on September 5\\.",
"### Philadelphia Eagles",
"After working out for the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") on January 13, 2010,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Caplan, Adam \\|date\\=January 15, 2010 \\|title\\=PHI: Eagles Work Out Three RBs \\|url\\=http://phi.scout.com/a.z?s\\=67\\&p\\=9\\&c\\=2\\&cid\\=938036\\&nid\\=4223506\\&fhn\\=1 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Scout.com]] \\|accessdate\\=January 17, 2010}} Wright was signed to a two\\-year contract by the Eagles on January 29\\. He was going to be converted to [fullback](/wiki/Fullback_%28American_football%29 \"Fullback (American football)\") after playing [running back](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") during his entire career.{{Cite web \\|last\\=McPherson, Chris \\|date\\=January 29, 2010 \\|title\\=Eagles Ink FB Wright To Two\\-Year Deal \\|url\\=http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/Story.asp?story\\_id\\=20177 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131160226/http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/Story.asp?story\\_id\\=20177 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 31, 2010 \\|publisher\\=Philadelphiaeagles.com \\|accessdate\\=January 29, 2010}} He was waived on August 1\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Wulf, Bo \\|date\\=August 1, 2010 \\|title\\=RB Mallett Returns, FB Wright Released \\|work\\=philadelphiaeagles.com \\|url\\=http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/Story.asp?story\\_id\\=21453 \\|accessdate\\=August 1, 2010}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"### Pittsburgh Steelers",
"Wright was claimed off waivers from the Philadelphia Eagles by the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\") on August 2, 2010\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bouchette, Ed \\|date\\=August 2, 2010 \\|title\\=Steelers acquire new fullback \\|work\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette]] \\|url\\=https://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/10214/1077121\\-100\\.stm \\|accessdate\\=August 2, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805150417/https://www.post\\-gazette.com/pg/10214/1077121\\-100\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }} He was waived on August 31\\.",
"### Hartford Colonials",
"Wright was signed by the [Hartford Colonials](/wiki/Hartford_Colonials \"Hartford Colonials\") of the [United Football League](/wiki/United_Football_League_%282009%E2%80%93%29 \"United Football League (2009–)\") on September 9, 2012\\. He played one game and then was released due to contract issues.",
"### Toronto Argonauts",
"On October 5, 2012, Wright signed a practice roster agreement with the [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts \"Toronto Argonauts\") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\"). He was released by the Argonauts on June 24, 2013\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
Jews from [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") began settling in the Catskills starting in 1900\. The area of Ulster and [Sullivan](/wiki/Sullivan_County%2C_New_York "Sullivan County, New York") counties due west of [Ellenville](/wiki/Ellenville%2C_New_York "Ellenville, New York") and [Kerhonkson](/wiki/Kerhonkson%2C_New_York "Kerhonkson, New York") became a popular destination. One of these areas was Ulster Heights, in the western highlands of the [Town of Wawarsing](/wiki/Wawarsing%2C_New_York "Wawarsing, New York"), near the Sullivan County line.
The Jews who settled here and managed to make a living [dairy](/wiki/Dairy_farming "Dairy farming") and [poultry](/wiki/Poultry_farming "Poultry farming") farming the difficult, rocky soil were unusual in that they continued as a farming community, instead of gradually becoming a [resort](/wiki/Resort "Resort") area like many other Jewish enclaves in the region. They held prayer services in their homes at first, gradually settling on Samuel Tannenbaum's [hotel](/wiki/Hotel "Hotel")/[boarding house](/wiki/Boarding_house "Boarding house") as more families arrived.
From 1908 on the group had wanted to build its own meeting place, but only in 1922 had it raised enough money to purchase the land. A foundation was built shortly afterwards, but the [lumber](/wiki/Lumber "Lumber") turned out to be rotten and the group soon had just an empty hole. Samuel Kaufman, a lawyer who vacationed nearby, decided to help raise money and by the end of that summer had secured enough from resort owners for the congregation to start building again. Ulster Heights Synagogue was formally opened with [Passover](/wiki/Passover "Passover") services in 1924\.
It would remain the focal point of the small community for the next two decades. As the children of the early settlers began moving elsewhere in the years after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), it declined until a young couple, Morris and Celia Rudin, led an effort that not only reversed that trend but renovated the building, adding its ark, chandelier and other interior decor, and building the portico new wing and residing the structure. Many of these changes had the effect of making Ulster Heights more like the other rural synagogues in the area.
At the end of the 20th century, the congregation still had around 30 members, mainly descendants of the original founding families. It has not held services on the [High Holy Days](/wiki/High_Holy_Days "High Holy Days") in recent years.
The small cemetery for the synagogue is on Briggs Highway in Ulster Heights.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Jews from [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") began settling in the Catskills starting in 1900\\. The area of Ulster and [Sullivan](/wiki/Sullivan_County%2C_New_York \"Sullivan County, New York\") counties due west of [Ellenville](/wiki/Ellenville%2C_New_York \"Ellenville, New York\") and [Kerhonkson](/wiki/Kerhonkson%2C_New_York \"Kerhonkson, New York\") became a popular destination. One of these areas was Ulster Heights, in the western highlands of the [Town of Wawarsing](/wiki/Wawarsing%2C_New_York \"Wawarsing, New York\"), near the Sullivan County line.",
"The Jews who settled here and managed to make a living [dairy](/wiki/Dairy_farming \"Dairy farming\") and [poultry](/wiki/Poultry_farming \"Poultry farming\") farming the difficult, rocky soil were unusual in that they continued as a farming community, instead of gradually becoming a [resort](/wiki/Resort \"Resort\") area like many other Jewish enclaves in the region. They held prayer services in their homes at first, gradually settling on Samuel Tannenbaum's [hotel](/wiki/Hotel \"Hotel\")/[boarding house](/wiki/Boarding_house \"Boarding house\") as more families arrived.",
"From 1908 on the group had wanted to build its own meeting place, but only in 1922 had it raised enough money to purchase the land. A foundation was built shortly afterwards, but the [lumber](/wiki/Lumber \"Lumber\") turned out to be rotten and the group soon had just an empty hole. Samuel Kaufman, a lawyer who vacationed nearby, decided to help raise money and by the end of that summer had secured enough from resort owners for the congregation to start building again. Ulster Heights Synagogue was formally opened with [Passover](/wiki/Passover \"Passover\") services in 1924\\.",
"It would remain the focal point of the small community for the next two decades. As the children of the early settlers began moving elsewhere in the years after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), it declined until a young couple, Morris and Celia Rudin, led an effort that not only reversed that trend but renovated the building, adding its ark, chandelier and other interior decor, and building the portico new wing and residing the structure. Many of these changes had the effect of making Ulster Heights more like the other rural synagogues in the area.",
"At the end of the 20th century, the congregation still had around 30 members, mainly descendants of the original founding families. It has not held services on the [High Holy Days](/wiki/High_Holy_Days \"High Holy Days\") in recent years.",
"The small cemetery for the synagogue is on Briggs Highway in Ulster Heights.",
""
] |
Training policies of various certification agencies
---------------------------------------------------
> Few issues of diver training have been more controversial than the teaching of emergency ascent procedures. The controversy centers on techniques, psychological and physiological considerations, concern about today's legal climate, and finally the moral issue: is it wise and ethical to train divers in emergency ascent techniques, even though this training may itself be hazardous?
>
> Ronald C. Samson \& James W. Miller, 1977
Emergency ascent training policy differs considerably among the certification agencies, and has been the subject of some controversy regarding risk\-benefit.
### NSTC agreement
In 1977 a formal policy regarding training of emergency ascent procedures was adopted by five major American recreational diver certification agencies: [NASDS](/wiki/NASDS "NASDS"), [NAUI](/wiki/NAUI "NAUI"), [PADI](/wiki/PADI "PADI"), [SSI](/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International "Scuba Schools International") and [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA").
This policy is a general agreement that emergency ascent training is worth the risk on ethical grounds, and recommends those procedures which the agencies consider most appropriate for teaching recreational divers. It does not prescribe training procedures or standards.
This *National Scuba Training Committee Ascent Training Agreement* recognises that there are a number of options available to the scuba diver in the event of a sudden apparent termination of breathing gas supply at depth, and that the selection of an acceptable response is dependent on several variables, including: depth, visibility, distance from other divers, the nature of the underwater activity, available breath\-hold time, training and current competence of the involved divers, stress levels of the divers, obstructions to a direct access to the surface, water movement, equipment, buoyancy, familiarity between divers of procedures and equipment, apparent reasons for air loss and decompression obligations.
Recommendations for training:
* The agreement requires scuba instructors to make students aware of the variables and how they affect the choice of an appropriate response.
* Training should allow divers trained by different instructors to make similar appropriate decisions under the same circumstances, and should provide divers with safe and effective emergency procedures for an out of air situations when not under supervision of an instructor.
* Divers should be taught to agree on emergency procedures before the dive when intending to dive together.
Recommendations for choice of procedure:
* The most desirable option in the dependent category is given as the octopus assisted ascent, where the out\-of\-air diver is provided breathing gas by a donor via a secondary (octopus) second stage.
* Buddy breathing by two divers on a single second stage is specified as the least desirable of the dependent options.
* The recommended independent option is the emergency swimming ascent, where the diver swims to the surface at roughly neutral buoyancy, while exhaling continuously.
* The final option is a buoyant ascent, where buoyancy is gained by inflation of the buoyancy compensator (not always possible in an out\-of\-air emergency), and dropping of weights. This is recommended as a last resort where the diver is unsure of making it to the surface by swimming, as it will ensure that an unconscious diver will rise to the surface rather than sink.
No other procedures are recommended in this agreement, though the use of a bailout cylinder may be considered effectively equivalent to either octopus assisted ascent, when gas is supplied by a donor, or not actually running out of gas if it is the diver's own bailout set.
### SSAC
The Scottish Sub\-Aqua Club holds that training is primarily to deal with potential emergencies and that it should be practical rather than purely theoretical. This implies that it is better to have some practical experience of ability to cope with a simulated emergency situation as this gives greater insight and confidence, as well as proven ability, provided that the risk in training is appreciably smaller than the risk in not being trained.
The SSAC trains open water free ascent from a maximum depth of 6–7 m, initially using a shot line to control ascent rate, and considers the risk small and the benefit significant in view of their statistics which showed an incidence of roughly 16 free ascents per 10,000 dives.
In 1978 the SSAC recommended responses to an air supply failure, in order of preference, were:
* making use of a companion's octopus rig;
* then by breathing from an [ABLJ](/wiki/Adjustable_buoyancy_life_jacket "Adjustable buoyancy life jacket");
* then by a [shared ascent](/wiki/Buddy_breathing "Buddy breathing") (buddy breathing from a single second stage) and;
* as a last resort, by free ascent.
### CMAS
The only reference to emergency ascent training in the CMAS Diver Training Program (CMAS TC Version 9/2002\) is in the 1\-star course where Controlled buoyancy lift of victim to surface is specified under practical training of rescue skills.
### Commercial and scientific diving
Use of a bailout cylinder is the primary source of emergency breathing gas recommended by several codes of practice for scientific and commercial divers. Pneumo gas supplied either from the diver's own [pneumofathometer](/wiki/Pneumofathometer "Pneumofathometer") line or from the standby diver's pneumo line in a rescue are also recognised emergency gas sources for surface\-supplied divers, and can be used during an emergency ascent.
|
[
"Training policies of various certification agencies\n---------------------------------------------------",
"",
"> Few issues of diver training have been more controversial than the teaching of emergency ascent procedures. The controversy centers on techniques, psychological and physiological considerations, concern about today's legal climate, and finally the moral issue: is it wise and ethical to train divers in emergency ascent techniques, even though this training may itself be hazardous? \n> \n> Ronald C. Samson \\& James W. Miller, 1977",
"Emergency ascent training policy differs considerably among the certification agencies, and has been the subject of some controversy regarding risk\\-benefit.",
"### NSTC agreement",
"In 1977 a formal policy regarding training of emergency ascent procedures was adopted by five major American recreational diver certification agencies: [NASDS](/wiki/NASDS \"NASDS\"), [NAUI](/wiki/NAUI \"NAUI\"), [PADI](/wiki/PADI \"PADI\"), [SSI](/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International \"Scuba Schools International\") and [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\").",
"This policy is a general agreement that emergency ascent training is worth the risk on ethical grounds, and recommends those procedures which the agencies consider most appropriate for teaching recreational divers. It does not prescribe training procedures or standards.",
"This *National Scuba Training Committee Ascent Training Agreement* recognises that there are a number of options available to the scuba diver in the event of a sudden apparent termination of breathing gas supply at depth, and that the selection of an acceptable response is dependent on several variables, including: depth, visibility, distance from other divers, the nature of the underwater activity, available breath\\-hold time, training and current competence of the involved divers, stress levels of the divers, obstructions to a direct access to the surface, water movement, equipment, buoyancy, familiarity between divers of procedures and equipment, apparent reasons for air loss and decompression obligations.",
"Recommendations for training:\n* The agreement requires scuba instructors to make students aware of the variables and how they affect the choice of an appropriate response.\n* Training should allow divers trained by different instructors to make similar appropriate decisions under the same circumstances, and should provide divers with safe and effective emergency procedures for an out of air situations when not under supervision of an instructor.\n* Divers should be taught to agree on emergency procedures before the dive when intending to dive together.",
"Recommendations for choice of procedure:\n* The most desirable option in the dependent category is given as the octopus assisted ascent, where the out\\-of\\-air diver is provided breathing gas by a donor via a secondary (octopus) second stage.\n* Buddy breathing by two divers on a single second stage is specified as the least desirable of the dependent options.\n* The recommended independent option is the emergency swimming ascent, where the diver swims to the surface at roughly neutral buoyancy, while exhaling continuously.\n* The final option is a buoyant ascent, where buoyancy is gained by inflation of the buoyancy compensator (not always possible in an out\\-of\\-air emergency), and dropping of weights. This is recommended as a last resort where the diver is unsure of making it to the surface by swimming, as it will ensure that an unconscious diver will rise to the surface rather than sink.",
"No other procedures are recommended in this agreement, though the use of a bailout cylinder may be considered effectively equivalent to either octopus assisted ascent, when gas is supplied by a donor, or not actually running out of gas if it is the diver's own bailout set.",
"### SSAC",
"The Scottish Sub\\-Aqua Club holds that training is primarily to deal with potential emergencies and that it should be practical rather than purely theoretical. This implies that it is better to have some practical experience of ability to cope with a simulated emergency situation as this gives greater insight and confidence, as well as proven ability, provided that the risk in training is appreciably smaller than the risk in not being trained.",
"The SSAC trains open water free ascent from a maximum depth of 6–7 m, initially using a shot line to control ascent rate, and considers the risk small and the benefit significant in view of their statistics which showed an incidence of roughly 16 free ascents per 10,000 dives.",
"In 1978 the SSAC recommended responses to an air supply failure, in order of preference, were:\n* making use of a companion's octopus rig;\n* then by breathing from an [ABLJ](/wiki/Adjustable_buoyancy_life_jacket \"Adjustable buoyancy life jacket\");\n* then by a [shared ascent](/wiki/Buddy_breathing \"Buddy breathing\") (buddy breathing from a single second stage) and;\n* as a last resort, by free ascent.",
"### CMAS",
"The only reference to emergency ascent training in the CMAS Diver Training Program (CMAS TC Version 9/2002\\) is in the 1\\-star course where Controlled buoyancy lift of victim to surface is specified under practical training of rescue skills.",
"### Commercial and scientific diving",
"Use of a bailout cylinder is the primary source of emergency breathing gas recommended by several codes of practice for scientific and commercial divers. Pneumo gas supplied either from the diver's own [pneumofathometer](/wiki/Pneumofathometer \"Pneumofathometer\") line or from the standby diver's pneumo line in a rescue are also recognised emergency gas sources for surface\\-supplied divers, and can be used during an emergency ascent.",
""
] |
### NSTC agreement
In 1977 a formal policy regarding training of emergency ascent procedures was adopted by five major American recreational diver certification agencies: [NASDS](/wiki/NASDS "NASDS"), [NAUI](/wiki/NAUI "NAUI"), [PADI](/wiki/PADI "PADI"), [SSI](/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International "Scuba Schools International") and [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA "YMCA").
This policy is a general agreement that emergency ascent training is worth the risk on ethical grounds, and recommends those procedures which the agencies consider most appropriate for teaching recreational divers. It does not prescribe training procedures or standards.
This *National Scuba Training Committee Ascent Training Agreement* recognises that there are a number of options available to the scuba diver in the event of a sudden apparent termination of breathing gas supply at depth, and that the selection of an acceptable response is dependent on several variables, including: depth, visibility, distance from other divers, the nature of the underwater activity, available breath\-hold time, training and current competence of the involved divers, stress levels of the divers, obstructions to a direct access to the surface, water movement, equipment, buoyancy, familiarity between divers of procedures and equipment, apparent reasons for air loss and decompression obligations.
Recommendations for training:
* The agreement requires scuba instructors to make students aware of the variables and how they affect the choice of an appropriate response.
* Training should allow divers trained by different instructors to make similar appropriate decisions under the same circumstances, and should provide divers with safe and effective emergency procedures for an out of air situations when not under supervision of an instructor.
* Divers should be taught to agree on emergency procedures before the dive when intending to dive together.
Recommendations for choice of procedure:
* The most desirable option in the dependent category is given as the octopus assisted ascent, where the out\-of\-air diver is provided breathing gas by a donor via a secondary (octopus) second stage.
* Buddy breathing by two divers on a single second stage is specified as the least desirable of the dependent options.
* The recommended independent option is the emergency swimming ascent, where the diver swims to the surface at roughly neutral buoyancy, while exhaling continuously.
* The final option is a buoyant ascent, where buoyancy is gained by inflation of the buoyancy compensator (not always possible in an out\-of\-air emergency), and dropping of weights. This is recommended as a last resort where the diver is unsure of making it to the surface by swimming, as it will ensure that an unconscious diver will rise to the surface rather than sink.
No other procedures are recommended in this agreement, though the use of a bailout cylinder may be considered effectively equivalent to either octopus assisted ascent, when gas is supplied by a donor, or not actually running out of gas if it is the diver's own bailout set.
|
[
"### NSTC agreement",
"In 1977 a formal policy regarding training of emergency ascent procedures was adopted by five major American recreational diver certification agencies: [NASDS](/wiki/NASDS \"NASDS\"), [NAUI](/wiki/NAUI \"NAUI\"), [PADI](/wiki/PADI \"PADI\"), [SSI](/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International \"Scuba Schools International\") and [YMCA](/wiki/YMCA \"YMCA\").",
"This policy is a general agreement that emergency ascent training is worth the risk on ethical grounds, and recommends those procedures which the agencies consider most appropriate for teaching recreational divers. It does not prescribe training procedures or standards.",
"This *National Scuba Training Committee Ascent Training Agreement* recognises that there are a number of options available to the scuba diver in the event of a sudden apparent termination of breathing gas supply at depth, and that the selection of an acceptable response is dependent on several variables, including: depth, visibility, distance from other divers, the nature of the underwater activity, available breath\\-hold time, training and current competence of the involved divers, stress levels of the divers, obstructions to a direct access to the surface, water movement, equipment, buoyancy, familiarity between divers of procedures and equipment, apparent reasons for air loss and decompression obligations.",
"Recommendations for training:\n* The agreement requires scuba instructors to make students aware of the variables and how they affect the choice of an appropriate response.\n* Training should allow divers trained by different instructors to make similar appropriate decisions under the same circumstances, and should provide divers with safe and effective emergency procedures for an out of air situations when not under supervision of an instructor.\n* Divers should be taught to agree on emergency procedures before the dive when intending to dive together.",
"Recommendations for choice of procedure:\n* The most desirable option in the dependent category is given as the octopus assisted ascent, where the out\\-of\\-air diver is provided breathing gas by a donor via a secondary (octopus) second stage.\n* Buddy breathing by two divers on a single second stage is specified as the least desirable of the dependent options.\n* The recommended independent option is the emergency swimming ascent, where the diver swims to the surface at roughly neutral buoyancy, while exhaling continuously.\n* The final option is a buoyant ascent, where buoyancy is gained by inflation of the buoyancy compensator (not always possible in an out\\-of\\-air emergency), and dropping of weights. This is recommended as a last resort where the diver is unsure of making it to the surface by swimming, as it will ensure that an unconscious diver will rise to the surface rather than sink.",
"No other procedures are recommended in this agreement, though the use of a bailout cylinder may be considered effectively equivalent to either octopus assisted ascent, when gas is supplied by a donor, or not actually running out of gas if it is the diver's own bailout set.",
""
] |
Scuba procedures
----------------
### Ascent while breathing from the buoyancy compensator
An alternative emergency breathing air source may be available via the buoyancy compensator.
There are two possibilities for this:
1. If the buoyancy compensator has an inflation gas supply from an independent, dedicated cylinder, this gas can be breathed by the diver by using the inflation valves and the oral inflation mouthpiece. BC inflation cylinders are neither common, nor usually very large, so the amount of air will be small and generally insufficient for staged decompression, but a few breaths on the way up can make a big difference to the stress level of the diver, and may prevent loss of consciousness.
2. If the buoyancy compensator is supplied from the breathing gas cylinder which has stopped supplying gas, the volume available will be extremely limited, but it will expand during ascent, and instead of dumping it to reduce excess buoyancy, it may be breathed by the diver. Using this gas will affect buoyancy. Anyone who considers this as an option should ensure that the interior of the BC is decontaminated before use, as it is an environment in which pathogens may breed.
### Buoyant ascent
Ascent where the diver is propelled towards the surface by positive buoyancy. Generally recommended as a last resort, though a sufficiently skilled diver could control ascent rate by precise dumping from the BC and use this as a low energy alternative to a swimming ascent. In this case weights should not be ditched during the ascent.
Positive buoyancy may be established by inflation of the BC or dry suit, or by ditching weights. Buoyancy from added gas requires inflation gas to be available, so may not be possible in an out\-of\-gas emergency. Buoyancy can be reduced during ascent by dumping, but the effect of ditched weights is not reversible, and usually increases as the surface is approached, particularly if a thick wetsuit is worn. If weight can be ditched partially, this may be a better option, unless the diver feels that he is about to lose consciousness, in which case a substantial increase in buoyancy may be better.
A method of buoyancy control which will automatically jettison weights if the diver loses consciousness during the ascent is to take them off and hold them in a hand while surfacing. If the diver loses consciousness, the weights will drop and positive buoyancy will take the diver the rest of the way to the surface.
### Controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA)
Controlled emergency swimming ascent is a technique used by [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving") divers as an emergency procedure when a diver has run out of [breathing gas](/wiki/Breathing_gas "Breathing gas") in shallow water and must return to the surface. During the ascent, the diver propels themself towards the surface at a safe ascent rate by means of swimming, usually finning, with continuous exhalation at a rate unlikely to cause injury to the diver by lung overexpansion, and remains under control.
The technique involves simply ascending at a controlled pace, typically about 18 metres (60 feet) per minute, while exhaling slowly. As the diver ascends, the air in the lungs expands as surrounding water pressure decreases. Exhaling allows excess volume to escape from the lungs, and by exhaling at a suitable rate the diver can continue exhaling throughout the ascent and still have air in their lungs at the surface. If the diver fails to exhale during the ascent, [lung over\-expansion injury](/wiki/Barotrauma "Barotrauma") is likely to occur. If exhalation is limited to relaxing and allowing the expanding gas to escape without effort, there should not be a feeling of running out of breath, as the air inhaled at depth expands during the ascent and the lung volume should remain nearly constant.
This procedure is recommended for ascents where there is no decompression obligation, a free surface with little risk of entanglement, and the diver has sufficient breath hold capacity to easily reach the surface conscious.
Advantages of this method, when applicable, are that no outside assistance or special equipment is required. Disadvantages are that it requires the diver to reach the surface in a limited time, which does not allow for staged decompression, possible delays due to entanglement or snags, or long distances to reach the surface. It also requires the diver to produce propulsive effort, which reduces potential endurance on the single breath or limited gas available.
Use of the continuous exhalation procedure from moderately (neutrally or relaxed) inflated lungs combines the advantages of lower risk of lung injury compared to either full or empty lungs with improved endurance due to more available oxygen. Keeping the DV in the mouth and attempting to breathe normally or slowly from it may provide additional breaths as the ambient pressure reduces, and helps ensure that the airways remain open. A large cylinder may provide several additional breaths during ascent if the regulator is functioning correctly. On a 30 m ascent, a 12 litre cylinder will provide 36 litres of additional free air, distributed at ambient pressure in proportion to the change in ambient pressure.
If the diver is neutrally buoyant at the time that the ascent is initiated, the amount of energy required to reach the surface will be minimised, and frequent controlled venting of the buoyancy compensator can keep the ascent rate under fine control.
While in a practical sense there is little difference between a CESA and a "free ascent" (aka Emergency Swimming Ascent or ESA), the technical difference between the two is that in a CESA the regulator second stage is retained in the mouth and the diver exhales through it (in case gas becomes available due to the drop in ambient pressure) while in free ascent, the regulator is not retained or there is no regulator available, and the diver exhales directly into the water.
### Buddy breathing ascent
{{main\|Buddy breathing}}
Ascent during which the diver is provided with breathing gas from the same demand valve (second stage regulator) as the donor, and they breathe alternately. The out\-of air diver must attract the attention of a nearby diver and request to share air. If the chosen donor has sufficient gas, and is competent to share by this method, an emergency ascent may be accomplished safely. Accurate buoyancy control is still required, and the stress of controlling the ascent rate and maintaining the breathing procedure can be more than some divers can handle. There have been occurrences of uncontrolled ascent and panic, in some cases with fatal consequences to both divers. This procedure is best suited to divers who are well acquainted with each other, well practiced in the procedure, and highly competent in buoyancy control and ascent rate control. In most circumstances analysis of the risk would indicate that the divers should have an alternative breathing gas source in preference to relying on buddy breathing. Failure to provide alternative breathing gas without good reason would probably be considered negligent in professional diving.
### Assisted ascent
Also known as octopus assisted ascent, assisted ascent is an emergency ascent during which the diver is provided with breathing gas by another diver via a demand valve other than the one in use by the donor during the ascent. This may be supplied from the same or a different cylinder, and from the same or a separate 1st stage regulator. The divers' breathing patterns are not constrained by each other, and they may breathe simultaneously. Task loading is reduced in comparison with buddy breathing, and the divers can concentrate on controlling the ascent. If the gas is supplied from an independent cylinder, the cylinder can be handed off to the out\-of\-gas diver, if there is a good reason to do so and this does not adversely affect buoyancy control and trim of either diver.
### Lifeline assisted ascent
An ascent where the diver is pulled to the surface by the line tender, either as a response to an emergency signal from the diver, or a failure to respond to signals from the surface. A diver may also be assisted in the ascent by the line tender in a normal ascent, particularly divers in standard dress, where it was often the normal operating procedure.
### Controlled buoyant lift
The **controlled buoyant lift** is an [underwater](/wiki/Underwater "Underwater") [diver rescue](/wiki/Diver_rescue "Diver rescue") technique used by [scuba divers](/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving") to safely raise an incapacitated diver to the surface from depth. It is the primary technique for rescuing an [unconscious](/wiki/Unconsciousness "Unconsciousness") diver from the bottom. It can also be used where the distressed diver has lost or damaged their [diving mask](/wiki/Diving_mask "Diving mask") and cannot safely ascend without help, though in this case the assisted diver would normally be able to control their own buoyancy.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2016}}
The standard [PADI](/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors "Professional Association of Diving Instructors")\-trained technique is for the rescuer to approach the face\-down unconscious diver (victim) from above and kneel with one knee either side of their [diving cylinder](/wiki/Diving_cylinder "Diving cylinder"). Then, with the victim's [diving regulator](/wiki/Diving_regulator "Diving regulator") held in place, the tank is gripped firmly between the knees and the rescuer's [buoyancy compensator](/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_%28diving%29 "Buoyancy compensator (diving)") is used to control a slow ascent to the surface. This method may not work with sidemount or twin cylinder sets, and puts both rescuer and victim at increased risk if the rescuer loses grip, as the victim will sink and the rescuer may make an excessively fast uncontrolled ascent.
In the technique taught by [BSAC](/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club "British Sub-Aqua Club") and some other agencies, the rescuer faces the casualty and uses the casualty's buoyancy compensator to provide buoyancy for both divers as the rescuer makes a controlled ascent. If the casualty is not breathing, the ascent will be urgent. If the two divers separate during the ascent, the use of the casualty's buoyancy is intended as a [failsafe](/wiki/Failsafe "Failsafe") causing the casualty to continue to the surface where there is air and other rescuers can help. The rescuer will be negative at this point, but this is generally easily compensated by finning and corrected by inflation of the rescuer's BC.
### Tethered ascent
Ascent controlled by a line attached to the diver and to a fixed point at the bottom, with the line paid out by the diver to control depth and rate of ascent when the diver has inadvertently lost full control of buoyancy due to loss of ballast weight, so cannot attain neutral buoyancy at some point during the ascent, and needs to do decompression. CMAS require this skill for their [Self\-Rescue Diver](/wiki/CMAS_Self-Rescue_Diver "CMAS Self-Rescue Diver") certification, using a [ratchet reel](/wiki/Ratchet_reel_%28diving%29 "Ratchet reel (diving)") to control the line, though other methods may be feasible. The diver must ensure that gas can be released from the buoyancy compensator and dry suit, if applicable, throughout the ascent, to avoid aggravating the problem by trapped gas expansion. This basically requires the diver to ascend with the feet down and dump valves up, an orientation which can be achieved by hooking a leg around the line. Clipping the reel to the harness should prevent accidentally losing the reel during the ascent. Depending on how the line is attached at the bottom, it may be necessary to cut loose and abandon the line after surfacing.
|
[
"Scuba procedures\n----------------",
"### Ascent while breathing from the buoyancy compensator",
"An alternative emergency breathing air source may be available via the buoyancy compensator.\nThere are two possibilities for this:\n1. If the buoyancy compensator has an inflation gas supply from an independent, dedicated cylinder, this gas can be breathed by the diver by using the inflation valves and the oral inflation mouthpiece. BC inflation cylinders are neither common, nor usually very large, so the amount of air will be small and generally insufficient for staged decompression, but a few breaths on the way up can make a big difference to the stress level of the diver, and may prevent loss of consciousness.\n2. If the buoyancy compensator is supplied from the breathing gas cylinder which has stopped supplying gas, the volume available will be extremely limited, but it will expand during ascent, and instead of dumping it to reduce excess buoyancy, it may be breathed by the diver. Using this gas will affect buoyancy. Anyone who considers this as an option should ensure that the interior of the BC is decontaminated before use, as it is an environment in which pathogens may breed.",
"### Buoyant ascent",
"Ascent where the diver is propelled towards the surface by positive buoyancy. Generally recommended as a last resort, though a sufficiently skilled diver could control ascent rate by precise dumping from the BC and use this as a low energy alternative to a swimming ascent. In this case weights should not be ditched during the ascent.",
"Positive buoyancy may be established by inflation of the BC or dry suit, or by ditching weights. Buoyancy from added gas requires inflation gas to be available, so may not be possible in an out\\-of\\-gas emergency. Buoyancy can be reduced during ascent by dumping, but the effect of ditched weights is not reversible, and usually increases as the surface is approached, particularly if a thick wetsuit is worn. If weight can be ditched partially, this may be a better option, unless the diver feels that he is about to lose consciousness, in which case a substantial increase in buoyancy may be better.",
"A method of buoyancy control which will automatically jettison weights if the diver loses consciousness during the ascent is to take them off and hold them in a hand while surfacing. If the diver loses consciousness, the weights will drop and positive buoyancy will take the diver the rest of the way to the surface.",
"### Controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA)",
"Controlled emergency swimming ascent is a technique used by [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\") divers as an emergency procedure when a diver has run out of [breathing gas](/wiki/Breathing_gas \"Breathing gas\") in shallow water and must return to the surface. During the ascent, the diver propels themself towards the surface at a safe ascent rate by means of swimming, usually finning, with continuous exhalation at a rate unlikely to cause injury to the diver by lung overexpansion, and remains under control.",
"The technique involves simply ascending at a controlled pace, typically about 18 metres (60 feet) per minute, while exhaling slowly. As the diver ascends, the air in the lungs expands as surrounding water pressure decreases. Exhaling allows excess volume to escape from the lungs, and by exhaling at a suitable rate the diver can continue exhaling throughout the ascent and still have air in their lungs at the surface. If the diver fails to exhale during the ascent, [lung over\\-expansion injury](/wiki/Barotrauma \"Barotrauma\") is likely to occur. If exhalation is limited to relaxing and allowing the expanding gas to escape without effort, there should not be a feeling of running out of breath, as the air inhaled at depth expands during the ascent and the lung volume should remain nearly constant.",
"This procedure is recommended for ascents where there is no decompression obligation, a free surface with little risk of entanglement, and the diver has sufficient breath hold capacity to easily reach the surface conscious.",
"Advantages of this method, when applicable, are that no outside assistance or special equipment is required. Disadvantages are that it requires the diver to reach the surface in a limited time, which does not allow for staged decompression, possible delays due to entanglement or snags, or long distances to reach the surface. It also requires the diver to produce propulsive effort, which reduces potential endurance on the single breath or limited gas available.",
"Use of the continuous exhalation procedure from moderately (neutrally or relaxed) inflated lungs combines the advantages of lower risk of lung injury compared to either full or empty lungs with improved endurance due to more available oxygen. Keeping the DV in the mouth and attempting to breathe normally or slowly from it may provide additional breaths as the ambient pressure reduces, and helps ensure that the airways remain open. A large cylinder may provide several additional breaths during ascent if the regulator is functioning correctly. On a 30 m ascent, a 12 litre cylinder will provide 36 litres of additional free air, distributed at ambient pressure in proportion to the change in ambient pressure.",
"If the diver is neutrally buoyant at the time that the ascent is initiated, the amount of energy required to reach the surface will be minimised, and frequent controlled venting of the buoyancy compensator can keep the ascent rate under fine control.",
"While in a practical sense there is little difference between a CESA and a \"free ascent\" (aka Emergency Swimming Ascent or ESA), the technical difference between the two is that in a CESA the regulator second stage is retained in the mouth and the diver exhales through it (in case gas becomes available due to the drop in ambient pressure) while in free ascent, the regulator is not retained or there is no regulator available, and the diver exhales directly into the water.",
"### Buddy breathing ascent",
"{{main\\|Buddy breathing}}\nAscent during which the diver is provided with breathing gas from the same demand valve (second stage regulator) as the donor, and they breathe alternately. The out\\-of air diver must attract the attention of a nearby diver and request to share air. If the chosen donor has sufficient gas, and is competent to share by this method, an emergency ascent may be accomplished safely. Accurate buoyancy control is still required, and the stress of controlling the ascent rate and maintaining the breathing procedure can be more than some divers can handle. There have been occurrences of uncontrolled ascent and panic, in some cases with fatal consequences to both divers. This procedure is best suited to divers who are well acquainted with each other, well practiced in the procedure, and highly competent in buoyancy control and ascent rate control. In most circumstances analysis of the risk would indicate that the divers should have an alternative breathing gas source in preference to relying on buddy breathing. Failure to provide alternative breathing gas without good reason would probably be considered negligent in professional diving.",
"### Assisted ascent",
"Also known as octopus assisted ascent, assisted ascent is an emergency ascent during which the diver is provided with breathing gas by another diver via a demand valve other than the one in use by the donor during the ascent. This may be supplied from the same or a different cylinder, and from the same or a separate 1st stage regulator. The divers' breathing patterns are not constrained by each other, and they may breathe simultaneously. Task loading is reduced in comparison with buddy breathing, and the divers can concentrate on controlling the ascent. If the gas is supplied from an independent cylinder, the cylinder can be handed off to the out\\-of\\-gas diver, if there is a good reason to do so and this does not adversely affect buoyancy control and trim of either diver.",
"### Lifeline assisted ascent",
"An ascent where the diver is pulled to the surface by the line tender, either as a response to an emergency signal from the diver, or a failure to respond to signals from the surface. A diver may also be assisted in the ascent by the line tender in a normal ascent, particularly divers in standard dress, where it was often the normal operating procedure.",
"### Controlled buoyant lift",
"The **controlled buoyant lift** is an [underwater](/wiki/Underwater \"Underwater\") [diver rescue](/wiki/Diver_rescue \"Diver rescue\") technique used by [scuba divers](/wiki/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\") to safely raise an incapacitated diver to the surface from depth. It is the primary technique for rescuing an [unconscious](/wiki/Unconsciousness \"Unconsciousness\") diver from the bottom. It can also be used where the distressed diver has lost or damaged their [diving mask](/wiki/Diving_mask \"Diving mask\") and cannot safely ascend without help, though in this case the assisted diver would normally be able to control their own buoyancy.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2016}}",
"The standard [PADI](/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors \"Professional Association of Diving Instructors\")\\-trained technique is for the rescuer to approach the face\\-down unconscious diver (victim) from above and kneel with one knee either side of their [diving cylinder](/wiki/Diving_cylinder \"Diving cylinder\"). Then, with the victim's [diving regulator](/wiki/Diving_regulator \"Diving regulator\") held in place, the tank is gripped firmly between the knees and the rescuer's [buoyancy compensator](/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_%28diving%29 \"Buoyancy compensator (diving)\") is used to control a slow ascent to the surface. This method may not work with sidemount or twin cylinder sets, and puts both rescuer and victim at increased risk if the rescuer loses grip, as the victim will sink and the rescuer may make an excessively fast uncontrolled ascent.",
"In the technique taught by [BSAC](/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club \"British Sub-Aqua Club\") and some other agencies, the rescuer faces the casualty and uses the casualty's buoyancy compensator to provide buoyancy for both divers as the rescuer makes a controlled ascent. If the casualty is not breathing, the ascent will be urgent. If the two divers separate during the ascent, the use of the casualty's buoyancy is intended as a [failsafe](/wiki/Failsafe \"Failsafe\") causing the casualty to continue to the surface where there is air and other rescuers can help. The rescuer will be negative at this point, but this is generally easily compensated by finning and corrected by inflation of the rescuer's BC.",
"### Tethered ascent",
"Ascent controlled by a line attached to the diver and to a fixed point at the bottom, with the line paid out by the diver to control depth and rate of ascent when the diver has inadvertently lost full control of buoyancy due to loss of ballast weight, so cannot attain neutral buoyancy at some point during the ascent, and needs to do decompression. CMAS require this skill for their [Self\\-Rescue Diver](/wiki/CMAS_Self-Rescue_Diver \"CMAS Self-Rescue Diver\") certification, using a [ratchet reel](/wiki/Ratchet_reel_%28diving%29 \"Ratchet reel (diving)\") to control the line, though other methods may be feasible. The diver must ensure that gas can be released from the buoyancy compensator and dry suit, if applicable, throughout the ascent, to avoid aggravating the problem by trapped gas expansion. This basically requires the diver to ascend with the feet down and dump valves up, an orientation which can be achieved by hooking a leg around the line. Clipping the reel to the harness should prevent accidentally losing the reel during the ascent. Depending on how the line is attached at the bottom, it may be necessary to cut loose and abandon the line after surfacing.",
""
] |
### Controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA)
Controlled emergency swimming ascent is a technique used by [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving") divers as an emergency procedure when a diver has run out of [breathing gas](/wiki/Breathing_gas "Breathing gas") in shallow water and must return to the surface. During the ascent, the diver propels themself towards the surface at a safe ascent rate by means of swimming, usually finning, with continuous exhalation at a rate unlikely to cause injury to the diver by lung overexpansion, and remains under control.
The technique involves simply ascending at a controlled pace, typically about 18 metres (60 feet) per minute, while exhaling slowly. As the diver ascends, the air in the lungs expands as surrounding water pressure decreases. Exhaling allows excess volume to escape from the lungs, and by exhaling at a suitable rate the diver can continue exhaling throughout the ascent and still have air in their lungs at the surface. If the diver fails to exhale during the ascent, [lung over\-expansion injury](/wiki/Barotrauma "Barotrauma") is likely to occur. If exhalation is limited to relaxing and allowing the expanding gas to escape without effort, there should not be a feeling of running out of breath, as the air inhaled at depth expands during the ascent and the lung volume should remain nearly constant.
This procedure is recommended for ascents where there is no decompression obligation, a free surface with little risk of entanglement, and the diver has sufficient breath hold capacity to easily reach the surface conscious.
Advantages of this method, when applicable, are that no outside assistance or special equipment is required. Disadvantages are that it requires the diver to reach the surface in a limited time, which does not allow for staged decompression, possible delays due to entanglement or snags, or long distances to reach the surface. It also requires the diver to produce propulsive effort, which reduces potential endurance on the single breath or limited gas available.
Use of the continuous exhalation procedure from moderately (neutrally or relaxed) inflated lungs combines the advantages of lower risk of lung injury compared to either full or empty lungs with improved endurance due to more available oxygen. Keeping the DV in the mouth and attempting to breathe normally or slowly from it may provide additional breaths as the ambient pressure reduces, and helps ensure that the airways remain open. A large cylinder may provide several additional breaths during ascent if the regulator is functioning correctly. On a 30 m ascent, a 12 litre cylinder will provide 36 litres of additional free air, distributed at ambient pressure in proportion to the change in ambient pressure.
If the diver is neutrally buoyant at the time that the ascent is initiated, the amount of energy required to reach the surface will be minimised, and frequent controlled venting of the buoyancy compensator can keep the ascent rate under fine control.
While in a practical sense there is little difference between a CESA and a "free ascent" (aka Emergency Swimming Ascent or ESA), the technical difference between the two is that in a CESA the regulator second stage is retained in the mouth and the diver exhales through it (in case gas becomes available due to the drop in ambient pressure) while in free ascent, the regulator is not retained or there is no regulator available, and the diver exhales directly into the water.
|
[
"### Controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA)",
"Controlled emergency swimming ascent is a technique used by [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\") divers as an emergency procedure when a diver has run out of [breathing gas](/wiki/Breathing_gas \"Breathing gas\") in shallow water and must return to the surface. During the ascent, the diver propels themself towards the surface at a safe ascent rate by means of swimming, usually finning, with continuous exhalation at a rate unlikely to cause injury to the diver by lung overexpansion, and remains under control.",
"The technique involves simply ascending at a controlled pace, typically about 18 metres (60 feet) per minute, while exhaling slowly. As the diver ascends, the air in the lungs expands as surrounding water pressure decreases. Exhaling allows excess volume to escape from the lungs, and by exhaling at a suitable rate the diver can continue exhaling throughout the ascent and still have air in their lungs at the surface. If the diver fails to exhale during the ascent, [lung over\\-expansion injury](/wiki/Barotrauma \"Barotrauma\") is likely to occur. If exhalation is limited to relaxing and allowing the expanding gas to escape without effort, there should not be a feeling of running out of breath, as the air inhaled at depth expands during the ascent and the lung volume should remain nearly constant.",
"This procedure is recommended for ascents where there is no decompression obligation, a free surface with little risk of entanglement, and the diver has sufficient breath hold capacity to easily reach the surface conscious.",
"Advantages of this method, when applicable, are that no outside assistance or special equipment is required. Disadvantages are that it requires the diver to reach the surface in a limited time, which does not allow for staged decompression, possible delays due to entanglement or snags, or long distances to reach the surface. It also requires the diver to produce propulsive effort, which reduces potential endurance on the single breath or limited gas available.",
"Use of the continuous exhalation procedure from moderately (neutrally or relaxed) inflated lungs combines the advantages of lower risk of lung injury compared to either full or empty lungs with improved endurance due to more available oxygen. Keeping the DV in the mouth and attempting to breathe normally or slowly from it may provide additional breaths as the ambient pressure reduces, and helps ensure that the airways remain open. A large cylinder may provide several additional breaths during ascent if the regulator is functioning correctly. On a 30 m ascent, a 12 litre cylinder will provide 36 litres of additional free air, distributed at ambient pressure in proportion to the change in ambient pressure.",
"If the diver is neutrally buoyant at the time that the ascent is initiated, the amount of energy required to reach the surface will be minimised, and frequent controlled venting of the buoyancy compensator can keep the ascent rate under fine control.",
"While in a practical sense there is little difference between a CESA and a \"free ascent\" (aka Emergency Swimming Ascent or ESA), the technical difference between the two is that in a CESA the regulator second stage is retained in the mouth and the diver exhales through it (in case gas becomes available due to the drop in ambient pressure) while in free ascent, the regulator is not retained or there is no regulator available, and the diver exhales directly into the water.",
""
] |
MPC vs. LQR
-----------
Model predictive control and linear\-quadratic regulators are both expressions of optimal control, with different schemes of setting up optimisation costs.
While a model predictive controller often looks at fixed length, often graduatingly weighted sets of error functions, the linear\-quadratic regulator looks at all linear system inputs and provides the transfer function that will reduce the total error across the frequency spectrum, trading off state error against input frequency.
Due to these fundamental differences, LQR has better global stability properties, but MPC often has more locally optimal\[?] and complex performance.
The main differences between MPC and [LQR](/wiki/Linear%E2%80%93quadratic_regulator "Linear–quadratic regulator") are that LQR optimizes across the entire time window (horizon) whereas MPC optimizes in a receding time window,{{cite book\|pages\=xii\|title\=Model Predictive Control System Design and Implementation Using MATLAB®\|last\=Wang\|first\=Liuping\|publisher\=Springer Science \& Business Media\|year\=2009}} and that with MPC a new solution is computed often whereas LQR uses the same single (optimal) solution for the whole time horizon. Therefore, MPC typically solves the optimization problem in a smaller time window than the whole horizon and hence may obtain a suboptimal solution. However, because MPC makes no assumptions about linearity, it can handle hard constraints as well as migration of a nonlinear system away from its linearized operating point, both of which are major drawbacks to LQR.
This means that LQR can become weak when operating away from stable fixed points. MPC can chart a path between these fixed points, but convergence of a solution is not guaranteed, especially if thought as to the convexity and complexity of the problem space has been neglected.
|
[
"MPC vs. LQR\n-----------",
"Model predictive control and linear\\-quadratic regulators are both expressions of optimal control, with different schemes of setting up optimisation costs.",
"While a model predictive controller often looks at fixed length, often graduatingly weighted sets of error functions, the linear\\-quadratic regulator looks at all linear system inputs and provides the transfer function that will reduce the total error across the frequency spectrum, trading off state error against input frequency.",
"Due to these fundamental differences, LQR has better global stability properties, but MPC often has more locally optimal\\[?] and complex performance.",
"The main differences between MPC and [LQR](/wiki/Linear%E2%80%93quadratic_regulator \"Linear–quadratic regulator\") are that LQR optimizes across the entire time window (horizon) whereas MPC optimizes in a receding time window,{{cite book\\|pages\\=xii\\|title\\=Model Predictive Control System Design and Implementation Using MATLAB®\\|last\\=Wang\\|first\\=Liuping\\|publisher\\=Springer Science \\& Business Media\\|year\\=2009}} and that with MPC a new solution is computed often whereas LQR uses the same single (optimal) solution for the whole time horizon. Therefore, MPC typically solves the optimization problem in a smaller time window than the whole horizon and hence may obtain a suboptimal solution. However, because MPC makes no assumptions about linearity, it can handle hard constraints as well as migration of a nonlinear system away from its linearized operating point, both of which are major drawbacks to LQR.",
"This means that LQR can become weak when operating away from stable fixed points. MPC can chart a path between these fixed points, but convergence of a solution is not guaranteed, especially if thought as to the convexity and complexity of the problem space has been neglected.",
""
] |
History
-------
The villa was discovered in 1943 by Captain [W. Stanley Moss](/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss "W. Stanley Moss"), a British officer in the [Special Operations Executive](/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive "Special Operations Executive"). It was spacious and had a large ballroom with parquet floors, which could accommodate four or five people. Moss chose to occupy the villa rather than live in the SOE hostel, "Hangover Hall". He moved in alone at first, then bought his Alsatian puppy, Pixie. [Xan Fielding](/wiki/Xan_Fielding "Xan Fielding"), who had worked in Crete, joined him. The next occupant to arrive was [Countess Zofia (Sophie) Tarnowska](/wiki/Sophie_Moss "Sophie Moss"), a refugee from Poland in 1939, followed by [Arnold Breene](/wiki/Arnold_Breene "Arnold Breene") of SOE HQ. Finally, [Patrick Leigh Fermor](/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor "Patrick Leigh Fermor"), an SOE officer who had spent the previous nine months in Crete, joined the household.Moss, W. Stanley, *Diary*, 1944
The villa's new occupants called it *Tara* after the [Hill of Tara](/wiki/Hill_of_Tara "Hill of Tara") in Ireland.
Sophie Tarnowska and two other women had been asked to share the house with the SOE agents, but only she went through with it, after the men pleaded with her not to let them down. She moved in with her few possessions (a bathing costume, an evening gown, a uniform and two pet mongooses), and had her reputation in the all\-male household protected by a fictitious [chaperone](/wiki/Chaperone_%28social%29 "Chaperone (social)"), "Madame Khayatt", who suffered from "distressingly poor health" and was always indisposed when visitors asked after her.
They were later joined by SOE agents ["Billy" McLean](/wiki/Neil_McLean_%28politician%29 "Neil McLean (politician)"), [David Smiley](/wiki/David_Smiley "David Smiley") returning from Albania ("David deciding that it would be cheaper to live in Tara than to come in every day and be tapped by the cook or Abdul for money to pay for meals"), and [Rowland Winn](/wiki/Rowland_Winn%2C_4th_Baron_St_Oswald "Rowland Winn, 4th Baron St Oswald"), also active in [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania").
*Tara* became the most exciting place in the city, the centre of high\-spirited entertaining of diplomats, officers, writers, lecturers, war correspondents, and Coptic and Levantine party\-goers. The residents adopted nicknames: "Princess [Dneiper\-Petrovsk](/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk "Dnipropetrovsk")" (Sophie Tarnowska) and the young buccaneers, "Sir Eustace [Rapier](/wiki/Rapier "Rapier")" (Billy McLean), "the Marquis of Whipstock" (David Smiley), "the Hon. Rupert [Sabretache](/wiki/Sabretache "Sabretache")" (Rowland Winn), "Lord Hughe Devildrive" (Xan Fielding), "Lord [Pintpot](/wiki/wikt:Pint_pot "Pint pot")" (Arnold Breene), "Lord [Rakehell](/wiki/Rakehell "Rakehell")" (Patrick Leigh Fermor) and "Mr Jack Jargon"[Lord Byron](/wiki/Lord_Byron "Lord Byron"), *Don Juan, Canto The Thirteenth, LXXXVIII*, "There was Jack Jargon, the gigantic guardsman" (W. Stanley Moss).
{{blockquote\|There followed lots of parties – the night we had the bullfight, the night we let some other people throw a party in Tara and we locked ourselves up in Kitten's (Tarnowska's) bedroom – the night we broke 19 windows and Andrew Tarnowski picked up the biggest bowl of flowers and threw it through the biggest window – \[\[Peter Wilkinson (SOE)\|Peter Wilkinson]] moving in, \[\[Patrick Leigh Fermor\|Paddy's]] return from Haifa, Billy arriving to take the spare room – house full of Abyssinian and Albanian and every other kind of loot – continuous round of gaiety – this was Tara at its happiest and most popular – everyone seemed to love us and not one, but all of us, were asked everywhere and did everything. Paddy setting things on fire with incredible regularity – and never let me forget Arnold, on the night of the windows, sitting on the roof hurling things at the neighbour – or Kitten breaking her finger doing a tummy\-dance!}}
Tarnowska drew on memories of liqueur\-making on her father's estates to produce the party drinks, adding plums, apricots, and peaches to raw alcohol (as a substitute for vodka) purchased from the local garage, in the bath. The results were disappointing as, rather than being left to mature for three weeks, the mixture was drunk after three days.
At the end of their first ball, Leigh Fermor fell asleep on a sofa which ignited, before it was thrown burning into the garden below. Over the course of the winter of 1943, a piano was borrowed from the Egyptian Officers' Club, light bulbs were shot out. On one occasion, [King Farouk](/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt "Farouk of Egypt") arrived at the villa with a crate of champagne.
In the winter of 1944 the rightful owner of the villa secured the occupants' eviction on the grounds that it had not been let to a "Princess Dneiper\-Petrovsk" *et al.*, as stated on the villa's name plate, and the *Tara* household had to leave the rather battered building and move into a flat.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The villa was discovered in 1943 by Captain [W. Stanley Moss](/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss \"W. Stanley Moss\"), a British officer in the [Special Operations Executive](/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive \"Special Operations Executive\"). It was spacious and had a large ballroom with parquet floors, which could accommodate four or five people. Moss chose to occupy the villa rather than live in the SOE hostel, \"Hangover Hall\". He moved in alone at first, then bought his Alsatian puppy, Pixie. [Xan Fielding](/wiki/Xan_Fielding \"Xan Fielding\"), who had worked in Crete, joined him. The next occupant to arrive was [Countess Zofia (Sophie) Tarnowska](/wiki/Sophie_Moss \"Sophie Moss\"), a refugee from Poland in 1939, followed by [Arnold Breene](/wiki/Arnold_Breene \"Arnold Breene\") of SOE HQ. Finally, [Patrick Leigh Fermor](/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor \"Patrick Leigh Fermor\"), an SOE officer who had spent the previous nine months in Crete, joined the household.Moss, W. Stanley, *Diary*, 1944",
"The villa's new occupants called it *Tara* after the [Hill of Tara](/wiki/Hill_of_Tara \"Hill of Tara\") in Ireland.",
"Sophie Tarnowska and two other women had been asked to share the house with the SOE agents, but only she went through with it, after the men pleaded with her not to let them down. She moved in with her few possessions (a bathing costume, an evening gown, a uniform and two pet mongooses), and had her reputation in the all\\-male household protected by a fictitious [chaperone](/wiki/Chaperone_%28social%29 \"Chaperone (social)\"), \"Madame Khayatt\", who suffered from \"distressingly poor health\" and was always indisposed when visitors asked after her.",
"They were later joined by SOE agents [\"Billy\" McLean](/wiki/Neil_McLean_%28politician%29 \"Neil McLean (politician)\"), [David Smiley](/wiki/David_Smiley \"David Smiley\") returning from Albania (\"David deciding that it would be cheaper to live in Tara than to come in every day and be tapped by the cook or Abdul for money to pay for meals\"), and [Rowland Winn](/wiki/Rowland_Winn%2C_4th_Baron_St_Oswald \"Rowland Winn, 4th Baron St Oswald\"), also active in [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\").",
"*Tara* became the most exciting place in the city, the centre of high\\-spirited entertaining of diplomats, officers, writers, lecturers, war correspondents, and Coptic and Levantine party\\-goers. The residents adopted nicknames: \"Princess [Dneiper\\-Petrovsk](/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk \"Dnipropetrovsk\")\" (Sophie Tarnowska) and the young buccaneers, \"Sir Eustace [Rapier](/wiki/Rapier \"Rapier\")\" (Billy McLean), \"the Marquis of Whipstock\" (David Smiley), \"the Hon. Rupert [Sabretache](/wiki/Sabretache \"Sabretache\")\" (Rowland Winn), \"Lord Hughe Devildrive\" (Xan Fielding), \"Lord [Pintpot](/wiki/wikt:Pint_pot \"Pint pot\")\" (Arnold Breene), \"Lord [Rakehell](/wiki/Rakehell \"Rakehell\")\" (Patrick Leigh Fermor) and \"Mr Jack Jargon\"[Lord Byron](/wiki/Lord_Byron \"Lord Byron\"), *Don Juan, Canto The Thirteenth, LXXXVIII*, \"There was Jack Jargon, the gigantic guardsman\" (W. Stanley Moss).\n{{blockquote\\|There followed lots of parties – the night we had the bullfight, the night we let some other people throw a party in Tara and we locked ourselves up in Kitten's (Tarnowska's) bedroom – the night we broke 19 windows and Andrew Tarnowski picked up the biggest bowl of flowers and threw it through the biggest window – \\[\\[Peter Wilkinson (SOE)\\|Peter Wilkinson]] moving in, \\[\\[Patrick Leigh Fermor\\|Paddy's]] return from Haifa, Billy arriving to take the spare room – house full of Abyssinian and Albanian and every other kind of loot – continuous round of gaiety – this was Tara at its happiest and most popular – everyone seemed to love us and not one, but all of us, were asked everywhere and did everything. Paddy setting things on fire with incredible regularity – and never let me forget Arnold, on the night of the windows, sitting on the roof hurling things at the neighbour – or Kitten breaking her finger doing a tummy\\-dance!}}\nTarnowska drew on memories of liqueur\\-making on her father's estates to produce the party drinks, adding plums, apricots, and peaches to raw alcohol (as a substitute for vodka) purchased from the local garage, in the bath. The results were disappointing as, rather than being left to mature for three weeks, the mixture was drunk after three days.",
"At the end of their first ball, Leigh Fermor fell asleep on a sofa which ignited, before it was thrown burning into the garden below. Over the course of the winter of 1943, a piano was borrowed from the Egyptian Officers' Club, light bulbs were shot out. On one occasion, [King Farouk](/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt \"Farouk of Egypt\") arrived at the villa with a crate of champagne.",
"In the winter of 1944 the rightful owner of the villa secured the occupants' eviction on the grounds that it had not been let to a \"Princess Dneiper\\-Petrovsk\" *et al.*, as stated on the villa's name plate, and the *Tara* household had to leave the rather battered building and move into a flat.",
""
] |
Theories on etymology
---------------------
The precise etymology of the name *Assam* or *Asam* ({{lang\|as\|অসম}}) is not known, though many explanations have been put forward. Among the different theories, two attribute the name to the terrain of the region while three attribute it to the Shan invaders of the 13th century.
### Ha\-com: from Bodo
One of the earliest theories published was provided by Baden\-Powell in 1896, when he proposed that the name could possibly derive from the Bodo *Ha\-com*, meaning "low or level country"."The name 'Assam' (*Āsām*) is most probably traceable to (the *Boro*) *Hā\-com*\=the low and level country;"{{harv\|Baden\-Powell\|1896\|p\=135}} He rejected the possibility that the name *Assam* (*Asam*) could be derived from *Aham* (Ahom).{{harv\|Baden\-Powell\|1896\|pp\=136–137}} Subsequent writers like P. C. Choudhury{{harv\|Choudhury\|1966\|p\=26}} and R N Mosahary"The root source of the origin of the name Assam is of the Boro formations *Ha Com*, *Ha Som*, or *Ha Sam*, Mushahary (1983\) in "Proceedings of the NEIHA, Fourth Session, p64\. lend credence to this theory. So, if Ha\-Com is the source of Sanskrit Asama, then it traces its origin from very early times, long before any Ahom invasion.
### Asama: from Sanskrit
Two different meanings of the Sanskrit word *Asama* have been used to explain the name: one meaning "uneven" (terrain) and the other "unequaled".
{{Harvcoltxt\|Gait\|1906}} reports that according to some people, the name "Assam" is derived from the Sanskrit *asama*, meaning "uneven" which describes the terrain of the region in contrast to the flat plains of Samatata,"According to some, the word is derived from *Asama* meaning "uneven", as distinguished from Samatata, or the level plains of East Bengal." {{harv\|Gait\|1906\|p\=241}} though he rejects this explanation on the grounds that the word was never used before the advent of the Ahoms and that the Vamshavali of the Darrang kings used it to refer to the Ahom *community* and not to the land.{{harv\|Gait\|1906\|p\=241}}
The second theory Gait reported is that *Asama*, meaning "unequal" or "peerless", was a name the local people gave the undefeated Ahoms, according to a tradition that the Ahoms themselves believed in. Gait rejects this notion as well, noting that the local tribal people would not have given a Sanskrit name to the invaders.
Though Gait rejects both these explanations, he nevertheless asserts that the name is somehow associated with the Ahoms. George Grierson,"This word is popularly, but incorrectly derived from the Assamese word *aham* \[Grierson uses 'h' for 'x'] which means 'unequaled,' being the same as the Sanskrit *asama*."{{harv\|Grierson\|1967\|p\=393}} [Banikanta Kakati](/wiki/Banikanta_Kakati "Banikanta Kakati"),"...*Asama* meaning peerless or unequaled is a latter\-day Sanskritisation of some earlier form like *Acham*." {{harv\|Kakati\|1953\|p\=2}} and [Dimbeswar Neog](/wiki/Dimbeswar_Neog "Dimbeswar Neog"),"... Thus little room is left for the fanciful origin of the name *Asam* from Sanskrit to mean 'uneven' (\[terrain]) or 'unparalleled' (people)" {{harv\|Neog\|1962\|p\=2}}. also reject the Sanskrit origin of the name. [Satyendra Nath Sharma](/wiki/Satyendranath_Sarma "Satyendranath Sarma") accepts Banikanta Kakati's view *in toto*.
Though both explanations have been rejected in the academic literature, the notion that the name *Assam* has a Sanskrit origin continues to hold sway in popular perceptions, due mainly to two standard dictionaries of Assamese: *[Hemkox](/wiki/Hemkox "Hemkox")* and *Chandrakanta Abhidhan*."While scholars disagree over the precise origins of the name, Assam, there is a consensus that the name, given to the land by the 13th century Shan invaders impressed by the valour of the people they conquered (or, in another reading, given by the conquered to the people who conquered them, being impressed by their generosity in victory), is derived from the Sanskrit word, asama, meaning unequalled, matchless, with the secondary meaning, uneven, undulating, with reference to the terrain of the land. The two standard Assamese dictionaries, Hem Kosha and Chandrakanta Abhidhan, offer broadly the same definitions." {{harv\|Prabhakara\|2006}} The *Hemkox* forwards the second theory, associating the name to the meaning "unequaled".{{harv\|Barua\|2006\|p\=85}}
### A\-Sham: from the name *Sham*
Gait reports that some associated the name with the Shan who are called *Syam* by the Assamese, an explanation which he found not convincing."It has been suggested that this may be derived from Shan, or as the Assamese say *Syam*. This word is however not used by the Assamese when speaking of the Ahoms, but only with reference to people of Siam" {{harv\|Gait\|1906\|p\=241}} nevertheless Grierson has accepted that the 13th century natives of Assam called the Shan (Sham) invaders by this name."The Assamese themselves call the native country Asam, with the vowels in both syllables short. The name is said to be the term given by them to the Shans or "Shams" who commenced invading the country from the east in the 13th century" {{harv\|Grierson\|1967\|p\=393}} Dimbeswar Neog notes that the Indic prefix *a*\- does not necessarily mean an antonym in Assamese and it could just be a synonym (e.g. *kumari*/*akumari*, *bihane*/*abihane*), a feature that is also seen in Sanskrit (*sur*/*asur*); therefore, *Asham* could mean the same as *Sham*, and the name could be derived as *Sham* ({{lang\|as\|শাম}}) \> *Āshām* ({{lang\|as\|আশাম}}) \> *Āsam* ({{lang\|as\|আসম}}) \> *Asam* ({{lang\|as\|অসম}}).{{harv\|Neog\|1962\|p\=2}} Amalendu Guha, too derives it from *Sham*; but instead of using an Indo\-Aryan rule, derives it from the Bodo form, *Ha\-Sham*, meaning the land of the *Sham* people."The [Ahom](/wiki/Ahom_kingdom "Ahom kingdom") domain of Upper Assam came to be known to the [Dimasa](/wiki/Dimasa_people "Dimasa people") and other Bodo people as *Ha\-Sam* (the land of the Shams or Shans) in their language. From this the terms 'Asam' and 'Ahom' were derived in due course, and the first term came to stand for the expanded Ahom kingdom. Under the impact of the Indo\-Aryan heritage of the region, the concept of 'Asam' was further extended to cover the entire area defined as 'Kamarupa' in the Kalika\-Purana (c 9th\-10th centuries). The Ahom statesmen and chroniclers wishfully looked forward to the [Karatoya](/wiki/Karatoya "Karatoya") as their natural western frontier. They also looked upon themselves as the heirs of that glory that was ancient [Kamarupa](/wiki/Kamarupa "Kamarupa") by right of conquest, and they long cherished infructuously their unfulfilled hopes of expanding up to that frontier." {{harv\|Guha\|1983}} Masica too believes that *Assam* derives from an earlier attested form of *asam*, *acam* which in turn is from a Burmese corruption of the name *Shan/Shyam*.
### A\-cham: from Tai
{{harv\|Kakati\|1953}} derives the name from a Tai root, *cham* (defeated), with an Indic prefix for negation, *a\-*, so that *a\-cham* would mean undefeated."In Tai the root *cham* means "to be defeated". With the privative Assamese affix *ā* the whole formation *Āchām* would mean undefeated." {{harv\|Kakati\|1953\|p\=2}}
|
[
"Theories on etymology\n---------------------",
"The precise etymology of the name *Assam* or *Asam* ({{lang\\|as\\|অসম}}) is not known, though many explanations have been put forward. Among the different theories, two attribute the name to the terrain of the region while three attribute it to the Shan invaders of the 13th century.",
"### Ha\\-com: from Bodo",
"One of the earliest theories published was provided by Baden\\-Powell in 1896, when he proposed that the name could possibly derive from the Bodo *Ha\\-com*, meaning \"low or level country\".\"The name 'Assam' (*Āsām*) is most probably traceable to (the *Boro*) *Hā\\-com*\\=the low and level country;\"{{harv\\|Baden\\-Powell\\|1896\\|p\\=135}} He rejected the possibility that the name *Assam* (*Asam*) could be derived from *Aham* (Ahom).{{harv\\|Baden\\-Powell\\|1896\\|pp\\=136–137}} Subsequent writers like P. C. Choudhury{{harv\\|Choudhury\\|1966\\|p\\=26}} and R N Mosahary\"The root source of the origin of the name Assam is of the Boro formations *Ha Com*, *Ha Som*, or *Ha Sam*, Mushahary (1983\\) in \"Proceedings of the NEIHA, Fourth Session, p64\\. lend credence to this theory. So, if Ha\\-Com is the source of Sanskrit Asama, then it traces its origin from very early times, long before any Ahom invasion.",
"### Asama: from Sanskrit",
"Two different meanings of the Sanskrit word *Asama* have been used to explain the name: one meaning \"uneven\" (terrain) and the other \"unequaled\".",
"{{Harvcoltxt\\|Gait\\|1906}} reports that according to some people, the name \"Assam\" is derived from the Sanskrit *asama*, meaning \"uneven\" which describes the terrain of the region in contrast to the flat plains of Samatata,\"According to some, the word is derived from *Asama* meaning \"uneven\", as distinguished from Samatata, or the level plains of East Bengal.\" {{harv\\|Gait\\|1906\\|p\\=241}} though he rejects this explanation on the grounds that the word was never used before the advent of the Ahoms and that the Vamshavali of the Darrang kings used it to refer to the Ahom *community* and not to the land.{{harv\\|Gait\\|1906\\|p\\=241}}",
"The second theory Gait reported is that *Asama*, meaning \"unequal\" or \"peerless\", was a name the local people gave the undefeated Ahoms, according to a tradition that the Ahoms themselves believed in. Gait rejects this notion as well, noting that the local tribal people would not have given a Sanskrit name to the invaders.",
"Though Gait rejects both these explanations, he nevertheless asserts that the name is somehow associated with the Ahoms. George Grierson,\"This word is popularly, but incorrectly derived from the Assamese word *aham* \\[Grierson uses 'h' for 'x'] which means 'unequaled,' being the same as the Sanskrit *asama*.\"{{harv\\|Grierson\\|1967\\|p\\=393}} [Banikanta Kakati](/wiki/Banikanta_Kakati \"Banikanta Kakati\"),\"...*Asama* meaning peerless or unequaled is a latter\\-day Sanskritisation of some earlier form like *Acham*.\" {{harv\\|Kakati\\|1953\\|p\\=2}} and [Dimbeswar Neog](/wiki/Dimbeswar_Neog \"Dimbeswar Neog\"),\"... Thus little room is left for the fanciful origin of the name *Asam* from Sanskrit to mean 'uneven' (\\[terrain]) or 'unparalleled' (people)\" {{harv\\|Neog\\|1962\\|p\\=2}}. also reject the Sanskrit origin of the name. [Satyendra Nath Sharma](/wiki/Satyendranath_Sarma \"Satyendranath Sarma\") accepts Banikanta Kakati's view *in toto*.",
"Though both explanations have been rejected in the academic literature, the notion that the name *Assam* has a Sanskrit origin continues to hold sway in popular perceptions, due mainly to two standard dictionaries of Assamese: *[Hemkox](/wiki/Hemkox \"Hemkox\")* and *Chandrakanta Abhidhan*.\"While scholars disagree over the precise origins of the name, Assam, there is a consensus that the name, given to the land by the 13th century Shan invaders impressed by the valour of the people they conquered (or, in another reading, given by the conquered to the people who conquered them, being impressed by their generosity in victory), is derived from the Sanskrit word, asama, meaning unequalled, matchless, with the secondary meaning, uneven, undulating, with reference to the terrain of the land. The two standard Assamese dictionaries, Hem Kosha and Chandrakanta Abhidhan, offer broadly the same definitions.\" {{harv\\|Prabhakara\\|2006}} The *Hemkox* forwards the second theory, associating the name to the meaning \"unequaled\".{{harv\\|Barua\\|2006\\|p\\=85}}",
"### A\\-Sham: from the name *Sham*",
"Gait reports that some associated the name with the Shan who are called *Syam* by the Assamese, an explanation which he found not convincing.\"It has been suggested that this may be derived from Shan, or as the Assamese say *Syam*. This word is however not used by the Assamese when speaking of the Ahoms, but only with reference to people of Siam\" {{harv\\|Gait\\|1906\\|p\\=241}} nevertheless Grierson has accepted that the 13th century natives of Assam called the Shan (Sham) invaders by this name.\"The Assamese themselves call the native country Asam, with the vowels in both syllables short. The name is said to be the term given by them to the Shans or \"Shams\" who commenced invading the country from the east in the 13th century\" {{harv\\|Grierson\\|1967\\|p\\=393}} Dimbeswar Neog notes that the Indic prefix *a*\\- does not necessarily mean an antonym in Assamese and it could just be a synonym (e.g. *kumari*/*akumari*, *bihane*/*abihane*), a feature that is also seen in Sanskrit (*sur*/*asur*); therefore, *Asham* could mean the same as *Sham*, and the name could be derived as *Sham* ({{lang\\|as\\|শাম}}) \\> *Āshām* ({{lang\\|as\\|আশাম}}) \\> *Āsam* ({{lang\\|as\\|আসম}}) \\> *Asam* ({{lang\\|as\\|অসম}}).{{harv\\|Neog\\|1962\\|p\\=2}} Amalendu Guha, too derives it from *Sham*; but instead of using an Indo\\-Aryan rule, derives it from the Bodo form, *Ha\\-Sham*, meaning the land of the *Sham* people.\"The [Ahom](/wiki/Ahom_kingdom \"Ahom kingdom\") domain of Upper Assam came to be known to the [Dimasa](/wiki/Dimasa_people \"Dimasa people\") and other Bodo people as *Ha\\-Sam* (the land of the Shams or Shans) in their language. From this the terms 'Asam' and 'Ahom' were derived in due course, and the first term came to stand for the expanded Ahom kingdom. Under the impact of the Indo\\-Aryan heritage of the region, the concept of 'Asam' was further extended to cover the entire area defined as 'Kamarupa' in the Kalika\\-Purana (c 9th\\-10th centuries). The Ahom statesmen and chroniclers wishfully looked forward to the [Karatoya](/wiki/Karatoya \"Karatoya\") as their natural western frontier. They also looked upon themselves as the heirs of that glory that was ancient [Kamarupa](/wiki/Kamarupa \"Kamarupa\") by right of conquest, and they long cherished infructuously their unfulfilled hopes of expanding up to that frontier.\" {{harv\\|Guha\\|1983}} Masica too believes that *Assam* derives from an earlier attested form of *asam*, *acam* which in turn is from a Burmese corruption of the name *Shan/Shyam*.",
"### A\\-cham: from Tai",
"{{harv\\|Kakati\\|1953}} derives the name from a Tai root, *cham* (defeated), with an Indic prefix for negation, *a\\-*, so that *a\\-cham* would mean undefeated.\"In Tai the root *cham* means \"to be defeated\". With the privative Assamese affix *ā* the whole formation *Āchām* would mean undefeated.\" {{harv\\|Kakati\\|1953\\|p\\=2}}",
""
] |
Santuario di Oropa
------------------
### History
According to legend, a [black wooden statue](/wiki/Black_Virgin_of_Oropa "Black Virgin of Oropa") of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary") carved by [Saint Luke](/wiki/Saint_Luke "Saint Luke") was found in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") by Saint [Eusebius of Vercelli](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Vercelli "Eusebius of Vercelli"), carried to Oropa in the 4th century AD and placed into a small niche in a big boulder. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), a church was built around the niche housing the [statue](/wiki/Black_Virgin_of_Oropa "Black Virgin of Oropa"), and was replaced in the early 17th century with what is known today as the Ancient Basilica. During the following two centuries, several other buildings were added to the complex, including the royal apartments of the [House of Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy "House of Savoy"), a big library and the Royal Gate, a masterpiece designed by the architect [Filippo Juvarra](/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra "Filippo Juvarra") in the 18th century.[thumb\|The Upper BasilicaThe](/wiki/File:Santuario_di_Oropa-chiesa_nuova-complesso1.jpg "Santuario di Oropa-chiesa nuova-complesso1.jpg") last addition to the sanctuary was the Upper Basilica, a monumental church built between 1885 and 1960 due to the large number of pilgrims visiting Oropa.*History of the sanctuary*, official web\-site [www.santuariodioropa.it](http://www.santuariodioropa.it/db/en/history-culture/history-of-the-sanctuary) (accessed in February 2014\) It can hold 3000 people and its dome is 80 metres high.*Santuario diOropa (BI)*, on [www.camperontheroad.it](http://www.camperontheroad.it/Pellegrinando/Oropa/Santuario%20di%20Oropa.pdf) (accessed in February 2014\)
In 1617, the complex of the [Sacro Monte di Oropa](/wiki/Sacro_Monte_di_Oropa "Sacro Monte di Oropa") (literally Sacred Mount of Oropa) was built not far from the sanctuary. It is a [devotional](/wiki/Catholic_devotions "Catholic devotions") path now composed of twelve [chapels](/wiki/Chapel "Chapel") (plus another seven nearby) containing groups of statues representing scenes from the story of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary")'s life.
A new graveyard was built near the Sacro Monte in the 19th century, for noble families of the Biellese territory to build their family tombs. Some graves have [freemason](/wiki/Freemason "Freemason") symbols, such as [Quintino Sella](/wiki/Quintino_Sella "Quintino Sella")'s.
### Devotion and popular beliefs
The statue of the black Madonna has always been venerated; several miracles and protections are attributed to the Virgin of Oropa. Blessed [Pier Giorgio Frassati](/wiki/Pier_Giorgio_Frassati "Pier Giorgio Frassati") was known for his devotion to the Black Madonna of Oropa.[Bellusci, David C., *Pier Giorgio Frassati: Truth, Love, and Sacrifice*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xjzpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Black+Virgin+of+Oropa&pg=PA66) Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020, p. 66 {{ISBN\|9781725250956}}
During the centuries, people made **[ex\-voto](/wiki/Ex-voto "Ex-voto")** (for grace) pictures to thank the Virgin Mary. All of these pictures are still preserved in the sanctuary in the 'ex voto gallery'. The oldest picture dates back to 1522 and was made by painter [Bernardino Lanino](/wiki/Bernardino_Lanino "Bernardino Lanino").
Popular belief says that the wooden statue has no woodworm despite its age,{{cite book\|last1\=Trompetto\|first1\=Massimo\|title\=Storia del Santuario di Oropa\|date\=1993\|location\=Biella\|pages\=20–25}} the foot is not worn out despite the ancient tradition of touching it for good luck,{{cite web\|title \= Santuario di Oropa (IV secolo) \- Patrimonio dell'Umanità (UNESCO) \| url\=http://www.reginamundi.info/SantuarioDiOropa/\|website\=reginamundi.info\|accessdate\=11 June 2015}} and that dust does not settle on the faces of the Virgin and of the Baby.{{cite web\| title \= Il mistero della "Madonna bruna" \| author \= Roberto Allegri \| url\=http://www.tonyassante.com/baglioni/2004/fausta2/ilfaustino/renzo/oropa/indice.htm\|website\=tonyassant.com\|accessdate\=11 June 2015}}
### Pilgrimages
Around 800,000 [pilgrims](/wiki/Pilgrim "Pilgrim") and one\-hundred pilgrimages visit the sanctuary each year.
According to the popular tradition, the town of Biella made a vow during the 17th century plague and its inhabitants were spared by the infection. Following this grace, the town does a pilgrimage every year to the sanctuary in order to thank the Virgin Mary.
The evocative and ancient pilgrimage from [Fontainemore](/wiki/Fontainemore "Fontainemore") to Oropa takes place every five years.
### Nature conservation
The mountain area surrounding the sanctuary is included in a [regional park](/wiki/Regional_park "Regional park") of 1,518\.28 [ha](/wiki/Hectares "Hectares") (code: EUAP0882\) named *Riserva Naturale Speciale del Sacro Monte di Oropa*.*Riserva Naturale Speciale del Sacro Monte di Oropa*, description on [www.parks.it](http://www.parks.it/riserva.sacro.monte.oropa/par.php) (accessed in February 2014\)
{{Clear}}
|
[
"Santuario di Oropa\n------------------",
"### History",
"According to legend, a [black wooden statue](/wiki/Black_Virgin_of_Oropa \"Black Virgin of Oropa\") of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\") carved by [Saint Luke](/wiki/Saint_Luke \"Saint Luke\") was found in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") by Saint [Eusebius of Vercelli](/wiki/Eusebius_of_Vercelli \"Eusebius of Vercelli\"), carried to Oropa in the 4th century AD and placed into a small niche in a big boulder. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), a church was built around the niche housing the [statue](/wiki/Black_Virgin_of_Oropa \"Black Virgin of Oropa\"), and was replaced in the early 17th century with what is known today as the Ancient Basilica. During the following two centuries, several other buildings were added to the complex, including the royal apartments of the [House of Savoy](/wiki/House_of_Savoy \"House of Savoy\"), a big library and the Royal Gate, a masterpiece designed by the architect [Filippo Juvarra](/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra \"Filippo Juvarra\") in the 18th century.[thumb\\|The Upper BasilicaThe](/wiki/File:Santuario_di_Oropa-chiesa_nuova-complesso1.jpg \"Santuario di Oropa-chiesa nuova-complesso1.jpg\") last addition to the sanctuary was the Upper Basilica, a monumental church built between 1885 and 1960 due to the large number of pilgrims visiting Oropa.*History of the sanctuary*, official web\\-site [www.santuariodioropa.it](http://www.santuariodioropa.it/db/en/history-culture/history-of-the-sanctuary) (accessed in February 2014\\) It can hold 3000 people and its dome is 80 metres high.*Santuario diOropa (BI)*, on [www.camperontheroad.it](http://www.camperontheroad.it/Pellegrinando/Oropa/Santuario%20di%20Oropa.pdf) (accessed in February 2014\\)",
"In 1617, the complex of the [Sacro Monte di Oropa](/wiki/Sacro_Monte_di_Oropa \"Sacro Monte di Oropa\") (literally Sacred Mount of Oropa) was built not far from the sanctuary. It is a [devotional](/wiki/Catholic_devotions \"Catholic devotions\") path now composed of twelve [chapels](/wiki/Chapel \"Chapel\") (plus another seven nearby) containing groups of statues representing scenes from the story of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\")'s life.",
"A new graveyard was built near the Sacro Monte in the 19th century, for noble families of the Biellese territory to build their family tombs. Some graves have [freemason](/wiki/Freemason \"Freemason\") symbols, such as [Quintino Sella](/wiki/Quintino_Sella \"Quintino Sella\")'s.",
"### Devotion and popular beliefs",
"The statue of the black Madonna has always been venerated; several miracles and protections are attributed to the Virgin of Oropa. Blessed [Pier Giorgio Frassati](/wiki/Pier_Giorgio_Frassati \"Pier Giorgio Frassati\") was known for his devotion to the Black Madonna of Oropa.[Bellusci, David C., *Pier Giorgio Frassati: Truth, Love, and Sacrifice*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xjzpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Black+Virgin+of+Oropa&pg=PA66) Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020, p. 66 {{ISBN\\|9781725250956}}",
"During the centuries, people made **[ex\\-voto](/wiki/Ex-voto \"Ex-voto\")** (for grace) pictures to thank the Virgin Mary. All of these pictures are still preserved in the sanctuary in the 'ex voto gallery'. The oldest picture dates back to 1522 and was made by painter [Bernardino Lanino](/wiki/Bernardino_Lanino \"Bernardino Lanino\").",
"Popular belief says that the wooden statue has no woodworm despite its age,{{cite book\\|last1\\=Trompetto\\|first1\\=Massimo\\|title\\=Storia del Santuario di Oropa\\|date\\=1993\\|location\\=Biella\\|pages\\=20–25}} the foot is not worn out despite the ancient tradition of touching it for good luck,{{cite web\\|title \\= Santuario di Oropa (IV secolo) \\- Patrimonio dell'Umanità (UNESCO) \\| url\\=http://www.reginamundi.info/SantuarioDiOropa/\\|website\\=reginamundi.info\\|accessdate\\=11 June 2015}} and that dust does not settle on the faces of the Virgin and of the Baby.{{cite web\\| title \\= Il mistero della \"Madonna bruna\" \\| author \\= Roberto Allegri \\| url\\=http://www.tonyassante.com/baglioni/2004/fausta2/ilfaustino/renzo/oropa/indice.htm\\|website\\=tonyassant.com\\|accessdate\\=11 June 2015}}",
"### Pilgrimages",
"Around 800,000 [pilgrims](/wiki/Pilgrim \"Pilgrim\") and one\\-hundred pilgrimages visit the sanctuary each year.",
"According to the popular tradition, the town of Biella made a vow during the 17th century plague and its inhabitants were spared by the infection. Following this grace, the town does a pilgrimage every year to the sanctuary in order to thank the Virgin Mary.",
"The evocative and ancient pilgrimage from [Fontainemore](/wiki/Fontainemore \"Fontainemore\") to Oropa takes place every five years.",
"### Nature conservation",
"The mountain area surrounding the sanctuary is included in a [regional park](/wiki/Regional_park \"Regional park\") of 1,518\\.28 [ha](/wiki/Hectares \"Hectares\") (code: EUAP0882\\) named *Riserva Naturale Speciale del Sacro Monte di Oropa*.*Riserva Naturale Speciale del Sacro Monte di Oropa*, description on [www.parks.it](http://www.parks.it/riserva.sacro.monte.oropa/par.php) (accessed in February 2014\\)",
"{{Clear}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Emir [Habibullah Khan](/wiki/Habibullah_Khan "Habibullah Khan"), who reigned from 1901 to 1919, introduced film to Afghanistan, but in the royal court only. In 1923–24, the first [projector](/wiki/Projector "Projector") or "magic box" or *mageek lantan* ('magic lantern') – showed the first silent film in [Paghman](/wiki/Paghman "Paghman") to the public. The first Afghan film, *Love and Friendship*, was produced in 1946\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.3continents.com/f3c2004/eng\_afghanistan.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617033335/http://www.3continents.com/f3c2004/eng\_afghanistan.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=17 June 2005\|title\=3continents \- Programme 2004\|date\=17 June 2005\|access\-date\=22 April 2018}}
In [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul "Kabul"), the [Behzad Cinema](/wiki/Behzad_Cinema "Behzad Cinema") became the first theatre in Afghanistan, and Cinema Park was also among the earliest to have been built in the 1950s. Among the most prominent cinemas in Kabul before the 1990s were the Pamir, [Ariana](/wiki/Ariana_Cinema "Ariana Cinema"), [Aryob](/wiki/Aryob "Aryob"), Barikot and [Baharestan](/wiki/Baharestan%2C_Afghanistan "Baharestan, Afghanistan") cinemas.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan\-54876262\|title\=سینما پارک کابل، تخریب حافظه فرهنگی یک شهر\|newspaper\=BBC News فارسی}}
When the [Afghan Film Organization](/wiki/Afghan_Film "Afghan Film") was established in 1968, it produced documentaries and news films highlighting the official meetings and conferences of the government. All these films were shown in cinemas before feature films, which were usually from [India.](/wiki/Cinema_of_India "Cinema of India") The first feature film made in Kabul by Afghan Film using Afghan artists was *Like Eagles* (1969\) directed by Khair Zada.{{Cite web \|title\=Like Eagles \|url\=https://trakt.tv/movies/like\-eagles\-1969 \|website\=Trakt.tv}} Another claim to first Afghan feature is Afghan Film's three\-part *The Times* (1970\), which comprised *Smugglers*, *Suitors* and *Friday Night*.{{Cite news \|date\=27 Aug 1970 \|title\=First Afghan Feature Film Premiered in Kabul Nandarey \|pages\=1\-4 \|work\=The Kabul Times \|url\=https://content.library.arizona.edu/digital/collection/p16127coll6/id/26328/rec/2}} Other films from this period, sometimes produced by other film companies and often with Russian\-trained directors, included *Difficult Days/*{{Lang\|ps\-latn\|Rozhai Dushwar}} (1974\){{Cite web \|title\=Difficult Days \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072101/ \|website\=IMDB}},*The Statues are Laughing*/*Mujasemeha Mekhandad* (1976\),{{Cite book \|title\=A Dictionary of Film Studies \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=9780199587261 \|editor\-last\=Kuhn \|editor\-first\=Annette \|edition\=1st \|location\=Oxford \|pages\=7\-8 \|editor\-last2\=Westwell \|editor\-first2\=Guy}} and *Village Tunes*. All of these films were shot in black and white. Film artists of this era included Toryali Shafaq, Khan Aqa Soroor, Rafeeq Saadiq, Azizullah Hadaf, Mashal Honaryar and Parvin Sanatgar.
The first color films produced by Afghan Film in the early 1980s, often propaganda, included *Run Away/Farar* (1984\), *Saboor Soldier/Saboor Sarbaaz* (1984\), 1986's *Love Epic*/*Hamaseh Ishq* (1986\),{{Citation \|title\=The Epic of Love (1986\) \- IMDb \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8416554/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-08 \|language\=en\-US}} 'Ash' (*Khakestar*), 'Last Wishes' (*Akharin Arezo*) and *The Immigrant Birds*/*Pardehaje Mohajer* (1987\).{{Cite web \|title\=Parenda haye mahajir \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0329218/ \|website\=IMDB}} These films, usually shown only in urban areas, became popular.
During the late 1960s and 1970s [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") aid included cultural training and scholarships for students interested in studying film. However, since Afghanistan had no film academy, future filmmakers had to apprentice on the job. The [three](/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_%281989%E2%80%931992%29 "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)") [civil](/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_%281992%E2%80%931996%29 "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)") [wars](/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_%281996%E2%80%932001%29 "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") of the 1990s were not conducive to creative work and many people working in the Afghan film industry escaped to [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") or [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), where they were able to make videos for [NGOs](/wiki/NGO "NGO"). The new government banned production of films in 1993\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://news\-decoder.com/rise\-fall\-cinema\-kabul\-afghanistan/\|title\=The rise and fall of cinema in Afghanistan}}
When the [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") took power in 1996, cinemas were attacked and many films were burnt. The Taliban forbade the viewing of television and films and cinemas were closed, either becoming tea shops or restaurants or falling into a state of disrepair.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south\_asia/1787079\.stm\|title\=Return of the Afghan cinema\|date\=22 April 2018\|access\-date\=22 April 2018\|via\=news.bbc.co.uk}} Habibullah Ali of [Afghan Film](/wiki/Afghan_Film "Afghan Film") hid thousands of films, buried underground or in hidden rooms, to prevent their destruction by the Taliban.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.indiewire.com/2017/09/afghanistan\-films\-hidden\-from\-taliban\-restored\-digitized\-1201876383/\|title\=7,000 Afghan Films Hidden From the Taliban Are Now Being Saved and Digitized\|first\=Zack\|last\=Sharf\|date\=14 September 2017\|website\=indiewire.com\|access\-date\=22 April 2018}} *Teardrops* was the first post\-Taliban film in 2002, and the first film since *Oruj* in 1990\.lubbockonline.com/stories/052702/ent\_0527020031\.shtml On November 19, 2001, Bakhtar was the first cinema to re\-open its doors, where thousands of people entered that day.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south\_asia/1664864\.stm\|title\=Kabul goes film crazy\|date\=19 November 2001\|access\-date\=22 April 2018\|via\=news.bbc.co.uk}}
### Afghan Film Organization
[Afghan Film](/wiki/Afghan_Film "Afghan Film") also known as Afghan Film Organization (AFO) were former Afghanistan's state\-run film company. It was established in 1968 and the last president was [Sahraa Karimi](/wiki/Sahraa_Karimi "Sahraa Karimi"), the first female head of the organisation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tolonews.com/arts\-culture/sahraa\-karimi\-lead\-afghan\-film\-first\-female\-chairperson\|title\=Sahraa Karimi To Lead Afghan Film As First Female Chairperson\|last\=Atakpal\|first\=Haseba\|date\=19 May 2019\|website\=\[\[TOLOnews]]\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-07}}
### Reemergence
Since 2001, the cinema of Afghanistan has slowly started to re\-emerge from a lengthy period of silence. Before the [September 11th attacks](/wiki/September_11th_attacks "September 11th attacks"), Afghanistan\-based Iranian director [Mohsen Makhmalbaf](/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf "Mohsen Makhmalbaf") attracted world attention to Afghanistan with *[Kandahar](/wiki/Kandahar_%282001_film%29 "Kandahar (2001 film)")* (2001\). The film brought the cinema of Afghanistan to the Cannes film festival for the first time in history. Later [Samira Makhmalbaf](/wiki/Samira_Makhmalbaf "Samira Makhmalbaf"), [Siddiq Barmak](/wiki/Siddiq_Barmak "Siddiq Barmak"), Razi Mohebi, Horace Shansab, [Yassamin Maleknasr](/wiki/Yassamin_Maleknasr "Yassamin Maleknasr") and [Abolfazl Jalili](/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili "Abolfazl Jalili") made a significant contribution to [Dari (Persian)](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language") cinema in Afghanistan.
Barmak's first Persian/Pashto film *[Osama](/wiki/Osama_%28film%29 "Osama (film)")* (2003\) won several awards at film festivals in [Cannes](/wiki/Cannes "Cannes") and London. Barmak is also director of the Afghan Children Education Movement (ACEM), an association that promotes literacy, culture and the arts, founded by Iranian film director [Mohsen Makhmalbaf](/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf "Mohsen Makhmalbaf"). The school trains actors and directors for the emerging cinema of Afghanistan. In 2006 Afghanistan joined the [Central Asian and Southern Caucasus Film Festivals Confederation](/wiki/Central_Asian_and_Southern_Caucasus_Film_Festivals_Confederation "Central Asian and Southern Caucasus Film Festivals Confederation").
In the 1970s and 1980s, it was not difficult to get women to act in films. The war and the Taliban rule changed the situation, but they now are increasingly represented in the cinema of Afghanistan. Actresses like [Leena Alam](/wiki/Leena_Alam "Leena Alam"), Amina Jafari, [Saba Sahar](/wiki/Saba_Sahar "Saba Sahar") (now also a director) and [Marina Gulbahari](/wiki/Marina_Gulbahari "Marina Gulbahari") have emerged over the last decade.
Apart from cinema in Persian, [Pashto cinema](/wiki/Pashto_language "Pashto language") is also flourishing in Afghanistan. Several Pashto language films have been made since the fall of the Taliban, including some by foreigners like *Good Morning Afghanistan* (2003\) by Camilla Nielsson.{{Citation \|last\=Nielsson \|first\=Camilla \|title\=Good Morning Afghanistan \|date\=2003\-12\-21 \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0408818/ \|type\=Documentary, Family \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-24 \|others\=Qais Dunaishjo, Ilhyas Hurmat, Hamid Karzai \|publisher\=Third Eye Productions}}
*Kabullywood* (2017\) is a comedy\-drama directed by Louis Meunier that was shot entirely in Kabul. As part of the movie, Meunier crowdfunded the renovation of the once\-prosperous [Aryub](/wiki/Aryob "Aryob") Cinema in the city, but without it opening as planned.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/comment/kabuliwood\-shines\-a\-light\-on\-old\-cinema\-1\.307660\|title \= Kabuliwood shines a light on old cinema\|date \= 3 September 2013}}
[thumb\|The old Park Cinema (*Cīnemā Pārk*), demolished in 2020](/wiki/File:Cinema_Park%2C_Kabul.png "Cinema Park, Kabul.png")
The public cinema industry has not managed to recover, with many cinemas in Kabul either falling into disrepair or attracting low numbers of customers.{{Cite web\|url\=https://news\-decoder.com/rise\-fall\-cinema\-kabul\-afghanistan/\|title\=The rise and fall of cinema in Afghanistan}} The issue reached national attention at the end of 2020 when the municipality decided to demolish the neglected but historic Cinema Park, sparking protests by activists.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts\-culture/art/cinema\-park\-filmmakers\-mourn\-as\-70\-year\-old\-afghan\-cinema\-is\-demolished\-1\.1119856\|title \= Cinema Park: Filmmakers mourn as 70\-year\-old Afghan cinema is demolished\|date \= 29 November 2020}}
### B\-movies
There are a number of films produced both inside and outside Afghanistan that are considered [B\-movies](/wiki/B-movie "B-movie") due to the low production quality and audience reach. These films are targeted mainly at an Afghan audience and rarely make it to the non\-Afghan audiences or the international film festivals.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Emir [Habibullah Khan](/wiki/Habibullah_Khan \"Habibullah Khan\"), who reigned from 1901 to 1919, introduced film to Afghanistan, but in the royal court only. In 1923–24, the first [projector](/wiki/Projector \"Projector\") or \"magic box\" or *mageek lantan* ('magic lantern') – showed the first silent film in [Paghman](/wiki/Paghman \"Paghman\") to the public. The first Afghan film, *Love and Friendship*, was produced in 1946\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.3continents.com/f3c2004/eng\\_afghanistan.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617033335/http://www.3continents.com/f3c2004/eng\\_afghanistan.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2005\\|title\\=3continents \\- Programme 2004\\|date\\=17 June 2005\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2018}}",
"In [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\"), the [Behzad Cinema](/wiki/Behzad_Cinema \"Behzad Cinema\") became the first theatre in Afghanistan, and Cinema Park was also among the earliest to have been built in the 1950s. Among the most prominent cinemas in Kabul before the 1990s were the Pamir, [Ariana](/wiki/Ariana_Cinema \"Ariana Cinema\"), [Aryob](/wiki/Aryob \"Aryob\"), Barikot and [Baharestan](/wiki/Baharestan%2C_Afghanistan \"Baharestan, Afghanistan\") cinemas.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan\\-54876262\\|title\\=سینما پارک کابل، تخریب حافظه فرهنگی یک شهر\\|newspaper\\=BBC News فارسی}}",
"When the [Afghan Film Organization](/wiki/Afghan_Film \"Afghan Film\") was established in 1968, it produced documentaries and news films highlighting the official meetings and conferences of the government. All these films were shown in cinemas before feature films, which were usually from [India.](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") The first feature film made in Kabul by Afghan Film using Afghan artists was *Like Eagles* (1969\\) directed by Khair Zada.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Like Eagles \\|url\\=https://trakt.tv/movies/like\\-eagles\\-1969 \\|website\\=Trakt.tv}} Another claim to first Afghan feature is Afghan Film's three\\-part *The Times* (1970\\), which comprised *Smugglers*, *Suitors* and *Friday Night*.{{Cite news \\|date\\=27 Aug 1970 \\|title\\=First Afghan Feature Film Premiered in Kabul Nandarey \\|pages\\=1\\-4 \\|work\\=The Kabul Times \\|url\\=https://content.library.arizona.edu/digital/collection/p16127coll6/id/26328/rec/2}} Other films from this period, sometimes produced by other film companies and often with Russian\\-trained directors, included *Difficult Days/*{{Lang\\|ps\\-latn\\|Rozhai Dushwar}} (1974\\){{Cite web \\|title\\=Difficult Days \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072101/ \\|website\\=IMDB}},*The Statues are Laughing*/*Mujasemeha Mekhandad* (1976\\),{{Cite book \\|title\\=A Dictionary of Film Studies \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=9780199587261 \\|editor\\-last\\=Kuhn \\|editor\\-first\\=Annette \\|edition\\=1st \\|location\\=Oxford \\|pages\\=7\\-8 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Westwell \\|editor\\-first2\\=Guy}} and *Village Tunes*. All of these films were shot in black and white. Film artists of this era included Toryali Shafaq, Khan Aqa Soroor, Rafeeq Saadiq, Azizullah Hadaf, Mashal Honaryar and Parvin Sanatgar.",
"The first color films produced by Afghan Film in the early 1980s, often propaganda, included *Run Away/Farar* (1984\\), *Saboor Soldier/Saboor Sarbaaz* (1984\\), 1986's *Love Epic*/*Hamaseh Ishq* (1986\\),{{Citation \\|title\\=The Epic of Love (1986\\) \\- IMDb \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8416554/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-08 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} 'Ash' (*Khakestar*), 'Last Wishes' (*Akharin Arezo*) and *The Immigrant Birds*/*Pardehaje Mohajer* (1987\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Parenda haye mahajir \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0329218/ \\|website\\=IMDB}} These films, usually shown only in urban areas, became popular.",
"During the late 1960s and 1970s [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") aid included cultural training and scholarships for students interested in studying film. However, since Afghanistan had no film academy, future filmmakers had to apprentice on the job. The [three](/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_%281989%E2%80%931992%29 \"Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)\") [civil](/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_%281992%E2%80%931996%29 \"Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)\") [wars](/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_%281996%E2%80%932001%29 \"Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)\") of the 1990s were not conducive to creative work and many people working in the Afghan film industry escaped to [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") or [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), where they were able to make videos for [NGOs](/wiki/NGO \"NGO\"). The new government banned production of films in 1993\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news\\-decoder.com/rise\\-fall\\-cinema\\-kabul\\-afghanistan/\\|title\\=The rise and fall of cinema in Afghanistan}}",
"When the [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\") took power in 1996, cinemas were attacked and many films were burnt. The Taliban forbade the viewing of television and films and cinemas were closed, either becoming tea shops or restaurants or falling into a state of disrepair.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south\\_asia/1787079\\.stm\\|title\\=Return of the Afghan cinema\\|date\\=22 April 2018\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2018\\|via\\=news.bbc.co.uk}} Habibullah Ali of [Afghan Film](/wiki/Afghan_Film \"Afghan Film\") hid thousands of films, buried underground or in hidden rooms, to prevent their destruction by the Taliban.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indiewire.com/2017/09/afghanistan\\-films\\-hidden\\-from\\-taliban\\-restored\\-digitized\\-1201876383/\\|title\\=7,000 Afghan Films Hidden From the Taliban Are Now Being Saved and Digitized\\|first\\=Zack\\|last\\=Sharf\\|date\\=14 September 2017\\|website\\=indiewire.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2018}} *Teardrops* was the first post\\-Taliban film in 2002, and the first film since *Oruj* in 1990\\.lubbockonline.com/stories/052702/ent\\_0527020031\\.shtml On November 19, 2001, Bakhtar was the first cinema to re\\-open its doors, where thousands of people entered that day.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south\\_asia/1664864\\.stm\\|title\\=Kabul goes film crazy\\|date\\=19 November 2001\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2018\\|via\\=news.bbc.co.uk}}",
"### Afghan Film Organization",
"[Afghan Film](/wiki/Afghan_Film \"Afghan Film\") also known as Afghan Film Organization (AFO) were former Afghanistan's state\\-run film company. It was established in 1968 and the last president was [Sahraa Karimi](/wiki/Sahraa_Karimi \"Sahraa Karimi\"), the first female head of the organisation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tolonews.com/arts\\-culture/sahraa\\-karimi\\-lead\\-afghan\\-film\\-first\\-female\\-chairperson\\|title\\=Sahraa Karimi To Lead Afghan Film As First Female Chairperson\\|last\\=Atakpal\\|first\\=Haseba\\|date\\=19 May 2019\\|website\\=\\[\\[TOLOnews]]\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-07}}",
"### Reemergence",
"Since 2001, the cinema of Afghanistan has slowly started to re\\-emerge from a lengthy period of silence. Before the [September 11th attacks](/wiki/September_11th_attacks \"September 11th attacks\"), Afghanistan\\-based Iranian director [Mohsen Makhmalbaf](/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf \"Mohsen Makhmalbaf\") attracted world attention to Afghanistan with *[Kandahar](/wiki/Kandahar_%282001_film%29 \"Kandahar (2001 film)\")* (2001\\). The film brought the cinema of Afghanistan to the Cannes film festival for the first time in history. Later [Samira Makhmalbaf](/wiki/Samira_Makhmalbaf \"Samira Makhmalbaf\"), [Siddiq Barmak](/wiki/Siddiq_Barmak \"Siddiq Barmak\"), Razi Mohebi, Horace Shansab, [Yassamin Maleknasr](/wiki/Yassamin_Maleknasr \"Yassamin Maleknasr\") and [Abolfazl Jalili](/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili \"Abolfazl Jalili\") made a significant contribution to [Dari (Persian)](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\") cinema in Afghanistan.",
"Barmak's first Persian/Pashto film *[Osama](/wiki/Osama_%28film%29 \"Osama (film)\")* (2003\\) won several awards at film festivals in [Cannes](/wiki/Cannes \"Cannes\") and London. Barmak is also director of the Afghan Children Education Movement (ACEM), an association that promotes literacy, culture and the arts, founded by Iranian film director [Mohsen Makhmalbaf](/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf \"Mohsen Makhmalbaf\"). The school trains actors and directors for the emerging cinema of Afghanistan. In 2006 Afghanistan joined the [Central Asian and Southern Caucasus Film Festivals Confederation](/wiki/Central_Asian_and_Southern_Caucasus_Film_Festivals_Confederation \"Central Asian and Southern Caucasus Film Festivals Confederation\").",
"In the 1970s and 1980s, it was not difficult to get women to act in films. The war and the Taliban rule changed the situation, but they now are increasingly represented in the cinema of Afghanistan. Actresses like [Leena Alam](/wiki/Leena_Alam \"Leena Alam\"), Amina Jafari, [Saba Sahar](/wiki/Saba_Sahar \"Saba Sahar\") (now also a director) and [Marina Gulbahari](/wiki/Marina_Gulbahari \"Marina Gulbahari\") have emerged over the last decade.",
"Apart from cinema in Persian, [Pashto cinema](/wiki/Pashto_language \"Pashto language\") is also flourishing in Afghanistan. Several Pashto language films have been made since the fall of the Taliban, including some by foreigners like *Good Morning Afghanistan* (2003\\) by Camilla Nielsson.{{Citation \\|last\\=Nielsson \\|first\\=Camilla \\|title\\=Good Morning Afghanistan \\|date\\=2003\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0408818/ \\|type\\=Documentary, Family \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-24 \\|others\\=Qais Dunaishjo, Ilhyas Hurmat, Hamid Karzai \\|publisher\\=Third Eye Productions}}",
"*Kabullywood* (2017\\) is a comedy\\-drama directed by Louis Meunier that was shot entirely in Kabul. As part of the movie, Meunier crowdfunded the renovation of the once\\-prosperous [Aryub](/wiki/Aryob \"Aryob\") Cinema in the city, but without it opening as planned.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/comment/kabuliwood\\-shines\\-a\\-light\\-on\\-old\\-cinema\\-1\\.307660\\|title \\= Kabuliwood shines a light on old cinema\\|date \\= 3 September 2013}}",
"[thumb\\|The old Park Cinema (*Cīnemā Pārk*), demolished in 2020](/wiki/File:Cinema_Park%2C_Kabul.png \"Cinema Park, Kabul.png\")\nThe public cinema industry has not managed to recover, with many cinemas in Kabul either falling into disrepair or attracting low numbers of customers.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news\\-decoder.com/rise\\-fall\\-cinema\\-kabul\\-afghanistan/\\|title\\=The rise and fall of cinema in Afghanistan}} The issue reached national attention at the end of 2020 when the municipality decided to demolish the neglected but historic Cinema Park, sparking protests by activists.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts\\-culture/art/cinema\\-park\\-filmmakers\\-mourn\\-as\\-70\\-year\\-old\\-afghan\\-cinema\\-is\\-demolished\\-1\\.1119856\\|title \\= Cinema Park: Filmmakers mourn as 70\\-year\\-old Afghan cinema is demolished\\|date \\= 29 November 2020}}",
"### B\\-movies",
"There are a number of films produced both inside and outside Afghanistan that are considered [B\\-movies](/wiki/B-movie \"B-movie\") due to the low production quality and audience reach. These films are targeted mainly at an Afghan audience and rarely make it to the non\\-Afghan audiences or the international film festivals.",
""
] |
National competitions
---------------------
### Rugby League Cup
Otago defeated Tasman 42–28 to win the [Rugby League Cup](/wiki/Rugby_League_Cup "Rugby League Cup") on 8 September.[Otago snatches cup from muddled Orcas](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-14380155.html){{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Nelson Mail*, 10 September 2002 Otago then defeated [Canterbury "A"](/wiki/Canterbury_rugby_league_team "Canterbury rugby league team") 52\-34 and [Southland](/wiki/Southland_rugby_league_team "Southland rugby league team") 20–16\.[Challenge for cup to be settled](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12070731.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 10 September 2002
### Bartercard Cup
The **2002 Bartercard Cup** was the third season of the [Bartercard Cup](/wiki/Bartercard_Cup "Bartercard Cup") competition run by the [New Zealand Rugby League](/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_League "New Zealand Rugby League"). After the [Ngongotaha Chiefs](/wiki/Ngongotaha_Chiefs "Ngongotaha Chiefs") had withdrawn from the competition halfway through 2001 the New Zealand Rugby League had to consider the future of franchises. As part of this reorganisation the two Wellington teams, the [Porirua Pumas](/wiki/Porirua_Pumas "Porirua Pumas") and the [Wainuiomata Lions](/wiki/Wainuiomata_Lions "Wainuiomata Lions") both withdrew and were replaced by a combined [Wellington Franchise](/wiki/Wellington_Orcas "Wellington Orcas"). The [Central Falcons](/wiki/Central_Falcons "Central Falcons"), from Manawatu, and [Taranaki Wildcats](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team%232002-2003:Bartercard_Cup "Bartercard Cup") both joined the competition. 2002 saw the [Mt Albert Lions](/wiki/Mt_Albert_Lions "Mt Albert Lions") win their first championship after an all Auckland final series.
#### The Teams
* Hibiscus Coast were coached by [Tony Benson](/wiki/Tony_Benson_%28rugby_league%29 "Tony Benson (rugby league)") and included [Aaron Heremaia](/wiki/Aaron_Heremaia "Aaron Heremaia"), [Vinny Dunn](/wiki/Vinny_Dunn "Vinny Dunn"), Daniel Floyd, [Iafeta Paleaaesina](/wiki/Iafeta_Paleaaesina "Iafeta Paleaaesina"), [Tyrone Pau](/wiki/Tyrone_Pau "Tyrone Pau"), captain [Anthony Seuseu](/wiki/Anthony_Seuseu "Anthony Seuseu"), [Jeremy Smith](/wiki/Jeremy_Smith_%28rugby_league_born_1981%29 "Jeremy Smith (rugby league born 1981)"), [Shannon Stowers](/wiki/Shannon_Stowers "Shannon Stowers"), [Karl Te Mata](/wiki/Karl_Te_Mata "Karl Te Mata") and Regan Wigg.[Raiders recover and ease coach's pain](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12008028.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *Sunday Star\-Times*, 5 May 2002
* Northcote were coached by Geoff Morton and included [Karl Johnson](/wiki/Karl_Johnson_%28rugby_league%29 "Karl Johnson (rugby league)"), captain [Ken McIntosh](/wiki/Ken_McIntosh "Ken McIntosh"), [Matthew Spence](/wiki/Matthew_Spence "Matthew Spence"), Jared and Damon Trott and [Brent Webb](/wiki/Brent_Webb "Brent Webb").
* Glenora were coached by Dean Hunter and included captain Gavin Bailey, Karl Edmonson, [Sione Faumuina](/wiki/Sione_Faumuina "Sione Faumuina"), [Fuifui Moimoi](/wiki/Fuifui_Moimoi "Fuifui Moimoi") and Lee Tamatoa.
* Marist\-Richmond were coached by Bernie Perenara and included [Jamie Cook](/wiki/Jamie_Cookthcote "Jamie Cookthcote"), Karl Guttenbeil, Ricky Henry, [Tevita Latu](/wiki/Tevita_Leo-Latu "Tevita Leo-Latu"), [Marcus Perenara](/wiki/Marcus_Perenara "Marcus Perenara"), [Jerome Ropati](/wiki/Jerome_Ropati "Jerome Ropati"), [Evarn Tuimavave](/wiki/Evarn_Tuimavave "Evarn Tuimavave"), [Matthew Tuisamoa](/wiki/Matthew_Tuisamoa "Matthew Tuisamoa") and [Daniel Vasau](/wiki/Daniel_Vasau "Daniel Vasau").[Bulls coach keen to tackle slide](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12055145.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 6 May 2002
* Mt Albert, in their 75th season, were coached by [John Ackland](/wiki/John_Ackland_%28coach%29 "John Ackland (coach)") and included [Vinnie Anderson](/wiki/Vinnie_Anderson "Vinnie Anderson"), Keneti Asiata, [Andreas Bauer](/wiki/Andreas_Bauer_%28rugby_league%29 "Andreas Bauer (rugby league)"), co\-captain [Steve Buckingham](/wiki/Steve_Buckingham_%28rugby_league%29 "Steve Buckingham (rugby league)"), [Sala](/wiki/Sala_Fa%27alogo "Sala Fa'alogo") and [David Fa'alogo](/wiki/David_Fa%27alogo "David Fa'alogo"), [Lee Finnerty](/wiki/Lee_Finnerty "Lee Finnerty"), [Peter Lewis](/wiki/Peter_Lewis_%28rugby_league%29 "Peter Lewis (rugby league)"), co\-captain [Ben Lythe](/wiki/Ben_Lythe "Ben Lythe"), [Hutch Maiava](/wiki/Hutch_Maiava "Hutch Maiava"), [Wayne McDade](/wiki/Wayne_McDade "Wayne McDade") and [David Myles](/wiki/David_Myles_%28rugby_league%29 "David Myles (rugby league)").[Must\-win game again for Bulls](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12101847.html){{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 14 June 2003
* Otahuhu were coached by [Dean Clark](/wiki/Dean_Clark_%28rugby_league%29 "Dean Clark (rugby league)") and included [Isaak Ah Mau](/wiki/Isaak_Ah_Mau "Isaak Ah Mau"), [George Carmont](/wiki/George_Carmont "George Carmont"), co\-captain [Esau Mann](/wiki/Esau_Mann "Esau Mann"), [Odell Manuel](/wiki/Odell_Manuel "Odell Manuel"), [Vince Mellars](/wiki/Vince_Mellars "Vince Mellars"), co\-captain [Boycie Nelson](/wiki/Boycie_Nelson "Boycie Nelson"), [Meti Noovao](/wiki/Meti_Noovao "Meti Noovao"), [Jonathan Smith](/wiki/Jonathan_Smith_%28rugby_league%29 "Jonathan Smith (rugby league)"), Butch Tua and [George Tuakura](/wiki/George_Tuakura "George Tuakura").
* Eastern were coached by [James Leuluai](/wiki/James_Leuluai "James Leuluai") and included [David](/wiki/David_Fisiiahi "David Fisiiahi") and [Paul Fisiiahi](/wiki/Paul_Fisiiahi "Paul Fisiiahi"), Eddie and [Phillip Leuluai](/wiki/Phillip_Leuluai "Phillip Leuluai"), [Zebastian Lucky Luisi](/wiki/Zebastian_Lucky_Luisi "Zebastian Lucky Luisi"), [Jeremiah Pai](/wiki/Jeremiah_Pai "Jeremiah Pai"), [Herewini Rangi](/wiki/Herewini_Rangi "Herewini Rangi") and [Logan Swann](/wiki/Logan_Swann "Logan Swann").
* Manurewa were coached by Trevor Clark and included [Henry Fa'afili](/wiki/Henry_Fa%27afili "Henry Fa'afili"), Cheyenne Motu and Neville Ramsey.[Hustling Henry nips Hibiscus in the bud for upset win](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12008844.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *Sunday Star\-Times*, 21 July 2002
* Taranaki were coached by Alan Jackson and included Cheaf Lee Fakavamoenga.[Players' return may save Cats](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23877500.html){{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *Taranaki Daily News*, 17 August 2002 Jackson himself played in one match, coming on as a substitute when his side was reduced to twelve men.*New Zealand Rugby League Annual 2002*, [New Zealand Rugby Football League](/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Football_League "New Zealand Rugby Football League"), 2002\. p. 179
* Central were coached by [John Lomax](/wiki/John_Lomax_%28rugby_league%29 "John Lomax (rugby league)") and Peter Sixtus and included [Weller Hauraki](/wiki/Weller_Hauraki "Weller Hauraki"), [David Lomax](/wiki/David_Lomax "David Lomax"), [Billy Weepu](/wiki/Billy_Weepu "Billy Weepu") and [Sonny Whakarau](/wiki/Sonny_Whakarau "Sonny Whakarau").[Edmonds out to bite Bears](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24013568.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 26 July 2002[Weepu, Puohotaua signed up to play for Central Falcons](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24107058.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 20 November 2001[Coaching swoop for Falcons](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24106390.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 7 November 2001[Falcons score the Lomax legend](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24106543.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 13 November 2001
* Wellington were coached by [Gerard Stokes](/wiki/Gerard_Stokes "Gerard Stokes") and included [Lusi Sione](/wiki/Lusi_Sione "Lusi Sione").
* Canterbury were coached by Phil Prescott who was assisted by [Brent Stuart](/wiki/Brent_Stuart "Brent Stuart").[How they rate in the quest for the Batercard Cup](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12057631.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 19 April 2002 The team included Chris Bamford, captain Shane Beyers, [Charlie Herekotukutuku](/wiki/Charlie_Herekotukutuku "Charlie Herekotukutuku"), [Corey Lawrie](/wiki/Corey_Lawrie "Corey Lawrie"), [Tangia Tongiia](/wiki/Tangia_Tongiia "Tangia Tongiia") and Vince Whare.[Character counters size](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12177688.html){{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 16 September 2005 Before the season started the Bulls played pre\-season matches against the [Cronulla Sharks](/wiki/Cronulla_Sharks "Cronulla Sharks") in Timaru at [Fraser Park](/wiki/Fraser_Park_%28Timaru%29 "Fraser Park (Timaru)") and against a Mainland XIII selection in Christchurch.[Rare Chance for Bulls to Impress](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12044955.html){{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 12 February 2002[Prescott calls for top Bulls effort](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12046951.html){{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 23 March 2002
#### Seasons Standings
|Team
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
PD
Pts
| |
|[Mt Albert Lions](/wiki/Mt_Albert_Lions "Mt Albert Lions")
16 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 620 | 270 | 350 | **30** |
|[Hibiscus Coast Raiders](/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast_Raiders "Hibiscus Coast Raiders")
16 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 536 | 377 | 159 | **22** |
|[Otahuhu Leopards](/wiki/Otahuhu_Leopards "Otahuhu Leopards")
16 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 636 | 393 | 243 | **20** |
|[Eastern Tornadoes](/wiki/Eastern_Tornadoes "Eastern Tornadoes")
16 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 512 | 465 | 47 | **20** |
|[Marist Richmond Brothers](/wiki/Marist_Richmond_Brothers "Marist Richmond Brothers")
16 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 581 | 449 | 132 | **19** |
|[Wellington Franchise](/wiki/Wellington_Orcas "Wellington Orcas")
16 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 547 | 449 | 98 | **19** |
|[Northcote Tigers](/wiki/Northcote_Tigers "Northcote Tigers")
16 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 401 | 472 | \-71 | **16** |
|[Glenora Bears](/wiki/Glenora_Bears "Glenora Bears")
16 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 394 | 515 | \-121 | **12** |
|[Manurewa Marlins](/wiki/Manurewa_Marlins "Manurewa Marlins")
16 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 377 | 511 | \-134 | **11** |
|[Canterbury Bulls](/wiki/Canterbury_Bulls "Canterbury Bulls")
16 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 386 | 531 | \-145 | **10** |
|[Central Falcons](/wiki/Central_Falcons "Central Falcons")
16 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 330 | 586 | \-256 | **7** |
|[Taranaki Wildcats](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team%232002-2003:Bartercard_Cup "Bartercard Cup")
16 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 334 | 636 | \-302 | **6** |
|
#### The Playoffs
{{5McIntyre
\| RD1\-team1\='''\[\[Hibiscus Coast Raiders\|Hibiscus Coast]]'''
\| RD1\-score1\=40
\| RD1\-team2\=\[\[Otahuhu Leopards]]
\| RD1\-score2\=16
\| RD1\-team3\=\[\[Eastern Tornadoes]]
\| RD1\-score3\=22
\| RD1\-team4\='''\[\[Marist Richmond Brothers\|Marist Richmond]]'''
\| RD1\-score4\=56
\| RD2\-team1\=\[\[Mt Albert Lions]]
\| RD2\-score1\=24
\| RD2\-seed2\=
\| RD2\-team2\='''\[\[Hibiscus Coast Raiders\|Hibiscus Coast]]'''
\| RD2\-score2\=26
\| RD2\-seed3\=
\| RD2\-team3\='''\[\[Otahuhu Leopards]]'''
\| RD2\-score3\=66
\| RD2\-seed4\=
\| RD2\-team4\=\[\[Marist Richmond Brothers\|Marist Richmond]]
\| RD2\-score4\=16
\| RD3\-seed1\=
\| RD3\-team1\='''\[\[Mt Albert Lions]]'''
\| RD3\-score1\=36
\| RD3\-seed2\=
\| RD3\-team2\=\[\[Otahuhu Leopards]]
\| RD3\-score2\=20
\| RD4\-seed1\=
\| RD4\-team1\=\[\[Hibiscus Coast Raiders\|Hibiscus Coast]]
\| RD4\-score1\=20
\| RD4\-seed2\=
\| RD4\-team2\='''\[\[Mt Albert Lions]]'''
\| RD4\-score2\=24
}}
| Match | Winner | | Loser | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elimination Play\-off | Marist Richmond Brothers | **56** | Eastern Tornadoes | **22** |
| Preliminary Semifinal | Hibiscus Coast Raiders | **40** | Otahuhu Leopards | **16** |
| Elimination Semifinal | Otahuhu Leopards | **66** | Marist Richmond Brothers | **16** |
| Qualification Semifinal | Hibiscus Coast Raiders | **26** | Mt Albert Lions | **24** |
| Preliminary Final | Mt Albert Lions | **36** | Otahuhu Leopards | **20** |
##### Grand Final
Around 5000 watched the match, the last played at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park "Carlaw Park").[Big game fitting Carlaw finale](http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=2847212) *New Zealand Herald*, 16 September 2002 Sala Fa'alogo was the man of the match.
| Team | Half\-time | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Mt Albert Lions** | **10** | **24** |
| Hibiscus Coast Raiders | 4 | 20 |
#### Awards
| **Captain of the Year**: [Ben Lythe](/wiki/Ben_Lythe "Ben Lythe") (Mt Albert) **Best Back**: [Lee Finnerty](/wiki/Lee_Finnerty "Lee Finnerty") (Mt Albert) **Best Forward**: [Hutch Maiava](/wiki/Hutch_Maiava "Hutch Maiava") (Mt Albert) **Best and Fairest Player**: [Hutch Maiava](/wiki/Hutch_Maiava "Hutch Maiava") (Mt Albert) | **Coach of the Year**: [John Ackland](/wiki/John_Ackland_%28rugby_league%29 "John Ackland (rugby league)") (Mt Albert) **Most Points**: [Boycie Nelson](/wiki/Boycie_Nelson "Boycie Nelson") (256; Otahuhu) **Most Tries**: 27; [Lee Finnerty](/wiki/Lee_Finnerty "Lee Finnerty") (Mt Albert) and Archie Ikihele (Otahuhu) **Referee of the Year**: [Bill Shrimpton](/wiki/Bill_Shrimpton "Bill Shrimpton") |
| --- | --- |
### North Island Super Six
* + - * + - * + [Coastline](/wiki/Coastline_rugby_league_team "Coastline rugby league team"), [Taranaki](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team "Taranaki rugby league team"), [Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team "Waikato rugby league team"), [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawatu_rugby_league_team "Manawatu rugby league team"), [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_rugby_league_team "Bay of Plenty rugby league team") and [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_rugby_league_team "Wellington rugby league team") competed in the North Island Super 6\. Wellington and Manawatu did not select players from the [Wellington Franchise](/wiki/Wellington_Orcas "Wellington Orcas") or [Central Falcons](/wiki/Central_Falcons "Central Falcons") respectively.[Wellington and Manawatu Teams](http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id=13524) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20130104142115/http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id\=13524 \|date\=4 January 2013 }} *rleague.com*, 20 September 2002
|Team
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
Pts
| |
|[Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_rugby_league_team "Wellington rugby league team")
5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 223 | 162 | **8** |
|[Manawatu](/wiki/Manawatu_rugby_league_team "Manawatu rugby league team")
5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 232 | 172 | **6** |
|[Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team "Waikato rugby league team")
5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 188 | 153 | **6** |
|[Coastline](/wiki/Coastline_rugby_league_team "Coastline rugby league team")
5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 169 | 174 | **6** |
|[Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_rugby_league_team "Bay of Plenty rugby league team")
5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 131 | 189 | **2** |
|[Taranaki](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team "Taranaki rugby league team")
5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 145 | 238 | **2** |
|
Waikato defeated minor premiers Wellington 46–30 at the Grand Final, held in Wellington.
Waikato were coached by [Tawera Nikau](/wiki/Tawera_Nikau "Tawera Nikau") and included [Herewini Rangi](/wiki/Herewini_Rangi "Herewini Rangi"). Manawatu included [Rangi Chase](/wiki/Rangi_Chase "Rangi Chase") and [Weller Hauraki](/wiki/Weller_Hauraki "Weller Hauraki"). Taranaki were coached by [Howie Tamati](/wiki/Howie_Tamati "Howie Tamati").
### South Island Provincial Championship
[Canterbury A](/wiki/Canterbury_rugby_league_team "Canterbury rugby league team"), [Otago](/wiki/Otago_rugby_league_team "Otago rugby league team"), [Southland](/wiki/Southland_rugby_league_team "Southland rugby league team"), [Tasman](/wiki/Tasman_rugby_league_team "Tasman rugby league team") and the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_rugby_league_team "West Coast rugby league team") competed in the South Island Provincial Championship.
Otago won the title, defeating Canterbury A 23–22 in the Grand Final.
[Phil Bergman](/wiki/Phil_Bergman "Phil Bergman") played for Tasman.
### Mainland Super Ten
The Riccarton Knights defeated the Linwood Keas 42–22 to win the Mainland Super 10 championship.
The [Thacker Shield](/wiki/Thacker_Shield "Thacker Shield") was contested as part of the Mainland Super 10, with the holder defending it at every home game.[Riccarton beats Linwood to hold Thacker Shield](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12057395.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *The Press*, 15 April 2002 In 2003 the Thacker Shield returned to its original once a year inter\-district challenge format.
Super 10 Dreamteam; Fa'atali Sa (Papanui), [Charlie Herekotukutuku](/wiki/Charlie_Herekotukutuku "Charlie Herekotukutuku") (Kaiapoi), Clinton Fraser (Sydenham), Hamish Barclay (Riccarton), Sam Lemalie (Linwood), Josh Reuben (Kaiapoi), [Aaron Whittaker](/wiki/Aaron_Whittaker "Aaron Whittaker") (Riccarton), Leon Hallie (Otago), Andrew Auimatagi (Linwood), Mathias Pitama (Kaiapoi), Andrew Tallott (Hornby), George Taunga (Southland) and [Corey Lawrie](/wiki/Corey_Lawrie "Corey Lawrie") (Hornby). Coach: Brent Ringdahl (Riccarton).
### National Junior Competitions
The Kiwi Cup was the National Junior Competition for under\-18s and was held between Akarana, Counties\-Manukau, Waikato, Canterbury, Wellington and Manawatu. [Akarana](/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_%C4%80karana "Ngāti Ākarana"), who included [Jerome Ropati](/wiki/Jerome_Ropati "Jerome Ropati"), [Epalahame Lauaki](/wiki/Epalahame_Lauaki "Epalahame Lauaki"), [Marcus Perenara](/wiki/Marcus_Perenara "Marcus Perenara") and [Evarn Tuimavave](/wiki/Evarn_Tuimavave "Evarn Tuimavave"), defeated Counties\-Manukau 42–22 in the final. Counties\-Manukau included [Toshio Laiseni](/wiki/Toshio_Laiseni "Toshio Laiseni").
The Foundation Cup was the National Junior Competition for under\-16s. The invited teams were Counties\-Manukau, Wellington, Akarana, Canterbury, Waikato and Northland. Counties\-Manukau, who included [Kim Uasi](/wiki/Kim_Uasi "Kim Uasi") and Willie Heta, defeated Wellington 28–6\.
|
[
"National competitions\n---------------------",
"### Rugby League Cup",
"Otago defeated Tasman 42–28 to win the [Rugby League Cup](/wiki/Rugby_League_Cup \"Rugby League Cup\") on 8 September.[Otago snatches cup from muddled Orcas](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-14380155.html){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Nelson Mail*, 10 September 2002 Otago then defeated [Canterbury \"A\"](/wiki/Canterbury_rugby_league_team \"Canterbury rugby league team\") 52\\-34 and [Southland](/wiki/Southland_rugby_league_team \"Southland rugby league team\") 20–16\\.[Challenge for cup to be settled](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12070731.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 10 September 2002",
"### Bartercard Cup",
"The **2002 Bartercard Cup** was the third season of the [Bartercard Cup](/wiki/Bartercard_Cup \"Bartercard Cup\") competition run by the [New Zealand Rugby League](/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_League \"New Zealand Rugby League\"). After the [Ngongotaha Chiefs](/wiki/Ngongotaha_Chiefs \"Ngongotaha Chiefs\") had withdrawn from the competition halfway through 2001 the New Zealand Rugby League had to consider the future of franchises. As part of this reorganisation the two Wellington teams, the [Porirua Pumas](/wiki/Porirua_Pumas \"Porirua Pumas\") and the [Wainuiomata Lions](/wiki/Wainuiomata_Lions \"Wainuiomata Lions\") both withdrew and were replaced by a combined [Wellington Franchise](/wiki/Wellington_Orcas \"Wellington Orcas\"). The [Central Falcons](/wiki/Central_Falcons \"Central Falcons\"), from Manawatu, and [Taranaki Wildcats](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team%232002-2003:Bartercard_Cup \"Bartercard Cup\") both joined the competition. 2002 saw the [Mt Albert Lions](/wiki/Mt_Albert_Lions \"Mt Albert Lions\") win their first championship after an all Auckland final series.",
"#### The Teams",
"* Hibiscus Coast were coached by [Tony Benson](/wiki/Tony_Benson_%28rugby_league%29 \"Tony Benson (rugby league)\") and included [Aaron Heremaia](/wiki/Aaron_Heremaia \"Aaron Heremaia\"), [Vinny Dunn](/wiki/Vinny_Dunn \"Vinny Dunn\"), Daniel Floyd, [Iafeta Paleaaesina](/wiki/Iafeta_Paleaaesina \"Iafeta Paleaaesina\"), [Tyrone Pau](/wiki/Tyrone_Pau \"Tyrone Pau\"), captain [Anthony Seuseu](/wiki/Anthony_Seuseu \"Anthony Seuseu\"), [Jeremy Smith](/wiki/Jeremy_Smith_%28rugby_league_born_1981%29 \"Jeremy Smith (rugby league born 1981)\"), [Shannon Stowers](/wiki/Shannon_Stowers \"Shannon Stowers\"), [Karl Te Mata](/wiki/Karl_Te_Mata \"Karl Te Mata\") and Regan Wigg.[Raiders recover and ease coach's pain](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12008028.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *Sunday Star\\-Times*, 5 May 2002\n* Northcote were coached by Geoff Morton and included [Karl Johnson](/wiki/Karl_Johnson_%28rugby_league%29 \"Karl Johnson (rugby league)\"), captain [Ken McIntosh](/wiki/Ken_McIntosh \"Ken McIntosh\"), [Matthew Spence](/wiki/Matthew_Spence \"Matthew Spence\"), Jared and Damon Trott and [Brent Webb](/wiki/Brent_Webb \"Brent Webb\").\n* Glenora were coached by Dean Hunter and included captain Gavin Bailey, Karl Edmonson, [Sione Faumuina](/wiki/Sione_Faumuina \"Sione Faumuina\"), [Fuifui Moimoi](/wiki/Fuifui_Moimoi \"Fuifui Moimoi\") and Lee Tamatoa.\n* Marist\\-Richmond were coached by Bernie Perenara and included [Jamie Cook](/wiki/Jamie_Cookthcote \"Jamie Cookthcote\"), Karl Guttenbeil, Ricky Henry, [Tevita Latu](/wiki/Tevita_Leo-Latu \"Tevita Leo-Latu\"), [Marcus Perenara](/wiki/Marcus_Perenara \"Marcus Perenara\"), [Jerome Ropati](/wiki/Jerome_Ropati \"Jerome Ropati\"), [Evarn Tuimavave](/wiki/Evarn_Tuimavave \"Evarn Tuimavave\"), [Matthew Tuisamoa](/wiki/Matthew_Tuisamoa \"Matthew Tuisamoa\") and [Daniel Vasau](/wiki/Daniel_Vasau \"Daniel Vasau\").[Bulls coach keen to tackle slide](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12055145.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 6 May 2002\n* Mt Albert, in their 75th season, were coached by [John Ackland](/wiki/John_Ackland_%28coach%29 \"John Ackland (coach)\") and included [Vinnie Anderson](/wiki/Vinnie_Anderson \"Vinnie Anderson\"), Keneti Asiata, [Andreas Bauer](/wiki/Andreas_Bauer_%28rugby_league%29 \"Andreas Bauer (rugby league)\"), co\\-captain [Steve Buckingham](/wiki/Steve_Buckingham_%28rugby_league%29 \"Steve Buckingham (rugby league)\"), [Sala](/wiki/Sala_Fa%27alogo \"Sala Fa'alogo\") and [David Fa'alogo](/wiki/David_Fa%27alogo \"David Fa'alogo\"), [Lee Finnerty](/wiki/Lee_Finnerty \"Lee Finnerty\"), [Peter Lewis](/wiki/Peter_Lewis_%28rugby_league%29 \"Peter Lewis (rugby league)\"), co\\-captain [Ben Lythe](/wiki/Ben_Lythe \"Ben Lythe\"), [Hutch Maiava](/wiki/Hutch_Maiava \"Hutch Maiava\"), [Wayne McDade](/wiki/Wayne_McDade \"Wayne McDade\") and [David Myles](/wiki/David_Myles_%28rugby_league%29 \"David Myles (rugby league)\").[Must\\-win game again for Bulls](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12101847.html){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 14 June 2003\n* Otahuhu were coached by [Dean Clark](/wiki/Dean_Clark_%28rugby_league%29 \"Dean Clark (rugby league)\") and included [Isaak Ah Mau](/wiki/Isaak_Ah_Mau \"Isaak Ah Mau\"), [George Carmont](/wiki/George_Carmont \"George Carmont\"), co\\-captain [Esau Mann](/wiki/Esau_Mann \"Esau Mann\"), [Odell Manuel](/wiki/Odell_Manuel \"Odell Manuel\"), [Vince Mellars](/wiki/Vince_Mellars \"Vince Mellars\"), co\\-captain [Boycie Nelson](/wiki/Boycie_Nelson \"Boycie Nelson\"), [Meti Noovao](/wiki/Meti_Noovao \"Meti Noovao\"), [Jonathan Smith](/wiki/Jonathan_Smith_%28rugby_league%29 \"Jonathan Smith (rugby league)\"), Butch Tua and [George Tuakura](/wiki/George_Tuakura \"George Tuakura\").\n* Eastern were coached by [James Leuluai](/wiki/James_Leuluai \"James Leuluai\") and included [David](/wiki/David_Fisiiahi \"David Fisiiahi\") and [Paul Fisiiahi](/wiki/Paul_Fisiiahi \"Paul Fisiiahi\"), Eddie and [Phillip Leuluai](/wiki/Phillip_Leuluai \"Phillip Leuluai\"), [Zebastian Lucky Luisi](/wiki/Zebastian_Lucky_Luisi \"Zebastian Lucky Luisi\"), [Jeremiah Pai](/wiki/Jeremiah_Pai \"Jeremiah Pai\"), [Herewini Rangi](/wiki/Herewini_Rangi \"Herewini Rangi\") and [Logan Swann](/wiki/Logan_Swann \"Logan Swann\").\n* Manurewa were coached by Trevor Clark and included [Henry Fa'afili](/wiki/Henry_Fa%27afili \"Henry Fa'afili\"), Cheyenne Motu and Neville Ramsey.[Hustling Henry nips Hibiscus in the bud for upset win](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12008844.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *Sunday Star\\-Times*, 21 July 2002\n* Taranaki were coached by Alan Jackson and included Cheaf Lee Fakavamoenga.[Players' return may save Cats](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23877500.html){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *Taranaki Daily News*, 17 August 2002 Jackson himself played in one match, coming on as a substitute when his side was reduced to twelve men.*New Zealand Rugby League Annual 2002*, [New Zealand Rugby Football League](/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Football_League \"New Zealand Rugby Football League\"), 2002\\. p. 179\n* Central were coached by [John Lomax](/wiki/John_Lomax_%28rugby_league%29 \"John Lomax (rugby league)\") and Peter Sixtus and included [Weller Hauraki](/wiki/Weller_Hauraki \"Weller Hauraki\"), [David Lomax](/wiki/David_Lomax \"David Lomax\"), [Billy Weepu](/wiki/Billy_Weepu \"Billy Weepu\") and [Sonny Whakarau](/wiki/Sonny_Whakarau \"Sonny Whakarau\").[Edmonds out to bite Bears](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24013568.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 26 July 2002[Weepu, Puohotaua signed up to play for Central Falcons](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24107058.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 20 November 2001[Coaching swoop for Falcons](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24106390.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 7 November 2001[Falcons score the Lomax legend](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24106543.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Evening Standard*, 13 November 2001\n* Wellington were coached by [Gerard Stokes](/wiki/Gerard_Stokes \"Gerard Stokes\") and included [Lusi Sione](/wiki/Lusi_Sione \"Lusi Sione\").\n* Canterbury were coached by Phil Prescott who was assisted by [Brent Stuart](/wiki/Brent_Stuart \"Brent Stuart\").[How they rate in the quest for the Batercard Cup](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12057631.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 19 April 2002 The team included Chris Bamford, captain Shane Beyers, [Charlie Herekotukutuku](/wiki/Charlie_Herekotukutuku \"Charlie Herekotukutuku\"), [Corey Lawrie](/wiki/Corey_Lawrie \"Corey Lawrie\"), [Tangia Tongiia](/wiki/Tangia_Tongiia \"Tangia Tongiia\") and Vince Whare.[Character counters size](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12177688.html){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 16 September 2005 Before the season started the Bulls played pre\\-season matches against the [Cronulla Sharks](/wiki/Cronulla_Sharks \"Cronulla Sharks\") in Timaru at [Fraser Park](/wiki/Fraser_Park_%28Timaru%29 \"Fraser Park (Timaru)\") and against a Mainland XIII selection in Christchurch.[Rare Chance for Bulls to Impress](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12044955.html){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 12 February 2002[Prescott calls for top Bulls effort](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12046951.html){{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 23 March 2002",
"#### Seasons Standings",
"",
"",
"|Team",
"Pld",
"W",
"D",
"L",
"PF",
"PA",
"PD",
"Pts",
"| |\n|[Mt Albert Lions](/wiki/Mt_Albert_Lions \"Mt Albert Lions\")",
"16 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 620 | 270 | 350 | **30** |\n|[Hibiscus Coast Raiders](/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast_Raiders \"Hibiscus Coast Raiders\")",
"16 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 536 | 377 | 159 | **22** |\n|[Otahuhu Leopards](/wiki/Otahuhu_Leopards \"Otahuhu Leopards\")",
"16 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 636 | 393 | 243 | **20** |\n|[Eastern Tornadoes](/wiki/Eastern_Tornadoes \"Eastern Tornadoes\")",
"16 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 512 | 465 | 47 | **20** |\n|[Marist Richmond Brothers](/wiki/Marist_Richmond_Brothers \"Marist Richmond Brothers\")",
"16 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 581 | 449 | 132 | **19** |\n|[Wellington Franchise](/wiki/Wellington_Orcas \"Wellington Orcas\")",
"16 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 547 | 449 | 98 | **19** |\n|[Northcote Tigers](/wiki/Northcote_Tigers \"Northcote Tigers\")",
"16 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 401 | 472 | \\-71 | **16** |\n|[Glenora Bears](/wiki/Glenora_Bears \"Glenora Bears\")",
"16 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 394 | 515 | \\-121 | **12** |\n|[Manurewa Marlins](/wiki/Manurewa_Marlins \"Manurewa Marlins\")",
"16 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 377 | 511 | \\-134 | **11** |\n|[Canterbury Bulls](/wiki/Canterbury_Bulls \"Canterbury Bulls\")",
"16 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 386 | 531 | \\-145 | **10** |\n|[Central Falcons](/wiki/Central_Falcons \"Central Falcons\")",
"16 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 330 | 586 | \\-256 | **7** |\n|[Taranaki Wildcats](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team%232002-2003:Bartercard_Cup \"Bartercard Cup\")",
"16 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 334 | 636 | \\-302 | **6** |\n|",
"",
"#### The Playoffs",
"",
"{{5McIntyre\n\\| RD1\\-team1\\='''\\[\\[Hibiscus Coast Raiders\\|Hibiscus Coast]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1\\=40\n\\| RD1\\-team2\\=\\[\\[Otahuhu Leopards]]\n\\| RD1\\-score2\\=16\n\\| RD1\\-team3\\=\\[\\[Eastern Tornadoes]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3\\=22\n\\| RD1\\-team4\\='''\\[\\[Marist Richmond Brothers\\|Marist Richmond]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score4\\=56\n\\| RD2\\-team1\\=\\[\\[Mt Albert Lions]]\n\\| RD2\\-score1\\=24\n\\| RD2\\-seed2\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team2\\='''\\[\\[Hibiscus Coast Raiders\\|Hibiscus Coast]]'''\n\\| RD2\\-score2\\=26\n\\| RD2\\-seed3\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team3\\='''\\[\\[Otahuhu Leopards]]'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3\\=66\n\\| RD2\\-seed4\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team4\\=\\[\\[Marist Richmond Brothers\\|Marist Richmond]]\n\\| RD2\\-score4\\=16\n\\| RD3\\-seed1\\=\n\\| RD3\\-team1\\='''\\[\\[Mt Albert Lions]]'''\n\\| RD3\\-score1\\=36\n\\| RD3\\-seed2\\=\n\\| RD3\\-team2\\=\\[\\[Otahuhu Leopards]]\n\\| RD3\\-score2\\=20\n\\| RD4\\-seed1\\=\n\\| RD4\\-team1\\=\\[\\[Hibiscus Coast Raiders\\|Hibiscus Coast]]\n\\| RD4\\-score1\\=20\n\\| RD4\\-seed2\\=\n\\| RD4\\-team2\\='''\\[\\[Mt Albert Lions]]'''\n\\| RD4\\-score2\\=24\n}}",
"| Match | Winner | | Loser | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Elimination Play\\-off | Marist Richmond Brothers | **56** | Eastern Tornadoes | **22** |\n| Preliminary Semifinal | Hibiscus Coast Raiders | **40** | Otahuhu Leopards | **16** |\n| Elimination Semifinal | Otahuhu Leopards | **66** | Marist Richmond Brothers | **16** |\n| Qualification Semifinal | Hibiscus Coast Raiders | **26** | Mt Albert Lions | **24** |\n| Preliminary Final | Mt Albert Lions | **36** | Otahuhu Leopards | **20** |",
"",
"##### Grand Final",
"Around 5000 watched the match, the last played at [Carlaw Park](/wiki/Carlaw_Park \"Carlaw Park\").[Big game fitting Carlaw finale](http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=2847212) *New Zealand Herald*, 16 September 2002 Sala Fa'alogo was the man of the match.",
"",
"| Team | Half\\-time | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **Mt Albert Lions** | **10** | **24** |\n| Hibiscus Coast Raiders | 4 | 20 |",
"",
"",
"#### Awards",
"",
"| **Captain of the Year**: [Ben Lythe](/wiki/Ben_Lythe \"Ben Lythe\") (Mt Albert) **Best Back**: [Lee Finnerty](/wiki/Lee_Finnerty \"Lee Finnerty\") (Mt Albert) **Best Forward**: [Hutch Maiava](/wiki/Hutch_Maiava \"Hutch Maiava\") (Mt Albert) **Best and Fairest Player**: [Hutch Maiava](/wiki/Hutch_Maiava \"Hutch Maiava\") (Mt Albert) | **Coach of the Year**: [John Ackland](/wiki/John_Ackland_%28rugby_league%29 \"John Ackland (rugby league)\") (Mt Albert) **Most Points**: [Boycie Nelson](/wiki/Boycie_Nelson \"Boycie Nelson\") (256; Otahuhu) **Most Tries**: 27; [Lee Finnerty](/wiki/Lee_Finnerty \"Lee Finnerty\") (Mt Albert) and Archie Ikihele (Otahuhu) **Referee of the Year**: [Bill Shrimpton](/wiki/Bill_Shrimpton \"Bill Shrimpton\") |\n| --- | --- |",
"### North Island Super Six",
"* + - * + - * + [Coastline](/wiki/Coastline_rugby_league_team \"Coastline rugby league team\"), [Taranaki](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team \"Taranaki rugby league team\"), [Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team \"Waikato rugby league team\"), [Manawatu](/wiki/Manawatu_rugby_league_team \"Manawatu rugby league team\"), [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_rugby_league_team \"Bay of Plenty rugby league team\") and [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_rugby_league_team \"Wellington rugby league team\") competed in the North Island Super 6\\. Wellington and Manawatu did not select players from the [Wellington Franchise](/wiki/Wellington_Orcas \"Wellington Orcas\") or [Central Falcons](/wiki/Central_Falcons \"Central Falcons\") respectively.[Wellington and Manawatu Teams](http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id=13524) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130104142115/http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id\\=13524 \\|date\\=4 January 2013 }} *rleague.com*, 20 September 2002\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|Team\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPld\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPF\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|[Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_rugby_league_team \"Wellington rugby league team\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 223 | 162 | **8** |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|[Manawatu](/wiki/Manawatu_rugby_league_team \"Manawatu rugby league team\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 232 | 172 | **6** |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|[Waikato](/wiki/Waikato_rugby_league_team \"Waikato rugby league team\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 188 | 153 | **6** |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|[Coastline](/wiki/Coastline_rugby_league_team \"Coastline rugby league team\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 169 | 174 | **6** |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|[Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_rugby_league_team \"Bay of Plenty rugby league team\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 131 | 189 | **2** |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|[Taranaki](/wiki/Taranaki_rugby_league_team \"Taranaki rugby league team\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 145 | 238 | **2** |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaikato defeated minor premiers Wellington 46–30 at the Grand Final, held in Wellington.",
"Waikato were coached by [Tawera Nikau](/wiki/Tawera_Nikau \"Tawera Nikau\") and included [Herewini Rangi](/wiki/Herewini_Rangi \"Herewini Rangi\"). Manawatu included [Rangi Chase](/wiki/Rangi_Chase \"Rangi Chase\") and [Weller Hauraki](/wiki/Weller_Hauraki \"Weller Hauraki\"). Taranaki were coached by [Howie Tamati](/wiki/Howie_Tamati \"Howie Tamati\").",
"### South Island Provincial Championship",
"[Canterbury A](/wiki/Canterbury_rugby_league_team \"Canterbury rugby league team\"), [Otago](/wiki/Otago_rugby_league_team \"Otago rugby league team\"), [Southland](/wiki/Southland_rugby_league_team \"Southland rugby league team\"), [Tasman](/wiki/Tasman_rugby_league_team \"Tasman rugby league team\") and the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_rugby_league_team \"West Coast rugby league team\") competed in the South Island Provincial Championship.",
"Otago won the title, defeating Canterbury A 23–22 in the Grand Final.",
"[Phil Bergman](/wiki/Phil_Bergman \"Phil Bergman\") played for Tasman.",
"### Mainland Super Ten",
"The Riccarton Knights defeated the Linwood Keas 42–22 to win the Mainland Super 10 championship.",
"The [Thacker Shield](/wiki/Thacker_Shield \"Thacker Shield\") was contested as part of the Mainland Super 10, with the holder defending it at every home game.[Riccarton beats Linwood to hold Thacker Shield](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12057395.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *The Press*, 15 April 2002 In 2003 the Thacker Shield returned to its original once a year inter\\-district challenge format.",
"Super 10 Dreamteam; Fa'atali Sa (Papanui), [Charlie Herekotukutuku](/wiki/Charlie_Herekotukutuku \"Charlie Herekotukutuku\") (Kaiapoi), Clinton Fraser (Sydenham), Hamish Barclay (Riccarton), Sam Lemalie (Linwood), Josh Reuben (Kaiapoi), [Aaron Whittaker](/wiki/Aaron_Whittaker \"Aaron Whittaker\") (Riccarton), Leon Hallie (Otago), Andrew Auimatagi (Linwood), Mathias Pitama (Kaiapoi), Andrew Tallott (Hornby), George Taunga (Southland) and [Corey Lawrie](/wiki/Corey_Lawrie \"Corey Lawrie\") (Hornby). Coach: Brent Ringdahl (Riccarton).",
"### National Junior Competitions",
"The Kiwi Cup was the National Junior Competition for under\\-18s and was held between Akarana, Counties\\-Manukau, Waikato, Canterbury, Wellington and Manawatu. [Akarana](/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_%C4%80karana \"Ngāti Ākarana\"), who included [Jerome Ropati](/wiki/Jerome_Ropati \"Jerome Ropati\"), [Epalahame Lauaki](/wiki/Epalahame_Lauaki \"Epalahame Lauaki\"), [Marcus Perenara](/wiki/Marcus_Perenara \"Marcus Perenara\") and [Evarn Tuimavave](/wiki/Evarn_Tuimavave \"Evarn Tuimavave\"), defeated Counties\\-Manukau 42–22 in the final. Counties\\-Manukau included [Toshio Laiseni](/wiki/Toshio_Laiseni \"Toshio Laiseni\").",
"The Foundation Cup was the National Junior Competition for under\\-16s. The invited teams were Counties\\-Manukau, Wellington, Akarana, Canterbury, Waikato and Northland. Counties\\-Manukau, who included [Kim Uasi](/wiki/Kim_Uasi \"Kim Uasi\") and Willie Heta, defeated Wellington 28–6\\.",
""
] |
Club competitions
-----------------
### Auckland
{{see also\|Auckland Rugby League club trophies}}
The [Hibiscus Coast Raiders](/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast_Raiders "Hibiscus Coast Raiders") won the Fox Memorial trophy, defeating Otahuhu 44–40 in double extra time.Coffey, John and Bernie Wood *Auckland, 100 years of rugby league, 1909–2009*, 2009\. {{ISBN\|978\-1\-86969\-366\-4}}, p. 333\. The [Papakura Sea Eagles](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles "Papakura Sea Eagles") won the Rukutai Shield (minor premiership). Earlier in the season the Hibiscus Coast Raiders had won the Roope Rooster cup, defeating [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Saints "Marist Saints") 64–4 in the final. [Ellerslie](/wiki/Ellerslie_Eagles "Ellerslie Eagles") won the Sharman Cup while the [Mount Wellington Warriors](/wiki/Mount_Wellington_Warriors "Mount Wellington Warriors") won the Phelan Shield.
The Hibiscus Coast's [Willie Bishop](/wiki/Willie_Bishop "Willie Bishop") won the Best and Fairest award and the Bert Humphries Memorial Trophy as best back in the competition. Junior Asiata from Otahuhu won the Bert Humphries Memorial Trophy as best forward while Papakura's Stuart Heslop won the Most Improved award. Asiata also won the Rothville Trophy as player of the year while Bishop was awarded the Lance Painter Rosebowl as top goal kicker. Otahuhu's Shane Dance won the Lipscombe Cup as Sportsman of the Year.
Papakura were coached by [Kelly Shelford](/wiki/Kelly_Shelford "Kelly Shelford") while Mount Albert included [Carl Doherty](/wiki/Carl_Doherty "Carl Doherty") and Manukau included [Ben Vaeau](/wiki/Ben_Vaeau "Ben Vaeau").*New Zealand Rugby League Annual 2002*, [New Zealand Rugby Football League](/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Football_League "New Zealand Rugby Football League"), 2002\. p. 190
### Wellington
The Randwick Kingfishers won the [Wellington Rugby League](/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_League "Wellington Rugby League") title, defeating the [Wainuiomata Lions](/wiki/Wainuiomata_Lions "Wainuiomata Lions") in the grand final.
### Canterbury
Riccarton won the [Canterbury Rugby League](/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_League "Canterbury Rugby League") title, defeating Linwood 54–14 in the grand final.
[Aaron Whittaker](/wiki/Aaron_Whittaker "Aaron Whittaker") and [Logan Edwards](/wiki/Logan_Edwards "Logan Edwards") played for Riccarton. [Kane Ferris](/wiki/Kane_Ferris "Kane Ferris") played for Linwood.
### Other Competitions
Turangawaewae and the [Taniwharau Rugby League Club](/wiki/Taniwharau_Rugby_League_Club "Taniwharau Rugby League Club") met in the inaugural Waicoa Bay grand final with Taniwharau winning 28–26\.[Grand final a fitting end for tangi teams](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24433802.html) {{dead link\|date\=February 2019\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} *Waikato Times*, 25 August 2006 Turangawaewae won the [Waikato Rugby League](/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_League "Waikato Rugby League") Premiership. The [Ngongotaha Chiefs](/wiki/Ngongotaha_Chiefs "Ngongotaha Chiefs") defeated Pikiao to win the [Bay of Plenty Rugby League](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_League "Bay of Plenty Rugby League") competition. Te Paamu, who included [Andrew Leota](/wiki/Andrew_Leota "Andrew Leota"), defeated Kawerau 46–22 in the Coastline final.
The Waitara Bears defeated Marist 26–12 in the [Taranaki Rugby League](/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_League "Taranaki Rugby League") grand final.[Taranaki Grand Final Countdown](http://www.rleague.com/content/article.php?id=17333) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715191357/http://www.rleague.com/content/article.php?id\=17333 \|date\=15 July 2011 }} *rleague.com*, 11 July 2003 Linton, who included [Jesse Royal](/wiki/Jesse_Royal "Jesse Royal"), defeated Levin 48–26 in the [Manawatu Rugby League](/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_League "Manawatu Rugby League") grand final.
Blenheim Central defeated Nelson 32–12 in the Tasman grand final while Suburbs won the [West Coast Rugby League](/wiki/West_Coast_Rugby_League "West Coast Rugby League") title by defeating Cobden\-Kohinoor 28–20\.
|
[
"Club competitions\n-----------------",
"### Auckland",
"{{see also\\|Auckland Rugby League club trophies}}\nThe [Hibiscus Coast Raiders](/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast_Raiders \"Hibiscus Coast Raiders\") won the Fox Memorial trophy, defeating Otahuhu 44–40 in double extra time.Coffey, John and Bernie Wood *Auckland, 100 years of rugby league, 1909–2009*, 2009\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-86969\\-366\\-4}}, p. 333\\. The [Papakura Sea Eagles](/wiki/Papakura_Sea_Eagles \"Papakura Sea Eagles\") won the Rukutai Shield (minor premiership). Earlier in the season the Hibiscus Coast Raiders had won the Roope Rooster cup, defeating [Marist](/wiki/Marist_Saints \"Marist Saints\") 64–4 in the final. [Ellerslie](/wiki/Ellerslie_Eagles \"Ellerslie Eagles\") won the Sharman Cup while the [Mount Wellington Warriors](/wiki/Mount_Wellington_Warriors \"Mount Wellington Warriors\") won the Phelan Shield.",
"The Hibiscus Coast's [Willie Bishop](/wiki/Willie_Bishop \"Willie Bishop\") won the Best and Fairest award and the Bert Humphries Memorial Trophy as best back in the competition. Junior Asiata from Otahuhu won the Bert Humphries Memorial Trophy as best forward while Papakura's Stuart Heslop won the Most Improved award. Asiata also won the Rothville Trophy as player of the year while Bishop was awarded the Lance Painter Rosebowl as top goal kicker. Otahuhu's Shane Dance won the Lipscombe Cup as Sportsman of the Year.",
"Papakura were coached by [Kelly Shelford](/wiki/Kelly_Shelford \"Kelly Shelford\") while Mount Albert included [Carl Doherty](/wiki/Carl_Doherty \"Carl Doherty\") and Manukau included [Ben Vaeau](/wiki/Ben_Vaeau \"Ben Vaeau\").*New Zealand Rugby League Annual 2002*, [New Zealand Rugby Football League](/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Football_League \"New Zealand Rugby Football League\"), 2002\\. p. 190",
"### Wellington",
"The Randwick Kingfishers won the [Wellington Rugby League](/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_League \"Wellington Rugby League\") title, defeating the [Wainuiomata Lions](/wiki/Wainuiomata_Lions \"Wainuiomata Lions\") in the grand final.",
"### Canterbury",
"Riccarton won the [Canterbury Rugby League](/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_League \"Canterbury Rugby League\") title, defeating Linwood 54–14 in the grand final.",
"[Aaron Whittaker](/wiki/Aaron_Whittaker \"Aaron Whittaker\") and [Logan Edwards](/wiki/Logan_Edwards \"Logan Edwards\") played for Riccarton. [Kane Ferris](/wiki/Kane_Ferris \"Kane Ferris\") played for Linwood.",
"### Other Competitions",
"Turangawaewae and the [Taniwharau Rugby League Club](/wiki/Taniwharau_Rugby_League_Club \"Taniwharau Rugby League Club\") met in the inaugural Waicoa Bay grand final with Taniwharau winning 28–26\\.[Grand final a fitting end for tangi teams](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24433802.html) {{dead link\\|date\\=February 2019\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} *Waikato Times*, 25 August 2006 Turangawaewae won the [Waikato Rugby League](/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_League \"Waikato Rugby League\") Premiership. The [Ngongotaha Chiefs](/wiki/Ngongotaha_Chiefs \"Ngongotaha Chiefs\") defeated Pikiao to win the [Bay of Plenty Rugby League](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_League \"Bay of Plenty Rugby League\") competition. Te Paamu, who included [Andrew Leota](/wiki/Andrew_Leota \"Andrew Leota\"), defeated Kawerau 46–22 in the Coastline final.",
"The Waitara Bears defeated Marist 26–12 in the [Taranaki Rugby League](/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_League \"Taranaki Rugby League\") grand final.[Taranaki Grand Final Countdown](http://www.rleague.com/content/article.php?id=17333) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715191357/http://www.rleague.com/content/article.php?id\\=17333 \\|date\\=15 July 2011 }} *rleague.com*, 11 July 2003 Linton, who included [Jesse Royal](/wiki/Jesse_Royal \"Jesse Royal\"), defeated Levin 48–26 in the [Manawatu Rugby League](/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_League \"Manawatu Rugby League\") grand final.",
"Blenheim Central defeated Nelson 32–12 in the Tasman grand final while Suburbs won the [West Coast Rugby League](/wiki/West_Coast_Rugby_League \"West Coast Rugby League\") title by defeating Cobden\\-Kohinoor 28–20\\.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
He went 1\-1\-1 in his first three pro fights, but then reeled off 14 straight victories to move into the world rankings at light heavyweight. The last of those wins came on September 5, 1981, when Braxton returned to Rahway to fight Scott, with the winner promised a shot at [Matthew Saad Muhammad](/wiki/Matthew_Saad_Muhammad "Matthew Saad Muhammad")'s [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council") world championship belt. Braxton won a unanimous 10\-round decision.
On December 19 of the same year, Braxton faced Saad Muhammad in Atlantic City. Braxton was the underdog against Saad, one of the most popular fighters of his generation and a fellow future Hall of Famer, but Braxton defeated him on a 10th\-round technical [knockout](/wiki/Knockout "Knockout") and became a world champion for the first time.{{cite news\|title\=Muhammad loses title to Braxton\|work\=Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=1981\-12\-21\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=bkQNAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=lm0DAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6939,4275836\&dwight\+braxton\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=2010\-02\-11}} It was shortly after this that he announced his conversion to [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") and changed his name.
He defended the title three times in the next 15 months, knocking out Jerry Martin, Saad Muhammad a second time and Eddie Davis. On March 18, 1983, [he lost a close but unanimous decision](/wiki/The_Brawl_for_it_All "The Brawl for it All") to [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association "World Boxing Association") champion [Michael Spinks](/wiki/Michael_Spinks "Michael Spinks") in a unification bout.
Qawi felt that making the division's 175\-pound weight limit had drained him physically, and resolved to seek another world title in the newly created cruiserweight division. Freed of the need to fight to keep his weight down, Qawi reeled off another series of wins and claimed the WBA cruiserweight title on July 7, 1985, knocking out [Piet Crous](/wiki/Piet_Crous "Piet Crous") in Crous' native [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa").
He won two more fights, including a victory over former world heavyweight titlist [Leon Spinks](/wiki/Leon_Spinks "Leon Spinks"), before accepting a challenge from Olympian [Evander Holyfield](/wiki/Evander_Holyfield "Evander Holyfield") on July 12, 1986\. The fight, in Holyfield's hometown of [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), went the full 15 rounds with Holyfield winning a split decision.
After the loss to Holyfield, Qawi fought off and on for the next 12 years, but never regained a world title. He rematched with Holyfield in 1987 for the WBA and [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation "International Boxing Federation") cruiserweight titles, but was stopped in the fourth round.
After a short stint in the heavyweight ranks, where in 1988 he lost to [George Foreman](/wiki/George_Foreman "George Foreman") by knockout in seven rounds, being forced to quit from exhaustion, he tried to regain the cruiserweight title. On November 27, 1989, he dropped a split decision to [Robert Daniels](/wiki/Robert_Daniels_%28boxer%29 "Robert Daniels (boxer)") for Holyfield's vacated WBA title.
Qawi retired in 1999 at the age of 46, with a career record of 41 wins, 11 losses and one draw, with 25 wins by way of knockout. Currently, he works as a boxing trainer in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey").
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"He went 1\\-1\\-1 in his first three pro fights, but then reeled off 14 straight victories to move into the world rankings at light heavyweight. The last of those wins came on September 5, 1981, when Braxton returned to Rahway to fight Scott, with the winner promised a shot at [Matthew Saad Muhammad](/wiki/Matthew_Saad_Muhammad \"Matthew Saad Muhammad\")'s [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\") world championship belt. Braxton won a unanimous 10\\-round decision.",
"On December 19 of the same year, Braxton faced Saad Muhammad in Atlantic City. Braxton was the underdog against Saad, one of the most popular fighters of his generation and a fellow future Hall of Famer, but Braxton defeated him on a 10th\\-round technical [knockout](/wiki/Knockout \"Knockout\") and became a world champion for the first time.{{cite news\\|title\\=Muhammad loses title to Braxton\\|work\\=Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=1981\\-12\\-21\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=bkQNAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=lm0DAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6939,4275836\\&dwight\\+braxton\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-02\\-11}} It was shortly after this that he announced his conversion to [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") and changed his name.",
"He defended the title three times in the next 15 months, knocking out Jerry Martin, Saad Muhammad a second time and Eddie Davis. On March 18, 1983, [he lost a close but unanimous decision](/wiki/The_Brawl_for_it_All \"The Brawl for it All\") to [WBA](/wiki/World_Boxing_Association \"World Boxing Association\") champion [Michael Spinks](/wiki/Michael_Spinks \"Michael Spinks\") in a unification bout.",
"Qawi felt that making the division's 175\\-pound weight limit had drained him physically, and resolved to seek another world title in the newly created cruiserweight division. Freed of the need to fight to keep his weight down, Qawi reeled off another series of wins and claimed the WBA cruiserweight title on July 7, 1985, knocking out [Piet Crous](/wiki/Piet_Crous \"Piet Crous\") in Crous' native [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\").",
"He won two more fights, including a victory over former world heavyweight titlist [Leon Spinks](/wiki/Leon_Spinks \"Leon Spinks\"), before accepting a challenge from Olympian [Evander Holyfield](/wiki/Evander_Holyfield \"Evander Holyfield\") on July 12, 1986\\. The fight, in Holyfield's hometown of [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), went the full 15 rounds with Holyfield winning a split decision.",
"After the loss to Holyfield, Qawi fought off and on for the next 12 years, but never regained a world title. He rematched with Holyfield in 1987 for the WBA and [IBF](/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation \"International Boxing Federation\") cruiserweight titles, but was stopped in the fourth round.",
"After a short stint in the heavyweight ranks, where in 1988 he lost to [George Foreman](/wiki/George_Foreman \"George Foreman\") by knockout in seven rounds, being forced to quit from exhaustion, he tried to regain the cruiserweight title. On November 27, 1989, he dropped a split decision to [Robert Daniels](/wiki/Robert_Daniels_%28boxer%29 \"Robert Daniels (boxer)\") for Holyfield's vacated WBA title.",
"Qawi retired in 1999 at the age of 46, with a career record of 41 wins, 11 losses and one draw, with 25 wins by way of knockout. Currently, he works as a boxing trainer in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").",
""
] |
Life
----
Rudolph Mäglin was born on 26 December 1898, the fourth of six children at Herrengrabenweg 22 in [Basel](/wiki/Basel "Basel").
After an apprenticeship in a bank he became an accountant at the age of 17½. However, his fantasy soon declared war on the rather monotonous office life as an accountant. He quit his job and became a newspaper reporter. The decisive step towards a promising future as a journalist, publicist, writer, poet and [cabaretwriter](/wiki/Cabaret "Cabaret") was thus taken.
At first he wrote sports reports, reviews of films, theater performances and guest performances by circuses and variétés for various daily and weekly newspapers. This was soon followed by his humorous and pointed reports named *Erlauschtes vom Bäumli*, which were extremely popular with the readership, in the [Basler Woche](/wiki/Basler_Woche "Basler Woche"). They were about disputes in the Basel civil court on the *Bäumleingasse* in [Basel](/wiki/Basel "Basel").
In 1926 he founded the special supplement *Dr glai Nazi* as a freelancer for the [National\-Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung "Basler Zeitung") (today [Basler Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung "Basler Zeitung") ). Up until the late 1960s, Bolo Mäglin was the godfather of this popular children's supplement and regularly published his poems in it.
There were times when he wrote under six pseudonyms to deny the claim that if you write lyric poetry, you couldn't possibly succeed in cultural essays, theater reviews, sports reports, satirical glosses and gripping stories for the youth. These included names such as "Prokurator" and "Bimbolo". Since an Italian clown by the name of Bimbolo forbade him to use this name, "Martin Bim" and "Bolo" emerged. The latter was to remain his nickname forever.
In Binningen, where he had lived since 1947 with his wife Elsa "Elsy" Mäglin (\* 1904; † 2006\) and their two children Marie\-Louise "Marly" (\* 1938\) and Urs Beat (\* 1941\), you could almost find him found daily with a bundle of newspapers and one of his writing cases under his arm. He liked to retire to a corner of the "Rebstock" or "Jägerstübli" to write, but was occasionally also available for a sociable conversation over a cup of coffee or a glass of wine. Another well\-known characteristic of Bolo, wearing white gloves, could be explained by his colophony allergy (an allergy to printer's ink). A portrait of fellow writer Heinrich Kuhn (editor of the [National\-Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung "Basler Zeitung") 1934–74\) in the foreword to the second edition of the Ruesser also described Bolo's typical appearance as follows: «A narrow face with a sharp, slightly curved nose on top of one rather thin body. Always neatly dressed, with a butterfly tie, gloves and cane, sometimes accompanied by a little fox terrier, a pencil case or envelope in his hand, that's how he appeared at the editorial office with a lively pace."
Bolo had nothing to do with anything fake, wrong or staged pessimism. The Germanist and professor [Louis Wiesmann](/wiki/Louis_Wiesmann "Louis Wiesmann") from the State Literary Credit Commission Basel\-Stadt wrote about him in 1963: "Bolo is not a carefree writer. He only gives out what is in front of his artistic conscience. Bolo never allowed himself to be restricted. He does what he is inwardly driven to, doesn’t mince his words and appears to be very close to the people. But behind his free, uncomplicated manner there is also an emotional person who knows how to touch his readership to the heart of his readership. His fresh, direct spelling made him popular and successful. " In a previous conversation with [Wiesmann](/wiki/Louis_Wiesmann "Louis Wiesmann"), Bolo had made the following programmatic confession: “Reality knows the dark and the tragic, but also the bright and the happy – otherwise life would have no meaning. As little as I can do with pink glasses and illusions, I just don't like black glasses. For me, poetry that does not affirm life misses its most beautiful task. His fellow writer {{interlanguage link\|Hans Räber\|de}} once said of him: “With Bolo, every sentence sparkles with an incorruptible honesty.”
Bolo Mäglin's literary work is extraordinarily diverse. There are poems, short stories, novels, dramas, radio plays, musicals, festivals, operetta librettos, revues, cabaret programs, carnival games, [Schnitzelbanks](/wiki/Schnitzelbank "Schnitzelbank") and "Fasnachts\-Zeedel" from his pen. He alternated between [Standard German](/wiki/Standard_German "Standard German") and dialect (especially [Basel German](/wiki/Basel_German "Basel German")). Many of his works have been awarded prizes.
In the foreword to the second edition of the Ruesser, Heinrich Kuhn reports on Bolo's relation to Carnival: “Artists and cabaret artists, that was his world. But the Basel Carnival was his main specialty. From the window of the dispatch office, in the "Haus zum Gold", the former headquarters of the [National\-Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung "Basler Zeitung") on the market square, he hammered the entire report on the street carnival primavista into the typewriter. The fact that he not only knew the drum and piccolo marches, but also practiced the art of drumming and whistling, made him a competent reviewer u. a. of the [Monster Drummeli](/wiki/Monster_Drummeli "Monster Drummeli") in the [Küchlin Theatre Basel](/wiki/Karl_K%C3%BCchlin%23Das_K%C3%BCchlin-Theater_in_Basel "Karl Küchlin#Das Küchlin-Theater in Basel"). Many "{{interlanguage link\|Fasnachtsclique\|de}}" (groups performing the carnival) did not always accept his criticism without contradiction and so it could not be missing that one day he himself became a subject of the carnival ([Bolo in front of a judge](/wiki/BoloAlsFasnachtsSujet.png "BoloAlsFasnachtsSujet.png")). As a good carnival person, he reacted calmly and with humor to the masked intrigue. \[...] In his enigmatic novella, Bolo tells of a Basel original obsessed with carnival. He himself was such an original, fused with his Basel, who knew about the secrets and peculiarities of the old Rhine city. Bolo knew how to express this knowledge in soot and in many dialect poems."
His best\-known work is the novel *[Gilberte de Courgenay](/wiki/Gilberte_de_Courgenay "Gilberte de Courgenay")*, about the young Swiss woman [Gilberte Montavon](/wiki/Gilberte_Montavon "Gilberte Montavon"). As a stage play – premiered on 24 August 1939 in the [Schauspielhaus Zürich](/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich "Schauspielhaus Zürich") – this play brought it to over 450 performances. It is still very popular with professional and amateur theaters today.
In 1943 he was one of the founders of the Basel Writers' Association, as its vice\-president he served for many years.
In 2005 a memorial showcase was inaugurated in the Ortsmuseum Binningen as part of a vernissage, in which, in addition to a small selection of his wide range of works, numerous objects from his everyday life can be seen. Some of his poems, presented by Bolo personally, can be played at the push of a button. Since August 2014, around 40 years after Bolo's death, a path that leads from Binningen's Margarethenstrasse to Bruderholzrain has been named after him.[Bolo\-Mäglin\-Weg](https://www.binningen.ch/de/gemeinde/news-und-medien/news.html/106/news/643/newsarchive/1)
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Rudolph Mäglin was born on 26 December 1898, the fourth of six children at Herrengrabenweg 22 in [Basel](/wiki/Basel \"Basel\").",
"After an apprenticeship in a bank he became an accountant at the age of 17½. However, his fantasy soon declared war on the rather monotonous office life as an accountant. He quit his job and became a newspaper reporter. The decisive step towards a promising future as a journalist, publicist, writer, poet and [cabaretwriter](/wiki/Cabaret \"Cabaret\") was thus taken.",
"At first he wrote sports reports, reviews of films, theater performances and guest performances by circuses and variétés for various daily and weekly newspapers. This was soon followed by his humorous and pointed reports named *Erlauschtes vom Bäumli*, which were extremely popular with the readership, in the [Basler Woche](/wiki/Basler_Woche \"Basler Woche\"). They were about disputes in the Basel civil court on the *Bäumleingasse* in [Basel](/wiki/Basel \"Basel\").",
"In 1926 he founded the special supplement *Dr glai Nazi* as a freelancer for the [National\\-Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung \"Basler Zeitung\") (today [Basler Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung \"Basler Zeitung\") ). Up until the late 1960s, Bolo Mäglin was the godfather of this popular children's supplement and regularly published his poems in it.",
"There were times when he wrote under six pseudonyms to deny the claim that if you write lyric poetry, you couldn't possibly succeed in cultural essays, theater reviews, sports reports, satirical glosses and gripping stories for the youth. These included names such as \"Prokurator\" and \"Bimbolo\". Since an Italian clown by the name of Bimbolo forbade him to use this name, \"Martin Bim\" and \"Bolo\" emerged. The latter was to remain his nickname forever.",
"In Binningen, where he had lived since 1947 with his wife Elsa \"Elsy\" Mäglin (\\* 1904; † 2006\\) and their two children Marie\\-Louise \"Marly\" (\\* 1938\\) and Urs Beat (\\* 1941\\), you could almost find him found daily with a bundle of newspapers and one of his writing cases under his arm. He liked to retire to a corner of the \"Rebstock\" or \"Jägerstübli\" to write, but was occasionally also available for a sociable conversation over a cup of coffee or a glass of wine. Another well\\-known characteristic of Bolo, wearing white gloves, could be explained by his colophony allergy (an allergy to printer's ink). A portrait of fellow writer Heinrich Kuhn (editor of the [National\\-Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung \"Basler Zeitung\") 1934–74\\) in the foreword to the second edition of the Ruesser also described Bolo's typical appearance as follows: «A narrow face with a sharp, slightly curved nose on top of one rather thin body. Always neatly dressed, with a butterfly tie, gloves and cane, sometimes accompanied by a little fox terrier, a pencil case or envelope in his hand, that's how he appeared at the editorial office with a lively pace.\"",
"Bolo had nothing to do with anything fake, wrong or staged pessimism. The Germanist and professor [Louis Wiesmann](/wiki/Louis_Wiesmann \"Louis Wiesmann\") from the State Literary Credit Commission Basel\\-Stadt wrote about him in 1963: \"Bolo is not a carefree writer. He only gives out what is in front of his artistic conscience. Bolo never allowed himself to be restricted. He does what he is inwardly driven to, doesn’t mince his words and appears to be very close to the people. But behind his free, uncomplicated manner there is also an emotional person who knows how to touch his readership to the heart of his readership. His fresh, direct spelling made him popular and successful. \" In a previous conversation with [Wiesmann](/wiki/Louis_Wiesmann \"Louis Wiesmann\"), Bolo had made the following programmatic confession: “Reality knows the dark and the tragic, but also the bright and the happy – otherwise life would have no meaning. As little as I can do with pink glasses and illusions, I just don't like black glasses. For me, poetry that does not affirm life misses its most beautiful task. His fellow writer {{interlanguage link\\|Hans Räber\\|de}} once said of him: “With Bolo, every sentence sparkles with an incorruptible honesty.”",
"Bolo Mäglin's literary work is extraordinarily diverse. There are poems, short stories, novels, dramas, radio plays, musicals, festivals, operetta librettos, revues, cabaret programs, carnival games, [Schnitzelbanks](/wiki/Schnitzelbank \"Schnitzelbank\") and \"Fasnachts\\-Zeedel\" from his pen. He alternated between [Standard German](/wiki/Standard_German \"Standard German\") and dialect (especially [Basel German](/wiki/Basel_German \"Basel German\")). Many of his works have been awarded prizes.",
"In the foreword to the second edition of the Ruesser, Heinrich Kuhn reports on Bolo's relation to Carnival: “Artists and cabaret artists, that was his world. But the Basel Carnival was his main specialty. From the window of the dispatch office, in the \"Haus zum Gold\", the former headquarters of the [National\\-Zeitung](/wiki/Basler_Zeitung \"Basler Zeitung\") on the market square, he hammered the entire report on the street carnival primavista into the typewriter. The fact that he not only knew the drum and piccolo marches, but also practiced the art of drumming and whistling, made him a competent reviewer u. a. of the [Monster Drummeli](/wiki/Monster_Drummeli \"Monster Drummeli\") in the [Küchlin Theatre Basel](/wiki/Karl_K%C3%BCchlin%23Das_K%C3%BCchlin-Theater_in_Basel \"Karl Küchlin#Das Küchlin-Theater in Basel\"). Many \"{{interlanguage link\\|Fasnachtsclique\\|de}}\" (groups performing the carnival) did not always accept his criticism without contradiction and so it could not be missing that one day he himself became a subject of the carnival ([Bolo in front of a judge](/wiki/BoloAlsFasnachtsSujet.png \"BoloAlsFasnachtsSujet.png\")). As a good carnival person, he reacted calmly and with humor to the masked intrigue. \\[...] In his enigmatic novella, Bolo tells of a Basel original obsessed with carnival. He himself was such an original, fused with his Basel, who knew about the secrets and peculiarities of the old Rhine city. Bolo knew how to express this knowledge in soot and in many dialect poems.\"",
"His best\\-known work is the novel *[Gilberte de Courgenay](/wiki/Gilberte_de_Courgenay \"Gilberte de Courgenay\")*, about the young Swiss woman [Gilberte Montavon](/wiki/Gilberte_Montavon \"Gilberte Montavon\"). As a stage play – premiered on 24 August 1939 in the [Schauspielhaus Zürich](/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich \"Schauspielhaus Zürich\") – this play brought it to over 450 performances. It is still very popular with professional and amateur theaters today.",
"In 1943 he was one of the founders of the Basel Writers' Association, as its vice\\-president he served for many years.",
"In 2005 a memorial showcase was inaugurated in the Ortsmuseum Binningen as part of a vernissage, in which, in addition to a small selection of his wide range of works, numerous objects from his everyday life can be seen. Some of his poems, presented by Bolo personally, can be played at the push of a button. Since August 2014, around 40 years after Bolo's death, a path that leads from Binningen's Margarethenstrasse to Bruderholzrain has been named after him.[Bolo\\-Mäglin\\-Weg](https://www.binningen.ch/de/gemeinde/news-und-medien/news.html/106/news/643/newsarchive/1)",
""
] |
Description of competition and rules
------------------------------------
The rules used throughout the world, with minor variations, are maintained by the IARU Region I ARDF Working Group.IARU Region I ARDF Working Group. ["Rules for Championships in Amateur Radio Direction Finding"](http://www.ardf-r1.org/ardf_rules). Although these rules were developed specifically for international competitions, they have become the de facto standard used as the basis for all international competitions worldwide.
An ARDF competition normally takes place in diverse wooded terrain, such as in a public park or natural area but competitions have also been held in suitable suburban areas. Each competitor receives a detailed topographic map of the competition area. The map will indicate the location of the start with a triangle and the location of the finish with two concentric circles. Somewhere within the competition area designated on the map, the meet organizer will have placed five low power radio transmitters. The locations of the transmitters are kept a secret from the competitors and are not marked on the map. Each transmitter emits a signal in [Morse code](/wiki/Morse_code "Morse code") by which it is easily identifiable to the competitors. The transmitters automatically transmit one after another in a repeating cycle. Depending on entry classification, a competitor will attempt to locate as many as three, four, or all five of the transmitters in the woods, and then travel to the finish line in the shortest possible time. Competitors start at staggered intervals, are individually timed, and are expected to perform all radio direction finding and navigation skills on their own. Standings are determined first by the number of transmitters found, then by shortest time on course. Competitors who take longer than the specified time limit to finish may be disqualified.
ARDF events use [radio frequencies](/wiki/Radio_frequency "Radio frequency") on either the [2\-meter](/wiki/2-meter_band "2-meter band") or [80\-meter](/wiki/80-meter_band "80-meter band") amateur radio bands. These two bands were chosen because of their universal availability to amateur radio licensees in all countries. Each band requires different radio equipment for [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28telecommunications%29 "Transmission (telecommunications)") and [reception](/wiki/Reception_%28telecommunications%29 "Reception (telecommunications)"), and requires the use of different radio direction finding skills. Radio direction finding equipment for eighty meters, an [HF](/wiki/High_frequency "High frequency") band, is relatively easy to design and inexpensive to build. [Bearings](/wiki/Bearing_%28navigation%29 "Bearing (navigation)") taken on eighty meters can be very accurate. Competitors on an eighty\-meter course must use bearings to determine the locations of the transmitters and choose the fastest route through the terrain to visit them. Two meters, a [VHF](/wiki/Very_high_frequency "Very high frequency") band, requires equipment that is relatively more complicated to design and more expensive to build. Radio signals on two meters are more affected by features of the terrain. Competitors on a two\-meter course must learn to differentiate between accurate, direct bearings to the source of the radio signal and false bearings resulting from reflections of the signal off hillsides, ravines, buildings, or fences. Large national or international events will have one day of competition using a 2\-meter frequency and one day of competition using an 80\-meter frequency.
In addition to the rules of the sport, ARDF competitions must also comply with radio regulations. Because the transmitters operate on frequencies assigned to the Amateur Radio Service, a radio amateur with a license that is valid for the country in which the competition is taking place must be present and responsible for their operation. Individual competitors, however, are generally not required to have amateur radio licences, as the use of simple handheld radio receivers does not typically require a license. Regulatory prohibitions on the use of amateur radio frequencies for commercial use generally preclude the awarding of monetary prizes to competitors. Typical awards for ARDF events are medals, trophies, plaques, or certificates.
### Entry categories
Although all competitors at an ARDF event use the same competition area and listen to the same set of five transmitters, they do not all compete in the same category. Current IARU rules divide entrants into different categories based on their age and gender. Only the M21 category must locate all five transmitters, while the other categories may skip only a specified transmitter or transmitters.
* M19—Men ages 19 and younger, 4 or 5 transmitters
* M21—Men of any age, 5 transmitters
* M40—Men ages 40 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters
* M50—Men ages 50 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters
* M60—Men ages 60 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
* M70—Men ages 70 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
* W19—Women ages 19 and younger, 4 or 5 transmitters
* W21—Women of any age, 4 or 5 transmitters
* W35—Women ages 35 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters
* W45—Women ages 45 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
* W55—Women ages 55 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
* W65—Women ages 65 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters
### Youth competitions
The International Amateur Radio Union rules for ARDF competitions include provisions for youth competitions. These competitions are restricted to competitors aged sixteen years or younger. The course lengths are shorter (up to six kilometers), the transmitters may be located closer to the start (500 meters), and a course setter may require that fewer transmitters be located.
Since 2017, there is World Youth ARDF Championship (WYAC) every year. Participating categories in these championships are W14, W16, M14 and M16\.
#### WYAC by year
* 2017 \- Turcianske Teplice, Slovakia{{Cite web\|url\=http://wyac2017\.rob.sk/\|title\=WYAC 2017/ home\|website\=wyac2017\.rob.sk\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-25}}
* 2018 \- Doksy, Czech Republic
* 2019 \- Vinnytsia, Ukraine{{Cite web\|url\=http://wyac2019\.org.ua/\|title\=3\-rd World Youth ARDF Championship — 30\.06 — 04\.07\.2019 Vinnytsia, Ukraine\|language\=ru\-RU\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-25\|archive\-date\=2019\-10\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025151556/http://wyac2019\.org.ua/\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Local variations
The IARU rules go into great detail about certain procedures that are unique to international championships events. Not every ARDF competition follows all of these rules. Common variations to the generally accepted rules exist at local events. Most smaller events do not have large juries or on\-course referees. Some events will use simpler start procedures, such as using only one starting corridor instead of two. ARDF events on the two meter band in North America sometimes use [frequency modulation](/wiki/Frequency_modulation "Frequency modulation") instead of [amplitude modulation](/wiki/Amplitude_modulation "Amplitude modulation") for the transmission of the Morse code identifications.Texas ARDF (2008\). ["Rules for Texas ARDF Competitions"](http://www.texasardf.org/rules/). Retrieved May 6, 2013\.
|
[
"Description of competition and rules\n------------------------------------",
"The rules used throughout the world, with minor variations, are maintained by the IARU Region I ARDF Working Group.IARU Region I ARDF Working Group. [\"Rules for Championships in Amateur Radio Direction Finding\"](http://www.ardf-r1.org/ardf_rules). Although these rules were developed specifically for international competitions, they have become the de facto standard used as the basis for all international competitions worldwide.",
"An ARDF competition normally takes place in diverse wooded terrain, such as in a public park or natural area but competitions have also been held in suitable suburban areas. Each competitor receives a detailed topographic map of the competition area. The map will indicate the location of the start with a triangle and the location of the finish with two concentric circles. Somewhere within the competition area designated on the map, the meet organizer will have placed five low power radio transmitters. The locations of the transmitters are kept a secret from the competitors and are not marked on the map. Each transmitter emits a signal in [Morse code](/wiki/Morse_code \"Morse code\") by which it is easily identifiable to the competitors. The transmitters automatically transmit one after another in a repeating cycle. Depending on entry classification, a competitor will attempt to locate as many as three, four, or all five of the transmitters in the woods, and then travel to the finish line in the shortest possible time. Competitors start at staggered intervals, are individually timed, and are expected to perform all radio direction finding and navigation skills on their own. Standings are determined first by the number of transmitters found, then by shortest time on course. Competitors who take longer than the specified time limit to finish may be disqualified.",
"ARDF events use [radio frequencies](/wiki/Radio_frequency \"Radio frequency\") on either the [2\\-meter](/wiki/2-meter_band \"2-meter band\") or [80\\-meter](/wiki/80-meter_band \"80-meter band\") amateur radio bands. These two bands were chosen because of their universal availability to amateur radio licensees in all countries. Each band requires different radio equipment for [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28telecommunications%29 \"Transmission (telecommunications)\") and [reception](/wiki/Reception_%28telecommunications%29 \"Reception (telecommunications)\"), and requires the use of different radio direction finding skills. Radio direction finding equipment for eighty meters, an [HF](/wiki/High_frequency \"High frequency\") band, is relatively easy to design and inexpensive to build. [Bearings](/wiki/Bearing_%28navigation%29 \"Bearing (navigation)\") taken on eighty meters can be very accurate. Competitors on an eighty\\-meter course must use bearings to determine the locations of the transmitters and choose the fastest route through the terrain to visit them. Two meters, a [VHF](/wiki/Very_high_frequency \"Very high frequency\") band, requires equipment that is relatively more complicated to design and more expensive to build. Radio signals on two meters are more affected by features of the terrain. Competitors on a two\\-meter course must learn to differentiate between accurate, direct bearings to the source of the radio signal and false bearings resulting from reflections of the signal off hillsides, ravines, buildings, or fences. Large national or international events will have one day of competition using a 2\\-meter frequency and one day of competition using an 80\\-meter frequency.",
"In addition to the rules of the sport, ARDF competitions must also comply with radio regulations. Because the transmitters operate on frequencies assigned to the Amateur Radio Service, a radio amateur with a license that is valid for the country in which the competition is taking place must be present and responsible for their operation. Individual competitors, however, are generally not required to have amateur radio licences, as the use of simple handheld radio receivers does not typically require a license. Regulatory prohibitions on the use of amateur radio frequencies for commercial use generally preclude the awarding of monetary prizes to competitors. Typical awards for ARDF events are medals, trophies, plaques, or certificates.",
"### Entry categories",
"Although all competitors at an ARDF event use the same competition area and listen to the same set of five transmitters, they do not all compete in the same category. Current IARU rules divide entrants into different categories based on their age and gender. Only the M21 category must locate all five transmitters, while the other categories may skip only a specified transmitter or transmitters.",
"* M19—Men ages 19 and younger, 4 or 5 transmitters\n* M21—Men of any age, 5 transmitters\n* M40—Men ages 40 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters\n* M50—Men ages 50 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters\n* M60—Men ages 60 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters\n* M70—Men ages 70 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters\n* W19—Women ages 19 and younger, 4 or 5 transmitters\n* W21—Women of any age, 4 or 5 transmitters\n* W35—Women ages 35 and older, 4 or 5 transmitters\n* W45—Women ages 45 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters\n* W55—Women ages 55 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters\n* W65—Women ages 65 and older, 3 or 4 transmitters",
"### Youth competitions",
"The International Amateur Radio Union rules for ARDF competitions include provisions for youth competitions. These competitions are restricted to competitors aged sixteen years or younger. The course lengths are shorter (up to six kilometers), the transmitters may be located closer to the start (500 meters), and a course setter may require that fewer transmitters be located.",
"Since 2017, there is World Youth ARDF Championship (WYAC) every year. Participating categories in these championships are W14, W16, M14 and M16\\.",
"#### WYAC by year",
"* 2017 \\- Turcianske Teplice, Slovakia{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wyac2017\\.rob.sk/\\|title\\=WYAC 2017/ home\\|website\\=wyac2017\\.rob.sk\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-25}}\n* 2018 \\- Doksy, Czech Republic\n* 2019 \\- Vinnytsia, Ukraine{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wyac2019\\.org.ua/\\|title\\=3\\-rd World Youth ARDF Championship — 30\\.06 — 04\\.07\\.2019 Vinnytsia, Ukraine\\|language\\=ru\\-RU\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025151556/http://wyac2019\\.org.ua/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Local variations",
"The IARU rules go into great detail about certain procedures that are unique to international championships events. Not every ARDF competition follows all of these rules. Common variations to the generally accepted rules exist at local events. Most smaller events do not have large juries or on\\-course referees. Some events will use simpler start procedures, such as using only one starting corridor instead of two. ARDF events on the two meter band in North America sometimes use [frequency modulation](/wiki/Frequency_modulation \"Frequency modulation\") instead of [amplitude modulation](/wiki/Amplitude_modulation \"Amplitude modulation\") for the transmission of the Morse code identifications.Texas ARDF (2008\\). [\"Rules for Texas ARDF Competitions\"](http://www.texasardf.org/rules/). Retrieved May 6, 2013\\.",
""
] |
Equipment and clothing
----------------------
ARDF equipment is a specialty market, and much of what is available for purchase comes from small commercial vendors or small\-batch production by individuals. Building equipment, such as handheld [antennas](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 "Antenna (radio)"), from published designs or kits is also a popular activity.Hunt, Dale WB6BYU (2005\). "A Simple Direction\-Finding Receiver for 80 Meters". *[QST](/wiki/QST "QST")*. September, 2005, pp. 36–42\. Clothing and other equipment is sold through specialty orienteering equipment suppliers or general outdoor sports retailers.
### Transmitter equipment
[thumb\|A transmitter, [orienteering](/wiki/Orienteering "Orienteering") control flag, paper punch and electronic punch device at an ARDF control.](/wiki/File:Ardf_transmitter-2m.jpg "Ardf transmitter-2m.jpg")
ARDF transmitters have a low power output and operate in either the two meter or eighty meter amateur radio band. The transmissions are in [Morse code](/wiki/Morse_code "Morse code"). Each transmitter sends a unique identification that can be easily interpreted even by those unfamiliar with the Morse code by counting the number of dits that follow a series of dashes. The transmitters on course all transmit on the same frequency and each transmit in sequence for one minute at a time in a repeating cycle. Within a few meters of each transmitter, an orienteering control flag and punch device will be present. For many events and all major events, the punch device is an electronic system, such as SPORTident, used in orienteering competitions. This records the time competitors visit each control on a small device that they carry. An alternative is to use pin punches which the competitor uses to make a distinct pattern on a control card they carry. Competitors need to locate the control flag at the transmitter site and use the punch device to record their visit. Good course design will attempt to preclude, as much as possible, runners interfering with the transmitter equipment as they approach the control. At large international or national events, jurors might be present at transmitter controls to ensure fair play.
The IARU rules include detailed technical specifications for transmitter equipment.IARU Region I ARDF Working Group (2010\) ["Rules for Championships in Amateur Radio Direction Finding Part B: Competition"](http://www.ardf-r1.org/files/Rules_V2.9B_2011.pdf). Retrieved March 27, 2011\. Transmitters for two meters are typically 0\.25 to 1 [watts](/wiki/Watt "Watt") power output, and use keyed amplitude modulation. The transmitter antennas used on two meters must be horizontally [polarized](/wiki/Polarization_%28waves%29 "Polarization (waves)") and [omnidirectional](/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna "Omnidirectional antenna"). Transmitters for eighty meters are typically one to five watts power output keyed [CW](/wiki/Continuous_wave "Continuous wave") modulation. The transmitter antennas used on eighty meters must be vertically polarized and omnidirectional. It is common for the transmitter, a [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 "Battery (electricity)"), and any controlling hardware to be placed inside a weatherproof container such as an old ammunition case or large plastic food storage container for protection from the elements and wildlife.
### Receiver equipment
The radio equipment carried on course must be capable of receiving the signal being transmitted by the five transmitters and useful for radio direction finding. This includes a [radio receiver](/wiki/Radio_receiver "Radio receiver") that can tune in the specific frequency of transmission being used for the event, an [attenuator](/wiki/Attenuator_%28electronics%29 "Attenuator (electronics)") or variable gain control, and a [directional antenna](/wiki/Directional_antenna "Directional antenna"). Directional antennas are more sensitive to radio signals arriving from some directions than others. Most equipment designs integrate all three components into one handheld device. On the two meter band, the most common directional antennas used by competitors are two or three element [Yagi antennas](/wiki/Yagi_antenna "Yagi antenna") made from flexible steel tape. This kind of antenna has a [cardioid](/wiki/Cardioid "Cardioid") [receiving pattern](/wiki/Radiation_pattern "Radiation pattern"), which means that it has one peak direction where the received signal will be the strongest, and a null direction, 180° from the peak, in which the received signal will be the weakest. Flexible steel tape enables the antenna elements to flex and not break when encountering vegetation in the forest. On the eighty meter band, two common receiver design approaches are to use either a [small loop antenna](/wiki/Loop_antenna%23Small_loops "Loop antenna#Small loops") or an even smaller loop antenna wound around a [ferrite rod](/wiki/Ferrite_rod "Ferrite rod"). These antennas have a bidirectional receiving pattern, with two peak directions 180° apart from one another and two null directions 180° apart from one another. The peak directions are 90° offset from the null directions. A small vertical antenna element can be combined with the loop or ferrite rod antenna to change the receiving pattern to a cardioid shape, but the resulting null in the cardioid is not as sensitive as the nulls in the bidirectional receiving pattern. A switch is often used to allow the competitor to select the bidirectional or cardioid patterns at any moment. ARDF receiver equipment is designed to be lightweight and easy to operate while the competitor is in motion as well as rugged enough to withstand use in areas of thick vegetation.
### Clothing
The IARU rules specify that the choice of clothing is an individual decision of the competitor, unless the meet director specifies otherwise. Although comfortable outdoor clothing is all that is required for participation, specialty clothing developed for the sport of orienteering is also worn by ARDF competitors. [Nylon](/wiki/Nylon "Nylon") pants, shirts, or suits, [gaiters](/wiki/Gaiters "Gaiters") or padded socks for lower leg protection, and specialty shoes for cross\-country running through wooded terrain are popular choices. Some competitors may choose to carry food or water on course, and wear a small waist pack or hydration pack for this purpose. At large international or national events, competitors may be required by the meet director to wear identifying numbers pinned to their clothing, and many wear team uniforms in their [national colors](/wiki/National_colors "National colors").
### Other equipment
In addition to the radio equipment and topographic map, an ARDF competitor uses a magnetic compass for navigation. The most popular compass types are those that are also popular for use in orienteering. Some events may require or suggest that competitors carry a whistle for emergency use. In at least one World Championship event, competitors were provided with cards written in the native language of the host country, intended to aid in communications with local citizens in the event that a competitor needed emergency aid or directions. In general, the use of [cellular phone](/wiki/Cellular_phone "Cellular phone"), or [two\-way radio](/wiki/Two-way_radio "Two-way radio") equipment on course is prohibited. All competitors are encouraged to wear a watch to keep track of their time on course and not finish over the time limit set for the competition.
|
[
"Equipment and clothing\n----------------------",
"ARDF equipment is a specialty market, and much of what is available for purchase comes from small commercial vendors or small\\-batch production by individuals. Building equipment, such as handheld [antennas](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 \"Antenna (radio)\"), from published designs or kits is also a popular activity.Hunt, Dale WB6BYU (2005\\). \"A Simple Direction\\-Finding Receiver for 80 Meters\". *[QST](/wiki/QST \"QST\")*. September, 2005, pp. 36–42\\. Clothing and other equipment is sold through specialty orienteering equipment suppliers or general outdoor sports retailers.",
"### Transmitter equipment",
"[thumb\\|A transmitter, [orienteering](/wiki/Orienteering \"Orienteering\") control flag, paper punch and electronic punch device at an ARDF control.](/wiki/File:Ardf_transmitter-2m.jpg \"Ardf transmitter-2m.jpg\")",
"ARDF transmitters have a low power output and operate in either the two meter or eighty meter amateur radio band. The transmissions are in [Morse code](/wiki/Morse_code \"Morse code\"). Each transmitter sends a unique identification that can be easily interpreted even by those unfamiliar with the Morse code by counting the number of dits that follow a series of dashes. The transmitters on course all transmit on the same frequency and each transmit in sequence for one minute at a time in a repeating cycle. Within a few meters of each transmitter, an orienteering control flag and punch device will be present. For many events and all major events, the punch device is an electronic system, such as SPORTident, used in orienteering competitions. This records the time competitors visit each control on a small device that they carry. An alternative is to use pin punches which the competitor uses to make a distinct pattern on a control card they carry. Competitors need to locate the control flag at the transmitter site and use the punch device to record their visit. Good course design will attempt to preclude, as much as possible, runners interfering with the transmitter equipment as they approach the control. At large international or national events, jurors might be present at transmitter controls to ensure fair play.",
"The IARU rules include detailed technical specifications for transmitter equipment.IARU Region I ARDF Working Group (2010\\) [\"Rules for Championships in Amateur Radio Direction Finding Part B: Competition\"](http://www.ardf-r1.org/files/Rules_V2.9B_2011.pdf). Retrieved March 27, 2011\\. Transmitters for two meters are typically 0\\.25 to 1 [watts](/wiki/Watt \"Watt\") power output, and use keyed amplitude modulation. The transmitter antennas used on two meters must be horizontally [polarized](/wiki/Polarization_%28waves%29 \"Polarization (waves)\") and [omnidirectional](/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna \"Omnidirectional antenna\"). Transmitters for eighty meters are typically one to five watts power output keyed [CW](/wiki/Continuous_wave \"Continuous wave\") modulation. The transmitter antennas used on eighty meters must be vertically polarized and omnidirectional. It is common for the transmitter, a [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 \"Battery (electricity)\"), and any controlling hardware to be placed inside a weatherproof container such as an old ammunition case or large plastic food storage container for protection from the elements and wildlife.",
"### Receiver equipment",
"The radio equipment carried on course must be capable of receiving the signal being transmitted by the five transmitters and useful for radio direction finding. This includes a [radio receiver](/wiki/Radio_receiver \"Radio receiver\") that can tune in the specific frequency of transmission being used for the event, an [attenuator](/wiki/Attenuator_%28electronics%29 \"Attenuator (electronics)\") or variable gain control, and a [directional antenna](/wiki/Directional_antenna \"Directional antenna\"). Directional antennas are more sensitive to radio signals arriving from some directions than others. Most equipment designs integrate all three components into one handheld device. On the two meter band, the most common directional antennas used by competitors are two or three element [Yagi antennas](/wiki/Yagi_antenna \"Yagi antenna\") made from flexible steel tape. This kind of antenna has a [cardioid](/wiki/Cardioid \"Cardioid\") [receiving pattern](/wiki/Radiation_pattern \"Radiation pattern\"), which means that it has one peak direction where the received signal will be the strongest, and a null direction, 180° from the peak, in which the received signal will be the weakest. Flexible steel tape enables the antenna elements to flex and not break when encountering vegetation in the forest. On the eighty meter band, two common receiver design approaches are to use either a [small loop antenna](/wiki/Loop_antenna%23Small_loops \"Loop antenna#Small loops\") or an even smaller loop antenna wound around a [ferrite rod](/wiki/Ferrite_rod \"Ferrite rod\"). These antennas have a bidirectional receiving pattern, with two peak directions 180° apart from one another and two null directions 180° apart from one another. The peak directions are 90° offset from the null directions. A small vertical antenna element can be combined with the loop or ferrite rod antenna to change the receiving pattern to a cardioid shape, but the resulting null in the cardioid is not as sensitive as the nulls in the bidirectional receiving pattern. A switch is often used to allow the competitor to select the bidirectional or cardioid patterns at any moment. ARDF receiver equipment is designed to be lightweight and easy to operate while the competitor is in motion as well as rugged enough to withstand use in areas of thick vegetation.",
"### Clothing",
"The IARU rules specify that the choice of clothing is an individual decision of the competitor, unless the meet director specifies otherwise. Although comfortable outdoor clothing is all that is required for participation, specialty clothing developed for the sport of orienteering is also worn by ARDF competitors. [Nylon](/wiki/Nylon \"Nylon\") pants, shirts, or suits, [gaiters](/wiki/Gaiters \"Gaiters\") or padded socks for lower leg protection, and specialty shoes for cross\\-country running through wooded terrain are popular choices. Some competitors may choose to carry food or water on course, and wear a small waist pack or hydration pack for this purpose. At large international or national events, competitors may be required by the meet director to wear identifying numbers pinned to their clothing, and many wear team uniforms in their [national colors](/wiki/National_colors \"National colors\").",
"### Other equipment",
"In addition to the radio equipment and topographic map, an ARDF competitor uses a magnetic compass for navigation. The most popular compass types are those that are also popular for use in orienteering. Some events may require or suggest that competitors carry a whistle for emergency use. In at least one World Championship event, competitors were provided with cards written in the native language of the host country, intended to aid in communications with local citizens in the event that a competitor needed emergency aid or directions. In general, the use of [cellular phone](/wiki/Cellular_phone \"Cellular phone\"), or [two\\-way radio](/wiki/Two-way_radio \"Two-way radio\") equipment on course is prohibited. All competitors are encouraged to wear a watch to keep track of their time on course and not finish over the time limit set for the competition.",
""
] |
Model years
-----------
### 1970
The Plymouth Duster introduced in late\-1969 for the 1970 [model year](/wiki/Model_year "Model year") was all Valiant from the cowl forward, but the rest of the car's sheet metal, save door skins, was completely different. The design incorporated a semi\-fastback roof and a special rear valance having no bezels. The door glass was operated by a new regulator mechanism, required to fit the much more radical [tumblehome](/wiki/Tumblehome%23In_automobile_design "Tumblehome#In automobile design") (reduced side glass radius), and the windshield was more steeply raked. For 1970 only, a small Valiant badge went on the front fenders just above the Duster badge.
The 1970 Duster was available in two models – the standard Duster and a performance\-oriented Duster 340\. Engine options were {{convert\|198\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} and {{convert\|225\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} versions of Chrysler's [Slant Six](/wiki/Chrysler_Slant_6_engine "Chrysler Slant 6 engine"), as well as the {{convert\|318\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} and {{convert\|340\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} [LA\-series](/wiki/Chrysler_LA_engine "Chrysler LA engine") [V8s](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine").
At midyear, a **Gold Duster** trim package was added. The Gold Duster package came with gold badging, gold stripes on the sides and rear, wall\-to\-wall carpeting, pleated, all\-vinyl seats, whitewalls, wheel covers, a deluxe insulation package, and a canopy [vinyl roof](/wiki/Vinyl_roof "Vinyl roof"). The Gold Duster was offered through 1975 of which 24,817 were equipped with the 318 engine.{{cite book\|title\=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946\-1975 \|publisher\=Krause Publications \|isbn\=0\-87341\-027\-0 \|editor\-last\=Gunnell \|editor\-first\=John A. \|year\=1987 \|page\=565}}
### 1971
[alt\=1971 Plymouth Duster 340 \|thumb\|1971 Plymouth Duster 340](/wiki/File:71DusterRed340.jpg "71DusterRed340.jpg")
The Duster was a success for Plymouth, so much so that in 1971 Dodge requested and received their own version, the [Demon](/wiki/Dodge_Dart "Dodge Dart"). In response, Plymouth was given a version of the Dodge Dart Swinger 2\-door hardtop named the [Plymouth Valiant Scamp](/wiki/Plymouth_Scamp "Plymouth Scamp").
For 1971, only small changes were made to the Duster. The "Valiant" fender badges and "Plymouth" grille logotype were deleted. A new trim package was released, called the **Duster Twister**. The Twister package presented the appearance of the Duster 340, but came only with the base [I6](/wiki/Straight-six_engine "Straight-six engine") or 318 V8\. The Twister's appearance package included special side stripes that mimicked the Duster 340 Wedge stripes, a matte\-black hood, and the 340's special shark\-tooth grille. A nonfunctional dual hood scoop and rear spoiler appearance package were available, as were high\-back bucket seats and dual exhaust.
[alt\=1971 Duster Twister in Tor\-Red EV2 Orange. Picture displays sharktooth grill, Twister hoodscoops and hood strobe stripe.\|thumb\|1971 Plymouth Duster Twister in Tor\-Red EV2 Orange. Picture displays sharktooth grill, Twister hoodscoops and hood strobe stripe.](/wiki/File:1971DusterTwister.jpg "1971DusterTwister.jpg")
A new electronic "breakerless" ignition became optional on the 340 V8 late in the 1971 model year. In 1971, 186,478 Plymouth Dusters were built, with 12,886 equipped with the higher horsepower 340 cubic inch engines.
[thumb\|1971 Plymouth Duster interior](/wiki/File:1971_Plymouth_Duster_Orange_va-i.jpg "1971 Plymouth Duster Orange va-i.jpg")
### 1972
The Duster was not changed significantly for 1972\. New surface\-mount [sidemarker lights](/wiki/Automotive_lighting "Automotive lighting") replaced the previous flush\-mount items, the taillamps became larger, one\-piece units. The power rating of the 340 V8 was reduced from {{convert\|275\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|245\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} due in part to a reduction in compression ratio from 10\.2:1 to 8\.5:1, as well as changing the intake valves from {{convert\|2\.02\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|1\.88\|in\|mm\|abbr\=on}}.Direct Connection Race Bulletin \#8\-page 19 PN P4007913, printed July 1980 All horsepower rating numbers, even on unchanged engines, decreased for 1972 due to a [new rating protocol](/wiki/Horsepower%23Society_of_Automotive_Engineers/SAE_International "Horsepower#Society of Automotive Engineers/SAE International"). Chrysler's electronic ignition became standard on the 340 models in 1972\. Also, there was a 1\-year only air cleaner that had a vacuum\-operated door at the bottom to allow for additional airflow when the throttle is depressed.
### 1973
Following the design changes on the Valiant models, the Duster also received a new hood, grille, front fenders, bumpers, and taillights for 1973\. The taillights in previous years mounted from the inside and had a flush appearance. Starting in 1973, the taillights were mounted from the outside and were trimmed in chrome. These remained unchanged through 1976\. The Dodge version, the Demon, was rebranded "Dart Sport" in response to religious groups' opposition to the word, "Demon."
Other changes were in store for the Plymouth Duster. Simpler single\-piston slider\-type disc brake calipers were introduced for the 1973 model year (standard on 318\-powered cars and with power\-assist on 340 models), replacing the Kelsey Hayes four\-piston calipers. Disc brake\-equipped Dusters now had the more\-common 5\-lugs on a 4\.5\-inch wheel bolt pattern. All 340 and some 318 engine\-equipped cars received the simplified 8\.25\-inch rear axle assembly (with wheel bearings riding directly on the axle shaft and endplay being taken by C\-clips); these axles also featured the 5 on a 4\.5\-inch wheel bolt pattern. (This axle assembly replaced the 8\.75\-inch "drop\-out" arrangement seen on some 1966\-1972 A\-bodies). The 225\-powered cars retained the 5\-lugs on a 4\-inch pattern on vehicles with the standard drum brakes. A three\-speed Torque Flight automatic along with a manual transmission was offered with the 225 slant six. All models received larger front wheel bearings and increased spindle diameter. Electronic ignition became standard across the board.
[thumb\|1973 Plymouth Duster](/wiki/File:1973_Plymouth_Duster_%282809883864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "1973 Plymouth Duster (2809883864) (cropped).jpg")
Also, a Space Duster package was offered. This allowed the back bench seat to be folded down, allowing more space to carry cargo. There is also a security flap to hide cargo from outside view.
A new, metal sunroof was optional for 1973\. The rear window defroster/defogger was upgraded to an electric\-grid style for 1973, which replaced the previous recessed package shelf air blower.
### 1974
[thumb\|right\|1974 Plymouth Gold Duster](/wiki/File:1974_Plymouth_Gold_Duster_at_MD-DMV_2015_show_1of5.jpg "1974 Plymouth Gold Duster at MD-DMV 2015 show 1of5.jpg")
For 1974, Plymouth replaced the 340 with a {{convert\|360\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} version of the corporate LA\-series V8, de\-tuned to meet new [emissions regulations](/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control "Automobile emissions control"). The new for 1974 "E58" 360 engine produced {{convert\|245\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} by utilizing the camshaft, heads, intake manifold, carburetor, and dual\-exhaust set up from the past 340 engine. New retractable front seat belts were added. In the midst of the first oil crisis, 1974 would be the Duster's best sales year, with a total of 281,378 Duster\-bodied cars produced, the majority of which being the six\-cylinder and 318 V8 models.Gunnell, page 574\.
In 1974 there was a separate model called the Duster 360\. Standard equipment included the 360 engine, dual exhaust, power disc brakes, full side tape stripe, rear tape stripe, heavier suspension, shocks, added sway bar, and 8 1/4" rear end. Plymouth built 3,969 of these models and most came with automatic transmissions. Duster 360 options included Goodyear raised white letter tires on rally wheels. Air conditioning, a fold\-back sunroof, and a flip\-down rear seat were also available.
1974 Plymouth sales brochure.
### 1975
The 1975 models were mostly unchanged from the previous two years, with some exceptions: a new grille with a return of the Plymouth 3\-pointed\-'spear' affixed to the grille's center; catalytic converters were added to 225 Slant Six and 318 V8 models (the 360 was not equipped with a converter and its power was now {{convert\|235\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, due to the addition of a [secondary air injection](/wiki/Secondary_air_injection "Secondary air injection") system, commonly referred to as a "smog pump". Fewer than 2000 of the 1975 model Dusters left the factory equipped with the 360 engine.
### 1976
The grille\-mounted [park and turn signal](/wiki/Turn_signal "Turn signal") lenses were amber; prior years had colorless lenses with amber bulbs. The interior rearview mirror was mounted directly to the windshield rather than to the previous double\-pivot roof bracket, and the [parking brake](/wiki/Parking_brake "Parking brake") was now foot\- rather than hand\-operated. Disc brakes became standard equipment on cars built after 1 January 1976\.
Several special models were offered:
* The **Feather Duster** featured lightweight aluminum parts including the intake manifold, bumper brackets, hood and trunk bracing, and [manual transmission](/wiki/Manual_transmission "Manual transmission") housing, for a weight savings of about {{convert\|187\|lb\|kg\|1\|abbr\=on}}—5% lighter than a standard Duster similarly equipped. It came with a 225 Slant Six with its distributor and single\-barrel carburetor calibrated for greater economy, a low\-restriction exhaust system, an extra\-high rear axle ratio, and was offered with either the [Torqueflite](/wiki/Torqueflite "Torqueflite") 3\-speed automatic or A833 overdrive 4\-speed manual transmission. It was the most fuel\-efficient car in its size class, achieving up to 36 mpg on the highway and 24 in the city with the manual transmission option (along with Dodge's version, the **Dart Lite**).1976 Dodge Dart factory literature form no. 81\-205\-6002, printed September 1975
* The **Space Duster** had a fold\-down rear seat and security panel and combined with the luggage compartment, offered over {{convert\|50\|cuft\|m3\|abbr\=on}}. of cargo space. (This feature was actually introduced, optionally, in 1973\).
* The **Silver Duster** had special stripes and a cloth Boca Raton style interior{{Vague\|date\=May 2011}}.
The Duster 360 option was deleted as a separate model as the engine became an option on any trim level Duster, and about 1,300 cars were equipped with it. The 1976 360\-powered Duster (and Dart Sport 360\) was still without a catalytic converter, and while its power was down to {{convert\|225\|bhp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, the car could still manage 0–60 mph in 7\.9 seconds when equipped with the 3\.21 rear axle gearing.
|
[
"Model years\n-----------",
"### 1970",
"The Plymouth Duster introduced in late\\-1969 for the 1970 [model year](/wiki/Model_year \"Model year\") was all Valiant from the cowl forward, but the rest of the car's sheet metal, save door skins, was completely different. The design incorporated a semi\\-fastback roof and a special rear valance having no bezels. The door glass was operated by a new regulator mechanism, required to fit the much more radical [tumblehome](/wiki/Tumblehome%23In_automobile_design \"Tumblehome#In automobile design\") (reduced side glass radius), and the windshield was more steeply raked. For 1970 only, a small Valiant badge went on the front fenders just above the Duster badge.",
"The 1970 Duster was available in two models – the standard Duster and a performance\\-oriented Duster 340\\. Engine options were {{convert\\|198\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} and {{convert\\|225\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} versions of Chrysler's [Slant Six](/wiki/Chrysler_Slant_6_engine \"Chrysler Slant 6 engine\"), as well as the {{convert\\|318\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} and {{convert\\|340\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} [LA\\-series](/wiki/Chrysler_LA_engine \"Chrysler LA engine\") [V8s](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\").",
"At midyear, a **Gold Duster** trim package was added. The Gold Duster package came with gold badging, gold stripes on the sides and rear, wall\\-to\\-wall carpeting, pleated, all\\-vinyl seats, whitewalls, wheel covers, a deluxe insulation package, and a canopy [vinyl roof](/wiki/Vinyl_roof \"Vinyl roof\"). The Gold Duster was offered through 1975 of which 24,817 were equipped with the 318 engine.{{cite book\\|title\\=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946\\-1975 \\|publisher\\=Krause Publications \\|isbn\\=0\\-87341\\-027\\-0 \\|editor\\-last\\=Gunnell \\|editor\\-first\\=John A. \\|year\\=1987 \\|page\\=565}}",
"### 1971",
"[alt\\=1971 Plymouth Duster 340 \\|thumb\\|1971 Plymouth Duster 340](/wiki/File:71DusterRed340.jpg \"71DusterRed340.jpg\") \nThe Duster was a success for Plymouth, so much so that in 1971 Dodge requested and received their own version, the [Demon](/wiki/Dodge_Dart \"Dodge Dart\"). In response, Plymouth was given a version of the Dodge Dart Swinger 2\\-door hardtop named the [Plymouth Valiant Scamp](/wiki/Plymouth_Scamp \"Plymouth Scamp\").",
"For 1971, only small changes were made to the Duster. The \"Valiant\" fender badges and \"Plymouth\" grille logotype were deleted. A new trim package was released, called the **Duster Twister**. The Twister package presented the appearance of the Duster 340, but came only with the base [I6](/wiki/Straight-six_engine \"Straight-six engine\") or 318 V8\\. The Twister's appearance package included special side stripes that mimicked the Duster 340 Wedge stripes, a matte\\-black hood, and the 340's special shark\\-tooth grille. A nonfunctional dual hood scoop and rear spoiler appearance package were available, as were high\\-back bucket seats and dual exhaust.\n[alt\\=1971 Duster Twister in Tor\\-Red EV2 Orange. Picture displays sharktooth grill, Twister hoodscoops and hood strobe stripe.\\|thumb\\|1971 Plymouth Duster Twister in Tor\\-Red EV2 Orange. Picture displays sharktooth grill, Twister hoodscoops and hood strobe stripe.](/wiki/File:1971DusterTwister.jpg \"1971DusterTwister.jpg\") \nA new electronic \"breakerless\" ignition became optional on the 340 V8 late in the 1971 model year. In 1971, 186,478 Plymouth Dusters were built, with 12,886 equipped with the higher horsepower 340 cubic inch engines.\n[thumb\\|1971 Plymouth Duster interior](/wiki/File:1971_Plymouth_Duster_Orange_va-i.jpg \"1971 Plymouth Duster Orange va-i.jpg\")",
"### 1972",
"The Duster was not changed significantly for 1972\\. New surface\\-mount [sidemarker lights](/wiki/Automotive_lighting \"Automotive lighting\") replaced the previous flush\\-mount items, the taillamps became larger, one\\-piece units. The power rating of the 340 V8 was reduced from {{convert\\|275\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|245\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} due in part to a reduction in compression ratio from 10\\.2:1 to 8\\.5:1, as well as changing the intake valves from {{convert\\|2\\.02\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|1\\.88\\|in\\|mm\\|abbr\\=on}}.Direct Connection Race Bulletin \\#8\\-page 19 PN P4007913, printed July 1980 All horsepower rating numbers, even on unchanged engines, decreased for 1972 due to a [new rating protocol](/wiki/Horsepower%23Society_of_Automotive_Engineers/SAE_International \"Horsepower#Society of Automotive Engineers/SAE International\"). Chrysler's electronic ignition became standard on the 340 models in 1972\\. Also, there was a 1\\-year only air cleaner that had a vacuum\\-operated door at the bottom to allow for additional airflow when the throttle is depressed.",
"### 1973",
"Following the design changes on the Valiant models, the Duster also received a new hood, grille, front fenders, bumpers, and taillights for 1973\\. The taillights in previous years mounted from the inside and had a flush appearance. Starting in 1973, the taillights were mounted from the outside and were trimmed in chrome. These remained unchanged through 1976\\. The Dodge version, the Demon, was rebranded \"Dart Sport\" in response to religious groups' opposition to the word, \"Demon.\"",
"Other changes were in store for the Plymouth Duster. Simpler single\\-piston slider\\-type disc brake calipers were introduced for the 1973 model year (standard on 318\\-powered cars and with power\\-assist on 340 models), replacing the Kelsey Hayes four\\-piston calipers. Disc brake\\-equipped Dusters now had the more\\-common 5\\-lugs on a 4\\.5\\-inch wheel bolt pattern. All 340 and some 318 engine\\-equipped cars received the simplified 8\\.25\\-inch rear axle assembly (with wheel bearings riding directly on the axle shaft and endplay being taken by C\\-clips); these axles also featured the 5 on a 4\\.5\\-inch wheel bolt pattern. (This axle assembly replaced the 8\\.75\\-inch \"drop\\-out\" arrangement seen on some 1966\\-1972 A\\-bodies). The 225\\-powered cars retained the 5\\-lugs on a 4\\-inch pattern on vehicles with the standard drum brakes. A three\\-speed Torque Flight automatic along with a manual transmission was offered with the 225 slant six. All models received larger front wheel bearings and increased spindle diameter. Electronic ignition became standard across the board.\n[thumb\\|1973 Plymouth Duster](/wiki/File:1973_Plymouth_Duster_%282809883864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"1973 Plymouth Duster (2809883864) (cropped).jpg\")\nAlso, a Space Duster package was offered. This allowed the back bench seat to be folded down, allowing more space to carry cargo. There is also a security flap to hide cargo from outside view.",
"A new, metal sunroof was optional for 1973\\. The rear window defroster/defogger was upgraded to an electric\\-grid style for 1973, which replaced the previous recessed package shelf air blower.",
"### 1974",
"[thumb\\|right\\|1974 Plymouth Gold Duster](/wiki/File:1974_Plymouth_Gold_Duster_at_MD-DMV_2015_show_1of5.jpg \"1974 Plymouth Gold Duster at MD-DMV 2015 show 1of5.jpg\")",
"For 1974, Plymouth replaced the 340 with a {{convert\\|360\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} version of the corporate LA\\-series V8, de\\-tuned to meet new [emissions regulations](/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control \"Automobile emissions control\"). The new for 1974 \"E58\" 360 engine produced {{convert\\|245\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} by utilizing the camshaft, heads, intake manifold, carburetor, and dual\\-exhaust set up from the past 340 engine. New retractable front seat belts were added. In the midst of the first oil crisis, 1974 would be the Duster's best sales year, with a total of 281,378 Duster\\-bodied cars produced, the majority of which being the six\\-cylinder and 318 V8 models.Gunnell, page 574\\.\nIn 1974 there was a separate model called the Duster 360\\. Standard equipment included the 360 engine, dual exhaust, power disc brakes, full side tape stripe, rear tape stripe, heavier suspension, shocks, added sway bar, and 8 1/4\" rear end. Plymouth built 3,969 of these models and most came with automatic transmissions. Duster 360 options included Goodyear raised white letter tires on rally wheels. Air conditioning, a fold\\-back sunroof, and a flip\\-down rear seat were also available. \n1974 Plymouth sales brochure.",
"### 1975",
"The 1975 models were mostly unchanged from the previous two years, with some exceptions: a new grille with a return of the Plymouth 3\\-pointed\\-'spear' affixed to the grille's center; catalytic converters were added to 225 Slant Six and 318 V8 models (the 360 was not equipped with a converter and its power was now {{convert\\|235\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, due to the addition of a [secondary air injection](/wiki/Secondary_air_injection \"Secondary air injection\") system, commonly referred to as a \"smog pump\". Fewer than 2000 of the 1975 model Dusters left the factory equipped with the 360 engine.",
"### 1976",
"The grille\\-mounted [park and turn signal](/wiki/Turn_signal \"Turn signal\") lenses were amber; prior years had colorless lenses with amber bulbs. The interior rearview mirror was mounted directly to the windshield rather than to the previous double\\-pivot roof bracket, and the [parking brake](/wiki/Parking_brake \"Parking brake\") was now foot\\- rather than hand\\-operated. Disc brakes became standard equipment on cars built after 1 January 1976\\.",
"Several special models were offered:",
"* The **Feather Duster** featured lightweight aluminum parts including the intake manifold, bumper brackets, hood and trunk bracing, and [manual transmission](/wiki/Manual_transmission \"Manual transmission\") housing, for a weight savings of about {{convert\\|187\\|lb\\|kg\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}—5% lighter than a standard Duster similarly equipped. It came with a 225 Slant Six with its distributor and single\\-barrel carburetor calibrated for greater economy, a low\\-restriction exhaust system, an extra\\-high rear axle ratio, and was offered with either the [Torqueflite](/wiki/Torqueflite \"Torqueflite\") 3\\-speed automatic or A833 overdrive 4\\-speed manual transmission. It was the most fuel\\-efficient car in its size class, achieving up to 36 mpg on the highway and 24 in the city with the manual transmission option (along with Dodge's version, the **Dart Lite**).1976 Dodge Dart factory literature form no. 81\\-205\\-6002, printed September 1975\n* The **Space Duster** had a fold\\-down rear seat and security panel and combined with the luggage compartment, offered over {{convert\\|50\\|cuft\\|m3\\|abbr\\=on}}. of cargo space. (This feature was actually introduced, optionally, in 1973\\).\n* The **Silver Duster** had special stripes and a cloth Boca Raton style interior{{Vague\\|date\\=May 2011}}.",
"The Duster 360 option was deleted as a separate model as the engine became an option on any trim level Duster, and about 1,300 cars were equipped with it. The 1976 360\\-powered Duster (and Dart Sport 360\\) was still without a catalytic converter, and while its power was down to {{convert\\|225\\|bhp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, the car could still manage 0–60 mph in 7\\.9 seconds when equipped with the 3\\.21 rear axle gearing.",
""
] |
Life
----
Horst Heinte was born into a working\-class family in [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 "Halle (Saale)"), a substantial city in the northern half of what then counted as central Germany. Between 1942 and 1944 he trained for industrial work in the [metal\-based](/wiki/Metallbau "Metallbau") industry sector. On 20 April 1944, like many [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth "Hitler Youth") members born in 1926/27, he was recruited into [the country's](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") ruling [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party").
[War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") ended in defeat for [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") in May 1945\. Halle was [now administered](/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany "Soviet Military Administration in Germany") as part of the [Soviet occupation zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone "Soviet occupation zone"), applying a reconfigured set of [internal and external frontiers](/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany "Allied-occupied Germany") agreed between the [winning powers](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") [a few months earlier](/wiki/Yalta_Conference "Yalta Conference"). Trades unions were no longer banned and in 1945 Horst Heintze joined the recently established [Free German Trades Union Federation (FDGB / *Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund* )](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation "Free German Trade Union Federation"). Two years later, in 1947, which was the year of his twentieth birthday, he became a member of the newly formed [Socialist Unity Party (SED / *Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands*)](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany"). Between 1945 and 1948 he returned to factory work in the metals\-based sector, working in a southern quarter of [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 "Halle (Saale)"). In 1948/49 he also served as FDGB Secretary for the Halle district union executive. moving on to serve between 1949 and 1952 as FDGB regional First Secretary for the whole of [Saxony\-Anhalt](/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt "Saxony-Anhalt"). In the meantime, in October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone had been re\-established as the [Soviet sponsored](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany "Group of Soviet Forces in Germany") [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic "German Democratic Republic"), a standalone German state with [constitutional arrangements](/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany "Constitution of East Germany") closely modeled on those of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") itself. In 1952/53 he served as chairman of the FDGB regional leadership for [Magdeburg](/wiki/Magdeburg "Magdeburg").
In 1953 he began a study course at the ["Karl Marx" Party Academy](/wiki/Parteihochschule_Karl_Marx "Parteihochschule Karl Marx"). After studying full\-time for a year, he switched in 1954 to a correspondence course, concluding with a degree in [Social science](/wiki/Social_science "Social science") in 1962\. Between 1954 and 1958 he served as deputy chairman of the "IG Metallurgie" trades union, and from 1958 till 1961 as deputy chairman of [IG Metall (East Germany)](/wiki/Industriegewerkschaft_Metall_%28DDR%29 "Industriegewerkschaft Metall (DDR)") which at this time was the largest single component union in the [FDGB](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation "Free German Trade Union Federation"), between February and May 1960 briefly serving as the acting chairman of [IG Metall](/wiki/Industriegewerkschaft_Metall_%28DDR%29 "Industriegewerkschaft Metall (DDR)"). Although individual trades unions continued to exist in the German Democratic Republic, the country's Soviet\-style centralised power structure meant that union power was heavily centralised in the [Trades Union Congress (FDGB / *Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund*)](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation "Free German Trade Union Federation"). This meant that as his career progressed Horst Heintze's FDGB work increasingly correlated with increased political influence nationally. In 1961 he briefly headed up the Economics Department of the FDGB Executive, before becoming in 1961 both a member of its presidium and of its National Executive Secretariat, memberships he retained till 1989\. Through these positions, his responsibilities on the FDGB Executive included Economic Matters, Work and Wages. Between 1965 and 1967 he undertook a further period of study at the {{Interlanguage link multi\|Berlin Economics Academy\|de\|3\=Hochschule für Ökonomie Berlin}}, which led him to a degree in Economics. He was also a member of the editorial board for the newspaper, "Die Arbeit" (*"Work"*).
Government in East Germany was controlled by the ruling [SED (party)](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany") not because all the other political parties had been banned, but because a structure had been created that enabled SED to specify the other parties' (fixed) quotas of seats in the [national legislature (*Volkskammer*)](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber "People's Chamber") and to control what they did. In addition to these so\-called [Bloc parties](/wiki/Bloc_party_%28politics%29 "Bloc party (politics)"), certain approved [Mass Organisations](/wiki/Mass_movement_%28politics%29 "Mass movement (politics)") also received quotas of seats in the Volkskammer. East Germany's constitutional arrangements closely followed those of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), which had been devised by [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin "Lenin"). The presence of mass movements in the legislature was intended to indicate a broadening of popular support for the legislative programme of the [ruling party](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany"), and it diluted the presence of [other political parties](/wiki/Bloc_party_%28politics%29 "Bloc party (politics)") which, especially in the early years, were not always quite as thoroughly "domesticated" as the authorities wished. One of the Mass Organisations represented in the Volkskammer was the [Trades Union Congress (FDGB / *Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund*)](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation "Free German Trade Union Federation"). For the 1976 legislative period the FDGB's received quota of 68 seats in the 500 seat Volkskammer. Horst Heintze occupied one of the FDGB seats in the national legislature from 1976 till March 1990\. As a member of the chamber he also served as deputy chairman of the assembly's Committee for Industry, Construction and Transport.
Nevertheless, under a [constitutional structure](/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany "Constitution of East Germany") that insisted on the [leading role of The Party](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat%23Stalinism_and_dictatorship "Dictatorship of the proletariat#Stalinism and dictatorship"), ultimate political power lay not with the [national legislature (*Volkskammer*)](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber "People's Chamber") but with the [ruling party](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany"). It often happened that the same individuals exercised positions of power in both institutions which leaves the distinction looking academic. Nevertheless, in 1963, the year of his 36th birthday, Horst Heintze became one of the 121 members of the [Party Central Committee](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee"), and it was primarily as a result of this membership, which he retained till 1989, that Heintze exercised significant political influence at a national level.
The breach of the Berlin Wall in [November 1989](/wiki/Die_Wende "Die Wende"), together with the realisation that Soviet troops in East Germany had no instructions violently to suppress the rising tide of popular protests against the regime, opened the way for a [series of events](/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution "Peaceful Revolution") that would lead to the demise, as a standalone one\-party dictatorship, of the [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic "German Democratic Republic") and, in October 1990, to [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification"). In the meantime, during November and December 1989 there were numerous resignations from positions of political power: this included the resignation of the [Party Central Committee](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee "Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee"). During these final months of 1989 Horst Heintze was one many comrades relieved of all party and trades union functions.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Horst Heinte was born into a working\\-class family in [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 \"Halle (Saale)\"), a substantial city in the northern half of what then counted as central Germany. Between 1942 and 1944 he trained for industrial work in the [metal\\-based](/wiki/Metallbau \"Metallbau\") industry sector. On 20 April 1944, like many [Hitler Youth](/wiki/Hitler_Youth \"Hitler Youth\") members born in 1926/27, he was recruited into [the country's](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") ruling [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\").",
"[War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") ended in defeat for [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") in May 1945\\. Halle was [now administered](/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany \"Soviet Military Administration in Germany\") as part of the [Soviet occupation zone](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone \"Soviet occupation zone\"), applying a reconfigured set of [internal and external frontiers](/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany \"Allied-occupied Germany\") agreed between the [winning powers](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") [a few months earlier](/wiki/Yalta_Conference \"Yalta Conference\"). Trades unions were no longer banned and in 1945 Horst Heintze joined the recently established [Free German Trades Union Federation (FDGB / *Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund* )](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation \"Free German Trade Union Federation\"). Two years later, in 1947, which was the year of his twentieth birthday, he became a member of the newly formed [Socialist Unity Party (SED / *Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands*)](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany\"). Between 1945 and 1948 he returned to factory work in the metals\\-based sector, working in a southern quarter of [Halle](/wiki/Halle_%28Saale%29 \"Halle (Saale)\"). In 1948/49 he also served as FDGB Secretary for the Halle district union executive. moving on to serve between 1949 and 1952 as FDGB regional First Secretary for the whole of [Saxony\\-Anhalt](/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt \"Saxony-Anhalt\"). In the meantime, in October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone had been re\\-established as the [Soviet sponsored](/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany \"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany\") [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\"), a standalone German state with [constitutional arrangements](/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany \"Constitution of East Germany\") closely modeled on those of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") itself. In 1952/53 he served as chairman of the FDGB regional leadership for [Magdeburg](/wiki/Magdeburg \"Magdeburg\").",
"In 1953 he began a study course at the [\"Karl Marx\" Party Academy](/wiki/Parteihochschule_Karl_Marx \"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\"). After studying full\\-time for a year, he switched in 1954 to a correspondence course, concluding with a degree in [Social science](/wiki/Social_science \"Social science\") in 1962\\. Between 1954 and 1958 he served as deputy chairman of the \"IG Metallurgie\" trades union, and from 1958 till 1961 as deputy chairman of [IG Metall (East Germany)](/wiki/Industriegewerkschaft_Metall_%28DDR%29 \"Industriegewerkschaft Metall (DDR)\") which at this time was the largest single component union in the [FDGB](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation \"Free German Trade Union Federation\"), between February and May 1960 briefly serving as the acting chairman of [IG Metall](/wiki/Industriegewerkschaft_Metall_%28DDR%29 \"Industriegewerkschaft Metall (DDR)\"). Although individual trades unions continued to exist in the German Democratic Republic, the country's Soviet\\-style centralised power structure meant that union power was heavily centralised in the [Trades Union Congress (FDGB / *Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund*)](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation \"Free German Trade Union Federation\"). This meant that as his career progressed Horst Heintze's FDGB work increasingly correlated with increased political influence nationally. In 1961 he briefly headed up the Economics Department of the FDGB Executive, before becoming in 1961 both a member of its presidium and of its National Executive Secretariat, memberships he retained till 1989\\. Through these positions, his responsibilities on the FDGB Executive included Economic Matters, Work and Wages. Between 1965 and 1967 he undertook a further period of study at the {{Interlanguage link multi\\|Berlin Economics Academy\\|de\\|3\\=Hochschule für Ökonomie Berlin}}, which led him to a degree in Economics. He was also a member of the editorial board for the newspaper, \"Die Arbeit\" (*\"Work\"*).",
"Government in East Germany was controlled by the ruling [SED (party)](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany\") not because all the other political parties had been banned, but because a structure had been created that enabled SED to specify the other parties' (fixed) quotas of seats in the [national legislature (*Volkskammer*)](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber \"People's Chamber\") and to control what they did. In addition to these so\\-called [Bloc parties](/wiki/Bloc_party_%28politics%29 \"Bloc party (politics)\"), certain approved [Mass Organisations](/wiki/Mass_movement_%28politics%29 \"Mass movement (politics)\") also received quotas of seats in the Volkskammer. East Germany's constitutional arrangements closely followed those of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), which had been devised by [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin \"Lenin\"). The presence of mass movements in the legislature was intended to indicate a broadening of popular support for the legislative programme of the [ruling party](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany\"), and it diluted the presence of [other political parties](/wiki/Bloc_party_%28politics%29 \"Bloc party (politics)\") which, especially in the early years, were not always quite as thoroughly \"domesticated\" as the authorities wished. One of the Mass Organisations represented in the Volkskammer was the [Trades Union Congress (FDGB / *Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund*)](/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation \"Free German Trade Union Federation\"). For the 1976 legislative period the FDGB's received quota of 68 seats in the 500 seat Volkskammer. Horst Heintze occupied one of the FDGB seats in the national legislature from 1976 till March 1990\\. As a member of the chamber he also served as deputy chairman of the assembly's Committee for Industry, Construction and Transport.",
"Nevertheless, under a [constitutional structure](/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany \"Constitution of East Germany\") that insisted on the [leading role of The Party](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat%23Stalinism_and_dictatorship \"Dictatorship of the proletariat#Stalinism and dictatorship\"), ultimate political power lay not with the [national legislature (*Volkskammer*)](/wiki/People%27s_Chamber \"People's Chamber\") but with the [ruling party](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany\"). It often happened that the same individuals exercised positions of power in both institutions which leaves the distinction looking academic. Nevertheless, in 1963, the year of his 36th birthday, Horst Heintze became one of the 121 members of the [Party Central Committee](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee\"), and it was primarily as a result of this membership, which he retained till 1989, that Heintze exercised significant political influence at a national level.",
"The breach of the Berlin Wall in [November 1989](/wiki/Die_Wende \"Die Wende\"), together with the realisation that Soviet troops in East Germany had no instructions violently to suppress the rising tide of popular protests against the regime, opened the way for a [series of events](/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution \"Peaceful Revolution\") that would lead to the demise, as a standalone one\\-party dictatorship, of the [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\") and, in October 1990, to [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\"). In the meantime, during November and December 1989 there were numerous resignations from positions of political power: this included the resignation of the [Party Central Committee](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany%23Central_Committee \"Socialist Unity Party of Germany#Central Committee\"). During these final months of 1989 Horst Heintze was one many comrades relieved of all party and trades union functions.",
""
] |
Life
----
Hans Henrik August Bielenstein was born on 8 April 1920 in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden. He attended private school in Stockholm and took the matriculation exam in 1939\. After the outbreak of the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War "Winter War"), 1939–40, he joined the [Swedish Voluntary Corps](/wiki/Swedish_Volunteer_Corps_%28Winter_War%29 "Swedish Volunteer Corps (Winter War)") as a commando and fought the Russians in [Finnish Lapland](/wiki/Lapland_%28Finland%29 "Lapland (Finland)"). After his return, he entered the [Guards Regiment](/wiki/Svea_Life_Guards "Svea Life Guards").
In 1945, he decided to devote himself to Chinese studies and took a Ph.D. in [Sinology](/wiki/Sinology "Sinology") at the [Stockholm University](/wiki/Stockholm_University "Stockholm University"). He studied history and oriental studies under the tutelage of the renowned [Bernhard Karlgren](/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren "Bernhard Karlgren"). He earned his master's degree in 1945 and his [licentiate](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29 "Licentiate (degree)") in 1947\.
He spent the year of 1952 as a research visitor at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley"). In 1952, Bielenstein was appointed head of the School of Oriental Languages in [Canberra University College](/wiki/Canberra_University_College "Canberra University College") in [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra "Canberra"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") (since 1960 part of [Australian National University](/wiki/Australian_National_University "Australian National University")).{{citation\|url\=http://information.anu.edu.au/daisy/infoservices/284\.html\|title\=Canberra University College Structure 1930–1960\|publisher\=Australian National University\|year\=2006}} Bielenstein was the first professor of modern or classical Chinese language anywhere in Australia.{{cite journal\|journal\=The Journal of Asian Studies\|volume\=21\|number\=2\|title\=News of the profession\|date\=Feb 1962\|pages\=257–261\|last\=Bielenstein\|first\=Hans\|doi\=10\.1017/s0021911800110939\|s2cid\=162983703 }} As Head of the School of Oriental Studies, he built up departments for the languages, literatures and history of China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
In 1961, he moved to Columbia University in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). From 1969 to 1977 he was chairman of the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures.
He was a [Guggenheim fellow](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship "Guggenheim Fellowship") in 1967–1968, became a Corresponding Member of the [Royal Academy of Literature, History, and Antiquity of Sweden](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Letters%2C_History_and_Antiquities "Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities") in 1980, being appointed to the Dean Lung Chair of Chinese at Columbia University in 1985\. From 1994 to 1995, he was the Master of [Holland Lodge](/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York "Grand Lodge of New York"). He retired in 1990 and celebrated his 61st wedding anniversary in 2015\.
Bielenstein's many books and articles were concerned with Chinese, [historiography](/wiki/Historiography "Historiography"), history and [demography](/wiki/Demography "Demography"). His area of concentration was the administrative and economic history of early imperial China from the Han dynasty to the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty"). Along with the works of [Michael Loewe](/wiki/Michael_Loewe "Michael Loewe"), Bielenstein's *Bureaucracy of Han Times* (1980\) is one of the most important English\-language works on the [government of the Han dynasty](/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty "Government of the Han dynasty").
He died in New York City on 8 March 2015\. He remained a Swedish citizen until his death.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Hans Henrik August Bielenstein was born on 8 April 1920 in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Sweden. He attended private school in Stockholm and took the matriculation exam in 1939\\. After the outbreak of the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War \"Winter War\"), 1939–40, he joined the [Swedish Voluntary Corps](/wiki/Swedish_Volunteer_Corps_%28Winter_War%29 \"Swedish Volunteer Corps (Winter War)\") as a commando and fought the Russians in [Finnish Lapland](/wiki/Lapland_%28Finland%29 \"Lapland (Finland)\"). After his return, he entered the [Guards Regiment](/wiki/Svea_Life_Guards \"Svea Life Guards\").",
"In 1945, he decided to devote himself to Chinese studies and took a Ph.D. in [Sinology](/wiki/Sinology \"Sinology\") at the [Stockholm University](/wiki/Stockholm_University \"Stockholm University\"). He studied history and oriental studies under the tutelage of the renowned [Bernhard Karlgren](/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren \"Bernhard Karlgren\"). He earned his master's degree in 1945 and his [licentiate](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29 \"Licentiate (degree)\") in 1947\\.",
"He spent the year of 1952 as a research visitor at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"). In 1952, Bielenstein was appointed head of the School of Oriental Languages in [Canberra University College](/wiki/Canberra_University_College \"Canberra University College\") in [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra \"Canberra\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") (since 1960 part of [Australian National University](/wiki/Australian_National_University \"Australian National University\")).{{citation\\|url\\=http://information.anu.edu.au/daisy/infoservices/284\\.html\\|title\\=Canberra University College Structure 1930–1960\\|publisher\\=Australian National University\\|year\\=2006}} Bielenstein was the first professor of modern or classical Chinese language anywhere in Australia.{{cite journal\\|journal\\=The Journal of Asian Studies\\|volume\\=21\\|number\\=2\\|title\\=News of the profession\\|date\\=Feb 1962\\|pages\\=257–261\\|last\\=Bielenstein\\|first\\=Hans\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/s0021911800110939\\|s2cid\\=162983703 }} As Head of the School of Oriental Studies, he built up departments for the languages, literatures and history of China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.",
"In 1961, he moved to Columbia University in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). From 1969 to 1977 he was chairman of the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures.",
"He was a [Guggenheim fellow](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship \"Guggenheim Fellowship\") in 1967–1968, became a Corresponding Member of the [Royal Academy of Literature, History, and Antiquity of Sweden](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Letters%2C_History_and_Antiquities \"Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities\") in 1980, being appointed to the Dean Lung Chair of Chinese at Columbia University in 1985\\. From 1994 to 1995, he was the Master of [Holland Lodge](/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York \"Grand Lodge of New York\"). He retired in 1990 and celebrated his 61st wedding anniversary in 2015\\.",
"Bielenstein's many books and articles were concerned with Chinese, [historiography](/wiki/Historiography \"Historiography\"), history and [demography](/wiki/Demography \"Demography\"). His area of concentration was the administrative and economic history of early imperial China from the Han dynasty to the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\"). Along with the works of [Michael Loewe](/wiki/Michael_Loewe \"Michael Loewe\"), Bielenstein's *Bureaucracy of Han Times* (1980\\) is one of the most important English\\-language works on the [government of the Han dynasty](/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty \"Government of the Han dynasty\").",
"He died in New York City on 8 March 2015\\. He remained a Swedish citizen until his death.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Tomaree Headland is situated at the southern entrance to [Port Stephens](/wiki/Port_Stephens_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Port Stephens (New South Wales)"). Tomaree Lodge is located in a range of ten predominantly single\-storey weatherboard ex\-World War Two Australian Army garrison camp buildings on the western foreshore of the headland. [Tomaree National Park](/wiki/Tomaree_National_Park "Tomaree National Park") occupies the remainder of land on Tomaree Head. DADHC land in this vicinity includes the ten buildings used for accommodation ({{circa\|1941}}), the Recreation Hall, the Administration Block ({{circa\|1980}}s) and staff cottages, as well as 8\.8 hectares of terraced and landscaped land on the western side of the headland. DADHC\-owned land in the vicinity accommodates a range of structures including a swimming pool, work sheds, a fisheries laboratory, and at least two relics associated with Fort Tomaree ([Tomaree Head Fortifications](/wiki/Tomaree_Head_Fortifications "Tomaree Head Fortifications")), namely the surf battery and the footings for a torpedo tube.
The Port Stephens area, including Tomaree Head, is part of land occupied by the [Worimi](/wiki/Worimi "Worimi") Aboriginal language group. Captain Cook noted Tomaree Head in 1770 when he was travelling along the NSW coast. Following European settlement to the east coast of NSW from 1788, Port Stephens's rich resources were harvested; fishing and cedar getting were the main industries in the early nineteenth century. Port Stephens was occupied by the [Australian Agricultural Company](/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company "Australian Agricultural Company") from 1824\. Point Stephens lighthouse was erected in 1864 to provide safe entrance to Port Stephens.
Under the Crown Lands Alienation Act 1861, Tomaree Head was declared a reserve; it was used for recreational purposes and occasional squatting from the 1860s until the 1930s.
In 1932, Alfred Ernest Dickenson made an application for a special lease of Tomaree Head to graze goats. Dickenson's lease was withdrawn in 1947, with the site having been used for health purposes since this time. In the interim, however, Tomaree Head played an important role in the defence of Australia during the Second World War.
In March 1942, General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur") was appointed the supreme commander of the South West Pacific sector, "with authority over all allied naval, land and air forces in the theatre". This appointment effectively meant that MacArthur had control of the Australian forces.(ADB, Douglas MacArthur 1880\-1964: <http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150186b.htm>) At this time, Port Stephens, including Tomaree Head, was developed as a World War Two military base by a joint Australian Army\-United States Navy defence venture.
Port Stephens was a vital part of the Australian coastal defence system during the Second World War, and become the focus of first Australian\-United States combined training operations for the South\-West Pacific sector. This included Camp Gan Gan (located around 4 km from [Nelson Bay](/wiki/Nelson_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales "Nelson Bay, New South Wales")), Fort Tomaree (and the associated camps at Tomaree Head) and [HMAS Assault](/wiki/HMAS_Assault "HMAS Assault") on St Nazaire's Road, also known as the Joint Overseas Operational Training School (JOOTS), which became Nelson's Bay Migrant Hostel in the post\-war period.NAA, HMAS Assault \- Port Stephens 1953, Series number A5799, Control symbol 144/1953
Plans for two camps on Tomaree Head, to service the Fort Tomaree defence installations as part of the military occupation at Port Stephens, were prepared in 1941 by the New South Wales Government Architect / Department of Public Works. It is likely that these buildings were constructed by the New South Wales Department of Public Works on behalf of the Commonwealth Government, which was standard practice at this time due to labour shortages caused by the war. These 1941 plans of Tomaree Head show that most of the buildings dating from this time on the Tomaree Lodge site have been retained in\-situ.Department of Commerce Plan Room MISC56/44 \& MISC56/53
The surf battery within DADHC\-owned land at Tomaree Head, consisting of two Quick Firing 3 pounder Hoskiss Mark 1 guns, was intended for close defence of the entrance to Port Stephens and the approaches to Shoal Bay: "After investigation, it was later decided to install land based torpedo tubes on the north west side of Tomaree Head. A special launching platform was constructed on the shoreline some 50m to the west of No. 2 Gun (3 pounder) of Surf Section. Support facilities including accommodation were provided for the naval personnel."(WW2 Fortification Study, part 10, pp 1\-3\.)
Two years after the end of the Second World War, in 1947, the Commonwealth Defence Department transferred the former military camp at Tomaree Head to the Department of Public Health, for use as a convalescent hospital for patients from State hospitals. An undated contour plan of the Tomaree Convalescent Home ({{circa\|1947}}\-50\) shows two groups of buildings on Tomaree Head at this time. The site of Tomaree Lodge is referred to on this plan as Lower Tomaree. At this time, it contained sixteen buildings numbered 34 to 52\. It appears that these buildings had been used as the Garrison Camp for the C Company of the 20 Australian Garrison (Army) from 1942 until the close of the Second World War. This plan also shows that Upper Tomaree, located further to the south around Tomaree Head, was the site of the former Battery Camp and RAAF Camp during the war. The buildings at Upper Tomaree were demolished, and the site is now within the Tomaree National Park.Department of Commerce Plan Room MISC56/19
When the former Military Camp had been acquired by the New South Wales Government, it reportedly had been "an abandoned army camp, which seemed to be suitable for a convalescent hostel, but which had few amenities and little satisfactory accommodation. The first six patients arrived in June, 1947\.".Health in New South Wales Vol 6 No 1 February 1965
In 1949, the Annual Report for the Inspector General of Mental Hospitals reported that "the establishment of a Convalescent Hostel for mental patients by the adaption of an ex\-army camp situated at the southern headland at Port Stephens is more half completed so far as the accommodation required for male patients is concerned. Future development of the Hostel will provide for females as well as male patients, and in the meantime the accommodation for about fifty patients will be put into use.".Report of the Inspector\-General of Mental Hospitals for the year ended 1949
Works at Tomaree continued into the 1950s, following the initiation of a "five\-year plan of general development" in 1950\. This plan involved the demolition of "the old army huts high on the hill" (presumably this is in reference to the camp at Upper Tomaree), with some 're\-built in modernised form on the present site to provide additional accommodation for the increasing number of patients enjoying the hostel's peaceful surroundings. The new recreation hall was built from material salvaged with great ingenuity from the old army installations. Garages, workshops and other outbuildings were also erected".
By 1952, the number of patients at the Tomaree Holiday Lodge increased to 118, with a staff of eleven. In 1953\-55 "two tennis courts and a concrete cricket pitch were laid in the lawn area in the entrance to the grounds".
In 1960 a holiday scheme was introduced whereby patients from other hospitals were given a two\-week holiday at Tomaree before returning to their permanent accommodation; by 1962, there were approximately 40 holiday beds available. During this time, there was a permanent population of around forty residents who carried out maintenance works on the buildings and grounds. In 1965, it was reported that Tomaree Holiday Lodge was "used by the Health Department to provide holiday accommodation for long\-stay patients from metropolitan and country psychiatric hospitals", known as Schedule 5 Hospitals. In this year, it was reported that "a new fresh water, white tile, swimming pool equipped with dressing and toilet facilities" was under construction.'
Tomaree National Park, comprising 2266 hectares, was gazetted in 1984\. The hospital reserve was divided and the eastern portion of it was added to the park. In 1985, the practice of providing "holiday beds" was suspended when permanent residents were relocated to Tomaree Lodge from the [Stockton](/wiki/Stockton%2C_New_South_Wales "Stockton, New South Wales") and Kanangra Centres.
In 1989 the State Government proposed to sell Tomaree Lodge, but the decision was retracted following fierce local opposition. In 1992, Tomaree Lodge was in the ownership of the Department of Health and was included in the Department's s170 Heritage and Conservation Register in this year. By this time, the centre no longer provided respite holiday care for patients at mental hospitals in New South Wales, but was providing long\-term accommodation for people with developmental disabilities.
Tomaree Lodge has been operated by DADHC as a Large Residential Centre from 2001, providing accommodation for around 45\-50 residents. [Today](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 "Today (1982 TV program)"), Tomaree Lodge occupies 8\.8 hectares of land on the foreshores of Shoal Bay. Site plans dated to 1942 and 1959 show that Tomaree Lodge has changed little since it was erected in 1942; as at 2008, the buildings on the site were in roughly the same location and configuration as they were in these years.Department of Commerce Plan Room MISC56/21
In 2015, the state government announced that Tomaree Lodge would close to allow for the site to be redeveloped, and began privatising services under the [National Disability Insurance Scheme](/wiki/National_Disability_Insurance_Scheme "National Disability Insurance Scheme") and relocating residents to group homes.{{cite news \| title\=Residents removed from Tomaree Lodge to group homes under NDIS \| work\=Newcastle Herald \| date\=29 October 2015 }}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.portstephensexaminer.com.au/story/2859135/closure\-looms\-over\-tomaree\-lodge/ \| title\=Closure looms over Tomaree Lodge \| work\=Port Stephens Examiner \| date\=3 February 2015 \| accessdate\=26 July 2018}} A local residents group, the Shoal Bay Community Association, raised concerns about the precinct being sold off to the highest bidder, and proposed that it be managed under a trust to preserve permanent public ownership.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.newsofthearea.com.au/nsw\-government\-rules\-tomaree\-lodge\-will\-close\-17983 \| title\=NSW Government Rules That Tomaree Lodge Will Close \| work\=News of the Area \| date\=1 November 2016 \| accessdate\=26 July 2018}} The facility was expected to close in 2018\-19 upon the completion of the privatised group homes.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/la/papers/Pages/qanda\-tracking\-details.aspx?pk\=235633 \| title\=5501 \- TOMAREE LODGE \| publisher\=Parliament of New South Wales \| work\=Hansard \| accessdate\=26 July 2018}}
In 2019 a number of community groups came together to form the Friends of Tomaree Headland before incorporating in 2020 as The [Tomaree Headland Heritage Group Inc.](https://www.tomareeheadlandportstephens.com.au/) with an elected board of management representing business, tourism, community, historical and environmental groups.{{Cite web \|title\=Tomaree Headland Heritage Group {{!}} Tomaree Lodge \|url\=https://www.tomareeheadlandportstephens.com.au/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-18 \|website\=Thgsite \|language\=en}} The Department of Communities and Justice engaged in a community consultation process to determine the future use of the Tomaree Lodge.{{Cite web \|last\=Justice \|first\=Department of Communities and \|date\=2022\-10\-28 \|title\=Future use of Tomaree Lodge \|url\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/have\-your\-say/future\-use\-of\-tomaree\-lodge \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-18 \|website\=NSW Government \|language\=en\-AU}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Tomaree Headland is situated at the southern entrance to [Port Stephens](/wiki/Port_Stephens_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Port Stephens (New South Wales)\"). Tomaree Lodge is located in a range of ten predominantly single\\-storey weatherboard ex\\-World War Two Australian Army garrison camp buildings on the western foreshore of the headland. [Tomaree National Park](/wiki/Tomaree_National_Park \"Tomaree National Park\") occupies the remainder of land on Tomaree Head. DADHC land in this vicinity includes the ten buildings used for accommodation ({{circa\\|1941}}), the Recreation Hall, the Administration Block ({{circa\\|1980}}s) and staff cottages, as well as 8\\.8 hectares of terraced and landscaped land on the western side of the headland. DADHC\\-owned land in the vicinity accommodates a range of structures including a swimming pool, work sheds, a fisheries laboratory, and at least two relics associated with Fort Tomaree ([Tomaree Head Fortifications](/wiki/Tomaree_Head_Fortifications \"Tomaree Head Fortifications\")), namely the surf battery and the footings for a torpedo tube.",
"The Port Stephens area, including Tomaree Head, is part of land occupied by the [Worimi](/wiki/Worimi \"Worimi\") Aboriginal language group. Captain Cook noted Tomaree Head in 1770 when he was travelling along the NSW coast. Following European settlement to the east coast of NSW from 1788, Port Stephens's rich resources were harvested; fishing and cedar getting were the main industries in the early nineteenth century. Port Stephens was occupied by the [Australian Agricultural Company](/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company \"Australian Agricultural Company\") from 1824\\. Point Stephens lighthouse was erected in 1864 to provide safe entrance to Port Stephens.",
"Under the Crown Lands Alienation Act 1861, Tomaree Head was declared a reserve; it was used for recreational purposes and occasional squatting from the 1860s until the 1930s.",
"In 1932, Alfred Ernest Dickenson made an application for a special lease of Tomaree Head to graze goats. Dickenson's lease was withdrawn in 1947, with the site having been used for health purposes since this time. In the interim, however, Tomaree Head played an important role in the defence of Australia during the Second World War.",
"In March 1942, General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\") was appointed the supreme commander of the South West Pacific sector, \"with authority over all allied naval, land and air forces in the theatre\". This appointment effectively meant that MacArthur had control of the Australian forces.(ADB, Douglas MacArthur 1880\\-1964: <http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150186b.htm>) At this time, Port Stephens, including Tomaree Head, was developed as a World War Two military base by a joint Australian Army\\-United States Navy defence venture.",
"Port Stephens was a vital part of the Australian coastal defence system during the Second World War, and become the focus of first Australian\\-United States combined training operations for the South\\-West Pacific sector. This included Camp Gan Gan (located around 4 km from [Nelson Bay](/wiki/Nelson_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales \"Nelson Bay, New South Wales\")), Fort Tomaree (and the associated camps at Tomaree Head) and [HMAS Assault](/wiki/HMAS_Assault \"HMAS Assault\") on St Nazaire's Road, also known as the Joint Overseas Operational Training School (JOOTS), which became Nelson's Bay Migrant Hostel in the post\\-war period.NAA, HMAS Assault \\- Port Stephens 1953, Series number A5799, Control symbol 144/1953",
"Plans for two camps on Tomaree Head, to service the Fort Tomaree defence installations as part of the military occupation at Port Stephens, were prepared in 1941 by the New South Wales Government Architect / Department of Public Works. It is likely that these buildings were constructed by the New South Wales Department of Public Works on behalf of the Commonwealth Government, which was standard practice at this time due to labour shortages caused by the war. These 1941 plans of Tomaree Head show that most of the buildings dating from this time on the Tomaree Lodge site have been retained in\\-situ.Department of Commerce Plan Room MISC56/44 \\& MISC56/53",
"The surf battery within DADHC\\-owned land at Tomaree Head, consisting of two Quick Firing 3 pounder Hoskiss Mark 1 guns, was intended for close defence of the entrance to Port Stephens and the approaches to Shoal Bay: \"After investigation, it was later decided to install land based torpedo tubes on the north west side of Tomaree Head. A special launching platform was constructed on the shoreline some 50m to the west of No. 2 Gun (3 pounder) of Surf Section. Support facilities including accommodation were provided for the naval personnel.\"(WW2 Fortification Study, part 10, pp 1\\-3\\.)",
"Two years after the end of the Second World War, in 1947, the Commonwealth Defence Department transferred the former military camp at Tomaree Head to the Department of Public Health, for use as a convalescent hospital for patients from State hospitals. An undated contour plan of the Tomaree Convalescent Home ({{circa\\|1947}}\\-50\\) shows two groups of buildings on Tomaree Head at this time. The site of Tomaree Lodge is referred to on this plan as Lower Tomaree. At this time, it contained sixteen buildings numbered 34 to 52\\. It appears that these buildings had been used as the Garrison Camp for the C Company of the 20 Australian Garrison (Army) from 1942 until the close of the Second World War. This plan also shows that Upper Tomaree, located further to the south around Tomaree Head, was the site of the former Battery Camp and RAAF Camp during the war. The buildings at Upper Tomaree were demolished, and the site is now within the Tomaree National Park.Department of Commerce Plan Room MISC56/19",
"When the former Military Camp had been acquired by the New South Wales Government, it reportedly had been \"an abandoned army camp, which seemed to be suitable for a convalescent hostel, but which had few amenities and little satisfactory accommodation. The first six patients arrived in June, 1947\\.\".Health in New South Wales Vol 6 No 1 February 1965",
"In 1949, the Annual Report for the Inspector General of Mental Hospitals reported that \"the establishment of a Convalescent Hostel for mental patients by the adaption of an ex\\-army camp situated at the southern headland at Port Stephens is more half completed so far as the accommodation required for male patients is concerned. Future development of the Hostel will provide for females as well as male patients, and in the meantime the accommodation for about fifty patients will be put into use.\".Report of the Inspector\\-General of Mental Hospitals for the year ended 1949",
"Works at Tomaree continued into the 1950s, following the initiation of a \"five\\-year plan of general development\" in 1950\\. This plan involved the demolition of \"the old army huts high on the hill\" (presumably this is in reference to the camp at Upper Tomaree), with some 're\\-built in modernised form on the present site to provide additional accommodation for the increasing number of patients enjoying the hostel's peaceful surroundings. The new recreation hall was built from material salvaged with great ingenuity from the old army installations. Garages, workshops and other outbuildings were also erected\".",
"By 1952, the number of patients at the Tomaree Holiday Lodge increased to 118, with a staff of eleven. In 1953\\-55 \"two tennis courts and a concrete cricket pitch were laid in the lawn area in the entrance to the grounds\".",
"In 1960 a holiday scheme was introduced whereby patients from other hospitals were given a two\\-week holiday at Tomaree before returning to their permanent accommodation; by 1962, there were approximately 40 holiday beds available. During this time, there was a permanent population of around forty residents who carried out maintenance works on the buildings and grounds. In 1965, it was reported that Tomaree Holiday Lodge was \"used by the Health Department to provide holiday accommodation for long\\-stay patients from metropolitan and country psychiatric hospitals\", known as Schedule 5 Hospitals. In this year, it was reported that \"a new fresh water, white tile, swimming pool equipped with dressing and toilet facilities\" was under construction.'",
"Tomaree National Park, comprising 2266 hectares, was gazetted in 1984\\. The hospital reserve was divided and the eastern portion of it was added to the park. In 1985, the practice of providing \"holiday beds\" was suspended when permanent residents were relocated to Tomaree Lodge from the [Stockton](/wiki/Stockton%2C_New_South_Wales \"Stockton, New South Wales\") and Kanangra Centres.",
"In 1989 the State Government proposed to sell Tomaree Lodge, but the decision was retracted following fierce local opposition. In 1992, Tomaree Lodge was in the ownership of the Department of Health and was included in the Department's s170 Heritage and Conservation Register in this year. By this time, the centre no longer provided respite holiday care for patients at mental hospitals in New South Wales, but was providing long\\-term accommodation for people with developmental disabilities.",
"Tomaree Lodge has been operated by DADHC as a Large Residential Centre from 2001, providing accommodation for around 45\\-50 residents. [Today](/wiki/Today_%281982_TV_program%29 \"Today (1982 TV program)\"), Tomaree Lodge occupies 8\\.8 hectares of land on the foreshores of Shoal Bay. Site plans dated to 1942 and 1959 show that Tomaree Lodge has changed little since it was erected in 1942; as at 2008, the buildings on the site were in roughly the same location and configuration as they were in these years.Department of Commerce Plan Room MISC56/21",
"In 2015, the state government announced that Tomaree Lodge would close to allow for the site to be redeveloped, and began privatising services under the [National Disability Insurance Scheme](/wiki/National_Disability_Insurance_Scheme \"National Disability Insurance Scheme\") and relocating residents to group homes.{{cite news \\| title\\=Residents removed from Tomaree Lodge to group homes under NDIS \\| work\\=Newcastle Herald \\| date\\=29 October 2015 }}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.portstephensexaminer.com.au/story/2859135/closure\\-looms\\-over\\-tomaree\\-lodge/ \\| title\\=Closure looms over Tomaree Lodge \\| work\\=Port Stephens Examiner \\| date\\=3 February 2015 \\| accessdate\\=26 July 2018}} A local residents group, the Shoal Bay Community Association, raised concerns about the precinct being sold off to the highest bidder, and proposed that it be managed under a trust to preserve permanent public ownership.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.newsofthearea.com.au/nsw\\-government\\-rules\\-tomaree\\-lodge\\-will\\-close\\-17983 \\| title\\=NSW Government Rules That Tomaree Lodge Will Close \\| work\\=News of the Area \\| date\\=1 November 2016 \\| accessdate\\=26 July 2018}} The facility was expected to close in 2018\\-19 upon the completion of the privatised group homes.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/la/papers/Pages/qanda\\-tracking\\-details.aspx?pk\\=235633 \\| title\\=5501 \\- TOMAREE LODGE \\| publisher\\=Parliament of New South Wales \\| work\\=Hansard \\| accessdate\\=26 July 2018}}",
"In 2019 a number of community groups came together to form the Friends of Tomaree Headland before incorporating in 2020 as The [Tomaree Headland Heritage Group Inc.](https://www.tomareeheadlandportstephens.com.au/) with an elected board of management representing business, tourism, community, historical and environmental groups.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tomaree Headland Heritage Group {{!}} Tomaree Lodge \\|url\\=https://www.tomareeheadlandportstephens.com.au/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-18 \\|website\\=Thgsite \\|language\\=en}} The Department of Communities and Justice engaged in a community consultation process to determine the future use of the Tomaree Lodge.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Justice \\|first\\=Department of Communities and \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-28 \\|title\\=Future use of Tomaree Lodge \\|url\\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/have\\-your\\-say/future\\-use\\-of\\-tomaree\\-lodge \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-18 \\|website\\=NSW Government \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}",
""
] |
Description
-----------
Tomaree Lodge is situated between Tomaree Head and Shoal Bay, at the southern entrance to Port Stephens. Tomaree Lodge comprises a range of predominantly single\-storey [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard "Weatherboard") buildings on the western foreshore of the headland. These buildings are mostly ex\-World War Two Australian Army garrison camp buildings. The Tomaree National Park (established in 1984\) occupies the remainder of Tomaree Head.
DADHC land in the vicinity includes the ten Tomaree Lodge accommodation buildings as well as a number of administrative and amenity buildings, and 8\.8 hectares of landscaped (terraced) land on the western side of the headland. Land held by DADHC in this area accommodates a range of structures including a swimming pool, work [sheds](/wiki/Sheds "Sheds"), a fisheries laboratory, and at least two relics associated with Fort Tomaree, namely the surf battery and the footings for a torpedo tube. The sealed access road to the site terminates in a cul\-de\-sac with accommodation buildings to the west and administrative buildings to the east. The landscape of the site is terraced, with random rubble [retaining walls](/wiki/Retaining_wall "Retaining wall") and features mature Norfolk Island pines. The buildings on the site are mostly single\-storey and the clustering of cottages used for accommodation provides a village atmosphere. A stone wall constructed by former residents runs along the foreshore of Shoal Bay.
The ten cottages, which collectively make up Tomaree Lodge, are single\-storey weatherboard buildings on the western foreshore of the headland. They were designed and built in 1942 by the New South Wales Government Architect's Office / Department of Public Works on behalf of the Commonwealth Government for use as an Australian Army garrison camp during the Second World War. Typically, these buildings are timber framed and are clad with weatherboard; they tend to have [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roofs. Those built on the embankment have un\-rendered or painted brick bases, or engaged brick [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)"). A number of the cottages have fixed [awnings](/wiki/Awnings "Awnings") and some retain timber framed double\-hung [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window "Sash window"). Ramps to the buildings, often with timber [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrade "Balustrade") provide equitable access to the accommodation.
Internally the cottages typically have timber floors and internal gyprock lining. Building 8 has caneite ceilings, wood grained panelling and exposed [trusses](/wiki/Trusses "Trusses"). Previously, most of these buildings had internal lining containing asbestos which has been replaced. Internally Building 4 seems to retain the most intact room layout, although the doors have been extended.
Various alterations to the cottages have taken place; the footprint of the cottages extended, alterations made to the roofs or modifications to doors, windows and other fittings. Various modifications have been made to both the site and buildings to allow equitable access, including installation of ramps and widening of doors. Services have been updated and [verandahs](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") have sometimes been enclosed and original windows replaced with aluminium\-framed glazing. Some of the cottages elevated on brick piers have had brick enclosures built below.
The site contains a range of distinctive features relating to its earlier uses including fortifications and installations, roads, gun placements, and a random rubble walled battery. On the headland's rock platform are random rubble terracing, drains, a roadway and sea walls.
Tomaree Lodge adjoins the Tomaree National Park. The native vegetation of the Tomaree Peninsula is predominantly woodland with a number of identified rare and/or threatened plant species local to this area. The DECC / National Parks and Wildlife Service considers the natural areas have a high conservation value.
### Condition
As at 3 September 2008, Tomaree Lodge comprises a range of buildings dating from its use as an army garrison during the First World War. The buildings are generally in good condition.
The DADHC lands surrounding Tomaree Lodge have high archaeological potential, high archaeological research value and high heritage significance. There are likely to be archaeological remains of the Fort Tomaree Battery Camp, established on the headland in WWII. The camp was adjacent to the torpedo tubes and gun emplacement at the end of the headland and the remains would partly extend into the national park. Evidence may include building footings, artifact deposits, underground services and evidence of changes to the landscape including terracing. There may also be concrete bases and fixtures from searchlight towers, gun platforms and other defence works.
The slope up behind the former Infantry Camp (now Tomaree Lodge) is also likely to contain archaeological evidence associated with the camp and Tomaree Battery, similar to that described above for the Battery Camp. Although the area has been heavily disturbed by WWII activity, given its location it is possible there may be remnant evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the area.
One of the conservation strategies in the endorsed Conservation Management Plan (CMP) prepared for Tomaree Head National Park in 1999 was the systematic site recording and assessment by a qualified Historical Archaeologist for the whole site. A detailed archaeological assessment of this site is recommended in conjunction with the adjoining national park lands.
Tomaree Lodge is a functioning Large Residential Centre which means that most of the buildings on the site are in good working order. Even though many buildings have undergone alterations and additions, the original form of the buildings is generally discernible.
Tomaree Lodge is one of the few known surviving examples of this type of purpose\-built accommodation for the military in the State. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales.
### Modifications and dates
The original ex\-World War Two Australian Army garrison camp at Tomaree Head was modified for use as a hospital in the 1950s. The site has been added to over the second half of the twentieth century to accommodate changing hospital needs, as outlined below.
Modifications to the site have included:
* 1950\-1955 (by staff and DPWS) \- army huts on hill demolished, rebuilt in modernised form to provide additional accommodation. New recreation hall built from salvaged material. Garages workshops and other building similarly built. Terracing, gardens, drainage, roads, rock work on original pool, land forming to Zenith Beach.
* 1950\-55 (DPWS) \- major construction work including renovations, conversions of huts to staff cottages, wharf, swimming pools.
* 1953\-55 \- 2 tennis courts, concrete cricket pitch.
* 1965 \- new swimming pool and facilities.
* 1966 \- administration building, new kitchens, dining room and balconies.
* 1990s \- land transferred to NPWS as part of Tomaree Head National Park.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"Tomaree Lodge is situated between Tomaree Head and Shoal Bay, at the southern entrance to Port Stephens. Tomaree Lodge comprises a range of predominantly single\\-storey [weatherboard](/wiki/Weatherboard \"Weatherboard\") buildings on the western foreshore of the headland. These buildings are mostly ex\\-World War Two Australian Army garrison camp buildings. The Tomaree National Park (established in 1984\\) occupies the remainder of Tomaree Head.",
"DADHC land in the vicinity includes the ten Tomaree Lodge accommodation buildings as well as a number of administrative and amenity buildings, and 8\\.8 hectares of landscaped (terraced) land on the western side of the headland. Land held by DADHC in this area accommodates a range of structures including a swimming pool, work [sheds](/wiki/Sheds \"Sheds\"), a fisheries laboratory, and at least two relics associated with Fort Tomaree, namely the surf battery and the footings for a torpedo tube. The sealed access road to the site terminates in a cul\\-de\\-sac with accommodation buildings to the west and administrative buildings to the east. The landscape of the site is terraced, with random rubble [retaining walls](/wiki/Retaining_wall \"Retaining wall\") and features mature Norfolk Island pines. The buildings on the site are mostly single\\-storey and the clustering of cottages used for accommodation provides a village atmosphere. A stone wall constructed by former residents runs along the foreshore of Shoal Bay.",
"The ten cottages, which collectively make up Tomaree Lodge, are single\\-storey weatherboard buildings on the western foreshore of the headland. They were designed and built in 1942 by the New South Wales Government Architect's Office / Department of Public Works on behalf of the Commonwealth Government for use as an Australian Army garrison camp during the Second World War. Typically, these buildings are timber framed and are clad with weatherboard; they tend to have [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roofs. Those built on the embankment have un\\-rendered or painted brick bases, or engaged brick [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\"). A number of the cottages have fixed [awnings](/wiki/Awnings \"Awnings\") and some retain timber framed double\\-hung [sash windows](/wiki/Sash_window \"Sash window\"). Ramps to the buildings, often with timber [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrade \"Balustrade\") provide equitable access to the accommodation.",
"Internally the cottages typically have timber floors and internal gyprock lining. Building 8 has caneite ceilings, wood grained panelling and exposed [trusses](/wiki/Trusses \"Trusses\"). Previously, most of these buildings had internal lining containing asbestos which has been replaced. Internally Building 4 seems to retain the most intact room layout, although the doors have been extended.",
"Various alterations to the cottages have taken place; the footprint of the cottages extended, alterations made to the roofs or modifications to doors, windows and other fittings. Various modifications have been made to both the site and buildings to allow equitable access, including installation of ramps and widening of doors. Services have been updated and [verandahs](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") have sometimes been enclosed and original windows replaced with aluminium\\-framed glazing. Some of the cottages elevated on brick piers have had brick enclosures built below.",
"The site contains a range of distinctive features relating to its earlier uses including fortifications and installations, roads, gun placements, and a random rubble walled battery. On the headland's rock platform are random rubble terracing, drains, a roadway and sea walls.",
"Tomaree Lodge adjoins the Tomaree National Park. The native vegetation of the Tomaree Peninsula is predominantly woodland with a number of identified rare and/or threatened plant species local to this area. The DECC / National Parks and Wildlife Service considers the natural areas have a high conservation value.",
"### Condition",
"As at 3 September 2008, Tomaree Lodge comprises a range of buildings dating from its use as an army garrison during the First World War. The buildings are generally in good condition.",
"The DADHC lands surrounding Tomaree Lodge have high archaeological potential, high archaeological research value and high heritage significance. There are likely to be archaeological remains of the Fort Tomaree Battery Camp, established on the headland in WWII. The camp was adjacent to the torpedo tubes and gun emplacement at the end of the headland and the remains would partly extend into the national park. Evidence may include building footings, artifact deposits, underground services and evidence of changes to the landscape including terracing. There may also be concrete bases and fixtures from searchlight towers, gun platforms and other defence works.",
"The slope up behind the former Infantry Camp (now Tomaree Lodge) is also likely to contain archaeological evidence associated with the camp and Tomaree Battery, similar to that described above for the Battery Camp. Although the area has been heavily disturbed by WWII activity, given its location it is possible there may be remnant evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the area.",
"One of the conservation strategies in the endorsed Conservation Management Plan (CMP) prepared for Tomaree Head National Park in 1999 was the systematic site recording and assessment by a qualified Historical Archaeologist for the whole site. A detailed archaeological assessment of this site is recommended in conjunction with the adjoining national park lands.",
"Tomaree Lodge is a functioning Large Residential Centre which means that most of the buildings on the site are in good working order. Even though many buildings have undergone alterations and additions, the original form of the buildings is generally discernible.",
"Tomaree Lodge is one of the few known surviving examples of this type of purpose\\-built accommodation for the military in the State. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales.",
"### Modifications and dates",
"The original ex\\-World War Two Australian Army garrison camp at Tomaree Head was modified for use as a hospital in the 1950s. The site has been added to over the second half of the twentieth century to accommodate changing hospital needs, as outlined below.",
"Modifications to the site have included:",
"* 1950\\-1955 (by staff and DPWS) \\- army huts on hill demolished, rebuilt in modernised form to provide additional accommodation. New recreation hall built from salvaged material. Garages workshops and other building similarly built. Terracing, gardens, drainage, roads, rock work on original pool, land forming to Zenith Beach.\n* 1950\\-55 (DPWS) \\- major construction work including renovations, conversions of huts to staff cottages, wharf, swimming pools.\n* 1953\\-55 \\- 2 tennis courts, concrete cricket pitch.\n* 1965 \\- new swimming pool and facilities.\n* 1966 \\- administration building, new kitchens, dining room and balconies.\n* 1990s \\- land transferred to NPWS as part of Tomaree Head National Park."
] |
### Condition
As at 3 September 2008, Tomaree Lodge comprises a range of buildings dating from its use as an army garrison during the First World War. The buildings are generally in good condition.
The DADHC lands surrounding Tomaree Lodge have high archaeological potential, high archaeological research value and high heritage significance. There are likely to be archaeological remains of the Fort Tomaree Battery Camp, established on the headland in WWII. The camp was adjacent to the torpedo tubes and gun emplacement at the end of the headland and the remains would partly extend into the national park. Evidence may include building footings, artifact deposits, underground services and evidence of changes to the landscape including terracing. There may also be concrete bases and fixtures from searchlight towers, gun platforms and other defence works.
The slope up behind the former Infantry Camp (now Tomaree Lodge) is also likely to contain archaeological evidence associated with the camp and Tomaree Battery, similar to that described above for the Battery Camp. Although the area has been heavily disturbed by WWII activity, given its location it is possible there may be remnant evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the area.
One of the conservation strategies in the endorsed Conservation Management Plan (CMP) prepared for Tomaree Head National Park in 1999 was the systematic site recording and assessment by a qualified Historical Archaeologist for the whole site. A detailed archaeological assessment of this site is recommended in conjunction with the adjoining national park lands.
Tomaree Lodge is a functioning Large Residential Centre which means that most of the buildings on the site are in good working order. Even though many buildings have undergone alterations and additions, the original form of the buildings is generally discernible.
Tomaree Lodge is one of the few known surviving examples of this type of purpose\-built accommodation for the military in the State. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales.
|
[
"### Condition",
"As at 3 September 2008, Tomaree Lodge comprises a range of buildings dating from its use as an army garrison during the First World War. The buildings are generally in good condition.",
"The DADHC lands surrounding Tomaree Lodge have high archaeological potential, high archaeological research value and high heritage significance. There are likely to be archaeological remains of the Fort Tomaree Battery Camp, established on the headland in WWII. The camp was adjacent to the torpedo tubes and gun emplacement at the end of the headland and the remains would partly extend into the national park. Evidence may include building footings, artifact deposits, underground services and evidence of changes to the landscape including terracing. There may also be concrete bases and fixtures from searchlight towers, gun platforms and other defence works.",
"The slope up behind the former Infantry Camp (now Tomaree Lodge) is also likely to contain archaeological evidence associated with the camp and Tomaree Battery, similar to that described above for the Battery Camp. Although the area has been heavily disturbed by WWII activity, given its location it is possible there may be remnant evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the area.",
"One of the conservation strategies in the endorsed Conservation Management Plan (CMP) prepared for Tomaree Head National Park in 1999 was the systematic site recording and assessment by a qualified Historical Archaeologist for the whole site. A detailed archaeological assessment of this site is recommended in conjunction with the adjoining national park lands.",
"Tomaree Lodge is a functioning Large Residential Centre which means that most of the buildings on the site are in good working order. Even though many buildings have undergone alterations and additions, the original form of the buildings is generally discernible.",
"Tomaree Lodge is one of the few known surviving examples of this type of purpose\\-built accommodation for the military in the State. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Tomaree Lodge has heritage significance at a State level. It has historic significance because of its use as an Army Garrison Camp during the Second World War. The site is a physical demonstration of Port Stephens' important contribution to the Second World War, when it was developed as a military base by the joint Australian Army\-United States Navy defence ventures in March 1942, following the appointment of General Douglas MacArthur as supreme commander of the South West Pacific sector.
The site has high archaeological potential and high archaeological research value. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales which have such high archaeological potential. Any archaeological relics dating from the World War Two period on the site have the potential to contain information not available from other sources. It also has strong interpretive values and research potential due to its relationship to other World War Two military sites in Port Stephens and [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales "Newcastle, New South Wales"), including Fort Tomaree (and the associated camps at Tomaree Head), Camp Gan Gan and HMAS Assault, also known as the Joint Overseas Operational Training School (JOOTS).
The site is a landmark on the foreshore of Shoal Bay at the entrance to Port Stephens. The site is rare as one of the few surviving, relatively intact Army garrison camps dating from the Second World War in New South Wales.
While Tomaree Lodge has some representative value as an example of a health facility in the state for people with mental illness and developmental disability, it is unique in this group due to its earlier use as a World War Two Army Camp. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in the state. Tomaree Lodge is one of the few known surviving examples of this type of purpose\-built accommodation for the military in the State.
Tomaree Holiday Lodge was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
Tomaree Lodge has State significance because of its prior use as an Army Garrison Camp during the Second World War. The site is a physical demonstration of Port Stephens' important contribution to the Second World War, when it was developed as a military base by the joint Australian Army\-United States Navy defence ventures in March 1942, following the appointment of General Douglas MacArthur as supreme commander of the South West Pacific sector.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
Tomaree Lodge has aesthetic significance at a Local level, due to its landmark qualities on the foreshore of Shoal Bay at the entrance to Port Stephens.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The social significance of the Tomaree Lodge has not been assessed. However, it is likely that it has strong association with past and present residents and staff. Tomaree Lodge has been, and continues to be, home to many of these people who have spent extended periods of their life there. The significance of Tomaree Lodge to the local community was clearly established when there was vocal public opposition to its sale in 1989\.
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
Tomaree Lodge has technical significance at a State level because the land surrounding it has high archaeological potential and high archaeological research value related to its use during World War Two. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales which have such high archaeological potential. Any archaeological relics dating from the World War Two period on the site have the potential to contain information not available from other sources.
Tomaree Lodge has strong interpretive values and research potential due to its relationship to other World War Two military sites in Port Stephens and Newcastle, including Fort Tomaree (and the associated camps at Tomaree Head), Camp Gan Gan and HMAS Assault, also known as the Joint Overseas Operational Training School (JOOTS).
The nine LRCs owned or managed by DADHC (as at January 2009\), including the Tomaree Centre, have technical / research significance at a State Level for their potential to explain the ways that residential health facilities for people with mental illness and disabilities in NSW were designed, built and operated, reflecting the changing attitudes and philosophies of care over the twentieth century.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
Tomaree Lodge has rarity value at a State level as one of the few surviving, relatively intact Army garrison camps dating from the Second World War in New South Wales. While Tomaree Lodge has some representative value as an example of a health facility in the state for people with mental illness and developmental disability, it is unique in this group due to its earlier use as a World War Two Army Camp.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Tomaree Lodge has heritage significance at a State level. It has historic significance because of its use as an Army Garrison Camp during the Second World War. The site is a physical demonstration of Port Stephens' important contribution to the Second World War, when it was developed as a military base by the joint Australian Army\\-United States Navy defence ventures in March 1942, following the appointment of General Douglas MacArthur as supreme commander of the South West Pacific sector.",
"The site has high archaeological potential and high archaeological research value. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales which have such high archaeological potential. Any archaeological relics dating from the World War Two period on the site have the potential to contain information not available from other sources. It also has strong interpretive values and research potential due to its relationship to other World War Two military sites in Port Stephens and [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales \"Newcastle, New South Wales\"), including Fort Tomaree (and the associated camps at Tomaree Head), Camp Gan Gan and HMAS Assault, also known as the Joint Overseas Operational Training School (JOOTS).",
"The site is a landmark on the foreshore of Shoal Bay at the entrance to Port Stephens. The site is rare as one of the few surviving, relatively intact Army garrison camps dating from the Second World War in New South Wales.",
"While Tomaree Lodge has some representative value as an example of a health facility in the state for people with mental illness and developmental disability, it is unique in this group due to its earlier use as a World War Two Army Camp. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in the state. Tomaree Lodge is one of the few known surviving examples of this type of purpose\\-built accommodation for the military in the State.",
"Tomaree Holiday Lodge was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"Tomaree Lodge has State significance because of its prior use as an Army Garrison Camp during the Second World War. The site is a physical demonstration of Port Stephens' important contribution to the Second World War, when it was developed as a military base by the joint Australian Army\\-United States Navy defence ventures in March 1942, following the appointment of General Douglas MacArthur as supreme commander of the South West Pacific sector.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"Tomaree Lodge has aesthetic significance at a Local level, due to its landmark qualities on the foreshore of Shoal Bay at the entrance to Port Stephens.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The social significance of the Tomaree Lodge has not been assessed. However, it is likely that it has strong association with past and present residents and staff. Tomaree Lodge has been, and continues to be, home to many of these people who have spent extended periods of their life there. The significance of Tomaree Lodge to the local community was clearly established when there was vocal public opposition to its sale in 1989\\.",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"Tomaree Lodge has technical significance at a State level because the land surrounding it has high archaeological potential and high archaeological research value related to its use during World War Two. There are relatively few intact former World War Two army camps in New South Wales which have such high archaeological potential. Any archaeological relics dating from the World War Two period on the site have the potential to contain information not available from other sources.",
"Tomaree Lodge has strong interpretive values and research potential due to its relationship to other World War Two military sites in Port Stephens and Newcastle, including Fort Tomaree (and the associated camps at Tomaree Head), Camp Gan Gan and HMAS Assault, also known as the Joint Overseas Operational Training School (JOOTS).",
"The nine LRCs owned or managed by DADHC (as at January 2009\\), including the Tomaree Centre, have technical / research significance at a State Level for their potential to explain the ways that residential health facilities for people with mental illness and disabilities in NSW were designed, built and operated, reflecting the changing attitudes and philosophies of care over the twentieth century.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"Tomaree Lodge has rarity value at a State level as one of the few surviving, relatively intact Army garrison camps dating from the Second World War in New South Wales. While Tomaree Lodge has some representative value as an example of a health facility in the state for people with mental illness and developmental disability, it is unique in this group due to its earlier use as a World War Two Army Camp.",
""
] |
Dominion Constitution and Government
------------------------------------
India as a free and independent dominion within the [British Commonwealth of Nations](/wiki/British_Commonwealth_of_Nations "British Commonwealth of Nations") (its title changed in 1949 to "Commonwealth of Nations") came into existence on 15 August 1947 under the provisions of the [Indian Independence Act 1947](/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947 "Indian Independence Act 1947") which had received royal assent on 18 July 1947\.{{citation\|title\=The Statesman's Year\-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949\|chapter\=India\|editor\=S. H. Steinberg\|publisher\=Macmillan and Co\|year\=1949\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pErODQAAQBAJ\|page\=122\|isbn\=9780230270787}} This act, along with the [Government of India Act 1935](/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935 "Government of India Act 1935") ( [text here](/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935.pdf "Government of India Act 1935.pdf")) the latter to be suitably amended to the changed context, served as the constitution of the dominion. Under the Indian Independence Act, the British government relinquished all responsibility of governing the territories that formerly constituted [British India](/wiki/British_India "British India"); the legislatures of the new dominions could "repeal or amend" any existing act of the British parliament; no future act of the British parliament would extend to the dominions unless extended so and enacted by the dominion legislature. Reflecting the changed status, the royal style and titles "Indiae Imperator" and "Emperor of India" was abandoned.
In January 1949, India consisted of nine Governors' Provinces, Madras, Bombay, West Bengal, the United Provinces, East Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam and Orissa; five Chief Commissioners' Provinces, Delhi, Ajmer\-Merwara, Coorg, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and [Panth Piploda](/wiki/Panth_Piploda "Panth Piploda"); and around 500 [princely states](/wiki/Princely_states "Princely states"). *[The Statesman's Yearbook](/wiki/The_Statesman%27s_Yearbook "The Statesman's Yearbook")* (1949\) stated, "The Governors' Provinces and the Chief Commissioners' Provinces are under the sovereignty of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom." The princely states were governed by rulers who had ceded power in the areas of defence, external affairs, and communications to the dominion; such states were called "Acceding States." The provinces comprised approximately three\-fourths of the dominion's population and three\-fifths of the area.
Constitutionally, the Dominion was a federation with authority and responsibility devolving in the following manner. In the case of the Governors' Provinces: in the areas of defence, external affairs, currency and coinage, and communications, authority and responsibility lay with the Dominion legislature; in the administration of justice, public health, religious endowments, land and education, among others, authority lay with the provincial legislature; in the criminal law and procedure, marriage and divorce, succession, factories, labor welfare, workmen's compensation, health, insurance and old\-age pensions, responsibility lay concurrently with both, with overriding powers to the Dominion. In the case of the Chief Commissioners' Provinces: the administration was directly by the central government, with the [plenary power](/wiki/Plenary_power "Plenary power") of legislation belonging to the Dominion legislature. In the case of the Princely States, the areas of legislation which they chose to hand over to the Dominion were expected to be specified in the Instruments of Accession" that were executed by the rulers and accepted the Governor\-General; these areas were limited largely to defence, external affairs and communications.{{citation\|title\=The Statesman's Year\-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949\|chapter\=India\|editor\=S. H. Steinberg\|publisher\=Macmillan and Co\|year\=1949\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pErODQAAQBAJ\|page\=123\|isbn\=9780230270787}}
The [executive authority](/wiki/Executive_authority "Executive authority") of the Dominion was exercised on behalf of King George VI by the Governor\-General, who acted on the advice of his Council of Ministers. The cabinet system of [responsible government](/wiki/Responsible_government "Responsible government") prevailed at the centre. By convention, the cabinet includes members of minority and backward communities. The Chief Commissioners' Provinces were administered by the Governor\-General through a Chief Commissioner appointed by him.
The power to legislate in the Dominion legislature lay with the Constituent Assembly. The allotment of seats to Provinces and Princely States in this assembly were approximately in the ratio of one seat to a million individuals in the population. In the instance of Governors' Provinces, seats were distributed between the main religious communities (General (which included Hindus), Muslims, and in the East Punjab, Sikh) in each provinces in proportion to their population. The representatives from each Governors' Province were elected by the Lower House of the provincial legislature, the voting being by the method of proportional representation with single [transferable vote](/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting "Instant-runoff voting"), with the members of the main communities voting in separate constituencies. Of the assembly representatives allotted to the Princely States, half were elected by the State legislatures (or other representative bodies); the remainder was nominated by the ruler.
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| perrow \= 2/1
\| total\_width \= 360
\| image1 \= Constituent assembly.jpg
\| caption1 \= A section of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion; first row shows Jawaharlal Nehru and some cabinet members.
\| image2 \= India70\-the\-people\-who\-wrote\-the\-constitution\-of\-india.jpg
\| caption2 \= Another section of the Constituent assembly with Nehru and other cabinet members in the first row (with some overlap)
}}
The plan of the [Constituent Assembly of India](/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India "Constituent Assembly of India") was drawn up during the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj"), following negotiations between nationalist leaders and the [1946 Cabinet Mission to India](/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India "1946 Cabinet Mission to India"). Its members were elected by the new provincial assemblies formed after the [1946 Indian provincial elections](/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections "1946 Indian provincial elections") held in January. The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives consisting of 15 women and 284 men. The female members were: [Purnima Banerjee](/wiki/Purnima_Banerjee "Purnima Banerjee"), [Kamla Chaudhry](/wiki/Kamla_Chaudhry "Kamla Chaudhry"), [Malati Choudhury](/wiki/Malati_Choudhury "Malati Choudhury"), [Durgabai Deshmukh](/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh "Durgabai Deshmukh"), [Rajkumari Amrit Kaur](/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur "Rajkumari Amrit Kaur"), [Sucheta Kriplani](/wiki/Sucheta_Kriplani "Sucheta Kriplani"), [Annie Mascarene](/wiki/Annie_Mascarene "Annie Mascarene"), [Hansa Jivraj Mehta](/wiki/Hansa_Jivraj_Mehta "Hansa Jivraj Mehta"), [Sarojini Naidu](/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu "Sarojini Naidu"), [Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit](/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit "Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit"), [Begum Aizaz Rasul](/wiki/Begum_Aizaz_Rasul "Begum Aizaz Rasul"), [Renuka Ray](/wiki/Renuka_Ray "Renuka Ray"), [Leela Roy](/wiki/Leela_Roy "Leela Roy"), [Ammu Swaminathan](/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan "Ammu Swaminathan") and [Dakshayani Velayudhan](/wiki/Dakshayani_Velayudhan "Dakshayani Velayudhan"). Most were associated with the [Indian nationalist movement](/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement "Indian Independence Movement").{{citation\|last\=Kumar\|first\=Rajesh\|title\=Equality for Women: The Constituent Assembly Debates and the Making of Equality Jurisprudence by and for Women\|date\=January 2022\|doi\=10\.1177/00490857211040255\|journal\=Social Change\|volume\=52 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=350–368\|publisher\=SAGE\|s2cid\=246392704 }}
The [Interim Government of India](/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India "Interim Government of India") was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected members of the Constituent Assembly. The Indian National Congress secured 69 percent of all of the seats, whereas the Muslim League had a smaller number, but significantly all of the seats that were reserved for Muslims. There were also fewer numbers from other parties, such as the [Scheduled Caste Federation](/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_Federation "Scheduled Caste Federation"), the [Communist Party of India](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India "Communist Party of India"), and the [Unionist Party](/wiki/Unionist_Party_%28Punjab%29 "Unionist Party (Punjab)"). In June 1947, members from the provinces of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh"), [East Bengal](/wiki/East_Bengal "East Bengal"), [Baluchistan](/wiki/Baluchistan_%28Chief_Commissioners_Province%29 "Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)"), [West Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_Pakistan "Punjab, Pakistan"), and the [North West Frontier Province](/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_%281901%E2%80%931955%29 "North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)") withdrew to form the [Constituent Assembly of Pakistan](/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan "Constituent Assembly of Pakistan"), which met in [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi").
On 15 August 1947, all the members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi came to constitute the Dominion of India's legislature. Only 28 members of the Muslim League finally joined. Later, 93 members were nominated from the [princely states](/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_States "List of Indian Princely States"). The Congress secured a majority of 82%.
Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India "Prime Minister of India") on 15 August 1947\. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India "Deputy Prime Minister of India"). [Lord Mountbatten](/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten "Lord Mountbatten"), and later C. Rajagopalachari, served as [Governor\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India "Governor-General of India") until 26 January 1950, when [Rajendra Prasad](/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad "Rajendra Prasad") was elected as the first [President of India](/wiki/President_of_India "President of India").{{cite book\|last\=Krishna\|first\=Ananth V.\|title\=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Pearson Education India\|location\=India\|isbn\=9788131734650\|pages\=34–36\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=8v7Vr2iQUHkC\&pg\=PA28\|access\-date\=27 May 2014}}
Ramachandra Guha, ["India After Gandhi"](http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/ramachandra+guha/india+after+gandhi/5902941/), Picador India, 2007\. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-330\-39610\-3}} Nehru's cabinet of 15 included one woman.
{{Collapse top\|Dominion of India: Cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947–26 January 1950}}
{{Cabinet table start\|hiderefcol\=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]]
\[\[Minister of External Affairs (India)\|Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations]]
\[\[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)\|Minister of Scientific Research]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Jnehru.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Jawaharlal Nehru]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Deputy Prime Minister of India\|Deputy Prime Minister]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\= \[\[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Vallabhbhai Patel]]}}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Home Affairs (India)\|Minister of Home Affairs and States]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|Vallabhbhai Patel}}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)\|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|Vallabhbhai Patel}}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 1949
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
\| minister2 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Godwin Moikusita Lewanika with R.R. Diwakar April 1950\.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[R. R. Diwakar]]{{cite web\|url\=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre\_member/1952\_2003/d.pdf \|title\=Rajya Sabha Members, Biographical Sketches, 1952 – 2003: D \|page\=11 \|website\=\[\[Rajya Sabha]] \|publisher\=\[\[National Informatics Centre]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124348/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre\_member/1952\_2003/d.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-01\-22}} }}
\| minister2\_termstart \= 1949
\| minister2\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister2\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Finance (India)\|Minister of Finance]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 1949
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
\| minister2 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:John Mathai.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[John Mathai]] }}
\| minister2\_termstart \= 1949
\| minister2\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister2\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)\|Minister of Law]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[B. R. Ambedkar]]{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/BDGqZmHMQlGbEuUT7jdObK/Dj\-View\-\-The\-Chetty\-affair.html\|title \= Déjà View \| the Chetty affair\|date \= 8 November 2014}} }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Scheduled Castes Federation
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Defence (India)\|Minister of Defence]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:(From left) Kanhaiyalal M. Munshi, Sardar Baldev Singh and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar on the Greeneries of Indian Parliament..jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Baldev Singh]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Panthic Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= Minister of \[\[Minister of Railways (India)\|Railways]] and \[\[Minister of Road Transport and Highways (India)\|Transport]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|John Mathai}}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 22 September 1948
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
\| minister2 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Gopalaswamy Ayyangar.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] }}
\| minister2\_termstart \= 22 September 1948
\| minister2\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister2\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)\|Minister of Education]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Abul Kalam Azad 1\.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Abul Kalam Azad]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Agriculture (India)\|Minister of Food and Agriculture]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534\).jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Rajendra Prasad]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\|Minister of Industries and Supplies]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Hindu Mahasabha
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)\|Minister of Labour]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Jagjivan Ram]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\|Minister of Commerce]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:C. H. Bhabha at the meeting of the Indian Oilseeds Committee.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)\|Minister of Communications]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 1969 stamp of India.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)\|Minister of Health]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur\|Amrit Kaur]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= Minister of \[\[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs\|Works]], \[\[Ministry of Mines (India)\|Mines]] and \[\[Ministry of Power (India)\|Power]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|1\=\[\[File:Narhar Vishnu Gadgil 1985 stamp of India.jpg\|frameless\|80x80px]]
\[\[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]] }}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
\| title \= \[\[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)\|Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation]]
\| minister1 \= {{center\|\[\[K. C. Neogy]]}}
\| minister1\_termstart \= 15 August 1947
\| minister1\_termend \= 26 January 1950
\| minister1\_party \= Indian National Congress
}}
\|}
{{Collapse bottom}}
|
[
"Dominion Constitution and Government\n------------------------------------",
"India as a free and independent dominion within the [British Commonwealth of Nations](/wiki/British_Commonwealth_of_Nations \"British Commonwealth of Nations\") (its title changed in 1949 to \"Commonwealth of Nations\") came into existence on 15 August 1947 under the provisions of the [Indian Independence Act 1947](/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947 \"Indian Independence Act 1947\") which had received royal assent on 18 July 1947\\.{{citation\\|title\\=The Statesman's Year\\-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949\\|chapter\\=India\\|editor\\=S. H. Steinberg\\|publisher\\=Macmillan and Co\\|year\\=1949\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pErODQAAQBAJ\\|page\\=122\\|isbn\\=9780230270787}} This act, along with the [Government of India Act 1935](/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935 \"Government of India Act 1935\") ( [text here](/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935.pdf \"Government of India Act 1935.pdf\")) the latter to be suitably amended to the changed context, served as the constitution of the dominion. Under the Indian Independence Act, the British government relinquished all responsibility of governing the territories that formerly constituted [British India](/wiki/British_India \"British India\"); the legislatures of the new dominions could \"repeal or amend\" any existing act of the British parliament; no future act of the British parliament would extend to the dominions unless extended so and enacted by the dominion legislature. Reflecting the changed status, the royal style and titles \"Indiae Imperator\" and \"Emperor of India\" was abandoned.",
"In January 1949, India consisted of nine Governors' Provinces, Madras, Bombay, West Bengal, the United Provinces, East Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam and Orissa; five Chief Commissioners' Provinces, Delhi, Ajmer\\-Merwara, Coorg, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and [Panth Piploda](/wiki/Panth_Piploda \"Panth Piploda\"); and around 500 [princely states](/wiki/Princely_states \"Princely states\"). *[The Statesman's Yearbook](/wiki/The_Statesman%27s_Yearbook \"The Statesman's Yearbook\")* (1949\\) stated, \"The Governors' Provinces and the Chief Commissioners' Provinces are under the sovereignty of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom.\" The princely states were governed by rulers who had ceded power in the areas of defence, external affairs, and communications to the dominion; such states were called \"Acceding States.\" The provinces comprised approximately three\\-fourths of the dominion's population and three\\-fifths of the area.",
"Constitutionally, the Dominion was a federation with authority and responsibility devolving in the following manner. In the case of the Governors' Provinces: in the areas of defence, external affairs, currency and coinage, and communications, authority and responsibility lay with the Dominion legislature; in the administration of justice, public health, religious endowments, land and education, among others, authority lay with the provincial legislature; in the criminal law and procedure, marriage and divorce, succession, factories, labor welfare, workmen's compensation, health, insurance and old\\-age pensions, responsibility lay concurrently with both, with overriding powers to the Dominion. In the case of the Chief Commissioners' Provinces: the administration was directly by the central government, with the [plenary power](/wiki/Plenary_power \"Plenary power\") of legislation belonging to the Dominion legislature. In the case of the Princely States, the areas of legislation which they chose to hand over to the Dominion were expected to be specified in the Instruments of Accession\" that were executed by the rulers and accepted the Governor\\-General; these areas were limited largely to defence, external affairs and communications.{{citation\\|title\\=The Statesman's Year\\-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949\\|chapter\\=India\\|editor\\=S. H. Steinberg\\|publisher\\=Macmillan and Co\\|year\\=1949\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pErODQAAQBAJ\\|page\\=123\\|isbn\\=9780230270787}}",
"The [executive authority](/wiki/Executive_authority \"Executive authority\") of the Dominion was exercised on behalf of King George VI by the Governor\\-General, who acted on the advice of his Council of Ministers. The cabinet system of [responsible government](/wiki/Responsible_government \"Responsible government\") prevailed at the centre. By convention, the cabinet includes members of minority and backward communities. The Chief Commissioners' Provinces were administered by the Governor\\-General through a Chief Commissioner appointed by him.",
"The power to legislate in the Dominion legislature lay with the Constituent Assembly. The allotment of seats to Provinces and Princely States in this assembly were approximately in the ratio of one seat to a million individuals in the population. In the instance of Governors' Provinces, seats were distributed between the main religious communities (General (which included Hindus), Muslims, and in the East Punjab, Sikh) in each provinces in proportion to their population. The representatives from each Governors' Province were elected by the Lower House of the provincial legislature, the voting being by the method of proportional representation with single [transferable vote](/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting \"Instant-runoff voting\"), with the members of the main communities voting in separate constituencies. Of the assembly representatives allotted to the Princely States, half were elected by the State legislatures (or other representative bodies); the remainder was nominated by the ruler.",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| perrow \\= 2/1\n\\| total\\_width \\= 360\n\\| image1 \\= Constituent assembly.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= A section of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion; first row shows Jawaharlal Nehru and some cabinet members.\n\\| image2 \\= India70\\-the\\-people\\-who\\-wrote\\-the\\-constitution\\-of\\-india.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= Another section of the Constituent assembly with Nehru and other cabinet members in the first row (with some overlap)\n}}\nThe plan of the [Constituent Assembly of India](/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India \"Constituent Assembly of India\") was drawn up during the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\"), following negotiations between nationalist leaders and the [1946 Cabinet Mission to India](/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India \"1946 Cabinet Mission to India\"). Its members were elected by the new provincial assemblies formed after the [1946 Indian provincial elections](/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections \"1946 Indian provincial elections\") held in January. The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives consisting of 15 women and 284 men. The female members were: [Purnima Banerjee](/wiki/Purnima_Banerjee \"Purnima Banerjee\"), [Kamla Chaudhry](/wiki/Kamla_Chaudhry \"Kamla Chaudhry\"), [Malati Choudhury](/wiki/Malati_Choudhury \"Malati Choudhury\"), [Durgabai Deshmukh](/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh \"Durgabai Deshmukh\"), [Rajkumari Amrit Kaur](/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur \"Rajkumari Amrit Kaur\"), [Sucheta Kriplani](/wiki/Sucheta_Kriplani \"Sucheta Kriplani\"), [Annie Mascarene](/wiki/Annie_Mascarene \"Annie Mascarene\"), [Hansa Jivraj Mehta](/wiki/Hansa_Jivraj_Mehta \"Hansa Jivraj Mehta\"), [Sarojini Naidu](/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu \"Sarojini Naidu\"), [Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit](/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit \"Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit\"), [Begum Aizaz Rasul](/wiki/Begum_Aizaz_Rasul \"Begum Aizaz Rasul\"), [Renuka Ray](/wiki/Renuka_Ray \"Renuka Ray\"), [Leela Roy](/wiki/Leela_Roy \"Leela Roy\"), [Ammu Swaminathan](/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan \"Ammu Swaminathan\") and [Dakshayani Velayudhan](/wiki/Dakshayani_Velayudhan \"Dakshayani Velayudhan\"). Most were associated with the [Indian nationalist movement](/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement \"Indian Independence Movement\").{{citation\\|last\\=Kumar\\|first\\=Rajesh\\|title\\=Equality for Women: The Constituent Assembly Debates and the Making of Equality Jurisprudence by and for Women\\|date\\=January 2022\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/00490857211040255\\|journal\\=Social Change\\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=350–368\\|publisher\\=SAGE\\|s2cid\\=246392704 }}",
"The [Interim Government of India](/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India \"Interim Government of India\") was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected members of the Constituent Assembly. The Indian National Congress secured 69 percent of all of the seats, whereas the Muslim League had a smaller number, but significantly all of the seats that were reserved for Muslims. There were also fewer numbers from other parties, such as the [Scheduled Caste Federation](/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_Federation \"Scheduled Caste Federation\"), the [Communist Party of India](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India \"Communist Party of India\"), and the [Unionist Party](/wiki/Unionist_Party_%28Punjab%29 \"Unionist Party (Punjab)\"). In June 1947, members from the provinces of [Sindh](/wiki/Sindh \"Sindh\"), [East Bengal](/wiki/East_Bengal \"East Bengal\"), [Baluchistan](/wiki/Baluchistan_%28Chief_Commissioners_Province%29 \"Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)\"), [West Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_Pakistan \"Punjab, Pakistan\"), and the [North West Frontier Province](/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_%281901%E2%80%931955%29 \"North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)\") withdrew to form the [Constituent Assembly of Pakistan](/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan \"Constituent Assembly of Pakistan\"), which met in [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\").",
"On 15 August 1947, all the members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi came to constitute the Dominion of India's legislature. Only 28 members of the Muslim League finally joined. Later, 93 members were nominated from the [princely states](/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_States \"List of Indian Princely States\"). The Congress secured a majority of 82%.",
"Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India \"Prime Minister of India\") on 15 August 1947\\. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India \"Deputy Prime Minister of India\"). [Lord Mountbatten](/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten \"Lord Mountbatten\"), and later C. Rajagopalachari, served as [Governor\\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India \"Governor-General of India\") until 26 January 1950, when [Rajendra Prasad](/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad \"Rajendra Prasad\") was elected as the first [President of India](/wiki/President_of_India \"President of India\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Krishna\\|first\\=Ananth V.\\|title\\=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Pearson Education India\\|location\\=India\\|isbn\\=9788131734650\\|pages\\=34–36\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8v7Vr2iQUHkC\\&pg\\=PA28\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2014}}\nRamachandra Guha, [\"India After Gandhi\"](http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/ramachandra+guha/india+after+gandhi/5902941/), Picador India, 2007\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-330\\-39610\\-3}} Nehru's cabinet of 15 included one woman.",
"{{Collapse top\\|Dominion of India: Cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947–26 January 1950}}\n{{Cabinet table start\\|hiderefcol\\=y}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Prime Minister of India\\|Prime Minister]] \n\\[\\[Minister of External Affairs (India)\\|Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations]] \n\\[\\[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)\\|Minister of Scientific Research]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Jnehru.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Jawaharlal Nehru]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Deputy Prime Minister of India\\|Deputy Prime Minister]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\= \\[\\[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n \\[\\[Vallabhbhai Patel]]}}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Home Affairs (India)\\|Minister of Home Affairs and States]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|Vallabhbhai Patel}}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)\\|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|Vallabhbhai Patel}}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 1949\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n \\| minister2 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Godwin Moikusita Lewanika with R.R. Diwakar April 1950\\.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n \\[\\[R. R. Diwakar]]{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre\\_member/1952\\_2003/d.pdf \\|title\\=Rajya Sabha Members, Biographical Sketches, 1952 – 2003: D \\|page\\=11 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Rajya Sabha]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Informatics Centre]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124348/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre\\_member/1952\\_2003/d.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-22}} }}\n \\| minister2\\_termstart \\= 1949\n \\| minister2\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister2\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Finance (India)\\|Minister of Finance]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 1949\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n \\| minister2 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:John Mathai.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[John Mathai]] }}\n \\| minister2\\_termstart \\= 1949\n \\| minister2\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister2\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)\\|Minister of Law]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[B. R. Ambedkar]]{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/BDGqZmHMQlGbEuUT7jdObK/Dj\\-View\\-\\-The\\-Chetty\\-affair.html\\|title \\= Déjà View \\| the Chetty affair\\|date \\= 8 November 2014}} }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Scheduled Castes Federation\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Defence (India)\\|Minister of Defence]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:(From left) Kanhaiyalal M. Munshi, Sardar Baldev Singh and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar on the Greeneries of Indian Parliament..jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Baldev Singh]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Panthic Party\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= Minister of \\[\\[Minister of Railways (India)\\|Railways]] and \\[\\[Minister of Road Transport and Highways (India)\\|Transport]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|John Mathai}}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 22 September 1948\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n \\| minister2 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Gopalaswamy Ayyangar.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] }}\n \\| minister2\\_termstart \\= 22 September 1948\n \\| minister2\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister2\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)\\|Minister of Education]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Abul Kalam Azad 1\\.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Abul Kalam Azad]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Agriculture (India)\\|Minister of Food and Agriculture]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534\\).jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Rajendra Prasad]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\\|Minister of Industries and Supplies]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Hindu Mahasabha\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)\\|Minister of Labour]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Jagjivan Ram]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\\|Minister of Commerce]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:C. H. Bhabha at the meeting of the Indian Oilseeds Committee.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)\\|Minister of Communications]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 1969 stamp of India.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)\\|Minister of Health]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur\\|Amrit Kaur]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= Minister of \\[\\[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs\\|Works]], \\[\\[Ministry of Mines (India)\\|Mines]] and \\[\\[Ministry of Power (India)\\|Power]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|1\\=\\[\\[File:Narhar Vishnu Gadgil 1985 stamp of India.jpg\\|frameless\\|80x80px]] \n\\[\\[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]] }}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n{{Cabinet table minister\n \\| title \\= \\[\\[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)\\|Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation]]\n \\| minister1 \\= {{center\\|\\[\\[K. C. Neogy]]}}\n \\| minister1\\_termstart \\= 15 August 1947\n \\| minister1\\_termend \\= 26 January 1950\n \\| minister1\\_party \\= Indian National Congress\n}}\n\\|}\n{{Collapse bottom}}",
""
] |
Properties
----------
[thumb\|upright\=.65\|Neodymium magnets (small cylinders) lifting steel spheres. Such magnets can lift thousands of times their own weight.](/wiki/File:Neodymium_magnet_lifting_spheres.jpg "Neodymium magnet lifting spheres.jpg")
[thumb\|[Ferrofluid](/wiki/Ferrofluid "Ferrofluid") on a glass plate displays the strong magnetic field of the neodymium magnet underneath.](/wiki/File:Ferrofluid_Magnet_under_glass.jpg "Ferrofluid Magnet under glass.jpg")
### Magnetic properties
In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is [antiferromagnetic](/wiki/Antiferromagnetic "Antiferromagnetic"), but only at low temperatures, below {{cvt\|19\|K\|C F}}. However, some compounds of neodymium with [transition metals](/wiki/Transition_metal "Transition metal") such as [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") are [ferromagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetic "Ferromagnetic"), with [Curie temperatures](/wiki/Curie_temperature "Curie temperature") well above room temperature. These are used to make neodymium magnets.
The strength of neodymium magnets is the result of several factors. The most important is that the [tetragonal](/wiki/Tetragonal "Tetragonal") Nd2Fe14B crystal structure has exceptionally high uniaxial [magnetocrystalline anisotropy](/wiki/Magnetic_anisotropy "Magnetic anisotropy") (*H*A ≈ 7{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 "Tesla (unit)") –
magnetic field strength H in units of A/m versus [magnetic moment](/wiki/Magnetic_moment "Magnetic moment") in A·m2).{{cite web\|title\=Magnetic Anisotropy\|url\=http://www.irm.umn.edu/hg2m/hg2m\_c/hg2m\_c.html\|publisher\=Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism\|access\-date\=2 March 2014}} This means a crystal of the material preferentially magnetizes along a specific [crystal axis](/wiki/Crystal_axis "Crystal axis") but is very difficult to magnetize in other directions. Like other magnets, the neodymium magnet alloy is composed of [microcrystalline](/wiki/Microcrystalline "Microcrystalline") grains which are aligned in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The resistance of the crystal lattice to turning its direction of magnetization gives the compound a very high [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity"), or resistance to being demagnetized.
The neodymium atom can have a large [magnetic dipole moment](/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment "Magnetic dipole moment") because it has 4 [unpaired electrons](/wiki/Unpaired_electron "Unpaired electron") in its electron structure{{ cite book \| last1 \= Boysen \| first1 \= Earl \| last2 \= Muir \| first2 \= Nancy C. \| title \= Nanotechnology For Dummies, 2nd Ed \| publisher \= John Wiley and Sons \| date \= 2011 \| pages \= 167 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=ix6rQPqde\_UC\&q\=neodymium\+%22unpaired\+electrons%22\&pg\=PT67 \| isbn \= 978\-1\-118\-13688\-1 }} as opposed to (on average) 3 in iron. In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so that their spin is in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field. This gives the Nd2Fe14B compound a high [saturation magnetization](/wiki/Magnetic_saturation "Magnetic saturation") (*J*s ≈ 1\.6{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 "Tesla (unit)") or 16{{nbsp}}[kG](/wiki/Gauss_%28unit%29 "Gauss (unit)")) and a remanent magnetization of typically 1\.3 teslas. Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to *J*s2, this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy (*BH*max ≈ 512{{nbsp}}kJ/m3 or 64{{nbsp}}[MG·Oe](/wiki/Oersted%23Stored_energy "Oersted#Stored energy")).
This magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than "ordinary" ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass. This magnetic energy property is higher in NdFeB alloys than in [samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet "Samarium–cobalt magnet"), which were the first type of rare\-earth magnet to be commercialized. In practice, the magnetic properties of neodymium magnets depend on the alloy composition, microstructure, and manufacturing technique employed.
The Nd2Fe14B crystal structure can be described as alternating layers of iron atoms and a neodymium\-boron compound. The [diamagnetic](/wiki/Diamagnetic "Diamagnetic") boron atoms do not contribute directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding. The relatively low rare earth content (12% by volume, 26\.7% by mass) and the relative abundance of neodymium and iron compared with [samarium](/wiki/Samarium "Samarium") and [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt "Cobalt") makes neodymium magnets lower in price than the other major [rare\-earth magnet](/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet "Rare-earth magnet") family, [samarium–cobalt magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet "Samarium–cobalt magnet").
Although they have higher [remanence](/wiki/Remanence "Remanence") and much higher [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity") and energy product, neodymium magnets have lower [Curie temperature](/wiki/Curie_temperature "Curie temperature") than many other types of magnets. Special neodymium magnet alloys that include [terbium](/wiki/Terbium "Terbium") and [dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium "Dysprosium") have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures.[As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms](https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57U02B20090831), Reuters, August 31, 2009\.
| \+ Magnetic properties of various permanent magnets |
| --- |
| Magnet | [*B*r](/wiki/Remanence "Remanence") (T) | [*H*ci](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity") (kA/m) | *BH*max (kJ/m3) | [*T*C](/wiki/Curie_Temperature "Curie Temperature") | |
| (°C) | (°F) |
| Nd2Fe14B, sintered | 1\.0–1\.4 | 750–2000 | 200–440 | 310–400 | 590–752 |
| Nd2Fe14B, bonded | 0\.6–0\.7 | 600–1200 | 60–100 | 310–400 | 590–752 |
| SmCo5, sintered | 0\.8–1\.1 | 600–2000 | 120–200 | 720 | 1328 |
| Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7, sintered | 0\.9–1\.15 | 450–1300 | 150–240 | 800 | 1472 |
| Alnico, sintered | 0\.6–1\.4 | 275 | 10–88 | 700–860 | 1292–1580 |
| Sr\-ferrite, sintered | 0\.2–0\.78 | 100–300 | 10–40 | 450 | 842 |
### Physical and mechanical properties
[thumb\|Photomicrograph of NdFeB. The jagged edged regions are the metal crystals, and the stripes within are the [magnetic domains](/wiki/Magnetic_domain "Magnetic domain").](/wiki/File:NdFeB-Domains.jpg "NdFeB-Domains.jpg")
| \+ Comparison of physical properties of sintered neodymium and [Sm\-Co](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet "Samarium–cobalt magnet") magnets[Typical Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Magnetic Materials](http://www.advancedmagnets.com/custom-magnets/), Permanent Magnets Comparison and Selection. | Property | Neodymium | [Sm\-Co](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet "Samarium–cobalt magnet") |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Remanence](/wiki/Remanence "Remanence") ([T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 "Tesla (unit)")) | 1–1\.5 | 0\.8–1\.16 |
| [Coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity") (MA/m) | 0\.875–2\.79 | 0\.493–2\.79 |
| [Recoil permeability](/wiki/Recoil_permeability "Recoil permeability") | 1\.05 | 1\.05–1\.1 |
| Temperature coefficient of remanence (%/K) | −(0\.12–0\.09\) | −(0\.05–0\.03\) |
| Temperature coefficient of coercivity (%/K) | −(0\.65–0\.40\) | −(0\.30–0\.15\) |
| [Curie temperature](/wiki/Curie_temperature "Curie temperature") (°C) | 310–370 | 700–850 |
| Density (g/cm3) | 7\.3–7\.7 | 8\.2–8\.5 |
| [Thermal expansion coefficient](/wiki/Thermal_expansion_coefficient "Thermal expansion coefficient"), parallel to magnetization (1/K) | (3–4\)×10−6 | (5–9\)×10−6 |
| [Thermal expansion coefficient](/wiki/Thermal_expansion_coefficient "Thermal expansion coefficient"), perpendicular to magnetization (1/K) | (1–3\)×10−6 | (10–13\)×10−6 |
| [Flexural strength](/wiki/Flexural_strength "Flexural strength") (N/mm2) | 200–400 | 150–180 |
| [Compressive strength](/wiki/Compressive_strength "Compressive strength") (N/mm2) | 1000–1100 | 800–1000 |
| [Tensile strength](/wiki/Tensile_strength "Tensile strength") (N/mm2) | 80–90 | 35–40 |
| [Vickers hardness](/wiki/Vickers_hardness "Vickers hardness") (HV) | 500–650 | 400–650 |
| Electrical [resistivity](/wiki/Resistivity "Resistivity") (Ω·cm) | (110–170\)×10−6 | (50–90\)×10−6 |
### Corrosion
[thumb\|These neodymium magnets corroded severely after five months of weather exposure.](/wiki/File:NdFeB_corrosion.jpg "NdFeB corrosion.jpg")
Sintered Nd2Fe14B tends to be vulnerable to [corrosion](/wiki/Corrosion "Corrosion"), especially along [grain boundaries](/wiki/Grain_boundary "Grain boundary") of a sintered magnet. This type of corrosion can cause serious deterioration, including crumbling of a magnet into a powder of small magnetic particles, or [spalling](/wiki/Spalling "Spalling") of a surface layer.
This vulnerability is addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent exposure to the atmosphere. Nickel, nickel\-copper\-nickel and zinc platings are the standard methods, although plating with other metals, or polymer and lacquer protective coatings, are also in use.{{cite journal \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 1–2 \| year \= 2007 \| title \= Corrosion of Nd\-Fe\-B permanent magnets \| first1 \= M. \| last1 \= Drak \| first2 \= L.A. \| last2 \= Dobrzanski \| journal \= Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering \| url \= http://www.journalamme.org/papers\_vol20/1369S.pdf \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134024/http://www.journalamme.org/papers\_vol20/1369S.pdf \| archive\-date \= 2012\-04\-02 }}
### Temperature sensitivity
Neodymium has a negative coefficient, meaning the coercivity along with the magnetic energy density (*BH*max) decreases as temperature increases. Neodymium\-iron\-boron magnets have high coercivity at room temperature, but as the temperature rises above {{cvt\|100\|C\|\|\|}}, the coercivity decreases drastically until the Curie temperature (around {{cvt\|320\|C\|\|\|disp\=or}}). This fall in coercivity limits the efficiency of the magnet under high\-temperature conditions, such as in wind turbines and hybrid vehicle motors. [Dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium "Dysprosium") (Dy) or [terbium](/wiki/Terbium "Terbium") (Tb) is added to curb the fall in performance from temperature changes. This addition makes the magnets more costly to produce.{{cite journal \|last1\=Gauder \|first1\=D. R. \|last2\=Froning \|first2\=M. H. \|last3\=White \|first3\=R. J. \|last4\=Ray \|first4\=A. E. \|title\=Elevated temperature study of Nd\-Fe\-B–based magnets with cobalt and dysprosium additions \|journal\=Journal of Applied Physics \|date\=15 April 1988 \|volume\=63 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=3522–3524 \|doi\=10\.1063/1\.340729 \|bibcode\=1988JAP....63\.3522G \|ref\=2}}
|
[
"Properties\n----------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.65\\|Neodymium magnets (small cylinders) lifting steel spheres. Such magnets can lift thousands of times their own weight.](/wiki/File:Neodymium_magnet_lifting_spheres.jpg \"Neodymium magnet lifting spheres.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Ferrofluid](/wiki/Ferrofluid \"Ferrofluid\") on a glass plate displays the strong magnetic field of the neodymium magnet underneath.](/wiki/File:Ferrofluid_Magnet_under_glass.jpg \"Ferrofluid Magnet under glass.jpg\")",
"### Magnetic properties",
"In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is [antiferromagnetic](/wiki/Antiferromagnetic \"Antiferromagnetic\"), but only at low temperatures, below {{cvt\\|19\\|K\\|C F}}. However, some compounds of neodymium with [transition metals](/wiki/Transition_metal \"Transition metal\") such as [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") are [ferromagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetic \"Ferromagnetic\"), with [Curie temperatures](/wiki/Curie_temperature \"Curie temperature\") well above room temperature. These are used to make neodymium magnets.",
"The strength of neodymium magnets is the result of several factors. The most important is that the [tetragonal](/wiki/Tetragonal \"Tetragonal\") Nd2Fe14B crystal structure has exceptionally high uniaxial [magnetocrystalline anisotropy](/wiki/Magnetic_anisotropy \"Magnetic anisotropy\") (*H*A ≈ 7{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 \"Tesla (unit)\") –\nmagnetic field strength H in units of A/m versus [magnetic moment](/wiki/Magnetic_moment \"Magnetic moment\") in A·m2).{{cite web\\|title\\=Magnetic Anisotropy\\|url\\=http://www.irm.umn.edu/hg2m/hg2m\\_c/hg2m\\_c.html\\|publisher\\=Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2014}} This means a crystal of the material preferentially magnetizes along a specific [crystal axis](/wiki/Crystal_axis \"Crystal axis\") but is very difficult to magnetize in other directions. Like other magnets, the neodymium magnet alloy is composed of [microcrystalline](/wiki/Microcrystalline \"Microcrystalline\") grains which are aligned in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The resistance of the crystal lattice to turning its direction of magnetization gives the compound a very high [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\"), or resistance to being demagnetized.",
"The neodymium atom can have a large [magnetic dipole moment](/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment \"Magnetic dipole moment\") because it has 4 [unpaired electrons](/wiki/Unpaired_electron \"Unpaired electron\") in its electron structure{{ cite book \\| last1 \\= Boysen \\| first1 \\= Earl \\| last2 \\= Muir \\| first2 \\= Nancy C. \\| title \\= Nanotechnology For Dummies, 2nd Ed \\| publisher \\= John Wiley and Sons \\| date \\= 2011 \\| pages \\= 167 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ix6rQPqde\\_UC\\&q\\=neodymium\\+%22unpaired\\+electrons%22\\&pg\\=PT67 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-118\\-13688\\-1 }} as opposed to (on average) 3 in iron. In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so that their spin is in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field. This gives the Nd2Fe14B compound a high [saturation magnetization](/wiki/Magnetic_saturation \"Magnetic saturation\") (*J*s ≈ 1\\.6{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 \"Tesla (unit)\") or 16{{nbsp}}[kG](/wiki/Gauss_%28unit%29 \"Gauss (unit)\")) and a remanent magnetization of typically 1\\.3 teslas. Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to *J*s2, this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy (*BH*max ≈ 512{{nbsp}}kJ/m3 or 64{{nbsp}}[MG·Oe](/wiki/Oersted%23Stored_energy \"Oersted#Stored energy\")).",
"This magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than \"ordinary\" ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass. This magnetic energy property is higher in NdFeB alloys than in [samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet \"Samarium–cobalt magnet\"), which were the first type of rare\\-earth magnet to be commercialized. In practice, the magnetic properties of neodymium magnets depend on the alloy composition, microstructure, and manufacturing technique employed.",
"The Nd2Fe14B crystal structure can be described as alternating layers of iron atoms and a neodymium\\-boron compound. The [diamagnetic](/wiki/Diamagnetic \"Diamagnetic\") boron atoms do not contribute directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding. The relatively low rare earth content (12% by volume, 26\\.7% by mass) and the relative abundance of neodymium and iron compared with [samarium](/wiki/Samarium \"Samarium\") and [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt \"Cobalt\") makes neodymium magnets lower in price than the other major [rare\\-earth magnet](/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet \"Rare-earth magnet\") family, [samarium–cobalt magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet \"Samarium–cobalt magnet\").",
"Although they have higher [remanence](/wiki/Remanence \"Remanence\") and much higher [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\") and energy product, neodymium magnets have lower [Curie temperature](/wiki/Curie_temperature \"Curie temperature\") than many other types of magnets. Special neodymium magnet alloys that include [terbium](/wiki/Terbium \"Terbium\") and [dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium \"Dysprosium\") have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures.[As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms](https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57U02B20090831), Reuters, August 31, 2009\\.",
"",
"| \\+ Magnetic properties of various permanent magnets |\n| --- |\n| Magnet | [*B*r](/wiki/Remanence \"Remanence\") (T) | [*H*ci](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\") (kA/m) | *BH*max (kJ/m3) | [*T*C](/wiki/Curie_Temperature \"Curie Temperature\") | |\n| (°C) | (°F) |\n| Nd2Fe14B, sintered | 1\\.0–1\\.4 | 750–2000 | 200–440 | 310–400 | 590–752 |\n| Nd2Fe14B, bonded | 0\\.6–0\\.7 | 600–1200 | 60–100 | 310–400 | 590–752 |\n| SmCo5, sintered | 0\\.8–1\\.1 | 600–2000 | 120–200 | 720 | 1328 |\n| Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7, sintered | 0\\.9–1\\.15 | 450–1300 | 150–240 | 800 | 1472 |\n| Alnico, sintered | 0\\.6–1\\.4 | 275 | 10–88 | 700–860 | 1292–1580 |\n| Sr\\-ferrite, sintered | 0\\.2–0\\.78 | 100–300 | 10–40 | 450 | 842 |",
"### Physical and mechanical properties",
"[thumb\\|Photomicrograph of NdFeB. The jagged edged regions are the metal crystals, and the stripes within are the [magnetic domains](/wiki/Magnetic_domain \"Magnetic domain\").](/wiki/File:NdFeB-Domains.jpg \"NdFeB-Domains.jpg\")",
"",
"| \\+ Comparison of physical properties of sintered neodymium and [Sm\\-Co](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet \"Samarium–cobalt magnet\") magnets[Typical Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Magnetic Materials](http://www.advancedmagnets.com/custom-magnets/), Permanent Magnets Comparison and Selection. | Property | Neodymium | [Sm\\-Co](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet \"Samarium–cobalt magnet\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Remanence](/wiki/Remanence \"Remanence\") ([T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 \"Tesla (unit)\")) | 1–1\\.5 | 0\\.8–1\\.16 |\n| [Coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\") (MA/m) | 0\\.875–2\\.79 | 0\\.493–2\\.79 |\n| [Recoil permeability](/wiki/Recoil_permeability \"Recoil permeability\") | 1\\.05 | 1\\.05–1\\.1 |\n| Temperature coefficient of remanence (%/K) | −(0\\.12–0\\.09\\) | −(0\\.05–0\\.03\\) |\n| Temperature coefficient of coercivity (%/K) | −(0\\.65–0\\.40\\) | −(0\\.30–0\\.15\\) |\n| [Curie temperature](/wiki/Curie_temperature \"Curie temperature\") (°C) | 310–370 | 700–850 |\n| Density (g/cm3) | 7\\.3–7\\.7 | 8\\.2–8\\.5 |\n| [Thermal expansion coefficient](/wiki/Thermal_expansion_coefficient \"Thermal expansion coefficient\"), parallel to magnetization (1/K) | (3–4\\)×10−6 | (5–9\\)×10−6 |\n| [Thermal expansion coefficient](/wiki/Thermal_expansion_coefficient \"Thermal expansion coefficient\"), perpendicular to magnetization (1/K) | (1–3\\)×10−6 | (10–13\\)×10−6 |\n| [Flexural strength](/wiki/Flexural_strength \"Flexural strength\") (N/mm2) | 200–400 | 150–180 |\n| [Compressive strength](/wiki/Compressive_strength \"Compressive strength\") (N/mm2) | 1000–1100 | 800–1000 |\n| [Tensile strength](/wiki/Tensile_strength \"Tensile strength\") (N/mm2) | 80–90 | 35–40 |\n| [Vickers hardness](/wiki/Vickers_hardness \"Vickers hardness\") (HV) | 500–650 | 400–650 |\n| Electrical [resistivity](/wiki/Resistivity \"Resistivity\") (Ω·cm) | (110–170\\)×10−6 | (50–90\\)×10−6 |",
"### Corrosion",
"[thumb\\|These neodymium magnets corroded severely after five months of weather exposure.](/wiki/File:NdFeB_corrosion.jpg \"NdFeB corrosion.jpg\")",
"Sintered Nd2Fe14B tends to be vulnerable to [corrosion](/wiki/Corrosion \"Corrosion\"), especially along [grain boundaries](/wiki/Grain_boundary \"Grain boundary\") of a sintered magnet. This type of corrosion can cause serious deterioration, including crumbling of a magnet into a powder of small magnetic particles, or [spalling](/wiki/Spalling \"Spalling\") of a surface layer.",
"This vulnerability is addressed in many commercial products by adding a protective coating to prevent exposure to the atmosphere. Nickel, nickel\\-copper\\-nickel and zinc platings are the standard methods, although plating with other metals, or polymer and lacquer protective coatings, are also in use.{{cite journal \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 1–2 \\| year \\= 2007 \\| title \\= Corrosion of Nd\\-Fe\\-B permanent magnets \\| first1 \\= M. \\| last1 \\= Drak \\| first2 \\= L.A. \\| last2 \\= Dobrzanski \\| journal \\= Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering \\| url \\= http://www.journalamme.org/papers\\_vol20/1369S.pdf \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134024/http://www.journalamme.org/papers\\_vol20/1369S.pdf \\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-04\\-02 }}",
"### Temperature sensitivity",
"Neodymium has a negative coefficient, meaning the coercivity along with the magnetic energy density (*BH*max) decreases as temperature increases. Neodymium\\-iron\\-boron magnets have high coercivity at room temperature, but as the temperature rises above {{cvt\\|100\\|C\\|\\|\\|}}, the coercivity decreases drastically until the Curie temperature (around {{cvt\\|320\\|C\\|\\|\\|disp\\=or}}). This fall in coercivity limits the efficiency of the magnet under high\\-temperature conditions, such as in wind turbines and hybrid vehicle motors. [Dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium \"Dysprosium\") (Dy) or [terbium](/wiki/Terbium \"Terbium\") (Tb) is added to curb the fall in performance from temperature changes. This addition makes the magnets more costly to produce.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Gauder \\|first1\\=D. R. \\|last2\\=Froning \\|first2\\=M. H. \\|last3\\=White \\|first3\\=R. J. \\|last4\\=Ray \\|first4\\=A. E. \\|title\\=Elevated temperature study of Nd\\-Fe\\-B–based magnets with cobalt and dysprosium additions \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Physics \\|date\\=15 April 1988 \\|volume\\=63 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=3522–3524 \\|doi\\=10\\.1063/1\\.340729 \\|bibcode\\=1988JAP....63\\.3522G \\|ref\\=2}}",
""
] |
### Magnetic properties
In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is [antiferromagnetic](/wiki/Antiferromagnetic "Antiferromagnetic"), but only at low temperatures, below {{cvt\|19\|K\|C F}}. However, some compounds of neodymium with [transition metals](/wiki/Transition_metal "Transition metal") such as [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") are [ferromagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetic "Ferromagnetic"), with [Curie temperatures](/wiki/Curie_temperature "Curie temperature") well above room temperature. These are used to make neodymium magnets.
The strength of neodymium magnets is the result of several factors. The most important is that the [tetragonal](/wiki/Tetragonal "Tetragonal") Nd2Fe14B crystal structure has exceptionally high uniaxial [magnetocrystalline anisotropy](/wiki/Magnetic_anisotropy "Magnetic anisotropy") (*H*A ≈ 7{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 "Tesla (unit)") –
magnetic field strength H in units of A/m versus [magnetic moment](/wiki/Magnetic_moment "Magnetic moment") in A·m2).{{cite web\|title\=Magnetic Anisotropy\|url\=http://www.irm.umn.edu/hg2m/hg2m\_c/hg2m\_c.html\|publisher\=Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism\|access\-date\=2 March 2014}} This means a crystal of the material preferentially magnetizes along a specific [crystal axis](/wiki/Crystal_axis "Crystal axis") but is very difficult to magnetize in other directions. Like other magnets, the neodymium magnet alloy is composed of [microcrystalline](/wiki/Microcrystalline "Microcrystalline") grains which are aligned in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The resistance of the crystal lattice to turning its direction of magnetization gives the compound a very high [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity"), or resistance to being demagnetized.
The neodymium atom can have a large [magnetic dipole moment](/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment "Magnetic dipole moment") because it has 4 [unpaired electrons](/wiki/Unpaired_electron "Unpaired electron") in its electron structure{{ cite book \| last1 \= Boysen \| first1 \= Earl \| last2 \= Muir \| first2 \= Nancy C. \| title \= Nanotechnology For Dummies, 2nd Ed \| publisher \= John Wiley and Sons \| date \= 2011 \| pages \= 167 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=ix6rQPqde\_UC\&q\=neodymium\+%22unpaired\+electrons%22\&pg\=PT67 \| isbn \= 978\-1\-118\-13688\-1 }} as opposed to (on average) 3 in iron. In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so that their spin is in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field. This gives the Nd2Fe14B compound a high [saturation magnetization](/wiki/Magnetic_saturation "Magnetic saturation") (*J*s ≈ 1\.6{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 "Tesla (unit)") or 16{{nbsp}}[kG](/wiki/Gauss_%28unit%29 "Gauss (unit)")) and a remanent magnetization of typically 1\.3 teslas. Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to *J*s2, this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy (*BH*max ≈ 512{{nbsp}}kJ/m3 or 64{{nbsp}}[MG·Oe](/wiki/Oersted%23Stored_energy "Oersted#Stored energy")).
This magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than "ordinary" ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass. This magnetic energy property is higher in NdFeB alloys than in [samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet "Samarium–cobalt magnet"), which were the first type of rare\-earth magnet to be commercialized. In practice, the magnetic properties of neodymium magnets depend on the alloy composition, microstructure, and manufacturing technique employed.
The Nd2Fe14B crystal structure can be described as alternating layers of iron atoms and a neodymium\-boron compound. The [diamagnetic](/wiki/Diamagnetic "Diamagnetic") boron atoms do not contribute directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding. The relatively low rare earth content (12% by volume, 26\.7% by mass) and the relative abundance of neodymium and iron compared with [samarium](/wiki/Samarium "Samarium") and [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt "Cobalt") makes neodymium magnets lower in price than the other major [rare\-earth magnet](/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet "Rare-earth magnet") family, [samarium–cobalt magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet "Samarium–cobalt magnet").
Although they have higher [remanence](/wiki/Remanence "Remanence") and much higher [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity") and energy product, neodymium magnets have lower [Curie temperature](/wiki/Curie_temperature "Curie temperature") than many other types of magnets. Special neodymium magnet alloys that include [terbium](/wiki/Terbium "Terbium") and [dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium "Dysprosium") have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures.[As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms](https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57U02B20090831), Reuters, August 31, 2009\.
| \+ Magnetic properties of various permanent magnets |
| --- |
| Magnet | [*B*r](/wiki/Remanence "Remanence") (T) | [*H*ci](/wiki/Coercivity "Coercivity") (kA/m) | *BH*max (kJ/m3) | [*T*C](/wiki/Curie_Temperature "Curie Temperature") | |
| (°C) | (°F) |
| Nd2Fe14B, sintered | 1\.0–1\.4 | 750–2000 | 200–440 | 310–400 | 590–752 |
| Nd2Fe14B, bonded | 0\.6–0\.7 | 600–1200 | 60–100 | 310–400 | 590–752 |
| SmCo5, sintered | 0\.8–1\.1 | 600–2000 | 120–200 | 720 | 1328 |
| Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7, sintered | 0\.9–1\.15 | 450–1300 | 150–240 | 800 | 1472 |
| Alnico, sintered | 0\.6–1\.4 | 275 | 10–88 | 700–860 | 1292–1580 |
| Sr\-ferrite, sintered | 0\.2–0\.78 | 100–300 | 10–40 | 450 | 842 |
|
[
"### Magnetic properties",
"In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is [antiferromagnetic](/wiki/Antiferromagnetic \"Antiferromagnetic\"), but only at low temperatures, below {{cvt\\|19\\|K\\|C F}}. However, some compounds of neodymium with [transition metals](/wiki/Transition_metal \"Transition metal\") such as [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") are [ferromagnetic](/wiki/Ferromagnetic \"Ferromagnetic\"), with [Curie temperatures](/wiki/Curie_temperature \"Curie temperature\") well above room temperature. These are used to make neodymium magnets.",
"The strength of neodymium magnets is the result of several factors. The most important is that the [tetragonal](/wiki/Tetragonal \"Tetragonal\") Nd2Fe14B crystal structure has exceptionally high uniaxial [magnetocrystalline anisotropy](/wiki/Magnetic_anisotropy \"Magnetic anisotropy\") (*H*A ≈ 7{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 \"Tesla (unit)\") –\nmagnetic field strength H in units of A/m versus [magnetic moment](/wiki/Magnetic_moment \"Magnetic moment\") in A·m2).{{cite web\\|title\\=Magnetic Anisotropy\\|url\\=http://www.irm.umn.edu/hg2m/hg2m\\_c/hg2m\\_c.html\\|publisher\\=Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism\\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2014}} This means a crystal of the material preferentially magnetizes along a specific [crystal axis](/wiki/Crystal_axis \"Crystal axis\") but is very difficult to magnetize in other directions. Like other magnets, the neodymium magnet alloy is composed of [microcrystalline](/wiki/Microcrystalline \"Microcrystalline\") grains which are aligned in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The resistance of the crystal lattice to turning its direction of magnetization gives the compound a very high [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\"), or resistance to being demagnetized.",
"The neodymium atom can have a large [magnetic dipole moment](/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment \"Magnetic dipole moment\") because it has 4 [unpaired electrons](/wiki/Unpaired_electron \"Unpaired electron\") in its electron structure{{ cite book \\| last1 \\= Boysen \\| first1 \\= Earl \\| last2 \\= Muir \\| first2 \\= Nancy C. \\| title \\= Nanotechnology For Dummies, 2nd Ed \\| publisher \\= John Wiley and Sons \\| date \\= 2011 \\| pages \\= 167 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ix6rQPqde\\_UC\\&q\\=neodymium\\+%22unpaired\\+electrons%22\\&pg\\=PT67 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-118\\-13688\\-1 }} as opposed to (on average) 3 in iron. In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so that their spin is in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field. This gives the Nd2Fe14B compound a high [saturation magnetization](/wiki/Magnetic_saturation \"Magnetic saturation\") (*J*s ≈ 1\\.6{{nbsp}}[T](/wiki/Tesla_%28unit%29 \"Tesla (unit)\") or 16{{nbsp}}[kG](/wiki/Gauss_%28unit%29 \"Gauss (unit)\")) and a remanent magnetization of typically 1\\.3 teslas. Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to *J*s2, this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy (*BH*max ≈ 512{{nbsp}}kJ/m3 or 64{{nbsp}}[MG·Oe](/wiki/Oersted%23Stored_energy \"Oersted#Stored energy\")).",
"This magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than \"ordinary\" ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass. This magnetic energy property is higher in NdFeB alloys than in [samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet \"Samarium–cobalt magnet\"), which were the first type of rare\\-earth magnet to be commercialized. In practice, the magnetic properties of neodymium magnets depend on the alloy composition, microstructure, and manufacturing technique employed.",
"The Nd2Fe14B crystal structure can be described as alternating layers of iron atoms and a neodymium\\-boron compound. The [diamagnetic](/wiki/Diamagnetic \"Diamagnetic\") boron atoms do not contribute directly to the magnetism but improve cohesion by strong covalent bonding. The relatively low rare earth content (12% by volume, 26\\.7% by mass) and the relative abundance of neodymium and iron compared with [samarium](/wiki/Samarium \"Samarium\") and [cobalt](/wiki/Cobalt \"Cobalt\") makes neodymium magnets lower in price than the other major [rare\\-earth magnet](/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet \"Rare-earth magnet\") family, [samarium–cobalt magnets](/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet \"Samarium–cobalt magnet\").",
"Although they have higher [remanence](/wiki/Remanence \"Remanence\") and much higher [coercivity](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\") and energy product, neodymium magnets have lower [Curie temperature](/wiki/Curie_temperature \"Curie temperature\") than many other types of magnets. Special neodymium magnet alloys that include [terbium](/wiki/Terbium \"Terbium\") and [dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium \"Dysprosium\") have been developed that have higher Curie temperature, allowing them to tolerate higher temperatures.[As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms](https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57U02B20090831), Reuters, August 31, 2009\\.",
"",
"| \\+ Magnetic properties of various permanent magnets |\n| --- |\n| Magnet | [*B*r](/wiki/Remanence \"Remanence\") (T) | [*H*ci](/wiki/Coercivity \"Coercivity\") (kA/m) | *BH*max (kJ/m3) | [*T*C](/wiki/Curie_Temperature \"Curie Temperature\") | |\n| (°C) | (°F) |\n| Nd2Fe14B, sintered | 1\\.0–1\\.4 | 750–2000 | 200–440 | 310–400 | 590–752 |\n| Nd2Fe14B, bonded | 0\\.6–0\\.7 | 600–1200 | 60–100 | 310–400 | 590–752 |\n| SmCo5, sintered | 0\\.8–1\\.1 | 600–2000 | 120–200 | 720 | 1328 |\n| Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7, sintered | 0\\.9–1\\.15 | 450–1300 | 150–240 | 800 | 1472 |\n| Alnico, sintered | 0\\.6–1\\.4 | 275 | 10–88 | 700–860 | 1292–1580 |\n| Sr\\-ferrite, sintered | 0\\.2–0\\.78 | 100–300 | 10–40 | 450 | 842 |",
""
] |
Antagonists
-----------
### Kaji
{{nihongo\|Kaji\|カジ}} is a hot\-blooded member of Ultra Guard under Furuhashi's leadership in the 1994 TV Special. However, after the events of an alien invasion, Kaji's relationship with Furuhashi became strained at best due to the presumed deaths of his teammates. In the novel adaptation, he was revealed to have lost his girlfriend, Miku, in that alien invasion after her transport airplane was targeted, leaving Kaji with their engagement rings as her memento.
Kaji became the major antagonist of *The Final Chapters Hexalogy*, having been promoted to TDF's staff officer at the same time as Furuhashi. He proposed the {{nihongo\|Friendship Plan\|フレンドシップ計画\|Furendoshippu Keikaku}} to the TDF, which involved the interstellar bombing planets with intelligent life forms that were percecive as potential threats to Earth's safety. Although this plan was met with oppositions by Furuhashi, the Ultra Guard and a few of TDF members, Kaji nonetheless took advantage of the chaos resulted by Alien Valkyrie to discredit the Ultra Guard and placed himself in charge of their operations when Furuhashi was killed by the alien. With Valkyrie's existence proven, Kaji choose the alien's planet as the first victim of the Friendship Plan, followed by several other planets after that. With him running Furuhashi's former position to observe the Ultra Guard's activities, Kaji more or less became a hindrance to their operations and often butted heads with the team members. Eventually in *I am an Earthling*, Kaji was revealed to have conspired with TDF's Public Security Bureau in silencing those who knew about the Omega Files, such as former Ultra Guard captain Kiriyama and came close to executing Seven while he was in disguise as Kazamori. When the Ultra Guard announced their rebellion against Kaji, Seven went through Kaji's defenses, causing him to throw his guns once Takenaka approved the interstellar broadcast of the Omega Files. This caused Kaji to break down in tears as he believe mankind's claim to Earth would be threatened. With his Friendship Plan abolished, Kaji's final fate was remained ambiguous.
Kaji is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shigeki Kagemaru\|影丸 茂樹\|Kagemaru Shigeki}}. The character was absent in *Ultraseven 30th Anniversary Trilogy* due to Shigeki Kagemaru being preoccupied with his role as Tetsuo Shinjoh in *[Ultraman Tiga](/wiki/Ultraman_Tiga "Ultraman Tiga")*.{{Sfn\|ウルトラセブンイズム\|2002\|pp\=32 \- 33\|loc\=「Staff Interview 円谷昌弘」}}
### Nonmalt
The {{nihongo\|Earth Hominid Nonmalt\|地球原人 ノンマルト\|Chikyū Genjin Nonmaruto}} is the final villain of the *Ultraseven 1999 The Final Hexalogy* episode 6, *I am an Earthling*.
The Nonmalts were originally the dominant species of planet Earth some 10,000s of years prior, until mankind's ancestors invaded the planet and overthrow Nonmalt as the new dominant species. After the Nonmalt race were eradicated by the Ultra Guard, led by captain Kiriyama, in episode 42 of *Ultraseven*, a lone Nonmalt survived the genocide and mislead Seven into exposing his true identity to the TDF before she exposed herself as a Nonmalt survivor who wanted to eradicate mankind to avenge her race. Although she validated her claims through the Omega Files, Nonmalt was still adamant in fulfilling her revenge by sending Zabangi to stop the TDF from broadcasting the files to outer space, as this admittance would've effectively absolved mankind of their ancestor's crimes. After Zabangi was killed, Nonmalt warned Seven that he had turned himself into a pariah before vanishing.
The novel adaptation of *Heisei Ultraseven* had Nonmalt assuming the form of a young Anne by reading Dan Moroboshi's memory of his departure from Earth. However, Anne's memory overloaded her mind, driving her somewhat insane and leading her to command Zabangi to destroy everything 'beautiful', eventually getting herself burned alive by her own monster.
* {{nihongo\|Guardian Deity Monster Zabangi\|守護神獣 ザバンギ\|Shugo Shinjū Zabangi}}: The guardian deity worshipped by the Nonmalts in the ancient past. Zabangi was sent to foil the TDF's attempt at broadcasting the Omega Files by destroying their facility. The monster managed to defeat both Miclas and Windom while they were guarding it, but was swiftly killed by Seven when the Ultra slit its neck with his Eye Slugger. Zabangi's main ability was to spit {{nihongo\|Superheated Fireballs\|高熱火球\|Kōnetsu Kakyū}} from its mouth.{{Harvnb\|ウルトラセブンイズム\|2002\|pp\=102–113\|loc\=「ウルトラセブン宇宙人・怪獣大図鑑」}}
The Nonmalt's human form is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Noriko Watanabe]]\|渡辺 典子\|Watanabe Noriko}}.
### Alien Garut
{{nihongo\|Metal Alien Alien Garut\|メタル宇宙人 ガルト星人\|Metaru Uchūjin Garuto Seijin}} is the main antagonist of *Ultraseven 35th Anniversary Evolution Pentalogy*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.vap.co.jp/u\-seven/caracter.html \|publisher\=VAP \|access\-date\=19 May 2021 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190410073148/https://www.vap.co.jp/u\-seven/caracter.html \|archive\-date \= 10 April 2019 \|language\=ja\|title \= ULTRA SEVEN EVOLUTION CARACTER}}
An alien who proclaimed himself to be a Fixed Point Observer, Alien Garut first arrived on Earth a year after Seven's imprisonment in the Horsehead Nebula, plotting to invade the planet by fabricating the [Akashic Records](/wiki/Akashic_Records "Akashic Records") to his favor. Using this, he managed to sway TDF staff officer Inagaki and Suwa to his side and slowly replaced TDF officers in the Far East Base with his alien cohorts while taking advantage of the peace on Earth through TDF's peace treaty with alien civilizations. He also assumed the human form of TDF researcher {{nihongo\|Tashiro\|タシロ}} to keep an eye on Seven's imprisonment in Horsehead Nebula.
Four years later in the present day, Garut put his plan to procure the Plant Life Forms to his side in motion by having the radical faction of Alien Pegassa launching their attack to absorb cities through their weaponized Dark Zone. Then after Alien Godola failed to prevent the Ultra Guard from blowing up TDF's Far East Base, Garut manipulated a trio of psychic powered children while his alien cohorts brainwashed the human society into a false peace and for Suwa to unleash the Neo Pandon. When the TDF tried to hunt down the Plant Life Form, Garut attempted to present himself as Kazamori's ally, but the young man saw through his trick. With Kazamori/Seven foiling Garut's deceptions, the alien was forced to summon Gaimos and enlarge to a giant stature to face Ultraseven. He was blown into pieces by Seven's Wide Shot while Kazamori undid his lies of the Akashic Records by presenting his teammates with the real copy of it.
* {{nihongo\|Mystic Evil Rare Monster Gaimos\|妖邪剛獣 ガイモス\|Yōja Gōjū Gaimosu}}: A monster under Alien Garut's command, it has a pair of shoulder cannons that can fire {{nihongo\|Explosive Fireballs\|爆裂火球\|Bakuretsu Kakyū}}. It was deployed to destroy the Urosu Shrine and bury the entry point to the Akashic Records to maintain his fabrication of the real document. After damaging the Ultra Hawk 1, Gaimos faced of against Ultraseven and was joined by its master in the fight. As the monster was about to kill Seven, the Ultra rose and stabbed its gut through the wound he created, causing Gaimos to fall after succumbing to the attack.
Alien Garut is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Tomokazu Seki]]\|関 智一\|Seki Tomokazu}}, who also portrayed his human form Tashiro.
|
[
"Antagonists\n-----------",
"### Kaji",
"{{nihongo\\|Kaji\\|カジ}} is a hot\\-blooded member of Ultra Guard under Furuhashi's leadership in the 1994 TV Special. However, after the events of an alien invasion, Kaji's relationship with Furuhashi became strained at best due to the presumed deaths of his teammates. In the novel adaptation, he was revealed to have lost his girlfriend, Miku, in that alien invasion after her transport airplane was targeted, leaving Kaji with their engagement rings as her memento.",
"Kaji became the major antagonist of *The Final Chapters Hexalogy*, having been promoted to TDF's staff officer at the same time as Furuhashi. He proposed the {{nihongo\\|Friendship Plan\\|フレンドシップ計画\\|Furendoshippu Keikaku}} to the TDF, which involved the interstellar bombing planets with intelligent life forms that were percecive as potential threats to Earth's safety. Although this plan was met with oppositions by Furuhashi, the Ultra Guard and a few of TDF members, Kaji nonetheless took advantage of the chaos resulted by Alien Valkyrie to discredit the Ultra Guard and placed himself in charge of their operations when Furuhashi was killed by the alien. With Valkyrie's existence proven, Kaji choose the alien's planet as the first victim of the Friendship Plan, followed by several other planets after that. With him running Furuhashi's former position to observe the Ultra Guard's activities, Kaji more or less became a hindrance to their operations and often butted heads with the team members. Eventually in *I am an Earthling*, Kaji was revealed to have conspired with TDF's Public Security Bureau in silencing those who knew about the Omega Files, such as former Ultra Guard captain Kiriyama and came close to executing Seven while he was in disguise as Kazamori. When the Ultra Guard announced their rebellion against Kaji, Seven went through Kaji's defenses, causing him to throw his guns once Takenaka approved the interstellar broadcast of the Omega Files. This caused Kaji to break down in tears as he believe mankind's claim to Earth would be threatened. With his Friendship Plan abolished, Kaji's final fate was remained ambiguous.",
"Kaji is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shigeki Kagemaru\\|影丸 茂樹\\|Kagemaru Shigeki}}. The character was absent in *Ultraseven 30th Anniversary Trilogy* due to Shigeki Kagemaru being preoccupied with his role as Tetsuo Shinjoh in *[Ultraman Tiga](/wiki/Ultraman_Tiga \"Ultraman Tiga\")*.{{Sfn\\|ウルトラセブンイズム\\|2002\\|pp\\=32 \\- 33\\|loc\\=「Staff Interview 円谷昌弘」}}",
"### Nonmalt",
"The {{nihongo\\|Earth Hominid Nonmalt\\|地球原人 ノンマルト\\|Chikyū Genjin Nonmaruto}} is the final villain of the *Ultraseven 1999 The Final Hexalogy* episode 6, *I am an Earthling*.",
"The Nonmalts were originally the dominant species of planet Earth some 10,000s of years prior, until mankind's ancestors invaded the planet and overthrow Nonmalt as the new dominant species. After the Nonmalt race were eradicated by the Ultra Guard, led by captain Kiriyama, in episode 42 of *Ultraseven*, a lone Nonmalt survived the genocide and mislead Seven into exposing his true identity to the TDF before she exposed herself as a Nonmalt survivor who wanted to eradicate mankind to avenge her race. Although she validated her claims through the Omega Files, Nonmalt was still adamant in fulfilling her revenge by sending Zabangi to stop the TDF from broadcasting the files to outer space, as this admittance would've effectively absolved mankind of their ancestor's crimes. After Zabangi was killed, Nonmalt warned Seven that he had turned himself into a pariah before vanishing.",
"The novel adaptation of *Heisei Ultraseven* had Nonmalt assuming the form of a young Anne by reading Dan Moroboshi's memory of his departure from Earth. However, Anne's memory overloaded her mind, driving her somewhat insane and leading her to command Zabangi to destroy everything 'beautiful', eventually getting herself burned alive by her own monster.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Guardian Deity Monster Zabangi\\|守護神獣 ザバンギ\\|Shugo Shinjū Zabangi}}: The guardian deity worshipped by the Nonmalts in the ancient past. Zabangi was sent to foil the TDF's attempt at broadcasting the Omega Files by destroying their facility. The monster managed to defeat both Miclas and Windom while they were guarding it, but was swiftly killed by Seven when the Ultra slit its neck with his Eye Slugger. Zabangi's main ability was to spit {{nihongo\\|Superheated Fireballs\\|高熱火球\\|Kōnetsu Kakyū}} from its mouth.{{Harvnb\\|ウルトラセブンイズム\\|2002\\|pp\\=102–113\\|loc\\=「ウルトラセブン宇宙人・怪獣大図鑑」}}",
"The Nonmalt's human form is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Noriko Watanabe]]\\|渡辺 典子\\|Watanabe Noriko}}.",
"### Alien Garut",
"{{nihongo\\|Metal Alien Alien Garut\\|メタル宇宙人 ガルト星人\\|Metaru Uchūjin Garuto Seijin}} is the main antagonist of *Ultraseven 35th Anniversary Evolution Pentalogy*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.vap.co.jp/u\\-seven/caracter.html \\|publisher\\=VAP \\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190410073148/https://www.vap.co.jp/u\\-seven/caracter.html \\|archive\\-date \\= 10 April 2019 \\|language\\=ja\\|title \\= ULTRA SEVEN EVOLUTION CARACTER}}",
"An alien who proclaimed himself to be a Fixed Point Observer, Alien Garut first arrived on Earth a year after Seven's imprisonment in the Horsehead Nebula, plotting to invade the planet by fabricating the [Akashic Records](/wiki/Akashic_Records \"Akashic Records\") to his favor. Using this, he managed to sway TDF staff officer Inagaki and Suwa to his side and slowly replaced TDF officers in the Far East Base with his alien cohorts while taking advantage of the peace on Earth through TDF's peace treaty with alien civilizations. He also assumed the human form of TDF researcher {{nihongo\\|Tashiro\\|タシロ}} to keep an eye on Seven's imprisonment in Horsehead Nebula.",
"Four years later in the present day, Garut put his plan to procure the Plant Life Forms to his side in motion by having the radical faction of Alien Pegassa launching their attack to absorb cities through their weaponized Dark Zone. Then after Alien Godola failed to prevent the Ultra Guard from blowing up TDF's Far East Base, Garut manipulated a trio of psychic powered children while his alien cohorts brainwashed the human society into a false peace and for Suwa to unleash the Neo Pandon. When the TDF tried to hunt down the Plant Life Form, Garut attempted to present himself as Kazamori's ally, but the young man saw through his trick. With Kazamori/Seven foiling Garut's deceptions, the alien was forced to summon Gaimos and enlarge to a giant stature to face Ultraseven. He was blown into pieces by Seven's Wide Shot while Kazamori undid his lies of the Akashic Records by presenting his teammates with the real copy of it.",
"* {{nihongo\\|Mystic Evil Rare Monster Gaimos\\|妖邪剛獣 ガイモス\\|Yōja Gōjū Gaimosu}}: A monster under Alien Garut's command, it has a pair of shoulder cannons that can fire {{nihongo\\|Explosive Fireballs\\|爆裂火球\\|Bakuretsu Kakyū}}. It was deployed to destroy the Urosu Shrine and bury the entry point to the Akashic Records to maintain his fabrication of the real document. After damaging the Ultra Hawk 1, Gaimos faced of against Ultraseven and was joined by its master in the fight. As the monster was about to kill Seven, the Ultra rose and stabbed its gut through the wound he created, causing Gaimos to fall after succumbing to the attack.",
"Alien Garut is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Seki]]\\|関 智一\\|Seki Tomokazu}}, who also portrayed his human form Tashiro.",
""
] |
Life
----
Marie was a daughter of [Henry I, Count of Champagne](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Count_of_Champagne "Henry I, Count of Champagne"), and [Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_France%2C_Countess_of_Champagne "Marie of France, Countess of Champagne"),[Alberic of Trois\-Fontaines](/wiki/Alberic_of_Trois-Fontaines "Alberic of Trois-Fontaines"), *Chronica s.a.* 1198
(\= L. Weiland (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. [876](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886.html?pageNo=876) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075502/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886\.html?pageNo\=876 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}). daughter of King [Louis VII of France](/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France "Louis VII of France") and [Eleanor of Aquitaine](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine "Eleanor of Aquitaine").John F. Benton, The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center, in *Speculum*, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Oct., 1961\), p. 551\.
According to the chronicle of [Gislebert of Mons](/wiki/Gislebert_of_Mons "Gislebert of Mons"), on 13 May 1179 Marie was officially bethrothed to Baldwin, son of the count of Flanders and Hainaut, to whom she was already promised to be wed in 1171\.Gislebert of Mons, *Chronicon Hanoniense* 89 (\= W. Arndt (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIX, Hannover, 1869, pp. [97](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=97) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075438/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\.html?pageNo\=97 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}, [117](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=117) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075347/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\.html?pageNo\=117 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}; L. Napran (introd. trad. annot.), *Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut*, Woodbridge, 2005, pp. [60](https://books.google.com/books?id=JK1pHrxn4zQC&pg=PA60), [72](https://books.google.com/books?id=JK1pHrxn4zQC&pg=PA72)). Her betrothed was [Baldwin VI](/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Constantinople "Baldwin I of Constantinople"), son of [Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut](/wiki/Baldwin_V%2C_Count_of_Hainaut "Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut") and [Margaret I, Countess of Flanders](/wiki/Margaret_I%2C_Countess_of_Flanders "Margaret I, Countess of Flanders").
### Countess of Flanders
On 6 January 1186, Marie and Baldwin were married at [Valenciennes](/wiki/Valenciennes "Valenciennes").Gislebert of Mons, *Chronicon Hanoniense* (\= W. Arndt (ed.), *"Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIX, Hannover, 1869, pp. [171](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=171) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075314/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\.html?pageNo\=171 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}\-[172](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=172) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075545/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\.html?pageNo\=172 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}). Karen S. Nicholas, Countesses as Rulers in Flanders, in Theodore Evergates (ed.), *Aristocratic Women in Medieval France*, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999\), pp. [127](https://books.google.com/books?id=d_-ytOKnWSUC&pg=PA127)\-[128](https://books.google.com/books?id=d_-ytOKnWSUC&pg=PA128).
The young countess consort issued charters in her own name and seems to have a soft spot for the cities in Flanders.Karen S. Nicholas, Countesses as Rulers in Flanders, in Theodore Evergates (ed.), *Aristocratic Women in Medieval France*, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999\), p. [128](https://books.google.com/books?id=d_-ytOKnWSUC&pg=PA128). In 1200 she and her husband also released the Ninove and Bohéries Abbey from every toll on their territory.
In 1200, she and her husband took the cross in [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges").*Flandria generosa (Continuatio Gislenensis) s.a.* 1200 (\= L.C. Bethmann (ed.), *Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores* IX, Hannover, 1861, p. [326](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841.html?pageNo=326) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075412/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841\.html?pageNo\=326 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}). On 14 April 1202 her husband left Flanders to join the [Fourth Crusade](/wiki/Fourth_Crusade "Fourth Crusade").Geoffrey of Villehardouin, *De la Conquête de Constantinople* VI (\= Paulin Paris (ed.), *La Conquête de Constantinople*, Paris, 1838, pp. [3](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f50.item.zoom)\-[4](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f51.item.zoom); [F.T. Marzials (trad.), *Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople*, London, 1908](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html)). During her husband's absence, Marie acted as regent for Flanders for two years.
Marie herself left Flanders to join her husband in [Outremer](/wiki/Outremer "Outremer"). According to [Geoffrey of Villehardouin](/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Villehardouin "Geoffrey of Villehardouin") and other authors she could not join him in the crusade earlier as she was pregnant at the time of his departure. After delivery of the child, [Margaret](/wiki/Margaret_II%2C_Countess_of_Flanders "Margaret II, Countess of Flanders") and sufficient recovery, she set forth to join him.Geoffrey of Villehardouin, *De la Conquête de Constantinople* CXXX (\= Paulin Paris (ed.), *La Conquête de Constantinople*, Paris, 1838, pp. [104](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f151.item.zoom)\-[105](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f152.item.zoom); [F.T. Marzials (trad.), *Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople*, London, 1908](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html))
### Latin Empress
Her husband's Crusade was diverted to [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople"), capital of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire"), where the crusaders captured and sacked the city. Then the Crusaders and Venetian established the [Latin Empire of Romaniae](/wiki/Latin_Empire "Latin Empire") in place of the fallen one. On 9 May 1204, Baldwin was elected its first Emperor, making Marie the Empress.
She set sail from the port of [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") and landed in [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel "Acre, Israel").Geoffrey of Villehardouin, *De la Conquête de Constantinople* CXXX (\= Paulin Paris (ed.), *La Conquête de Constantinople*, Paris, 1838, pp. [104](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f151.item.zoom)\-[105](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f152.item.zoom); [F.T. Marzials (trad.), *Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople*, London, 1908](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html)). Cfr. Alberic of Trois\-Fontaines, *Chronica s.a.* 1204
(\= L. Weiland (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. [884](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886.html?pageNo=884) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075350/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886\.html?pageNo\=884 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}), *Flandria generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis)* 12 (\= L.C. Bethmann (ed.), *Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores* IX, Hannover, 1861, p. [330](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841.html?pageNo=330) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075435/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841\.html?pageNo\=330 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}), [Baldwin of Avesnes](/wiki/Baldwin_of_Avesnes "Baldwin of Avesnes"), Chronicon Hanoniense quod dicitur Balduini Avennensis (\= J. Heller (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XXV, Hannover, 1880, p. [448](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865.html?pageNo=448) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190155/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865\.html?pageNo\=448 \|date\=2 February 2018 }}\-[449](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865.html?pageNo=449) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190214/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865\.html?pageNo\=449 \|date\=2 February 2018 }}). It was only when she arrived in Outremer that the news reached her of the fall of Constantinople and the election of Baldwin as the new Emperor of the East. There as an Empress of Constantinople she received the homage of the Prince [Bohemond IV of Antioch](/wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch "Bohemond IV of Antioch").Alberic of Trois\-Fontaines, *Chronica s.a.* 1204
(\= L. Weiland (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. [884](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886.html?pageNo=884) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075350/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886\.html?pageNo\=884 \|date\=1 February 2018 }}). {{Cite book\|authorlink\=Steven Runciman\|last\= Runciman\|first\= Steven\|title\= A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The \[\[Kingdom of Acre]] and the Later Crusades \|year\= 1954\|page\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=mrw8AAAAIAAJ\&pg\=PA115 115]}} She wanted to set sail for Constantinople but fell sick and died in the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land").
News of her death reached Constantinople through Crusading reinforcements from [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"). Baldwin was reportedly afflicted by the death of his wife. Villehardouin reports that Marie "was a gracious and virtuous lady and greatly honoured".
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Marie was a daughter of [Henry I, Count of Champagne](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Count_of_Champagne \"Henry I, Count of Champagne\"), and [Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_France%2C_Countess_of_Champagne \"Marie of France, Countess of Champagne\"),[Alberic of Trois\\-Fontaines](/wiki/Alberic_of_Trois-Fontaines \"Alberic of Trois-Fontaines\"), *Chronica s.a.* 1198\n(\\= L. Weiland (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. [876](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886.html?pageNo=876) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075502/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886\\.html?pageNo\\=876 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}). daughter of King [Louis VII of France](/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France \"Louis VII of France\") and [Eleanor of Aquitaine](/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine \"Eleanor of Aquitaine\").John F. Benton, The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center, in *Speculum*, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Oct., 1961\\), p. 551\\.",
"According to the chronicle of [Gislebert of Mons](/wiki/Gislebert_of_Mons \"Gislebert of Mons\"), on 13 May 1179 Marie was officially bethrothed to Baldwin, son of the count of Flanders and Hainaut, to whom she was already promised to be wed in 1171\\.Gislebert of Mons, *Chronicon Hanoniense* 89 (\\= W. Arndt (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIX, Hannover, 1869, pp. [97](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=97) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075438/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\\.html?pageNo\\=97 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}, [117](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=117) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075347/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\\.html?pageNo\\=117 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}; L. Napran (introd. trad. annot.), *Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut*, Woodbridge, 2005, pp. [60](https://books.google.com/books?id=JK1pHrxn4zQC&pg=PA60), [72](https://books.google.com/books?id=JK1pHrxn4zQC&pg=PA72)). Her betrothed was [Baldwin VI](/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Constantinople \"Baldwin I of Constantinople\"), son of [Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut](/wiki/Baldwin_V%2C_Count_of_Hainaut \"Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut\") and [Margaret I, Countess of Flanders](/wiki/Margaret_I%2C_Countess_of_Flanders \"Margaret I, Countess of Flanders\").",
"### Countess of Flanders",
"On 6 January 1186, Marie and Baldwin were married at [Valenciennes](/wiki/Valenciennes \"Valenciennes\").Gislebert of Mons, *Chronicon Hanoniense* (\\= W. Arndt (ed.), *\"Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIX, Hannover, 1869, pp. [171](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=171) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075314/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\\.html?pageNo\\=171 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}\\-[172](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732.html?pageNo=172) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075545/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000732\\.html?pageNo\\=172 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}). Karen S. Nicholas, Countesses as Rulers in Flanders, in Theodore Evergates (ed.), *Aristocratic Women in Medieval France*, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999\\), pp. [127](https://books.google.com/books?id=d_-ytOKnWSUC&pg=PA127)\\-[128](https://books.google.com/books?id=d_-ytOKnWSUC&pg=PA128).",
"The young countess consort issued charters in her own name and seems to have a soft spot for the cities in Flanders.Karen S. Nicholas, Countesses as Rulers in Flanders, in Theodore Evergates (ed.), *Aristocratic Women in Medieval France*, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999\\), p. [128](https://books.google.com/books?id=d_-ytOKnWSUC&pg=PA128). In 1200 she and her husband also released the Ninove and Bohéries Abbey from every toll on their territory.",
"In 1200, she and her husband took the cross in [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\").*Flandria generosa (Continuatio Gislenensis) s.a.* 1200 (\\= L.C. Bethmann (ed.), *Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores* IX, Hannover, 1861, p. [326](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841.html?pageNo=326) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075412/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841\\.html?pageNo\\=326 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}). On 14 April 1202 her husband left Flanders to join the [Fourth Crusade](/wiki/Fourth_Crusade \"Fourth Crusade\").Geoffrey of Villehardouin, *De la Conquête de Constantinople* VI (\\= Paulin Paris (ed.), *La Conquête de Constantinople*, Paris, 1838, pp. [3](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f50.item.zoom)\\-[4](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f51.item.zoom); [F.T. Marzials (trad.), *Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople*, London, 1908](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html)). During her husband's absence, Marie acted as regent for Flanders for two years.",
"Marie herself left Flanders to join her husband in [Outremer](/wiki/Outremer \"Outremer\"). According to [Geoffrey of Villehardouin](/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Villehardouin \"Geoffrey of Villehardouin\") and other authors she could not join him in the crusade earlier as she was pregnant at the time of his departure. After delivery of the child, [Margaret](/wiki/Margaret_II%2C_Countess_of_Flanders \"Margaret II, Countess of Flanders\") and sufficient recovery, she set forth to join him.Geoffrey of Villehardouin, *De la Conquête de Constantinople* CXXX (\\= Paulin Paris (ed.), *La Conquête de Constantinople*, Paris, 1838, pp. [104](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f151.item.zoom)\\-[105](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f152.item.zoom); [F.T. Marzials (trad.), *Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople*, London, 1908](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html))",
"### Latin Empress",
"Her husband's Crusade was diverted to [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\"), capital of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\"), where the crusaders captured and sacked the city. Then the Crusaders and Venetian established the [Latin Empire of Romaniae](/wiki/Latin_Empire \"Latin Empire\") in place of the fallen one. On 9 May 1204, Baldwin was elected its first Emperor, making Marie the Empress.",
"She set sail from the port of [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") and landed in [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel \"Acre, Israel\").Geoffrey of Villehardouin, *De la Conquête de Constantinople* CXXX (\\= Paulin Paris (ed.), *La Conquête de Constantinople*, Paris, 1838, pp. [104](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f151.item.zoom)\\-[105](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2985056/f152.item.zoom); [F.T. Marzials (trad.), *Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople*, London, 1908](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html)). Cfr. Alberic of Trois\\-Fontaines, *Chronica s.a.* 1204\n(\\= L. Weiland (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. [884](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886.html?pageNo=884) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075350/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886\\.html?pageNo\\=884 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}), *Flandria generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis)* 12 (\\= L.C. Bethmann (ed.), *Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores* IX, Hannover, 1861, p. [330](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841.html?pageNo=330) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075435/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000841\\.html?pageNo\\=330 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}), [Baldwin of Avesnes](/wiki/Baldwin_of_Avesnes \"Baldwin of Avesnes\"), Chronicon Hanoniense quod dicitur Balduini Avennensis (\\= J. Heller (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XXV, Hannover, 1880, p. [448](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865.html?pageNo=448) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190155/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865\\.html?pageNo\\=448 \\|date\\=2 February 2018 }}\\-[449](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865.html?pageNo=449) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190214/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000865\\.html?pageNo\\=449 \\|date\\=2 February 2018 }}). It was only when she arrived in Outremer that the news reached her of the fall of Constantinople and the election of Baldwin as the new Emperor of the East. There as an Empress of Constantinople she received the homage of the Prince [Bohemond IV of Antioch](/wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch \"Bohemond IV of Antioch\").Alberic of Trois\\-Fontaines, *Chronica s.a.* 1204\n(\\= L. Weiland (ed.), *Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores* XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. [884](http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886.html?pageNo=884) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075350/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000886\\.html?pageNo\\=884 \\|date\\=1 February 2018 }}). {{Cite book\\|authorlink\\=Steven Runciman\\|last\\= Runciman\\|first\\= Steven\\|title\\= A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The \\[\\[Kingdom of Acre]] and the Later Crusades \\|year\\= 1954\\|page\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=mrw8AAAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA115 115]}} She wanted to set sail for Constantinople but fell sick and died in the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\").",
"News of her death reached Constantinople through Crusading reinforcements from [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"). Baldwin was reportedly afflicted by the death of his wife. Villehardouin reports that Marie \"was a gracious and virtuous lady and greatly honoured\".",
""
] |
Production
----------
Val Guest said [Barbara Stanwyck](/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck "Barbara Stanwyck") was envisioned in the lead role and was going to play it; however, she then discovered her husband [Robert Taylor](/wiki/Robert_Taylor_%28American_actor%29 "Robert Taylor (American actor)") had been unfaithful making *[Quo Vadis](/wiki/Quo_Vadis_%281951_film%29 "Quo Vadis (1951 film)")* and did not want to make the film.Higham, p. 222–223\.
In November 1950, producer Dan Angel announced [Gloria Swanson](/wiki/Gloria_Swanson "Gloria Swanson") would play the lead.{{cite news\|title\=Swanson Signs for British Film\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/08/archives/swanson\-signs\-for\-british\-film.html\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=8 November 1950\|page\=49}}{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article52243901 \|title\=Worth Reporting \|newspaper\=\[\[The Australian Women's Weekly]] \|volume\=18 \|issue\=37 \|location\=Australia \|date\=17 February 1951 \|accessdate\=19 September 2020 \|page\=28 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} However, Swanson later dropped out; she said this was because she had received an offer to perform *[Twentieth Century](/wiki/Twentieth_Century_%28play%29 "Twentieth Century (play)")* on Broadway.{{cite news\|last\=Scott\|first\=John L.\|title\=Swanson Swan Song Turns to Hit Parade: Adult Romance Held Need to Bring Older People Back into Film Houses\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|date\=12 August 1951\|page\=D1}}
In March 1951, Bette Davis and Gary Merrill became attached to the project with Merrill replacing [Leo Genn](/wiki/Leo_Genn "Leo Genn") who had been cast.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article18496575 \|title\=British Film For Bette Davis \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)]] \|issue\=112 \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=18 March 1951 \|accessdate\=19 September 2020 \|page\=3 (Features) \|via\=National Library of Australia}} Merrill wrote in his memoirs that neither he nor Davis had particularly liked the script, but were attracted by the chance to work together in England, and by a large fee; Davis was also pleased by the fact the cast would include Emlyn Williams, who wrote the original play on which Davis' film *[The Corn Is Green](/wiki/The_Corn_Is_Green_%281945_film%29 "The Corn Is Green (1945 film)")* (1945\) was based.Merrill, p. 97\.
This was the second on\-screen pairing of then\-married couple Davis and [Gary Merrill](/wiki/Gary_Merrill "Gary Merrill"), following *[All About Eve](/wiki/All_About_Eve "All About Eve")* (1950\). They made *[Phone Call from a Stranger](/wiki/Phone_Call_from_a_Stranger "Phone Call from a Stranger")* (1952\) the following year. Rapper, who was selected by Davis to helm the film, had directed her in *[Now, Voyager](/wiki/Now%2C_Voyager "Now, Voyager")* (1942\) ten years earlier.
Filming went from April to June 1951\. Exteriors of the [United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists "United Artists") release were filmed on location in [Malham](/wiki/Malham "Malham"), West Riding of Yorkshire (now in North Yorkshire), and interiors were shot at the [Nettlefold Studios](/wiki/Nettlefold_Studios "Nettlefold Studios") in [Walton\-on\-Thames](/wiki/Walton-on-Thames "Walton-on-Thames") in [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey "Surrey"). The film's sets were designed by the [art director](/wiki/Art_director "Art director") [Cedric Dawe](/wiki/Cedric_Dawe "Cedric Dawe"). Davis was reportedly insecure and unhappy during filming. She called Steel "a beautiful prop".Higham, p. 225\.
Of the project, star [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis "Bette Davis") recalled "We had nothing but script trouble. Gary (Merrill) and I often wondered why we agreed to make this film after we got started working on it. Emlyn (Williams) rewrote many scenes for us, which gave it some plausibility, but we never cured the basic ills of the story."*Mother Goddam* by Whitney Stine, with a running commentary by Bette Davis, Hawthorn Books, 1974, p. 241 ({{ISBN\|0\-8015\-5184\-6}})
According to Merrill, "the basic premise" of the film "was pretty crummy to begin with. But Bette believed that with Emlyn's help the script could be improved. So the two of them went to work, altering this and that. When this happened I usually found a place to lie down, being my lazy self, to wait for the action to begin. The fact I wasn't doing anything bugged the hell out of Bette."Merrill, p. 100\.
|
[
"Production\n----------",
"Val Guest said [Barbara Stanwyck](/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck \"Barbara Stanwyck\") was envisioned in the lead role and was going to play it; however, she then discovered her husband [Robert Taylor](/wiki/Robert_Taylor_%28American_actor%29 \"Robert Taylor (American actor)\") had been unfaithful making *[Quo Vadis](/wiki/Quo_Vadis_%281951_film%29 \"Quo Vadis (1951 film)\")* and did not want to make the film.Higham, p. 222–223\\.",
"In November 1950, producer Dan Angel announced [Gloria Swanson](/wiki/Gloria_Swanson \"Gloria Swanson\") would play the lead.{{cite news\\|title\\=Swanson Signs for British Film\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/08/archives/swanson\\-signs\\-for\\-british\\-film.html\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=8 November 1950\\|page\\=49}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article52243901 \\|title\\=Worth Reporting \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Australian Women's Weekly]] \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=37 \\|location\\=Australia \\|date\\=17 February 1951 \\|accessdate\\=19 September 2020 \\|page\\=28 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} However, Swanson later dropped out; she said this was because she had received an offer to perform *[Twentieth Century](/wiki/Twentieth_Century_%28play%29 \"Twentieth Century (play)\")* on Broadway.{{cite news\\|last\\=Scott\\|first\\=John L.\\|title\\=Swanson Swan Song Turns to Hit Parade: Adult Romance Held Need to Bring Older People Back into Film Houses\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|date\\=12 August 1951\\|page\\=D1}}",
"In March 1951, Bette Davis and Gary Merrill became attached to the project with Merrill replacing [Leo Genn](/wiki/Leo_Genn \"Leo Genn\") who had been cast.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article18496575 \\|title\\=British Film For Bette Davis \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)]] \\|issue\\=112 \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=18 March 1951 \\|accessdate\\=19 September 2020 \\|page\\=3 (Features) \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} Merrill wrote in his memoirs that neither he nor Davis had particularly liked the script, but were attracted by the chance to work together in England, and by a large fee; Davis was also pleased by the fact the cast would include Emlyn Williams, who wrote the original play on which Davis' film *[The Corn Is Green](/wiki/The_Corn_Is_Green_%281945_film%29 \"The Corn Is Green (1945 film)\")* (1945\\) was based.Merrill, p. 97\\.",
"This was the second on\\-screen pairing of then\\-married couple Davis and [Gary Merrill](/wiki/Gary_Merrill \"Gary Merrill\"), following *[All About Eve](/wiki/All_About_Eve \"All About Eve\")* (1950\\). They made *[Phone Call from a Stranger](/wiki/Phone_Call_from_a_Stranger \"Phone Call from a Stranger\")* (1952\\) the following year. Rapper, who was selected by Davis to helm the film, had directed her in *[Now, Voyager](/wiki/Now%2C_Voyager \"Now, Voyager\")* (1942\\) ten years earlier.",
"Filming went from April to June 1951\\. Exteriors of the [United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists \"United Artists\") release were filmed on location in [Malham](/wiki/Malham \"Malham\"), West Riding of Yorkshire (now in North Yorkshire), and interiors were shot at the [Nettlefold Studios](/wiki/Nettlefold_Studios \"Nettlefold Studios\") in [Walton\\-on\\-Thames](/wiki/Walton-on-Thames \"Walton-on-Thames\") in [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey \"Surrey\"). The film's sets were designed by the [art director](/wiki/Art_director \"Art director\") [Cedric Dawe](/wiki/Cedric_Dawe \"Cedric Dawe\"). Davis was reportedly insecure and unhappy during filming. She called Steel \"a beautiful prop\".Higham, p. 225\\.",
"Of the project, star [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis \"Bette Davis\") recalled \"We had nothing but script trouble. Gary (Merrill) and I often wondered why we agreed to make this film after we got started working on it. Emlyn (Williams) rewrote many scenes for us, which gave it some plausibility, but we never cured the basic ills of the story.\"*Mother Goddam* by Whitney Stine, with a running commentary by Bette Davis, Hawthorn Books, 1974, p. 241 ({{ISBN\\|0\\-8015\\-5184\\-6}})",
"According to Merrill, \"the basic premise\" of the film \"was pretty crummy to begin with. But Bette believed that with Emlyn's help the script could be improved. So the two of them went to work, altering this and that. When this happened I usually found a place to lie down, being my lazy self, to wait for the action to begin. The fact I wasn't doing anything bugged the hell out of Bette.\"Merrill, p. 100\\.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Despite having put the project of building the [palace](/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace "Fishbourne Roman Palace") for the king of the [Atrebates](/wiki/Atrebates "Atrebates"), [Togidubnus](/wiki/Togidubnus "Togidubnus"), back on track, there is no peace for Falco and his family (his wife, his children, his brothers in law and his sister Maia Favonia) in [Londinium](/wiki/Londinium "Londinium") as Togidubnus' disgraced friend, Verovolcus (see *[A Body in the Bath House](/wiki/A_Body_in_the_Bath_House "A Body in the Bath House")*), is found drowned in the well of a seedy Londinium [taverna](/wiki/Taverna "Taverna") named the *Shower of Gold*, stripped of his [torque](/wiki/Torc "Torc"). Fearful of the diplomatic consequences, the local authorities in the form of Gaius Hilaris (see *[The Silver Pigs](/wiki/The_Silver_Pigs "The Silver Pigs")*), Falco's old friend and Helena's uncle, urge Falco to take up inquiries into the death. At the same time, Maia's children and Lucius Petronius "Petro'" Longus, Falco's best friend, have appeared in Londinium. Things become more tense with Togidubnus breathing down Falco and Hilarius' necks for answers on who killed Verovolcus, and a newly arrived businessman, Norbanus Murena, hitting on Maia.
Falco and Helena discover extortion rackets terrorising Londinium when a fire breaks out at a bakery. He muses on how suspicious the fire at the bakery is, since there was nobody in the bakery during the conflagration, and suspects that it was arson by whoever is behind the rackets. In the midst of the blaze, a vagrant girl risks her life to save a pack of dogs. Touched by this show of heroism, Helena adopts the girl, who is named Albia. The relationship between the Didii and Albia goes off on a rocky start, however, with Albia vandalising Hilarius' home. Simultaneously Petro' also disappears, and at a very bad time too — a message soon arrives, saying that two of Petro's children have died in Rome. Falco is forced to take Albia out along with him, and decides to look for Petro', but Petro' warns him to stay away because he is going undercover and then flees. Worse, Albia is abducted and forced into a brothel. Falco goes to her rescue and is assisted by an unlikely ally: a group of female gladiators (or [gladiatrices](/wiki/Gladiatrix "Gladiatrix")) led by an ex\-girlfriend of Falco's named Chloris, now going by the stage name of Amazonia. The gladiatrices believe Falco to be responsible for Albia's plight and detain him, but Helena (who was summoned by Albia) convinces them to release Falco. The reunion with Chloris temporarily strains Falco's marriage with Helena, but eventually they reconcile. Enquiries, however, begin to pay off and soon enough, with Chloris' help Falco manages to identify the rackets' enforcers in town, nicknamed Pyro and Splice. Falco and his associates soon notice something else — many of the businesses in town all have names derived from myths surrounding Jupiter, the chief god of the Roman pantheon. Chloris also reveals to Falco that she saw Pyro and Splice up\-end Verovolcus into the well, and that whoever is employing them is also harassing her and her gladiatrix group into working for him.
A corpse is found on the wharves and sure enough, it is the missing baker whose shop was torched. Petro contacts Falco and reveals he is on an undercover mission for the vigiles in Rome, tracking whoever is behind the Londinium rackets, and happened to witness the baker's murder (but unfortunately can't identify the perpetrators). After a brief discussion, they decide to arrest Pyro and Splice. As usual, things don't go down well — a lawyer named Popilius attempts to free the enforcers but fails. Pyro is poisoned and Splice manages to escape from custody before any of them can be interrogated by the chief torturer, ironically named Amicus (Latin: 'friend'). Meanwhile, king Togidubnus has managed to detain one of the employees of the *Shower of Gold*, a Briton named Flavia Fronta, who reveals the head of the rackets in Londinium and it's none other than Florius, the son of the late gangster Balbinus Pius (see *[Time to Depart](/wiki/Time_to_Depart "Time to Depart")*). Amicus' interrogations later confirm that Florius is in Britain, at the head of the racket which is named the Jupiter Company (hence all the businesses in Londinium with names connected to Jupiter) and that he is out to get Petro' too.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978\-0\-89296\-777\-3\|title\=The Jupiter Myth – review\|website\=Publishers Weekly\|access\-date\=13 September 2021}} Albia reveals to Falco and Helena that Florius was the man who abducted her earlier, and he had even raped her before Chloris rescued her.
Falco now hopes to apprehend Florius for murdering Verovolcus, but Florius makes the first move by attacking Chloris. A confused battle soon takes place at the local arena, with Falco and his entourage coming in to help Chloris and her comrades, and Splice attempting to take revenge on Florius. Chloris kills Splice, but is slain by Florius who subsequently escapes. A chance meeting with Popilius soon reveals that Norbanus, the businessman courting Falco's sister Maia, is also head of the Jupiter Company. Both Norbanus and Maia have disappeared and Florius sends Falco a message: Petro' must be handed over in order to secure Maia's release. Petro' willingly sacrifices himself and goes over to Florius, but Florius reneges on the bargain. Another battle takes place — this time between the Governor's legions and Florius' gangsters, who are holed up in a public building. Petro' is rescued from being crushed to death, and Falco captures Norbanus, but Florius manages to escape again. Maia, who had actually been stranded with her children while on a river cruise, kills Norbanus with a crossbow when he tries to flee.
Notwithstanding the end of the Jupiter Company, the case against Florius crumbles: the murderer of Verovolcus is revealed to be Flavia Fronta, the waitress at the *Shower of Gold*: she had stolen Verovolcus' torque and drowned him to prevent him from reporting her theft of his torque, now recovered from the tavern. While this would satisfactorily resolve the diplomatic crisis with the Atrebates, it however now means that Petro's nemesis, Florius, cannot be indicted and is still at large. Cheated of success, Falco and Petro' swear that they will have their revenge on Florius.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Despite having put the project of building the [palace](/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace \"Fishbourne Roman Palace\") for the king of the [Atrebates](/wiki/Atrebates \"Atrebates\"), [Togidubnus](/wiki/Togidubnus \"Togidubnus\"), back on track, there is no peace for Falco and his family (his wife, his children, his brothers in law and his sister Maia Favonia) in [Londinium](/wiki/Londinium \"Londinium\") as Togidubnus' disgraced friend, Verovolcus (see *[A Body in the Bath House](/wiki/A_Body_in_the_Bath_House \"A Body in the Bath House\")*), is found drowned in the well of a seedy Londinium [taverna](/wiki/Taverna \"Taverna\") named the *Shower of Gold*, stripped of his [torque](/wiki/Torc \"Torc\"). Fearful of the diplomatic consequences, the local authorities in the form of Gaius Hilaris (see *[The Silver Pigs](/wiki/The_Silver_Pigs \"The Silver Pigs\")*), Falco's old friend and Helena's uncle, urge Falco to take up inquiries into the death. At the same time, Maia's children and Lucius Petronius \"Petro'\" Longus, Falco's best friend, have appeared in Londinium. Things become more tense with Togidubnus breathing down Falco and Hilarius' necks for answers on who killed Verovolcus, and a newly arrived businessman, Norbanus Murena, hitting on Maia.",
"Falco and Helena discover extortion rackets terrorising Londinium when a fire breaks out at a bakery. He muses on how suspicious the fire at the bakery is, since there was nobody in the bakery during the conflagration, and suspects that it was arson by whoever is behind the rackets. In the midst of the blaze, a vagrant girl risks her life to save a pack of dogs. Touched by this show of heroism, Helena adopts the girl, who is named Albia. The relationship between the Didii and Albia goes off on a rocky start, however, with Albia vandalising Hilarius' home. Simultaneously Petro' also disappears, and at a very bad time too — a message soon arrives, saying that two of Petro's children have died in Rome. Falco is forced to take Albia out along with him, and decides to look for Petro', but Petro' warns him to stay away because he is going undercover and then flees. Worse, Albia is abducted and forced into a brothel. Falco goes to her rescue and is assisted by an unlikely ally: a group of female gladiators (or [gladiatrices](/wiki/Gladiatrix \"Gladiatrix\")) led by an ex\\-girlfriend of Falco's named Chloris, now going by the stage name of Amazonia. The gladiatrices believe Falco to be responsible for Albia's plight and detain him, but Helena (who was summoned by Albia) convinces them to release Falco. The reunion with Chloris temporarily strains Falco's marriage with Helena, but eventually they reconcile. Enquiries, however, begin to pay off and soon enough, with Chloris' help Falco manages to identify the rackets' enforcers in town, nicknamed Pyro and Splice. Falco and his associates soon notice something else — many of the businesses in town all have names derived from myths surrounding Jupiter, the chief god of the Roman pantheon. Chloris also reveals to Falco that she saw Pyro and Splice up\\-end Verovolcus into the well, and that whoever is employing them is also harassing her and her gladiatrix group into working for him.",
"A corpse is found on the wharves and sure enough, it is the missing baker whose shop was torched. Petro contacts Falco and reveals he is on an undercover mission for the vigiles in Rome, tracking whoever is behind the Londinium rackets, and happened to witness the baker's murder (but unfortunately can't identify the perpetrators). After a brief discussion, they decide to arrest Pyro and Splice. As usual, things don't go down well — a lawyer named Popilius attempts to free the enforcers but fails. Pyro is poisoned and Splice manages to escape from custody before any of them can be interrogated by the chief torturer, ironically named Amicus (Latin: 'friend'). Meanwhile, king Togidubnus has managed to detain one of the employees of the *Shower of Gold*, a Briton named Flavia Fronta, who reveals the head of the rackets in Londinium and it's none other than Florius, the son of the late gangster Balbinus Pius (see *[Time to Depart](/wiki/Time_to_Depart \"Time to Depart\")*). Amicus' interrogations later confirm that Florius is in Britain, at the head of the racket which is named the Jupiter Company (hence all the businesses in Londinium with names connected to Jupiter) and that he is out to get Petro' too.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978\\-0\\-89296\\-777\\-3\\|title\\=The Jupiter Myth – review\\|website\\=Publishers Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2021}} Albia reveals to Falco and Helena that Florius was the man who abducted her earlier, and he had even raped her before Chloris rescued her.",
"Falco now hopes to apprehend Florius for murdering Verovolcus, but Florius makes the first move by attacking Chloris. A confused battle soon takes place at the local arena, with Falco and his entourage coming in to help Chloris and her comrades, and Splice attempting to take revenge on Florius. Chloris kills Splice, but is slain by Florius who subsequently escapes. A chance meeting with Popilius soon reveals that Norbanus, the businessman courting Falco's sister Maia, is also head of the Jupiter Company. Both Norbanus and Maia have disappeared and Florius sends Falco a message: Petro' must be handed over in order to secure Maia's release. Petro' willingly sacrifices himself and goes over to Florius, but Florius reneges on the bargain. Another battle takes place — this time between the Governor's legions and Florius' gangsters, who are holed up in a public building. Petro' is rescued from being crushed to death, and Falco captures Norbanus, but Florius manages to escape again. Maia, who had actually been stranded with her children while on a river cruise, kills Norbanus with a crossbow when he tries to flee.",
"Notwithstanding the end of the Jupiter Company, the case against Florius crumbles: the murderer of Verovolcus is revealed to be Flavia Fronta, the waitress at the *Shower of Gold*: she had stolen Verovolcus' torque and drowned him to prevent him from reporting her theft of his torque, now recovered from the tavern. While this would satisfactorily resolve the diplomatic crisis with the Atrebates, it however now means that Petro's nemesis, Florius, cannot be indicted and is still at large. Cheated of success, Falco and Petro' swear that they will have their revenge on Florius.",
""
] |
Month\-by\-month review
-----------------------
### June
[thumb\|right\|300px\|[José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho "José Mourinho") returned as Chelsea's manager in June 2013\.](/wiki/File:Jose_Mourinho_2013.jpg "Jose Mourinho 2013.jpg")
On 3 June, Chelsea announced that former manager [José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho "José Mourinho") had been appointed as the new manager for the 2013–14 season. He signed a four\-year contract with the Blues, up to the end of the 2016–17 season. He was re\-united with former squad members [John Terry](/wiki/John_Terry "John Terry"), [Frank Lampard](/wiki/Frank_Lampard "Frank Lampard"), [Ashley Cole](/wiki/Ashley_Cole "Ashley Cole"), [John Obi Mikel](/wiki/John_Obi_Mikel "John Obi Mikel"), [Petr Čech](/wiki/Petr_%C4%8Cech "Petr Čech"), [Henrique Hilário](/wiki/Henrique_Hil%C3%A1rio "Henrique Hilário") and [Michael Essien](/wiki/Michael_Essien "Michael Essien") whom he brought back from his loan spell at [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF"). Mourinho also brought three coaching staff members with him to [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 "Stamford Bridge (stadium)") in [Rui Faria](/wiki/Rui_Faria "Rui Faria"), [Silvino Louro](/wiki/Silvino_Louro "Silvino Louro")—both of whom had worked at Chelsea under Mourinho's previous tenure—and [José Morais](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Morais "José Morais"). Mourinho was officially announced to the media on 10 June and took charge of the team on 1 July for the pre\-season.["MOURINHO APPOINTED"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3199099/title/mourinho-appointed) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603140214/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3199099/title/mourinho\-appointed \|date\=3 June 2013 }} One of Mourinho's first games was against [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") rival [Pep Guardiola](/wiki/Pep_Guardiola "Pep Guardiola"), as he managed [2012–13 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Champions_League "2012–13 UEFA Champions League") winners [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich "FC Bayern Munich") in the [2013 UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/2013_UEFA_Super_Cup "2013 UEFA Super Cup") at the [Eden Arena](/wiki/Eden_Arena "Eden Arena") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague").[Jose Mourinho and Pep Guardiola to meet in Super Cup with new clubs \| Metro News](http://metro.co.uk/2013/06/03/old-foes-jose-mourinho-and-pep-guardiola-to-renew-hostilities-when-chelsea-clash-with-bayern-munich-for-super-cup-3827013/)
In Mourinho's first official interview back, he referred to himself as "The Happy One" in regards to his appointment as the new Chelsea manager, having called himself "The Special One" during his first tenure.[BBC Sport – Jose Mourinho: Chelsea boss says 'Call me the Happy One'](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22840169)
On 13 June, Chelsea and [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen "Bayer 04 Leverkusen") reached an agreement for the transfer of [André Schürrle](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sch%C3%BCrrle "André Schürrle"), subject to the completion of legal documentation and related matters, including personal terms and passing a medical.
Following the release of the [2013–14 Premier League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_League "2013–14 Premier League") fixtures, Mourinho's first match in charge since his return was at home against [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C."). Chelsea then faced a trip to [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford") for [David Moyes](/wiki/David_Moyes "David Moyes")' first home game as [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") manager. The Blues will finish their campaign [away](/wiki/Cardiff_City_Stadium "Cardiff City Stadium") to [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C."). During his first spell in charge at Chelsea, Mourinho was unbeaten in 60 league home games.[BBC Sport – Football – Chelsea – Fixtures](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/fixtures)[BBC Sport – Premier League fixtures: Man Utd, Chelsea, Man City openers](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22945537)
On 21 June, the club announced a contract extension with [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas "Adidas") that will see them supply the club kits until 2023\.{{cite news\|date\=22 June 2013 \|title\=CHELSEA AND ADIDAS ANNOUNCE EXTENSION OF GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP \|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3216081/title/chelsea\-and\-adidas\-announce\-extension\-of\-global\-partnership \|publisher\=Chelsea F.C \|access\-date\=22 June 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624022143/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3216081/title/chelsea\-and\-adidas\-announce\-extension\-of\-global\-partnership \|archive\-date\=24 June 2013 }} This deal means that Chelsea, along with [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."), hold the record for the biggest shirt deal in the history of the Barclays Premier League, valued at £300 million.
Chelsea completed the signing of André Schürrle for a fee of around £18\.75 million. Schürrle became Mourinho's first signing since returning to the club, signing a five\-year deal. He is the first player to wear the number 14 shirt since [Claudio Pizarro](/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro "Claudio Pizarro") in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Chelsea_F.C._season "2007–08 Chelsea F.C. season").["Schurrle signing completed"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3219878) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802045815/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3219878 \|date\=2 August 2013 }}. Chelsea F.C. 25 June 2013\. Retrieved 22 January 2014\.["Chelsea confirm deal to sign André Schürrle from Bayer Leverkusen"](https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/13/chelsea-confirm-andre-schurrle-signing). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. 13 June 2013\. Retrieved 21 January 2014\.
[Marko Marin](/wiki/Marko_Marin "Marko Marin") left Chelsea to go on loan at [Sevilla](/wiki/Sevilla_FC "Sevilla FC") for the duration of the season[BBC Sport – Chelsea's Marko Marin set to join Sevilla on loan](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23104672) while [Todd Kane](/wiki/Todd_Kane "Todd Kane") and [George Saville](/wiki/George_Saville_%28footballer%29 "George Saville (footballer)") also went on season long and half\-season loans to [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.")[BBC Sport – Chelsea defender Todd Kane returns to Blackburn on loan](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23045382) and [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. "Brentford F.C."), respectively. Meanwhile, goalkeeper [Thibaut Courtois](/wiki/Thibaut_Courtois "Thibaut Courtois") will remain on loan at [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid") for at least another season.[BBC Sport – Brentford sign Alan McCormack and George Saville](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23034657)
A number of players were released by the club; [Yossi Benayoun](/wiki/Yossi_Benayoun "Yossi Benayoun"), [Florent Malouda](/wiki/Florent_Malouda "Florent Malouda"); who joined [Trabzonspor](/wiki/Trabzonspor "Trabzonspor") in Turkey; [Ross Turnbull](/wiki/Ross_Turnbull "Ross Turnbull"), who signed for [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_FC "Doncaster Rovers FC"); and several youth prospects that failed to live up to expectation. [Paulo Ferreira](/wiki/Paulo_Ferreira "Paulo Ferreira") retired from football after several years at the club and [Jeffrey Bruma](/wiki/Jeffrey_Bruma "Jeffrey Bruma") was sold to [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") for £2\.5 million.
### July
Chelsea signed [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder "Midfielder") [Marco van Ginkel](/wiki/Marco_van_Ginkel "Marco van Ginkel") from Dutch club [Vitesse](/wiki/SBV_Vitesse "SBV Vitesse") for an undisclosed fee, but a reported £8 million deal. The 20\-year\-old signed on a five\-year deal and was Chelsea's second signing of the summer. Van Ginkel won the 2012 [Dutch Football Talent of the Year](/wiki/Dutch_Footballer_of_the_Year "Dutch Footballer of the Year").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3229499\|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.\|title\=Van Ginkel signs\|date\=5 July 2013\|access\-date\=21 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802040427/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3229499\|archive\-date\=2 August 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/23148099\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|title\=Marco van Ginkel: Chelsea complete deal for midfielder\|date\=5 July 2013\|access\-date\=21 January 2014}}
Chelsea also announced the signing of former [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") goalkeeper [Mark Schwarzer](/wiki/Mark_Schwarzer "Mark Schwarzer"), on a free transfer. After having two bids rejected for [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") goalkeeper [John Ruddy](/wiki/John_Ruddy "John Ruddy"), Mourinho decided to sign Mark Schwarzer as back up for Petr Čech.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3233254\|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.\|title\=Chelsea sign Mark Schwarzer\|date\=9 July 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220202253/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3233254\|archive\-date\=20 February 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jul/09/chelsea\-sign\-mark\-schwarzer\-fulham\|work\=The Guardian\|title\=Chelsea sign Mark Schwarzer after goalkeeper leaves Fulham\|date\=9 July 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014}} [Oriol Romeu](/wiki/Oriol_Romeu "Oriol Romeu") left Chelsea to go on loan at [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_CF "Valencia CF") for the entirety of the season, while [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. "West Bromwich Albion F.C.") youngster [Isaiah Brown](/wiki/Isaiah_Brown "Isaiah Brown") was signed for around £250,000\. Mourinho won his first game back as Chelsea boss after overseeing a 1–0 friendly victory over the [Singha All\-Stars](/wiki/Thai_Premier_League_All-Star_Football "Thai Premier League All-Star Football") on 17 July in Chelsea's first leg of their Asian tour in [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"). A few days later, on 21 July, Chelsea won the second leg of their Asian tour with a 4–1 victory over a [Malaysian XI](/wiki/Malaysia_League_XI "Malaysia League XI") in [Shah Alam](/wiki/Shah_Alam "Shah Alam"). On 23 July, Chelsea announced the signing of [Cristián Cuevas](/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Cuevas "Cristián Cuevas") from Chilean club [O'Higgins](/wiki/O%27Higgins_F.C. "O'Higgins F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3325596\|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.\|title\=Blues seal Cuevas signing\|date\=23 July 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014}}
Chelsea rounded off their Asian tour with an 8–1 demolition of the [BNI Indonesia All\-Stars](/wiki/Indonesia_national_under-23_football_team "Indonesia national under-23 football team") in [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta") on 25 July.
A number of young players were sent on loan to gain first\-team experience; [Patrick van Aanholt](/wiki/Patrick_van_Aanholt "Patrick van Aanholt") and [Gaël Kakuta](/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Kakuta "Gaël Kakuta") were both sent on loan to Vitesse for another season, [Matej Delač](/wiki/Matej_Dela%C4%8D "Matej Delač") was sent on a season\-long loan to [Vojvodina](/wiki/FK_Vojvodina "FK Vojvodina") in [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"), whilst [Sam Walker](/wiki/Sam_Walker_%28footballer%29 "Sam Walker (footballer)") and [Daniel Pappoe](/wiki/Daniel_Pappoe "Daniel Pappoe") were both loaned to [Colchester United](/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C. "Colchester United F.C.") for the first half of the season. Additionally, [Patrick Bamford](/wiki/Patrick_Bamford "Patrick Bamford"), [Billy Clifford](/wiki/Billy_Clifford_%28footballer%29 "Billy Clifford (footballer)") and [Milan Lalkovič](/wiki/Milan_Lalkovi%C4%8D "Milan Lalkovič") were sent on half\-season loans to [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. "Milton Keynes Dons F.C."), [Yeovil](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C.") and [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.") respectively, whilst [Eden Hazard](/wiki/Eden_Hazard "Eden Hazard")'s younger brother [Thorgan](/wiki/Thorgan_Hazard "Thorgan Hazard") also saw his loan with [Zulte\-Waregem](/wiki/S.V._Zulte-Waregem "S.V. Zulte-Waregem") in Belgium renewed for the season.
### August
On 1 August, Chelsea announced that senior reserve goalkeeper Henrique Hilário had signed a new one\-year deal after his contract had expired in June.["New deal for Hilario"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3333802/title/new-deal-for-hilario) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901094017/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3333802/title/new\-deal\-for\-hilario \|date\=1 September 2013 }}. Chelsea F.C. 1 August 2013\. Retrieved 22 January 2014\. Another youngster was signed, teenage Croatian striker [Stipe Perica](/wiki/Stipe_Perica "Stipe Perica"). Eighteen\-year\-old defender [Nathan Aké](/wiki/Nathan_Ak%C3%A9 "Nathan Aké") signed a new five\-year contract with Chelsea, he made six appearances for the Blues last season.
Chelsea recorded a comfortable 2–0 victory over [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") in Round 1 of prestige exhibition tournament the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/International_Champions_Cup "International Champions Cup") on 1 August in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis"). Chelsea registered another win in their Round 2 fixture three days later on 4 August, once again a comfortable 2–0 victory, this time over Internazionale's cross\-town rivals [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") in New York City. On 7 August, Chelsea lost their perfect pre\-season record after they were defeated in the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/2013_International_Champions_Cup "2013 International Champions Cup") final by Real Madrid in [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami"), losing 3–1\.{{cite news\|author\=Friendly Match \|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/live/match/300010 \|title\=R Madrid v Chelsea – 8th Aug 2013 \| Report \| Friendly Match \| Sky Sports Football \|publisher\=.skysports.com \|date\=8 August 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea won their final game of pre\-season in a 2–1 victory over [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma "A.S. Roma") in Washington, D.C., on 10 August. This marked the end of a largely successful pre\-season for Chelsea, registering wins over Italian top flight opposition in Inter, Milan and Roma, while comfortably defeating three Asian sides.
Yet again, more youngsters were sent on loan and in keeping with Chelsea's special relationship with Vitesse, newly signed [Chilean](/wiki/Chile "Chile") youngster Cristián Cuevas and [Lucas Piazon](/wiki/Lucas_Piazon "Lucas Piazon") were sent on loan to the Dutch side{{cite news\|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/11668/8859164/chelsea\-teenager\-cristian\-cuevas\-joins\-vitesse\-arnhem\-on\-one\-year\-loan \|title\=Chelsea teenager Cristian Cuevas joins Vitesse Arnhem on one\-year loan \| Football News \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} while [Jhon Pírez](/wiki/Jhon_P%C3%ADrez "Jhon Pírez") will spend another season out on loan at third division Spanish outfit [Leganés](/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s "CD Leganés"). Promising young full\-back [Wallace](/wiki/Wallace_Oliveira_dos_Santos "Wallace Oliveira dos Santos") was sent on loan to Inter Milan and newly signed striker Stipe Perica joined [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda "NAC Breda").
On 18 August, Mourinho won his "second" first competitive game in charge of Chelsea with a 2–0 victory over [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C."). Despite [Frank Lampard](/wiki/Frank_Lampard "Frank Lampard")'s early penalty miss, [Oscar](/wiki/Oscar_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 "Oscar (footballer, born 1991)") gave Chelsea the lead, poking the ball under the onrushing [Allan McGregor](/wiki/Allan_McGregor "Allan McGregor") after a sumptuous passing move. A superb 35\-yard free kick from Lampard sealed the win before the half\-hour. The victory meant that Mourinho's Chelsea were unbeaten at Stamford Bridge in 61 league games.{{cite news\|last\=Ornstein \|first\=David \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23653975 \|title\=Chelsea 2–0 Hull City \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea continued their strong home form under Mourinho with a narrow 2–1 win over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") on 21 August. An own goal by [Antonio Luna](/wiki/Antonio_Luna_%28footballer%29 "Antonio Luna (footballer)") opened the scoring after [Brad Guzan](/wiki/Brad_Guzan "Brad Guzan")'s save from an Eden Hazard shot rebounded off of him and into the net. Villa later equalised through a quickfire shot from [Christian Benteke](/wiki/Christian_Benteke "Christian Benteke") inside Petr Čech's near post, but after 73 minutes, [Branislav Ivanović](/wiki/Branislav_Ivanovi%C4%87 "Branislav Ivanović") connected with Lampard's [free kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick "Direct free kick") to head home the winner.{{cite web\|last\=Monaghan \|first\=Matt \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23691551 \|title\=Chelsea 2–1 Aston Villa \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=21 August 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} On 28 August, it was confirmed that Chelsea had signed [Willian](/wiki/Willian_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 "Willian (footballer, born 1988)") for £30 million from [Anzhi Makhachkala](/wiki/FC_Anzhi_Makhachkala "FC Anzhi Makhachkala"). It was reported that [Roman Abramovich](/wiki/Roman_Abramovich "Roman Abramovich") used his Russian connections and called the Anzhi owner to convince him to join, even though he had already completed a medical for [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.").
In their final game before their [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup "UEFA Super Cup") clash with Bayern Munich, Chelsea were held by [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") to a dour 0–0 draw at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford") on 26 August. Just before Chelsea were drawn in the [2013–14 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League "2013–14 UEFA Champions League") group stage, they announced the signing of [Samuel Eto'o](/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o "Samuel Eto'o") from Anzhi in a deal believed to be around £2 million.{{cite news\|title\=Eto'o signs\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3441538\|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.\|date\=29 August 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081537/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3441538\|archive\-date\=31 August 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier\-league/10264473/Chelsea\-seal\-deal\-for\-Samuel\-Etoo\-as\-Jose\-Mourinho\-decides\-to\-wait\-for\-Manchester\-Uniteds\-Wayne\-Rooney.html\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|title\=Chelsea seal deal for Samuel Eto'o as José Mourinho decides to wait for Manchester United's Wayne Rooney\|date\=24 August 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014\|location\=London\|first\=Jason\|last\=Burt}} Chelsea were drawn in [Group E](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Group_E "2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Group E") alongside [Schalke 04](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 "FC Schalke 04"), [Basel](/wiki/FC_Basel "FC Basel") and [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua București"). Last season, Chelsea defeated Steaua and Basel on their way to the [2012–13 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League "2012–13 UEFA Europa League") title.
On 30 August, Chelsea were beaten in the [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup "UEFA Super Cup") by Bayern Munich on penalties at the [Eden Arena](/wiki/Eden_Arena "Eden Arena") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"). The match was a tense encounter largely dominated by Bayern, but Chelsea were dangerous on the break, opening the scoring through a fantastic strike from [Fernando Torres](/wiki/Fernando_Torres "Fernando Torres"), who was set up by André Schürrle, who had received the ball from Eden Hazard following a mazy run. Bayern equalised through a sweetly struck shot by [Franck Ribéry](/wiki/Franck_Rib%C3%A9ry "Franck Ribéry") inside Petr Čech's near post. With five minutes left, [Ramires](/wiki/Ramires "Ramires") was sent off for a second bookable offence leaving Chelsea to face extra\-time with ten men.{{cite web\|author\=Emlyn Begley \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23869699 \|title\=Europa League as it happened \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=29 August 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Early in the first half of extra\-time, Hazard put Chelsea ahead after beating two Bayern defenders and wrong\-footing [Manuel Neuer](/wiki/Manuel_Neuer "Manuel Neuer"). Chelsea managed to hold on until the final five seconds after spending much of extra\-time camped in their own 18\-yard box, but [Javi Martínez](/wiki/Javi_Mart%C3%ADnez "Javi Martínez") broke their hearts putting the ball past Čech after a deflection carried it into his path. During the penalty shoot\-out, all the players on both sides scored their penalties up until Chelsea's final penalty taker, [Romelu Lukaku](/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku "Romelu Lukaku"), hit a tame penalty that was saved by Neuer, thus sealing the win for Bayern.{{cite web\|title\=Bayern defeat Chelsea on penalties in Super Cup\| date\=30 August 2013 \|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/season\=2013/matches/round\=2000456/match\=2012139/postmatch/report/index.html\#bayern\+lift\+super\+cup\|publisher\=UEFA\|access\-date\=31 August 2013}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of August
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=2\|draw\_CHL\=1\|loss\_CHL\=0\|gf\_CHL\=4\|ga\_CHL\=1
\|team2\=MCI\|name\_MCI\=\[\[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]
\|win\_MCI\=2\|draw\_MCI\=0\|loss\_MCI\=1\|gf\_MCI\=8\|ga\_MCI\=3
\|team3\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=2\|draw\_LIV\=0\|loss\_LIV\=0\|gf\_LIV\=2\|ga\_LIV\=0
\|team4\=TOT\|name\_TOT\=\[\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\|Tottenham Hotspur]]
\|win\_TOT\=2\|draw\_TOT\=0\|loss\_TOT\=0\|gf\_TOT\=2\|ga\_TOT\=0
\|team5\=STO\|name\_STO\=\[\[Stoke City F.C.\|Stoke City]]
\|win\_STO\=2\|draw\_STO\=0\|loss\_STO\=1\|gf\_STO\=3\|ga\_STO\=2
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### September
Chelsea announced the signing of [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto "FC Porto") winger [Christian Atsu](/wiki/Christian_Atsu "Christian Atsu") for a reported £3\.5 million. The 21\-year\-old was sent to Chelsea's partner club Vitesse, who have been sent many young Chelsea players for development in recent years, on a season\-long loan.{{cite news\|title\=Atsu moves to Chelsea from Portugal\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3444457\|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.\|date\=1 September 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904033503/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3444457\|archive\-date\=4 September 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=Chelsea complete deal to sign Porto striker Christian Atsu\|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/11668/8901080/transfer\-news\-chelsea\-complete\-deal\-to\-sign\-porto\-striker\-christian\-atsu\|publisher\=Sky Sports\|date\=1 September 2013 \|access\-date\=22 January 2014}} On the final day of the transfer window, [Victor Moses](/wiki/Victor_Moses "Victor Moses") and Romelu Lukaku joined Merseyside clubs [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") and [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C."), respectively, on season\-long loans whilst [Ulises Dávila](/wiki/Ulises_D%C3%A1vila "Ulises Dávila") was sent to [Córdoba](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF "Córdoba CF") in Spain. Later in the month, young English players [Nathaniel Chalobah](/wiki/Nathaniel_Chalobah "Nathaniel Chalobah") and [Josh McEachran](/wiki/Josh_McEachran "Josh McEachran") were sent on loan to [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. "Nottingham Forest F.C.") and [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C."), respectively, until the turn of the year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23928502 \|title\=Transfer deadline day: Victor Moses signs for Liverpool \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=2 September 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23939349 \|title\=Everton: Romelu Lukaku, James McCarthy and Gareth Barry sign \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=3 September 2013 \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}}
On 14 September, Mourinho suffered the first defeat of his "second coming" as Chelsea were defeated 1–0 by Everton through a [Steven Naismith](/wiki/Steven_Naismith "Steven Naismith") header in first\-half stoppage time after an impressive defensive display by the Merseyside club at [Goodison Park](/wiki/Goodison_Park "Goodison Park"). Four days later, Chelsea suffered a shock defeat by Basel in their opening group game in the Champions League at Stamford Bridge. Chelsea opened the scoring just before the interval through a tidy finish by Oscar from eight yards out, though two quickfire goals for Basel in the last 15 minutes from [Mohamed Salah](/wiki/Mohamed_Salah "Mohamed Salah") and [Marco Streller](/wiki/Marco_Streller "Marco Streller") condemned Chelsea to their first\-ever loss in an opening group game of the Champions League.{{cite news\|author\=Dominic Fifield \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/18/chelsea\-basel\-champions\-league \|title\=Chelsea 1–2 Basel \| Champions League Group E match report \| Football \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=18 September 2013 \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}}
Chelsea won their following fixture in the Premier League on 21 September after a four\-game winless streak and two game losing streak in all competitions against Fulham. The 2–0 victory was secured by two close\-range finishes by Oscar and John Obi Mikel respectively, the latter being a staggering surprise, as Mikel had not scored for Chelsea since 2007 and became the source of many jokes between Chelsea fans.
After two well\-worked goals from Fernando Torres and [Ramires](/wiki/Ramires "Ramires"), Chelsea comfortably defeated [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C.") in their [League Cup third round](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup%23Third_round "2013–14 Football League Cup#Third round") tie on 24 September{{cite news\|last\=Chapman \|first\=Caroline \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24122065 \|title\=Swindon 0–2 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} to set up a trip to the [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium "Emirates Stadium") to face [local rivals](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.%E2%80%93Chelsea_F.C._rivalry "Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry") [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24278119 \|title\=League Cup draw: Arsenal host Chelsea in fourth round \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=25 September 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Four days later, Chelsea faced another local rival in Tottenham. The game ended all square with Tottenham going in front through a [Gylfi Sigurðsson](/wiki/Gylfi_Sigur%C3%B0sson "Gylfi Sigurðsson") goal in the 19th minute, and the Chelsea equaliser coming from a [Juan Mata](/wiki/Juan_Mata "Juan Mata") set piece which that headed in by Chelsea captain John Terry in the 65th minute. A controversial moment in this game involving [Jan Vertonghen](/wiki/Jan_Vertonghen "Jan Vertonghen") and Fernando Torres resulted in the latter being sent off for a second bookable offence for a perceived elbow into Vertonghen's face, replays suggest there was little, if any contact.
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of September
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 3
\|team3\=TOT\|name\_TOT\=\[\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\|Tottenham Hotspur]]
\|win\_TOT\=4\|draw\_TOT\=1\|loss\_TOT\=1\|gf\_TOT\=6\|ga\_TOT\=2
\|team4\=EVE\|name\_EVE\=\[\[Everton F.C.\|Everton]]
\|win\_EVE\=3\|draw\_EVE\=3\|loss\_EVE\=0\|gf\_EVE\=9\|ga\_EVE\=6
\|team5\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=3\|draw\_CHL\=2\|loss\_CHL\=1\|gf\_CHL\=7\|ga\_CHL\=3
\|team6\=SOU\|name\_SOU\=\[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]]
\|win\_SOU\=3\|draw\_SOU\=2\|loss\_SOU\=1\|gf\_SOU\=5\|ga\_SOU\=2
\|team7\=MCI\|name\_MCI\=\[\[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]
\|win\_MCI\=3\|draw\_MCI\=1\|loss\_MCI\=2\|gf\_MCI\=14\|ga\_MCI\=7
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### October
On 1 October, Chelsea convincingly defeated Steaua București in Romania 0–4 in their second Champions League group game. The rout was started with a tap\-in from Ramires, followed by a saved Samuel Eto'o shot rebounding off a defender's shin for a second. In the second half, Ramires completed a brace with a strong shot into the near post after impressive wing\-play by André Schürrle and Frank Lampard finished Steaua off with a trade\-mark goal, a low shot from 18 yards skimming in off the base of the far post. Chelsea won their third game in a row by defeating Norwich 1–3 at [Carrow Road](/wiki/Carrow_Road "Carrow Road") on 6 October. Chelsea went ahead in the fourth minute through an 18\-yard strike from Oscar, though they were pulled back in the 68th minute by an [Anthony Pilkington](/wiki/Anthony_Pilkington "Anthony Pilkington") header before Eden Hazard scored the winner from a quick counter\-attack, the win was sealed with a spectacular finish from Willian, scoring his first for Chelsea.
Chelsea continued their fine form, beating Cardiff City 4–1 on 19 October, their third consecutive win in all competitions. Cardiff opened the scoring through [Jordon Mutch](/wiki/Jordon_Mutch "Jordon Mutch"), capitalising on a [David Luiz](/wiki/David_Luiz "David Luiz") mistake, however Chelsea dominated the game from there on in, with two goals from Eden Hazard and high quality finishes from Samuel Eto'o and Oscar completing the rout. This victory preserved Chelsea's perfect home league record. Three days later, Chelsea earned three valuable points after defeating Schalke 04 3–0 in their third Champions League group game, with Fernando Torres scoring a brace and Eden Hazard scoring late on through an impressive solo effort.
On 27 October, Chelsea faced [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."), an important game for both sides looking to continue strong league forms. The match was a tense encounter in which Fernando Torres played superbly, netting a late winner following a defensive mix\-up after setting up André Schürrle for Chelsea's first. Manchester City equalised through [Sergio Agüero](/wiki/Sergio_Ag%C3%BCero "Sergio Agüero") early in the second half, however they could not hold on for a point.
A Chelsea containing ten changes defeated Arsenal in the [Fourth round of the League Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup%23Fourth_round "2013–14 Football League Cup#Fourth round"), with a goal in each half from Spaniards [César Azpilicueta](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Azpilicueta "César Azpilicueta") and Juan Mata.{{cite web\|last\=Magowan \|first\=Alistair \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24619361 \|title\=Arsenal 0–2 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=29 October 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} The following day, the Blues were drawn to face either [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C.") or [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C.") away in the [next round](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup%23Fifth_round "2013–14 Football League Cup#Fifth round").
Chelsea completed the signing of promising 18\-year\-old midfielder [Bertrand Traoré](/wiki/Bertrand_Traor%C3%A9 "Bertrand Traoré") on a four\-and\-a\-half\-year contract. He had previously played for the Blues on the pre\-season tour of Asia and scored against the Malaysia XI and the Indonesia All Stars.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3518290/title/traore\-contract\-agreed \|title\=TRAORE CONTRACT AGREED\|publisher\=Chelseafc.com \|access\-date\=23 January 2014
\|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216110957/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3518290/title/traore\-contract\-agreed \|archive\-date\=16 February 2014 }}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of October
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=ARS\|name\_ARS\=\[\[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]]
\|win\_ARS\=7\|draw\_ARS\=1\|loss\_ARS\=1\|gf\_ARS\=20\|ga\_ARS\=9
\|team2\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=6\|draw\_CHL\=2\|loss\_CHL\=1\|gf\_CHL\=16\|ga\_CHL\=6
\|team3\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=6\|draw\_LIV\=2\|loss\_LIV\=1\|gf\_LIV\=17\|ga\_LIV\=8
\|team4\=TOT\|name\_TOT\=\[\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\|Tottenham Hotspur]]
\|win\_TOT\=6\|draw\_TOT\=1\|loss\_TOT\=2\|gf\_TOT\=9\|ga\_TOT\=5
\|team5\=SOU\|name\_SOU\=\[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]]
\|win\_SOU\=5\|draw\_SOU\=3\|loss\_SOU\=1\|gf\_SOU\=10\|ga\_SOU\=3
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### November
An underwhelming Chelsea display ended in defeat by [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") on 2 November, with goals from [Yoan Gouffran](/wiki/Yoan_Gouffran "Yoan Gouffran") and [Loïc Rémy](/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_R%C3%A9my "Loïc Rémy"). In a post\-match interview, Mourinho expressed his bewilderment at the result: "I am angry, because I don't understand why after a fantastic run of matches, we lose this game"(BBC MOTD). Chelsea continued their strong Champions League form by defeating Schalke 04 3–0 at Stamford Bridge on 6 November in their fourth group game with a brace from Samuel Eto'o and an acrobatic volley from [Demba Ba](/wiki/Demba_Ba "Demba Ba"), thus making it three consecutive wins without conceding a goal.
Three days later, Chelsea drew 2–2 with West Brom at home, a last minute Eden Hazard penalty saving the point. On 23 November, Chelsea returned to winning ways following the international break with a 0–3 win against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") at Upton Park. A brace from Frank Lampard either side of a fine finish from Oscar sealed the win for the Blues and moved them up above Southampton to third.{{cite web\|last\=Bevan \|first\=Chris \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24968970 \|title\=West Ham United 0–3 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=23 November 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea again displayed inconsistent form, however, later losing 1–0 to Basel on 26 November without registering a shot on target.
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of November
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=ARS\|name\_ARS\=\[\[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]]
\|win\_ARS\=10\|draw\_ARS\=1\|loss\_ARS\=2\|gf\_ARS\=27\|ga\_ARS\=10
\|team2\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=7\|draw\_LIV\=3\|loss\_LIV\=2\|gf\_LIV\=24\|ga\_LIV\=13
\|team3\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=7\|draw\_CHL\=3\|loss\_CHL\=2\|gf\_CHL\=21\|ga\_CHL\=10
\|team4\=EVE\|name\_EVE\=\[\[Everton F.C.\|Everton]]
\|win\_EVE\=6\|draw\_EVE\=6\|loss\_EVE\=1\|gf\_EVE\=21\|ga\_EVE\=13
\|team5\=NEW\|name\_NEW\=\[\[Newcastle United F.C.\|Newcastle United]]
\|win\_NEW\=7\|draw\_NEW\=2\|loss\_NEW\=4\|gf\_NEW\=19\|ga\_NEW\=18
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### December
Chelsea started December with a home win against Southampton, continuing their strong home form in the league. The Saints took a shock early lead, [Jay Rodriguez](/wiki/Jay_Rodriguez "Jay Rodriguez") finding the back of the net with only 13 seconds on the clock. The Blues came back to win through second half goals from John Terry, [Gary Cahill](/wiki/Gary_Cahill "Gary Cahill") and a late goal from substitute Demba Ba.{{cite news\|last\=Phillips \|first\=Owen \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25074373 \|title\=Chelsea 3–1 Southampton \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea's next match saw them defeat a spirited Sunderland side 3–4 in a thrilling, topsy\-turvy encounter at the [Stadium of Light](/wiki/Stadium_of_Light "Stadium of Light"); yet again the Blues went behind but were able to fight back to get the win following a mercurial display by Eden Hazard, who scored a brace.{{cite news\|last\=Johnston \|first\=Neil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25115746 \|title\=Sunderland 3–4 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} After three wins on the trot, Chelsea went to the [Britannia Stadium](/wiki/Britannia_Stadium "Britannia Stadium") looking to close the gap on leaders Arsenal to one point. Having gone 0–1 up through a solo effort from André Schürrle, things seemed to be going well, but Stoke capitalised on a defensive error to go into the break tied at 1–1\. A [Stephen Ireland](/wiki/Stephen_Ireland "Stephen Ireland") goal put the hosts ahead, but not for long as Schürrle scored his third of the season and second of the match, again from outside the area. A draw was looking likely until [Oussama Assaidi](/wiki/Oussama_Assaidi "Oussama Assaidi") gave Stoke the full three points with a curling strike from 20 yards out to send Mourinho's men away empty\-handed.{{cite web\|last\=Phillips \|first\=Owen \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25164178 \|title\=Stoke City 3–2 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=7 December 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}}
Chelsea finished in first place in their [Champions League group](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage%23Group_E "2013–14 UEFA Champions League group stage#Group E") after beating Steaua București at Stamford Bridge through a solitary Demba Ba goal.{{cite news\|last\=Henson \|first\=Mike \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25303693 \|title\=Chelsea 1–0 Steaua Bucharest \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} They were then subsequently drawn to play [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._%28football%29 "Galatasaray S.K. (football)") in the first knockout round,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25389927 \|title\=Champions League: Manchester City to face Barcelona \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=16 December 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} meaning former legendary [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 "Forward (association football)") [Didier Drogba](/wiki/Didier_Drogba "Didier Drogba") will play Chelsea for the first time since leaving the club after the [2012 Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2012 UEFA Champions League Final").{{cite web\|last\=McNulty \|first\=Phil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18044385 \|title\=Chelsea 1–1 Bayern Munich (aet, 4–3 pens) \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=19 May 2012\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea edged passed [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") 2–1 following a sublime Ramires strike,{{cite web\|last\=Ornstein \|first\=David \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25275719 \|title\=Chelsea 2–1 Crystal Palace \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=14 December 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} to move two points behind Arsenal after they lost 6–3 to Manchester City.
Chelsea travelled to the Stadium of Light for the second time in a month to face Sunderland in the quarter\-final of the League Cup. Despite leading for most of the second half through a scrambled Frank Lampard finish (this goal was the first incident to require the use of hawk\-eye technology in League Cup history) and barely being troubled by their opponents' attack, a late equaliser from former Chelsea man [Fabio Borini](/wiki/Fabio_Borini "Fabio Borini") pushed the game into extra time, where a 118th\-minute winner from [Ki Sung\-yueng](/wiki/Ki_Sung-yueng "Ki Sung-yueng") saw Chelsea dumped out of the [Capital One Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup "2013–14 Football League Cup").{{cite web\|last\=Lewis \|first\=Aimee \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25312545 \|title\=Sunderland 2–1 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=17 December 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} On 23 December, Chelsea faced a tough trip to Arsenal yet they came through it unscathed, drawing 0–0,{{cite news\|last\=McNulty \|first\=Phil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25395874 \|title\=Arsenal 0–0 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} keeping their first [clean sheet](/wiki/Clean_sheet "Clean sheet") since the 3–0 victory over West Ham. On Boxing Day, an Eden Hazard goal granted Mourinho's team a 1–0 win over [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. "Swansea City A.F.C.").{{cite web\|last\=Sanghera \|first\=Mandeep \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25442149 \|title\=Chelsea 1–0 Swansea City \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 December 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea's final game of 2013 ended in a superb victory over Liverpool. Despite going behind after three minutes, goals from Eden Hazard and Samuel Eto'o moved the Blues four points ahead of Liverpool and two points behind leaders Arsenal.{{cite news\|last\=Lewis \|first\=Aimee \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25482699 \|title\=Chelsea 2–1 Liverpool \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of December
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=ARS\|name\_ARS\=\[\[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]]
\|win\_ARS\=13\|draw\_ARS\=3\|loss\_ARS\=3\|gf\_ARS\=37\|ga\_ARS\=18
\|team2\=MCI\|name\_MCI\=\[\[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]
\|win\_MCI\=13\|draw\_MCI\=2\|loss\_MCI\=4\|gf\_MCI\=44\|ga\_MCI\=11
\|team3\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=12\|draw\_CHL\=4\|loss\_CHL\=3\|gf\_CHL\=35\|ga\_CHL\=19
\|team4\=EVE\|name\_EVE\=\[\[Everton F.C.\|Everton]]
\|win\_EVE\=10\|draw\_EVE\=7\|loss\_EVE\=2\|gf\_EVE\=31\|ga\_EVE\=18
\|team5\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=11\|draw\_LIV\=3\|loss\_LIV\=5\|gf\_LIV\=44\|ga\_LIV\=23
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### January
Chelsea kicked off 2014 with an impressively comfortable 0–3 away victory against this season's surprise package Southampton. Southampton kept Chelsea at bay until midway through the second half, when Mourinho made a double substitution, taking André Schürrle and Juan Mata off for Willian and Oscar, the latter of whose deflected cross was tapped by Fernando Torres in the 60th minute, and later scored himself in the 82nd minute following a good strike by Willian.
Unbeknownst to all, this would be Juan Mata's final Chelsea appearance, reacting angrily to his substitution in the 53rd minute following a mostly poor season, spending most of it on the bench. Over the course of two\-and\-a\-half seasons, Mata made 135 appearances for Chelsea, scoring 33 goals and winning both the Champions League and the Europa League alongside the FA Cup following a highly successful spell at the club, winning the Chelsea the Player of the Year award in two consecutive seasons.
Chelsea began their 2014 FA Cup campaign with a comfortable 2–0 win against second\-tier side [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C."), managed by former England coach [Steve McClaren](/wiki/Steve_McClaren "Steve McClaren"). Victory came courtesy of a rare John Obi Mikel goal, scoring his second of the season despite not having scored since 2007 before his goal against Fulham in October, followed by an Oscar goal 20 minutes from time that sealed the win. On 11 January, Chelsea won their fourth consecutive league game at the [KC Stadium](/wiki/KC_Stadium "KC Stadium") with a 0–2 win over [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C."), with goals from Hazard and Torres.
Chelsea made it five league wins on the trot with an impressive 3–1 home win against Manchester United on 19 January, with a Samuel Eto'o hat\-trick making the difference. Chelsea progressed to the fifth round of the FA Cup with a 1–0 victory over [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. "Stoke City F.C."), the winner being a superb Oscar free\-kick in the first half. Chelsea, however, failed to complete a perfect January as they drew 0–0 to relegation candidates West Ham. Chelsea had 39 shots throughout the game yet failed to score, the first time since the [2003–04 Premier League](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Premier_League "2003–04 Premier League") season that this has happened.{{cite news\|last\=Chowdhury \|first\=Saj \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25838369 \|title\=Chelsea 0–0 West Ham United \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
On the final day of the [January Transfer Window](/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2013%E2%80%9314 "List of English football transfers winter 2013–14"), Chelsea signed French youngster [Kurt Zouma](/wiki/Kurt_Zouma "Kurt Zouma") for a reported £12 million from [Saint\-Étienne](/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne "AS Saint-Étienne"). The defender was imminently loaned back to Saint\-Étienne for the remainder of the season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25973862 \|title\=Transfer Deadline Day: Kurt Zouma joins Chelsea for £12m \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=31 January 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of January
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=MCI\|name\_MCI\=\[\[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]
\|win\_MCI\=17\|draw\_MCI\=2\|loss\_MCI\=4\|gf\_MCI\=58\|ga\_MCI\=16
\|team2\=ARS\|name\_ARS\=\[\[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]]
\|win\_ARS\=16\|draw\_ARS\=4\|loss\_ARS\=3\|gf\_ARS\=45\|ga\_ARS\=21
\|team3\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=15\|draw\_CHL\=5\|loss\_CHL\=3\|gf\_CHL\=43\|ga\_CHL\=20
\|team4\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=14\|draw\_LIV\=4\|loss\_LIV\=5\|gf\_LIV\=57\|ga\_LIV\=28
\|team5\=TOT\|name\_TOT\=\[\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\|Tottenham Hotspur]]
\|win\_TOT\=13\|draw\_TOT\=4\|loss\_TOT\=6\|gf\_TOT\=30\|ga\_TOT\=31
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### February
Chelsea became the first Premier League team to defeat [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C.") and the first team to stop them scoring at the [City of Manchester Stadium](/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium "City of Manchester Stadium") all season as a Branislav Ivanović scored after 32 minutes.{{cite news\|last\=McNulty \|first\=Phil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25908324 \|title\=Manchester City 0–1 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} City had scored 42 goals in 11 games and had not fail to score at home since [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. "Birmingham City F.C.") held them to a 0–0 draw in November 2010\.{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/9177456\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Man City 0–0 Birmingham \| date\=13 November 2010}} Chelsea also became the first team to do the double over Manchester City since Everton in the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League "2010–11 Premier League"). The win moved Chelsea level on points with City, yet behind on goal difference, \+41 to Chelsea's \+24\.
On 8 February, Chelsea defeated [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") at Stamford Bridge, 3–0\. Eden Hazard scored his first hat\-trick for Chelsea, which also saw them go to the top of the table.{{cite web\|last\=Rose \|first\=Gary \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25994877 \|title\=BBC Sport – Chelsea 3–0 Newcastle United \|publisher\=Bbc.com \|date\=8 February 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Chelsea's good February form stuttered as they slipped up to a draw [away](/wiki/The_Hawthorns "The Hawthorns") to West Brom{{cite web\|last\=Johnston \|first\=Neil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26027975 \|title\=West Bromwich Albion 1–1 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 February 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} and being knocked out of the [2013–14 FA Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Cup "2013–14 FA Cup") to Manchester City.{{cite web\|last\=Bevan \|first\=Chris \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26094105 \|title\=Manchester City 2–0 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=15 February 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Chelsea, however, ended February on a high, as a last minute Frank Lampard [free\-kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick "Direct free kick") against Everton, 1–0, kept Chelsea top of the table.{{cite web\|last\=Phillips \|first\=Owen \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26202633 \|title\=Chelsea 1–0 Everton \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 February 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} Additionally, Chelsea finished February in good form as they grabbed a 1–1 draw at [2013 Turkish Champions](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_S%C3%BCper_Lig "2012–13 Süper Lig") [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._%28football%29 "Galatasaray S.K. (football)"). Fernando Torres gave Chelsea a vital away goal, before an [Aurélien Chedjou](/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Chedjou "Aurélien Chedjou") goal pulled the [Turkish](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") club back into it.{{cite news\|last\=Jurejko \|first\=Jonathan \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26327314 \|title\=Galatasaray 1–1 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of February
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=18\|draw\_CHL\=6\|loss\_CHL\=3\|gf\_CHL\=49\|ga\_CHL\=21
\|team2\=ARS\|name\_ARS\=\[\[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]]
\|win\_ARS\=18\|draw\_ARS\=5\|loss\_ARS\=4\|gf\_ARS\=52\|ga\_ARS\=27
\|team3\=MCI\|name\_MCI\=\[\[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]
\|win\_MCI\=18\|draw\_MCI\=3\|loss\_MCI\=5\|gf\_MCI\=59\|ga\_MCI\=17
\|team4\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=17\|draw\_LIV\=5\|loss\_LIV\=5\|gf\_LIV\=70\|ga\_LIV\=35
\|team5\=TOT\|name\_TOT\=\[\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\|Tottenham Hotspur]]
\|win\_TOT\=15\|draw\_TOT\=5\|loss\_TOT\=7\|gf\_TOT\=36\|ga\_TOT\=33
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### March
Chelsea started March by defeating [West London rivals](/wiki/West_London_derby%23Chelsea_vs_Fulham_derby "West London derby#Chelsea vs Fulham derby") Fulham 1–3 away at [Craven Cottage](/wiki/Craven_Cottage "Craven Cottage"). In the match, André Schürrle grabbed a second\-half hat\-trick to move Chelsea four points ahead of both second\-placed Liverpool and third\-placed Arsenal.{{cite web\|last\=Wilkinson \|first\=Kerry \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26300995 \|title\=Fulham 1–3 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=1 March 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
One week later, Chelsea again triumphed in a [London derby](/wiki/London_derbies "London derbies"), defeating Tottenham 4–0 home. First, Samuel Eto'o capitalised on a mistake from Jan Vertonghen before [Younès Kaboul](/wiki/Youn%C3%A8s_Kaboul "Younès Kaboul") fouled the Cameroonian and was subsequently sent off, conceding a penalty that Eden Hazard converted. Spurs played the last 30 minutes with ten men, and in the last five minutes, Demba Ba scored twice to triple his goal tally for the season. The win moved Chelsea seven points ahead of second place with the other teams behind having played fewer games.{{cite web\|last\=Bevan \|first\=Chris \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26396251 \|title\=Chelsea 4–0 Tottenham Hotspur \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=8 March 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Chelsea's 14 Premier League unbeaten run came to an end at Aston Villa in controversial fashion. Willian was sent off after two debatable yellow cards, before [Fabian Delph](/wiki/Fabian_Delph "Fabian Delph") scored a superb winner for the Villains. Ramires, however, was sent off for a poor foul on [Karim El Ahmadi](/wiki/Karim_El_Ahmadi "Karim El Ahmadi") and Mourinho was subsequently sent to the stands for protesting the red card. Despite the loss, Chelsea still remained four points ahead of nearest rivals Liverpool in the standings.{{cite web\|last\=Sheringham \|first\=Sam \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26493266 \|title\=Aston Villa 1–0 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=15 March 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Three days later, Chelsea became the first English team to progress in the [Round of 16](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Round_of_16 "2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Round of 16") in the Champions League by defeating Galatasaray at Stamford Bridge. An early goal from Samuel Eto'o and a goal two minutes before half time from Gary Cahill sent the Blues to the [next round](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Quarter-finals "2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Quarter-finals").{{cite web\|last\=Magowan \|first\=Alistair \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26618172 \|title\=Chelsea 2–0 Galatasaray (3–1 agg) \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=18 March 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Chelsea finished March in disappointment, as they succumbed to defeat at [Selhurst Park](/wiki/Selhurst_Park "Selhurst Park") against Crystal Palace, 1–0\. John Terry scored an unfortunate own goal after 52 minutes as Chelsea lost top spot for the first time since the beginning of February.{{cite web\|last\=Phillips \|first\=Owen \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26694315 \|title\=Crystal Palace 1–0 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=29 March 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of March
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 2
\|team2\=CHL\|name\_CHL\=\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]
\|win\_CHL\=21\|draw\_CHL\=6\|loss\_CHL\=5\|gf\_CHL\=62\|ga\_CHL\=24
\|col\_CLGS\=\#D0F0C0\|text\_CLGS\=\[\[2014–15 UEFA Champions League\#Group stage\|2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage]]
\|result2\=CLGS
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### April
Chelsea began April in poor fashion, as they lost 3–1 to [Paris Saint\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. "Paris Saint-Germain F.C.") at the [Parc des Princes](/wiki/Parc_des_Princes "Parc des Princes"), leaving their 2013–14 Champions League hopes in the balance. [Ezequiel Lavezzi](/wiki/Ezequiel_Lavezzi "Ezequiel Lavezzi") gave PSG the lead after three minutes before Eden Hazard equalised from the penalty spot. An own goal from David Luiz, however, and a last minute goal from [Javier Pastore](/wiki/Javier_Pastore "Javier Pastore") will require of Chelsea to score a minimum of two goals at Stamford Bridge in the home leg.{{cite news\|last\=Henson \|first\=Mike \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26811631 \|title\=Paris St\-Germain 3–1 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Chelsea moved back to the top of the table as they defeated Stoke City at Stamford Bridge. Goals from new signing Mohamed Salah, Frank Lampard and Willian gave the Blues all three points. Lampard's goal was his 250th of his career, having scored 210 for Chelsea, 39 for West Ham and one for Swansea.{{cite web\|last\=Magowan \|first\=Alistair \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26796970 \|title\=Chelsea 3–0 Stoke City \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=5 April 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
The second leg of the Champions League quarter\-final ended in dramatic fashion, as a last minute goal from Demba Ba sent Chelsea through to the [semi\-finals](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Semi-finals "2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Semi-finals") at the expense of PSG. Eden Hazard limped off early and was replaced by André Schürrle, who subsequently scored from a long throw\-in after 32 minutes before Demba Ba's late goal secured Mourinho's unbeaten record in the Champions League quarter\-final stage.{{cite web\|last\=McNulty \|first\=Phil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26914647 \|title\=Chelsea 2–0 Paris St\-Germain (3–3 agg) \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=8 April 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Ba scored his second goal in two games as Chelsea edged past ten\-men Swansea 0–1 at the [Liberty Stadium](/wiki/Liberty_Stadium "Liberty Stadium").{{cite news\|last\=Westall \|first\=Rob \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26908679 \|title\=Swansea City 0–1 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Mourinho's superb unbeaten home record fell apart on 19 April as Sunderland defeated the Blues 1–2\. Despite Samuel Eto'o's early goal, goals from [Connor Wickham](/wiki/Connor_Wickham "Connor Wickham") and a penalty from Fabio Borini left Chelsea five points behind league leaders Liverpool.{{cite web\|last\=Sheringham \|first\=Sam \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26999147 \|title\=Chelsea 1–2 Sunderland \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=19 April 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Despite a successful 0–0 draw at the [Vicente Calderón](/wiki/Vicente_Calder%C3%B3n_Stadium "Vicente Calderón Stadium") to [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid"), major injuries to goalkeeper Petr Čech and captain John Terry meant that Chelsea would finish the season without their captain and second vice\-captain.{{cite web\|last\=Johnston \|first\=Neil \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27106937 \|title\=Atlético Madrid 0–0 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 April 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Ramires was given a four\-match suspension for violent conduct during the Sunderland defeat and will subsequently miss the remainder of the season, as well as the first game of the [2014–15 Premier League](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Premier_League "2014–15 Premier League") season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27151054 \|title\=Chelsea: Ramires receives four\-match ban for violent conduct \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=24 April 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Chelsea edged closer to Liverpool at the top of the table by defeating them 0–2 at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield "Anfield"). Demba Ba capitalised on a [Steven Gerrard](/wiki/Steven_Gerrard "Steven Gerrard") error to give the Blues the lead in first\-half stoppage time before Fernando Torres broke away and set up Willian to send Chelsea two points behind Liverpool.{{cite news\|last\=Bevan \|first\=Chris \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27092978 \|title\=Liverpool 0–2 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
The Blues crashed out of the Champions League in the second leg of the [semi\-finals](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Semi-finals "2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Semi-finals") to Atlético, 1–3\. Fernando Torres gave Chelsea the lead before goals from [Adrián](/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez "Adrián López"), [Diego Costa](/wiki/Diego_Costa "Diego Costa") and [Arda Turan](/wiki/Arda_Turan "Arda Turan") gave Mourinho a sixth defeat in eight Champions League semi\-final appearances.{{cite news\|last\=Smith \|first\=Ben \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27210847 \|title\=Chelsea 1–3 Atlético Madrid (agg 1–3\) \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of April
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 2
\|team2\=CHL\|name\_CHL\=\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]
\|win\_CHL\=24\|draw\_CHL\=6\|loss\_CHL\=6\|gf\_CHL\=69\|ga\_CHL\=26
\|col\_CLGS\=\#D0F0C0\|text\_CLGS\=\[\[2014–15 UEFA Champions League\#Group stage\|2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage]]
\|result2\=CLGS
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
### May
Chelsea all but lost the 2013–14 Premier League title after drawing 0–0 to Norwich in their penultimate game of the season, and their final league season game at home.{{cite news\|last\=Lewis \|first\=Aimee \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27176867 \|title\=Chelsea 0–0 Norwich City \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Despite a trophyless season for the first team, the [Chelsea Youth team](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy%23Academy_squad "Chelsea F.C. Reserves and Academy#Academy squad") won the [2013–14 FA Youth Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Youth_Cup "2013–14 FA Youth Cup"). A late [Dominic Solanke](/wiki/Dominic_Solanke "Dominic Solanke") brace helped the young Blues come from 3–2 down to defeat [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C._Academy "Fulham F.C. Academy") 7–6 on aggregate and secure their third title in five years.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27288435 \|title\=FA Youth Cup final: Chelsea beat Fulham 7–6 on aggregate \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=5 May 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
In the last league season game, Chelsea defeated already relegated Cardiff 1–2 at the Cardiff City Stadium, goals from André Schürrle and Fernando Torres helped the Blues come from behind to secure a third\-place league finish.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27273463 \|title\=Cardiff City 1–2 Chelsea \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 May 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
Captain John Terry signed a new one\-year with Chelsea, securing his services until the end of the 2014–15 Premier League season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27398675 \|title\=John Terry: Chelsea captain signs new one\-year deal \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=13 May 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
**World Cup News**
Chelsea left back Ashley Cole retired from international football as he was subsequently left out of the [England squad](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") for the [2014 World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup "2014 FIFA World Cup") in Brazil. He been capped 107 times for the Three Lions and has represented his nation at three World Cups.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27368711 \|title\=Ashley Cole quits England duty after World Cup omission \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=11 May 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} Frank Lampard and Gary Cahill, however, were both selected by [Roy Hodgson](/wiki/Roy_Hodgson "Roy Hodgson") for the England squad.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27362447 \|title\=World Cup 2014: England name Ross Barkley in squad \|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=12 May 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}}
While Christian Atsu was called up for the 26\-man provisional squad for [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team "Ghana national football team"){{cite web\|last\=Oti \|first\=Michael \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27374745 \|title\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Ghana omit Jeffrey Schlupp from final squad \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=1 June 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} and [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team "Cameroon national football team") captain Samuel Eto'o was also called up.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27374746 \|title\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Idrissou dropped from Cameroon \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 June 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} Quartet David Luiz, Oscar, Ramires and Willian were selected for the [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team "Brazil national football team") final 23{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27312691 \|title\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Kaka and Robinho omitted from Brazil squad \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=3 June 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} and midfielder André Schürrle was also selected for [Germany](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team "Germany national football team"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27326808 \|title\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Miroslav Klose confirmed in Germany squad \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 June 2014\|access\-date\=28 July 2014}} which would eventually won the tournament.
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of May
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 3
\|team3\=CHL\|name\_CHL\=\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]
\|win\_CHL\=25\|draw\_CHL\=7\|loss\_CHL\=6\|gf\_CHL\=71\|ga\_CHL\=27
\|col\_CLGS\=\#D0F0C0\|text\_CLGS\=\[\[2014–15 UEFA Champions League\#Group stage\|2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage]]
\|result3\=CLGS
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
|
[
"Month\\-by\\-month review\n-----------------------",
"### June",
"[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|[José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho \"José Mourinho\") returned as Chelsea's manager in June 2013\\.](/wiki/File:Jose_Mourinho_2013.jpg \"Jose Mourinho 2013.jpg\")\nOn 3 June, Chelsea announced that former manager [José Mourinho](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho \"José Mourinho\") had been appointed as the new manager for the 2013–14 season. He signed a four\\-year contract with the Blues, up to the end of the 2016–17 season. He was re\\-united with former squad members [John Terry](/wiki/John_Terry \"John Terry\"), [Frank Lampard](/wiki/Frank_Lampard \"Frank Lampard\"), [Ashley Cole](/wiki/Ashley_Cole \"Ashley Cole\"), [John Obi Mikel](/wiki/John_Obi_Mikel \"John Obi Mikel\"), [Petr Čech](/wiki/Petr_%C4%8Cech \"Petr Čech\"), [Henrique Hilário](/wiki/Henrique_Hil%C3%A1rio \"Henrique Hilário\") and [Michael Essien](/wiki/Michael_Essien \"Michael Essien\") whom he brought back from his loan spell at [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\"). Mourinho also brought three coaching staff members with him to [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 \"Stamford Bridge (stadium)\") in [Rui Faria](/wiki/Rui_Faria \"Rui Faria\"), [Silvino Louro](/wiki/Silvino_Louro \"Silvino Louro\")—both of whom had worked at Chelsea under Mourinho's previous tenure—and [José Morais](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Morais \"José Morais\"). Mourinho was officially announced to the media on 10 June and took charge of the team on 1 July for the pre\\-season.[\"MOURINHO APPOINTED\"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3199099/title/mourinho-appointed) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603140214/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3199099/title/mourinho\\-appointed \\|date\\=3 June 2013 }} One of Mourinho's first games was against [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") rival [Pep Guardiola](/wiki/Pep_Guardiola \"Pep Guardiola\"), as he managed [2012–13 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Champions_League \"2012–13 UEFA Champions League\") winners [Bayern Munich](/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich \"FC Bayern Munich\") in the [2013 UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/2013_UEFA_Super_Cup \"2013 UEFA Super Cup\") at the [Eden Arena](/wiki/Eden_Arena \"Eden Arena\") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\").[Jose Mourinho and Pep Guardiola to meet in Super Cup with new clubs \\| Metro News](http://metro.co.uk/2013/06/03/old-foes-jose-mourinho-and-pep-guardiola-to-renew-hostilities-when-chelsea-clash-with-bayern-munich-for-super-cup-3827013/)\nIn Mourinho's first official interview back, he referred to himself as \"The Happy One\" in regards to his appointment as the new Chelsea manager, having called himself \"The Special One\" during his first tenure.[BBC Sport – Jose Mourinho: Chelsea boss says 'Call me the Happy One'](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22840169)",
"On 13 June, Chelsea and [Bayer Leverkusen](/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen \"Bayer 04 Leverkusen\") reached an agreement for the transfer of [André Schürrle](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sch%C3%BCrrle \"André Schürrle\"), subject to the completion of legal documentation and related matters, including personal terms and passing a medical.",
"Following the release of the [2013–14 Premier League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_League \"2013–14 Premier League\") fixtures, Mourinho's first match in charge since his return was at home against [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\"). Chelsea then faced a trip to [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") for [David Moyes](/wiki/David_Moyes \"David Moyes\")' first home game as [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") manager. The Blues will finish their campaign [away](/wiki/Cardiff_City_Stadium \"Cardiff City Stadium\") to [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\"). During his first spell in charge at Chelsea, Mourinho was unbeaten in 60 league home games.[BBC Sport – Football – Chelsea – Fixtures](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/fixtures)[BBC Sport – Premier League fixtures: Man Utd, Chelsea, Man City openers](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22945537)",
"On 21 June, the club announced a contract extension with [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas \"Adidas\") that will see them supply the club kits until 2023\\.{{cite news\\|date\\=22 June 2013 \\|title\\=CHELSEA AND ADIDAS ANNOUNCE EXTENSION OF GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP \\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3216081/title/chelsea\\-and\\-adidas\\-announce\\-extension\\-of\\-global\\-partnership \\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624022143/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3216081/title/chelsea\\-and\\-adidas\\-announce\\-extension\\-of\\-global\\-partnership \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2013 }} This deal means that Chelsea, along with [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), hold the record for the biggest shirt deal in the history of the Barclays Premier League, valued at £300 million.",
"Chelsea completed the signing of André Schürrle for a fee of around £18\\.75 million. Schürrle became Mourinho's first signing since returning to the club, signing a five\\-year deal. He is the first player to wear the number 14 shirt since [Claudio Pizarro](/wiki/Claudio_Pizarro \"Claudio Pizarro\") in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Chelsea_F.C._season \"2007–08 Chelsea F.C. season\").[\"Schurrle signing completed\"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3219878) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802045815/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3219878 \\|date\\=2 August 2013 }}. Chelsea F.C. 25 June 2013\\. Retrieved 22 January 2014\\.[\"Chelsea confirm deal to sign André Schürrle from Bayer Leverkusen\"](https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/13/chelsea-confirm-andre-schurrle-signing). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. 13 June 2013\\. Retrieved 21 January 2014\\.",
"[Marko Marin](/wiki/Marko_Marin \"Marko Marin\") left Chelsea to go on loan at [Sevilla](/wiki/Sevilla_FC \"Sevilla FC\") for the duration of the season[BBC Sport – Chelsea's Marko Marin set to join Sevilla on loan](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23104672) while [Todd Kane](/wiki/Todd_Kane \"Todd Kane\") and [George Saville](/wiki/George_Saville_%28footballer%29 \"George Saville (footballer)\") also went on season long and half\\-season loans to [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\")[BBC Sport – Chelsea defender Todd Kane returns to Blackburn on loan](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23045382) and [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. \"Brentford F.C.\"), respectively. Meanwhile, goalkeeper [Thibaut Courtois](/wiki/Thibaut_Courtois \"Thibaut Courtois\") will remain on loan at [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\") for at least another season.[BBC Sport – Brentford sign Alan McCormack and George Saville](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23034657)",
"A number of players were released by the club; [Yossi Benayoun](/wiki/Yossi_Benayoun \"Yossi Benayoun\"), [Florent Malouda](/wiki/Florent_Malouda \"Florent Malouda\"); who joined [Trabzonspor](/wiki/Trabzonspor \"Trabzonspor\") in Turkey; [Ross Turnbull](/wiki/Ross_Turnbull \"Ross Turnbull\"), who signed for [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_FC \"Doncaster Rovers FC\"); and several youth prospects that failed to live up to expectation. [Paulo Ferreira](/wiki/Paulo_Ferreira \"Paulo Ferreira\") retired from football after several years at the club and [Jeffrey Bruma](/wiki/Jeffrey_Bruma \"Jeffrey Bruma\") was sold to [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") for £2\\.5 million.",
"### July",
"Chelsea signed [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder \"Midfielder\") [Marco van Ginkel](/wiki/Marco_van_Ginkel \"Marco van Ginkel\") from Dutch club [Vitesse](/wiki/SBV_Vitesse \"SBV Vitesse\") for an undisclosed fee, but a reported £8 million deal. The 20\\-year\\-old signed on a five\\-year deal and was Chelsea's second signing of the summer. Van Ginkel won the 2012 [Dutch Football Talent of the Year](/wiki/Dutch_Footballer_of_the_Year \"Dutch Footballer of the Year\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3229499\\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.\\|title\\=Van Ginkel signs\\|date\\=5 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802040427/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3229499\\|archive\\-date\\=2 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/23148099\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|title\\=Marco van Ginkel: Chelsea complete deal for midfielder\\|date\\=5 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2014}}",
"Chelsea also announced the signing of former [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") goalkeeper [Mark Schwarzer](/wiki/Mark_Schwarzer \"Mark Schwarzer\"), on a free transfer. After having two bids rejected for [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") goalkeeper [John Ruddy](/wiki/John_Ruddy \"John Ruddy\"), Mourinho decided to sign Mark Schwarzer as back up for Petr Čech.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3233254\\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.\\|title\\=Chelsea sign Mark Schwarzer\\|date\\=9 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220202253/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3233254\\|archive\\-date\\=20 February 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jul/09/chelsea\\-sign\\-mark\\-schwarzer\\-fulham\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|title\\=Chelsea sign Mark Schwarzer after goalkeeper leaves Fulham\\|date\\=9 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014}} [Oriol Romeu](/wiki/Oriol_Romeu \"Oriol Romeu\") left Chelsea to go on loan at [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_CF \"Valencia CF\") for the entirety of the season, while [West Bromwich Albion](/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C. \"West Bromwich Albion F.C.\") youngster [Isaiah Brown](/wiki/Isaiah_Brown \"Isaiah Brown\") was signed for around £250,000\\. Mourinho won his first game back as Chelsea boss after overseeing a 1–0 friendly victory over the [Singha All\\-Stars](/wiki/Thai_Premier_League_All-Star_Football \"Thai Premier League All-Star Football\") on 17 July in Chelsea's first leg of their Asian tour in [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\"). A few days later, on 21 July, Chelsea won the second leg of their Asian tour with a 4–1 victory over a [Malaysian XI](/wiki/Malaysia_League_XI \"Malaysia League XI\") in [Shah Alam](/wiki/Shah_Alam \"Shah Alam\"). On 23 July, Chelsea announced the signing of [Cristián Cuevas](/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Cuevas \"Cristián Cuevas\") from Chilean club [O'Higgins](/wiki/O%27Higgins_F.C. \"O'Higgins F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3325596\\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.\\|title\\=Blues seal Cuevas signing\\|date\\=23 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014}}",
"Chelsea rounded off their Asian tour with an 8–1 demolition of the [BNI Indonesia All\\-Stars](/wiki/Indonesia_national_under-23_football_team \"Indonesia national under-23 football team\") in [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta \"Jakarta\") on 25 July.",
"A number of young players were sent on loan to gain first\\-team experience; [Patrick van Aanholt](/wiki/Patrick_van_Aanholt \"Patrick van Aanholt\") and [Gaël Kakuta](/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Kakuta \"Gaël Kakuta\") were both sent on loan to Vitesse for another season, [Matej Delač](/wiki/Matej_Dela%C4%8D \"Matej Delač\") was sent on a season\\-long loan to [Vojvodina](/wiki/FK_Vojvodina \"FK Vojvodina\") in [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), whilst [Sam Walker](/wiki/Sam_Walker_%28footballer%29 \"Sam Walker (footballer)\") and [Daniel Pappoe](/wiki/Daniel_Pappoe \"Daniel Pappoe\") were both loaned to [Colchester United](/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C. \"Colchester United F.C.\") for the first half of the season. Additionally, [Patrick Bamford](/wiki/Patrick_Bamford \"Patrick Bamford\"), [Billy Clifford](/wiki/Billy_Clifford_%28footballer%29 \"Billy Clifford (footballer)\") and [Milan Lalkovič](/wiki/Milan_Lalkovi%C4%8D \"Milan Lalkovič\") were sent on half\\-season loans to [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. \"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\"), [Yeovil](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\") and [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\") respectively, whilst [Eden Hazard](/wiki/Eden_Hazard \"Eden Hazard\")'s younger brother [Thorgan](/wiki/Thorgan_Hazard \"Thorgan Hazard\") also saw his loan with [Zulte\\-Waregem](/wiki/S.V._Zulte-Waregem \"S.V. Zulte-Waregem\") in Belgium renewed for the season.",
"### August",
"On 1 August, Chelsea announced that senior reserve goalkeeper Henrique Hilário had signed a new one\\-year deal after his contract had expired in June.[\"New deal for Hilario\"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3333802/title/new-deal-for-hilario) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901094017/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3333802/title/new\\-deal\\-for\\-hilario \\|date\\=1 September 2013 }}. Chelsea F.C. 1 August 2013\\. Retrieved 22 January 2014\\. Another youngster was signed, teenage Croatian striker [Stipe Perica](/wiki/Stipe_Perica \"Stipe Perica\"). Eighteen\\-year\\-old defender [Nathan Aké](/wiki/Nathan_Ak%C3%A9 \"Nathan Aké\") signed a new five\\-year contract with Chelsea, he made six appearances for the Blues last season.",
"Chelsea recorded a comfortable 2–0 victory over [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") in Round 1 of prestige exhibition tournament the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/International_Champions_Cup \"International Champions Cup\") on 1 August in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\"). Chelsea registered another win in their Round 2 fixture three days later on 4 August, once again a comfortable 2–0 victory, this time over Internazionale's cross\\-town rivals [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") in New York City. On 7 August, Chelsea lost their perfect pre\\-season record after they were defeated in the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/2013_International_Champions_Cup \"2013 International Champions Cup\") final by Real Madrid in [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\"), losing 3–1\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Friendly Match \\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/live/match/300010 \\|title\\=R Madrid v Chelsea – 8th Aug 2013 \\| Report \\| Friendly Match \\| Sky Sports Football \\|publisher\\=.skysports.com \\|date\\=8 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea won their final game of pre\\-season in a 2–1 victory over [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma \"A.S. Roma\") in Washington, D.C., on 10 August. This marked the end of a largely successful pre\\-season for Chelsea, registering wins over Italian top flight opposition in Inter, Milan and Roma, while comfortably defeating three Asian sides.",
"Yet again, more youngsters were sent on loan and in keeping with Chelsea's special relationship with Vitesse, newly signed [Chilean](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") youngster Cristián Cuevas and [Lucas Piazon](/wiki/Lucas_Piazon \"Lucas Piazon\") were sent on loan to the Dutch side{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/11668/8859164/chelsea\\-teenager\\-cristian\\-cuevas\\-joins\\-vitesse\\-arnhem\\-on\\-one\\-year\\-loan \\|title\\=Chelsea teenager Cristian Cuevas joins Vitesse Arnhem on one\\-year loan \\| Football News \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} while [Jhon Pírez](/wiki/Jhon_P%C3%ADrez \"Jhon Pírez\") will spend another season out on loan at third division Spanish outfit [Leganés](/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s \"CD Leganés\"). Promising young full\\-back [Wallace](/wiki/Wallace_Oliveira_dos_Santos \"Wallace Oliveira dos Santos\") was sent on loan to Inter Milan and newly signed striker Stipe Perica joined [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda \"NAC Breda\").",
"On 18 August, Mourinho won his \"second\" first competitive game in charge of Chelsea with a 2–0 victory over [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\"). Despite [Frank Lampard](/wiki/Frank_Lampard \"Frank Lampard\")'s early penalty miss, [Oscar](/wiki/Oscar_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 \"Oscar (footballer, born 1991)\") gave Chelsea the lead, poking the ball under the onrushing [Allan McGregor](/wiki/Allan_McGregor \"Allan McGregor\") after a sumptuous passing move. A superb 35\\-yard free kick from Lampard sealed the win before the half\\-hour. The victory meant that Mourinho's Chelsea were unbeaten at Stamford Bridge in 61 league games.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ornstein \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23653975 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–0 Hull City \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea continued their strong home form under Mourinho with a narrow 2–1 win over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") on 21 August. An own goal by [Antonio Luna](/wiki/Antonio_Luna_%28footballer%29 \"Antonio Luna (footballer)\") opened the scoring after [Brad Guzan](/wiki/Brad_Guzan \"Brad Guzan\")'s save from an Eden Hazard shot rebounded off of him and into the net. Villa later equalised through a quickfire shot from [Christian Benteke](/wiki/Christian_Benteke \"Christian Benteke\") inside Petr Čech's near post, but after 73 minutes, [Branislav Ivanović](/wiki/Branislav_Ivanovi%C4%87 \"Branislav Ivanović\") connected with Lampard's [free kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick \"Direct free kick\") to head home the winner.{{cite web\\|last\\=Monaghan \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23691551 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–1 Aston Villa \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=21 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} On 28 August, it was confirmed that Chelsea had signed [Willian](/wiki/Willian_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 \"Willian (footballer, born 1988)\") for £30 million from [Anzhi Makhachkala](/wiki/FC_Anzhi_Makhachkala \"FC Anzhi Makhachkala\"). It was reported that [Roman Abramovich](/wiki/Roman_Abramovich \"Roman Abramovich\") used his Russian connections and called the Anzhi owner to convince him to join, even though he had already completed a medical for [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\").",
"In their final game before their [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup \"UEFA Super Cup\") clash with Bayern Munich, Chelsea were held by [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") to a dour 0–0 draw at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") on 26 August. Just before Chelsea were drawn in the [2013–14 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League\") group stage, they announced the signing of [Samuel Eto'o](/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o \"Samuel Eto'o\") from Anzhi in a deal believed to be around £2 million.{{cite news\\|title\\=Eto'o signs\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3441538\\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.\\|date\\=29 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081537/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3441538\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier\\-league/10264473/Chelsea\\-seal\\-deal\\-for\\-Samuel\\-Etoo\\-as\\-Jose\\-Mourinho\\-decides\\-to\\-wait\\-for\\-Manchester\\-Uniteds\\-Wayne\\-Rooney.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|title\\=Chelsea seal deal for Samuel Eto'o as José Mourinho decides to wait for Manchester United's Wayne Rooney\\|date\\=24 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Burt}} Chelsea were drawn in [Group E](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Group_E \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Group E\") alongside [Schalke 04](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 \"FC Schalke 04\"), [Basel](/wiki/FC_Basel \"FC Basel\") and [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua București\"). Last season, Chelsea defeated Steaua and Basel on their way to the [2012–13 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League \"2012–13 UEFA Europa League\") title.",
"On 30 August, Chelsea were beaten in the [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup \"UEFA Super Cup\") by Bayern Munich on penalties at the [Eden Arena](/wiki/Eden_Arena \"Eden Arena\") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"). The match was a tense encounter largely dominated by Bayern, but Chelsea were dangerous on the break, opening the scoring through a fantastic strike from [Fernando Torres](/wiki/Fernando_Torres \"Fernando Torres\"), who was set up by André Schürrle, who had received the ball from Eden Hazard following a mazy run. Bayern equalised through a sweetly struck shot by [Franck Ribéry](/wiki/Franck_Rib%C3%A9ry \"Franck Ribéry\") inside Petr Čech's near post. With five minutes left, [Ramires](/wiki/Ramires \"Ramires\") was sent off for a second bookable offence leaving Chelsea to face extra\\-time with ten men.{{cite web\\|author\\=Emlyn Begley \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23869699 \\|title\\=Europa League as it happened \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=29 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Early in the first half of extra\\-time, Hazard put Chelsea ahead after beating two Bayern defenders and wrong\\-footing [Manuel Neuer](/wiki/Manuel_Neuer \"Manuel Neuer\"). Chelsea managed to hold on until the final five seconds after spending much of extra\\-time camped in their own 18\\-yard box, but [Javi Martínez](/wiki/Javi_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Javi Martínez\") broke their hearts putting the ball past Čech after a deflection carried it into his path. During the penalty shoot\\-out, all the players on both sides scored their penalties up until Chelsea's final penalty taker, [Romelu Lukaku](/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku \"Romelu Lukaku\"), hit a tame penalty that was saved by Neuer, thus sealing the win for Bayern.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bayern defeat Chelsea on penalties in Super Cup\\| date\\=30 August 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/season\\=2013/matches/round\\=2000456/match\\=2012139/postmatch/report/index.html\\#bayern\\+lift\\+super\\+cup\\|publisher\\=UEFA\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2013}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of August\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=2\\|draw\\_CHL\\=1\\|loss\\_CHL\\=0\\|gf\\_CHL\\=4\\|ga\\_CHL\\=1\n\\|team2\\=MCI\\|name\\_MCI\\=\\[\\[Manchester City F.C.\\|Manchester City]]\n\\|win\\_MCI\\=2\\|draw\\_MCI\\=0\\|loss\\_MCI\\=1\\|gf\\_MCI\\=8\\|ga\\_MCI\\=3\n\\|team3\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=2\\|draw\\_LIV\\=0\\|loss\\_LIV\\=0\\|gf\\_LIV\\=2\\|ga\\_LIV\\=0\n\\|team4\\=TOT\\|name\\_TOT\\=\\[\\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\\|Tottenham Hotspur]]\n\\|win\\_TOT\\=2\\|draw\\_TOT\\=0\\|loss\\_TOT\\=0\\|gf\\_TOT\\=2\\|ga\\_TOT\\=0\n\\|team5\\=STO\\|name\\_STO\\=\\[\\[Stoke City F.C.\\|Stoke City]]\n\\|win\\_STO\\=2\\|draw\\_STO\\=0\\|loss\\_STO\\=1\\|gf\\_STO\\=3\\|ga\\_STO\\=2",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### September",
"Chelsea announced the signing of [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto \"FC Porto\") winger [Christian Atsu](/wiki/Christian_Atsu \"Christian Atsu\") for a reported £3\\.5 million. The 21\\-year\\-old was sent to Chelsea's partner club Vitesse, who have been sent many young Chelsea players for development in recent years, on a season\\-long loan.{{cite news\\|title\\=Atsu moves to Chelsea from Portugal\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3444457\\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.\\|date\\=1 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904033503/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3444457\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Chelsea complete deal to sign Porto striker Christian Atsu\\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/11668/8901080/transfer\\-news\\-chelsea\\-complete\\-deal\\-to\\-sign\\-porto\\-striker\\-christian\\-atsu\\|publisher\\=Sky Sports\\|date\\=1 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014}} On the final day of the transfer window, [Victor Moses](/wiki/Victor_Moses \"Victor Moses\") and Romelu Lukaku joined Merseyside clubs [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") and [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\"), respectively, on season\\-long loans whilst [Ulises Dávila](/wiki/Ulises_D%C3%A1vila \"Ulises Dávila\") was sent to [Córdoba](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF \"Córdoba CF\") in Spain. Later in the month, young English players [Nathaniel Chalobah](/wiki/Nathaniel_Chalobah \"Nathaniel Chalobah\") and [Josh McEachran](/wiki/Josh_McEachran \"Josh McEachran\") were sent on loan to [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\") and [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\"), respectively, until the turn of the year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23928502 \\|title\\=Transfer deadline day: Victor Moses signs for Liverpool \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=2 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23939349 \\|title\\=Everton: Romelu Lukaku, James McCarthy and Gareth Barry sign \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=3 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}}",
"On 14 September, Mourinho suffered the first defeat of his \"second coming\" as Chelsea were defeated 1–0 by Everton through a [Steven Naismith](/wiki/Steven_Naismith \"Steven Naismith\") header in first\\-half stoppage time after an impressive defensive display by the Merseyside club at [Goodison Park](/wiki/Goodison_Park \"Goodison Park\"). Four days later, Chelsea suffered a shock defeat by Basel in their opening group game in the Champions League at Stamford Bridge. Chelsea opened the scoring just before the interval through a tidy finish by Oscar from eight yards out, though two quickfire goals for Basel in the last 15 minutes from [Mohamed Salah](/wiki/Mohamed_Salah \"Mohamed Salah\") and [Marco Streller](/wiki/Marco_Streller \"Marco Streller\") condemned Chelsea to their first\\-ever loss in an opening group game of the Champions League.{{cite news\\|author\\=Dominic Fifield \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/18/chelsea\\-basel\\-champions\\-league \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–2 Basel \\| Champions League Group E match report \\| Football \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=18 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}}",
"Chelsea won their following fixture in the Premier League on 21 September after a four\\-game winless streak and two game losing streak in all competitions against Fulham. The 2–0 victory was secured by two close\\-range finishes by Oscar and John Obi Mikel respectively, the latter being a staggering surprise, as Mikel had not scored for Chelsea since 2007 and became the source of many jokes between Chelsea fans.",
"After two well\\-worked goals from Fernando Torres and [Ramires](/wiki/Ramires \"Ramires\"), Chelsea comfortably defeated [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\") in their [League Cup third round](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup%23Third_round \"2013–14 Football League Cup#Third round\") tie on 24 September{{cite news\\|last\\=Chapman \\|first\\=Caroline \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24122065 \\|title\\=Swindon 0–2 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} to set up a trip to the [Emirates](/wiki/Emirates_Stadium \"Emirates Stadium\") to face [local rivals](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.%E2%80%93Chelsea_F.C._rivalry \"Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry\") [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24278119 \\|title\\=League Cup draw: Arsenal host Chelsea in fourth round \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=25 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Four days later, Chelsea faced another local rival in Tottenham. The game ended all square with Tottenham going in front through a [Gylfi Sigurðsson](/wiki/Gylfi_Sigur%C3%B0sson \"Gylfi Sigurðsson\") goal in the 19th minute, and the Chelsea equaliser coming from a [Juan Mata](/wiki/Juan_Mata \"Juan Mata\") set piece which that headed in by Chelsea captain John Terry in the 65th minute. A controversial moment in this game involving [Jan Vertonghen](/wiki/Jan_Vertonghen \"Jan Vertonghen\") and Fernando Torres resulted in the latter being sent off for a second bookable offence for a perceived elbow into Vertonghen's face, replays suggest there was little, if any contact.\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of September\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 3\n\\|team3\\=TOT\\|name\\_TOT\\=\\[\\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\\|Tottenham Hotspur]]\n\\|win\\_TOT\\=4\\|draw\\_TOT\\=1\\|loss\\_TOT\\=1\\|gf\\_TOT\\=6\\|ga\\_TOT\\=2\n\\|team4\\=EVE\\|name\\_EVE\\=\\[\\[Everton F.C.\\|Everton]]\n\\|win\\_EVE\\=3\\|draw\\_EVE\\=3\\|loss\\_EVE\\=0\\|gf\\_EVE\\=9\\|ga\\_EVE\\=6\n\\|team5\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=3\\|draw\\_CHL\\=2\\|loss\\_CHL\\=1\\|gf\\_CHL\\=7\\|ga\\_CHL\\=3\n\\|team6\\=SOU\\|name\\_SOU\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\|win\\_SOU\\=3\\|draw\\_SOU\\=2\\|loss\\_SOU\\=1\\|gf\\_SOU\\=5\\|ga\\_SOU\\=2\n\\|team7\\=MCI\\|name\\_MCI\\=\\[\\[Manchester City F.C.\\|Manchester City]]\n\\|win\\_MCI\\=3\\|draw\\_MCI\\=1\\|loss\\_MCI\\=2\\|gf\\_MCI\\=14\\|ga\\_MCI\\=7",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### October",
"On 1 October, Chelsea convincingly defeated Steaua București in Romania 0–4 in their second Champions League group game. The rout was started with a tap\\-in from Ramires, followed by a saved Samuel Eto'o shot rebounding off a defender's shin for a second. In the second half, Ramires completed a brace with a strong shot into the near post after impressive wing\\-play by André Schürrle and Frank Lampard finished Steaua off with a trade\\-mark goal, a low shot from 18 yards skimming in off the base of the far post. Chelsea won their third game in a row by defeating Norwich 1–3 at [Carrow Road](/wiki/Carrow_Road \"Carrow Road\") on 6 October. Chelsea went ahead in the fourth minute through an 18\\-yard strike from Oscar, though they were pulled back in the 68th minute by an [Anthony Pilkington](/wiki/Anthony_Pilkington \"Anthony Pilkington\") header before Eden Hazard scored the winner from a quick counter\\-attack, the win was sealed with a spectacular finish from Willian, scoring his first for Chelsea.",
"Chelsea continued their fine form, beating Cardiff City 4–1 on 19 October, their third consecutive win in all competitions. Cardiff opened the scoring through [Jordon Mutch](/wiki/Jordon_Mutch \"Jordon Mutch\"), capitalising on a [David Luiz](/wiki/David_Luiz \"David Luiz\") mistake, however Chelsea dominated the game from there on in, with two goals from Eden Hazard and high quality finishes from Samuel Eto'o and Oscar completing the rout. This victory preserved Chelsea's perfect home league record. Three days later, Chelsea earned three valuable points after defeating Schalke 04 3–0 in their third Champions League group game, with Fernando Torres scoring a brace and Eden Hazard scoring late on through an impressive solo effort.",
"On 27 October, Chelsea faced [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), an important game for both sides looking to continue strong league forms. The match was a tense encounter in which Fernando Torres played superbly, netting a late winner following a defensive mix\\-up after setting up André Schürrle for Chelsea's first. Manchester City equalised through [Sergio Agüero](/wiki/Sergio_Ag%C3%BCero \"Sergio Agüero\") early in the second half, however they could not hold on for a point.",
"A Chelsea containing ten changes defeated Arsenal in the [Fourth round of the League Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup%23Fourth_round \"2013–14 Football League Cup#Fourth round\"), with a goal in each half from Spaniards [César Azpilicueta](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Azpilicueta \"César Azpilicueta\") and Juan Mata.{{cite web\\|last\\=Magowan \\|first\\=Alistair \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24619361 \\|title\\=Arsenal 0–2 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=29 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} The following day, the Blues were drawn to face either [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\") or [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\") away in the [next round](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup%23Fifth_round \"2013–14 Football League Cup#Fifth round\").",
"Chelsea completed the signing of promising 18\\-year\\-old midfielder [Bertrand Traoré](/wiki/Bertrand_Traor%C3%A9 \"Bertrand Traoré\") on a four\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year contract. He had previously played for the Blues on the pre\\-season tour of Asia and scored against the Malaysia XI and the Indonesia All Stars.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3518290/title/traore\\-contract\\-agreed \\|title\\=TRAORE CONTRACT AGREED\\|publisher\\=Chelseafc.com \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014\n\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216110957/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3518290/title/traore\\-contract\\-agreed \\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2014 }}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of October\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=ARS\\|name\\_ARS\\=\\[\\[Arsenal F.C.\\|Arsenal]]\n\\|win\\_ARS\\=7\\|draw\\_ARS\\=1\\|loss\\_ARS\\=1\\|gf\\_ARS\\=20\\|ga\\_ARS\\=9\n\\|team2\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=6\\|draw\\_CHL\\=2\\|loss\\_CHL\\=1\\|gf\\_CHL\\=16\\|ga\\_CHL\\=6\n\\|team3\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=6\\|draw\\_LIV\\=2\\|loss\\_LIV\\=1\\|gf\\_LIV\\=17\\|ga\\_LIV\\=8\n\\|team4\\=TOT\\|name\\_TOT\\=\\[\\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\\|Tottenham Hotspur]]\n\\|win\\_TOT\\=6\\|draw\\_TOT\\=1\\|loss\\_TOT\\=2\\|gf\\_TOT\\=9\\|ga\\_TOT\\=5\n\\|team5\\=SOU\\|name\\_SOU\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\|win\\_SOU\\=5\\|draw\\_SOU\\=3\\|loss\\_SOU\\=1\\|gf\\_SOU\\=10\\|ga\\_SOU\\=3",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### November",
"An underwhelming Chelsea display ended in defeat by [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") on 2 November, with goals from [Yoan Gouffran](/wiki/Yoan_Gouffran \"Yoan Gouffran\") and [Loïc Rémy](/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_R%C3%A9my \"Loïc Rémy\"). In a post\\-match interview, Mourinho expressed his bewilderment at the result: \"I am angry, because I don't understand why after a fantastic run of matches, we lose this game\"(BBC MOTD). Chelsea continued their strong Champions League form by defeating Schalke 04 3–0 at Stamford Bridge on 6 November in their fourth group game with a brace from Samuel Eto'o and an acrobatic volley from [Demba Ba](/wiki/Demba_Ba \"Demba Ba\"), thus making it three consecutive wins without conceding a goal.",
"Three days later, Chelsea drew 2–2 with West Brom at home, a last minute Eden Hazard penalty saving the point. On 23 November, Chelsea returned to winning ways following the international break with a 0–3 win against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") at Upton Park. A brace from Frank Lampard either side of a fine finish from Oscar sealed the win for the Blues and moved them up above Southampton to third.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bevan \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24968970 \\|title\\=West Ham United 0–3 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=23 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea again displayed inconsistent form, however, later losing 1–0 to Basel on 26 November without registering a shot on target.\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of November\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=ARS\\|name\\_ARS\\=\\[\\[Arsenal F.C.\\|Arsenal]]\n\\|win\\_ARS\\=10\\|draw\\_ARS\\=1\\|loss\\_ARS\\=2\\|gf\\_ARS\\=27\\|ga\\_ARS\\=10\n\\|team2\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=7\\|draw\\_LIV\\=3\\|loss\\_LIV\\=2\\|gf\\_LIV\\=24\\|ga\\_LIV\\=13\n\\|team3\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=7\\|draw\\_CHL\\=3\\|loss\\_CHL\\=2\\|gf\\_CHL\\=21\\|ga\\_CHL\\=10\n\\|team4\\=EVE\\|name\\_EVE\\=\\[\\[Everton F.C.\\|Everton]]\n\\|win\\_EVE\\=6\\|draw\\_EVE\\=6\\|loss\\_EVE\\=1\\|gf\\_EVE\\=21\\|ga\\_EVE\\=13\n\\|team5\\=NEW\\|name\\_NEW\\=\\[\\[Newcastle United F.C.\\|Newcastle United]]\n\\|win\\_NEW\\=7\\|draw\\_NEW\\=2\\|loss\\_NEW\\=4\\|gf\\_NEW\\=19\\|ga\\_NEW\\=18",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### December",
"Chelsea started December with a home win against Southampton, continuing their strong home form in the league. The Saints took a shock early lead, [Jay Rodriguez](/wiki/Jay_Rodriguez \"Jay Rodriguez\") finding the back of the net with only 13 seconds on the clock. The Blues came back to win through second half goals from John Terry, [Gary Cahill](/wiki/Gary_Cahill \"Gary Cahill\") and a late goal from substitute Demba Ba.{{cite news\\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Owen \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25074373 \\|title\\=Chelsea 3–1 Southampton \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea's next match saw them defeat a spirited Sunderland side 3–4 in a thrilling, topsy\\-turvy encounter at the [Stadium of Light](/wiki/Stadium_of_Light \"Stadium of Light\"); yet again the Blues went behind but were able to fight back to get the win following a mercurial display by Eden Hazard, who scored a brace.{{cite news\\|last\\=Johnston \\|first\\=Neil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25115746 \\|title\\=Sunderland 3–4 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} After three wins on the trot, Chelsea went to the [Britannia Stadium](/wiki/Britannia_Stadium \"Britannia Stadium\") looking to close the gap on leaders Arsenal to one point. Having gone 0–1 up through a solo effort from André Schürrle, things seemed to be going well, but Stoke capitalised on a defensive error to go into the break tied at 1–1\\. A [Stephen Ireland](/wiki/Stephen_Ireland \"Stephen Ireland\") goal put the hosts ahead, but not for long as Schürrle scored his third of the season and second of the match, again from outside the area. A draw was looking likely until [Oussama Assaidi](/wiki/Oussama_Assaidi \"Oussama Assaidi\") gave Stoke the full three points with a curling strike from 20 yards out to send Mourinho's men away empty\\-handed.{{cite web\\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Owen \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25164178 \\|title\\=Stoke City 3–2 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=7 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}}",
"Chelsea finished in first place in their [Champions League group](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage%23Group_E \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League group stage#Group E\") after beating Steaua București at Stamford Bridge through a solitary Demba Ba goal.{{cite news\\|last\\=Henson \\|first\\=Mike \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25303693 \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–0 Steaua Bucharest \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} They were then subsequently drawn to play [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._%28football%29 \"Galatasaray S.K. (football)\") in the first knockout round,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25389927 \\|title\\=Champions League: Manchester City to face Barcelona \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=16 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} meaning former legendary [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\") [Didier Drogba](/wiki/Didier_Drogba \"Didier Drogba\") will play Chelsea for the first time since leaving the club after the [2012 Champions League Final](/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\").{{cite web\\|last\\=McNulty \\|first\\=Phil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18044385 \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–1 Bayern Munich (aet, 4–3 pens) \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=19 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea edged passed [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") 2–1 following a sublime Ramires strike,{{cite web\\|last\\=Ornstein \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25275719 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–1 Crystal Palace \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=14 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} to move two points behind Arsenal after they lost 6–3 to Manchester City.",
"Chelsea travelled to the Stadium of Light for the second time in a month to face Sunderland in the quarter\\-final of the League Cup. Despite leading for most of the second half through a scrambled Frank Lampard finish (this goal was the first incident to require the use of hawk\\-eye technology in League Cup history) and barely being troubled by their opponents' attack, a late equaliser from former Chelsea man [Fabio Borini](/wiki/Fabio_Borini \"Fabio Borini\") pushed the game into extra time, where a 118th\\-minute winner from [Ki Sung\\-yueng](/wiki/Ki_Sung-yueng \"Ki Sung-yueng\") saw Chelsea dumped out of the [Capital One Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Cup \"2013–14 Football League Cup\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Lewis \\|first\\=Aimee \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25312545 \\|title\\=Sunderland 2–1 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=17 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} On 23 December, Chelsea faced a tough trip to Arsenal yet they came through it unscathed, drawing 0–0,{{cite news\\|last\\=McNulty \\|first\\=Phil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25395874 \\|title\\=Arsenal 0–0 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} keeping their first [clean sheet](/wiki/Clean_sheet \"Clean sheet\") since the 3–0 victory over West Ham. On Boxing Day, an Eden Hazard goal granted Mourinho's team a 1–0 win over [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. \"Swansea City A.F.C.\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Sanghera \\|first\\=Mandeep \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25442149 \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–0 Swansea City \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea's final game of 2013 ended in a superb victory over Liverpool. Despite going behind after three minutes, goals from Eden Hazard and Samuel Eto'o moved the Blues four points ahead of Liverpool and two points behind leaders Arsenal.{{cite news\\|last\\=Lewis \\|first\\=Aimee \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25482699 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–1 Liverpool \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of December\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=ARS\\|name\\_ARS\\=\\[\\[Arsenal F.C.\\|Arsenal]]\n\\|win\\_ARS\\=13\\|draw\\_ARS\\=3\\|loss\\_ARS\\=3\\|gf\\_ARS\\=37\\|ga\\_ARS\\=18\n\\|team2\\=MCI\\|name\\_MCI\\=\\[\\[Manchester City F.C.\\|Manchester City]]\n\\|win\\_MCI\\=13\\|draw\\_MCI\\=2\\|loss\\_MCI\\=4\\|gf\\_MCI\\=44\\|ga\\_MCI\\=11\n\\|team3\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=12\\|draw\\_CHL\\=4\\|loss\\_CHL\\=3\\|gf\\_CHL\\=35\\|ga\\_CHL\\=19\n\\|team4\\=EVE\\|name\\_EVE\\=\\[\\[Everton F.C.\\|Everton]]\n\\|win\\_EVE\\=10\\|draw\\_EVE\\=7\\|loss\\_EVE\\=2\\|gf\\_EVE\\=31\\|ga\\_EVE\\=18\n\\|team5\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=11\\|draw\\_LIV\\=3\\|loss\\_LIV\\=5\\|gf\\_LIV\\=44\\|ga\\_LIV\\=23\n\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### January",
"Chelsea kicked off 2014 with an impressively comfortable 0–3 away victory against this season's surprise package Southampton. Southampton kept Chelsea at bay until midway through the second half, when Mourinho made a double substitution, taking André Schürrle and Juan Mata off for Willian and Oscar, the latter of whose deflected cross was tapped by Fernando Torres in the 60th minute, and later scored himself in the 82nd minute following a good strike by Willian.",
"Unbeknownst to all, this would be Juan Mata's final Chelsea appearance, reacting angrily to his substitution in the 53rd minute following a mostly poor season, spending most of it on the bench. Over the course of two\\-and\\-a\\-half seasons, Mata made 135 appearances for Chelsea, scoring 33 goals and winning both the Champions League and the Europa League alongside the FA Cup following a highly successful spell at the club, winning the Chelsea the Player of the Year award in two consecutive seasons.",
"Chelsea began their 2014 FA Cup campaign with a comfortable 2–0 win against second\\-tier side [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\"), managed by former England coach [Steve McClaren](/wiki/Steve_McClaren \"Steve McClaren\"). Victory came courtesy of a rare John Obi Mikel goal, scoring his second of the season despite not having scored since 2007 before his goal against Fulham in October, followed by an Oscar goal 20 minutes from time that sealed the win. On 11 January, Chelsea won their fourth consecutive league game at the [KC Stadium](/wiki/KC_Stadium \"KC Stadium\") with a 0–2 win over [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\"), with goals from Hazard and Torres.",
"Chelsea made it five league wins on the trot with an impressive 3–1 home win against Manchester United on 19 January, with a Samuel Eto'o hat\\-trick making the difference. Chelsea progressed to the fifth round of the FA Cup with a 1–0 victory over [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\"), the winner being a superb Oscar free\\-kick in the first half. Chelsea, however, failed to complete a perfect January as they drew 0–0 to relegation candidates West Ham. Chelsea had 39 shots throughout the game yet failed to score, the first time since the [2003–04 Premier League](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Premier_League \"2003–04 Premier League\") season that this has happened.{{cite news\\|last\\=Chowdhury \\|first\\=Saj \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25838369 \\|title\\=Chelsea 0–0 West Ham United \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"On the final day of the [January Transfer Window](/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2013%E2%80%9314 \"List of English football transfers winter 2013–14\"), Chelsea signed French youngster [Kurt Zouma](/wiki/Kurt_Zouma \"Kurt Zouma\") for a reported £12 million from [Saint\\-Étienne](/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne \"AS Saint-Étienne\"). The defender was imminently loaned back to Saint\\-Étienne for the remainder of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25973862 \\|title\\=Transfer Deadline Day: Kurt Zouma joins Chelsea for £12m \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=31 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of January\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=MCI\\|name\\_MCI\\=\\[\\[Manchester City F.C.\\|Manchester City]]\n\\|win\\_MCI\\=17\\|draw\\_MCI\\=2\\|loss\\_MCI\\=4\\|gf\\_MCI\\=58\\|ga\\_MCI\\=16\n\\|team2\\=ARS\\|name\\_ARS\\=\\[\\[Arsenal F.C.\\|Arsenal]]\n\\|win\\_ARS\\=16\\|draw\\_ARS\\=4\\|loss\\_ARS\\=3\\|gf\\_ARS\\=45\\|ga\\_ARS\\=21\n\\|team3\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=15\\|draw\\_CHL\\=5\\|loss\\_CHL\\=3\\|gf\\_CHL\\=43\\|ga\\_CHL\\=20\n\\|team4\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=14\\|draw\\_LIV\\=4\\|loss\\_LIV\\=5\\|gf\\_LIV\\=57\\|ga\\_LIV\\=28\n\\|team5\\=TOT\\|name\\_TOT\\=\\[\\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\\|Tottenham Hotspur]]\n\\|win\\_TOT\\=13\\|draw\\_TOT\\=4\\|loss\\_TOT\\=6\\|gf\\_TOT\\=30\\|ga\\_TOT\\=31",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### February",
"Chelsea became the first Premier League team to defeat [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\") and the first team to stop them scoring at the [City of Manchester Stadium](/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium \"City of Manchester Stadium\") all season as a Branislav Ivanović scored after 32 minutes.{{cite news\\|last\\=McNulty \\|first\\=Phil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25908324 \\|title\\=Manchester City 0–1 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} City had scored 42 goals in 11 games and had not fail to score at home since [Birmingham City](/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C. \"Birmingham City F.C.\") held them to a 0–0 draw in November 2010\\.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/9177456\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Man City 0–0 Birmingham \\| date\\=13 November 2010}} Chelsea also became the first team to do the double over Manchester City since Everton in the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League \"2010–11 Premier League\"). The win moved Chelsea level on points with City, yet behind on goal difference, \\+41 to Chelsea's \\+24\\.",
"On 8 February, Chelsea defeated [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") at Stamford Bridge, 3–0\\. Eden Hazard scored his first hat\\-trick for Chelsea, which also saw them go to the top of the table.{{cite web\\|last\\=Rose \\|first\\=Gary \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25994877 \\|title\\=BBC Sport – Chelsea 3–0 Newcastle United \\|publisher\\=Bbc.com \\|date\\=8 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}\nChelsea's good February form stuttered as they slipped up to a draw [away](/wiki/The_Hawthorns \"The Hawthorns\") to West Brom{{cite web\\|last\\=Johnston \\|first\\=Neil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26027975 \\|title\\=West Bromwich Albion 1–1 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} and being knocked out of the [2013–14 FA Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Cup \"2013–14 FA Cup\") to Manchester City.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bevan \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26094105 \\|title\\=Manchester City 2–0 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=15 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Chelsea, however, ended February on a high, as a last minute Frank Lampard [free\\-kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick \"Direct free kick\") against Everton, 1–0, kept Chelsea top of the table.{{cite web\\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Owen \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26202633 \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–0 Everton \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} Additionally, Chelsea finished February in good form as they grabbed a 1–1 draw at [2013 Turkish Champions](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_S%C3%BCper_Lig \"2012–13 Süper Lig\") [Galatasaray](/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._%28football%29 \"Galatasaray S.K. (football)\"). Fernando Torres gave Chelsea a vital away goal, before an [Aurélien Chedjou](/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Chedjou \"Aurélien Chedjou\") goal pulled the [Turkish](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") club back into it.{{cite news\\|last\\=Jurejko \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26327314 \\|title\\=Galatasaray 1–1 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of February\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=18\\|draw\\_CHL\\=6\\|loss\\_CHL\\=3\\|gf\\_CHL\\=49\\|ga\\_CHL\\=21\n\\|team2\\=ARS\\|name\\_ARS\\=\\[\\[Arsenal F.C.\\|Arsenal]]\n\\|win\\_ARS\\=18\\|draw\\_ARS\\=5\\|loss\\_ARS\\=4\\|gf\\_ARS\\=52\\|ga\\_ARS\\=27\n\\|team3\\=MCI\\|name\\_MCI\\=\\[\\[Manchester City F.C.\\|Manchester City]]\n\\|win\\_MCI\\=18\\|draw\\_MCI\\=3\\|loss\\_MCI\\=5\\|gf\\_MCI\\=59\\|ga\\_MCI\\=17\n\\|team4\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=17\\|draw\\_LIV\\=5\\|loss\\_LIV\\=5\\|gf\\_LIV\\=70\\|ga\\_LIV\\=35\n\\|team5\\=TOT\\|name\\_TOT\\=\\[\\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\\|Tottenham Hotspur]]\n\\|win\\_TOT\\=15\\|draw\\_TOT\\=5\\|loss\\_TOT\\=7\\|gf\\_TOT\\=36\\|ga\\_TOT\\=33",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### March",
"Chelsea started March by defeating [West London rivals](/wiki/West_London_derby%23Chelsea_vs_Fulham_derby \"West London derby#Chelsea vs Fulham derby\") Fulham 1–3 away at [Craven Cottage](/wiki/Craven_Cottage \"Craven Cottage\"). In the match, André Schürrle grabbed a second\\-half hat\\-trick to move Chelsea four points ahead of both second\\-placed Liverpool and third\\-placed Arsenal.{{cite web\\|last\\=Wilkinson \\|first\\=Kerry \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26300995 \\|title\\=Fulham 1–3 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=1 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"One week later, Chelsea again triumphed in a [London derby](/wiki/London_derbies \"London derbies\"), defeating Tottenham 4–0 home. First, Samuel Eto'o capitalised on a mistake from Jan Vertonghen before [Younès Kaboul](/wiki/Youn%C3%A8s_Kaboul \"Younès Kaboul\") fouled the Cameroonian and was subsequently sent off, conceding a penalty that Eden Hazard converted. Spurs played the last 30 minutes with ten men, and in the last five minutes, Demba Ba scored twice to triple his goal tally for the season. The win moved Chelsea seven points ahead of second place with the other teams behind having played fewer games.{{cite web\\|last\\=Bevan \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26396251 \\|title\\=Chelsea 4–0 Tottenham Hotspur \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=8 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Chelsea's 14 Premier League unbeaten run came to an end at Aston Villa in controversial fashion. Willian was sent off after two debatable yellow cards, before [Fabian Delph](/wiki/Fabian_Delph \"Fabian Delph\") scored a superb winner for the Villains. Ramires, however, was sent off for a poor foul on [Karim El Ahmadi](/wiki/Karim_El_Ahmadi \"Karim El Ahmadi\") and Mourinho was subsequently sent to the stands for protesting the red card. Despite the loss, Chelsea still remained four points ahead of nearest rivals Liverpool in the standings.{{cite web\\|last\\=Sheringham \\|first\\=Sam \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26493266 \\|title\\=Aston Villa 1–0 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=15 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Three days later, Chelsea became the first English team to progress in the [Round of 16](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Round_of_16 \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Round of 16\") in the Champions League by defeating Galatasaray at Stamford Bridge. An early goal from Samuel Eto'o and a goal two minutes before half time from Gary Cahill sent the Blues to the [next round](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Quarter-finals \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Quarter-finals\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Magowan \\|first\\=Alistair \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26618172 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–0 Galatasaray (3–1 agg) \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=18 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Chelsea finished March in disappointment, as they succumbed to defeat at [Selhurst Park](/wiki/Selhurst_Park \"Selhurst Park\") against Crystal Palace, 1–0\\. John Terry scored an unfortunate own goal after 52 minutes as Chelsea lost top spot for the first time since the beginning of February.{{cite web\\|last\\=Phillips \\|first\\=Owen \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26694315 \\|title\\=Crystal Palace 1–0 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=29 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of March\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 2",
"\\|team2\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\=\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=21\\|draw\\_CHL\\=6\\|loss\\_CHL\\=5\\|gf\\_CHL\\=62\\|ga\\_CHL\\=24",
"\\|col\\_CLGS\\=\\#D0F0C0\\|text\\_CLGS\\=\\[\\[2014–15 UEFA Champions League\\#Group stage\\|2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage]]\n\\|result2\\=CLGS\n\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### April",
"Chelsea began April in poor fashion, as they lost 3–1 to [Paris Saint\\-Germain](/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. \"Paris Saint-Germain F.C.\") at the [Parc des Princes](/wiki/Parc_des_Princes \"Parc des Princes\"), leaving their 2013–14 Champions League hopes in the balance. [Ezequiel Lavezzi](/wiki/Ezequiel_Lavezzi \"Ezequiel Lavezzi\") gave PSG the lead after three minutes before Eden Hazard equalised from the penalty spot. An own goal from David Luiz, however, and a last minute goal from [Javier Pastore](/wiki/Javier_Pastore \"Javier Pastore\") will require of Chelsea to score a minimum of two goals at Stamford Bridge in the home leg.{{cite news\\|last\\=Henson \\|first\\=Mike \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26811631 \\|title\\=Paris St\\-Germain 3–1 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Chelsea moved back to the top of the table as they defeated Stoke City at Stamford Bridge. Goals from new signing Mohamed Salah, Frank Lampard and Willian gave the Blues all three points. Lampard's goal was his 250th of his career, having scored 210 for Chelsea, 39 for West Ham and one for Swansea.{{cite web\\|last\\=Magowan \\|first\\=Alistair \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26796970 \\|title\\=Chelsea 3–0 Stoke City \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=5 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"The second leg of the Champions League quarter\\-final ended in dramatic fashion, as a last minute goal from Demba Ba sent Chelsea through to the [semi\\-finals](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Semi-finals \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Semi-finals\") at the expense of PSG. Eden Hazard limped off early and was replaced by André Schürrle, who subsequently scored from a long throw\\-in after 32 minutes before Demba Ba's late goal secured Mourinho's unbeaten record in the Champions League quarter\\-final stage.{{cite web\\|last\\=McNulty \\|first\\=Phil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26914647 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–0 Paris St\\-Germain (3–3 agg) \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=8 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Ba scored his second goal in two games as Chelsea edged past ten\\-men Swansea 0–1 at the [Liberty Stadium](/wiki/Liberty_Stadium \"Liberty Stadium\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Westall \\|first\\=Rob \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26908679 \\|title\\=Swansea City 0–1 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Mourinho's superb unbeaten home record fell apart on 19 April as Sunderland defeated the Blues 1–2\\. Despite Samuel Eto'o's early goal, goals from [Connor Wickham](/wiki/Connor_Wickham \"Connor Wickham\") and a penalty from Fabio Borini left Chelsea five points behind league leaders Liverpool.{{cite web\\|last\\=Sheringham \\|first\\=Sam \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26999147 \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–2 Sunderland \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=19 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Despite a successful 0–0 draw at the [Vicente Calderón](/wiki/Vicente_Calder%C3%B3n_Stadium \"Vicente Calderón Stadium\") to [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\"), major injuries to goalkeeper Petr Čech and captain John Terry meant that Chelsea would finish the season without their captain and second vice\\-captain.{{cite web\\|last\\=Johnston \\|first\\=Neil \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27106937 \\|title\\=Atlético Madrid 0–0 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Ramires was given a four\\-match suspension for violent conduct during the Sunderland defeat and will subsequently miss the remainder of the season, as well as the first game of the [2014–15 Premier League](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Premier_League \"2014–15 Premier League\") season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27151054 \\|title\\=Chelsea: Ramires receives four\\-match ban for violent conduct \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=24 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Chelsea edged closer to Liverpool at the top of the table by defeating them 0–2 at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield \"Anfield\"). Demba Ba capitalised on a [Steven Gerrard](/wiki/Steven_Gerrard \"Steven Gerrard\") error to give the Blues the lead in first\\-half stoppage time before Fernando Torres broke away and set up Willian to send Chelsea two points behind Liverpool.{{cite news\\|last\\=Bevan \\|first\\=Chris \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27092978 \\|title\\=Liverpool 0–2 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"The Blues crashed out of the Champions League in the second leg of the [semi\\-finals](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Semi-finals \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Semi-finals\") to Atlético, 1–3\\. Fernando Torres gave Chelsea the lead before goals from [Adrián](/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez \"Adrián López\"), [Diego Costa](/wiki/Diego_Costa \"Diego Costa\") and [Arda Turan](/wiki/Arda_Turan \"Arda Turan\") gave Mourinho a sixth defeat in eight Champions League semi\\-final appearances.{{cite news\\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Ben \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27210847 \\|title\\=Chelsea 1–3 Atlético Madrid (agg 1–3\\) \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of April\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 2",
"\\|team2\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\=\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=24\\|draw\\_CHL\\=6\\|loss\\_CHL\\=6\\|gf\\_CHL\\=69\\|ga\\_CHL\\=26",
"\\|col\\_CLGS\\=\\#D0F0C0\\|text\\_CLGS\\=\\[\\[2014–15 UEFA Champions League\\#Group stage\\|2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage]]\n\\|result2\\=CLGS\n\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}\n### May",
"Chelsea all but lost the 2013–14 Premier League title after drawing 0–0 to Norwich in their penultimate game of the season, and their final league season game at home.{{cite news\\|last\\=Lewis \\|first\\=Aimee \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27176867 \\|title\\=Chelsea 0–0 Norwich City \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Despite a trophyless season for the first team, the [Chelsea Youth team](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy%23Academy_squad \"Chelsea F.C. Reserves and Academy#Academy squad\") won the [2013–14 FA Youth Cup](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FA_Youth_Cup \"2013–14 FA Youth Cup\"). A late [Dominic Solanke](/wiki/Dominic_Solanke \"Dominic Solanke\") brace helped the young Blues come from 3–2 down to defeat [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C._Academy \"Fulham F.C. Academy\") 7–6 on aggregate and secure their third title in five years.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27288435 \\|title\\=FA Youth Cup final: Chelsea beat Fulham 7–6 on aggregate \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=5 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"In the last league season game, Chelsea defeated already relegated Cardiff 1–2 at the Cardiff City Stadium, goals from André Schürrle and Fernando Torres helped the Blues come from behind to secure a third\\-place league finish.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27273463 \\|title\\=Cardiff City 1–2 Chelsea \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"Captain John Terry signed a new one\\-year with Chelsea, securing his services until the end of the 2014–15 Premier League season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27398675 \\|title\\=John Terry: Chelsea captain signs new one\\-year deal \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=13 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"**World Cup News**",
"Chelsea left back Ashley Cole retired from international football as he was subsequently left out of the [England squad](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") for the [2014 World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup \"2014 FIFA World Cup\") in Brazil. He been capped 107 times for the Three Lions and has represented his nation at three World Cups.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27368711 \\|title\\=Ashley Cole quits England duty after World Cup omission \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=11 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} Frank Lampard and Gary Cahill, however, were both selected by [Roy Hodgson](/wiki/Roy_Hodgson \"Roy Hodgson\") for the England squad.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27362447 \\|title\\=World Cup 2014: England name Ross Barkley in squad \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=12 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}}",
"While Christian Atsu was called up for the 26\\-man provisional squad for [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team \"Ghana national football team\"){{cite web\\|last\\=Oti \\|first\\=Michael \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27374745 \\|title\\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Ghana omit Jeffrey Schlupp from final squad \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=1 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} and [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team \"Cameroon national football team\") captain Samuel Eto'o was also called up.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27374746 \\|title\\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Idrissou dropped from Cameroon \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} Quartet David Luiz, Oscar, Ramires and Willian were selected for the [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team \"Brazil national football team\") final 23{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27312691 \\|title\\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Kaka and Robinho omitted from Brazil squad \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=3 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} and midfielder André Schürrle was also selected for [Germany](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team \"Germany national football team\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27326808 \\|title\\=BBC Sport – World Cup 2014: Miroslav Klose confirmed in Germany squad \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2014}} which would eventually won the tournament.",
"{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of May\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 3",
"\\|team3\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\=\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=25\\|draw\\_CHL\\=7\\|loss\\_CHL\\=6\\|gf\\_CHL\\=71\\|ga\\_CHL\\=27",
"\\|col\\_CLGS\\=\\#D0F0C0\\|text\\_CLGS\\=\\[\\[2014–15 UEFA Champions League\\#Group stage\\|2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage]]\n\\|result3\\=CLGS\n\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
""
] |
### August
On 1 August, Chelsea announced that senior reserve goalkeeper Henrique Hilário had signed a new one\-year deal after his contract had expired in June.["New deal for Hilario"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3333802/title/new-deal-for-hilario) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901094017/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3333802/title/new\-deal\-for\-hilario \|date\=1 September 2013 }}. Chelsea F.C. 1 August 2013\. Retrieved 22 January 2014\. Another youngster was signed, teenage Croatian striker [Stipe Perica](/wiki/Stipe_Perica "Stipe Perica"). Eighteen\-year\-old defender [Nathan Aké](/wiki/Nathan_Ak%C3%A9 "Nathan Aké") signed a new five\-year contract with Chelsea, he made six appearances for the Blues last season.
Chelsea recorded a comfortable 2–0 victory over [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") in Round 1 of prestige exhibition tournament the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/International_Champions_Cup "International Champions Cup") on 1 August in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis"). Chelsea registered another win in their Round 2 fixture three days later on 4 August, once again a comfortable 2–0 victory, this time over Internazionale's cross\-town rivals [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") in New York City. On 7 August, Chelsea lost their perfect pre\-season record after they were defeated in the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/2013_International_Champions_Cup "2013 International Champions Cup") final by Real Madrid in [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami"), losing 3–1\.{{cite news\|author\=Friendly Match \|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/live/match/300010 \|title\=R Madrid v Chelsea – 8th Aug 2013 \| Report \| Friendly Match \| Sky Sports Football \|publisher\=.skysports.com \|date\=8 August 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea won their final game of pre\-season in a 2–1 victory over [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma "A.S. Roma") in Washington, D.C., on 10 August. This marked the end of a largely successful pre\-season for Chelsea, registering wins over Italian top flight opposition in Inter, Milan and Roma, while comfortably defeating three Asian sides.
Yet again, more youngsters were sent on loan and in keeping with Chelsea's special relationship with Vitesse, newly signed [Chilean](/wiki/Chile "Chile") youngster Cristián Cuevas and [Lucas Piazon](/wiki/Lucas_Piazon "Lucas Piazon") were sent on loan to the Dutch side{{cite news\|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/news/11668/8859164/chelsea\-teenager\-cristian\-cuevas\-joins\-vitesse\-arnhem\-on\-one\-year\-loan \|title\=Chelsea teenager Cristian Cuevas joins Vitesse Arnhem on one\-year loan \| Football News \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} while [Jhon Pírez](/wiki/Jhon_P%C3%ADrez "Jhon Pírez") will spend another season out on loan at third division Spanish outfit [Leganés](/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s "CD Leganés"). Promising young full\-back [Wallace](/wiki/Wallace_Oliveira_dos_Santos "Wallace Oliveira dos Santos") was sent on loan to Inter Milan and newly signed striker Stipe Perica joined [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda "NAC Breda").
On 18 August, Mourinho won his "second" first competitive game in charge of Chelsea with a 2–0 victory over [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C."). Despite [Frank Lampard](/wiki/Frank_Lampard "Frank Lampard")'s early penalty miss, [Oscar](/wiki/Oscar_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 "Oscar (footballer, born 1991)") gave Chelsea the lead, poking the ball under the onrushing [Allan McGregor](/wiki/Allan_McGregor "Allan McGregor") after a sumptuous passing move. A superb 35\-yard free kick from Lampard sealed the win before the half\-hour. The victory meant that Mourinho's Chelsea were unbeaten at Stamford Bridge in 61 league games.{{cite news\|last\=Ornstein \|first\=David \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23653975 \|title\=Chelsea 2–0 Hull City \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea continued their strong home form under Mourinho with a narrow 2–1 win over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") on 21 August. An own goal by [Antonio Luna](/wiki/Antonio_Luna_%28footballer%29 "Antonio Luna (footballer)") opened the scoring after [Brad Guzan](/wiki/Brad_Guzan "Brad Guzan")'s save from an Eden Hazard shot rebounded off of him and into the net. Villa later equalised through a quickfire shot from [Christian Benteke](/wiki/Christian_Benteke "Christian Benteke") inside Petr Čech's near post, but after 73 minutes, [Branislav Ivanović](/wiki/Branislav_Ivanovi%C4%87 "Branislav Ivanović") connected with Lampard's [free kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick "Direct free kick") to head home the winner.{{cite web\|last\=Monaghan \|first\=Matt \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23691551 \|title\=Chelsea 2–1 Aston Villa \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=21 August 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} On 28 August, it was confirmed that Chelsea had signed [Willian](/wiki/Willian_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 "Willian (footballer, born 1988)") for £30 million from [Anzhi Makhachkala](/wiki/FC_Anzhi_Makhachkala "FC Anzhi Makhachkala"). It was reported that [Roman Abramovich](/wiki/Roman_Abramovich "Roman Abramovich") used his Russian connections and called the Anzhi owner to convince him to join, even though he had already completed a medical for [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.").
In their final game before their [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup "UEFA Super Cup") clash with Bayern Munich, Chelsea were held by [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") to a dour 0–0 draw at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford") on 26 August. Just before Chelsea were drawn in the [2013–14 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League "2013–14 UEFA Champions League") group stage, they announced the signing of [Samuel Eto'o](/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o "Samuel Eto'o") from Anzhi in a deal believed to be around £2 million.{{cite news\|title\=Eto'o signs\|url\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3441538\|publisher\=Chelsea F.C.\|date\=29 August 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081537/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\-article/article/3441538\|archive\-date\=31 August 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier\-league/10264473/Chelsea\-seal\-deal\-for\-Samuel\-Etoo\-as\-Jose\-Mourinho\-decides\-to\-wait\-for\-Manchester\-Uniteds\-Wayne\-Rooney.html\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|title\=Chelsea seal deal for Samuel Eto'o as José Mourinho decides to wait for Manchester United's Wayne Rooney\|date\=24 August 2013\|access\-date\=22 January 2014\|location\=London\|first\=Jason\|last\=Burt}} Chelsea were drawn in [Group E](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Group_E "2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Group E") alongside [Schalke 04](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 "FC Schalke 04"), [Basel](/wiki/FC_Basel "FC Basel") and [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua București"). Last season, Chelsea defeated Steaua and Basel on their way to the [2012–13 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League "2012–13 UEFA Europa League") title.
On 30 August, Chelsea were beaten in the [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup "UEFA Super Cup") by Bayern Munich on penalties at the [Eden Arena](/wiki/Eden_Arena "Eden Arena") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"). The match was a tense encounter largely dominated by Bayern, but Chelsea were dangerous on the break, opening the scoring through a fantastic strike from [Fernando Torres](/wiki/Fernando_Torres "Fernando Torres"), who was set up by André Schürrle, who had received the ball from Eden Hazard following a mazy run. Bayern equalised through a sweetly struck shot by [Franck Ribéry](/wiki/Franck_Rib%C3%A9ry "Franck Ribéry") inside Petr Čech's near post. With five minutes left, [Ramires](/wiki/Ramires "Ramires") was sent off for a second bookable offence leaving Chelsea to face extra\-time with ten men.{{cite web\|author\=Emlyn Begley \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23869699 \|title\=Europa League as it happened \| publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=29 August 2013\|access\-date\=23 January 2014}} Early in the first half of extra\-time, Hazard put Chelsea ahead after beating two Bayern defenders and wrong\-footing [Manuel Neuer](/wiki/Manuel_Neuer "Manuel Neuer"). Chelsea managed to hold on until the final five seconds after spending much of extra\-time camped in their own 18\-yard box, but [Javi Martínez](/wiki/Javi_Mart%C3%ADnez "Javi Martínez") broke their hearts putting the ball past Čech after a deflection carried it into his path. During the penalty shoot\-out, all the players on both sides scored their penalties up until Chelsea's final penalty taker, [Romelu Lukaku](/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku "Romelu Lukaku"), hit a tame penalty that was saved by Neuer, thus sealing the win for Bayern.{{cite web\|title\=Bayern defeat Chelsea on penalties in Super Cup\| date\=30 August 2013 \|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/season\=2013/matches/round\=2000456/match\=2012139/postmatch/report/index.html\#bayern\+lift\+super\+cup\|publisher\=UEFA\|access\-date\=31 August 2013}}
{{\#invoke:sports table\|main\|style\=WDL
\|title\=Position at the end of August
\|res\_col\_header\=Q
\|highest\_pos \= 1
\|team1\=CHL\|name\_CHL\='''\[\[Chelsea F.C.\|Chelsea]]'''
\|win\_CHL\=2\|draw\_CHL\=1\|loss\_CHL\=0\|gf\_CHL\=4\|ga\_CHL\=1
\|team2\=MCI\|name\_MCI\=\[\[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]
\|win\_MCI\=2\|draw\_MCI\=0\|loss\_MCI\=1\|gf\_MCI\=8\|ga\_MCI\=3
\|team3\=LIV\|name\_LIV\=\[\[Liverpool F.C.\|Liverpool]]
\|win\_LIV\=2\|draw\_LIV\=0\|loss\_LIV\=0\|gf\_LIV\=2\|ga\_LIV\=0
\|team4\=TOT\|name\_TOT\=\[\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\|Tottenham Hotspur]]
\|win\_TOT\=2\|draw\_TOT\=0\|loss\_TOT\=0\|gf\_TOT\=2\|ga\_TOT\=0
\|team5\=STO\|name\_STO\=\[\[Stoke City F.C.\|Stoke City]]
\|win\_STO\=2\|draw\_STO\=0\|loss\_STO\=1\|gf\_STO\=3\|ga\_STO\=2
\|update\=complete\|source\=
}}
|
[
"### August",
"On 1 August, Chelsea announced that senior reserve goalkeeper Henrique Hilário had signed a new one\\-year deal after his contract had expired in June.[\"New deal for Hilario\"](http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/3333802/title/new-deal-for-hilario) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901094017/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3333802/title/new\\-deal\\-for\\-hilario \\|date\\=1 September 2013 }}. Chelsea F.C. 1 August 2013\\. Retrieved 22 January 2014\\. Another youngster was signed, teenage Croatian striker [Stipe Perica](/wiki/Stipe_Perica \"Stipe Perica\"). Eighteen\\-year\\-old defender [Nathan Aké](/wiki/Nathan_Ak%C3%A9 \"Nathan Aké\") signed a new five\\-year contract with Chelsea, he made six appearances for the Blues last season.",
"Chelsea recorded a comfortable 2–0 victory over [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") in Round 1 of prestige exhibition tournament the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/International_Champions_Cup \"International Champions Cup\") on 1 August in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\"). Chelsea registered another win in their Round 2 fixture three days later on 4 August, once again a comfortable 2–0 victory, this time over Internazionale's cross\\-town rivals [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") in New York City. On 7 August, Chelsea lost their perfect pre\\-season record after they were defeated in the [International Champions Cup](/wiki/2013_International_Champions_Cup \"2013 International Champions Cup\") final by Real Madrid in [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\"), losing 3–1\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Friendly Match \\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/live/match/300010 \\|title\\=R Madrid v Chelsea – 8th Aug 2013 \\| Report \\| Friendly Match \\| Sky Sports Football \\|publisher\\=.skysports.com \\|date\\=8 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea won their final game of pre\\-season in a 2–1 victory over [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma \"A.S. Roma\") in Washington, D.C., on 10 August. This marked the end of a largely successful pre\\-season for Chelsea, registering wins over Italian top flight opposition in Inter, Milan and Roma, while comfortably defeating three Asian sides.",
"Yet again, more youngsters were sent on loan and in keeping with Chelsea's special relationship with Vitesse, newly signed [Chilean](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") youngster Cristián Cuevas and [Lucas Piazon](/wiki/Lucas_Piazon \"Lucas Piazon\") were sent on loan to the Dutch side{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/news/11668/8859164/chelsea\\-teenager\\-cristian\\-cuevas\\-joins\\-vitesse\\-arnhem\\-on\\-one\\-year\\-loan \\|title\\=Chelsea teenager Cristian Cuevas joins Vitesse Arnhem on one\\-year loan \\| Football News \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} while [Jhon Pírez](/wiki/Jhon_P%C3%ADrez \"Jhon Pírez\") will spend another season out on loan at third division Spanish outfit [Leganés](/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s \"CD Leganés\"). Promising young full\\-back [Wallace](/wiki/Wallace_Oliveira_dos_Santos \"Wallace Oliveira dos Santos\") was sent on loan to Inter Milan and newly signed striker Stipe Perica joined [NAC Breda](/wiki/NAC_Breda \"NAC Breda\").",
"On 18 August, Mourinho won his \"second\" first competitive game in charge of Chelsea with a 2–0 victory over [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\"). Despite [Frank Lampard](/wiki/Frank_Lampard \"Frank Lampard\")'s early penalty miss, [Oscar](/wiki/Oscar_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 \"Oscar (footballer, born 1991)\") gave Chelsea the lead, poking the ball under the onrushing [Allan McGregor](/wiki/Allan_McGregor \"Allan McGregor\") after a sumptuous passing move. A superb 35\\-yard free kick from Lampard sealed the win before the half\\-hour. The victory meant that Mourinho's Chelsea were unbeaten at Stamford Bridge in 61 league games.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ornstein \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23653975 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–0 Hull City \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Chelsea continued their strong home form under Mourinho with a narrow 2–1 win over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") on 21 August. An own goal by [Antonio Luna](/wiki/Antonio_Luna_%28footballer%29 \"Antonio Luna (footballer)\") opened the scoring after [Brad Guzan](/wiki/Brad_Guzan \"Brad Guzan\")'s save from an Eden Hazard shot rebounded off of him and into the net. Villa later equalised through a quickfire shot from [Christian Benteke](/wiki/Christian_Benteke \"Christian Benteke\") inside Petr Čech's near post, but after 73 minutes, [Branislav Ivanović](/wiki/Branislav_Ivanovi%C4%87 \"Branislav Ivanović\") connected with Lampard's [free kick](/wiki/Direct_free_kick \"Direct free kick\") to head home the winner.{{cite web\\|last\\=Monaghan \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23691551 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2–1 Aston Villa \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=21 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} On 28 August, it was confirmed that Chelsea had signed [Willian](/wiki/Willian_%28footballer%2C_born_1988%29 \"Willian (footballer, born 1988)\") for £30 million from [Anzhi Makhachkala](/wiki/FC_Anzhi_Makhachkala \"FC Anzhi Makhachkala\"). It was reported that [Roman Abramovich](/wiki/Roman_Abramovich \"Roman Abramovich\") used his Russian connections and called the Anzhi owner to convince him to join, even though he had already completed a medical for [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\").",
"In their final game before their [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup \"UEFA Super Cup\") clash with Bayern Munich, Chelsea were held by [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") to a dour 0–0 draw at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") on 26 August. Just before Chelsea were drawn in the [2013–14 UEFA Champions League](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League\") group stage, they announced the signing of [Samuel Eto'o](/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o \"Samuel Eto'o\") from Anzhi in a deal believed to be around £2 million.{{cite news\\|title\\=Eto'o signs\\|url\\=http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3441538\\|publisher\\=Chelsea F.C.\\|date\\=29 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081537/http://www.chelseafc.com/news\\-article/article/3441538\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier\\-league/10264473/Chelsea\\-seal\\-deal\\-for\\-Samuel\\-Etoo\\-as\\-Jose\\-Mourinho\\-decides\\-to\\-wait\\-for\\-Manchester\\-Uniteds\\-Wayne\\-Rooney.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|title\\=Chelsea seal deal for Samuel Eto'o as José Mourinho decides to wait for Manchester United's Wayne Rooney\\|date\\=24 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2014\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Burt}} Chelsea were drawn in [Group E](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League%23Group_E \"2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Group E\") alongside [Schalke 04](/wiki/FC_Schalke_04 \"FC Schalke 04\"), [Basel](/wiki/FC_Basel \"FC Basel\") and [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua București\"). Last season, Chelsea defeated Steaua and Basel on their way to the [2012–13 UEFA Europa League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League \"2012–13 UEFA Europa League\") title.",
"On 30 August, Chelsea were beaten in the [UEFA Super Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup \"UEFA Super Cup\") by Bayern Munich on penalties at the [Eden Arena](/wiki/Eden_Arena \"Eden Arena\") in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"). The match was a tense encounter largely dominated by Bayern, but Chelsea were dangerous on the break, opening the scoring through a fantastic strike from [Fernando Torres](/wiki/Fernando_Torres \"Fernando Torres\"), who was set up by André Schürrle, who had received the ball from Eden Hazard following a mazy run. Bayern equalised through a sweetly struck shot by [Franck Ribéry](/wiki/Franck_Rib%C3%A9ry \"Franck Ribéry\") inside Petr Čech's near post. With five minutes left, [Ramires](/wiki/Ramires \"Ramires\") was sent off for a second bookable offence leaving Chelsea to face extra\\-time with ten men.{{cite web\\|author\\=Emlyn Begley \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23869699 \\|title\\=Europa League as it happened \\| publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=29 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2014}} Early in the first half of extra\\-time, Hazard put Chelsea ahead after beating two Bayern defenders and wrong\\-footing [Manuel Neuer](/wiki/Manuel_Neuer \"Manuel Neuer\"). Chelsea managed to hold on until the final five seconds after spending much of extra\\-time camped in their own 18\\-yard box, but [Javi Martínez](/wiki/Javi_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Javi Martínez\") broke their hearts putting the ball past Čech after a deflection carried it into his path. During the penalty shoot\\-out, all the players on both sides scored their penalties up until Chelsea's final penalty taker, [Romelu Lukaku](/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku \"Romelu Lukaku\"), hit a tame penalty that was saved by Neuer, thus sealing the win for Bayern.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bayern defeat Chelsea on penalties in Super Cup\\| date\\=30 August 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/season\\=2013/matches/round\\=2000456/match\\=2012139/postmatch/report/index.html\\#bayern\\+lift\\+super\\+cup\\|publisher\\=UEFA\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2013}}\n{{\\#invoke:sports table\\|main\\|style\\=WDL\n\\|title\\=Position at the end of August\n\\|res\\_col\\_header\\=Q",
"\\|highest\\_pos \\= 1\n\\|team1\\=CHL\\|name\\_CHL\\='''\\[\\[Chelsea F.C.\\|Chelsea]]'''\n\\|win\\_CHL\\=2\\|draw\\_CHL\\=1\\|loss\\_CHL\\=0\\|gf\\_CHL\\=4\\|ga\\_CHL\\=1\n\\|team2\\=MCI\\|name\\_MCI\\=\\[\\[Manchester City F.C.\\|Manchester City]]\n\\|win\\_MCI\\=2\\|draw\\_MCI\\=0\\|loss\\_MCI\\=1\\|gf\\_MCI\\=8\\|ga\\_MCI\\=3\n\\|team3\\=LIV\\|name\\_LIV\\=\\[\\[Liverpool F.C.\\|Liverpool]]\n\\|win\\_LIV\\=2\\|draw\\_LIV\\=0\\|loss\\_LIV\\=0\\|gf\\_LIV\\=2\\|ga\\_LIV\\=0\n\\|team4\\=TOT\\|name\\_TOT\\=\\[\\[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\\|Tottenham Hotspur]]\n\\|win\\_TOT\\=2\\|draw\\_TOT\\=0\\|loss\\_TOT\\=0\\|gf\\_TOT\\=2\\|ga\\_TOT\\=0\n\\|team5\\=STO\\|name\\_STO\\=\\[\\[Stoke City F.C.\\|Stoke City]]\n\\|win\\_STO\\=2\\|draw\\_STO\\=0\\|loss\\_STO\\=1\\|gf\\_STO\\=3\\|ga\\_STO\\=2",
"\\|update\\=complete\\|source\\=\n}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Schmidt was born in the town of Eutin to his father Carl Friedrich Schmidt, a [glazier](/wiki/Glazier "Glazier") and his mother Maria Elisabeth Quirling. He went to school at a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 "Gymnasium (school)") in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), where he impressed with his sense of form and drawing abilities and demonstrated a strong interest in science.{{Cite ADB\|31\|768\|770\|Julius Schmidt\|\[\[Siegmund Günther]]\|ADB:Schmidt, Julius}} In the autumn of 1839, during an auction in his hometown, he stumbled upon a copy of [Schröter's](/wiki/Johann_Hieronymus_Schr%C3%B6ter "Johann Hieronymus Schröter") book, *Selenotopographische Fragmente*. As Schmidt himself put it,
“*The sight of numerous illustrations of shadow\-casting mountains and craters made such a strong and lasting impression that it determined the main direction of my later life.”*{{Cite book \|last\=Schmidt \|first\=Johann Friedrich Julius \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iYgfAAAAYAAJ \|title\=Charte der Gebirge des Mondes nach eigenen Beobachtungen in den jahren 1840\-1874 \|date\=1878 \|publisher\=In Commission bei D. Reimer \|pages\=4–10 \|language\=de}}
Prior to this, 14\-year\-old Schmidt had been interested in botany and zoology for a while. He could not make the decision to switch careers until he could see for himself what a sight the Moon would grant when viewed through a telescope. That wish was fulfilled when his father made him a "small, very good" telescope which Schmidt used to look at the Moon. Leaning against a lamppost, he recognized the rays of Tycho and immediately made his first attempt at drawing the crater and ray system. This telescope could only magnify 10x, however, the [objective](/wiki/Objective_%28optics%29 "Objective (optics)") was ground according to "Dollond's principle", meaning it was [achromatic](/wiki/Achromatic_lens "Achromatic lens").
Reading Schröter's work and drawing the Moon became his main occupation, and it was not long until Schmidt devised a [tripod](/wiki/Tripod "Tripod") for the telescope, which could go in both up\-down and left\-right motions. Although the execution was rough, the wooden mount made it much easier for him to continue lunar observations. Now he started drawing entire phases, not considering the [libration](/wiki/Libration "Libration") but paying attention to the shadows. Thus passed by 1840, with Schmidt's habits making him neglect school.
In the spring of 1841, Hellwag, a government councilor who was well experienced in astronomy, noticed his efforts. Hellwag asked Hofrath Voss, the son of the well known Eutin school rector, to entrust Schmidt with a 1200mm focal length Dollond telescope which Schmidt found to be very sharp, approximating the magnification to be 15\-20x. He saw the bands of [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter"), [Saturn's rings](/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn "Rings of Saturn") and a [crescent Venus](/wiki/Phases_of_Venus "Phases of Venus") for the first time with it.
In July 1841, the Hamburg Gymnasium made a visit to the [Altona Observatory](/wiki/Altona_Observatory "Altona Observatory"), where Schmidt looked through a larger telescope for the first time and became acquainted with the well\-known map of the Moon made by [Wilhelm Beer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer "Wilhelm Beer") and [Johann Heinrich Mädler](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler "Johann Heinrich Mädler"). Dr. Petersen showed him the craters [Gassendi](/wiki/Gassendi_%28crater%29 "Gassendi (crater)") and [Bullialdus](/wiki/Bullialdus_%28crater%29 "Bullialdus (crater)").
[Rümker](/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Christian_R%C3%BCmker "Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker") taught him the fundamentals of astronomical observation and let him use various telescopes from 1842 to 1845\. In 1843, he made his first contribution to [Astronomische Nachrichten](/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten "Astronomische Nachrichten"), about the Sun and variable stars, with many more to follow.
[left\|thumb\|255x255px\|A photo of Julius Schmidt](/wiki/File:JF_Julius_Schmidt.png "JF Julius Schmidt.png")
### Benzenberg's assistant
In 1845, he obtained a position as an assistant at [Johann Friedrich Benzenberg](/wiki/Johann_Benzenberg "Johann Benzenberg")'s private observatory in Bilk near [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf"), being tasked to with naked eye objects such as meteors, and searching for possible objects closer to the Sun than Mercury. However, the telescope made available to him was practically a low power terrestrial telescope, and the larger instrument was kept under a lock and key, as to prevent 20 year old Schmidt from damaging its "outer looks and splendor".
Here, he confined himself to drawing parts of the lunar landscape instead of the entire face, using the method of drawing the same area under different lighting conditions or sun angles, the same one Schröter used. The drawing of entire phases was stopped from this point forward.
[thumb\|204x204px\|Field Columbian Museum Moon Model, made by Julius Schmidt and Thomas Dickert in 1854](/wiki/File:Field_Columbian_Museum_Moon_Model_%283348870671%29.jpg "Field Columbian Museum Moon Model (3348870671).jpg")
### Years 1846 – 1858
A year later, after Benzenberg died, he joined the [Bonn Observatory](/wiki/Hoher_List_Observatory "Hoher List Observatory") under [Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander](/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Argelander "Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander"). Here, Schmidt measured the visual magnitudes and positions for Hora V of the Berlin Academy of Sciences star chart and catalogue project.{{Cite book \|author\=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin \|url\=https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/779783966 \|title\=Akademische Sternkarten für den Gürtel des Himmels von 15° südlicher bis 15° nördlicher Abweichung \|date\=1859 \|publisher\= F. Dümmler's Verlags\-Buchhandlung \|page\=xii}} He was not able to continue observing the Moon due to his job, but he still obtained numerous valuable drawings, and when he did not, what was seen was preserved in writing. He left Bonn in May of 1853 due to ill health. He received an honorary doctorate from Bonn in 1868\.
From 1853 to 1858 he was director of Baron von Unkrechtsberg's private observatory at Olmütz (today [Olomouc](/wiki/Olomouc "Olomouc"), [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic")), where he made only a few drawings, but undertook micrometric measurements of its mountains to further increase the knowledge of the Moon.
### Work at Athens Observatory
In 1858, [Simon Sinas](/wiki/Simon_Sinas "Simon Sinas") made a proposal for Schmidt to come to [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") and become the director of the Athens Observatory (now known as [National Observatory of Athens](/wiki/National_Observatory_of_Athens "National Observatory of Athens")). Accepting the offer would bring him a good salary, freedom to do the research he wants to do and a site with a large amount of clear nights per year. The decision was his, as Schmidt never married, so on December 2, he chose to accept the offer. The degraded state of the observatory forbid observation. It was not until November 1859 that it was in a usable state, after a year of repairs requested by Schmidt, though the restoration was entirely completed in 1861\.
**The observatory's instruments at the time included:**
* *a 158mm aperture f/15 achromatic refracting telescope restored by [Plössl](/wiki/Simon_Pl%C3%B6ssl "Simon Plössl")*
* *a 94mm aperture [meridian circle](/wiki/Meridian_circle "Meridian circle")*
* *five small telescopes for comets*
* *two [chronometers](/wiki/Chronometer_watch "Chronometer watch"); one for mean time and another for sidereal time*
* *two [barometers](/wiki/Barometer "Barometer")*
* *other meteorological instruments*
When the air was stable enough, he drew while using an eyepiece that provides 300x magnification in combination with the large observatory telescope. Only in very rare cases could he use an eyepiece of 500x magnification. He ran systematic studies on not only the Moon but also sunspots, color of stars, variable stars, meteors, comets, Saturn's rings, eclipses, twilight, zodiacal light, nebulas, weather, seismic activity, rotational period and diameters of the major planets and satellites of the gas giants.
In 1866 he made the astonishing claim that [Linné crater](/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_%28crater%29 "Linné (crater)") had considerably changed its appearance, which began a controversy that continued for many decades. Coming from such a careful lifelong observer, the claim carried some weight; however, the claim is generally considered unproven. Schmidt may have been biased by his volcano observations taken place during the same year.{{Cite book \|last\=Schmidt \|first\=J. F. Julius \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1160901807 \|title\=The Moon : a Translation of der Mond \|date\=2020 \|publisher\=Springer \|others\=Stephen Harvey \|isbn\=978\-3\-030\-37269\-9 \|location\=Cham \|oclc\=1160901807}}
He spent over two years on the first draft of his great Moon map encompassing the entirety of the lunar surface, gradually entering the results of his more recent observations from Athens, when he realized continuing this undertaking would not end well. The dimensions of the initial four quadrants were too large to capture the detail he hoped for with the necessary precision. Even disregarding this, having such large plates engraved in copper would have been very difficult to execute. He had to accept these facts and discarded the work in April 1867\. He chose Lohrmann's divisions for the second attempt, using 25 sections to cover the entirety of the Moon.
*Charte der Gebirge des Mondes*, as it is known, was finished in 1874\. Julius Schmidt presented the chart at the Berlin Observatory in December of that year. This was the first map of the Moon to surpass the celebrated Mappa Selenographica of Beer and Mädler.
On 24 November 1876, he discovered Nova Cygni, also known as [Q Cygni](/wiki/Q_Cygni "Q Cygni").
In 1878, Schmidt also edited and published all 25 sections of a moon map by [Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann](/wiki/Wilhelm_Gotthelf_Lohrmann "Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann"). Lohrmann had completed his map in 1836 but had died in 1840; only the first four sections of the map had been published in 1824\. Schmidt was awarded the [Valz Prize](/wiki/Valz_Prize "Valz Prize") from the [French Academy of Sciences](/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences "French Academy of Sciences") in recognition of this [selenographic](/wiki/Selenography "Selenography") work.{{cite journal \|date\=1884 \|title\=Notes: Dr. Julius Schmidt \|url\=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1884Obs.....7\..117\./0000118\.000\.html \|journal\=The Observatory \|volume\=7 \|pages\=118–119 \|bibcode\=1884Obs.....7\..117\.}}
### Death
Due to age and distance between his home and the observatory, he stopped regularly working there from 1871 onwards. He asked the Berlin Academy of Sciences to provide him with a small telescope on an equatorial mount, so he could continue astronomical observations from his house. Schmidt's wish was granted.
He died unexpectedly on February 7, 1884, due to heart problems. Just the day before, he had been attending a social event at the German Embassy. When he passed, the King and Queen of Greece, professors, students and thousands of Greek citizens attended the funeral oration at his observatory. Julius Schmidt was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. He was only 58 years old.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Schmidt was born in the town of Eutin to his father Carl Friedrich Schmidt, a [glazier](/wiki/Glazier \"Glazier\") and his mother Maria Elisabeth Quirling. He went to school at a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), where he impressed with his sense of form and drawing abilities and demonstrated a strong interest in science.{{Cite ADB\\|31\\|768\\|770\\|Julius Schmidt\\|\\[\\[Siegmund Günther]]\\|ADB:Schmidt, Julius}} In the autumn of 1839, during an auction in his hometown, he stumbled upon a copy of [Schröter's](/wiki/Johann_Hieronymus_Schr%C3%B6ter \"Johann Hieronymus Schröter\") book, *Selenotopographische Fragmente*. As Schmidt himself put it,",
"“*The sight of numerous illustrations of shadow\\-casting mountains and craters made such a strong and lasting impression that it determined the main direction of my later life.”*{{Cite book \\|last\\=Schmidt \\|first\\=Johann Friedrich Julius \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iYgfAAAAYAAJ \\|title\\=Charte der Gebirge des Mondes nach eigenen Beobachtungen in den jahren 1840\\-1874 \\|date\\=1878 \\|publisher\\=In Commission bei D. Reimer \\|pages\\=4–10 \\|language\\=de}}",
"Prior to this, 14\\-year\\-old Schmidt had been interested in botany and zoology for a while. He could not make the decision to switch careers until he could see for himself what a sight the Moon would grant when viewed through a telescope. That wish was fulfilled when his father made him a \"small, very good\" telescope which Schmidt used to look at the Moon. Leaning against a lamppost, he recognized the rays of Tycho and immediately made his first attempt at drawing the crater and ray system. This telescope could only magnify 10x, however, the [objective](/wiki/Objective_%28optics%29 \"Objective (optics)\") was ground according to \"Dollond's principle\", meaning it was [achromatic](/wiki/Achromatic_lens \"Achromatic lens\").",
"Reading Schröter's work and drawing the Moon became his main occupation, and it was not long until Schmidt devised a [tripod](/wiki/Tripod \"Tripod\") for the telescope, which could go in both up\\-down and left\\-right motions. Although the execution was rough, the wooden mount made it much easier for him to continue lunar observations. Now he started drawing entire phases, not considering the [libration](/wiki/Libration \"Libration\") but paying attention to the shadows. Thus passed by 1840, with Schmidt's habits making him neglect school.",
"In the spring of 1841, Hellwag, a government councilor who was well experienced in astronomy, noticed his efforts. Hellwag asked Hofrath Voss, the son of the well known Eutin school rector, to entrust Schmidt with a 1200mm focal length Dollond telescope which Schmidt found to be very sharp, approximating the magnification to be 15\\-20x. He saw the bands of [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\"), [Saturn's rings](/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn \"Rings of Saturn\") and a [crescent Venus](/wiki/Phases_of_Venus \"Phases of Venus\") for the first time with it.",
"In July 1841, the Hamburg Gymnasium made a visit to the [Altona Observatory](/wiki/Altona_Observatory \"Altona Observatory\"), where Schmidt looked through a larger telescope for the first time and became acquainted with the well\\-known map of the Moon made by [Wilhelm Beer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer \"Wilhelm Beer\") and [Johann Heinrich Mädler](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler \"Johann Heinrich Mädler\"). Dr. Petersen showed him the craters [Gassendi](/wiki/Gassendi_%28crater%29 \"Gassendi (crater)\") and [Bullialdus](/wiki/Bullialdus_%28crater%29 \"Bullialdus (crater)\").",
"[Rümker](/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Christian_R%C3%BCmker \"Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker\") taught him the fundamentals of astronomical observation and let him use various telescopes from 1842 to 1845\\. In 1843, he made his first contribution to [Astronomische Nachrichten](/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten \"Astronomische Nachrichten\"), about the Sun and variable stars, with many more to follow.\n[left\\|thumb\\|255x255px\\|A photo of Julius Schmidt](/wiki/File:JF_Julius_Schmidt.png \"JF Julius Schmidt.png\")",
"### Benzenberg's assistant",
"In 1845, he obtained a position as an assistant at [Johann Friedrich Benzenberg](/wiki/Johann_Benzenberg \"Johann Benzenberg\")'s private observatory in Bilk near [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\"), being tasked to with naked eye objects such as meteors, and searching for possible objects closer to the Sun than Mercury. However, the telescope made available to him was practically a low power terrestrial telescope, and the larger instrument was kept under a lock and key, as to prevent 20 year old Schmidt from damaging its \"outer looks and splendor\".",
"Here, he confined himself to drawing parts of the lunar landscape instead of the entire face, using the method of drawing the same area under different lighting conditions or sun angles, the same one Schröter used. The drawing of entire phases was stopped from this point forward.\n[thumb\\|204x204px\\|Field Columbian Museum Moon Model, made by Julius Schmidt and Thomas Dickert in 1854](/wiki/File:Field_Columbian_Museum_Moon_Model_%283348870671%29.jpg \"Field Columbian Museum Moon Model (3348870671).jpg\")",
"### Years 1846 – 1858",
"A year later, after Benzenberg died, he joined the [Bonn Observatory](/wiki/Hoher_List_Observatory \"Hoher List Observatory\") under [Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander](/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Argelander \"Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander\"). Here, Schmidt measured the visual magnitudes and positions for Hora V of the Berlin Academy of Sciences star chart and catalogue project.{{Cite book \\|author\\=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin \\|url\\=https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/779783966 \\|title\\=Akademische Sternkarten für den Gürtel des Himmels von 15° südlicher bis 15° nördlicher Abweichung \\|date\\=1859 \\|publisher\\= F. Dümmler's Verlags\\-Buchhandlung \\|page\\=xii}} He was not able to continue observing the Moon due to his job, but he still obtained numerous valuable drawings, and when he did not, what was seen was preserved in writing. He left Bonn in May of 1853 due to ill health. He received an honorary doctorate from Bonn in 1868\\.",
"From 1853 to 1858 he was director of Baron von Unkrechtsberg's private observatory at Olmütz (today [Olomouc](/wiki/Olomouc \"Olomouc\"), [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\")), where he made only a few drawings, but undertook micrometric measurements of its mountains to further increase the knowledge of the Moon.",
"### Work at Athens Observatory",
"In 1858, [Simon Sinas](/wiki/Simon_Sinas \"Simon Sinas\") made a proposal for Schmidt to come to [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") and become the director of the Athens Observatory (now known as [National Observatory of Athens](/wiki/National_Observatory_of_Athens \"National Observatory of Athens\")). Accepting the offer would bring him a good salary, freedom to do the research he wants to do and a site with a large amount of clear nights per year. The decision was his, as Schmidt never married, so on December 2, he chose to accept the offer. The degraded state of the observatory forbid observation. It was not until November 1859 that it was in a usable state, after a year of repairs requested by Schmidt, though the restoration was entirely completed in 1861\\.",
"**The observatory's instruments at the time included:**",
"* *a 158mm aperture f/15 achromatic refracting telescope restored by [Plössl](/wiki/Simon_Pl%C3%B6ssl \"Simon Plössl\")*\n* *a 94mm aperture [meridian circle](/wiki/Meridian_circle \"Meridian circle\")*\n* *five small telescopes for comets*\n* *two [chronometers](/wiki/Chronometer_watch \"Chronometer watch\"); one for mean time and another for sidereal time*\n* *two [barometers](/wiki/Barometer \"Barometer\")*\n* *other meteorological instruments*",
"When the air was stable enough, he drew while using an eyepiece that provides 300x magnification in combination with the large observatory telescope. Only in very rare cases could he use an eyepiece of 500x magnification. He ran systematic studies on not only the Moon but also sunspots, color of stars, variable stars, meteors, comets, Saturn's rings, eclipses, twilight, zodiacal light, nebulas, weather, seismic activity, rotational period and diameters of the major planets and satellites of the gas giants.",
"In 1866 he made the astonishing claim that [Linné crater](/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_%28crater%29 \"Linné (crater)\") had considerably changed its appearance, which began a controversy that continued for many decades. Coming from such a careful lifelong observer, the claim carried some weight; however, the claim is generally considered unproven. Schmidt may have been biased by his volcano observations taken place during the same year.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Schmidt \\|first\\=J. F. Julius \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1160901807 \\|title\\=The Moon : a Translation of der Mond \\|date\\=2020 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|others\\=Stephen Harvey \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-030\\-37269\\-9 \\|location\\=Cham \\|oclc\\=1160901807}}",
"He spent over two years on the first draft of his great Moon map encompassing the entirety of the lunar surface, gradually entering the results of his more recent observations from Athens, when he realized continuing this undertaking would not end well. The dimensions of the initial four quadrants were too large to capture the detail he hoped for with the necessary precision. Even disregarding this, having such large plates engraved in copper would have been very difficult to execute. He had to accept these facts and discarded the work in April 1867\\. He chose Lohrmann's divisions for the second attempt, using 25 sections to cover the entirety of the Moon.",
"*Charte der Gebirge des Mondes*, as it is known, was finished in 1874\\. Julius Schmidt presented the chart at the Berlin Observatory in December of that year. This was the first map of the Moon to surpass the celebrated Mappa Selenographica of Beer and Mädler.",
"On 24 November 1876, he discovered Nova Cygni, also known as [Q Cygni](/wiki/Q_Cygni \"Q Cygni\").",
"In 1878, Schmidt also edited and published all 25 sections of a moon map by [Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann](/wiki/Wilhelm_Gotthelf_Lohrmann \"Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann\"). Lohrmann had completed his map in 1836 but had died in 1840; only the first four sections of the map had been published in 1824\\. Schmidt was awarded the [Valz Prize](/wiki/Valz_Prize \"Valz Prize\") from the [French Academy of Sciences](/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences \"French Academy of Sciences\") in recognition of this [selenographic](/wiki/Selenography \"Selenography\") work.{{cite journal \\|date\\=1884 \\|title\\=Notes: Dr. Julius Schmidt \\|url\\=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1884Obs.....7\\..117\\./0000118\\.000\\.html \\|journal\\=The Observatory \\|volume\\=7 \\|pages\\=118–119 \\|bibcode\\=1884Obs.....7\\..117\\.}}",
"### Death",
"Due to age and distance between his home and the observatory, he stopped regularly working there from 1871 onwards. He asked the Berlin Academy of Sciences to provide him with a small telescope on an equatorial mount, so he could continue astronomical observations from his house. Schmidt's wish was granted.",
"He died unexpectedly on February 7, 1884, due to heart problems. Just the day before, he had been attending a social event at the German Embassy. When he passed, the King and Queen of Greece, professors, students and thousands of Greek citizens attended the funeral oration at his observatory. Julius Schmidt was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. He was only 58 years old.",
""
] |
Features
--------
gtk\-gnutella is programmed in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 "C (programming language)") with an emphasis on efficiency and portability without being minimalistic but rather head\-on with most of the modern features of the gnutella network. Therefore, it requires fewer resources (such as [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") and/or [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory")) than the major gnutella clients. It can also be used as [headless](/wiki/Headless_computer "Headless computer") gnutella client not requiring [GTK\+](/wiki/GTK%2B "GTK+") at all.
gtk\-gnutella has a filtering engine that can reduce the amount of spam and other irrelevant results. gtk\-gnutella supports a large range of the features of modern gnutella clients. gtk\-gnutella was the first gnutella client to support [IPv6](/wiki/IPv6 "IPv6") and encryption using [TLS](/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security "Transport Layer Security"). It can handle and export [magnet links](/wiki/Magnet_link "Magnet link"). It has strong [internationalization](/wiki/Internationalization "Internationalization") features, supporting English, German, Greek, French, Hungarian, Spanish, Japanese, Norwegian, Dutch and Chinese. gtk\-gnutella also has support to prevent [spamming](/wiki/Spamming "Spamming") and other hostile peer activity.
Several software distributions provide pre\-compiled packages, but they are usually outdated as many distributions version freeze old stable releases. The gnutella network benefits from running the latest version obtainable as peer and hostile IP address lists change rapidly, making building the latest SVN snapshot the best option. There are also pre\-compiled packages for many Linux distributions available online. Persons concerned about security might wish to compile their own. The gtk\-gnutella sources use [dist](/wiki/Dist "Dist") as build and configuration system instead of [Autoconf](/wiki/Autoconf "Autoconf"). Most users are only familiar with the configure scripts generated by the latter. Another hazard for novices is configuring [NAT](/wiki/Network_address_translation "Network address translation") devices to enable full network connectivity for gtk\-gnutella. gtk\-gnutella, like any gnutella client, is still usable behind a [firewall](/wiki/Firewall_%28computing%29 "Firewall (computing)") or a [router](/wiki/Router_%28computing%29 "Router (computing)"), but with some reduced functionality, if it cannot receive incoming [TCP](/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol "Transmission Control Protocol") connections or [UDP](/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol "User Datagram Protocol") packets. In an attempt to mitigate the issue for newcomers, gtk\-gnutalla implements the [UPnP](/wiki/UPnP "UPnP") and [NAT\-PMP](/wiki/NAT-PMP "NAT-PMP") client protocols.
gtk\-gnutella supports features for downloading larger files (videos, programs, and disk images). Version 0\.96\.4 supports [Tiger tree](/wiki/Tiger_tree "Tiger tree") hash serving and versions after 0\.96\.5 support tiger tree hashes for uploads and downloads. Tiger tree hashing and other gtk\-gnutella features make file transfers as efficient as [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent "BitTorrent"). Specifically, gtk\-gnutella supports partial file sharing,{{cite web\| url \= https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PFSP\| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20120629060932/https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PFSP\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-date \= 2012\-06\-29\| last \= Klingberg\| first \= Tor\| title \= Partial File Sharing Protocol\| publisher \= Tor Klingberg\| year \= 2002}} remote queueing{{cite web\| url \= https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PARQ\| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20120629060932/https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PARQ\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-date \= 2012\-06\-29\| last \= Manfredi\| first \= Raphael\| title \= Passive/Active Remote Queueing\| publisher \= Raphael Manfredi\| year \= 2003}} and files larger than 4 [GiB](/wiki/GiB "GiB").{{cite web \| url\=https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/doc/public/GGEP/LF \| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120604235811/https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/doc/public/GGEP/LF \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=2012\-06\-04 \| title\=The 'LF' GGEP Extension \| year\=2004 }} Overlap checking was the only mechanism to guard against bad data prior to versions 0\.96\.4\. Overlap checking does not guard against malicious corruption like [Tiger tree](/wiki/Tiger_tree "Tiger tree") hashing does.
Version 0\.96\.6 introduced preliminary support for a [Kademlia](/wiki/Kademlia "Kademlia") DHT, which was completed in version 0\.96\.7\.{{cite web \| url\=https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/ChangeLog \| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120629060933/https://gtk\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\-gnutella/ChangeLog \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=2012\-06\-29 \| title\=gtk\-gnutella ChangeLog }} The DHT is replacing search by [SHA\-1](/wiki/SHA-1 "SHA-1"), when locating alternate sources for a known file or looking for push\-proxies. In version 0\.96\.7, the DHT is enabled by default. LimeWire first developed the DHT and named it{{cite web\|url\=http://wiki.limewire.org/index.php?title\=Mojito? \|title\=Limewire Forum (defunct), Mojito DHT }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Mojito DHT.
Version 0\.96\.9 introduced full native support for [UPnP](/wiki/UPnP "UPnP") and [NAT\-PMP](/wiki/NAT-PMP "NAT-PMP"), making the usage behind a compatible router much easier since there is no longer any need to manually forward ports on the firewall. In this version the code was also ported to [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") however the Windows port is still considered beta due to lack of wide testing so far.
Version 0\.96\.9 also introduced important DHT protection against [Sybil attacks](/wiki/Sybil_attack "Sybil attack"), using algorithms based on statistical properties.{{cite web \| url\=http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/49/05/09/PDF/HotP2P10\-KAD\_DHT\_attack\_mitigation\-cholez.pdf \| title \= Efficient DHT Attack Mitigation Through Peer's ID Distribution}}
Version 0\.97 was a major release, introducing client\-side support for [HTTP pipelining](/wiki/HTTP_pipelining "HTTP pipelining"), "What's New?" queries, [MIME](/wiki/Internet_media_type "Internet media type") type query filtering, GUESS support (Gnutella UDP Extension for Scalable Searches) and partial file querying. Although many Gnutella vendors already supported server\-side GUESS, gtk\-gnutella introduced the client\-side as well, also enhancing the original specifications of the protocol to make it truly usable.
Version 0\.98\.2 employs a minor patch to correct [malloc](/wiki/Malloc "Malloc") memory allocations and multiple threads issues, mainly on [Ubuntu](/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29 "Ubuntu (operating system)") 11\.10 operating systems. This 2011 gtk\-gnutella version was also dedicated to the memory of [Dennis Ritchie](/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie "Dennis Ritchie"), 1941–2011\.
Version 0\.98\.4 added **RUDP** (reliable [UDP](/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol "User Datagram Protocol")) and improved partial file transfers.{{cite web \| url\=https://github.com/gtk\-gnutella/gtk\-gnutella/blob/master/ChangeLog \| title \= GitHub gtk\-gnutella ChangeLog\| website \= \[\[GitHub]]}}
Version 1\.1 is a major release which added [G2](/wiki/Gnutella2 "Gnutella2") support: gtk\-gnutella will now connect to the G2 network in leaf mode. This allows searches from G2 nodes and lets local queries be propagated to the G2 network as well. File exchanges with G2 hosts are fully inter\-operable and are permitted without restriction.
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"gtk\\-gnutella is programmed in [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 \"C (programming language)\") with an emphasis on efficiency and portability without being minimalistic but rather head\\-on with most of the modern features of the gnutella network. Therefore, it requires fewer resources (such as [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") and/or [RAM](/wiki/Random-access_memory \"Random-access memory\")) than the major gnutella clients. It can also be used as [headless](/wiki/Headless_computer \"Headless computer\") gnutella client not requiring [GTK\\+](/wiki/GTK%2B \"GTK+\") at all.",
"gtk\\-gnutella has a filtering engine that can reduce the amount of spam and other irrelevant results. gtk\\-gnutella supports a large range of the features of modern gnutella clients. gtk\\-gnutella was the first gnutella client to support [IPv6](/wiki/IPv6 \"IPv6\") and encryption using [TLS](/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security \"Transport Layer Security\"). It can handle and export [magnet links](/wiki/Magnet_link \"Magnet link\"). It has strong [internationalization](/wiki/Internationalization \"Internationalization\") features, supporting English, German, Greek, French, Hungarian, Spanish, Japanese, Norwegian, Dutch and Chinese. gtk\\-gnutella also has support to prevent [spamming](/wiki/Spamming \"Spamming\") and other hostile peer activity.",
"Several software distributions provide pre\\-compiled packages, but they are usually outdated as many distributions version freeze old stable releases. The gnutella network benefits from running the latest version obtainable as peer and hostile IP address lists change rapidly, making building the latest SVN snapshot the best option. There are also pre\\-compiled packages for many Linux distributions available online. Persons concerned about security might wish to compile their own. The gtk\\-gnutella sources use [dist](/wiki/Dist \"Dist\") as build and configuration system instead of [Autoconf](/wiki/Autoconf \"Autoconf\"). Most users are only familiar with the configure scripts generated by the latter. Another hazard for novices is configuring [NAT](/wiki/Network_address_translation \"Network address translation\") devices to enable full network connectivity for gtk\\-gnutella. gtk\\-gnutella, like any gnutella client, is still usable behind a [firewall](/wiki/Firewall_%28computing%29 \"Firewall (computing)\") or a [router](/wiki/Router_%28computing%29 \"Router (computing)\"), but with some reduced functionality, if it cannot receive incoming [TCP](/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol \"Transmission Control Protocol\") connections or [UDP](/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol \"User Datagram Protocol\") packets. In an attempt to mitigate the issue for newcomers, gtk\\-gnutalla implements the [UPnP](/wiki/UPnP \"UPnP\") and [NAT\\-PMP](/wiki/NAT-PMP \"NAT-PMP\") client protocols.",
"gtk\\-gnutella supports features for downloading larger files (videos, programs, and disk images). Version 0\\.96\\.4 supports [Tiger tree](/wiki/Tiger_tree \"Tiger tree\") hash serving and versions after 0\\.96\\.5 support tiger tree hashes for uploads and downloads. Tiger tree hashing and other gtk\\-gnutella features make file transfers as efficient as [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent \"BitTorrent\"). Specifically, gtk\\-gnutella supports partial file sharing,{{cite web\\| url \\= https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PFSP\\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20120629060932/https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PFSP\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-06\\-29\\| last \\= Klingberg\\| first \\= Tor\\| title \\= Partial File Sharing Protocol\\| publisher \\= Tor Klingberg\\| year \\= 2002}} remote queueing{{cite web\\| url \\= https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PARQ\\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20120629060932/https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/doc/gnutella/PARQ\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-06\\-29\\| last \\= Manfredi\\| first \\= Raphael\\| title \\= Passive/Active Remote Queueing\\| publisher \\= Raphael Manfredi\\| year \\= 2003}} and files larger than 4 [GiB](/wiki/GiB \"GiB\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/doc/public/GGEP/LF \\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120604235811/https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/doc/public/GGEP/LF \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-04 \\| title\\=The 'LF' GGEP Extension \\| year\\=2004 }} Overlap checking was the only mechanism to guard against bad data prior to versions 0\\.96\\.4\\. Overlap checking does not guard against malicious corruption like [Tiger tree](/wiki/Tiger_tree \"Tiger tree\") hashing does.",
"Version 0\\.96\\.6 introduced preliminary support for a [Kademlia](/wiki/Kademlia \"Kademlia\") DHT, which was completed in version 0\\.96\\.7\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/ChangeLog \\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120629060933/https://gtk\\-gnutella.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/gtk\\-gnutella/trunk/gtk\\-gnutella/ChangeLog \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-29 \\| title\\=gtk\\-gnutella ChangeLog }} The DHT is replacing search by [SHA\\-1](/wiki/SHA-1 \"SHA-1\"), when locating alternate sources for a known file or looking for push\\-proxies. In version 0\\.96\\.7, the DHT is enabled by default. LimeWire first developed the DHT and named it{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wiki.limewire.org/index.php?title\\=Mojito? \\|title\\=Limewire Forum (defunct), Mojito DHT }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} Mojito DHT.",
"Version 0\\.96\\.9 introduced full native support for [UPnP](/wiki/UPnP \"UPnP\") and [NAT\\-PMP](/wiki/NAT-PMP \"NAT-PMP\"), making the usage behind a compatible router much easier since there is no longer any need to manually forward ports on the firewall. In this version the code was also ported to [Microsoft Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") however the Windows port is still considered beta due to lack of wide testing so far.",
"Version 0\\.96\\.9 also introduced important DHT protection against [Sybil attacks](/wiki/Sybil_attack \"Sybil attack\"), using algorithms based on statistical properties.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/49/05/09/PDF/HotP2P10\\-KAD\\_DHT\\_attack\\_mitigation\\-cholez.pdf \\| title \\= Efficient DHT Attack Mitigation Through Peer's ID Distribution}}",
"Version 0\\.97 was a major release, introducing client\\-side support for [HTTP pipelining](/wiki/HTTP_pipelining \"HTTP pipelining\"), \"What's New?\" queries, [MIME](/wiki/Internet_media_type \"Internet media type\") type query filtering, GUESS support (Gnutella UDP Extension for Scalable Searches) and partial file querying. Although many Gnutella vendors already supported server\\-side GUESS, gtk\\-gnutella introduced the client\\-side as well, also enhancing the original specifications of the protocol to make it truly usable.",
"Version 0\\.98\\.2 employs a minor patch to correct [malloc](/wiki/Malloc \"Malloc\") memory allocations and multiple threads issues, mainly on [Ubuntu](/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29 \"Ubuntu (operating system)\") 11\\.10 operating systems. This 2011 gtk\\-gnutella version was also dedicated to the memory of [Dennis Ritchie](/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie \"Dennis Ritchie\"), 1941–2011\\.",
"Version 0\\.98\\.4 added **RUDP** (reliable [UDP](/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol \"User Datagram Protocol\")) and improved partial file transfers.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://github.com/gtk\\-gnutella/gtk\\-gnutella/blob/master/ChangeLog \\| title \\= GitHub gtk\\-gnutella ChangeLog\\| website \\= \\[\\[GitHub]]}}",
"Version 1\\.1 is a major release which added [G2](/wiki/Gnutella2 \"Gnutella2\") support: gtk\\-gnutella will now connect to the G2 network in leaf mode. This allows searches from G2 nodes and lets local queries be propagated to the G2 network as well. File exchanges with G2 hosts are fully inter\\-operable and are permitted without restriction.",
""
] |
Current operations
------------------
[thumb\|left\|[DB 112 149](/wiki/DR_Class_243%23DR_Class_212_to_DBAG_Class_112 "DR Class 243#DR Class 212 to DBAG Class 112") in [Kiel Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Kiel_Hauptbahnhof "Kiel Hauptbahnhof")](/wiki/File:Kielhbfmitrenachnmsuhambg.jpg "Kielhbfmitrenachnmsuhambg.jpg")
A variety of traffic runs along the entire length of the line, or on the section between Hamburg and Neumünster, consisting of freight traffic, [ICE](/wiki/Intercity-Express "Intercity-Express")/[IC](/wiki/Intercity_%28Deutsche_Bahn%29 "Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)")/[EC](/wiki/EuroCity_in_Germany "EuroCity in Germany") long\-distance passenger services and regional passenger services. These are operated by different railway companies, including *[Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn "Deutsche Bahn") AG* and [Regionalbahn Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Regionalbahn_Schleswig-Holstein "Regionalbahn Schleswig-Holstein"). In addition there are [DSB](/wiki/DSB_%28railway_company%29 "DSB (railway company)") services from [Fredericia](/wiki/Fredericia "Fredericia") via Neumünster to Hamburg Hauptbahnhof.
The trains used on the route are of types often used by the railway companies. The share of [Regional\-Express](/wiki/Regional-Express "Regional-Express") services operated with double\-deck carriages was increased from 14 December 2008\. All RE services are now run with double\-deck carriages. ICE and IC services between Hamburg and Denmark or Kiel also stop in [Neumünster](/wiki/Neum%C3%BCnster_station "Neumünster station").
On 4 April 2009, [DB Regio](/wiki/DB_Regio "DB Regio") took operations of the Kiel–Neumünster regional service back from [Nord\-Ostsee\-Bahn](/wiki/Nord-Ostsee-Bahn "Nord-Ostsee-Bahn") (NOB), in exchange for the passenger services on the [Kiel–Eckernförde](/wiki/Kiel%E2%80%93Flensburg_railway "Kiel–Flensburg railway") section. DB Regio operated the service with class 648 multiple units again, which was intended to rationalise rolling stock circulation. The Regionalbahn Kiel / Neumünster service, which is run as RB 77, is operated with a class 112 or 143 electric locomotive and a five\-car SHE set, consisting of a 1st class carriage, three 2nd class carriages and a control car.
The Wrist–Hamburg\-Altona route has been operated as the RB 71 service since December 2014\. It is operated by [Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft](/wiki/Nordbahn_Eisenbahngesellschaft "Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft") with electric [FLIRT](/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT "Stadler FLIRT") sets at hourly frequency. Wrist station received an additional reversing track.
In long\-distance operations, the line between Hamburg and Kiel is served by ICE trains of the first and second generation and IC and EC services operated with an electric locomotive of classes 101 or 120 and eight to eleven cars. Between Hamburg, Neumünster and continuing to Flensburg, there are four daily Danish IC3 services each way on the Hamburg–Fredericia route (due to train path conflicts these trains not stop in Neumünster, but instead stop in Hamburg\-Dammtor and Schleswig) and Intercity services operated with an electric locomotive of classes 101, 120 or 182 with seven to ten passenger cars.
|
[
"Current operations\n------------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[DB 112 149](/wiki/DR_Class_243%23DR_Class_212_to_DBAG_Class_112 \"DR Class 243#DR Class 212 to DBAG Class 112\") in [Kiel Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Kiel_Hauptbahnhof \"Kiel Hauptbahnhof\")](/wiki/File:Kielhbfmitrenachnmsuhambg.jpg \"Kielhbfmitrenachnmsuhambg.jpg\")",
"A variety of traffic runs along the entire length of the line, or on the section between Hamburg and Neumünster, consisting of freight traffic, [ICE](/wiki/Intercity-Express \"Intercity-Express\")/[IC](/wiki/Intercity_%28Deutsche_Bahn%29 \"Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)\")/[EC](/wiki/EuroCity_in_Germany \"EuroCity in Germany\") long\\-distance passenger services and regional passenger services. These are operated by different railway companies, including *[Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn \"Deutsche Bahn\") AG* and [Regionalbahn Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Regionalbahn_Schleswig-Holstein \"Regionalbahn Schleswig-Holstein\"). In addition there are [DSB](/wiki/DSB_%28railway_company%29 \"DSB (railway company)\") services from [Fredericia](/wiki/Fredericia \"Fredericia\") via Neumünster to Hamburg Hauptbahnhof.",
"The trains used on the route are of types often used by the railway companies. The share of [Regional\\-Express](/wiki/Regional-Express \"Regional-Express\") services operated with double\\-deck carriages was increased from 14 December 2008\\. All RE services are now run with double\\-deck carriages. ICE and IC services between Hamburg and Denmark or Kiel also stop in [Neumünster](/wiki/Neum%C3%BCnster_station \"Neumünster station\").",
"On 4 April 2009, [DB Regio](/wiki/DB_Regio \"DB Regio\") took operations of the Kiel–Neumünster regional service back from [Nord\\-Ostsee\\-Bahn](/wiki/Nord-Ostsee-Bahn \"Nord-Ostsee-Bahn\") (NOB), in exchange for the passenger services on the [Kiel–Eckernförde](/wiki/Kiel%E2%80%93Flensburg_railway \"Kiel–Flensburg railway\") section. DB Regio operated the service with class 648 multiple units again, which was intended to rationalise rolling stock circulation. The Regionalbahn Kiel / Neumünster service, which is run as RB 77, is operated with a class 112 or 143 electric locomotive and a five\\-car SHE set, consisting of a 1st class carriage, three 2nd class carriages and a control car.",
"The Wrist–Hamburg\\-Altona route has been operated as the RB 71 service since December 2014\\. It is operated by [Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft](/wiki/Nordbahn_Eisenbahngesellschaft \"Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft\") with electric [FLIRT](/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT \"Stadler FLIRT\") sets at hourly frequency. Wrist station received an additional reversing track.",
"In long\\-distance operations, the line between Hamburg and Kiel is served by ICE trains of the first and second generation and IC and EC services operated with an electric locomotive of classes 101 or 120 and eight to eleven cars. Between Hamburg, Neumünster and continuing to Flensburg, there are four daily Danish IC3 services each way on the Hamburg–Fredericia route (due to train path conflicts these trains not stop in Neumünster, but instead stop in Hamburg\\-Dammtor and Schleswig) and Intercity services operated with an electric locomotive of classes 101, 120 or 182 with seven to ten passenger cars.",
""
] |
Romances
--------
### Boy Meets Girl
#### 1991 \- Julie and Sophie meets Nick and David respectively
Julie met with a local police officer whose name was [Nick Parrish](/wiki/Nick_Parrish "Nick Parrish"). Subsequent upon that, in that same year, Sophie met David when she and Sally were trying to rescue a [cockatoo](/wiki/Cockatoo "Cockatoo").
#### 1993 \- Angel meets Shane
There came a misunderstanding between in 1993 between Angel and Shane as she (Angel) ran up on Shane and accused him of wanting just one thing.
#### 1996 \- Shannon meets Geoff
While it was proceeding, another bitter moment happened in 1996 when Shannon met Geoff at the surf club and Curtis to accuse her of peevish on him.
#### 1997 \- Sally meets Scott
Sally met Scott Irwin later during 1997 in the Surf Club requesting she play a game of pool with him.
#### 2000 \- Hayley and Leah meets Noah and Vinnie respectively
In 2000, Hayley met Noah in the club when she was about to be attacked by some boys, warning her off the boys who gave her the wrong kind of attention. It was during this period, he saved her before the gang of boys run up on her outside.{{cite web\|date\=\|title\=2913 summary\|url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2000/2913\.php\|accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
Another meeting that took place in 2000 was Leah meeting Vinnie when she ran away from her wedding, then picked her up by the roadside and took her to a bay.
#### 2002 \- Kirsty meets Dylan
While Kirsty and Dylan Russell were in school, they bumped into each other.{{cite web\|date\=\|title\=3382 summary\|url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2002/3382\.php\|accessdate\=15 October 2010\|publisher\=backtothebay.net}}
#### 2003 \- Dani and Tasha meets Scott and Robbie respectively
It was in 2003, Dani and Scott met when he showed up in the beach riding a white horse. Subsequent upon that, Tasha met Robbie when he showed up at the bay, but she ignored him when he tried to introduce himself to her.
#### 2004 \- Leah meets Dan
Leah met Dan Baker when he visited the hospital to check up on his brother, Peter who was attacked by Sarah Lewis.{{cite web\|date\=\|title\=3808 summary\|url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2004/3808\.php\|accessdate\=15 October 2010\|publisher\=backtothebay.net}}
### On the Beach
#### 1988 \- Carly meets Matt
When Carly had issues with the zip on his swim suit and needed help, he approached Matt and Lynn.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1988/1\.php\| title\=episode 1 summary\| publisher\=backtothebay.net\| date\=\| accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
#### 1998 – Gypsy meets Vinnie
While Gypsy and Vinnie were both in the same beach at the same time, he came up to introduce himself to her.
#### 1998 – Terri meets Tom
Terri met Tom on the beach, they talked and ended up kissing.
#### 2004 – Cassie meets Ric
Cassie met Ric on the beach while he was sunbathing and they went skinny dipping, she tricked him and stole his clothes.
### Bad Dates
#### 1997 – Shannon and Lachlan
When Shannon and Lachlan went on a date, while on a date, his car broke down, then it began to rain. On their second date that was on a boat, Lachan couldn't find the breaks.
#### 1999 – Gypsy and Jesse
Gypsy accidentally spilt wine on Jesse, while she was getting him some clean clothes, her parents returned to meet him half naked, so they assumed the worst.
#### 2002 – Kirsty and Kane
Kirsty and Kane took a boat out but when they spotted Alf, Kirsty jumped into the water. On a second date Sally and Flynn found them hiding in the back of a van.
#### 2004 – Leah and Dan
Dan asked Leah out, she assumed to wear something formal but he turned up wearing the opposite. It rained while they were in their picnic.
#### 2005 – Hayley and Kim
Hayley and Kim's date got to a bad start when the bottle of wine was smashed, so they got bitten by ants, the rain fell and their car broke down on their way home.
#### 2005 – Zoe and Kim
When Zoe and Kim went on a date, Zoe heard noises in the bushes, when Kim went to check out, Zoe got stabbed on the arm.
### What a Night!
#### Dani and Josh
Dani went on a dinner with Josh in a caravan which he has decorated with candles and flowers.
#### Chloe and James
Chloe and James had dinner and dance on a date at the hospital.
#### Angel and Shane
Angel and Shane went on a date to the city to see ballet.
#### Hayley and Scott
Hayley and Scott went for a picnic. On a second date they had a much more formal picnic.
### Pucker Up
According to Beau Brady there has been 3816 kisses in *Home and Away* (between 1988 and 2005\). Sally had kissed many men on the show including Jack, Vinnie and Flynn, but her most memorable kissing seen as a kid was the spin the bottle game in the Fletcher house. Other first kisses include Angel and Shane, Tasha and Robbie, Hayley and Kim, Gypsy and Will, Martha and Jesse, Angie and Rhys, Jade and Seb, Josie and Jesse, Dani and Scott, Kirsty and Kane, Tamara and Max, Terri and Tom, Julie and Nick, Hayley and Josh, Brodie and Alex, Dani and Scott, Kirsty and Seb, Shauna and Jude, Leah and Dan, Irene and Paris, Zoe and Kim, Jade and Nick, and Hayley and Noah.
### Second Base
* Hayley and Noah: Noah want to make plans to sleep with Hayley and tries to think of ways for his house mates not to bother them so leaves a plant pot at the bottom of the stairs.
* Zoe and Kim: Zoe tells Kim that this are going good between them and makes plans with hime to come round to her caravan.
* Tasha and Robbie: Robbie flips a coin and if it tails he and Tasha sleep together, and if it heads they wait.
* Hayley and Kim: Hayley and Kim begin to kiss and the next morning Hayley wakes to find them in bed together.
* Dani and Scott: On a date Dani and Josh sleep together
* Peta and Will: Peta and Will decide to take thing to the next level.
* Hayley and Scott: Hayley and Scott wake up in bed together.
* Leah and Dan: Leah and Dan begin to kiss on the sofa.
* Sally and Scott: Sally stays out all night with Scott and sneaks out of his car the next morning.
### Sprung!
* Irene and Barry: Hayley and Kim catch Barry leaving Irene's room.
* Irene and Paris: Angie catches Irene and Paris kissing in a school classroom.
* Hayley and Scott: Sally catches Hayley and Scott kissing on her sofa.
* Carly and Ben: Carly and Ben are caught kissing in the Fletcher's kitchen.
* Jade and Nick: Kirsty catches Jade and Nick kissing.
* Shannon and Lachan: Sam catches Shannon and Lachlan kissing
* Chloe and Jesse: Marilyn catches Chloe and Jesse kissing
* Gypsy and Will: Gypsy and Will are caught kissing twice in two caravans.
* Tasha and Robbie: Tasha and Robbie are caught by strangers in the bush after sleeping together.
* Hayley and Kim: Hayley catches Kim naked in the bathroom.
### Happy Ever After
* Pippa leaves with Ian: Pippa leaves the bay to start a new life with her husband Ian.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1998/2343\.php\| title\=2343 summary\| publisher\=backtothebay.net\| date\=\| accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
* Shannon leaves with Mandy: Shannon leaves the bay for Paris with her girlfriend Mandy{{cite web\| url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1997/2213\.php\| title\=2213 summary\| publisher\=backtothebay.net\| date\=\| accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
* Gypsy leaves with Will: Gypsy and Will leave the bay on a boat after their wedding.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2002/3215\.php\| title\=3215 summary\| publisher\=backtothebay.net\| date\=\| accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
* Rebecca leaves with Travis: Rebecca and Travis leave the bay on a cruise ship.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1999/2678\.php\| title\=2678 summary\| publisher\=backtothebay.net\| date\=\| accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
### Yes or No?
* Steve proposes to Charlotte
* James proposes to Chloe
* Flynn proposes to Sally
* Tasha proposes to Robbie
* Ailsa proposes to Alf
* Lachan proposes to Shannon
* Shane proposes to Angel
* Travis proposes to Kelly
* Beth proposes to Rhys
* Will propose to Gypsy
* Ben proposes to Carly
* Jesse proposes to Kylie
* Don proposes to June
* Scott proposes to Hayley
* Jesse proposes to Leah
* Vinnie proposes to Leah
* Dan proposes to Leah
### With This Ring...
clips of *Home and Away's* best ever weddings, which follows in *[Home and Away: Weddings](/wiki/Home_and_Away:Weddings "Weddings")*.
|
[
"Romances\n--------",
"### Boy Meets Girl",
"#### 1991 \\- Julie and Sophie meets Nick and David respectively",
"Julie met with a local police officer whose name was [Nick Parrish](/wiki/Nick_Parrish \"Nick Parrish\"). Subsequent upon that, in that same year, Sophie met David when she and Sally were trying to rescue a [cockatoo](/wiki/Cockatoo \"Cockatoo\").",
"#### 1993 \\- Angel meets Shane",
"There came a misunderstanding between in 1993 between Angel and Shane as she (Angel) ran up on Shane and accused him of wanting just one thing.",
"#### 1996 \\- Shannon meets Geoff",
"While it was proceeding, another bitter moment happened in 1996 when Shannon met Geoff at the surf club and Curtis to accuse her of peevish on him.",
"#### 1997 \\- Sally meets Scott",
"Sally met Scott Irwin later during 1997 in the Surf Club requesting she play a game of pool with him.",
"#### 2000 \\- Hayley and Leah meets Noah and Vinnie respectively",
"In 2000, Hayley met Noah in the club when she was about to be attacked by some boys, warning her off the boys who gave her the wrong kind of attention. It was during this period, he saved her before the gang of boys run up on her outside.{{cite web\\|date\\=\\|title\\=2913 summary\\|url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2000/2913\\.php\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}",
"Another meeting that took place in 2000 was Leah meeting Vinnie when she ran away from her wedding, then picked her up by the roadside and took her to a bay.",
"#### 2002 \\- Kirsty meets Dylan",
"While Kirsty and Dylan Russell were in school, they bumped into each other.{{cite web\\|date\\=\\|title\\=3382 summary\\|url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2002/3382\\.php\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2010\\|publisher\\=backtothebay.net}}",
"#### 2003 \\- Dani and Tasha meets Scott and Robbie respectively",
"It was in 2003, Dani and Scott met when he showed up in the beach riding a white horse. Subsequent upon that, Tasha met Robbie when he showed up at the bay, but she ignored him when he tried to introduce himself to her.",
"#### 2004 \\- Leah meets Dan",
"Leah met Dan Baker when he visited the hospital to check up on his brother, Peter who was attacked by Sarah Lewis.{{cite web\\|date\\=\\|title\\=3808 summary\\|url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2004/3808\\.php\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2010\\|publisher\\=backtothebay.net}}",
"### On the Beach",
"#### 1988 \\- Carly meets Matt",
"When Carly had issues with the zip on his swim suit and needed help, he approached Matt and Lynn.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1988/1\\.php\\| title\\=episode 1 summary\\| publisher\\=backtothebay.net\\| date\\=\\| accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}",
"#### 1998 – Gypsy meets Vinnie",
"While Gypsy and Vinnie were both in the same beach at the same time, he came up to introduce himself to her.",
"#### 1998 – Terri meets Tom",
"Terri met Tom on the beach, they talked and ended up kissing.",
"#### 2004 – Cassie meets Ric",
"Cassie met Ric on the beach while he was sunbathing and they went skinny dipping, she tricked him and stole his clothes.",
"### Bad Dates",
"#### 1997 – Shannon and Lachlan",
"When Shannon and Lachlan went on a date, while on a date, his car broke down, then it began to rain. On their second date that was on a boat, Lachan couldn't find the breaks.",
"#### 1999 – Gypsy and Jesse",
"Gypsy accidentally spilt wine on Jesse, while she was getting him some clean clothes, her parents returned to meet him half naked, so they assumed the worst.",
"#### 2002 – Kirsty and Kane",
"Kirsty and Kane took a boat out but when they spotted Alf, Kirsty jumped into the water. On a second date Sally and Flynn found them hiding in the back of a van.",
"#### 2004 – Leah and Dan",
"Dan asked Leah out, she assumed to wear something formal but he turned up wearing the opposite. It rained while they were in their picnic.",
"#### 2005 – Hayley and Kim",
"Hayley and Kim's date got to a bad start when the bottle of wine was smashed, so they got bitten by ants, the rain fell and their car broke down on their way home.",
"#### 2005 – Zoe and Kim",
"When Zoe and Kim went on a date, Zoe heard noises in the bushes, when Kim went to check out, Zoe got stabbed on the arm.",
"### What a Night!",
"#### Dani and Josh",
"Dani went on a dinner with Josh in a caravan which he has decorated with candles and flowers.",
"#### Chloe and James",
"Chloe and James had dinner and dance on a date at the hospital.",
"#### Angel and Shane",
"Angel and Shane went on a date to the city to see ballet.",
"#### Hayley and Scott",
"Hayley and Scott went for a picnic. On a second date they had a much more formal picnic.",
"### Pucker Up",
"According to Beau Brady there has been 3816 kisses in *Home and Away* (between 1988 and 2005\\). Sally had kissed many men on the show including Jack, Vinnie and Flynn, but her most memorable kissing seen as a kid was the spin the bottle game in the Fletcher house. Other first kisses include Angel and Shane, Tasha and Robbie, Hayley and Kim, Gypsy and Will, Martha and Jesse, Angie and Rhys, Jade and Seb, Josie and Jesse, Dani and Scott, Kirsty and Kane, Tamara and Max, Terri and Tom, Julie and Nick, Hayley and Josh, Brodie and Alex, Dani and Scott, Kirsty and Seb, Shauna and Jude, Leah and Dan, Irene and Paris, Zoe and Kim, Jade and Nick, and Hayley and Noah.",
"### Second Base",
"* Hayley and Noah: Noah want to make plans to sleep with Hayley and tries to think of ways for his house mates not to bother them so leaves a plant pot at the bottom of the stairs.\n* Zoe and Kim: Zoe tells Kim that this are going good between them and makes plans with hime to come round to her caravan.\n* Tasha and Robbie: Robbie flips a coin and if it tails he and Tasha sleep together, and if it heads they wait.\n* Hayley and Kim: Hayley and Kim begin to kiss and the next morning Hayley wakes to find them in bed together.\n* Dani and Scott: On a date Dani and Josh sleep together\n* Peta and Will: Peta and Will decide to take thing to the next level.\n* Hayley and Scott: Hayley and Scott wake up in bed together.\n* Leah and Dan: Leah and Dan begin to kiss on the sofa.\n* Sally and Scott: Sally stays out all night with Scott and sneaks out of his car the next morning.",
"### Sprung!",
"* Irene and Barry: Hayley and Kim catch Barry leaving Irene's room.\n* Irene and Paris: Angie catches Irene and Paris kissing in a school classroom.\n* Hayley and Scott: Sally catches Hayley and Scott kissing on her sofa.\n* Carly and Ben: Carly and Ben are caught kissing in the Fletcher's kitchen.\n* Jade and Nick: Kirsty catches Jade and Nick kissing.\n* Shannon and Lachan: Sam catches Shannon and Lachlan kissing\n* Chloe and Jesse: Marilyn catches Chloe and Jesse kissing\n* Gypsy and Will: Gypsy and Will are caught kissing twice in two caravans.\n* Tasha and Robbie: Tasha and Robbie are caught by strangers in the bush after sleeping together.\n* Hayley and Kim: Hayley catches Kim naked in the bathroom.",
"### Happy Ever After",
"* Pippa leaves with Ian: Pippa leaves the bay to start a new life with her husband Ian.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1998/2343\\.php\\| title\\=2343 summary\\| publisher\\=backtothebay.net\\| date\\=\\| accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}\n* Shannon leaves with Mandy: Shannon leaves the bay for Paris with her girlfriend Mandy{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1997/2213\\.php\\| title\\=2213 summary\\| publisher\\=backtothebay.net\\| date\\=\\| accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}\n* Gypsy leaves with Will: Gypsy and Will leave the bay on a boat after their wedding.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2002/3215\\.php\\| title\\=3215 summary\\| publisher\\=backtothebay.net\\| date\\=\\| accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}\n* Rebecca leaves with Travis: Rebecca and Travis leave the bay on a cruise ship.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/1999/2678\\.php\\| title\\=2678 summary\\| publisher\\=backtothebay.net\\| date\\=\\| accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}",
"### Yes or No?",
"* Steve proposes to Charlotte\n* James proposes to Chloe\n* Flynn proposes to Sally\n* Tasha proposes to Robbie\n* Ailsa proposes to Alf\n* Lachan proposes to Shannon\n* Shane proposes to Angel\n* Travis proposes to Kelly\n* Beth proposes to Rhys\n* Will propose to Gypsy\n* Ben proposes to Carly\n* Jesse proposes to Kylie\n* Don proposes to June\n* Scott proposes to Hayley\n* Jesse proposes to Leah\n* Vinnie proposes to Leah\n* Dan proposes to Leah",
"### With This Ring...",
"clips of *Home and Away's* best ever weddings, which follows in *[Home and Away: Weddings](/wiki/Home_and_Away:Weddings \"Weddings\")*.",
""
] |
### Boy Meets Girl
#### 1991 \- Julie and Sophie meets Nick and David respectively
Julie met with a local police officer whose name was [Nick Parrish](/wiki/Nick_Parrish "Nick Parrish"). Subsequent upon that, in that same year, Sophie met David when she and Sally were trying to rescue a [cockatoo](/wiki/Cockatoo "Cockatoo").
#### 1993 \- Angel meets Shane
There came a misunderstanding between in 1993 between Angel and Shane as she (Angel) ran up on Shane and accused him of wanting just one thing.
#### 1996 \- Shannon meets Geoff
While it was proceeding, another bitter moment happened in 1996 when Shannon met Geoff at the surf club and Curtis to accuse her of peevish on him.
#### 1997 \- Sally meets Scott
Sally met Scott Irwin later during 1997 in the Surf Club requesting she play a game of pool with him.
#### 2000 \- Hayley and Leah meets Noah and Vinnie respectively
In 2000, Hayley met Noah in the club when she was about to be attacked by some boys, warning her off the boys who gave her the wrong kind of attention. It was during this period, he saved her before the gang of boys run up on her outside.{{cite web\|date\=\|title\=2913 summary\|url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2000/2913\.php\|accessdate\=15 October 2010}}
Another meeting that took place in 2000 was Leah meeting Vinnie when she ran away from her wedding, then picked her up by the roadside and took her to a bay.
#### 2002 \- Kirsty meets Dylan
While Kirsty and Dylan Russell were in school, they bumped into each other.{{cite web\|date\=\|title\=3382 summary\|url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2002/3382\.php\|accessdate\=15 October 2010\|publisher\=backtothebay.net}}
#### 2003 \- Dani and Tasha meets Scott and Robbie respectively
It was in 2003, Dani and Scott met when he showed up in the beach riding a white horse. Subsequent upon that, Tasha met Robbie when he showed up at the bay, but she ignored him when he tried to introduce himself to her.
#### 2004 \- Leah meets Dan
Leah met Dan Baker when he visited the hospital to check up on his brother, Peter who was attacked by Sarah Lewis.{{cite web\|date\=\|title\=3808 summary\|url\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2004/3808\.php\|accessdate\=15 October 2010\|publisher\=backtothebay.net}}
|
[
"### Boy Meets Girl",
"#### 1991 \\- Julie and Sophie meets Nick and David respectively",
"Julie met with a local police officer whose name was [Nick Parrish](/wiki/Nick_Parrish \"Nick Parrish\"). Subsequent upon that, in that same year, Sophie met David when she and Sally were trying to rescue a [cockatoo](/wiki/Cockatoo \"Cockatoo\").",
"#### 1993 \\- Angel meets Shane",
"There came a misunderstanding between in 1993 between Angel and Shane as she (Angel) ran up on Shane and accused him of wanting just one thing.",
"#### 1996 \\- Shannon meets Geoff",
"While it was proceeding, another bitter moment happened in 1996 when Shannon met Geoff at the surf club and Curtis to accuse her of peevish on him.",
"#### 1997 \\- Sally meets Scott",
"Sally met Scott Irwin later during 1997 in the Surf Club requesting she play a game of pool with him.",
"#### 2000 \\- Hayley and Leah meets Noah and Vinnie respectively",
"In 2000, Hayley met Noah in the club when she was about to be attacked by some boys, warning her off the boys who gave her the wrong kind of attention. It was during this period, he saved her before the gang of boys run up on her outside.{{cite web\\|date\\=\\|title\\=2913 summary\\|url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2000/2913\\.php\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2010}}",
"Another meeting that took place in 2000 was Leah meeting Vinnie when she ran away from her wedding, then picked her up by the roadside and took her to a bay.",
"#### 2002 \\- Kirsty meets Dylan",
"While Kirsty and Dylan Russell were in school, they bumped into each other.{{cite web\\|date\\=\\|title\\=3382 summary\\|url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2002/3382\\.php\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2010\\|publisher\\=backtothebay.net}}",
"#### 2003 \\- Dani and Tasha meets Scott and Robbie respectively",
"It was in 2003, Dani and Scott met when he showed up in the beach riding a white horse. Subsequent upon that, Tasha met Robbie when he showed up at the bay, but she ignored him when he tried to introduce himself to her.",
"#### 2004 \\- Leah meets Dan",
"Leah met Dan Baker when he visited the hospital to check up on his brother, Peter who was attacked by Sarah Lewis.{{cite web\\|date\\=\\|title\\=3808 summary\\|url\\=http://www.backtothebay.net/episodes/2004/3808\\.php\\|accessdate\\=15 October 2010\\|publisher\\=backtothebay.net}}",
""
] |
### Bad Dates
#### 1997 – Shannon and Lachlan
When Shannon and Lachlan went on a date, while on a date, his car broke down, then it began to rain. On their second date that was on a boat, Lachan couldn't find the breaks.
#### 1999 – Gypsy and Jesse
Gypsy accidentally spilt wine on Jesse, while she was getting him some clean clothes, her parents returned to meet him half naked, so they assumed the worst.
#### 2002 – Kirsty and Kane
Kirsty and Kane took a boat out but when they spotted Alf, Kirsty jumped into the water. On a second date Sally and Flynn found them hiding in the back of a van.
#### 2004 – Leah and Dan
Dan asked Leah out, she assumed to wear something formal but he turned up wearing the opposite. It rained while they were in their picnic.
#### 2005 – Hayley and Kim
Hayley and Kim's date got to a bad start when the bottle of wine was smashed, so they got bitten by ants, the rain fell and their car broke down on their way home.
#### 2005 – Zoe and Kim
When Zoe and Kim went on a date, Zoe heard noises in the bushes, when Kim went to check out, Zoe got stabbed on the arm.
|
[
"### Bad Dates",
"#### 1997 – Shannon and Lachlan",
"When Shannon and Lachlan went on a date, while on a date, his car broke down, then it began to rain. On their second date that was on a boat, Lachan couldn't find the breaks.",
"#### 1999 – Gypsy and Jesse",
"Gypsy accidentally spilt wine on Jesse, while she was getting him some clean clothes, her parents returned to meet him half naked, so they assumed the worst.",
"#### 2002 – Kirsty and Kane",
"Kirsty and Kane took a boat out but when they spotted Alf, Kirsty jumped into the water. On a second date Sally and Flynn found them hiding in the back of a van.",
"#### 2004 – Leah and Dan",
"Dan asked Leah out, she assumed to wear something formal but he turned up wearing the opposite. It rained while they were in their picnic.",
"#### 2005 – Hayley and Kim",
"Hayley and Kim's date got to a bad start when the bottle of wine was smashed, so they got bitten by ants, the rain fell and their car broke down on their way home.",
"#### 2005 – Zoe and Kim",
"When Zoe and Kim went on a date, Zoe heard noises in the bushes, when Kim went to check out, Zoe got stabbed on the arm.",
""
] |
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