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Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1900\= 563
\|1910\= 609
\|1920\= 542
\|1930\= 501
\|1940\= 507
\|1950\= 488
\|1960\= 551
\|1970\= 478
\|1980\= 469
\|1990\= 443
\|2000\= 485
\|2010\= 348
\|2020\= 370
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=December 11, 2012}} of 2010, there were 348 people, 147 households, and 93 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|370\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 179 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|190\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.3% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.6% of the population.
There were 147 households, of which 27\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\.7% were non\-families. 26\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.35 and the average family size was 2\.86\.
The median age in the town was 42 years. 20\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\.4% were from 25 to 44; 32\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53\.2% male and 46\.8% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 485 people, 168 households, and 111 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\|514\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 177 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|187\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\.97% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.21% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.82% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.03% of the population.
There were 168 households, out of which 40\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33\.9% were non\-families. 27\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.57 and the average family size was 3\.17\.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 27\.2% under the age of 18, 10\.5% from 18 to 24, 26\.2% from 25 to 44, 16\.7% from 45 to 64, and 19\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83\.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $32,981, and the median income for a family was $37,188\. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $22,875 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $14,369\. About 8\.7% of families and 10\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 15\.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1900\\= 563\n\\|1910\\= 609\n\\|1920\\= 542\n\\|1930\\= 501\n\\|1940\\= 507\n\\|1950\\= 488\n\\|1960\\= 551\n\\|1970\\= 478\n\\|1980\\= 469\n\\|1990\\= 443\n\\|2000\\= 485\n\\|2010\\= 348\n\\|2020\\= 370\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2012}} of 2010, there were 348 people, 147 households, and 93 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|370\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 179 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|190\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.3% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.6% of the population.",
"There were 147 households, of which 27\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\\.7% were non\\-families. 26\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.35 and the average family size was 2\\.86\\.",
"The median age in the town was 42 years. 20\\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 32\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14\\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53\\.2% male and 46\\.8% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 485 people, 168 households, and 111 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|514\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 177 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|187\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.97% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.21% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.82% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.03% of the population.",
"There were 168 households, out of which 40\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33\\.9% were non\\-families. 27\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.57 and the average family size was 3\\.17\\.",
"In the town, the population was spread out, with 27\\.2% under the age of 18, 10\\.5% from 18 to 24, 26\\.2% from 25 to 44, 16\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 19\\.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83\\.9 males.",
"The median income for a household in the town was $32,981, and the median income for a family was $37,188\\. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $22,875 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $14,369\\. About 8\\.7% of families and 10\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 15\\.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
[thumb\|upright\|Furtwängler in 1925](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler.jpg "Wilhelm Furtwängler.jpg")
Wilhelm Furtwängler was born in [Schöneberg](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg "Schöneberg") (now a district/borough of Berlin) into a prominent family. His father [Adolf](/wiki/Adolf_Furtw%C3%A4ngler "Adolf Furtwängler") was an [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology"), his mother a painter. Most of his childhood was spent in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), where his father taught at the city's [Ludwig Maximilian University](/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"). He was given a musical education from an early age, and developed an early love of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven"), a composer with whose works he remained closely associated throughout his life.
Although Furtwängler achieved fame chiefly from his conducting, he regarded himself foremost as a composer. He began conducting in order to perform his own works. By age of twenty, he had composed several works. However, they were not well received, and that, combined with the financial insecurity of a career as a composer, led him to concentrate on conducting. He made his conducting debut with the Kaim Orchestra (now the [Munich Philharmonic](/wiki/Munich_Philharmonic "Munich Philharmonic")) in [Anton Bruckner](/wiki/Anton_Bruckner "Anton Bruckner")'s [Ninth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_%28Bruckner%29 "Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)"). He subsequently held conducting posts at [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg"), [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "Lübeck"), [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim "Mannheim"), Frankfurt, and [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna").
Furtwangler succeeded [Artur Bodanzky](/wiki/Artur_Bodanzky "Artur Bodanzky") as principal conductor of the Mannheim Opera and Music Academy in 1915, remaining until 1920\. As a boy he had sometimes stayed with his grandmother in Mannheim. Through her family he met the Geissmars, a Jewish family who were leading lawyers and amateur musicians in the town.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|page\=12}} [Berta Geissmar](/wiki/Berta_Geissmar "Berta Geissmar") wrote, "Furtwängler became so good at \[skiing] as to attain almost professional skill...Almost every sport appealed to him: he loved tennis, sailing and swimming...He was a good horseman..."{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=15}} She also reports that he was a strong mountain climber and hiker.
Berta Geissmar subsequently became his secretary and business manager, in Mannheim and later in Berlin, until she was forced to leave Germany in 1935\.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|pp\=20–25, 143–147}} From 1921 onwards, Furtwängler shared holidays in the [Engadin](/wiki/Engadin "Engadin") with Berta and her mother. In 1924 he bought a house there. After he married, the house was open to a wide circle of friends.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=23}}
In 1920 he was appointed conductor of the [Staatskapelle Berlin](/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin "Staatskapelle Berlin") succeeding [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss"). In January 1922, following the sudden death of [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch "Arthur Nikisch"), he was appointed to the [Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra](/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra "Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra"). Shortly afterwards he was appointed to the prestigious [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic "Berlin Philharmonic"), again in succession to Nikisch.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|pp\=20–25, 30}} Furtwängler made his London debut in 1924, and continued to appear there before the outbreak of World War II as late as 1938, when he conducted [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner")'s *[Ring](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen "Der Ring des Nibelungen")*. (Furtwängler later conducted in London many times between 1948 and 1954\). In 1925 he appeared as guest conductor of the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic "New York Philharmonic"), making return visits in the following two years.
In January 1945 Furtwängler fled to Switzerland. It was during this period that he completed what is considered his most significant composition, the [Symphony No. 2 in E minor](/wiki/Symphony_No._2_%28Furtw%C3%A4ngler%29 "Symphony No. 2 (Furtwängler)"). It was given its premiere in 1948 by the Berlin Philharmonic under Furtwängler's direction and was recorded for [Deutsche Grammophon](/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon "Deutsche Grammophon").
Following the war, he resumed performing and recording, and remained a popular conductor in Europe, although his actions in the 1930s and 40s were a subject of ongoing criticism. He died in 1954 in [Ebersteinburg](/wiki/Ebersteinburg "Ebersteinburg"), close to [Baden\-Baden](/wiki/Baden-Baden "Baden-Baden"). He is buried in the [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") Bergfriedhof.
### Relationship with the Nazis
Furtwängler was very critical of [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler")'s appointment as [Chancellor of Germany](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany"),{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=89}} and was convinced that Hitler would not stay in power for long.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|pp\=66–67}} He had said of Hitler in 1932, "This hissing street pedlar will never get anywhere in Germany".{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|page\=37}}
As [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") increased the persecution of Jews, Jewish musicians were forced out of work and began to leave Germany. The Nazis were aware that Furtwängler was opposed to the policies and might also decide to go abroad, so the Berlin Philharmonic, which employed many Jews, was exempted from the policies.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|pages\=57–60}} In 1933, when [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter "Bruno Walter") was dismissed from his position as principal conductor of the [Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra](/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra "Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra"), the Nazis asked Furtwängler to replace him for an international tour. Their goal was to show to the world that Germany did not need Jewish musicians. Furtwängler refused, and it was [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss") who replaced Walter.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=44}}
On 10 April 1933, Furtwängler wrote a public letter to [Goebbels](/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels "Joseph Goebbels") to denounce the new rulers' antisemitism:
{{quote\|Ultimately there is only one dividing line I recognize: that between good and bad art. However, while the dividing line between Jews and non\-Jews is being drawn with a downright merciless theoretical precision, that other dividing line, the one which in the long run is so important for our music life, yes, the decisive dividing line between good and bad, seems to have far too little significance attributed to it ... If concerts offer nothing then people will not attend; that is why the QUALITY is not just an idea: it is of vital importance. If the fight against Judaism concentrates on those artists who are themselves rootless and destructive and who seek to succeed in kitsch, sterile virtuosity and the like, then it is quite acceptable; the fight against these people and the attitude they embody (as, unfortunately, do many non\-Jews) cannot be pursued thoroughly or systematically enough. If, however, this campaign is also directed at truly great artists, then it ceases to be in the interests of Germany's cultural life ... It must therefore be stated that men such as Walter, Klemperer, Reinhardt etc. must be allowed to exercise their talents in Germany in the future as well, in exactly the same way as Kreisler, Huberman, Schnabel and other great instrumentalists of the Jewish race. It is only just that we Germans should bear in mind that in the past we had Joseph Joachim one of the greatest violinists and teachers in the German classical tradition, and in Mendelssohn even a great German composer – for Mendelssohn is a part of Germany's musical history."{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=340}}}}
As stated by the historian [Fred K. Prieberg](/wiki/Fred_K._Prieberg "Fred K. Prieberg"), this letter proved that if the concepts of nation and patriotism had a deep meaning for him, "it is clear that race meant nothing to him".{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=55}} In June 1933, for a text which was to be the basis for a discussion with Goebbels, Furtwängler went further, writing, "The Jewish question in musical spheres: a race of brilliant people!" He threatened that if boycotts against Jews were extended to artistic activities, he would resign all his posts immediately, concluding that "at any rate to continue giving concerts would be quite impossible without \[the Jews] – to remove them would be an operation which would result in the death of the patient."{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=74}}
[thumb\|Etching of Furtwängler from 1928](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler_by_Emil_Orlik.jpeg "Wilhelm Furtwängler by Emil Orlik.jpeg")
Because of his high profile, Furtwängler's public opposition prompted a mixed reaction from the Nazi leadership. [Heinrich Himmler](/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler "Heinrich Himmler") wished to send Furtwängler to a [concentration camp](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp").{{harvnb\|Ardoin\|1994\|page\=56}} Goebbels and Göring ordered their administration to listen to Furtwängler's requests and to give him the impression that they would do what he asked.{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|page\=53}} This led him to believe that he had some positive influence to stop the racial policy. He subsequently invited several Jewish and anti\-fascist artists (such as [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin "Yehudi Menuhin"), [Artur Schnabel](/wiki/Artur_Schnabel "Artur Schnabel"), and [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals")) to perform as soloists in his 1933/34 season, but they refused to come to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany").{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=46}} Furtwängler subsequently invited Jewish musicians from his orchestra such as [Szymon Goldberg](/wiki/Szymon_Goldberg "Szymon Goldberg") to play as soloists.
The Gestapo built a case against Furtwängler, noting that he was providing assistance to Jews. Furtwängler gave all his fees to German emigrants during his concerts outside Germany.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=319}} The German literary scholar [Hans Mayer](/wiki/Hans_Mayer "Hans Mayer") was one of these emigrants. Mayer later observed that for performances of Wagner operas in Paris prior to the war, Furtwängler cast only German emigrants (Jews or political opponents to the Nazis) to sing.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=109}} Georg Gerullis, a director at the Ministry of Culture remarked in a letter to Goebbels, "Can you name me a Jew on whose behalf Furtwängler has not intervened?"{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=94}}
Furtwängler never joined the Nazi Party.Galo, Gary A., "Review of *The Furtwängler Record* by [John Ardoin](/wiki/John_Ardoin "John Ardoin") (December 1995\). *[Notes](/wiki/Notes_%28journal%29 "Notes (journal)")* (2nd ser.), **52** (2\): pp. 483–485\. He refused to give the [Nazi salute](/wiki/Nazi_salute "Nazi salute"), to conduct the [Horst\-Wessel\-Lied](/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied "Horst-Wessel-Lied"), or to sign his letters with "Heil Hitler", even those he wrote to Hitler.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=47}} Prieberg has found all the letters from the conductor to the dictator: these are always requests for an audience to defend Jewish musicians or musicians considered to be "degenerate". The fact that he refused to sign them 'Heil Hitler' was considered a major affront by the Nazi leadership and explains why many of these requests for a hearing were refused. However, Furtwängler was appointed as the first vice\-president of the *[Reichsmusikkammer](/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer "Reichsmusikkammer")* and *Staatsrat of Prussia*, and accepted these honorary positions to try to bend the racial policy of Nazis in music and to support Jewish musicians.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|loc\=ch. 2}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=113}} For concerts in London and Paris before the war, Furtwängler refused to conduct the Nazi anthems or to play music in halls adorned with swastikas.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=220}} During the [universal exposition held in Paris in 1937](/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne "Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne"), a picture of the German delegation was taken in front of the [Arc de Triomphe](/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe "Arc de Triomphe"). In the picture, Furtwängler is the only German not giving the [Nazi salute](/wiki/Nazi_salute "Nazi salute") (he has his hand on his shoulder).{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|page\=187}} This picture was suppressed at the time. The photo was, however, carefully preserved by the Gestapo, providing new proof that Furtwängler was opposed to Nazi policy.
In 1933, Furtwängler met with Hitler to try to stop his new antisemitic policy in the domain of music. He had prepared a list of significant Jewish musicians: these included the composer [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg"), the [musicologist](/wiki/Musicology "Musicology") [Curt Sachs](/wiki/Curt_Sachs "Curt Sachs"), the violinist [Carl Flesch](/wiki/Carl_Flesch "Carl Flesch"), and Jewish members of the Berlin Philharmonic.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=100}} Hitler did not listen to Furtwängler, who lost patience, and the meeting became a shouting match.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=50}} Berta Geissmar wrote, "After the audience, he told me that he knew now what was behind Hitler's narrow\-minded measures. This is not only antisemitism, but the rejection of any form of artistic, philosophical thought, the rejection of any form of free culture..."{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=86}}{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=45}}
### 1933 Mannheim concert
On 26 April 1933, Furtwängler and the Berlin Philharmonic performed a joint concert in Mannheim with the local orchestra to mark the 50th anniversary of Wagner's death and to raise money for the Mannheim orchestra. The concert had been organised before the Nazis came to power. The Nazified Mannheim Orchestra Committee demanded that the Jewish leader of the Berlin orchestra, [Szymon Goldberg](/wiki/Szymon_Goldberg "Szymon Goldberg"), give way to the leader of the Mannheim orchestra for the evening. Furtwängler refused, and the concert took place as planned.
Before the banquet organized for the evening, members of the Mannheim Orchestra Committee came to remonstrate with Furtwängler, accusing him of "a lack of national sentiment".{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=109}}{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|pp\=81–82}} Furtwängler furiously left before the banquet to rejoin Berta Geissmar and her mother. The fact that Furtwängler had preferred to spend the evening with his "Jewish friends" rather than with Nazi authorities caused a controversy. He subsequently refused to conduct again in Mannheim,{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=82}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=110}} only returning 21 years later in 1954\.
### "The Hindemith Case"
In 1934, Furtwängler publicly described Hitler as an "enemy of the human race" and the political situation in Germany as a {{lang\|de\|Schweinerei}} ("disgrace", literally: "swinishness").["L'atelier du Maître"](http://www.furtwangler.net/doc/atelier.rtf) by Philippe Jacquard, Société Wilhelm Furtwängler{{dead link\|date\=July 2023}}
On 25 November 1934, he wrote a letter in the *[Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung](/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung "Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung")*, "Der Fall Hindemith" ("The Hindemith Case"), in support of the composer [Paul Hindemith](/wiki/Paul_Hindemith "Paul Hindemith"). Hindemith had been labelled a [degenerate artist](/wiki/Degenerate_art "Degenerate art") by the Nazis. Furtwängler also conducted a piece by Hindemith, *[Mathis der Maler](/wiki/Mathis_der_Maler_%28opera%29 "Mathis der Maler (opera)")*, although the work had been banned by the Nazis.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=138}} The concert received enormous acclaim and unleashed a political storm. The Nazis (especially [Alfred Rosenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg "Alfred Rosenberg"), the Nazi Party's chief racial theorist) formed a violent conspiracy against the conductor, who resigned from his official positions, including as the vice\-president of the *[Reichsmusikkammer](/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer "Reichsmusikkammer")* and as a member of the [Prussian State Council](/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_%28Nazi_Germany%29 "Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)"). His resignation from the latter position was refused by Göring. He was also forced by Goebbels to give up all his artistic positions.{{sfn\|Spotts\|2002\|page\=291}}
Furtwängler decided to leave Germany,{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=48}} but the Nazis prevented him.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=144}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=139}} They seized the opportunity to Aryanise the orchestra and its administrative staff. Most of the Jewish musicians of the orchestra had already left the country and found positions outside Germany, with Furtwängler's assistance.
The main target of the Nazis was Berta Geissmar. She wrote in her book about Furtwängler that she was so close to the conductor that the Nazis had begun an investigation to know if she was his mistress. After being harassed for a period of two years, she moved to London when she became Sir [Thomas Beecham](/wiki/Thomas_Beecham "Thomas Beecham")'s main assistant. In the book she wrote on Furtwängler in England in 1943, she said:
> Furtwängler, although he had decided to remain in Germany, was certainly no Nazi ... He had a private telephone line to me which was not connected via the exchange ... Before going to bed, he used to chat with me over telephone. Sometimes I told him amusing stories to cheer him up, sometimes we talked about politics. One of the main threats the Nazis used against Furtwängler and myself later on was the assertion that they had recorded all these conversations. I should not have thought that it was possible! Was there enough [shellac](/wiki/Shellac_disc "Shellac disc")? If the Nazis really did this, their ears must certainly have burnt, and it was not surprising that Furtwängler was eventually put on their black list, let alone myself.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=132}}
Goebbels refused to meet Furtwängler to clarify his situation for several months.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=141}} During the same period, many members of the orchestra and of his public were begging him not to emigrate and desert them.{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=159}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=142}} In addition, Goebbels sent him a clear signal that if he left Germany he would never be allowed back, frightening him with the prospect of permanent separation from his mother (to whom he was very close) and his children.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=144}} Furtwängler considered himself responsible for the Berlin Philharmonic and for his family, and decided to stay.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=52}}{{sfn\|E. Furtwängler\|2004\|pp\=51,128\.}}{{harvnb\|Lang\|2012\|p\=55}}
### Compromise of 1935
On 28 February 1935, Furtwängler met Goebbels, who wanted to keep Furtwängler in Germany, since he considered him, like [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss") and [Hans Pfitzner](/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner "Hans Pfitzner"), a "national treasure". Goebbels asked him to pledge allegiance publicly to the new regime. Furtwängler refused.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|loc\=ch. 5}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=143}} Goebbels then proposed that Furtwängler acknowledge publicly that Hitler was in charge of cultural policy. Furtwängler accepted: Hitler was a dictator and controlled everything in the country. But he added that it must be clear that he wanted nothing to do with the policy and that he would remain as a non\-political artist, without any official position.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=172}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=145}} The agreement was reached. Goebbels made an announcement declaring that Furtwängler's article on Hindemith was not political: Furtwängler had spoken only from an artistic point of view, and it was Hitler who was in charge of the cultural policy in Germany.
Goebbels did not reveal the second part of the deal.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=173}} However, the agreement between them was largely respected. At his subsequent [denazification](/wiki/Denazification "Denazification") trial, Furtwängler was charged with conducting only two official concerts for the period 1933–1945\. Furtwängler appeared in only two short propaganda films.
Other Nazi leaders were not satisfied with the compromise, since they believed that Furtwängler had not capitulated: Rosenberg demanded in vain that Furtwängler apologise to the regime. Goebbels, who wanted to keep Furtwängler in Germany, wrote in his diary that he was satisfied with the deal and remarked on "the incredible naïvety of artists".{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=51}}
Hitler now allowed him to have a new passport. When they met again in April, Hitler attacked Furtwängler for his support of modern music, and made him withdraw from regular conducting for the time being, save for his scheduled appearance at Bayreuth.{{sfn\|Spotts\|2002\|p\=293}} However, Hitler confirmed that Furtwängler would not be given any official titles, and would be treated as a private individual. But Hitler refused Furtwängler's request to announce this, saying that it would be harmful for the "prestige of the State".{{harvnb\|Riess\|1953\|p\=151}}
Furtwängler resumed conducting. On 25 April 1935, he returned to the Berlin Philharmonic with a program dedicated to Beethoven. Many people who had boycotted the orchestra during his absence came to the concert to support him.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=150}} He was called out seventeen times. On 3 May, in his dressing room before conducting the same program, he was informed that Hitler and his entire staff would attend the concert. He was given the order to welcome Hitler with the Nazi salute.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=253}}{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=177}} Furtwängler was so furious that he ripped the wooden panelling off a radiator.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=152}}{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=74}} Franz Jastrau, the manager of the orchestra, suggested that he keep his baton in his right hand all the time.{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=74}} When he entered the hall, all the Nazi leaders were present making the Hitler salute, but Furtwängler kept hold of his baton and began the concert immediately. Hitler probably could not have imagined that such an affront was possible but decided to put up a good show: he sat down and the concert went on.
At the end of the concert, Furtwängler continued to keep his baton in his right hand. Hitler understood the situation and jumped up and demonstratively held out his right hand to him.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=153}}{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=75}} The same situation occurred during another concert later on, when a photographer had been mobilized by the Nazis for the occasion: the photo of the famous handshake between Furtwängler and Hitler was distributed everywhere by Goebbels. Goebbels had obtained what he desired: to keep Furtwängler in Germany and to give the impression to those who were not well informed (especially outside the country) that Furtwängler was now a supporter of the regime.
Furtwängler wrote in his diary in 1935 that there was a complete contradiction between the racial ideology of the Nazis and the true German culture, the one of [Schiller](/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller "Friedrich Schiller"), [Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven").{{sfn\|Furtwängler\|1995\|page\=39}} He added in 1936: "living today is more than ever a question of courage".{{sfn\|Furtwängler\|1995\|p\=11}}
### New York Philharmonic
In September 1935, the baritone Oskar Jölli, a member of the Nazi party, reported to the Gestapo that Furtwängler had said, "Those in power should all be shot, and things in Germany would not change until this was done".{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=188}} Hitler forbade him to conduct for several months, until Furtwängler's fiftieth birthday in January 1936\.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=104}} Hitler and Goebbels allowed him to conduct again and offered him presents: Hitler an annual pension of 40,000 Reichsmarks, and Goebbels an ornate baton made of gold and ivory. Furtwängler refused them.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=191}}{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=155}}
Furtwängler was offered the principal conductor's post at the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic "New York Philharmonic"), which was then the most desirable and best paid position in international musical life.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=156}} He was to have followed [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini"), who had declared that Furtwängler was the only man to succeed him.{{harvnb\|Riess\|1953\|p\=157}}[Harvey Sachs](/wiki/Harvey_Sachs "Harvey Sachs") (1995\), *Toscanini*, Prima Lifestyles {{ISBN\|978\-0761501374}} Furtwängler accepted the post, but his telephone conversations were recorded by the Gestapo.
While Furtwängler was travelling, the Berlin branch of the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") leaked a news story on [Hermann Göring](/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring "Hermann Göring")'s orders.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|pp\=157–159}} It suggested Furtwängler would probably be reappointed as director of the Berlin State Opera and of the Berlin Philharmonic. This caused the mood in New York to turn against him: it seemed that Furtwängler was now a supporter of the Nazi Party.{{cite magazine\| url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856244,00\.html \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131034044/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856244,00\.html \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=31 January 2011 \|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\| title\=Music: Partisans on the Podium \| date\=25 April 1949}} On reading the American press reaction, Furtwängler chose not to accept the position in New York. Nor did he accept any position at the Berlin Opera.
### 1936 to 1937
Furtwängler included Jewish and other non\-Aryan musicians during his overseas tours in the 1930s. This was the case in France in April 1934 where he conducted operas by Wagner. [Hans Mayer](/wiki/Hans_Mayer "Hans Mayer"), a professor of literature, a communist Jew exiled from Germany, reported after the war that Furtwängler had voluntarily chosen a cast made up almost entirely of Jews or of people driven out of Germany during these concerts. Likewise, during the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1937, Furtwängler performed a series of Wagnerian concerts which were a triumph. Goebbels announced in the German press that Furtwängler and Wagner had been acclaimed in Paris. In fact, those who made Furtwängler a triumph were precisely German exiles, including many Jews, who lived in Paris and who saw Furtwängler as a symbol of anti\-Nazi Germany. Furtwängler also refused to conduct the Nazi anthem{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=56}} and demanded that all swastikas be removed from his concert halls{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=254}} The Nazis realized and complained that Furtwängler did not bring back any money from his tours abroad. They initially believed that Furtwängler was spending everything for him, and later realized that he was giving all the money to the German emigrants. It confirmed after the war that the conductor gave them everything he had "to the last penny" when he met them.{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|page\=84}} Furtwängler always refused to practice the Nazi salute and conduct the Nazi hymns. When the Berlin orchestra performed abroad, he had to start the concert with the Nazi anthem Horst\-Wessel\-Lied. As the English and French could see during the period 1935–1939, Furtwängler was replaced by the steward Hans von Benda and only entered the room afterwards.
Furtwängler conducted at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival") in 1936 for the first time since 1931, in spite of his poor relationship with [Winifred Wagner](/wiki/Winifred_Wagner "Winifred Wagner"). Here, he conducted a new staging of *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 "Lohengrin (opera)")* (the first time this work was performed at the festival since 1909\) for which Hitler ensured no expense was spared; the costume and set design were on a larger and more expensive scale than anything previously seen at Bayreuth. This performance was broadcast throughout Europe and in the Americas, and was used as part of a propaganda effort intended to portray the "New Germany" as the triumphant inheritor of the German musical tradition rather than a break from the past, to which Furtwängler's place at the podium was instrumental.{{sfn\|Vaget\|2006\|page\=270}} Both Hitler and Goebbels attended the festival and attempted to force him to accept an official position. [Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner "Friedelind Wagner"), the composer's anti\-Nazi granddaughter, witnessed a meeting between Hitler and Furtwängler at her mother's Bayreuth home:
> I remember Hitler turning to Furtwängler and telling him that he would now have to allow himself to be used by the party for propaganda purposes, and I remember that Furtwängler refused categorically. Hitler flew into a fury and told Furtwängler that in that case there would be a concentration camp ready for him. Furtwängler quietly replied: "In that case, Herr Reichskanzler, at least I will be in very good company." Hitler couldn't even answer, and vanished from the room.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=53}}
Furtwängler avoided the [1936 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics "1936 Summer Olympics") in Berlin, and canceled all his public engagements during the following winter season in order to compose.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=54}} He returned to the Berlin Philharmonic in 1937, performing with them in London for the coronation of [George VI](/wiki/George_VI "George VI"), and in Paris for the [universal exposition](/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne "Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne"), where he again refused to conduct the [Horst\-Wessel\-Lied](/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied "Horst-Wessel-Lied") or to attend the political speeches of German officials.
The [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival "Salzburg Festival") was considered to be a festival of the "free world" and a centre for anti\-fascist artists. Hitler had forbidden all German musicians from performing there.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=165}} In 1937, Furtwängler was asked to conduct Beethoven's ninth symphony in Salzburg. Despite strong opposition from Hitler and Goebbels, he accepted the invitation.{{harvnb\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=81}}
[Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini"), a prominent anti\-fascist, was furious to learn that Furtwängler would be at the Festival. He accepted his engagement in Salzburg on the condition that he would not have to meet Furtwängler.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=166}} But the two did meet, and argued over Furtwängler's actions. Toscanini argued: "I know quite well that you are not a member of the Party. I am also aware that you have helped your Jewish friends ... But everyone who conducts in the Third Reich is a Nazi!". Furtwängler emphatically denied this and said: "By that, you imply that art and music are merely propaganda, a false front, as it were, for any Government which happens to be in power. If a Nazi Government is in power, then, as a conductor, I am a Nazi; under the communists, I would be a Communist; under the democrats, a democrat... No, a thousand times no! Music belongs to a different world, and is above chance political events." Toscanini disagreed and that ended the discussion.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|pp\=168–169}}
Furtwängler returned to the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival"), his relationship with [Winifred Wagner](/wiki/Winifred_Wagner "Winifred Wagner") worse than ever. He did not appear again in Bayreuth until 1943\. He wrote a letter to Winifred Wagner, sending copies to Hitler, Göring and Goebbels, accusing her of having betrayed Wagner's heritage by applying racial and not artistic rules in the choice of the artists, and of putting her "trust in the powers of an authoritarian state".{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=221}} This clear attack on Hitler caused a sharp reaction: Hitler wanted to drop Furtwängler from Bayreuth after all. Goebbels wrote in two entries of his diary in 1937 that Furtwängler was constantly helping Jews, "half\-Jews" and "his small Hindemith".{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=102}}
According to the historian Fred Prieberg, by the end of 1937 nobody who was correctly informed could accuse Furtwängler of working for the Nazis.
### Herbert von Karajan
The Nazi leaders searched for another conductor to counterbalance Furtwängler.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=239}} A young, gifted Austrian conductor now appeared in Nazi Germany: [Herbert von Karajan](/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan "Herbert von Karajan"). Karajan had been a member of the Nazi Party since 1935, and was much more willing to participate in the propaganda of the new regime than Furtwängler.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=241}}
Furtwängler had attended several of his concerts, praising his technical gifts but criticizing his conducting style; he did not consider him a serious competitor. However, when Karajan conducted *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio "Fidelio")* and *[Tristan und Isolde](/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde "Tristan und Isolde")* in Berlin in late 1938, Göring decided to take the initiative. The music critic Edwin von der Nüll wrote a review of these concerts with the support of Göring. Its title, "The Karajan Miracle", was a reference to the famous article "The Furtwängler Miracle" that had made Furtwängler famous as a young conductor in Mannheim. Von der Nüll championed Karajan saying, "A thirty\-year\-old man creates a performance for which our great fifty\-year\-olds can justifiably envy him". Furtwängler's photo was printed next to the article, making the reference clear.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=242}}
The article was part of a broader attack made against Furtwängler. The Nazi press criticized him for being "a man of the nineteenth century" whose political ideas were obsolete and who did not understand and accept the new changes in Germany. The situation became intolerable for Furtwängler. He obtained from Goebbels a pledge to cease these attacks.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=244}}
However, Furtwängler's position was weakened: he knew that if he left Germany, Karajan would immediately become the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. It was the beginning of an obsessive hate and contempt for Karajan that never left him until his death. He often refused to call Karajan by his name, calling him simply "Herr K". Hitler's opinion was that even if Furtwängler was infinitely better than Karajan as a conductor, it was necessary to keep Karajan "in reserve" since Furtwängler was "not politically trustworthy".
### *Kristallnacht* and the *Anschluss*
Furtwängler was very affected by the events of *[Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht "Kristallnacht")*. Berta Geissmar, who met him in Paris, described him as "greatly depressed".{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\=352}} [Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner "Friedelind Wagner"), who saw him also in Paris, wrote that he was a "very unhappy man".{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=89}} Andrew Schulhof, who met him in Budapest said that "he had the impression that what he had done before for his Jewish friends had been lost".
Furtwängler approved of the *[Anschluss](/wiki/Anschluss "Anschluss")* that had occurred on 12 March 1938\.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=231}} But he quickly disagreed with the Nazi leaders' decision to "annex Austrian culture" by abolishing independent cultural activity in Austria and subordinating it to Berlin.{{harvnb\|Riess\|1953\|p\=174}} Just after the Anschluss, Furtwängler discovered that a huge Swastika flag was displayed in the hall of the [Musikverein](/wiki/Musikverein "Musikverein"). He refused to conduct the [Vienna Philharmonic](/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic "Vienna Philharmonic") "as long as the rag is visible". The flag was finally removed.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=176}}
Goebbels wanted to eliminate the Vienna Philharmonic and to convert the Vienna Opera and the Salzburg Festival into branches of the Berlin Opera and the Bayreuth Festival respectively.{{harvnb\|Riess\|1953\|p\=175}} In addition, he wished to confiscate the largest musical collection in the world, belonging to the *Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde* in Vienna and to move it to Berlin. Hitler's goal was to deny that Austria had developed its own culture independently of Germany. Austrian musical circles asked Furtwängler, who was the honorary president of the Vienna *Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde*, to help them.
Furtwängler campaigned to convince Nazi leaders to abandon their plans. According to historian [Fred K. Prieberg](/wiki/Fred_K._Prieberg "Fred K. Prieberg"), he conducted concerts (often with the Vienna Philharmonic) in the presence of German leaders during this period in exchange for the conservation of the orchestra. He organized several concerts of Austrian music in Berlin and Vienna for Hitler, to highlight Austrian culture. The Nazi leadership, who wanted to take advantage of this situation, invited Furtwängler in 1938 to conduct *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg")* with the Vienna Philharmonic in Nürnberg for the Nazi party congress. Furtwängler accepted to conduct, as long as the performance was not during the party congress. Hitler eventually accepted Furtwängler's conditions:{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=235}} the concert took place on 5 September and the political event was formally opened the following morning.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=236}} This concert, along with one given in Berlin in 1942 for Hitler's birthday, led to heavy criticism of Furtwängler after the war. However, Furtwängler had managed not to participate in the party congress. He had also succeeded in conserving the Vienna Philharmonic, and the musical collections of Vienna and the Vienna Opera, where he persuaded Hitler and Goebbels to agree to the appointment of [Karl Böhm](/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm "Karl Böhm") as artistic director. At the Vienna Philharmonic, as at the Berlin Philharmonic, Furtwängler succeeded in protecting 'half\-Jews' or members with 'non\-aryan' wives until the end of the war (these were exceptional cases in Germany during the Nazi period). However, in contrast to his experience with the Berlin Philharmonic, he could not save the lives of 'full\-blooded' Jews: they were persecuted, with a number dying in concentration camps.
Goebbels was satisfied that Furtwängler had conducted the concerts in Vienna, Prague and Nürnberg, thinking that these concerts gave a "cultural" justification to the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=57}} During this period he said that Furtwängler was "willing to place himself at my disposal for any of my activities", describing him as "an out\-and\-out chauvinist".{{sfn\|Spotts\|2002\|p\=295}} However, he regularly complained that Furtwängler was helping Jews and 'half\-Jews', and his complaints continued during the war.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=102}} Goebbels wrote in his diary that Furtwängler's goal was to bypass Nazi cultural policy. For instance, Goebbels wrote that Furtwängler supported the Salzburg festival to counterbalance the Bayreuth Festival, a keystone of the Nazi regime.
Furtwängler was very affected by the events of the 1930s. [Fred K. Prieberg](/wiki/Fred_K._Prieberg "Fred K. Prieberg") describes Furtwängler in 1939 as a "broken man".{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=272}} The French government awarded him the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour "Legion of Honour") in 1939, which may support the theory that western diplomatic services knew Furtwängler was not a supporter of the Nazi regime. Hitler forbade news of the award to be spread in Germany.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=59}}
### World War II
During the war, Furtwängler tried to avoid conducting in occupied Europe. He said: "I will never play in a country such as France, which I am so much attached to, considering myself a 'vanquisher'. I will conduct there again only when the country has been liberated".{{cite book\|last1\=Hürlimann\|first1\=Martin\|title\=Wilhelm Furtwängler im Urteil seiner Zeit\|date\=1955\|publisher\=Atlantis Verlag\|page\=215}}{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=60}} He refused to go to France during its occupation, although the Nazis tried to force him to conduct there.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=60}} Since he had said that he would conduct there only at the invitation of the French, Goebbels forced the French conductor [Charles Munch](/wiki/Charles_Munch_%28conductor%29 "Charles Munch (conductor)") to send him a personal invitation. But Munch wrote in small characters at the bottom of his letter "in agreement with the German occupation authorities." Furtwängler declined the invitation.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=185}}
[thumb\|left\|upright\=1\.4\|Furtwängler conducting the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic "Berlin Philharmonic") in a "work\-break" concert at [AEG](/wiki/AEG_%28German_company%29 "AEG (German company)") in February 1941, organized by the Nazi [Strength Through Joy](/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy "Strength Through Joy") program](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0607-504%2C_Berlin%2C_Furtw%C3%A4ngler_dirigiert_Konzert_in_AEG-Werk.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L0607-504, Berlin, Furtwängler dirigiert Konzert in AEG-Werk.jpg")
Furtwängler did conduct in Prague in November 1940 and March 1944\. The 1940 program, chosen by Furtwängler, included [Smetana](/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana "Bedřich Smetana")'s *Moldau*. According to Prieberg, "This piece is part of the cycle in which the Czech master celebrated [Má vlast](/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast "Má vlast") (My Country), and ... was intended to support his compatriots' fight for the independence from Austrian domination ... When Furtwängler began with the 'Moldau' it was not a deliberate risk, but a statement of his stance towards the oppressed Czechs".{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=285}} The 1944 concert marked the fifth anniversary of the German occupation and was the result of a deal between Furtwängler and Goebbels: Furtwängler did not want to perform in April for Hitler's birthday in Berlin. He said to Goebbels in March (as he had in April 1943\) that he was sick. Goebbels asked him to perform in Prague instead,{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=115}} where he conducted the [Symphony No. 9](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 "Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)") of [Antonín Dvořák](/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k "Antonín Dvořák"). He conducted in Oslo in 1943, where he helped the Jewish conductor [Issay Dobrowen](/wiki/Issay_Dobrowen "Issay Dobrowen") to flee to Sweden.
In April 1942, Furtwängler conducted a performance of Beethoven's ninth symphony with the Berlin Philharmonic for Hitler's birthday. At least the final minutes of the performance were filmed and can be seen on YouTube. At the end, Goebbels came to the front of the stage to shake Furtwängler's hand. This concert led to heavy criticism of Furtwängler after the war. In fact, Furtwängler had planned several concerts in Vienna during this period to avoid this celebration.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=291}} But after the defeat of the German army during the [Battle of Moscow](/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow "Battle of Moscow"), Goebbels had decided to make a long speech on the eve of Hitler's birthday to galvanize the German nation. The speech would be followed by Beethoven's ninth symphony. Goebbels wanted Furtwängler to conduct the symphony by whatever means to give a transcendent dimension to the event. He called Furtwängler shortly before to ask him to agree to conduct the symphony but the latter refused arguing that he had no time to rehearse and that he had to perform several concerts in Vienna. But Goebbels forced the organizers in Vienna (by threatening them: some were physically assaulted by the Nazis) to cancel the concerts and ordered Furtwängler to return to Berlin{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=75}} In 1943 and 1944, Furtwängler provided false medical certificates in advance to be sure that such a situation would not happen again.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=64}}
It is now known that Furtwängler continued to use his influence to help Jewish musicians and non\-musicians escape Nazi Germany.{{harvnb\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\={{page needed\|date\=July 2023}}}}{{sfn\|Geissmar\|1944\|p\={{page needed\|date\=July 2023}}}} He managed to have Max Zweig, a nephew of conductor [Fritz Zweig](/wiki/Fritz_Zweig "Fritz Zweig"), released from Dachau concentration camp. Others, from an extensive list of Jews he helped, included Carl Flesch, [Josef Krips](/wiki/Josef_Krips "Josef Krips") and the composer [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg").{{sfn\|Shirakawa\|1992\|loc\=ch. 15}}
Furtwängler refused to participate in the propaganda film *Philharmoniker*. Goebbels wanted Furtwängler to feature in it, but Furtwängler declined to take part. The film was finished in December 1943 showing many conductors connected with the Berlin Philharmonic, including [Eugen Jochum](/wiki/Eugen_Jochum "Eugen Jochum"), [Karl Böhm](/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm "Karl Böhm"), [Hans Knappertsbusch](/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch "Hans Knappertsbusch"), and [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss"), but not Furtwängler.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=320}} Goebbels also asked Furtwängler to direct the music in a film about Beethoven, again for propaganda purposes. They quarrelled violently about this project. Furtwängler told him "You are wrong, *Herr Minister*, if you think you can exploit Beethoven in a film." Goebbels gave up his plans for the film.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|p\=191}}
In April 1944, Goebbels wrote:
> Furtwängler has never been a National Socialist. Nor has he ever made any bones about it, which Jews and emigrants thought was sufficient to consider him as one of them, a key representative of so\-called 'inner emigration'. Furtwängler\['s] stance towards us has not changed in the least.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=306}}Joseph Goebbels, *Reden 1932–1939*, Helmut Heiber (ed.), Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1972, p. 282\.Wilfried von Oven, *Finale furioso. Mit Goebbels zum Ende*. Tübingen, [Grabert Verlag](/wiki/Grabert_Verlag "Grabert Verlag"), 1974, p. 268\.
[Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner "Friedelind Wagner") (an outspoken opponent of the Nazis) reported a conversation with her mother [Winifred Wagner](/wiki/Winifred_Wagner "Winifred Wagner") (an outspoken supporter and a friend of Hitler) during the war, to the effect that Hitler did not trust or like Furtwängler, and that Göring and Goebbels were upset with Furtwängler's continuous support for his "undesirable friends". Yet Hitler, in gratitude for Furtwängler's refusal to leave Berlin even when it was being bombed, ordered [Albert Speer](/wiki/Albert_Speer "Albert Speer") to build a special air raid shelter for the conductor and his family. Furtwängler refused it, but the shelter was nevertheless built in the house against his will.{{sfn\|Spotts\|2002\|p\=87}} Speer related that in December 1944 Furtwängler asked whether Germany had any chance of winning the war. Speer replied in the negative, and advised him to flee to Switzerland from possible Nazi retribution.Albert Speer, *Inside the Third Reich* (1970\) Macmillan pp 548\. In 1944, he was the only prominent German artist who refused to sign the brochure 'We Stand and Fall with Adolf Hitler'.{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=317}}
Furtwängler's name was included on the [Gottbegnadeten list](/wiki/Gottbegnadeten_list "Gottbegnadeten list") ("God\-gifted List") of September 1944 as one of only three musicians in the special category designated as *unersetzliche Künstler* ("indispensable artists"; the others were Richard Strauss and Hans Pfitzner).{{cite book\|last\=Rathkolb\|first\=Oliver\|author\-link\=Oliver Rathkolb\|title\=Führertreu und gottbegnadet: Künstlereliten im Dritten Reich \|date\=1991 \|publisher\=ÖBV \|location\=Vienna \|page\=176}} He was removed on 7 December 1944, however, because of his relationships with [German resistance](/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism "German resistance to Nazism").{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=171}} Furtwängler had strong links to the German resistance which organized the [20 July plot](/wiki/20_July_plot "20 July plot"). He stated during his [denazification trial](/wiki/Denazification_trial "Denazification trial") that he knew an attack was being organized against Hitler, although he did not participate in its organization. He knew [Claus von Stauffenberg](/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg "Claus von Stauffenberg") very well{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=174}} and his doctor, Johannes Ludwig Schmitt, who wrote him many false health prescriptions to bypass official requirements, was a member of the [Kreisau Circle](/wiki/Kreisau_Circle "Kreisau Circle"). Furtwängler's concerts were sometimes chosen by the members of the German resistance as a meeting point. Rudolf Pechel, a member of the resistance group which organized the [20 July plot](/wiki/20_July_plot "20 July plot") said to Furtwängler after the war: "In the circle of our resistance movement it was an accepted fact that you were the only one in the whole of our musical world who really resisted, and you were one of us."{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=93}} Graf Kaunitz, also a member of that circle, stated: "In Furtwängler's concerts we were one big family of the resistance."{{sfn\|Schönzeler\|1990\|p\=94}}
Grove Online states that Furtwängler was "within a few hours of being arrested" by the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo "Gestapo") when he fled to Switzerland, following a concert in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") with the [Vienna Philharmonic](/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic "Vienna Philharmonic") on 28 January 1945\. The Nazis had begun to crack down on German liberals. At the concert he conducted Brahms's [Second Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._2_%28Brahms%29 "Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)"), which was recorded and is considered one of his greatest performances.{{cite journal \| author\=Bernard D. Sherman. \| title\=Brahms: The Symphonies/Charles Mackerras \| url\=http://www.bsherman.net/mack.html \| journal\=Fanfare \| year\=1997 \|orig\-year\=1999 \| access\-date\=5 September 2010}}
### After World War II
In February 1946, Furtwängler met in Vienna a German Jew by the name of [Curt Riess](/wiki/Curt_Martin_Riess "Curt Martin Riess") who had fled Germany in 1933\.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=76}} The latter was a musician and writer, he later wrote a book on Furtwängler. Riess was then a journalist and correspondent in Switzerland for American newspapers. He thought Furtwängler was a Nazi collaborator and objected to having Furtwängler directing in Switzerland in 1945\. Furtwängler asked to meet him and when Riess had studied all the documents concerning Furtwängler, he completely changed his mind. Realizing that Furtwängler had never been a Nazi and had helped many people of Jewish origin, he became his "denazification advisor". A long friendship ensued and Curt Riess spent the next two years doing everything to get Furtwängler exonerated. As Roger Smithson writes at the conclusion of his article "Furtwängler's Silent Years (1945–1947\)": "Ultimately Furtwängler's return to conducting was very largely the result of skill and stubbornness of Curt Riess. Furtwängler's admirers owe him a great debt".{{sfn\|Smithson\|1997\|p\=9}}
Furtwängler initially wanted Curt Riess to write articles about him based on the many documents he had provided him because Curt Riess was a journalist. However, Curt Riess preferred to go himself to meet General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure "Robert A. McClure") who was in charge of the Furtwängler file.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=16}} The general, after meeting Riess and having all the documents translated into English, admitted that no serious charge could be brought against Furtwängler and that they had made a mistake concerning the conductor who was "a very good man". He asked Riess to tell Furtwängler not to speak to the press, so as not to give the impression that he was exerting pressure on the Allied forces. He said the case would be closed within weeks. Riess sent a telegram to Furtwängler to this effect, but the telegram took a long time to reach its destination and arrived too late.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=17}}
In the meantime, Furtwängler had made a very serious mistake: he had gone to Berlin, which was occupied by the Soviets.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=77}} The latter received him as a Head of State because they wanted to recover the one that Arsenyi Gouliga, the representative of the Soviet Union at the Furtwängler trial, called the "greatest conductor in the world" to lead a great cultural policy in Berlin. Precisely, the Soviets offered the post of director of the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera "Berlin State Opera"), which was in the Soviet zone, to Furtwängler. General Robert A. McClure was forced to pass Furtwängler by the normal denazification procedure. He explained to Curt Riess, by telephone, that otherwise it gave the impression that the Americans had ceded to the Soviets on the Furtwängler file. The American authorities knew that the conductor would necessarily be cleared{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=79}} by the denazification court and the Soviet authorities declared that this trial made no sense and was "ridiculous".{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=78}} Thus, with the backdrop of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), Furtwängler, who absolutely wanted to recover the Berlin Philharmonic which was in the British occupation zone, was obliged to go through the denazification court.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=131}}
Furtwängler was thus required to submit to a process of [denazification](/wiki/Denazification "Denazification"). The charges were very low.{{harvnb\|Smithson\|1997\|p\=7}} He was charged with having conducted two official Nazi concerts during the period 1933–1945\. Furtwängler declared that for two concerts that had been "extorted" from him, he had avoided sixty. The first was for the Hitler Youth on 3 February 1938\. It was presented to Furtwängler as a way to acquaint younger generations with classical music. According to Fred Prieberg: "when he looked at the audience he realized that this was more than just a concert for school kids in uniform; a whole collection of prominent political figures were sitting there as well ... and it was the last time he raised his baton for this purpose".{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=226}}
The second concert was the performance of Wagner's *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg")* with the Vienna Philharmonic on 5 September 1938, on the evening before the Nazi congress in Nüremberg. Furtwängler had agreed to conduct this concert to help preserve the Vienna Philharmonic, and at his insistence the concert was not part of the congress.
He was charged for his honorary title of "Prussian State Counselor" ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Preußischer Staatsrat}}) (he had resigned from this title in 1934, but the Nazis had refused his resignation) and with making an anti\-Semitic remark against the part\-Jewish conductor [Victor de Sabata](/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata "Victor de Sabata") (see below).{{cite web\|first\=Roger\|last\=Smithson\|title\=Furtwängler's Silent Years: 1945–1947\|url\=https://furtwangler.fr/en/the\-silent\-years/\|url\-access\=subscription\|publisher\=Société Wilhelm Furtwängler\|year\=1997\|access\-date\=21 July 2007}}{{cite book \| first\=David \| last\=Monod \| title\=Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945–1953 \| publisher\=University of North Carolina Press \| isbn\=978\-0\-8078\-2944\-8 \| year\=2005 \| page\=149 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Yx6UUD6M1LEC\&q\=%22de\+sabata%22\&pg\=PA149}} The chair of the commission, Alex Vogel, known for being a communist,{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=188}} started the trial with the following statement:
> The investigations showed that Furtwängler had not been a member of any \[Nazi] organization, that he tried to help people persecuted because of their race, and that he also avoided... formalities such as giving the Hitler salute.
The prosecution believed it had something more substantial because Hans von Benda, a former member of the Nazi Party who had been the artistic director of the Berlin Philharmonic during the Nazi period and had therefore been in constant contact with Furtwängler for many years, absolutely wanted to testify to accuse Furtwängler of anti\-Semitism.{{harvnb\|Lang\|2012\|p\=79}} He said he heard, during an argument with another German musician, that Furtwängler allegedly said: "a Jew like Sabata cannot play Brahms' music" . This story soon became ridiculous: Furtwängler had played Brahms' music with many Jewish musicians (especially those from his orchestra). This was either a mistake or a misunderstanding: Furtwängler probably had no anti\-Semitic feelings towards Sabata who had been his friend. On the other hand, Hans von Benda was forced to admit that he was not directly present when Furtwängler allegedly spoke these words, and his testimony was therefore not taken seriously by the prosecution.
The reason for Hans von Benda's behavior was as follows: he had been dismissed from his post as artistic director of the Berlin Orchestra on 22 December 1939 for numerous serious professional misconduct. He had wished to take the opportunity of the lawsuit for take revenge on Furtwängler, considering him responsible for his dismissal because he would have supported Karajan, a version very strongly contested by Furtwängler and his wife.{{sfn\|Lang\|2012\|p\=80}} Moreover, historian Fred Prieberg has proved that, on the contrary, Hans von Benda had never ceased to send information to the Nazis (to denounce it) proving that Furtwängler was helping Jews and opposing their policies.
Two of the main people who prepared Furtwängler's defense for his denazification trial were two German Jews who had to flee the Nazi regime: his secretary Berta Geissmar and Curt Riess. The two had very different backgrounds. Berta Geissmar knew Furtwängler personally and had witnessed everything he did at the start of the Nazi period; she left Germany in 1936 but returned from exile. Curt Riess did not know Furtwängler at all and initially had a very negative outlook on the conductor. Geissmar had collected hundreds of files to prepare the conductor's defense, files which contained a list of over 80 Jewish and non\-Jewish people who had claimed to have been helped or saved by him.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|pages\=171–194}} This list was not exhaustive, but it concerned cases where Geissmar had managed to find indisputable concrete evidence. Among the many people involved were Communists, Social Democrats, as well as former Nazis whom the regime had turned against.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|page\=103}}{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|page\=344}} Berta Geissmar had forwarded the documents to General Robert A. McClure in charge of the Furtwängler trial, but the documents had mysteriously disappeared in Berlin,{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|page\=133}} when they were to be handed over to the general of the American zone of occupation. Curt Riess also did not find these documents in the Washington archives.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=133}} Furtwängler therefore found himself without a means of proving the help he had given to many people. However, three people of Jewish origin had made the trip to Berlin and certified on 17 December 1946, the second day of the trial, that Furtwängler had risked his life to protect them. One of them was Paul Heizberg, former opera director. The other two were members of the Philharmonic such as Hugo Strelitzer, who declared:
> If I am alive today, I owe this to this great man. Furtwängler helped and protected a great number of Jewish musicians and this attitude shows a great deal of courage since he did it under the eyes of the Nazis, in Germany itself. History will be his judge.["In Memoriam Furtwängler", Tahra 2004](http://www.furtwangler.net/man.html).
As part of his closing remarks at his denazification trial, Furtwängler said:
> I knew Germany was in a terrible crisis; I felt responsible for German music, and it was my task to survive this crisis, as much as I could. The concern that my art was misused for propaganda had to yield to the greater concern that German music be preserved, that music be given to the German people by its own musicians. These people, the compatriots of [Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven"), of [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart") and [Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert "Franz Schubert"), still had to go on living under the control of a regime obsessed with total war. No one who did not live here himself in those days can possibly judge what it was like. Does [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann "Thomas Mann") \[who was critical of Furtwängler's actions] really believe that in 'the Germany of [Himmler](/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler "Heinrich Himmler")' one should not be permitted to play Beethoven? Could he not realize that people never needed more, never yearned more to hear Beethoven and his message of freedom and human love, than precisely these Germans, who had to live under Himmler's terror? I do not regret having stayed with them.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\={{page needed\|date\=July 2023}}}}
The prosecution itself acknowledging that no charge of anti\-Semitism or sympathy for Nazi ideology could be brought against the conductor, Furtwängler was cleared on all the counts. Even after Furtwängler's acquittal at the denazification trials, Mann still criticized him for continuing to conduct in Germany and for believing that art could be apolitical in a regime such as Nazi Germany, which was so intent on using art as [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany%23Media "Propaganda in Nazi Germany#Media"). In a drafted letter to the editor of *[Aufbau](/wiki/Aufbau "Aufbau")* magazine, Mann praises Furtwängler for assisting Jewish musicians and as a "preeminent musician", but ultimately presents him as a representative example of a fatal "lack of understanding and lack of desire to understand what had seized power in Germany".{{sfn\|Vaget\|2006\|pages\=483–484}}
[thumb\|left\|Furtwängler's tomb in Heidelberg](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4nger_Grabst%C3%A4tte.JPG "Wilhelm Furtwänger Grabstätte.JPG")
The violinist [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin "Yehudi Menuhin") was, with [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg"), [Bronisław Huberman](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Huberman "Bronisław Huberman"), and [Nathan Milstein](/wiki/Nathan_Milstein "Nathan Milstein"), among the Jewish musicians who had a positive view of Furtwängler. In February 1946, he sent a wire to General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure "Robert A. McClure") in February 1946:
> Unless you have secret incriminating evidence against Furtwängler supporting your accusation that he was a tool of Nazi Party, I beg to take violent issue with your decision to ban him. The man never was a Party member. Upon numerous occasions, he risked his own safety and reputation to protect friends and colleagues. Do not believe that the fact of remaining in one's own country is alone sufficient to condemn a man. On the contrary, as a military man, you would know that remaining at one's post often requires greater courage than running away. He saved, and for that we are deeply his debtors, the best part of his own German culture... I believe it patently unjust and most cowardly for us to make of Furtwängler a scapegoat for our own crimes.{{harvnb\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=58}}
In 1949 Furtwängler accepted the position of principal conductor of the [Chicago Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra "Chicago Symphony Orchestra"). However the orchestra was forced to rescind the offer under the threat of a boycott from several prominent musicians including [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini"), [George Szell](/wiki/George_Szell "George Szell"), [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz "Vladimir Horowitz"), [Arthur Rubinstein](/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein "Arthur Rubinstein"), [Isaac Stern](/wiki/Isaac_Stern "Isaac Stern"), and [Alexander Brailowsky](/wiki/Alexander_Brailowsky "Alexander Brailowsky").{{cite news
\| first\=Howard
\| last\=Taubman\|author\-link\=Howard Taubman
\| title\=Musicians' Ban on Furtwaengler Ends His Chicago Contract for '49
\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]
\|date\=6 January 1949
}} reprinted in {{cite book
\| first\=Richard B. K.
\| last\=McLanathan
\|author2\=Gene Brown
\| title\=The Arts
\|location\=New York
\| publisher\=Arno Press
\| year\=1978
\| isbn\=978\-0\-405\-11153\-2
\| page\=349
\| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dht\-QrfdzIwC\&q\=0405111533\&pg\=PA349
}}
According to a *New York Times* report, Horowitz said that he "was prepared to forgive the small fry who had no alternative but to remain and work in Germany." But Furtwängler "was out of the country on several occasions and could have elected to keep out". Rubinstein likewise wrote in a telegram, "Had Furtwängler been firm in his democratic convictions he would have left Germany". [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin "Yehudi Menuhin") was upset with this boycott, declaring that some of the main organizers had admitted to him that they had organized it only to eliminate Furtwängler's presence in North America.
Wilhelm Furtwängler died on 30 November 1954 of pneumonia, in Baden\-Baden. He was buried in Heidelberg cemetery, the Bergfriedhof, in his mother's vault. A large number of personalities from the artistic and political world were present, including Chancellor [Konrad Adenauer](/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer").
After Furtwängler's death, the Jewish writer and theater director [Ernst Lothar](/wiki/Ernst_Lothar "Ernst Lothar") said:
> He was totally German and he remained so, despite the attacks. This is why he did not leave his defiled country, which was later counted to him as a stain by those who did not know him well enough. But he did not stay with Hitler and Himmler, but with Beethoven and Brahms.{{sfn\|Lang\|2012\|p\=137}}
At the end of his life, Yehudi Menuhin said of Furtwängler, "It was his greatness that attracted hatred".Yehudi Menuhin, Le violon de la paix, Paris, éditions alternatives, 2000, p. 154\.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Furtwängler in 1925](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler.jpg \"Wilhelm Furtwängler.jpg\")",
"Wilhelm Furtwängler was born in [Schöneberg](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg \"Schöneberg\") (now a district/borough of Berlin) into a prominent family. His father [Adolf](/wiki/Adolf_Furtw%C3%A4ngler \"Adolf Furtwängler\") was an [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\"), his mother a painter. Most of his childhood was spent in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), where his father taught at the city's [Ludwig Maximilian University](/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich \"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich\"). He was given a musical education from an early age, and developed an early love of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"), a composer with whose works he remained closely associated throughout his life.",
"Although Furtwängler achieved fame chiefly from his conducting, he regarded himself foremost as a composer. He began conducting in order to perform his own works. By age of twenty, he had composed several works. However, they were not well received, and that, combined with the financial insecurity of a career as a composer, led him to concentrate on conducting. He made his conducting debut with the Kaim Orchestra (now the [Munich Philharmonic](/wiki/Munich_Philharmonic \"Munich Philharmonic\")) in [Anton Bruckner](/wiki/Anton_Bruckner \"Anton Bruckner\")'s [Ninth Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_%28Bruckner%29 \"Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)\"). He subsequently held conducting posts at [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\"), [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\"), [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim \"Mannheim\"), Frankfurt, and [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\").",
"Furtwangler succeeded [Artur Bodanzky](/wiki/Artur_Bodanzky \"Artur Bodanzky\") as principal conductor of the Mannheim Opera and Music Academy in 1915, remaining until 1920\\. As a boy he had sometimes stayed with his grandmother in Mannheim. Through her family he met the Geissmars, a Jewish family who were leading lawyers and amateur musicians in the town.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|page\\=12}} [Berta Geissmar](/wiki/Berta_Geissmar \"Berta Geissmar\") wrote, \"Furtwängler became so good at \\[skiing] as to attain almost professional skill...Almost every sport appealed to him: he loved tennis, sailing and swimming...He was a good horseman...\"{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=15}} She also reports that he was a strong mountain climber and hiker.",
"Berta Geissmar subsequently became his secretary and business manager, in Mannheim and later in Berlin, until she was forced to leave Germany in 1935\\.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|pp\\=20–25, 143–147}} From 1921 onwards, Furtwängler shared holidays in the [Engadin](/wiki/Engadin \"Engadin\") with Berta and her mother. In 1924 he bought a house there. After he married, the house was open to a wide circle of friends.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=23}}",
"In 1920 he was appointed conductor of the [Staatskapelle Berlin](/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin \"Staatskapelle Berlin\") succeeding [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\"). In January 1922, following the sudden death of [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch \"Arthur Nikisch\"), he was appointed to the [Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra](/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra \"Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra\"). Shortly afterwards he was appointed to the prestigious [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic \"Berlin Philharmonic\"), again in succession to Nikisch.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|pp\\=20–25, 30}} Furtwängler made his London debut in 1924, and continued to appear there before the outbreak of World War II as late as 1938, when he conducted [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\")'s *[Ring](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\")*. (Furtwängler later conducted in London many times between 1948 and 1954\\). In 1925 he appeared as guest conductor of the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\"), making return visits in the following two years.",
"In January 1945 Furtwängler fled to Switzerland. It was during this period that he completed what is considered his most significant composition, the [Symphony No. 2 in E minor](/wiki/Symphony_No._2_%28Furtw%C3%A4ngler%29 \"Symphony No. 2 (Furtwängler)\"). It was given its premiere in 1948 by the Berlin Philharmonic under Furtwängler's direction and was recorded for [Deutsche Grammophon](/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon \"Deutsche Grammophon\").",
"Following the war, he resumed performing and recording, and remained a popular conductor in Europe, although his actions in the 1930s and 40s were a subject of ongoing criticism. He died in 1954 in [Ebersteinburg](/wiki/Ebersteinburg \"Ebersteinburg\"), close to [Baden\\-Baden](/wiki/Baden-Baden \"Baden-Baden\"). He is buried in the [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\") Bergfriedhof.",
"### Relationship with the Nazis",
"Furtwängler was very critical of [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\")'s appointment as [Chancellor of Germany](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany \"Chancellor of Germany\"),{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=89}} and was convinced that Hitler would not stay in power for long.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|pp\\=66–67}} He had said of Hitler in 1932, \"This hissing street pedlar will never get anywhere in Germany\".{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|page\\=37}}",
"As [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") increased the persecution of Jews, Jewish musicians were forced out of work and began to leave Germany. The Nazis were aware that Furtwängler was opposed to the policies and might also decide to go abroad, so the Berlin Philharmonic, which employed many Jews, was exempted from the policies.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|pages\\=57–60}} In 1933, when [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter \"Bruno Walter\") was dismissed from his position as principal conductor of the [Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra](/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra \"Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra\"), the Nazis asked Furtwängler to replace him for an international tour. Their goal was to show to the world that Germany did not need Jewish musicians. Furtwängler refused, and it was [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\") who replaced Walter.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=44}}",
"On 10 April 1933, Furtwängler wrote a public letter to [Goebbels](/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels \"Joseph Goebbels\") to denounce the new rulers' antisemitism:",
"{{quote\\|Ultimately there is only one dividing line I recognize: that between good and bad art. However, while the dividing line between Jews and non\\-Jews is being drawn with a downright merciless theoretical precision, that other dividing line, the one which in the long run is so important for our music life, yes, the decisive dividing line between good and bad, seems to have far too little significance attributed to it ... If concerts offer nothing then people will not attend; that is why the QUALITY is not just an idea: it is of vital importance. If the fight against Judaism concentrates on those artists who are themselves rootless and destructive and who seek to succeed in kitsch, sterile virtuosity and the like, then it is quite acceptable; the fight against these people and the attitude they embody (as, unfortunately, do many non\\-Jews) cannot be pursued thoroughly or systematically enough. If, however, this campaign is also directed at truly great artists, then it ceases to be in the interests of Germany's cultural life ... It must therefore be stated that men such as Walter, Klemperer, Reinhardt etc. must be allowed to exercise their talents in Germany in the future as well, in exactly the same way as Kreisler, Huberman, Schnabel and other great instrumentalists of the Jewish race. It is only just that we Germans should bear in mind that in the past we had Joseph Joachim one of the greatest violinists and teachers in the German classical tradition, and in Mendelssohn even a great German composer – for Mendelssohn is a part of Germany's musical history.\"{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=340}}}}",
"As stated by the historian [Fred K. Prieberg](/wiki/Fred_K._Prieberg \"Fred K. Prieberg\"), this letter proved that if the concepts of nation and patriotism had a deep meaning for him, \"it is clear that race meant nothing to him\".{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=55}} In June 1933, for a text which was to be the basis for a discussion with Goebbels, Furtwängler went further, writing, \"The Jewish question in musical spheres: a race of brilliant people!\" He threatened that if boycotts against Jews were extended to artistic activities, he would resign all his posts immediately, concluding that \"at any rate to continue giving concerts would be quite impossible without \\[the Jews] – to remove them would be an operation which would result in the death of the patient.\"{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=74}}",
"[thumb\\|Etching of Furtwängler from 1928](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler_by_Emil_Orlik.jpeg \"Wilhelm Furtwängler by Emil Orlik.jpeg\")",
"Because of his high profile, Furtwängler's public opposition prompted a mixed reaction from the Nazi leadership. [Heinrich Himmler](/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler \"Heinrich Himmler\") wished to send Furtwängler to a [concentration camp](/wiki/Concentration_camp \"Concentration camp\").{{harvnb\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|page\\=56}} Goebbels and Göring ordered their administration to listen to Furtwängler's requests and to give him the impression that they would do what he asked.{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|page\\=53}} This led him to believe that he had some positive influence to stop the racial policy. He subsequently invited several Jewish and anti\\-fascist artists (such as [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin \"Yehudi Menuhin\"), [Artur Schnabel](/wiki/Artur_Schnabel \"Artur Schnabel\"), and [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\")) to perform as soloists in his 1933/34 season, but they refused to come to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\").{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=46}} Furtwängler subsequently invited Jewish musicians from his orchestra such as [Szymon Goldberg](/wiki/Szymon_Goldberg \"Szymon Goldberg\") to play as soloists.",
"The Gestapo built a case against Furtwängler, noting that he was providing assistance to Jews. Furtwängler gave all his fees to German emigrants during his concerts outside Germany.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=319}} The German literary scholar [Hans Mayer](/wiki/Hans_Mayer \"Hans Mayer\") was one of these emigrants. Mayer later observed that for performances of Wagner operas in Paris prior to the war, Furtwängler cast only German emigrants (Jews or political opponents to the Nazis) to sing.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=109}} Georg Gerullis, a director at the Ministry of Culture remarked in a letter to Goebbels, \"Can you name me a Jew on whose behalf Furtwängler has not intervened?\"{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=94}}",
"Furtwängler never joined the Nazi Party.Galo, Gary A., \"Review of *The Furtwängler Record* by [John Ardoin](/wiki/John_Ardoin \"John Ardoin\") (December 1995\\). *[Notes](/wiki/Notes_%28journal%29 \"Notes (journal)\")* (2nd ser.), **52** (2\\): pp. 483–485\\. He refused to give the [Nazi salute](/wiki/Nazi_salute \"Nazi salute\"), to conduct the [Horst\\-Wessel\\-Lied](/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied \"Horst-Wessel-Lied\"), or to sign his letters with \"Heil Hitler\", even those he wrote to Hitler.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=47}} Prieberg has found all the letters from the conductor to the dictator: these are always requests for an audience to defend Jewish musicians or musicians considered to be \"degenerate\". The fact that he refused to sign them 'Heil Hitler' was considered a major affront by the Nazi leadership and explains why many of these requests for a hearing were refused. However, Furtwängler was appointed as the first vice\\-president of the *[Reichsmusikkammer](/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer \"Reichsmusikkammer\")* and *Staatsrat of Prussia*, and accepted these honorary positions to try to bend the racial policy of Nazis in music and to support Jewish musicians.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|loc\\=ch. 2}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=113}} For concerts in London and Paris before the war, Furtwängler refused to conduct the Nazi anthems or to play music in halls adorned with swastikas.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=220}} During the [universal exposition held in Paris in 1937](/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne \"Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne\"), a picture of the German delegation was taken in front of the [Arc de Triomphe](/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe \"Arc de Triomphe\"). In the picture, Furtwängler is the only German not giving the [Nazi salute](/wiki/Nazi_salute \"Nazi salute\") (he has his hand on his shoulder).{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|page\\=187}} This picture was suppressed at the time. The photo was, however, carefully preserved by the Gestapo, providing new proof that Furtwängler was opposed to Nazi policy.",
"In 1933, Furtwängler met with Hitler to try to stop his new antisemitic policy in the domain of music. He had prepared a list of significant Jewish musicians: these included the composer [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\"), the [musicologist](/wiki/Musicology \"Musicology\") [Curt Sachs](/wiki/Curt_Sachs \"Curt Sachs\"), the violinist [Carl Flesch](/wiki/Carl_Flesch \"Carl Flesch\"), and Jewish members of the Berlin Philharmonic.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=100}} Hitler did not listen to Furtwängler, who lost patience, and the meeting became a shouting match.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=50}} Berta Geissmar wrote, \"After the audience, he told me that he knew now what was behind Hitler's narrow\\-minded measures. This is not only antisemitism, but the rejection of any form of artistic, philosophical thought, the rejection of any form of free culture...\"{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=86}}{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=45}}",
"### 1933 Mannheim concert",
"On 26 April 1933, Furtwängler and the Berlin Philharmonic performed a joint concert in Mannheim with the local orchestra to mark the 50th anniversary of Wagner's death and to raise money for the Mannheim orchestra. The concert had been organised before the Nazis came to power. The Nazified Mannheim Orchestra Committee demanded that the Jewish leader of the Berlin orchestra, [Szymon Goldberg](/wiki/Szymon_Goldberg \"Szymon Goldberg\"), give way to the leader of the Mannheim orchestra for the evening. Furtwängler refused, and the concert took place as planned.",
"Before the banquet organized for the evening, members of the Mannheim Orchestra Committee came to remonstrate with Furtwängler, accusing him of \"a lack of national sentiment\".{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=109}}{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|pp\\=81–82}} Furtwängler furiously left before the banquet to rejoin Berta Geissmar and her mother. The fact that Furtwängler had preferred to spend the evening with his \"Jewish friends\" rather than with Nazi authorities caused a controversy. He subsequently refused to conduct again in Mannheim,{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=82}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=110}} only returning 21 years later in 1954\\.",
"### \"The Hindemith Case\"",
"In 1934, Furtwängler publicly described Hitler as an \"enemy of the human race\" and the political situation in Germany as a {{lang\\|de\\|Schweinerei}} (\"disgrace\", literally: \"swinishness\").[\"L'atelier du Maître\"](http://www.furtwangler.net/doc/atelier.rtf) by Philippe Jacquard, Société Wilhelm Furtwängler{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"On 25 November 1934, he wrote a letter in the *[Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung](/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung \"Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung\")*, \"Der Fall Hindemith\" (\"The Hindemith Case\"), in support of the composer [Paul Hindemith](/wiki/Paul_Hindemith \"Paul Hindemith\"). Hindemith had been labelled a [degenerate artist](/wiki/Degenerate_art \"Degenerate art\") by the Nazis. Furtwängler also conducted a piece by Hindemith, *[Mathis der Maler](/wiki/Mathis_der_Maler_%28opera%29 \"Mathis der Maler (opera)\")*, although the work had been banned by the Nazis.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=138}} The concert received enormous acclaim and unleashed a political storm. The Nazis (especially [Alfred Rosenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg \"Alfred Rosenberg\"), the Nazi Party's chief racial theorist) formed a violent conspiracy against the conductor, who resigned from his official positions, including as the vice\\-president of the *[Reichsmusikkammer](/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer \"Reichsmusikkammer\")* and as a member of the [Prussian State Council](/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_%28Nazi_Germany%29 \"Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)\"). His resignation from the latter position was refused by Göring. He was also forced by Goebbels to give up all his artistic positions.{{sfn\\|Spotts\\|2002\\|page\\=291}}",
"Furtwängler decided to leave Germany,{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=48}} but the Nazis prevented him.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=144}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=139}} They seized the opportunity to Aryanise the orchestra and its administrative staff. Most of the Jewish musicians of the orchestra had already left the country and found positions outside Germany, with Furtwängler's assistance.",
"The main target of the Nazis was Berta Geissmar. She wrote in her book about Furtwängler that she was so close to the conductor that the Nazis had begun an investigation to know if she was his mistress. After being harassed for a period of two years, she moved to London when she became Sir [Thomas Beecham](/wiki/Thomas_Beecham \"Thomas Beecham\")'s main assistant. In the book she wrote on Furtwängler in England in 1943, she said:",
"",
"> Furtwängler, although he had decided to remain in Germany, was certainly no Nazi ... He had a private telephone line to me which was not connected via the exchange ... Before going to bed, he used to chat with me over telephone. Sometimes I told him amusing stories to cheer him up, sometimes we talked about politics. One of the main threats the Nazis used against Furtwängler and myself later on was the assertion that they had recorded all these conversations. I should not have thought that it was possible! Was there enough [shellac](/wiki/Shellac_disc \"Shellac disc\")? If the Nazis really did this, their ears must certainly have burnt, and it was not surprising that Furtwängler was eventually put on their black list, let alone myself.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=132}}",
"Goebbels refused to meet Furtwängler to clarify his situation for several months.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=141}} During the same period, many members of the orchestra and of his public were begging him not to emigrate and desert them.{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=159}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=142}} In addition, Goebbels sent him a clear signal that if he left Germany he would never be allowed back, frightening him with the prospect of permanent separation from his mother (to whom he was very close) and his children.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=144}} Furtwängler considered himself responsible for the Berlin Philharmonic and for his family, and decided to stay.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=52}}{{sfn\\|E. Furtwängler\\|2004\\|pp\\=51,128\\.}}{{harvnb\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=55}}",
"### Compromise of 1935",
"On 28 February 1935, Furtwängler met Goebbels, who wanted to keep Furtwängler in Germany, since he considered him, like [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\") and [Hans Pfitzner](/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner \"Hans Pfitzner\"), a \"national treasure\". Goebbels asked him to pledge allegiance publicly to the new regime. Furtwängler refused.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|loc\\=ch. 5}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=143}} Goebbels then proposed that Furtwängler acknowledge publicly that Hitler was in charge of cultural policy. Furtwängler accepted: Hitler was a dictator and controlled everything in the country. But he added that it must be clear that he wanted nothing to do with the policy and that he would remain as a non\\-political artist, without any official position.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=172}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=145}} The agreement was reached. Goebbels made an announcement declaring that Furtwängler's article on Hindemith was not political: Furtwängler had spoken only from an artistic point of view, and it was Hitler who was in charge of the cultural policy in Germany.",
"Goebbels did not reveal the second part of the deal.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=173}} However, the agreement between them was largely respected. At his subsequent [denazification](/wiki/Denazification \"Denazification\") trial, Furtwängler was charged with conducting only two official concerts for the period 1933–1945\\. Furtwängler appeared in only two short propaganda films.",
"Other Nazi leaders were not satisfied with the compromise, since they believed that Furtwängler had not capitulated: Rosenberg demanded in vain that Furtwängler apologise to the regime. Goebbels, who wanted to keep Furtwängler in Germany, wrote in his diary that he was satisfied with the deal and remarked on \"the incredible naïvety of artists\".{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=51}}",
"Hitler now allowed him to have a new passport. When they met again in April, Hitler attacked Furtwängler for his support of modern music, and made him withdraw from regular conducting for the time being, save for his scheduled appearance at Bayreuth.{{sfn\\|Spotts\\|2002\\|p\\=293}} However, Hitler confirmed that Furtwängler would not be given any official titles, and would be treated as a private individual. But Hitler refused Furtwängler's request to announce this, saying that it would be harmful for the \"prestige of the State\".{{harvnb\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=151}}",
"Furtwängler resumed conducting. On 25 April 1935, he returned to the Berlin Philharmonic with a program dedicated to Beethoven. Many people who had boycotted the orchestra during his absence came to the concert to support him.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=150}} He was called out seventeen times. On 3 May, in his dressing room before conducting the same program, he was informed that Hitler and his entire staff would attend the concert. He was given the order to welcome Hitler with the Nazi salute.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=253}}{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=177}} Furtwängler was so furious that he ripped the wooden panelling off a radiator.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=152}}{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=74}} Franz Jastrau, the manager of the orchestra, suggested that he keep his baton in his right hand all the time.{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=74}} When he entered the hall, all the Nazi leaders were present making the Hitler salute, but Furtwängler kept hold of his baton and began the concert immediately. Hitler probably could not have imagined that such an affront was possible but decided to put up a good show: he sat down and the concert went on.",
"At the end of the concert, Furtwängler continued to keep his baton in his right hand. Hitler understood the situation and jumped up and demonstratively held out his right hand to him.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=153}}{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=75}} The same situation occurred during another concert later on, when a photographer had been mobilized by the Nazis for the occasion: the photo of the famous handshake between Furtwängler and Hitler was distributed everywhere by Goebbels. Goebbels had obtained what he desired: to keep Furtwängler in Germany and to give the impression to those who were not well informed (especially outside the country) that Furtwängler was now a supporter of the regime.",
"Furtwängler wrote in his diary in 1935 that there was a complete contradiction between the racial ideology of the Nazis and the true German culture, the one of [Schiller](/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller \"Friedrich Schiller\"), [Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\").{{sfn\\|Furtwängler\\|1995\\|page\\=39}} He added in 1936: \"living today is more than ever a question of courage\".{{sfn\\|Furtwängler\\|1995\\|p\\=11}}",
"### New York Philharmonic",
"In September 1935, the baritone Oskar Jölli, a member of the Nazi party, reported to the Gestapo that Furtwängler had said, \"Those in power should all be shot, and things in Germany would not change until this was done\".{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=188}} Hitler forbade him to conduct for several months, until Furtwängler's fiftieth birthday in January 1936\\.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=104}} Hitler and Goebbels allowed him to conduct again and offered him presents: Hitler an annual pension of 40,000 Reichsmarks, and Goebbels an ornate baton made of gold and ivory. Furtwängler refused them.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=191}}{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=155}}",
"Furtwängler was offered the principal conductor's post at the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\"), which was then the most desirable and best paid position in international musical life.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=156}} He was to have followed [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\"), who had declared that Furtwängler was the only man to succeed him.{{harvnb\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=157}}[Harvey Sachs](/wiki/Harvey_Sachs \"Harvey Sachs\") (1995\\), *Toscanini*, Prima Lifestyles {{ISBN\\|978\\-0761501374}} Furtwängler accepted the post, but his telephone conversations were recorded by the Gestapo.",
"While Furtwängler was travelling, the Berlin branch of the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") leaked a news story on [Hermann Göring](/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring \"Hermann Göring\")'s orders.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|pp\\=157–159}} It suggested Furtwängler would probably be reappointed as director of the Berlin State Opera and of the Berlin Philharmonic. This caused the mood in New York to turn against him: it seemed that Furtwängler was now a supporter of the Nazi Party.{{cite magazine\\| url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856244,00\\.html \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131034044/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856244,00\\.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=31 January 2011 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]]\\| title\\=Music: Partisans on the Podium \\| date\\=25 April 1949}} On reading the American press reaction, Furtwängler chose not to accept the position in New York. Nor did he accept any position at the Berlin Opera.",
"### 1936 to 1937",
"Furtwängler included Jewish and other non\\-Aryan musicians during his overseas tours in the 1930s. This was the case in France in April 1934 where he conducted operas by Wagner. [Hans Mayer](/wiki/Hans_Mayer \"Hans Mayer\"), a professor of literature, a communist Jew exiled from Germany, reported after the war that Furtwängler had voluntarily chosen a cast made up almost entirely of Jews or of people driven out of Germany during these concerts. Likewise, during the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1937, Furtwängler performed a series of Wagnerian concerts which were a triumph. Goebbels announced in the German press that Furtwängler and Wagner had been acclaimed in Paris. In fact, those who made Furtwängler a triumph were precisely German exiles, including many Jews, who lived in Paris and who saw Furtwängler as a symbol of anti\\-Nazi Germany. Furtwängler also refused to conduct the Nazi anthem{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=56}} and demanded that all swastikas be removed from his concert halls{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=254}} The Nazis realized and complained that Furtwängler did not bring back any money from his tours abroad. They initially believed that Furtwängler was spending everything for him, and later realized that he was giving all the money to the German emigrants. It confirmed after the war that the conductor gave them everything he had \"to the last penny\" when he met them.{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|page\\=84}} Furtwängler always refused to practice the Nazi salute and conduct the Nazi hymns. When the Berlin orchestra performed abroad, he had to start the concert with the Nazi anthem Horst\\-Wessel\\-Lied. As the English and French could see during the period 1935–1939, Furtwängler was replaced by the steward Hans von Benda and only entered the room afterwards.",
"Furtwängler conducted at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\") in 1936 for the first time since 1931, in spite of his poor relationship with [Winifred Wagner](/wiki/Winifred_Wagner \"Winifred Wagner\"). Here, he conducted a new staging of *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 \"Lohengrin (opera)\")* (the first time this work was performed at the festival since 1909\\) for which Hitler ensured no expense was spared; the costume and set design were on a larger and more expensive scale than anything previously seen at Bayreuth. This performance was broadcast throughout Europe and in the Americas, and was used as part of a propaganda effort intended to portray the \"New Germany\" as the triumphant inheritor of the German musical tradition rather than a break from the past, to which Furtwängler's place at the podium was instrumental.{{sfn\\|Vaget\\|2006\\|page\\=270}} Both Hitler and Goebbels attended the festival and attempted to force him to accept an official position. [Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner \"Friedelind Wagner\"), the composer's anti\\-Nazi granddaughter, witnessed a meeting between Hitler and Furtwängler at her mother's Bayreuth home:",
"",
"> I remember Hitler turning to Furtwängler and telling him that he would now have to allow himself to be used by the party for propaganda purposes, and I remember that Furtwängler refused categorically. Hitler flew into a fury and told Furtwängler that in that case there would be a concentration camp ready for him. Furtwängler quietly replied: \"In that case, Herr Reichskanzler, at least I will be in very good company.\" Hitler couldn't even answer, and vanished from the room.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=53}}",
"Furtwängler avoided the [1936 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics \"1936 Summer Olympics\") in Berlin, and canceled all his public engagements during the following winter season in order to compose.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=54}} He returned to the Berlin Philharmonic in 1937, performing with them in London for the coronation of [George VI](/wiki/George_VI \"George VI\"), and in Paris for the [universal exposition](/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne \"Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne\"), where he again refused to conduct the [Horst\\-Wessel\\-Lied](/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied \"Horst-Wessel-Lied\") or to attend the political speeches of German officials.",
"The [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival \"Salzburg Festival\") was considered to be a festival of the \"free world\" and a centre for anti\\-fascist artists. Hitler had forbidden all German musicians from performing there.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=165}} In 1937, Furtwängler was asked to conduct Beethoven's ninth symphony in Salzburg. Despite strong opposition from Hitler and Goebbels, he accepted the invitation.{{harvnb\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=81}}",
"[Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\"), a prominent anti\\-fascist, was furious to learn that Furtwängler would be at the Festival. He accepted his engagement in Salzburg on the condition that he would not have to meet Furtwängler.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=166}} But the two did meet, and argued over Furtwängler's actions. Toscanini argued: \"I know quite well that you are not a member of the Party. I am also aware that you have helped your Jewish friends ... But everyone who conducts in the Third Reich is a Nazi!\". Furtwängler emphatically denied this and said: \"By that, you imply that art and music are merely propaganda, a false front, as it were, for any Government which happens to be in power. If a Nazi Government is in power, then, as a conductor, I am a Nazi; under the communists, I would be a Communist; under the democrats, a democrat... No, a thousand times no! Music belongs to a different world, and is above chance political events.\" Toscanini disagreed and that ended the discussion.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|pp\\=168–169}}",
"Furtwängler returned to the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\"), his relationship with [Winifred Wagner](/wiki/Winifred_Wagner \"Winifred Wagner\") worse than ever. He did not appear again in Bayreuth until 1943\\. He wrote a letter to Winifred Wagner, sending copies to Hitler, Göring and Goebbels, accusing her of having betrayed Wagner's heritage by applying racial and not artistic rules in the choice of the artists, and of putting her \"trust in the powers of an authoritarian state\".{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=221}} This clear attack on Hitler caused a sharp reaction: Hitler wanted to drop Furtwängler from Bayreuth after all. Goebbels wrote in two entries of his diary in 1937 that Furtwängler was constantly helping Jews, \"half\\-Jews\" and \"his small Hindemith\".{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=102}}",
"According to the historian Fred Prieberg, by the end of 1937 nobody who was correctly informed could accuse Furtwängler of working for the Nazis.",
"### Herbert von Karajan",
"The Nazi leaders searched for another conductor to counterbalance Furtwängler.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=239}} A young, gifted Austrian conductor now appeared in Nazi Germany: [Herbert von Karajan](/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan \"Herbert von Karajan\"). Karajan had been a member of the Nazi Party since 1935, and was much more willing to participate in the propaganda of the new regime than Furtwängler.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=241}}",
"Furtwängler had attended several of his concerts, praising his technical gifts but criticizing his conducting style; he did not consider him a serious competitor. However, when Karajan conducted *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio \"Fidelio\")* and *[Tristan und Isolde](/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde \"Tristan und Isolde\")* in Berlin in late 1938, Göring decided to take the initiative. The music critic Edwin von der Nüll wrote a review of these concerts with the support of Göring. Its title, \"The Karajan Miracle\", was a reference to the famous article \"The Furtwängler Miracle\" that had made Furtwängler famous as a young conductor in Mannheim. Von der Nüll championed Karajan saying, \"A thirty\\-year\\-old man creates a performance for which our great fifty\\-year\\-olds can justifiably envy him\". Furtwängler's photo was printed next to the article, making the reference clear.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=242}}",
"The article was part of a broader attack made against Furtwängler. The Nazi press criticized him for being \"a man of the nineteenth century\" whose political ideas were obsolete and who did not understand and accept the new changes in Germany. The situation became intolerable for Furtwängler. He obtained from Goebbels a pledge to cease these attacks.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=244}}",
"However, Furtwängler's position was weakened: he knew that if he left Germany, Karajan would immediately become the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. It was the beginning of an obsessive hate and contempt for Karajan that never left him until his death. He often refused to call Karajan by his name, calling him simply \"Herr K\". Hitler's opinion was that even if Furtwängler was infinitely better than Karajan as a conductor, it was necessary to keep Karajan \"in reserve\" since Furtwängler was \"not politically trustworthy\".",
"### *Kristallnacht* and the *Anschluss*",
"Furtwängler was very affected by the events of *[Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht \"Kristallnacht\")*. Berta Geissmar, who met him in Paris, described him as \"greatly depressed\".{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\=352}} [Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner \"Friedelind Wagner\"), who saw him also in Paris, wrote that he was a \"very unhappy man\".{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=89}} Andrew Schulhof, who met him in Budapest said that \"he had the impression that what he had done before for his Jewish friends had been lost\".",
"Furtwängler approved of the *[Anschluss](/wiki/Anschluss \"Anschluss\")* that had occurred on 12 March 1938\\.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=231}} But he quickly disagreed with the Nazi leaders' decision to \"annex Austrian culture\" by abolishing independent cultural activity in Austria and subordinating it to Berlin.{{harvnb\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=174}} Just after the Anschluss, Furtwängler discovered that a huge Swastika flag was displayed in the hall of the [Musikverein](/wiki/Musikverein \"Musikverein\"). He refused to conduct the [Vienna Philharmonic](/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic \"Vienna Philharmonic\") \"as long as the rag is visible\". The flag was finally removed.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=176}}",
"Goebbels wanted to eliminate the Vienna Philharmonic and to convert the Vienna Opera and the Salzburg Festival into branches of the Berlin Opera and the Bayreuth Festival respectively.{{harvnb\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=175}} In addition, he wished to confiscate the largest musical collection in the world, belonging to the *Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde* in Vienna and to move it to Berlin. Hitler's goal was to deny that Austria had developed its own culture independently of Germany. Austrian musical circles asked Furtwängler, who was the honorary president of the Vienna *Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde*, to help them.",
"Furtwängler campaigned to convince Nazi leaders to abandon their plans. According to historian [Fred K. Prieberg](/wiki/Fred_K._Prieberg \"Fred K. Prieberg\"), he conducted concerts (often with the Vienna Philharmonic) in the presence of German leaders during this period in exchange for the conservation of the orchestra. He organized several concerts of Austrian music in Berlin and Vienna for Hitler, to highlight Austrian culture. The Nazi leadership, who wanted to take advantage of this situation, invited Furtwängler in 1938 to conduct *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg \"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg\")* with the Vienna Philharmonic in Nürnberg for the Nazi party congress. Furtwängler accepted to conduct, as long as the performance was not during the party congress. Hitler eventually accepted Furtwängler's conditions:{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=235}} the concert took place on 5 September and the political event was formally opened the following morning.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=236}} This concert, along with one given in Berlin in 1942 for Hitler's birthday, led to heavy criticism of Furtwängler after the war. However, Furtwängler had managed not to participate in the party congress. He had also succeeded in conserving the Vienna Philharmonic, and the musical collections of Vienna and the Vienna Opera, where he persuaded Hitler and Goebbels to agree to the appointment of [Karl Böhm](/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm \"Karl Böhm\") as artistic director. At the Vienna Philharmonic, as at the Berlin Philharmonic, Furtwängler succeeded in protecting 'half\\-Jews' or members with 'non\\-aryan' wives until the end of the war (these were exceptional cases in Germany during the Nazi period). However, in contrast to his experience with the Berlin Philharmonic, he could not save the lives of 'full\\-blooded' Jews: they were persecuted, with a number dying in concentration camps.",
"Goebbels was satisfied that Furtwängler had conducted the concerts in Vienna, Prague and Nürnberg, thinking that these concerts gave a \"cultural\" justification to the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=57}} During this period he said that Furtwängler was \"willing to place himself at my disposal for any of my activities\", describing him as \"an out\\-and\\-out chauvinist\".{{sfn\\|Spotts\\|2002\\|p\\=295}} However, he regularly complained that Furtwängler was helping Jews and 'half\\-Jews', and his complaints continued during the war.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=102}} Goebbels wrote in his diary that Furtwängler's goal was to bypass Nazi cultural policy. For instance, Goebbels wrote that Furtwängler supported the Salzburg festival to counterbalance the Bayreuth Festival, a keystone of the Nazi regime.",
"Furtwängler was very affected by the events of the 1930s. [Fred K. Prieberg](/wiki/Fred_K._Prieberg \"Fred K. Prieberg\") describes Furtwängler in 1939 as a \"broken man\".{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=272}} The French government awarded him the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour \"Legion of Honour\") in 1939, which may support the theory that western diplomatic services knew Furtwängler was not a supporter of the Nazi regime. Hitler forbade news of the award to be spread in Germany.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=59}}",
"### World War II",
"During the war, Furtwängler tried to avoid conducting in occupied Europe. He said: \"I will never play in a country such as France, which I am so much attached to, considering myself a 'vanquisher'. I will conduct there again only when the country has been liberated\".{{cite book\\|last1\\=Hürlimann\\|first1\\=Martin\\|title\\=Wilhelm Furtwängler im Urteil seiner Zeit\\|date\\=1955\\|publisher\\=Atlantis Verlag\\|page\\=215}}{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=60}} He refused to go to France during its occupation, although the Nazis tried to force him to conduct there.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=60}} Since he had said that he would conduct there only at the invitation of the French, Goebbels forced the French conductor [Charles Munch](/wiki/Charles_Munch_%28conductor%29 \"Charles Munch (conductor)\") to send him a personal invitation. But Munch wrote in small characters at the bottom of his letter \"in agreement with the German occupation authorities.\" Furtwängler declined the invitation.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=185}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Furtwängler conducting the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic \"Berlin Philharmonic\") in a \"work\\-break\" concert at [AEG](/wiki/AEG_%28German_company%29 \"AEG (German company)\") in February 1941, organized by the Nazi [Strength Through Joy](/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy \"Strength Through Joy\") program](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0607-504%2C_Berlin%2C_Furtw%C3%A4ngler_dirigiert_Konzert_in_AEG-Werk.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L0607-504, Berlin, Furtwängler dirigiert Konzert in AEG-Werk.jpg\")",
"Furtwängler did conduct in Prague in November 1940 and March 1944\\. The 1940 program, chosen by Furtwängler, included [Smetana](/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana \"Bedřich Smetana\")'s *Moldau*. According to Prieberg, \"This piece is part of the cycle in which the Czech master celebrated [Má vlast](/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast \"Má vlast\") (My Country), and ... was intended to support his compatriots' fight for the independence from Austrian domination ... When Furtwängler began with the 'Moldau' it was not a deliberate risk, but a statement of his stance towards the oppressed Czechs\".{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=285}} The 1944 concert marked the fifth anniversary of the German occupation and was the result of a deal between Furtwängler and Goebbels: Furtwängler did not want to perform in April for Hitler's birthday in Berlin. He said to Goebbels in March (as he had in April 1943\\) that he was sick. Goebbels asked him to perform in Prague instead,{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=115}} where he conducted the [Symphony No. 9](/wiki/Symphony_No._9_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 \"Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)\") of [Antonín Dvořák](/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k \"Antonín Dvořák\"). He conducted in Oslo in 1943, where he helped the Jewish conductor [Issay Dobrowen](/wiki/Issay_Dobrowen \"Issay Dobrowen\") to flee to Sweden.",
"In April 1942, Furtwängler conducted a performance of Beethoven's ninth symphony with the Berlin Philharmonic for Hitler's birthday. At least the final minutes of the performance were filmed and can be seen on YouTube. At the end, Goebbels came to the front of the stage to shake Furtwängler's hand. This concert led to heavy criticism of Furtwängler after the war. In fact, Furtwängler had planned several concerts in Vienna during this period to avoid this celebration.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=291}} But after the defeat of the German army during the [Battle of Moscow](/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow \"Battle of Moscow\"), Goebbels had decided to make a long speech on the eve of Hitler's birthday to galvanize the German nation. The speech would be followed by Beethoven's ninth symphony. Goebbels wanted Furtwängler to conduct the symphony by whatever means to give a transcendent dimension to the event. He called Furtwängler shortly before to ask him to agree to conduct the symphony but the latter refused arguing that he had no time to rehearse and that he had to perform several concerts in Vienna. But Goebbels forced the organizers in Vienna (by threatening them: some were physically assaulted by the Nazis) to cancel the concerts and ordered Furtwängler to return to Berlin{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=75}} In 1943 and 1944, Furtwängler provided false medical certificates in advance to be sure that such a situation would not happen again.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=64}}",
"It is now known that Furtwängler continued to use his influence to help Jewish musicians and non\\-musicians escape Nazi Germany.{{harvnb\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}}}{{sfn\\|Geissmar\\|1944\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}}} He managed to have Max Zweig, a nephew of conductor [Fritz Zweig](/wiki/Fritz_Zweig \"Fritz Zweig\"), released from Dachau concentration camp. Others, from an extensive list of Jews he helped, included Carl Flesch, [Josef Krips](/wiki/Josef_Krips \"Josef Krips\") and the composer [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\").{{sfn\\|Shirakawa\\|1992\\|loc\\=ch. 15}}",
"Furtwängler refused to participate in the propaganda film *Philharmoniker*. Goebbels wanted Furtwängler to feature in it, but Furtwängler declined to take part. The film was finished in December 1943 showing many conductors connected with the Berlin Philharmonic, including [Eugen Jochum](/wiki/Eugen_Jochum \"Eugen Jochum\"), [Karl Böhm](/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm \"Karl Böhm\"), [Hans Knappertsbusch](/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch \"Hans Knappertsbusch\"), and [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\"), but not Furtwängler.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=320}} Goebbels also asked Furtwängler to direct the music in a film about Beethoven, again for propaganda purposes. They quarrelled violently about this project. Furtwängler told him \"You are wrong, *Herr Minister*, if you think you can exploit Beethoven in a film.\" Goebbels gave up his plans for the film.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|p\\=191}}",
"In April 1944, Goebbels wrote:",
"",
"> Furtwängler has never been a National Socialist. Nor has he ever made any bones about it, which Jews and emigrants thought was sufficient to consider him as one of them, a key representative of so\\-called 'inner emigration'. Furtwängler\\['s] stance towards us has not changed in the least.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=306}}Joseph Goebbels, *Reden 1932–1939*, Helmut Heiber (ed.), Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1972, p. 282\\.Wilfried von Oven, *Finale furioso. Mit Goebbels zum Ende*. Tübingen, [Grabert Verlag](/wiki/Grabert_Verlag \"Grabert Verlag\"), 1974, p. 268\\.",
"[Friedelind Wagner](/wiki/Friedelind_Wagner \"Friedelind Wagner\") (an outspoken opponent of the Nazis) reported a conversation with her mother [Winifred Wagner](/wiki/Winifred_Wagner \"Winifred Wagner\") (an outspoken supporter and a friend of Hitler) during the war, to the effect that Hitler did not trust or like Furtwängler, and that Göring and Goebbels were upset with Furtwängler's continuous support for his \"undesirable friends\". Yet Hitler, in gratitude for Furtwängler's refusal to leave Berlin even when it was being bombed, ordered [Albert Speer](/wiki/Albert_Speer \"Albert Speer\") to build a special air raid shelter for the conductor and his family. Furtwängler refused it, but the shelter was nevertheless built in the house against his will.{{sfn\\|Spotts\\|2002\\|p\\=87}} Speer related that in December 1944 Furtwängler asked whether Germany had any chance of winning the war. Speer replied in the negative, and advised him to flee to Switzerland from possible Nazi retribution.Albert Speer, *Inside the Third Reich* (1970\\) Macmillan pp 548\\. In 1944, he was the only prominent German artist who refused to sign the brochure 'We Stand and Fall with Adolf Hitler'.{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=317}}",
"Furtwängler's name was included on the [Gottbegnadeten list](/wiki/Gottbegnadeten_list \"Gottbegnadeten list\") (\"God\\-gifted List\") of September 1944 as one of only three musicians in the special category designated as *unersetzliche Künstler* (\"indispensable artists\"; the others were Richard Strauss and Hans Pfitzner).{{cite book\\|last\\=Rathkolb\\|first\\=Oliver\\|author\\-link\\=Oliver Rathkolb\\|title\\=Führertreu und gottbegnadet: Künstlereliten im Dritten Reich \\|date\\=1991 \\|publisher\\=ÖBV \\|location\\=Vienna \\|page\\=176}} He was removed on 7 December 1944, however, because of his relationships with [German resistance](/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism \"German resistance to Nazism\").{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=171}} Furtwängler had strong links to the German resistance which organized the [20 July plot](/wiki/20_July_plot \"20 July plot\"). He stated during his [denazification trial](/wiki/Denazification_trial \"Denazification trial\") that he knew an attack was being organized against Hitler, although he did not participate in its organization. He knew [Claus von Stauffenberg](/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg \"Claus von Stauffenberg\") very well{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=174}} and his doctor, Johannes Ludwig Schmitt, who wrote him many false health prescriptions to bypass official requirements, was a member of the [Kreisau Circle](/wiki/Kreisau_Circle \"Kreisau Circle\"). Furtwängler's concerts were sometimes chosen by the members of the German resistance as a meeting point. Rudolf Pechel, a member of the resistance group which organized the [20 July plot](/wiki/20_July_plot \"20 July plot\") said to Furtwängler after the war: \"In the circle of our resistance movement it was an accepted fact that you were the only one in the whole of our musical world who really resisted, and you were one of us.\"{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=93}} Graf Kaunitz, also a member of that circle, stated: \"In Furtwängler's concerts we were one big family of the resistance.\"{{sfn\\|Schönzeler\\|1990\\|p\\=94}}",
"Grove Online states that Furtwängler was \"within a few hours of being arrested\" by the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo \"Gestapo\") when he fled to Switzerland, following a concert in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") with the [Vienna Philharmonic](/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic \"Vienna Philharmonic\") on 28 January 1945\\. The Nazis had begun to crack down on German liberals. At the concert he conducted Brahms's [Second Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._2_%28Brahms%29 \"Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)\"), which was recorded and is considered one of his greatest performances.{{cite journal \\| author\\=Bernard D. Sherman. \\| title\\=Brahms: The Symphonies/Charles Mackerras \\| url\\=http://www.bsherman.net/mack.html \\| journal\\=Fanfare \\| year\\=1997 \\|orig\\-year\\=1999 \\| access\\-date\\=5 September 2010}}",
"### After World War II",
"In February 1946, Furtwängler met in Vienna a German Jew by the name of [Curt Riess](/wiki/Curt_Martin_Riess \"Curt Martin Riess\") who had fled Germany in 1933\\.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=76}} The latter was a musician and writer, he later wrote a book on Furtwängler. Riess was then a journalist and correspondent in Switzerland for American newspapers. He thought Furtwängler was a Nazi collaborator and objected to having Furtwängler directing in Switzerland in 1945\\. Furtwängler asked to meet him and when Riess had studied all the documents concerning Furtwängler, he completely changed his mind. Realizing that Furtwängler had never been a Nazi and had helped many people of Jewish origin, he became his \"denazification advisor\". A long friendship ensued and Curt Riess spent the next two years doing everything to get Furtwängler exonerated. As Roger Smithson writes at the conclusion of his article \"Furtwängler's Silent Years (1945–1947\\)\": \"Ultimately Furtwängler's return to conducting was very largely the result of skill and stubbornness of Curt Riess. Furtwängler's admirers owe him a great debt\".{{sfn\\|Smithson\\|1997\\|p\\=9}}",
"Furtwängler initially wanted Curt Riess to write articles about him based on the many documents he had provided him because Curt Riess was a journalist. However, Curt Riess preferred to go himself to meet General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure \"Robert A. McClure\") who was in charge of the Furtwängler file.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=16}} The general, after meeting Riess and having all the documents translated into English, admitted that no serious charge could be brought against Furtwängler and that they had made a mistake concerning the conductor who was \"a very good man\". He asked Riess to tell Furtwängler not to speak to the press, so as not to give the impression that he was exerting pressure on the Allied forces. He said the case would be closed within weeks. Riess sent a telegram to Furtwängler to this effect, but the telegram took a long time to reach its destination and arrived too late.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=17}}",
"In the meantime, Furtwängler had made a very serious mistake: he had gone to Berlin, which was occupied by the Soviets.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=77}} The latter received him as a Head of State because they wanted to recover the one that Arsenyi Gouliga, the representative of the Soviet Union at the Furtwängler trial, called the \"greatest conductor in the world\" to lead a great cultural policy in Berlin. Precisely, the Soviets offered the post of director of the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera \"Berlin State Opera\"), which was in the Soviet zone, to Furtwängler. General Robert A. McClure was forced to pass Furtwängler by the normal denazification procedure. He explained to Curt Riess, by telephone, that otherwise it gave the impression that the Americans had ceded to the Soviets on the Furtwängler file. The American authorities knew that the conductor would necessarily be cleared{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=79}} by the denazification court and the Soviet authorities declared that this trial made no sense and was \"ridiculous\".{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=78}} Thus, with the backdrop of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), Furtwängler, who absolutely wanted to recover the Berlin Philharmonic which was in the British occupation zone, was obliged to go through the denazification court.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=131}}",
"Furtwängler was thus required to submit to a process of [denazification](/wiki/Denazification \"Denazification\"). The charges were very low.{{harvnb\\|Smithson\\|1997\\|p\\=7}} He was charged with having conducted two official Nazi concerts during the period 1933–1945\\. Furtwängler declared that for two concerts that had been \"extorted\" from him, he had avoided sixty. The first was for the Hitler Youth on 3 February 1938\\. It was presented to Furtwängler as a way to acquaint younger generations with classical music. According to Fred Prieberg: \"when he looked at the audience he realized that this was more than just a concert for school kids in uniform; a whole collection of prominent political figures were sitting there as well ... and it was the last time he raised his baton for this purpose\".{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=226}}",
"The second concert was the performance of Wagner's *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg \"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg\")* with the Vienna Philharmonic on 5 September 1938, on the evening before the Nazi congress in Nüremberg. Furtwängler had agreed to conduct this concert to help preserve the Vienna Philharmonic, and at his insistence the concert was not part of the congress.",
"He was charged for his honorary title of \"Prussian State Counselor\" ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Preußischer Staatsrat}}) (he had resigned from this title in 1934, but the Nazis had refused his resignation) and with making an anti\\-Semitic remark against the part\\-Jewish conductor [Victor de Sabata](/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata \"Victor de Sabata\") (see below).{{cite web\\|first\\=Roger\\|last\\=Smithson\\|title\\=Furtwängler's Silent Years: 1945–1947\\|url\\=https://furtwangler.fr/en/the\\-silent\\-years/\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|publisher\\=Société Wilhelm Furtwängler\\|year\\=1997\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2007}}{{cite book \\| first\\=David \\| last\\=Monod \\| title\\=Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945–1953 \\| publisher\\=University of North Carolina Press \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8078\\-2944\\-8 \\| year\\=2005 \\| page\\=149 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Yx6UUD6M1LEC\\&q\\=%22de\\+sabata%22\\&pg\\=PA149}} The chair of the commission, Alex Vogel, known for being a communist,{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=188}} started the trial with the following statement:",
"",
"> The investigations showed that Furtwängler had not been a member of any \\[Nazi] organization, that he tried to help people persecuted because of their race, and that he also avoided... formalities such as giving the Hitler salute.",
"The prosecution believed it had something more substantial because Hans von Benda, a former member of the Nazi Party who had been the artistic director of the Berlin Philharmonic during the Nazi period and had therefore been in constant contact with Furtwängler for many years, absolutely wanted to testify to accuse Furtwängler of anti\\-Semitism.{{harvnb\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=79}} He said he heard, during an argument with another German musician, that Furtwängler allegedly said: \"a Jew like Sabata cannot play Brahms' music\" . This story soon became ridiculous: Furtwängler had played Brahms' music with many Jewish musicians (especially those from his orchestra). This was either a mistake or a misunderstanding: Furtwängler probably had no anti\\-Semitic feelings towards Sabata who had been his friend. On the other hand, Hans von Benda was forced to admit that he was not directly present when Furtwängler allegedly spoke these words, and his testimony was therefore not taken seriously by the prosecution.\nThe reason for Hans von Benda's behavior was as follows: he had been dismissed from his post as artistic director of the Berlin Orchestra on 22 December 1939 for numerous serious professional misconduct. He had wished to take the opportunity of the lawsuit for take revenge on Furtwängler, considering him responsible for his dismissal because he would have supported Karajan, a version very strongly contested by Furtwängler and his wife.{{sfn\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=80}} Moreover, historian Fred Prieberg has proved that, on the contrary, Hans von Benda had never ceased to send information to the Nazis (to denounce it) proving that Furtwängler was helping Jews and opposing their policies.",
"Two of the main people who prepared Furtwängler's defense for his denazification trial were two German Jews who had to flee the Nazi regime: his secretary Berta Geissmar and Curt Riess. The two had very different backgrounds. Berta Geissmar knew Furtwängler personally and had witnessed everything he did at the start of the Nazi period; she left Germany in 1936 but returned from exile. Curt Riess did not know Furtwängler at all and initially had a very negative outlook on the conductor. Geissmar had collected hundreds of files to prepare the conductor's defense, files which contained a list of over 80 Jewish and non\\-Jewish people who had claimed to have been helped or saved by him.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|pages\\=171–194}} This list was not exhaustive, but it concerned cases where Geissmar had managed to find indisputable concrete evidence. Among the many people involved were Communists, Social Democrats, as well as former Nazis whom the regime had turned against.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|page\\=103}}{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|page\\=344}} Berta Geissmar had forwarded the documents to General Robert A. McClure in charge of the Furtwängler trial, but the documents had mysteriously disappeared in Berlin,{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|page\\=133}} when they were to be handed over to the general of the American zone of occupation. Curt Riess also did not find these documents in the Washington archives.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=133}} Furtwängler therefore found himself without a means of proving the help he had given to many people. However, three people of Jewish origin had made the trip to Berlin and certified on 17 December 1946, the second day of the trial, that Furtwängler had risked his life to protect them. One of them was Paul Heizberg, former opera director. The other two were members of the Philharmonic such as Hugo Strelitzer, who declared:",
"",
"> If I am alive today, I owe this to this great man. Furtwängler helped and protected a great number of Jewish musicians and this attitude shows a great deal of courage since he did it under the eyes of the Nazis, in Germany itself. History will be his judge.[\"In Memoriam Furtwängler\", Tahra 2004](http://www.furtwangler.net/man.html).",
"As part of his closing remarks at his denazification trial, Furtwängler said:",
"",
"> I knew Germany was in a terrible crisis; I felt responsible for German music, and it was my task to survive this crisis, as much as I could. The concern that my art was misused for propaganda had to yield to the greater concern that German music be preserved, that music be given to the German people by its own musicians. These people, the compatriots of [Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"), of [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\") and [Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert \"Franz Schubert\"), still had to go on living under the control of a regime obsessed with total war. No one who did not live here himself in those days can possibly judge what it was like. Does [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann \"Thomas Mann\") \\[who was critical of Furtwängler's actions] really believe that in 'the Germany of [Himmler](/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler \"Heinrich Himmler\")' one should not be permitted to play Beethoven? Could he not realize that people never needed more, never yearned more to hear Beethoven and his message of freedom and human love, than precisely these Germans, who had to live under Himmler's terror? I do not regret having stayed with them.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}}}",
"The prosecution itself acknowledging that no charge of anti\\-Semitism or sympathy for Nazi ideology could be brought against the conductor, Furtwängler was cleared on all the counts. Even after Furtwängler's acquittal at the denazification trials, Mann still criticized him for continuing to conduct in Germany and for believing that art could be apolitical in a regime such as Nazi Germany, which was so intent on using art as [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany%23Media \"Propaganda in Nazi Germany#Media\"). In a drafted letter to the editor of *[Aufbau](/wiki/Aufbau \"Aufbau\")* magazine, Mann praises Furtwängler for assisting Jewish musicians and as a \"preeminent musician\", but ultimately presents him as a representative example of a fatal \"lack of understanding and lack of desire to understand what had seized power in Germany\".{{sfn\\|Vaget\\|2006\\|pages\\=483–484}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Furtwängler's tomb in Heidelberg](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4nger_Grabst%C3%A4tte.JPG \"Wilhelm Furtwänger Grabstätte.JPG\")",
"The violinist [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin \"Yehudi Menuhin\") was, with [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\"), [Bronisław Huberman](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Huberman \"Bronisław Huberman\"), and [Nathan Milstein](/wiki/Nathan_Milstein \"Nathan Milstein\"), among the Jewish musicians who had a positive view of Furtwängler. In February 1946, he sent a wire to General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure \"Robert A. McClure\") in February 1946:",
"",
"> Unless you have secret incriminating evidence against Furtwängler supporting your accusation that he was a tool of Nazi Party, I beg to take violent issue with your decision to ban him. The man never was a Party member. Upon numerous occasions, he risked his own safety and reputation to protect friends and colleagues. Do not believe that the fact of remaining in one's own country is alone sufficient to condemn a man. On the contrary, as a military man, you would know that remaining at one's post often requires greater courage than running away. He saved, and for that we are deeply his debtors, the best part of his own German culture... I believe it patently unjust and most cowardly for us to make of Furtwängler a scapegoat for our own crimes.{{harvnb\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=58}}",
"In 1949 Furtwängler accepted the position of principal conductor of the [Chicago Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra \"Chicago Symphony Orchestra\"). However the orchestra was forced to rescind the offer under the threat of a boycott from several prominent musicians including [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\"), [George Szell](/wiki/George_Szell \"George Szell\"), [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz \"Vladimir Horowitz\"), [Arthur Rubinstein](/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein \"Arthur Rubinstein\"), [Isaac Stern](/wiki/Isaac_Stern \"Isaac Stern\"), and [Alexander Brailowsky](/wiki/Alexander_Brailowsky \"Alexander Brailowsky\").{{cite news\n \\| first\\=Howard\n \\| last\\=Taubman\\|author\\-link\\=Howard Taubman\n \\| title\\=Musicians' Ban on Furtwaengler Ends His Chicago Contract for '49\n \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\n \\|date\\=6 January 1949\n}} reprinted in {{cite book\n \\| first\\=Richard B. K.\n \\| last\\=McLanathan\n \\|author2\\=Gene Brown\n \\| title\\=The Arts\n \\|location\\=New York\n \\| publisher\\=Arno Press\n \\| year\\=1978\n \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-405\\-11153\\-2\n \\| page\\=349\n \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dht\\-QrfdzIwC\\&q\\=0405111533\\&pg\\=PA349\n}}",
"According to a *New York Times* report, Horowitz said that he \"was prepared to forgive the small fry who had no alternative but to remain and work in Germany.\" But Furtwängler \"was out of the country on several occasions and could have elected to keep out\". Rubinstein likewise wrote in a telegram, \"Had Furtwängler been firm in his democratic convictions he would have left Germany\". [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin \"Yehudi Menuhin\") was upset with this boycott, declaring that some of the main organizers had admitted to him that they had organized it only to eliminate Furtwängler's presence in North America.",
"Wilhelm Furtwängler died on 30 November 1954 of pneumonia, in Baden\\-Baden. He was buried in Heidelberg cemetery, the Bergfriedhof, in his mother's vault. A large number of personalities from the artistic and political world were present, including Chancellor [Konrad Adenauer](/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer \"Konrad Adenauer\").",
"After Furtwängler's death, the Jewish writer and theater director [Ernst Lothar](/wiki/Ernst_Lothar \"Ernst Lothar\") said:",
"",
"> He was totally German and he remained so, despite the attacks. This is why he did not leave his defiled country, which was later counted to him as a stain by those who did not know him well enough. But he did not stay with Hitler and Himmler, but with Beethoven and Brahms.{{sfn\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=137}}",
"At the end of his life, Yehudi Menuhin said of Furtwängler, \"It was his greatness that attracted hatred\".Yehudi Menuhin, Le violon de la paix, Paris, éditions alternatives, 2000, p. 154\\.",
""
] |
### After World War II
In February 1946, Furtwängler met in Vienna a German Jew by the name of [Curt Riess](/wiki/Curt_Martin_Riess "Curt Martin Riess") who had fled Germany in 1933\.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=76}} The latter was a musician and writer, he later wrote a book on Furtwängler. Riess was then a journalist and correspondent in Switzerland for American newspapers. He thought Furtwängler was a Nazi collaborator and objected to having Furtwängler directing in Switzerland in 1945\. Furtwängler asked to meet him and when Riess had studied all the documents concerning Furtwängler, he completely changed his mind. Realizing that Furtwängler had never been a Nazi and had helped many people of Jewish origin, he became his "denazification advisor". A long friendship ensued and Curt Riess spent the next two years doing everything to get Furtwängler exonerated. As Roger Smithson writes at the conclusion of his article "Furtwängler's Silent Years (1945–1947\)": "Ultimately Furtwängler's return to conducting was very largely the result of skill and stubbornness of Curt Riess. Furtwängler's admirers owe him a great debt".{{sfn\|Smithson\|1997\|p\=9}}
Furtwängler initially wanted Curt Riess to write articles about him based on the many documents he had provided him because Curt Riess was a journalist. However, Curt Riess preferred to go himself to meet General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure "Robert A. McClure") who was in charge of the Furtwängler file.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=16}} The general, after meeting Riess and having all the documents translated into English, admitted that no serious charge could be brought against Furtwängler and that they had made a mistake concerning the conductor who was "a very good man". He asked Riess to tell Furtwängler not to speak to the press, so as not to give the impression that he was exerting pressure on the Allied forces. He said the case would be closed within weeks. Riess sent a telegram to Furtwängler to this effect, but the telegram took a long time to reach its destination and arrived too late.{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=17}}
In the meantime, Furtwängler had made a very serious mistake: he had gone to Berlin, which was occupied by the Soviets.{{harvnb\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=77}} The latter received him as a Head of State because they wanted to recover the one that Arsenyi Gouliga, the representative of the Soviet Union at the Furtwängler trial, called the "greatest conductor in the world" to lead a great cultural policy in Berlin. Precisely, the Soviets offered the post of director of the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera "Berlin State Opera"), which was in the Soviet zone, to Furtwängler. General Robert A. McClure was forced to pass Furtwängler by the normal denazification procedure. He explained to Curt Riess, by telephone, that otherwise it gave the impression that the Americans had ceded to the Soviets on the Furtwängler file. The American authorities knew that the conductor would necessarily be cleared{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=79}} by the denazification court and the Soviet authorities declared that this trial made no sense and was "ridiculous".{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=78}} Thus, with the backdrop of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), Furtwängler, who absolutely wanted to recover the Berlin Philharmonic which was in the British occupation zone, was obliged to go through the denazification court.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=131}}
Furtwängler was thus required to submit to a process of [denazification](/wiki/Denazification "Denazification"). The charges were very low.{{harvnb\|Smithson\|1997\|p\=7}} He was charged with having conducted two official Nazi concerts during the period 1933–1945\. Furtwängler declared that for two concerts that had been "extorted" from him, he had avoided sixty. The first was for the Hitler Youth on 3 February 1938\. It was presented to Furtwängler as a way to acquaint younger generations with classical music. According to Fred Prieberg: "when he looked at the audience he realized that this was more than just a concert for school kids in uniform; a whole collection of prominent political figures were sitting there as well ... and it was the last time he raised his baton for this purpose".{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|p\=226}}
The second concert was the performance of Wagner's *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg")* with the Vienna Philharmonic on 5 September 1938, on the evening before the Nazi congress in Nüremberg. Furtwängler had agreed to conduct this concert to help preserve the Vienna Philharmonic, and at his insistence the concert was not part of the congress.
He was charged for his honorary title of "Prussian State Counselor" ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Preußischer Staatsrat}}) (he had resigned from this title in 1934, but the Nazis had refused his resignation) and with making an anti\-Semitic remark against the part\-Jewish conductor [Victor de Sabata](/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata "Victor de Sabata") (see below).{{cite web\|first\=Roger\|last\=Smithson\|title\=Furtwängler's Silent Years: 1945–1947\|url\=https://furtwangler.fr/en/the\-silent\-years/\|url\-access\=subscription\|publisher\=Société Wilhelm Furtwängler\|year\=1997\|access\-date\=21 July 2007}}{{cite book \| first\=David \| last\=Monod \| title\=Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945–1953 \| publisher\=University of North Carolina Press \| isbn\=978\-0\-8078\-2944\-8 \| year\=2005 \| page\=149 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Yx6UUD6M1LEC\&q\=%22de\+sabata%22\&pg\=PA149}} The chair of the commission, Alex Vogel, known for being a communist,{{sfn\|Riess\|1953\|page\=188}} started the trial with the following statement:
> The investigations showed that Furtwängler had not been a member of any \[Nazi] organization, that he tried to help people persecuted because of their race, and that he also avoided... formalities such as giving the Hitler salute.
The prosecution believed it had something more substantial because Hans von Benda, a former member of the Nazi Party who had been the artistic director of the Berlin Philharmonic during the Nazi period and had therefore been in constant contact with Furtwängler for many years, absolutely wanted to testify to accuse Furtwängler of anti\-Semitism.{{harvnb\|Lang\|2012\|p\=79}} He said he heard, during an argument with another German musician, that Furtwängler allegedly said: "a Jew like Sabata cannot play Brahms' music" . This story soon became ridiculous: Furtwängler had played Brahms' music with many Jewish musicians (especially those from his orchestra). This was either a mistake or a misunderstanding: Furtwängler probably had no anti\-Semitic feelings towards Sabata who had been his friend. On the other hand, Hans von Benda was forced to admit that he was not directly present when Furtwängler allegedly spoke these words, and his testimony was therefore not taken seriously by the prosecution.
The reason for Hans von Benda's behavior was as follows: he had been dismissed from his post as artistic director of the Berlin Orchestra on 22 December 1939 for numerous serious professional misconduct. He had wished to take the opportunity of the lawsuit for take revenge on Furtwängler, considering him responsible for his dismissal because he would have supported Karajan, a version very strongly contested by Furtwängler and his wife.{{sfn\|Lang\|2012\|p\=80}} Moreover, historian Fred Prieberg has proved that, on the contrary, Hans von Benda had never ceased to send information to the Nazis (to denounce it) proving that Furtwängler was helping Jews and opposing their policies.
Two of the main people who prepared Furtwängler's defense for his denazification trial were two German Jews who had to flee the Nazi regime: his secretary Berta Geissmar and Curt Riess. The two had very different backgrounds. Berta Geissmar knew Furtwängler personally and had witnessed everything he did at the start of the Nazi period; she left Germany in 1936 but returned from exile. Curt Riess did not know Furtwängler at all and initially had a very negative outlook on the conductor. Geissmar had collected hundreds of files to prepare the conductor's defense, files which contained a list of over 80 Jewish and non\-Jewish people who had claimed to have been helped or saved by him.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|pages\=171–194}} This list was not exhaustive, but it concerned cases where Geissmar had managed to find indisputable concrete evidence. Among the many people involved were Communists, Social Democrats, as well as former Nazis whom the regime had turned against.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|page\=103}}{{sfn\|Prieberg\|1991\|page\=344}} Berta Geissmar had forwarded the documents to General Robert A. McClure in charge of the Furtwängler trial, but the documents had mysteriously disappeared in Berlin,{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|page\=133}} when they were to be handed over to the general of the American zone of occupation. Curt Riess also did not find these documents in the Washington archives.{{sfn\|Roncigli\|2009\|p\=133}} Furtwängler therefore found himself without a means of proving the help he had given to many people. However, three people of Jewish origin had made the trip to Berlin and certified on 17 December 1946, the second day of the trial, that Furtwängler had risked his life to protect them. One of them was Paul Heizberg, former opera director. The other two were members of the Philharmonic such as Hugo Strelitzer, who declared:
> If I am alive today, I owe this to this great man. Furtwängler helped and protected a great number of Jewish musicians and this attitude shows a great deal of courage since he did it under the eyes of the Nazis, in Germany itself. History will be his judge.["In Memoriam Furtwängler", Tahra 2004](http://www.furtwangler.net/man.html).
As part of his closing remarks at his denazification trial, Furtwängler said:
> I knew Germany was in a terrible crisis; I felt responsible for German music, and it was my task to survive this crisis, as much as I could. The concern that my art was misused for propaganda had to yield to the greater concern that German music be preserved, that music be given to the German people by its own musicians. These people, the compatriots of [Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven "Ludwig van Beethoven"), of [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart") and [Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert "Franz Schubert"), still had to go on living under the control of a regime obsessed with total war. No one who did not live here himself in those days can possibly judge what it was like. Does [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann "Thomas Mann") \[who was critical of Furtwängler's actions] really believe that in 'the Germany of [Himmler](/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler "Heinrich Himmler")' one should not be permitted to play Beethoven? Could he not realize that people never needed more, never yearned more to hear Beethoven and his message of freedom and human love, than precisely these Germans, who had to live under Himmler's terror? I do not regret having stayed with them.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\={{page needed\|date\=July 2023}}}}
The prosecution itself acknowledging that no charge of anti\-Semitism or sympathy for Nazi ideology could be brought against the conductor, Furtwängler was cleared on all the counts. Even after Furtwängler's acquittal at the denazification trials, Mann still criticized him for continuing to conduct in Germany and for believing that art could be apolitical in a regime such as Nazi Germany, which was so intent on using art as [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany%23Media "Propaganda in Nazi Germany#Media"). In a drafted letter to the editor of *[Aufbau](/wiki/Aufbau "Aufbau")* magazine, Mann praises Furtwängler for assisting Jewish musicians and as a "preeminent musician", but ultimately presents him as a representative example of a fatal "lack of understanding and lack of desire to understand what had seized power in Germany".{{sfn\|Vaget\|2006\|pages\=483–484}}
[thumb\|left\|Furtwängler's tomb in Heidelberg](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4nger_Grabst%C3%A4tte.JPG "Wilhelm Furtwänger Grabstätte.JPG")
The violinist [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin "Yehudi Menuhin") was, with [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg"), [Bronisław Huberman](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Huberman "Bronisław Huberman"), and [Nathan Milstein](/wiki/Nathan_Milstein "Nathan Milstein"), among the Jewish musicians who had a positive view of Furtwängler. In February 1946, he sent a wire to General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure "Robert A. McClure") in February 1946:
> Unless you have secret incriminating evidence against Furtwängler supporting your accusation that he was a tool of Nazi Party, I beg to take violent issue with your decision to ban him. The man never was a Party member. Upon numerous occasions, he risked his own safety and reputation to protect friends and colleagues. Do not believe that the fact of remaining in one's own country is alone sufficient to condemn a man. On the contrary, as a military man, you would know that remaining at one's post often requires greater courage than running away. He saved, and for that we are deeply his debtors, the best part of his own German culture... I believe it patently unjust and most cowardly for us to make of Furtwängler a scapegoat for our own crimes.{{harvnb\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=58}}
In 1949 Furtwängler accepted the position of principal conductor of the [Chicago Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra "Chicago Symphony Orchestra"). However the orchestra was forced to rescind the offer under the threat of a boycott from several prominent musicians including [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini"), [George Szell](/wiki/George_Szell "George Szell"), [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz "Vladimir Horowitz"), [Arthur Rubinstein](/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein "Arthur Rubinstein"), [Isaac Stern](/wiki/Isaac_Stern "Isaac Stern"), and [Alexander Brailowsky](/wiki/Alexander_Brailowsky "Alexander Brailowsky").{{cite news
\| first\=Howard
\| last\=Taubman\|author\-link\=Howard Taubman
\| title\=Musicians' Ban on Furtwaengler Ends His Chicago Contract for '49
\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]
\|date\=6 January 1949
}} reprinted in {{cite book
\| first\=Richard B. K.
\| last\=McLanathan
\|author2\=Gene Brown
\| title\=The Arts
\|location\=New York
\| publisher\=Arno Press
\| year\=1978
\| isbn\=978\-0\-405\-11153\-2
\| page\=349
\| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dht\-QrfdzIwC\&q\=0405111533\&pg\=PA349
}}
According to a *New York Times* report, Horowitz said that he "was prepared to forgive the small fry who had no alternative but to remain and work in Germany." But Furtwängler "was out of the country on several occasions and could have elected to keep out". Rubinstein likewise wrote in a telegram, "Had Furtwängler been firm in his democratic convictions he would have left Germany". [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin "Yehudi Menuhin") was upset with this boycott, declaring that some of the main organizers had admitted to him that they had organized it only to eliminate Furtwängler's presence in North America.
Wilhelm Furtwängler died on 30 November 1954 of pneumonia, in Baden\-Baden. He was buried in Heidelberg cemetery, the Bergfriedhof, in his mother's vault. A large number of personalities from the artistic and political world were present, including Chancellor [Konrad Adenauer](/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer").
After Furtwängler's death, the Jewish writer and theater director [Ernst Lothar](/wiki/Ernst_Lothar "Ernst Lothar") said:
> He was totally German and he remained so, despite the attacks. This is why he did not leave his defiled country, which was later counted to him as a stain by those who did not know him well enough. But he did not stay with Hitler and Himmler, but with Beethoven and Brahms.{{sfn\|Lang\|2012\|p\=137}}
At the end of his life, Yehudi Menuhin said of Furtwängler, "It was his greatness that attracted hatred".Yehudi Menuhin, Le violon de la paix, Paris, éditions alternatives, 2000, p. 154\.
|
[
"### After World War II",
"In February 1946, Furtwängler met in Vienna a German Jew by the name of [Curt Riess](/wiki/Curt_Martin_Riess \"Curt Martin Riess\") who had fled Germany in 1933\\.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=76}} The latter was a musician and writer, he later wrote a book on Furtwängler. Riess was then a journalist and correspondent in Switzerland for American newspapers. He thought Furtwängler was a Nazi collaborator and objected to having Furtwängler directing in Switzerland in 1945\\. Furtwängler asked to meet him and when Riess had studied all the documents concerning Furtwängler, he completely changed his mind. Realizing that Furtwängler had never been a Nazi and had helped many people of Jewish origin, he became his \"denazification advisor\". A long friendship ensued and Curt Riess spent the next two years doing everything to get Furtwängler exonerated. As Roger Smithson writes at the conclusion of his article \"Furtwängler's Silent Years (1945–1947\\)\": \"Ultimately Furtwängler's return to conducting was very largely the result of skill and stubbornness of Curt Riess. Furtwängler's admirers owe him a great debt\".{{sfn\\|Smithson\\|1997\\|p\\=9}}",
"Furtwängler initially wanted Curt Riess to write articles about him based on the many documents he had provided him because Curt Riess was a journalist. However, Curt Riess preferred to go himself to meet General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure \"Robert A. McClure\") who was in charge of the Furtwängler file.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=16}} The general, after meeting Riess and having all the documents translated into English, admitted that no serious charge could be brought against Furtwängler and that they had made a mistake concerning the conductor who was \"a very good man\". He asked Riess to tell Furtwängler not to speak to the press, so as not to give the impression that he was exerting pressure on the Allied forces. He said the case would be closed within weeks. Riess sent a telegram to Furtwängler to this effect, but the telegram took a long time to reach its destination and arrived too late.{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=17}}",
"In the meantime, Furtwängler had made a very serious mistake: he had gone to Berlin, which was occupied by the Soviets.{{harvnb\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=77}} The latter received him as a Head of State because they wanted to recover the one that Arsenyi Gouliga, the representative of the Soviet Union at the Furtwängler trial, called the \"greatest conductor in the world\" to lead a great cultural policy in Berlin. Precisely, the Soviets offered the post of director of the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera \"Berlin State Opera\"), which was in the Soviet zone, to Furtwängler. General Robert A. McClure was forced to pass Furtwängler by the normal denazification procedure. He explained to Curt Riess, by telephone, that otherwise it gave the impression that the Americans had ceded to the Soviets on the Furtwängler file. The American authorities knew that the conductor would necessarily be cleared{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=79}} by the denazification court and the Soviet authorities declared that this trial made no sense and was \"ridiculous\".{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=78}} Thus, with the backdrop of the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), Furtwängler, who absolutely wanted to recover the Berlin Philharmonic which was in the British occupation zone, was obliged to go through the denazification court.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=131}}",
"Furtwängler was thus required to submit to a process of [denazification](/wiki/Denazification \"Denazification\"). The charges were very low.{{harvnb\\|Smithson\\|1997\\|p\\=7}} He was charged with having conducted two official Nazi concerts during the period 1933–1945\\. Furtwängler declared that for two concerts that had been \"extorted\" from him, he had avoided sixty. The first was for the Hitler Youth on 3 February 1938\\. It was presented to Furtwängler as a way to acquaint younger generations with classical music. According to Fred Prieberg: \"when he looked at the audience he realized that this was more than just a concert for school kids in uniform; a whole collection of prominent political figures were sitting there as well ... and it was the last time he raised his baton for this purpose\".{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|p\\=226}}",
"The second concert was the performance of Wagner's *[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg](/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg \"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg\")* with the Vienna Philharmonic on 5 September 1938, on the evening before the Nazi congress in Nüremberg. Furtwängler had agreed to conduct this concert to help preserve the Vienna Philharmonic, and at his insistence the concert was not part of the congress.",
"He was charged for his honorary title of \"Prussian State Counselor\" ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Preußischer Staatsrat}}) (he had resigned from this title in 1934, but the Nazis had refused his resignation) and with making an anti\\-Semitic remark against the part\\-Jewish conductor [Victor de Sabata](/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata \"Victor de Sabata\") (see below).{{cite web\\|first\\=Roger\\|last\\=Smithson\\|title\\=Furtwängler's Silent Years: 1945–1947\\|url\\=https://furtwangler.fr/en/the\\-silent\\-years/\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|publisher\\=Société Wilhelm Furtwängler\\|year\\=1997\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2007}}{{cite book \\| first\\=David \\| last\\=Monod \\| title\\=Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945–1953 \\| publisher\\=University of North Carolina Press \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8078\\-2944\\-8 \\| year\\=2005 \\| page\\=149 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Yx6UUD6M1LEC\\&q\\=%22de\\+sabata%22\\&pg\\=PA149}} The chair of the commission, Alex Vogel, known for being a communist,{{sfn\\|Riess\\|1953\\|page\\=188}} started the trial with the following statement:",
"",
"> The investigations showed that Furtwängler had not been a member of any \\[Nazi] organization, that he tried to help people persecuted because of their race, and that he also avoided... formalities such as giving the Hitler salute.",
"The prosecution believed it had something more substantial because Hans von Benda, a former member of the Nazi Party who had been the artistic director of the Berlin Philharmonic during the Nazi period and had therefore been in constant contact with Furtwängler for many years, absolutely wanted to testify to accuse Furtwängler of anti\\-Semitism.{{harvnb\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=79}} He said he heard, during an argument with another German musician, that Furtwängler allegedly said: \"a Jew like Sabata cannot play Brahms' music\" . This story soon became ridiculous: Furtwängler had played Brahms' music with many Jewish musicians (especially those from his orchestra). This was either a mistake or a misunderstanding: Furtwängler probably had no anti\\-Semitic feelings towards Sabata who had been his friend. On the other hand, Hans von Benda was forced to admit that he was not directly present when Furtwängler allegedly spoke these words, and his testimony was therefore not taken seriously by the prosecution.\nThe reason for Hans von Benda's behavior was as follows: he had been dismissed from his post as artistic director of the Berlin Orchestra on 22 December 1939 for numerous serious professional misconduct. He had wished to take the opportunity of the lawsuit for take revenge on Furtwängler, considering him responsible for his dismissal because he would have supported Karajan, a version very strongly contested by Furtwängler and his wife.{{sfn\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=80}} Moreover, historian Fred Prieberg has proved that, on the contrary, Hans von Benda had never ceased to send information to the Nazis (to denounce it) proving that Furtwängler was helping Jews and opposing their policies.",
"Two of the main people who prepared Furtwängler's defense for his denazification trial were two German Jews who had to flee the Nazi regime: his secretary Berta Geissmar and Curt Riess. The two had very different backgrounds. Berta Geissmar knew Furtwängler personally and had witnessed everything he did at the start of the Nazi period; she left Germany in 1936 but returned from exile. Curt Riess did not know Furtwängler at all and initially had a very negative outlook on the conductor. Geissmar had collected hundreds of files to prepare the conductor's defense, files which contained a list of over 80 Jewish and non\\-Jewish people who had claimed to have been helped or saved by him.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|pages\\=171–194}} This list was not exhaustive, but it concerned cases where Geissmar had managed to find indisputable concrete evidence. Among the many people involved were Communists, Social Democrats, as well as former Nazis whom the regime had turned against.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|page\\=103}}{{sfn\\|Prieberg\\|1991\\|page\\=344}} Berta Geissmar had forwarded the documents to General Robert A. McClure in charge of the Furtwängler trial, but the documents had mysteriously disappeared in Berlin,{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|page\\=133}} when they were to be handed over to the general of the American zone of occupation. Curt Riess also did not find these documents in the Washington archives.{{sfn\\|Roncigli\\|2009\\|p\\=133}} Furtwängler therefore found himself without a means of proving the help he had given to many people. However, three people of Jewish origin had made the trip to Berlin and certified on 17 December 1946, the second day of the trial, that Furtwängler had risked his life to protect them. One of them was Paul Heizberg, former opera director. The other two were members of the Philharmonic such as Hugo Strelitzer, who declared:",
"",
"> If I am alive today, I owe this to this great man. Furtwängler helped and protected a great number of Jewish musicians and this attitude shows a great deal of courage since he did it under the eyes of the Nazis, in Germany itself. History will be his judge.[\"In Memoriam Furtwängler\", Tahra 2004](http://www.furtwangler.net/man.html).",
"As part of his closing remarks at his denazification trial, Furtwängler said:",
"",
"> I knew Germany was in a terrible crisis; I felt responsible for German music, and it was my task to survive this crisis, as much as I could. The concern that my art was misused for propaganda had to yield to the greater concern that German music be preserved, that music be given to the German people by its own musicians. These people, the compatriots of [Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\"), of [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\") and [Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert \"Franz Schubert\"), still had to go on living under the control of a regime obsessed with total war. No one who did not live here himself in those days can possibly judge what it was like. Does [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann \"Thomas Mann\") \\[who was critical of Furtwängler's actions] really believe that in 'the Germany of [Himmler](/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler \"Heinrich Himmler\")' one should not be permitted to play Beethoven? Could he not realize that people never needed more, never yearned more to hear Beethoven and his message of freedom and human love, than precisely these Germans, who had to live under Himmler's terror? I do not regret having stayed with them.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}}}",
"The prosecution itself acknowledging that no charge of anti\\-Semitism or sympathy for Nazi ideology could be brought against the conductor, Furtwängler was cleared on all the counts. Even after Furtwängler's acquittal at the denazification trials, Mann still criticized him for continuing to conduct in Germany and for believing that art could be apolitical in a regime such as Nazi Germany, which was so intent on using art as [propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany%23Media \"Propaganda in Nazi Germany#Media\"). In a drafted letter to the editor of *[Aufbau](/wiki/Aufbau \"Aufbau\")* magazine, Mann praises Furtwängler for assisting Jewish musicians and as a \"preeminent musician\", but ultimately presents him as a representative example of a fatal \"lack of understanding and lack of desire to understand what had seized power in Germany\".{{sfn\\|Vaget\\|2006\\|pages\\=483–484}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Furtwängler's tomb in Heidelberg](/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4nger_Grabst%C3%A4tte.JPG \"Wilhelm Furtwänger Grabstätte.JPG\")",
"The violinist [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin \"Yehudi Menuhin\") was, with [Arnold Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\"), [Bronisław Huberman](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Huberman \"Bronisław Huberman\"), and [Nathan Milstein](/wiki/Nathan_Milstein \"Nathan Milstein\"), among the Jewish musicians who had a positive view of Furtwängler. In February 1946, he sent a wire to General [Robert A. McClure](/wiki/Robert_A._McClure \"Robert A. McClure\") in February 1946:",
"",
"> Unless you have secret incriminating evidence against Furtwängler supporting your accusation that he was a tool of Nazi Party, I beg to take violent issue with your decision to ban him. The man never was a Party member. Upon numerous occasions, he risked his own safety and reputation to protect friends and colleagues. Do not believe that the fact of remaining in one's own country is alone sufficient to condemn a man. On the contrary, as a military man, you would know that remaining at one's post often requires greater courage than running away. He saved, and for that we are deeply his debtors, the best part of his own German culture... I believe it patently unjust and most cowardly for us to make of Furtwängler a scapegoat for our own crimes.{{harvnb\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=58}}",
"In 1949 Furtwängler accepted the position of principal conductor of the [Chicago Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra \"Chicago Symphony Orchestra\"). However the orchestra was forced to rescind the offer under the threat of a boycott from several prominent musicians including [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\"), [George Szell](/wiki/George_Szell \"George Szell\"), [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz \"Vladimir Horowitz\"), [Arthur Rubinstein](/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein \"Arthur Rubinstein\"), [Isaac Stern](/wiki/Isaac_Stern \"Isaac Stern\"), and [Alexander Brailowsky](/wiki/Alexander_Brailowsky \"Alexander Brailowsky\").{{cite news\n \\| first\\=Howard\n \\| last\\=Taubman\\|author\\-link\\=Howard Taubman\n \\| title\\=Musicians' Ban on Furtwaengler Ends His Chicago Contract for '49\n \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\n \\|date\\=6 January 1949\n}} reprinted in {{cite book\n \\| first\\=Richard B. K.\n \\| last\\=McLanathan\n \\|author2\\=Gene Brown\n \\| title\\=The Arts\n \\|location\\=New York\n \\| publisher\\=Arno Press\n \\| year\\=1978\n \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-405\\-11153\\-2\n \\| page\\=349\n \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dht\\-QrfdzIwC\\&q\\=0405111533\\&pg\\=PA349\n}}",
"According to a *New York Times* report, Horowitz said that he \"was prepared to forgive the small fry who had no alternative but to remain and work in Germany.\" But Furtwängler \"was out of the country on several occasions and could have elected to keep out\". Rubinstein likewise wrote in a telegram, \"Had Furtwängler been firm in his democratic convictions he would have left Germany\". [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin \"Yehudi Menuhin\") was upset with this boycott, declaring that some of the main organizers had admitted to him that they had organized it only to eliminate Furtwängler's presence in North America.",
"Wilhelm Furtwängler died on 30 November 1954 of pneumonia, in Baden\\-Baden. He was buried in Heidelberg cemetery, the Bergfriedhof, in his mother's vault. A large number of personalities from the artistic and political world were present, including Chancellor [Konrad Adenauer](/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer \"Konrad Adenauer\").",
"After Furtwängler's death, the Jewish writer and theater director [Ernst Lothar](/wiki/Ernst_Lothar \"Ernst Lothar\") said:",
"",
"> He was totally German and he remained so, despite the attacks. This is why he did not leave his defiled country, which was later counted to him as a stain by those who did not know him well enough. But he did not stay with Hitler and Himmler, but with Beethoven and Brahms.{{sfn\\|Lang\\|2012\\|p\\=137}}",
"At the end of his life, Yehudi Menuhin said of Furtwängler, \"It was his greatness that attracted hatred\".Yehudi Menuhin, Le violon de la paix, Paris, éditions alternatives, 2000, p. 154\\.",
""
] |
Conducting style
----------------
Furtwängler had a unique philosophy of music. He saw symphonic music as creations of nature that could only be realised subjectively into sound. [Neville Cardus](/wiki/Neville_Cardus "Neville Cardus") wrote in the *[Manchester Guardian](/wiki/Manchester_Guardian "Manchester Guardian")* in 1954 of Furtwängler's conducting style: "He did not regard the printed notes of the score as a final statement, but rather as so many symbols of an imaginative conception, ever changing and always to be felt and realised subjectively..."{{cite news\|last\=Kettle\|first\=Martin\|author\-link\=Martin Kettle\|title\=Second coming\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/nov/26/classicalmusicandopera2\|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|date\=26 November 2004\|access\-date\=24 July 2023\|location\=London}}
And the conductor [Henry Lewis](/wiki/Henry_Lewis_%28musician%29 "Henry Lewis (musician)"): "I admire Furtwängler for his originality and honesty. He liberated himself from slavery to the score; he realized that notes printed in the score, are nothing but SYMBOLS. The score is neither the essence nor the spirit of the music. Furtwängler had this very rare and great gift of going beyond the printed score and showing what music really was."Wilhelm Furtwängler, *CD Wilhelm Furtwängler in Memoriam FURT 1090–1093*, Tahra, 2004, p. 54\.
Many commentators and critics regard him as the greatest conductor in history."Arguably the greatest conductor of all time", {{cite web \| url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/pip/pip/3lm1v \| title\=The Furtwangler Legacy on BBC radio, November 2004 \| access\-date\=19 June 2012 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/pip/pip/3lm1v/ \| archive\-date\=30 May 2016 \| url\-status\=dead }}."The greatest conductor of all time", {{cite web\|url\=http://www.medici.tv/\#!/furtwanglers\-love\|title\=Furtwangler's love, 2004}}."The most influential and important orchestral conductor of the recorded era" {{harv\|Kettle\|2004}}."Amazing, spur\-of\-the\-moment inspirational intensity, probably unsurpassed by any other conductor before or since", {{cite web\|url\=http://www.sinfinimusic.com/uk/features/guides/artist\-guides/top\-20\-conductors\-of\-all\-time\|title\=Sinfini Music, Top 20 conductors, November 2012}}."Wilhelm Furtwängler is widely considered the one of the greatest – if not the very greatest – conductors of the twentieth century", {{Cite magazine \| url\=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/05/ten\-perfect\-orchestral\-recordings.html \| title\=Ten Perfect Orchestral Recordings\|author\=\[\[David Denby]]\|date\=1 May 2012\|magazine\=\[\[The New Yorker]]}}."Maybe the greatest conductor in history", Patrick Szersnovicz, *[Le Monde de la musique](/wiki/Le_Monde_de_la_musique "Le Monde de la musique")*, December 2004, {{p.\|62–67}}."Maybe the greatest conductor in history, probably the greatest Beethovenian", "L'orchestre des rites et des dieux", editor: Autrement, series mutation, vol. 99, 1994, {{p.\|206}}."Why was Wilhelm Furtwängler the greatest conductor in history?" Critic [Joachim Kaiser](/wiki/Joachim_Kaiser "Joachim Kaiser"), course in German available on the web site of the *[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung "Süddeutsche Zeitung")* newspaper.{{cite web \| title\=Wilhelm Furtwängler Biography \| url\=http://www.naxos.com/conductorinfo/846\.htm \| publisher\=Naxos \| access\-date\=21 July 2007}}{{cite news\|author\=Stefan Dosch\|date\=7 May 2019\|title\=Als mitten im Weltkrieg große Musik entstand\|quote\=Viele sahen und sehen in ihm den größten Dirigenten des 20\. Jahrhunderts\|trans\-quote\=any saw and see him as the greatest conductor of the 20th century\|language\=de\|url\=https://www.augsburger\-allgemeine.de/kultur/Als\-mitten\-im\-Weltkrieg\-grosse\-Musik\-entstand\-id54203381\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[Augsburger Allgemeine]]\|access\-date\=24 July 2023}}"An artist frequently regarded as the most important conductor in the history of phonography, or even of all time", Maciej Chiżyński {{cite web \| title\= Wilhelm Furtwängler le géant, enregistrements radio à Berlin 1939–1945 \| date\= 23 May 2019 \| url\= https://www.resmusica.com/2019/05/23/wilhelm\-furtwangler\-le\-geant\-orchestre\-philharmonique\-de\-berlin\-enregistrements\-radio\-1939\-1945/ \| publisher\= ResMusica \| access\-date\=23 May 2019}}{{cite web \| title\=La tradizione di Furtwängler \| date\=12 April 2021\| url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/la\-tradizione\-di\-furtwangler\_it\_60740fc2c5b6ed595281ea20\|work\=\[\[HuffPost]]\| access\-date\=12 April 2021}}, "probably the greatest conductor of all time" ("probabilmente è il più grande direttore d'orchestra di tutti i tempi"), Giovanni Giammarino. In his book on the symphonies of [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms"), musicologist Walter Frisch writes that Furtwängler's recordings show him to be "the finest Brahms conductor of his generation, perhaps of all time", demonstrating "at once a greater attention to detail and to Brahms' markings than his contemporaries and at the same time a larger sense of rhythmic\-temporal flow that is never deflected by the individual nuances. He has an ability not only to respect, but to make musical sense of, dynamic markings and the indications of crescendo and diminuendo... What comes through amply... is the rare combination of a conductor who understands both sound and structure."{{cite book\|last\=Frisch\|first\=Walter\|title\=Brahms: The Four Symphonies\|year\=2003\|publisher\=Yale University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-09965\-2\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/brahmsfoursympho00fris/page/183 183–185]\|url\=https://archive.org/details/brahmsfoursympho00fris/page/183\|via\=\[\[Internet Archive]]}} He notes [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy "Vladimir Ashkenazy") who says that his sound "is never rough. It's very weighty but at the same time is never heavy. In his fortissimo you always feel every voice.... I have never heard so beautiful a fortissimo in an orchestra", and [Daniel Barenboim](/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim "Daniel Barenboim") says he "had a subtlety of tone color that was extremely rare. His sound was always 'rounded,' and incomparably more interesting than that of the great German conductors of his generation."
On the other hand, the critic [David Hurwitz](/wiki/David_Hurwitz_%28music_critic%29 "David Hurwitz (music critic)") sharply criticizes what he terms "the Furtwängler wackos" who "will forgive him virtually any lapse, no matter how severe", and characterizes the conductor himself as "occasionally incandescent but criminally sloppy".{{cite web \| url\=https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review\-14893/ \| title\=Historical Gems: Furtwängler RIAS Recordings from Audite\|website\=Classics Today}} Unlike conductors such as [Carlos Kleiber](/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber "Carlos Kleiber") or [Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache "Sergiu Celibidache"), Furtwängler did not try to reach the perfection in details, and the number of rehearsals with him was small. He said:
> I am told that the more you rehearse, the better you play. This is wrong. We often try to reduce the unforeseen to a controllable level, to prevent a sudden impulse that escapes our ability to control, yet also responds to an obscure desire. Let's allow improvisation to have its place and play its role. I think that the true interpreter is the one who improvises. We have mechanized the art of conducting to an awful degree, in the quest of perfection rather than of dream ... As soon as [rubato](/wiki/Rubato "Rubato") is obtained and calculated scientifically, it ceases to be true. Music making is something else than searching to achieve an accomplishment. But striving to attain it is beautiful. Some of [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo "Michelangelo")'s sculptures are perfect, others are just outlined and the latter ones move me more than the first perfect ones because here I find the essence of desire, of the wakening dream. That's what really moves me: fixing without freezing in cement, allowing chance its opportunity.
His style is often contrasted with that of his contemporary [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini"). He walked out of a Toscanini concert once, calling him "a mere time\-beater!". Unlike Toscanini, Furtwängler sought a weighty, less rhythmically strict, more bass\-oriented orchestral sound, with a more conspicuous use of tempo changes not indicated in the printed score.The difference is sometimes mis\-characterized by the terms "objective" and "subjective", but Furtwängler's tempo inflections were often planned and reflected his studies with the harmonic theorist [Heinrich Schenker](/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker "Heinrich Schenker") from 1920 to 1935\. Instead of perfection in details, Furtwängler was looking for the spiritual in art. [Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache "Sergiu Celibidache") explained,
> Everybody was influenced at the time by [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini") – it was easy to understand what he was trying to do: you didn't need any reference to spiritual dimension. There was a certain order in the way the music was presented. With Toscanini I never felt anything spiritual. With Furtwängler on the other hand, I understood that there I was confronted by something completely different: metaphysics, transcendence, the relationship between sounds and sonorities ... Furtwängler was not only a musician, he was a creator ... Furtwängler had the ear for it: not the physical ear, but the spiritual ear that captures these parallel movements.[Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache "Sergiu Celibidache"), *CD Wilhelm Furtwängler in Memoriam FURT 1090–1093*, Tahra, 2004, p. 57\.
[thumb\|Furtwängler commemorated on a stamp for [West Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin"), 1955](/wiki/File:DBPB_1955_128_Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler.jpg "DBPB 1955 128 Wilhelm Furtwängler.jpg")
Furtwängler's art of conducting is considered the synthesis and the peak of the so\-called "Germanic school of conducting".[Harold C. Schonberg](/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg "Harold C. Schonberg"), *The Great Conductors*, Simon and Schuster, 1967\.{{page needed\|date\=July 2023}}{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\={{page needed\|date\=July 2023}}}} This "school" was initiated by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"). Unlike [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn")'s conducting style, which was "characterized by quick, even tempos and imbued with what many people regarded as model logic and precision ..., Wagner's way was broad, hyper\-romantic and embraced the idea of tempo modulation".{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=18}} Wagner considered an interpretation as a re\-creation and put more emphasis on the phrase than on the measure.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|pp\=19–20}} The fact that the tempo was changing was not something new; Beethoven himself interpreted his own music with a lot of freedom. Beethoven wrote: "my tempi are valid only for the first bars, as feeling and expression must have their own tempo", and "why do they annoy me by asking for my tempi? Either they are good musicians and ought to know how to play my music, or they are bad musicians and in that case my indications would be of no avail".Beethoven, *CD Furtwängler, Beethoven's Choral Symphony*, Tahra FURT 1101–1104, p. 28\. Beethoven's disciples, such as [Anton Schindler](/wiki/Anton_Schindler "Anton Schindler"), testified that the composer varied the tempo when he conducted his works.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=21}} Wagner's tradition was followed by the first two permanent conductors of the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic "Berlin Philharmonic").{{harvnb\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=22}}. [Hans von Bülow](/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow "Hans von Bülow") highlighted more the unitary structure of symphonic works, while [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch "Arthur Nikisch") stressed the magnificence of tone.{{in lang\|fr}} Patrick Szersnovicz, *Le Monde de la musique*, December 2004, p. 62–67\. The styles of these two conductors were synthesized by Furtwängler.
In Munich (1907–1909\), Furtwängler studied with [Felix Mottl](/wiki/Felix_Mottl "Felix Mottl"), a disciple of Wagner.{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=25}} He considered [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch "Arthur Nikisch") as his model.{{sfn\|E. Furtwängler\|2004\|p\=32}} According to [John Ardoin](/wiki/John_Ardoin "John Ardoin"), Wagner's *subjective style* of conducting led to Furtwängler, and Mendelssohn's *objective style* of conducting led to Toscanini.
Furtwängler's art was deeply influenced by the great Jewish music theorist [Heinrich Schenker](/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker "Heinrich Schenker") with whom he worked between 1920 and Schenker's death in 1935\. Schenker was the founder of [Schenkerian analysis](/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis "Schenkerian analysis"), which emphasized underlying long\-range harmonic tensions and [resolutions](/wiki/Resolution_%28music%29 "Resolution (music)") in a piece of music.SchenkerGUIDE By Tom Pankhurst, p. 5 ff[Schenker Documents Online](http://www.schenkerdocumentsonline.org/index.html). Furtwängler read Schenker's famous monograph on Beethoven's Ninth symphony in 1911, subsequently trying to find and read all his books.Sami Habra, *CD Furtwängler, Beethoven's Choral Symphony*, Tahra FURT 1101–1104, p. 18\. Furtwängler met Schenker in 1920, and they continuously worked together on the repertoire which Furtwängler conducted. Schenker never secured an academic position in Austria and Germany, in spite of Furtwängler's efforts to support him.{{in lang\|fr}} [Biography of Schenker](http://nmeeus.ovh/Biographie.html), Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas Meeùs. Schenker depended on several patrons including Furtwängler. Furtwängler's second wife certified much later that Schenker had an immense influence on her husband.{{sfn\|E. Furtwängler\|2004\|p\=54}} Schenker considered Furtwängler as the greatest conductor in the world and as the "only conductor who truly understood Beethoven".CD *Furtwängler, Beethoven's Choral Symphony*, Tahra FURT 1101–1104, p. 19\.
Furtwängler's recordings are characterized by an "extraordinary sound wealth ", special emphasis being placed on cellos, double basses, percussion and woodwind instruments.[David Cairns](/wiki/David_Cairns_%28writer%29 "David Cairns (writer)"), CD Beethoven's 5th and 6th Symphonies, 427 775–2, DG, 1989, p. 16\. According to Furtwängler, he learned how to obtain this kind of sound from Arthur Nikisch. This richness of sound is partly due to his "vague" beat, often called a "fluid beat".{{sfn\|Ardoin\|1994\|p\=12}} This fluid beat created slight gaps between the sounds made by the musicians, allowing listeners to distinguish all the instruments in the orchestra, even in [tutti](/wiki/Tutti "Tutti") sections.Patrick Szersnovicz, Le Monde de la musique, December 2004, p. 66 [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy "Vladimir Ashkenazy") once said: "I never heard such beautiful fortissimi as Furtwängler's."*CD Wilhelm Furtwängler, his legendary post\-war recordings*, Tahra, harmonia mundi distribution, FURT 1054/1057, p. 15\. According to [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin "Yehudi Menuhin"), Furtwängler's fluid beat was more difficult but superior than Toscanini's very precise beat.Yehudi Menuhin, DVD *The Art of Conducting – Great Conductors of the Past*, Elektra/Wea, 2002\. Unlike [Otto Klemperer](/wiki/Otto_Klemperer "Otto Klemperer"), Furtwängler did not try to suppress emotion in performance, instead giving a hyper romantic aspect{{sfn\|Furtwängler\|1995\|p\=103}} to his interpretations. The emotional intensity of his World War II recordings is particularly famous. Conductor and pianist [Christoph Eschenbach](/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach "Christoph Eschenbach") has said of Furtwängler that he was a "formidable magician, a man capable of setting an entire ensemble of musicians on fire, sending them into a state of ecstasy".[Christoph Eschenbach Own Words on His Life](http://www.christoph-eschenbach.com/index.php?lid=en&cid=2.2&pid=2) Furtwängler desired to retain an element of improvisation and of the unexpected in his concerts, each interpretation being conceived as a re\-creation. However, melodic line as well as the global unity were never lost with Furtwängler, even in the most dramatic interpretations, partly due to the influence of Heinrich Schenker and to the fact that Furtwängler was a composer and had studied composition during his whole life.{{sfn\|E. Furtwängler\|2004\|p\=55}}
Furtwängler was famous for his exceptional inarticulacy when speaking about music. His pupil [Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache "Sergiu Celibidache") remembered that the best he could say was, "Well, just listen" (to the music). {{ill\|Carl Brinitzer\|de}} from the [German BBC](/wiki/BBC_World_Service "BBC World Service") service tried to interview him, and thought he had an imbecile before him. A live recording of a rehearsal with a [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") orchestra documents hardly anything intelligible, only hums and mumbling. On the other hand, a collection of his essays, *On Music,* reveals deep thought.
|
[
"Conducting style\n----------------",
"Furtwängler had a unique philosophy of music. He saw symphonic music as creations of nature that could only be realised subjectively into sound. [Neville Cardus](/wiki/Neville_Cardus \"Neville Cardus\") wrote in the *[Manchester Guardian](/wiki/Manchester_Guardian \"Manchester Guardian\")* in 1954 of Furtwängler's conducting style: \"He did not regard the printed notes of the score as a final statement, but rather as so many symbols of an imaginative conception, ever changing and always to be felt and realised subjectively...\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Kettle\\|first\\=Martin\\|author\\-link\\=Martin Kettle\\|title\\=Second coming\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/nov/26/classicalmusicandopera2\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|date\\=26 November 2004\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2023\\|location\\=London}}\nAnd the conductor [Henry Lewis](/wiki/Henry_Lewis_%28musician%29 \"Henry Lewis (musician)\"): \"I admire Furtwängler for his originality and honesty. He liberated himself from slavery to the score; he realized that notes printed in the score, are nothing but SYMBOLS. The score is neither the essence nor the spirit of the music. Furtwängler had this very rare and great gift of going beyond the printed score and showing what music really was.\"Wilhelm Furtwängler, *CD Wilhelm Furtwängler in Memoriam FURT 1090–1093*, Tahra, 2004, p. 54\\.",
"Many commentators and critics regard him as the greatest conductor in history.\"Arguably the greatest conductor of all time\", {{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/pip/pip/3lm1v \\| title\\=The Furtwangler Legacy on BBC radio, November 2004 \\| access\\-date\\=19 June 2012 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/pip/pip/3lm1v/ \\| archive\\-date\\=30 May 2016 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}.\"The greatest conductor of all time\", {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.medici.tv/\\#!/furtwanglers\\-love\\|title\\=Furtwangler's love, 2004}}.\"The most influential and important orchestral conductor of the recorded era\" {{harv\\|Kettle\\|2004}}.\"Amazing, spur\\-of\\-the\\-moment inspirational intensity, probably unsurpassed by any other conductor before or since\", {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sinfinimusic.com/uk/features/guides/artist\\-guides/top\\-20\\-conductors\\-of\\-all\\-time\\|title\\=Sinfini Music, Top 20 conductors, November 2012}}.\"Wilhelm Furtwängler is widely considered the one of the greatest – if not the very greatest – conductors of the twentieth century\", {{Cite magazine \\| url\\=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/05/ten\\-perfect\\-orchestral\\-recordings.html \\| title\\=Ten Perfect Orchestral Recordings\\|author\\=\\[\\[David Denby]]\\|date\\=1 May 2012\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[The New Yorker]]}}.\"Maybe the greatest conductor in history\", Patrick Szersnovicz, *[Le Monde de la musique](/wiki/Le_Monde_de_la_musique \"Le Monde de la musique\")*, December 2004, {{p.\\|62–67}}.\"Maybe the greatest conductor in history, probably the greatest Beethovenian\", \"L'orchestre des rites et des dieux\", editor: Autrement, series mutation, vol. 99, 1994, {{p.\\|206}}.\"Why was Wilhelm Furtwängler the greatest conductor in history?\" Critic [Joachim Kaiser](/wiki/Joachim_Kaiser \"Joachim Kaiser\"), course in German available on the web site of the *[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\")* newspaper.{{cite web \\| title\\=Wilhelm Furtwängler Biography \\| url\\=http://www.naxos.com/conductorinfo/846\\.htm \\| publisher\\=Naxos \\| access\\-date\\=21 July 2007}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Stefan Dosch\\|date\\=7 May 2019\\|title\\=Als mitten im Weltkrieg große Musik entstand\\|quote\\=Viele sahen und sehen in ihm den größten Dirigenten des 20\\. Jahrhunderts\\|trans\\-quote\\=any saw and see him as the greatest conductor of the 20th century\\|language\\=de\\|url\\=https://www.augsburger\\-allgemeine.de/kultur/Als\\-mitten\\-im\\-Weltkrieg\\-grosse\\-Musik\\-entstand\\-id54203381\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Augsburger Allgemeine]]\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2023}}\"An artist frequently regarded as the most important conductor in the history of phonography, or even of all time\", Maciej Chiżyński {{cite web \\| title\\= Wilhelm Furtwängler le géant, enregistrements radio à Berlin 1939–1945 \\| date\\= 23 May 2019 \\| url\\= https://www.resmusica.com/2019/05/23/wilhelm\\-furtwangler\\-le\\-geant\\-orchestre\\-philharmonique\\-de\\-berlin\\-enregistrements\\-radio\\-1939\\-1945/ \\| publisher\\= ResMusica \\| access\\-date\\=23 May 2019}}{{cite web \\| title\\=La tradizione di Furtwängler \\| date\\=12 April 2021\\| url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/la\\-tradizione\\-di\\-furtwangler\\_it\\_60740fc2c5b6ed595281ea20\\|work\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\| access\\-date\\=12 April 2021}}, \"probably the greatest conductor of all time\" (\"probabilmente è il più grande direttore d'orchestra di tutti i tempi\"), Giovanni Giammarino. In his book on the symphonies of [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms \"Johannes Brahms\"), musicologist Walter Frisch writes that Furtwängler's recordings show him to be \"the finest Brahms conductor of his generation, perhaps of all time\", demonstrating \"at once a greater attention to detail and to Brahms' markings than his contemporaries and at the same time a larger sense of rhythmic\\-temporal flow that is never deflected by the individual nuances. He has an ability not only to respect, but to make musical sense of, dynamic markings and the indications of crescendo and diminuendo... What comes through amply... is the rare combination of a conductor who understands both sound and structure.\"{{cite book\\|last\\=Frisch\\|first\\=Walter\\|title\\=Brahms: The Four Symphonies\\|year\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-09965\\-2\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/brahmsfoursympho00fris/page/183 183–185]\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/brahmsfoursympho00fris/page/183\\|via\\=\\[\\[Internet Archive]]}} He notes [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy \"Vladimir Ashkenazy\") who says that his sound \"is never rough. It's very weighty but at the same time is never heavy. In his fortissimo you always feel every voice.... I have never heard so beautiful a fortissimo in an orchestra\", and [Daniel Barenboim](/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim \"Daniel Barenboim\") says he \"had a subtlety of tone color that was extremely rare. His sound was always 'rounded,' and incomparably more interesting than that of the great German conductors of his generation.\"",
"On the other hand, the critic [David Hurwitz](/wiki/David_Hurwitz_%28music_critic%29 \"David Hurwitz (music critic)\") sharply criticizes what he terms \"the Furtwängler wackos\" who \"will forgive him virtually any lapse, no matter how severe\", and characterizes the conductor himself as \"occasionally incandescent but criminally sloppy\".{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review\\-14893/ \\| title\\=Historical Gems: Furtwängler RIAS Recordings from Audite\\|website\\=Classics Today}} Unlike conductors such as [Carlos Kleiber](/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber \"Carlos Kleiber\") or [Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache \"Sergiu Celibidache\"), Furtwängler did not try to reach the perfection in details, and the number of rehearsals with him was small. He said:",
"",
"> I am told that the more you rehearse, the better you play. This is wrong. We often try to reduce the unforeseen to a controllable level, to prevent a sudden impulse that escapes our ability to control, yet also responds to an obscure desire. Let's allow improvisation to have its place and play its role. I think that the true interpreter is the one who improvises. We have mechanized the art of conducting to an awful degree, in the quest of perfection rather than of dream ... As soon as [rubato](/wiki/Rubato \"Rubato\") is obtained and calculated scientifically, it ceases to be true. Music making is something else than searching to achieve an accomplishment. But striving to attain it is beautiful. Some of [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\")'s sculptures are perfect, others are just outlined and the latter ones move me more than the first perfect ones because here I find the essence of desire, of the wakening dream. That's what really moves me: fixing without freezing in cement, allowing chance its opportunity.",
"His style is often contrasted with that of his contemporary [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\"). He walked out of a Toscanini concert once, calling him \"a mere time\\-beater!\". Unlike Toscanini, Furtwängler sought a weighty, less rhythmically strict, more bass\\-oriented orchestral sound, with a more conspicuous use of tempo changes not indicated in the printed score.The difference is sometimes mis\\-characterized by the terms \"objective\" and \"subjective\", but Furtwängler's tempo inflections were often planned and reflected his studies with the harmonic theorist [Heinrich Schenker](/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker \"Heinrich Schenker\") from 1920 to 1935\\. Instead of perfection in details, Furtwängler was looking for the spiritual in art. [Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache \"Sergiu Celibidache\") explained,",
"",
"> Everybody was influenced at the time by [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\") – it was easy to understand what he was trying to do: you didn't need any reference to spiritual dimension. There was a certain order in the way the music was presented. With Toscanini I never felt anything spiritual. With Furtwängler on the other hand, I understood that there I was confronted by something completely different: metaphysics, transcendence, the relationship between sounds and sonorities ... Furtwängler was not only a musician, he was a creator ... Furtwängler had the ear for it: not the physical ear, but the spiritual ear that captures these parallel movements.[Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache \"Sergiu Celibidache\"), *CD Wilhelm Furtwängler in Memoriam FURT 1090–1093*, Tahra, 2004, p. 57\\.",
"[thumb\\|Furtwängler commemorated on a stamp for [West Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin \"West Berlin\"), 1955](/wiki/File:DBPB_1955_128_Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler.jpg \"DBPB 1955 128 Wilhelm Furtwängler.jpg\")",
"Furtwängler's art of conducting is considered the synthesis and the peak of the so\\-called \"Germanic school of conducting\".[Harold C. Schonberg](/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg \"Harold C. Schonberg\"), *The Great Conductors*, Simon and Schuster, 1967\\.{{page needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}}} This \"school\" was initiated by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"). Unlike [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn \"Felix Mendelssohn\")'s conducting style, which was \"characterized by quick, even tempos and imbued with what many people regarded as model logic and precision ..., Wagner's way was broad, hyper\\-romantic and embraced the idea of tempo modulation\".{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=18}} Wagner considered an interpretation as a re\\-creation and put more emphasis on the phrase than on the measure.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|pp\\=19–20}} The fact that the tempo was changing was not something new; Beethoven himself interpreted his own music with a lot of freedom. Beethoven wrote: \"my tempi are valid only for the first bars, as feeling and expression must have their own tempo\", and \"why do they annoy me by asking for my tempi? Either they are good musicians and ought to know how to play my music, or they are bad musicians and in that case my indications would be of no avail\".Beethoven, *CD Furtwängler, Beethoven's Choral Symphony*, Tahra FURT 1101–1104, p. 28\\. Beethoven's disciples, such as [Anton Schindler](/wiki/Anton_Schindler \"Anton Schindler\"), testified that the composer varied the tempo when he conducted his works.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=21}} Wagner's tradition was followed by the first two permanent conductors of the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic \"Berlin Philharmonic\").{{harvnb\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=22}}. [Hans von Bülow](/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow \"Hans von Bülow\") highlighted more the unitary structure of symphonic works, while [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch \"Arthur Nikisch\") stressed the magnificence of tone.{{in lang\\|fr}} Patrick Szersnovicz, *Le Monde de la musique*, December 2004, p. 62–67\\. The styles of these two conductors were synthesized by Furtwängler.",
"In Munich (1907–1909\\), Furtwängler studied with [Felix Mottl](/wiki/Felix_Mottl \"Felix Mottl\"), a disciple of Wagner.{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=25}} He considered [Arthur Nikisch](/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch \"Arthur Nikisch\") as his model.{{sfn\\|E. Furtwängler\\|2004\\|p\\=32}} According to [John Ardoin](/wiki/John_Ardoin \"John Ardoin\"), Wagner's *subjective style* of conducting led to Furtwängler, and Mendelssohn's *objective style* of conducting led to Toscanini.",
"Furtwängler's art was deeply influenced by the great Jewish music theorist [Heinrich Schenker](/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker \"Heinrich Schenker\") with whom he worked between 1920 and Schenker's death in 1935\\. Schenker was the founder of [Schenkerian analysis](/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis \"Schenkerian analysis\"), which emphasized underlying long\\-range harmonic tensions and [resolutions](/wiki/Resolution_%28music%29 \"Resolution (music)\") in a piece of music.SchenkerGUIDE By Tom Pankhurst, p. 5 ff[Schenker Documents Online](http://www.schenkerdocumentsonline.org/index.html). Furtwängler read Schenker's famous monograph on Beethoven's Ninth symphony in 1911, subsequently trying to find and read all his books.Sami Habra, *CD Furtwängler, Beethoven's Choral Symphony*, Tahra FURT 1101–1104, p. 18\\. Furtwängler met Schenker in 1920, and they continuously worked together on the repertoire which Furtwängler conducted. Schenker never secured an academic position in Austria and Germany, in spite of Furtwängler's efforts to support him.{{in lang\\|fr}} [Biography of Schenker](http://nmeeus.ovh/Biographie.html), Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas Meeùs. Schenker depended on several patrons including Furtwängler. Furtwängler's second wife certified much later that Schenker had an immense influence on her husband.{{sfn\\|E. Furtwängler\\|2004\\|p\\=54}} Schenker considered Furtwängler as the greatest conductor in the world and as the \"only conductor who truly understood Beethoven\".CD *Furtwängler, Beethoven's Choral Symphony*, Tahra FURT 1101–1104, p. 19\\.",
"Furtwängler's recordings are characterized by an \"extraordinary sound wealth \", special emphasis being placed on cellos, double basses, percussion and woodwind instruments.[David Cairns](/wiki/David_Cairns_%28writer%29 \"David Cairns (writer)\"), CD Beethoven's 5th and 6th Symphonies, 427 775–2, DG, 1989, p. 16\\. According to Furtwängler, he learned how to obtain this kind of sound from Arthur Nikisch. This richness of sound is partly due to his \"vague\" beat, often called a \"fluid beat\".{{sfn\\|Ardoin\\|1994\\|p\\=12}} This fluid beat created slight gaps between the sounds made by the musicians, allowing listeners to distinguish all the instruments in the orchestra, even in [tutti](/wiki/Tutti \"Tutti\") sections.Patrick Szersnovicz, Le Monde de la musique, December 2004, p. 66 [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy \"Vladimir Ashkenazy\") once said: \"I never heard such beautiful fortissimi as Furtwängler's.\"*CD Wilhelm Furtwängler, his legendary post\\-war recordings*, Tahra, harmonia mundi distribution, FURT 1054/1057, p. 15\\. According to [Yehudi Menuhin](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin \"Yehudi Menuhin\"), Furtwängler's fluid beat was more difficult but superior than Toscanini's very precise beat.Yehudi Menuhin, DVD *The Art of Conducting – Great Conductors of the Past*, Elektra/Wea, 2002\\. Unlike [Otto Klemperer](/wiki/Otto_Klemperer \"Otto Klemperer\"), Furtwängler did not try to suppress emotion in performance, instead giving a hyper romantic aspect{{sfn\\|Furtwängler\\|1995\\|p\\=103}} to his interpretations. The emotional intensity of his World War II recordings is particularly famous. Conductor and pianist [Christoph Eschenbach](/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach \"Christoph Eschenbach\") has said of Furtwängler that he was a \"formidable magician, a man capable of setting an entire ensemble of musicians on fire, sending them into a state of ecstasy\".[Christoph Eschenbach Own Words on His Life](http://www.christoph-eschenbach.com/index.php?lid=en&cid=2.2&pid=2) Furtwängler desired to retain an element of improvisation and of the unexpected in his concerts, each interpretation being conceived as a re\\-creation. However, melodic line as well as the global unity were never lost with Furtwängler, even in the most dramatic interpretations, partly due to the influence of Heinrich Schenker and to the fact that Furtwängler was a composer and had studied composition during his whole life.{{sfn\\|E. Furtwängler\\|2004\\|p\\=55}}",
"Furtwängler was famous for his exceptional inarticulacy when speaking about music. His pupil [Sergiu Celibidache](/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache \"Sergiu Celibidache\") remembered that the best he could say was, \"Well, just listen\" (to the music). {{ill\\|Carl Brinitzer\\|de}} from the [German BBC](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\") service tried to interview him, and thought he had an imbecile before him. A live recording of a rehearsal with a [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") orchestra documents hardly anything intelligible, only hums and mumbling. On the other hand, a collection of his essays, *On Music,* reveals deep thought.",
""
] |
Whitbread Round the World Race
------------------------------
At 45, the industrialist had retired from active business and was looking for a fresh challenge. He had read reports about the first Whitbread Race, saw it as the opportunity of a lifetime – and grabbed it with both hands. Van Rietschoten was unknown as a sailor even in his own waters before competing in the [1977–78 Whitbread Round the World Race](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race "1977–78 Whitbread Round the World Race").
What set Van Rietschoten ahead of the established sailing names like [Sir Robin Knox\-Johnston](/wiki/Sir_Robin_Knox-Johnston "Sir Robin Knox-Johnston") and [Éric Tabarly](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Tabarly "Éric Tabarly") was a professional business approach to his campaigns. His eight\-year tenure at the top of the sport spelled the end of amateur gung\-ho ocean racing entries. He may well have continued to see himself as an [amateur](/wiki/Amateur "Amateur"), but he set levels of professionalism within the sport that were not repeated until [Peter Blake](/wiki/Peter_Blake_%28sailor%29 "Peter Blake (sailor)") also won every leg with his *[Steinlager 2](/wiki/Steinlager_2 "Steinlager 2")* in the [1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race "1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race").
Van Rietschoten was first to undertake extensive trials and crew training before the race, and invested in research to improve crew clothing, rigs and [weather forecasting](/wiki/Weather_forecasting "Weather forecasting") techniques.
For his first Whitbread yacht, Conny van Rietschoten turned to American designers [Sparkman \& Stephens](/wiki/Sparkman_%26_Stephens "Sparkman & Stephens") to design a more modern version of the [Swan 65](/wiki/Swan_65 "Swan 65") production yacht *[Sayula II](/wiki/Sayula_II "Sayula II")*, which had won the [first Whitbread race in 1973/74](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race "1973–74 Whitbread Round the World Race"). The new *[Flyer](/wiki/Flyer_%28yacht%29 "Flyer (yacht)")*, built in aluminium by [Jachtwerf W. Huisman](/wiki/Jachtwerf_W._Huisman "Jachtwerf W. Huisman"), was also a ketch, but with a longer waterline and more sail area.{{cite web\|url\=http://sparkmanstephens.blogspot.com/2011/03/design\-2273\-flyer.html\|title\=Design 2273 \- Flyer\|author\=Bruce Johnson\|date\=2011\-03\-30\|website\=sparkmanstephens.blogspot.com}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.superyachttimes.com/editorial/5/article/id/12015/\|title\=Sailing yacht Flyer returns to Royal Huisman\|work\=superyachttimes.com}}
After winning the transatlantic race, the *Flyer* crew found their greatest rival to be another Swan 65, the sloop rigged British yacht *[King's Legend](/wiki/King%27s_Legend "King's Legend")*, with Nick Ratcliffe as the skipper and American Skip Novak as the navigator. 1,000 miles from [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), the two crews found themselves within sight of each other, before *Flyer* pulled ahead to win the first leg of the race from Portsmouth by 2 hours 4 minutes.
On the second leg to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"), New Zealand, *[King's Legend](/wiki/King%27s_Legend "King's Legend")* stole the upper hand, and soon had a 360mile lead over *Flyer* as the Whitbread fleet raced across the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean "Southern Ocean"), but then suffered a leak, which slowed her progress. At the finish, Conny van Rietschoten’s crew had cut *[King's Legend](/wiki/King%27s_Legend "King's Legend")’s* lead back to within 1 hour 15 minutes.{{cite web\|url\=http://stephenlirakis.com/?tag\=kings\-legend\|title\=King's Legend\|website\=stephenlirakis.com}}
The third leg around [Cape Horn](/wiki/Cape_Horn "Cape Horn") to [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro") proved something of an anti\-climax as far as the race was concerned, for Kings Legend suffered a broach and water wiped out her radio. Without weather forecasts, Novak and his crew were at a distinct disadvantage and fell almost 60 hours behind *Flyer*.
On the final leg back to [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth"), Van Rietschoten and his crew had only to shadow Kings Legend home which they did, finishing 2 hours behind the British yacht, to win the Whitbread Race on handicap. *Flyer* was recently refitted by the original manufacturer{{cite web\|url\=http://www.charterworld.com/news/royal\-huisman\-sailing\-yacht\-flyer\-returns\-home\-yard\-refit\|title\=Royal Huisman sailing yacht FLYER returns to her home yard for refit\|work\=charterworld.com}}
The 1981/82 Whitbread Race saw Conny van Rietschoten’s maxi sloop *[Flyer II](/wiki/Flyer_II_%28yacht%29 "Flyer II (yacht)")* designed by German Frers matched against Peter Blake’s 68 ft [Bruce Farr](/wiki/Bruce_Farr "Bruce Farr") designed *Ceramco New Zealand*.{{cite web\|url\=http://rbsailing.blogspot.com/2013/04/ceramco\-new\-zealand\-farr\-68\.html\|title\=Ceramco New Zealand Farr 68\|website\=rbsailing.blogspot.com\|date\=8 April 2013 }} *Ceramco New Zealand* was dismasted during the first leg to give *Flyer II* a run\-away victory on this first stage of the race to Cape Town, but thereafter, the two yachts raced neck\-and\-neck around the rest of the world.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.royalhuisman.com/en/yachtdescription145\.html\|title\=Flyer II\|website\=royalhuisman.com}}{{citation\|title\=Sailboards to Superyachts\|author\=Jack Smith\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IGzfDvE6R0cC\&dq\=flyer\&pg\=PA144\|date\=January 1985\|page\=144\|magazine\=Yachting}}{{citation\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZSIKlK3ZmNIC\&pg\=RA1\-PA37\|pages\=37–40\|date\=February 1982\|author\=Barry Pickthall\|magazine\=Cruising World\|title\=How is the Flyer team keeping warm?}}
It was at the height of this competition when Conny van Rietschoten showed the steely side of his character. He suffered a [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack") when their yacht was deep into the Southern Ocean, en route to Auckland, New Zealand. Van Rietschoten swore his crew to secrecy, and would not even allow the *Flyer II* doctor Julian Fuller to call a [cardiologist](/wiki/Cardiologist "Cardiologist") aboard their rival yacht Ceramco for advice. “The nearest port was 10 days away and the critical period is always the first 24–36 hours,” he recalled later. “Ceramco was already breathing down our necks. If they had known that I had a health problem, they would have pushed their boat even harder. When you die at sea, you are buried over the side. Perhaps those Ceramco boys might then have spotted me drifting by. And that I was determined would be the only thing they would see or hear from *Flyer II* on the matter!”{{cite web\|url\=http://www.volvooceanrace.com/en/history.html\|title\=History\|author\=Volvo Ocean Race\|work\=Volvo Ocean Race}}
*Flyer II* pulled out a 9 hour lead by Auckland, but *Ceramco New Zealand* won the leg on handicap. The race from there to Cape Horn was one of constantly swapping places. Half way across the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific "Pacific"), they were within sight of each other, and also rounded Cape Horn together. *Flyer II* got to [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata "Mar del Plata") first to take line honours, but the *Ceramco New Zealand* crew were rewarded with 2nd on handicap.
Conny van Rietschoten and his crew finished first again back at Portsmouth, followed by *Ceramco New Zealand* to take line honours for the Race, and with the rest of the fleet becalmed near the [Azores](/wiki/Azores "Azores"), took handicap honours too – the first crew to win both line and handicap honours in the history of the Race. Van Rietschoten and his crew also set two world records: The fastest Noon to Noon run of 327 miles, and the fastest circumnavigation of 120 days
In 1948 Conny van Rietschoten and his friend Morin Scott sailed their Dragon class yacht *Gerda* from Cowes England across the North Sea to Arendal to compete in that year's [Dragon Gold Cup](/wiki/Dragon_Gold_Cup "Dragon Gold Cup") world championship. They did not win, but Crown Prince Olaf of Norway proclaimed the two sailors the best at the regatta for sailing by far the furthest distance.
On 17 December 2013, Conny van Rietschoten died in Portugal.
|
[
"Whitbread Round the World Race\n------------------------------",
"At 45, the industrialist had retired from active business and was looking for a fresh challenge. He had read reports about the first Whitbread Race, saw it as the opportunity of a lifetime – and grabbed it with both hands. Van Rietschoten was unknown as a sailor even in his own waters before competing in the [1977–78 Whitbread Round the World Race](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race \"1977–78 Whitbread Round the World Race\").",
"What set Van Rietschoten ahead of the established sailing names like [Sir Robin Knox\\-Johnston](/wiki/Sir_Robin_Knox-Johnston \"Sir Robin Knox-Johnston\") and [Éric Tabarly](/wiki/%C3%89ric_Tabarly \"Éric Tabarly\") was a professional business approach to his campaigns. His eight\\-year tenure at the top of the sport spelled the end of amateur gung\\-ho ocean racing entries. He may well have continued to see himself as an [amateur](/wiki/Amateur \"Amateur\"), but he set levels of professionalism within the sport that were not repeated until [Peter Blake](/wiki/Peter_Blake_%28sailor%29 \"Peter Blake (sailor)\") also won every leg with his *[Steinlager 2](/wiki/Steinlager_2 \"Steinlager 2\")* in the [1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race \"1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race\").",
"Van Rietschoten was first to undertake extensive trials and crew training before the race, and invested in research to improve crew clothing, rigs and [weather forecasting](/wiki/Weather_forecasting \"Weather forecasting\") techniques.",
"For his first Whitbread yacht, Conny van Rietschoten turned to American designers [Sparkman \\& Stephens](/wiki/Sparkman_%26_Stephens \"Sparkman & Stephens\") to design a more modern version of the [Swan 65](/wiki/Swan_65 \"Swan 65\") production yacht *[Sayula II](/wiki/Sayula_II \"Sayula II\")*, which had won the [first Whitbread race in 1973/74](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race \"1973–74 Whitbread Round the World Race\"). The new *[Flyer](/wiki/Flyer_%28yacht%29 \"Flyer (yacht)\")*, built in aluminium by [Jachtwerf W. Huisman](/wiki/Jachtwerf_W._Huisman \"Jachtwerf W. Huisman\"), was also a ketch, but with a longer waterline and more sail area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sparkmanstephens.blogspot.com/2011/03/design\\-2273\\-flyer.html\\|title\\=Design 2273 \\- Flyer\\|author\\=Bruce Johnson\\|date\\=2011\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=sparkmanstephens.blogspot.com}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.superyachttimes.com/editorial/5/article/id/12015/\\|title\\=Sailing yacht Flyer returns to Royal Huisman\\|work\\=superyachttimes.com}}",
"After winning the transatlantic race, the *Flyer* crew found their greatest rival to be another Swan 65, the sloop rigged British yacht *[King's Legend](/wiki/King%27s_Legend \"King's Legend\")*, with Nick Ratcliffe as the skipper and American Skip Novak as the navigator. 1,000 miles from [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), the two crews found themselves within sight of each other, before *Flyer* pulled ahead to win the first leg of the race from Portsmouth by 2 hours 4 minutes.\nOn the second leg to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\"), New Zealand, *[King's Legend](/wiki/King%27s_Legend \"King's Legend\")* stole the upper hand, and soon had a 360mile lead over *Flyer* as the Whitbread fleet raced across the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean \"Southern Ocean\"), but then suffered a leak, which slowed her progress. At the finish, Conny van Rietschoten’s crew had cut *[King's Legend](/wiki/King%27s_Legend \"King's Legend\")’s* lead back to within 1 hour 15 minutes.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://stephenlirakis.com/?tag\\=kings\\-legend\\|title\\=King's Legend\\|website\\=stephenlirakis.com}}",
"The third leg around [Cape Horn](/wiki/Cape_Horn \"Cape Horn\") to [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\") proved something of an anti\\-climax as far as the race was concerned, for Kings Legend suffered a broach and water wiped out her radio. Without weather forecasts, Novak and his crew were at a distinct disadvantage and fell almost 60 hours behind *Flyer*.",
"On the final leg back to [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\"), Van Rietschoten and his crew had only to shadow Kings Legend home which they did, finishing 2 hours behind the British yacht, to win the Whitbread Race on handicap. *Flyer* was recently refitted by the original manufacturer{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.charterworld.com/news/royal\\-huisman\\-sailing\\-yacht\\-flyer\\-returns\\-home\\-yard\\-refit\\|title\\=Royal Huisman sailing yacht FLYER returns to her home yard for refit\\|work\\=charterworld.com}}",
"The 1981/82 Whitbread Race saw Conny van Rietschoten’s maxi sloop *[Flyer II](/wiki/Flyer_II_%28yacht%29 \"Flyer II (yacht)\")* designed by German Frers matched against Peter Blake’s 68 ft [Bruce Farr](/wiki/Bruce_Farr \"Bruce Farr\") designed *Ceramco New Zealand*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rbsailing.blogspot.com/2013/04/ceramco\\-new\\-zealand\\-farr\\-68\\.html\\|title\\=Ceramco New Zealand Farr 68\\|website\\=rbsailing.blogspot.com\\|date\\=8 April 2013 }} *Ceramco New Zealand* was dismasted during the first leg to give *Flyer II* a run\\-away victory on this first stage of the race to Cape Town, but thereafter, the two yachts raced neck\\-and\\-neck around the rest of the world.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.royalhuisman.com/en/yachtdescription145\\.html\\|title\\=Flyer II\\|website\\=royalhuisman.com}}{{citation\\|title\\=Sailboards to Superyachts\\|author\\=Jack Smith\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IGzfDvE6R0cC\\&dq\\=flyer\\&pg\\=PA144\\|date\\=January 1985\\|page\\=144\\|magazine\\=Yachting}}{{citation\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZSIKlK3ZmNIC\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA37\\|pages\\=37–40\\|date\\=February 1982\\|author\\=Barry Pickthall\\|magazine\\=Cruising World\\|title\\=How is the Flyer team keeping warm?}}",
"It was at the height of this competition when Conny van Rietschoten showed the steely side of his character. He suffered a [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\") when their yacht was deep into the Southern Ocean, en route to Auckland, New Zealand. Van Rietschoten swore his crew to secrecy, and would not even allow the *Flyer II* doctor Julian Fuller to call a [cardiologist](/wiki/Cardiologist \"Cardiologist\") aboard their rival yacht Ceramco for advice. “The nearest port was 10 days away and the critical period is always the first 24–36 hours,” he recalled later. “Ceramco was already breathing down our necks. If they had known that I had a health problem, they would have pushed their boat even harder. When you die at sea, you are buried over the side. Perhaps those Ceramco boys might then have spotted me drifting by. And that I was determined would be the only thing they would see or hear from *Flyer II* on the matter!”{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.volvooceanrace.com/en/history.html\\|title\\=History\\|author\\=Volvo Ocean Race\\|work\\=Volvo Ocean Race}}",
"*Flyer II* pulled out a 9 hour lead by Auckland, but *Ceramco New Zealand* won the leg on handicap. The race from there to Cape Horn was one of constantly swapping places. Half way across the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific \"Pacific\"), they were within sight of each other, and also rounded Cape Horn together. *Flyer II* got to [Mar del Plata](/wiki/Mar_del_Plata \"Mar del Plata\") first to take line honours, but the *Ceramco New Zealand* crew were rewarded with 2nd on handicap.",
"Conny van Rietschoten and his crew finished first again back at Portsmouth, followed by *Ceramco New Zealand* to take line honours for the Race, and with the rest of the fleet becalmed near the [Azores](/wiki/Azores \"Azores\"), took handicap honours too – the first crew to win both line and handicap honours in the history of the Race. Van Rietschoten and his crew also set two world records: The fastest Noon to Noon run of 327 miles, and the fastest circumnavigation of 120 days",
"In 1948 Conny van Rietschoten and his friend Morin Scott sailed their Dragon class yacht *Gerda* from Cowes England across the North Sea to Arendal to compete in that year's [Dragon Gold Cup](/wiki/Dragon_Gold_Cup \"Dragon Gold Cup\") world championship. They did not win, but Crown Prince Olaf of Norway proclaimed the two sailors the best at the regatta for sailing by far the furthest distance.",
"On 17 December 2013, Conny van Rietschoten died in Portugal.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Muller was born in [Fremont, Nebraska](/wiki/Fremont%2C_Nebraska "Fremont, Nebraska") on December 27, 1878\. He studied at the [Ecole des Beaux Arts](/wiki/Ecole_des_Beaux_Arts "Ecole des Beaux Arts") in Paris from 1903 to 1905, then traveled and studied for a year in Italy, France, Austria, and Germany. He began his career as a draftsman for the New York architectural firm of Trowbridge and Livingston in 1906\. In 1909 he became a designer for the firm of Robert J. Reiley. Muller moved on to the firm of [D. Everett Waid](/wiki/Dan_Everett_Waid "Dan Everett Waid") in 1912 where he was also employed as an architectural designer until 1914, when he opened his own office in New York City.
Muller’s earliest known work in South Florida dates to 1923 when he designed a number of Mediterranean and Spanish\-style houses in the Miami area.
In 1925, Bernhardt Muller met [Glenn H. Curtiss](/wiki/Glenn_H._Curtiss "Glenn H. Curtiss"), the owner and developer of Opa\-Locka, at the recommendation of Mr. Curtiss’ mother, Mrs. Lua Andrews Curtiss. In a 1927 article appearing in the Opa\-Locka Times, Muller relates the story of how he visualized the new development. He decided that an opportunity was at hand to make an architectural theme for a new community from a literary work. One night the architect read a copy of The One Thousand and One Tales of the Arabian Nights. Muller was fascinated by the descriptions of the Tales, and he said that he re\-lived the fantasies in his dreams that night. The following morning he wired Curtiss with his ideas. Later, they met at the site that was to become Opa\-Locka, where Muller described his concept for the city’s architectural design, derived from the individual stories of the Arabian Nights. Curtiss agreed that the Arabian Nights theme would make for a unique and exciting development.
During November 1925, from his New York office, Muller designed several of the prominent buildings which would form the new town, including the Opa\-Locka Company’s Administration Building, the swimming pool (Bathing Casino), and an Archery Club. The Richter Library’s collection has records of eighty\-six of Muller commissions; although it is not known exactly how many buildings Muller designed, it is estimated to be about one hundred. As construction progressed and sales increased, Opa\-Locka was incorporated as a town in May 1926\.
Following the devastating hurricane that struck Miami on September 17, 1926, the Florida Land Boom went bust and progress at Opa\-Locka slowed. Glenn Curtiss decided in the summer of 1927 to put all un\-built plans for the young city on hold until the economy improved. As a result of further decline in land sales, the ensuing Great Depression of 1929, and Curtiss’ death in 1930, virtually no buildings were executed after 1928\. Muller, who remained in New York, went on to do other work, particularly in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.
In 1942, Muller retired from full\-time practice, closed his office, and went to work for George M. Sharp, Inc., as the interior designer for luxury ocean liners. This association lasted until 1955\.
A member of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Maplewood, New Jersey, Bernhardt Muller designed a number of Christian Science churches, located mostly in the state of New York. The American Architect Directory of 1956 lists his most notable designs for these churches as those in Brooklyn (1918\), Hempstead (1924\), Forest Hills (1925\), Bronxville (1929\), and Flushing (1930\), all in New York, as well a building for a new congregation in Opa\-Locka (1930\). Muller was noted for his design of small suburban houses in Short Hills, Maplewood, and Millburn, New Jersey, mostly of the Tudor English motif, which was characteristic of his own home in Millburn.
Muller was elected to membership in the American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.) in 1924; he was a member of the New York City chapter. Muller attained the status of Emeritus member of the A.I.A. in 1952\. He was also a member of the Summit (New Jersey) Art Association.
Little of Bernhardt Muller’s personal life is known. He was married in 1919 and his wife died in 1958\. The couple had no children. According to Frank S. Bush, a friend of Muller’s, he was known as a man of great foresight, unimpeachable reputation and integrity, in addition to being thoughtfully creative.
In 1959, at age 80, Mr. Muller returned for a “Pioneer Days” celebration in Opa\-Locka, his first visit to the city since the late 1920s. In an interview with Opa\-Locka’s newspaper, the North Dade Hub, Muller explained the original intent of his scheme for Opa\-Locka:
In planning the city, our \[Muller and Curtiss] idea was to avoid the only too\-well known checkerboard idea of development with the visual square boxes planted on each lot, making a composite of architectural abortions with which we are surrounded on all sides in America.
What Bernhardt Muller found upon returning to Opa\-Locka were not the charming, beautifully\-designed Moorish Revival buildings he had created. In addition to many altered and demolished buildings of his design, he found a collection of plain, unappealing structures, much like any other American town could exhibit, which he sought to avoid in his work. In an address to the city’s Chamber of Commerce, Muller attempted to convince its citizens to continue pursuing Curtiss’ dream: to make a distinguished, livable city, unique character. His speech warned the city’s officials to prevent Opa\-Locka from becoming a “meaningless jumble of unrelated buildings, painted in hideous colors.” While Muller’s intent was to inspire the city to action, local officials were offended by the architect’s criticism.
Muller left Opa\-Locka, the city of his dreams ruined; he returned to Short Hills, [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), where he continued his architectural practice until about 1962\. At age of eighty\-five, Bernhardt E. Muller died in September, 1964\.
Works include:
* [Baird House (Opa\-locka, Florida)](/wiki/Baird_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 "Baird House (Opa-locka, Florida)"), 401 Dunad Ave., [Opa\-locka, Florida](/wiki/Opa-locka%2C_Florida "Opa-locka, Florida"), NRHP\-listed
* [Cravero House](/wiki/Cravero_House "Cravero House"), 1011 Sharar Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Crouse House](/wiki/Crouse_House "Crouse House"), 1156 Peri St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Etheredge House](/wiki/Etheredge_House "Etheredge House"), 915 Sharar Ave. Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Griffiths House (Opa\-locka, Florida)](/wiki/Griffiths_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 "Griffiths House (Opa-locka, Florida)"), 826 Superior St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Haislip House](/wiki/Haislip_House "Haislip House"), 1141 Jann Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Helm Stores and Apartments](/wiki/Helm_Stores_and_Apartments "Helm Stores and Apartments"), 1217 Sharazad Blvd., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Helms House](/wiki/Helms_House "Helms House"), 721 Sharar Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Higgins Duplex](/wiki/Higgins_Duplex "Higgins Duplex"), 1210\-1212 Sesame St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Harry Hurt Building](/wiki/Harry_Hurt_Building "Harry Hurt Building"), 490 Ali\-Baba Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [King Trunk Factory and Showroom](/wiki/King_Trunk_Factory_and_Showroom "King Trunk Factory and Showroom"), 951 Superior St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Long House](/wiki/Long_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 "Long House (Opa-locka, Florida)"), 613 Sharar Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Opa\-locka Bank](/wiki/Opa-locka_Bank "Opa-locka Bank"), 940 Caliph St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Opa\-locka Company administration building](/wiki/Opa-locka_Company_administration_building "Opa-locka Company administration building"), 777 Sharazad Blvd., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Opa\-locka Seaboard Air Line Railway Station](/wiki/Opa-locka_Seaboard_Air_Line_Railway_Station "Opa-locka Seaboard Air Line Railway Station") (1927\), 490 Ali Baba Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, (Muller, Bernard E.Y) NRHP\-listed
* [Root Building](/wiki/Root_Building "Root Building"), 111 Perviz Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Taber Duplex](/wiki/Taber_Duplex "Taber Duplex"), 1214—1216 Sesame St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Tinsman House](/wiki/Tinsman_House "Tinsman House"), 1110 Peri St., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Tooker House](/wiki/Tooker_House "Tooker House"), 811 Dunad Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
* [Wheeler House (Opa\-locka, Florida)](/wiki/Wheeler_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 "Wheeler House (Opa-locka, Florida)"), 1035 Dunad Ave., Opa\-locka, Florida, NRHP\-listed
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Muller was born in [Fremont, Nebraska](/wiki/Fremont%2C_Nebraska \"Fremont, Nebraska\") on December 27, 1878\\. He studied at the [Ecole des Beaux Arts](/wiki/Ecole_des_Beaux_Arts \"Ecole des Beaux Arts\") in Paris from 1903 to 1905, then traveled and studied for a year in Italy, France, Austria, and Germany. He began his career as a draftsman for the New York architectural firm of Trowbridge and Livingston in 1906\\. In 1909 he became a designer for the firm of Robert J. Reiley. Muller moved on to the firm of [D. Everett Waid](/wiki/Dan_Everett_Waid \"Dan Everett Waid\") in 1912 where he was also employed as an architectural designer until 1914, when he opened his own office in New York City.",
"Muller’s earliest known work in South Florida dates to 1923 when he designed a number of Mediterranean and Spanish\\-style houses in the Miami area.",
"In 1925, Bernhardt Muller met [Glenn H. Curtiss](/wiki/Glenn_H._Curtiss \"Glenn H. Curtiss\"), the owner and developer of Opa\\-Locka, at the recommendation of Mr. Curtiss’ mother, Mrs. Lua Andrews Curtiss. In a 1927 article appearing in the Opa\\-Locka Times, Muller relates the story of how he visualized the new development. He decided that an opportunity was at hand to make an architectural theme for a new community from a literary work. One night the architect read a copy of The One Thousand and One Tales of the Arabian Nights. Muller was fascinated by the descriptions of the Tales, and he said that he re\\-lived the fantasies in his dreams that night. The following morning he wired Curtiss with his ideas. Later, they met at the site that was to become Opa\\-Locka, where Muller described his concept for the city’s architectural design, derived from the individual stories of the Arabian Nights. Curtiss agreed that the Arabian Nights theme would make for a unique and exciting development.",
"During November 1925, from his New York office, Muller designed several of the prominent buildings which would form the new town, including the Opa\\-Locka Company’s Administration Building, the swimming pool (Bathing Casino), and an Archery Club. The Richter Library’s collection has records of eighty\\-six of Muller commissions; although it is not known exactly how many buildings Muller designed, it is estimated to be about one hundred. As construction progressed and sales increased, Opa\\-Locka was incorporated as a town in May 1926\\.",
"Following the devastating hurricane that struck Miami on September 17, 1926, the Florida Land Boom went bust and progress at Opa\\-Locka slowed. Glenn Curtiss decided in the summer of 1927 to put all un\\-built plans for the young city on hold until the economy improved. As a result of further decline in land sales, the ensuing Great Depression of 1929, and Curtiss’ death in 1930, virtually no buildings were executed after 1928\\. Muller, who remained in New York, went on to do other work, particularly in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.",
"In 1942, Muller retired from full\\-time practice, closed his office, and went to work for George M. Sharp, Inc., as the interior designer for luxury ocean liners. This association lasted until 1955\\.",
"A member of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Maplewood, New Jersey, Bernhardt Muller designed a number of Christian Science churches, located mostly in the state of New York. The American Architect Directory of 1956 lists his most notable designs for these churches as those in Brooklyn (1918\\), Hempstead (1924\\), Forest Hills (1925\\), Bronxville (1929\\), and Flushing (1930\\), all in New York, as well a building for a new congregation in Opa\\-Locka (1930\\). Muller was noted for his design of small suburban houses in Short Hills, Maplewood, and Millburn, New Jersey, mostly of the Tudor English motif, which was characteristic of his own home in Millburn.",
"Muller was elected to membership in the American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.) in 1924; he was a member of the New York City chapter. Muller attained the status of Emeritus member of the A.I.A. in 1952\\. He was also a member of the Summit (New Jersey) Art Association.",
"Little of Bernhardt Muller’s personal life is known. He was married in 1919 and his wife died in 1958\\. The couple had no children. According to Frank S. Bush, a friend of Muller’s, he was known as a man of great foresight, unimpeachable reputation and integrity, in addition to being thoughtfully creative.",
"In 1959, at age 80, Mr. Muller returned for a “Pioneer Days” celebration in Opa\\-Locka, his first visit to the city since the late 1920s. In an interview with Opa\\-Locka’s newspaper, the North Dade Hub, Muller explained the original intent of his scheme for Opa\\-Locka:",
"In planning the city, our \\[Muller and Curtiss] idea was to avoid the only too\\-well known checkerboard idea of development with the visual square boxes planted on each lot, making a composite of architectural abortions with which we are surrounded on all sides in America.",
"What Bernhardt Muller found upon returning to Opa\\-Locka were not the charming, beautifully\\-designed Moorish Revival buildings he had created. In addition to many altered and demolished buildings of his design, he found a collection of plain, unappealing structures, much like any other American town could exhibit, which he sought to avoid in his work. In an address to the city’s Chamber of Commerce, Muller attempted to convince its citizens to continue pursuing Curtiss’ dream: to make a distinguished, livable city, unique character. His speech warned the city’s officials to prevent Opa\\-Locka from becoming a “meaningless jumble of unrelated buildings, painted in hideous colors.” While Muller’s intent was to inspire the city to action, local officials were offended by the architect’s criticism.",
"Muller left Opa\\-Locka, the city of his dreams ruined; he returned to Short Hills, [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), where he continued his architectural practice until about 1962\\. At age of eighty\\-five, Bernhardt E. Muller died in September, 1964\\.",
"Works include:\n* [Baird House (Opa\\-locka, Florida)](/wiki/Baird_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 \"Baird House (Opa-locka, Florida)\"), 401 Dunad Ave., [Opa\\-locka, Florida](/wiki/Opa-locka%2C_Florida \"Opa-locka, Florida\"), NRHP\\-listed\n* [Cravero House](/wiki/Cravero_House \"Cravero House\"), 1011 Sharar Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Crouse House](/wiki/Crouse_House \"Crouse House\"), 1156 Peri St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Etheredge House](/wiki/Etheredge_House \"Etheredge House\"), 915 Sharar Ave. Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Griffiths House (Opa\\-locka, Florida)](/wiki/Griffiths_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 \"Griffiths House (Opa-locka, Florida)\"), 826 Superior St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Haislip House](/wiki/Haislip_House \"Haislip House\"), 1141 Jann Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Helm Stores and Apartments](/wiki/Helm_Stores_and_Apartments \"Helm Stores and Apartments\"), 1217 Sharazad Blvd., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Helms House](/wiki/Helms_House \"Helms House\"), 721 Sharar Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Higgins Duplex](/wiki/Higgins_Duplex \"Higgins Duplex\"), 1210\\-1212 Sesame St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Harry Hurt Building](/wiki/Harry_Hurt_Building \"Harry Hurt Building\"), 490 Ali\\-Baba Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [King Trunk Factory and Showroom](/wiki/King_Trunk_Factory_and_Showroom \"King Trunk Factory and Showroom\"), 951 Superior St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Long House](/wiki/Long_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 \"Long House (Opa-locka, Florida)\"), 613 Sharar Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Opa\\-locka Bank](/wiki/Opa-locka_Bank \"Opa-locka Bank\"), 940 Caliph St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Opa\\-locka Company administration building](/wiki/Opa-locka_Company_administration_building \"Opa-locka Company administration building\"), 777 Sharazad Blvd., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Opa\\-locka Seaboard Air Line Railway Station](/wiki/Opa-locka_Seaboard_Air_Line_Railway_Station \"Opa-locka Seaboard Air Line Railway Station\") (1927\\), 490 Ali Baba Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, (Muller, Bernard E.Y) NRHP\\-listed\n* [Root Building](/wiki/Root_Building \"Root Building\"), 111 Perviz Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Taber Duplex](/wiki/Taber_Duplex \"Taber Duplex\"), 1214—1216 Sesame St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Tinsman House](/wiki/Tinsman_House \"Tinsman House\"), 1110 Peri St., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Tooker House](/wiki/Tooker_House \"Tooker House\"), 811 Dunad Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Wheeler House (Opa\\-locka, Florida)](/wiki/Wheeler_House_%28Opa-locka%2C_Florida%29 \"Wheeler House (Opa-locka, Florida)\"), 1035 Dunad Ave., Opa\\-locka, Florida, NRHP\\-listed",
""
] |
History
-------
The Taba Crisis of 1906 started when [Sultan Abdul Hamid II](/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II "Abdul Hamid II") of the Ottoman Empire decided to build a post at Taba. The British sent an [Egyptian Coast Guard](/wiki/Egyptian_Coast_Guard "Egyptian Coast Guard") steamer to re\-occupy Naqb el Aqaba and Taba. When encountered by a Turkish officer who refused them permission to land, the Egyptian force landed on the nearby [Pharaoh's Island](/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island "Pharaoh's Island") instead. The British Navy sent warships into the eastern Mediterranean and threatened to seize certain islands under the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"). [The Sultan](/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II "Abdul Hamid II") agreed to evacuate Taba on 13 May 1906\. Both Britain and the Ottoman Empire agreed to demarcate a formal border that would run approximately straight from [Rafah](/wiki/Rafah "Rafah") in a south\-easterly direction to a point on the Gulf of Aqaba, not less than {{convert\|3\|mi\|km\|0\|order\=flip}} from [Aqaba](/wiki/Aqaba "Aqaba").{{Cite web\|url\=http://legal.un.org/riaa/vol\_20\.shtml\|title\=Reports of International Arbitral Awards — Codification Division Publications\|website\=legal.un.org\|language\=EN\|access\-date\=2017\-10\-14}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/23/world/the\-talk\-of\-taba\-a\-disputed\-slice\-of\-sinai\-is\-taking\-it\-all\-in\-stride.html\|title\=THE TALK OF TABA; A DISPUTED SLICE OF SINAI IS TAKING IT ALL IN STRIDE\|last\=Friedman\|first\=Thomas L.\|date\=1986\-09\-23\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2017\-10\-14\|last2\=Times\|first2\=Special to the New York\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} The border was initially marked with telegraph poles and these were later replaced by boundary pillars.
Taba was located on the Egyptian side of the [armistice line](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements%23With_Egypt "1949 Armistice Agreements#With Egypt") agreed to in 1949\. During the [Suez Crisis](/wiki/Suez_Crisis "Suez Crisis") in 1956, it was briefly occupied by Israel but returned to Egypt when the country withdrew in 1957\. Israel reoccupied the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula") after the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") in 1967, and subsequently, a 400\-room hotel was built in Taba. Following the [1979 Israeli\-Egyptian peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty "Egypt–Israel peace treaty"), Egypt and Israel were negotiating the exact position of the border, Israel claimed that Taba had been on the [Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") side of a border agreed between the Ottomans and British Egypt in 1906 and had, therefore, been in error in its two previous agreements. After a long dispute, the issue was submitted to an international commission composed of one Israeli, one Egyptian, and three outsiders.
Both parties agreed that all maps since 1915, except for one 1916 Turkish\-German map, show Taba on the Egyptian side and that no dispute had previously been raised on the issue in the intervening years. However, Israel contended that errors had been made when the telegraph poles were replaced by boundary pillars in 1906–1907 and that the written 1906 agreement rather than its demarcation with boundary pillars was the legal border. The commission did not accept that the boundary pillars were in error but in any case held that a demarcated boundary accepted by all parties for such a long time had achieved legal status. Based on the wording of the Egypt\-Israel peace treaty, the commission ruled that the accepted border during the Mandate period was the one that counted, though it did not accept that that border was different from the earlier border. Of special concern was the final boundary pillar near the Gulf of Aqaba, which had disappeared. There are early photographs of a pillar north\-east of Taba, but Israel contended that it had been placed in error. The commission did not accept Israel's case and positioned the pillar at its historical location.
Therefore, Israel and Egypt resumed negotiations which ended in February 1989 and as a result, Taba was returned to Egypt, [Hosni Mubarak](/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak "Hosni Mubarak") raised the Egyptian flag on the town on 19 March 1989\. As part of this subsequent agreement, travelers are permitted to cross from Israel at the [Eilat–Taba border checkpoint](/wiki/Taba_Border_Crossing "Taba Border Crossing"), and visit the "Aqaba Coast Area of Sinai", (stretching from Taba down to [Sharm el Sheikh](/wiki/Sharm_el_Sheikh "Sharm el Sheikh"), and including [Nuweiba](/wiki/Nuweiba "Nuweiba"), [Saint Catherine's Monastery](/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery "Saint Catherine's Monastery"), and [Dahab](/wiki/Dahab "Dahab")), visa\-free for up to 14 days, making Taba a popular tourist destination. The resort community of Taba Heights is located some {{cvt\|20\|km}} south of Taba. It features several large hotels, including the [Hyatt Regency](/wiki/Hyatt "Hyatt"), [Marriott](/wiki/Marriott_International "Marriott International"), [Sofitel](/wiki/Sofitel "Sofitel"), and [Intercontinental](/wiki/Intercontinental_Hotels "Intercontinental Hotels"). It is also a significant diving area where many people come to either [free dive](/wiki/Free_dive "Free dive"), [scuba dive](/wiki/Scuba_dive "Scuba dive"), or learn to dive via the many diving courses available. Other recreation facilities include a new desert\-style golf course.
On 24 September 1995 the [Taba Agreement](/wiki/Taba_Agreement "Taba Agreement") was signed by [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and the [PLO](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") in Taba.
On October 7, 2004, the [Hilton Taba](/wiki/Hilton_Taba "Hilton Taba") was [hit by a bomb](/wiki/2004_Sinai_bombings "2004 Sinai bombings") that killed 34 people including several Israelis.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/3728436\.stm\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]]\|date\=9 October 2004\|title\=Death toll rises in Egypt blasts}} Twenty\-four days later, an inquiry by the Egyptian Interior Ministry into the bombings concluded that the perpetrators received no external help but were aided by Bedouins on the peninsula.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/3972635\.stm\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]]\|date\=1 November 2004\|title\='No al\-Qaeda hand' in Egypt bombs}}
In February 2014, a coach taking tourists to [Saint Catherine's Monastery](/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery "Saint Catherine's Monastery") in Sinai [exploded in Taba](/wiki/2014_Taba_bus_bombing "2014 Taba bus bombing") shortly before crossing the border to Israel. At least two [South Koreans](/wiki/South_Koreans "South Koreans") were killed and 14 injured. The blast was blamed on terrorists.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-26217380\|title\=Sinai attacks: Deadly bombing hits Egypt tour bus\|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]]\|date\=16 February 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/world/middleeast/bus\-bombing\-kills\-tourists\-in\-sinai\-egypt.html?hp\&\_r\=0\|title\=Bus bomb kills tourists\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|date\=17 February 2014}}
Despite warnings, tourism from Israel to Taba was up in 2016 with many traveling to enjoy the northernmost Red Sea resort.{{cite news\|last1\=Lifkin\|first1\=Shimon B.\|title\=Israeli Tourism in Sinai Up Despite Terror Warnings\|url\=http://hamodia.com/2016/11/02/israeli\-tourism\-sinai\-despite\-terror\-warnings/\|agency\=Hamodia\|date\=November 2, 2016}}
On 27 October 2023 a drone, most probably launched by Iranian\-backed Houthi rebels from Yemen on its way to [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), [crashed](/wiki/Taba_and_Nuweiba_drone_attacks "Taba and Nuweiba drone attacks") near a hospital building injuring six people.{{Cite web \|title\=al\-arabiya reports the unidentified drone hitting a hospital building \|url\=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle\-east/2023/10/27/Egypt\-says\-blast\-near\-medical\-facility\-in\-Taba\-caused\-by\-unidentified\-drone\-}}{{Cite web \|last\=Fabian \|first\=Emanuel \|title\=Missile that hit Egypt likely came from Yemen, IDF indicates; 2nd Sinai impact reported \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\_entry/missile\-that\-egypt\-likely\-came\-from\-yemen\-idf\-says\-as\-second\-sinai\-impact\-reported/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-27 \|website\=The Times of Israel \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|last\=Kalifungwa \|first\=Lennox \|date\=2023\-10\-27 \|title\=Strike In Sinai Resort Town Traced To Iranian\-Backed Houthi Rebels \|url\=https://www.zenger.news/2023/10/27/strike\-in\-sinai\-resort\-town\-traced\-to\-iranian\-backed\-houthi\-rebels/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-27 \|website\=Zenger News \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Taba Crisis of 1906 started when [Sultan Abdul Hamid II](/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II \"Abdul Hamid II\") of the Ottoman Empire decided to build a post at Taba. The British sent an [Egyptian Coast Guard](/wiki/Egyptian_Coast_Guard \"Egyptian Coast Guard\") steamer to re\\-occupy Naqb el Aqaba and Taba. When encountered by a Turkish officer who refused them permission to land, the Egyptian force landed on the nearby [Pharaoh's Island](/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island \"Pharaoh's Island\") instead. The British Navy sent warships into the eastern Mediterranean and threatened to seize certain islands under the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"). [The Sultan](/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II \"Abdul Hamid II\") agreed to evacuate Taba on 13 May 1906\\. Both Britain and the Ottoman Empire agreed to demarcate a formal border that would run approximately straight from [Rafah](/wiki/Rafah \"Rafah\") in a south\\-easterly direction to a point on the Gulf of Aqaba, not less than {{convert\\|3\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|order\\=flip}} from [Aqaba](/wiki/Aqaba \"Aqaba\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://legal.un.org/riaa/vol\\_20\\.shtml\\|title\\=Reports of International Arbitral Awards — Codification Division Publications\\|website\\=legal.un.org\\|language\\=EN\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-14}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/23/world/the\\-talk\\-of\\-taba\\-a\\-disputed\\-slice\\-of\\-sinai\\-is\\-taking\\-it\\-all\\-in\\-stride.html\\|title\\=THE TALK OF TABA; A DISPUTED SLICE OF SINAI IS TAKING IT ALL IN STRIDE\\|last\\=Friedman\\|first\\=Thomas L.\\|date\\=1986\\-09\\-23\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-14\\|last2\\=Times\\|first2\\=Special to the New York\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} The border was initially marked with telegraph poles and these were later replaced by boundary pillars.",
"Taba was located on the Egyptian side of the [armistice line](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements%23With_Egypt \"1949 Armistice Agreements#With Egypt\") agreed to in 1949\\. During the [Suez Crisis](/wiki/Suez_Crisis \"Suez Crisis\") in 1956, it was briefly occupied by Israel but returned to Egypt when the country withdrew in 1957\\. Israel reoccupied the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\") after the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") in 1967, and subsequently, a 400\\-room hotel was built in Taba. Following the [1979 Israeli\\-Egyptian peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty \"Egypt–Israel peace treaty\"), Egypt and Israel were negotiating the exact position of the border, Israel claimed that Taba had been on the [Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") side of a border agreed between the Ottomans and British Egypt in 1906 and had, therefore, been in error in its two previous agreements. After a long dispute, the issue was submitted to an international commission composed of one Israeli, one Egyptian, and three outsiders.",
"Both parties agreed that all maps since 1915, except for one 1916 Turkish\\-German map, show Taba on the Egyptian side and that no dispute had previously been raised on the issue in the intervening years. However, Israel contended that errors had been made when the telegraph poles were replaced by boundary pillars in 1906–1907 and that the written 1906 agreement rather than its demarcation with boundary pillars was the legal border. The commission did not accept that the boundary pillars were in error but in any case held that a demarcated boundary accepted by all parties for such a long time had achieved legal status. Based on the wording of the Egypt\\-Israel peace treaty, the commission ruled that the accepted border during the Mandate period was the one that counted, though it did not accept that that border was different from the earlier border. Of special concern was the final boundary pillar near the Gulf of Aqaba, which had disappeared. There are early photographs of a pillar north\\-east of Taba, but Israel contended that it had been placed in error. The commission did not accept Israel's case and positioned the pillar at its historical location.",
"Therefore, Israel and Egypt resumed negotiations which ended in February 1989 and as a result, Taba was returned to Egypt, [Hosni Mubarak](/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak \"Hosni Mubarak\") raised the Egyptian flag on the town on 19 March 1989\\. As part of this subsequent agreement, travelers are permitted to cross from Israel at the [Eilat–Taba border checkpoint](/wiki/Taba_Border_Crossing \"Taba Border Crossing\"), and visit the \"Aqaba Coast Area of Sinai\", (stretching from Taba down to [Sharm el Sheikh](/wiki/Sharm_el_Sheikh \"Sharm el Sheikh\"), and including [Nuweiba](/wiki/Nuweiba \"Nuweiba\"), [Saint Catherine's Monastery](/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery \"Saint Catherine's Monastery\"), and [Dahab](/wiki/Dahab \"Dahab\")), visa\\-free for up to 14 days, making Taba a popular tourist destination. The resort community of Taba Heights is located some {{cvt\\|20\\|km}} south of Taba. It features several large hotels, including the [Hyatt Regency](/wiki/Hyatt \"Hyatt\"), [Marriott](/wiki/Marriott_International \"Marriott International\"), [Sofitel](/wiki/Sofitel \"Sofitel\"), and [Intercontinental](/wiki/Intercontinental_Hotels \"Intercontinental Hotels\"). It is also a significant diving area where many people come to either [free dive](/wiki/Free_dive \"Free dive\"), [scuba dive](/wiki/Scuba_dive \"Scuba dive\"), or learn to dive via the many diving courses available. Other recreation facilities include a new desert\\-style golf course.",
"On 24 September 1995 the [Taba Agreement](/wiki/Taba_Agreement \"Taba Agreement\") was signed by [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and the [PLO](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") in Taba.",
"On October 7, 2004, the [Hilton Taba](/wiki/Hilton_Taba \"Hilton Taba\") was [hit by a bomb](/wiki/2004_Sinai_bombings \"2004 Sinai bombings\") that killed 34 people including several Israelis.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/3728436\\.stm\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|date\\=9 October 2004\\|title\\=Death toll rises in Egypt blasts}} Twenty\\-four days later, an inquiry by the Egyptian Interior Ministry into the bombings concluded that the perpetrators received no external help but were aided by Bedouins on the peninsula.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/3972635\\.stm\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|date\\=1 November 2004\\|title\\='No al\\-Qaeda hand' in Egypt bombs}}",
"In February 2014, a coach taking tourists to [Saint Catherine's Monastery](/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery \"Saint Catherine's Monastery\") in Sinai [exploded in Taba](/wiki/2014_Taba_bus_bombing \"2014 Taba bus bombing\") shortly before crossing the border to Israel. At least two [South Koreans](/wiki/South_Koreans \"South Koreans\") were killed and 14 injured. The blast was blamed on terrorists.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-26217380\\|title\\=Sinai attacks: Deadly bombing hits Egypt tour bus\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]\\|date\\=16 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/world/middleeast/bus\\-bombing\\-kills\\-tourists\\-in\\-sinai\\-egypt.html?hp\\&\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Bus bomb kills tourists\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|date\\=17 February 2014}}",
"Despite warnings, tourism from Israel to Taba was up in 2016 with many traveling to enjoy the northernmost Red Sea resort.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Lifkin\\|first1\\=Shimon B.\\|title\\=Israeli Tourism in Sinai Up Despite Terror Warnings\\|url\\=http://hamodia.com/2016/11/02/israeli\\-tourism\\-sinai\\-despite\\-terror\\-warnings/\\|agency\\=Hamodia\\|date\\=November 2, 2016}}",
"On 27 October 2023 a drone, most probably launched by Iranian\\-backed Houthi rebels from Yemen on its way to [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [crashed](/wiki/Taba_and_Nuweiba_drone_attacks \"Taba and Nuweiba drone attacks\") near a hospital building injuring six people.{{Cite web \\|title\\=al\\-arabiya reports the unidentified drone hitting a hospital building \\|url\\=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle\\-east/2023/10/27/Egypt\\-says\\-blast\\-near\\-medical\\-facility\\-in\\-Taba\\-caused\\-by\\-unidentified\\-drone\\-}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Fabian \\|first\\=Emanuel \\|title\\=Missile that hit Egypt likely came from Yemen, IDF indicates; 2nd Sinai impact reported \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog\\_entry/missile\\-that\\-egypt\\-likely\\-came\\-from\\-yemen\\-idf\\-says\\-as\\-second\\-sinai\\-impact\\-reported/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-27 \\|website\\=The Times of Israel \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalifungwa \\|first\\=Lennox \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-27 \\|title\\=Strike In Sinai Resort Town Traced To Iranian\\-Backed Houthi Rebels \\|url\\=https://www.zenger.news/2023/10/27/strike\\-in\\-sinai\\-resort\\-town\\-traced\\-to\\-iranian\\-backed\\-houthi\\-rebels/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-27 \\|website\\=Zenger News \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Alvastra Monastery, ruins of the monastery. In the 1530s the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt.](/wiki/Image:Alvastra-ruins-Sweden.jpg "Alvastra-ruins-Sweden.jpg")
Sigurd Wallin grew up in [Kungsholmen](/wiki/Kungsholmen "Kungsholmen") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"). In 1928, when Sigurd was about 12 years old the family moved to [Östermalm](/wiki/%C3%96stermalm "Östermalm") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"). He graduated from [Sigtunaskolan](/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket "Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket") a Swedish boarding school located in [Sigtuna](/wiki/Sigtuna "Sigtuna"), Sweden,[Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket](/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket "Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket"), SSHL, was founded by [Manfred Björkquist](/wiki/Manfred_Bj%C3%B6rkquist "Manfred Björkquist") and [Harry Cullberg](/wiki/Harry_Cullberg "Harry Cullberg"). The first buildings of what eventually became SSHL were constructed in 1900\-1933\. Until 1980 Sigtuna housed two schools, *Sigtunaskolan (SS)* and *Sigtunastiftelsen Humanistiska Läroverket (SHL)*, located on hills on either side of town. In 1980 the two schools were consolidated at the SHL site on the western side of town. in the spring of 1935\. After that he practiced in the [architect profession](/wiki/Architect "Architect"), among other places at the architect office of architect [Albin Stark](/wiki/Albin_Stark "Albin Stark") in Stockholm during the years 1937\-1939\.[Albin Stark](/wiki/Albin_Stark "Albin Stark") (1885\-1960\) was a Swedish architect, who was trained as an architect at the Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm (the [Royal Institute of Technology](/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology "Royal Institute of Technology") in Stockholm. Albin Stark started in 1909 together with Josef Östlihn an own architectural firm, [Östlihn \& Stark](/wiki/%C3%96stlihn_%26_Stark "Östlihn & Stark"). During the 1910s it was a very productive architectural office in Stockholm. In the 1930s Albin Stark worked in the [functionalism architecture](/wiki/Functionalism_%28architecture%29 "Functionalism (architecture)").
He was also interested in [archaeology](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") and he participated in the excavations in the vicinity of [Alvastra](/wiki/Alvastra "Alvastra"), [Alvastra Abbey](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey "Alvastra Abbey") and the settlement of Alvastra. [Alvastra](/wiki/Alvastra "Alvastra") is a small village, next to Omberg, near [Ödeshög](/wiki/%C3%96desh%C3%B6g_Municipality "Ödeshög Municipality") in Östergötland in eastern Sweden. It is known for being the seat of the [Cistercian Alvastra Abbey](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey "Alvastra Abbey") in the Middle Ages. In the 1530s the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt. The preparation was done by students in [art history](/wiki/Art_history "Art history") and in [archaeology](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") and also by workers under the led by [Otto Frödin](/wiki/Otto_Fr%C3%B6din "Otto Frödin") (1881\-1953\), or some other experienced [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeologist "Archaeologist"). The [Alvastra monastery ruin](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey "Alvastra Abbey") is today well preserved and a popular place to visit.*[Otto Frödin](/wiki/Otto_Fr%C3%B6din "Otto Frödin")* (1881\-1953\) was a Swedish archaeologist who worked with both ancient and medieval times. Frödin became a student in Uppsala in 1899 and Ph.D. in 1919\. In 1905 he became pro tempore official at [Statens historiska museum](/wiki/Historiska_museet "Historiska museet") in Stockholm and in 1911 curator and director of the museum’s department of Stone Age and Bronze Age. Between 1921 and 1955 the largest and most extensive excavations of [Alvastra Monastery](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey "Alvastra Abbey") took place, at first with the led by [Otto Frödin](/wiki/Otto_Fr%C3%B6din "Otto Frödin") and after his death in 1953 by Ingrid Swartling. After the Swedish Lutheran reformation in the 1530s, the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt.[Alvastra Monastery by Riksantikvarieämbetet, history in *English*.](http://www.raa.se/cms/extern/en/places_to_visit/our_historical_sites/alvastra_monestary.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20120907121321/http://www.raa.se/cms/extern/en/places\_to\_visit/our\_historical\_sites/alvastra\_monestary.html \|date\=2012\-09\-07 }} However Wallins interest in art, which he had received in his parents’ home, led him to begin to draw and to paint portraits.
Wallin followed the teaching at times at [Edvin Ollers painting school](/wiki/Edvin_Ollers "Edvin Ollers") (Edvind Ollers school of painting) in Stockholm 1940\-1944\. Edvin Ollers (1888\-1959\) was a designer, an artist and a qualified art teacher and had studied at the [Konstindustriskolan](/wiki/H%C3%B6gskolan_f%C3%B6r_design_och_konsthantverk "Högskolan för design och konsthantverk") in Stockholm. During the summer Edvin Ollers led a school of painting on the Swedish West Coast on the island [Gullholmen](/wiki/Gullholmen "Gullholmen") in [Bohuslän](/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n "Bohuslän") in [Orust](/wiki/Orust "Orust") outside [Lysekil](/wiki/Lysekil "Lysekil"), on *the artists Gullholmen*. Gullholmen was originally one of the oldest [fishing villages](/wiki/Fishing_village "Fishing village") in Sweden.
Sigurd Wallin painted from models at [*Otte Skölds målarskola*](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld "Otte Sköld") (*Otte Sköld school of painting*) in Stockholm. When [Otte Sköld](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld "Otte Sköld") (1894\-1958\) returned to Sweden from Paris in 1929 he founded *Otte Sköld school of painting* together with [Åke Pernby](/wiki/%C3%85ke_Pernby "Åke Pernby") (1901\-1981\). In the 1940s *Otte Sköld Studio*, as it was known in a prospectus, was situated in [Snickarbacken 7 in Stockholm](/wiki/Snickarbacken "Snickarbacken"). [Otte Sköld](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld "Otte Sköld"), who was a Swedish artist, draftsman and printmaker, had a central place in Stockholm’s cultural life during the 1940s and 1950s. He pursued art education during much of his life. In [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") in the 1920s he ran together with Danish and Norvegian colleagues [Académie Scandinave](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Scandinave "Académie Scandinave"). The school was arranged as a pure art school after the classic pattern by teaching daytime and evening. The school functioned as a "nursery" for further study at the art academy and quickly gained a good reputation. Along with [Isaac Grünewalds målarskola](/wiki/Isaac_Gr%C3%BCnewald "Isaac Grünewald") (*Isaac Grünewald school of painting*) it could offer the most significant basic education for its time.
After Åke Pernby’s studies in Paris, in progress since 1923, he began as a caretaker or superintendent at the [Académie Scandinave](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Scandinave "Académie Scandinave") in Paris. There he became friend with Otte Sköld who ran the school of painting. The two friends planned to break up from Paris. They agreed that whoever first came back to Sweden would locate a suitable studio to start a school of painting. The year was 1929 and then the 27\-year\-old [Åke Pernby](/wiki/%C3%85ke_Pernby "Åke Pernby") was first home. It was the beginning of [Otte Skölds målarskola](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld "Otte Sköld") (*Otte Sköld school of painting*). High over the ridge in an old mansion in the penthouse at [Snickarbacken 7](/wiki/Snickarbacken "Snickarbacken") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") he found just the "Parisian" environment he sought.[Vem var Åke Pernby](http://www.bengtwkallman.se/pernby.htm) *Who was Åke Pernby?* (*Swedish*) Twenty years later, in 1949, the management was overtaken of Åke Pernby and the name was changed to the present, [Pernbys målarskola](/wiki/Pernbys_m%C3%A5larskola "Pernbys målarskola") (*Pernby school of painting*). When [Otte Sköld](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld "Otte Sköld") became head of [Nationalmuseum](/wiki/Nationalmuseum "Nationalmuseum") in 1949, [Åke Pernby](/wiki/%C3%85ke_Pernby "Åke Pernby") continued to run the school in his own name, during the years 1949\-1976\. Otte Sköld was also a professor at the [Royal Swedish Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Arts "Royal Swedish Academy of Arts") in 1938\-1942, and [director](/wiki/Director_%28education%29 "Director (education)") of the department in 1941\-1950\. Otte Sköld was then [curator](/wiki/Curator "Curator") of [Nationalmuseum](/wiki/Nationalmuseum "Nationalmuseum") in 1950\-1958\.[Pernbys målarskola](http://www.pernbys.se/historia/) *Pernby school of painting* (*Swedish*)[Isaac Grünewald](/wiki/Isaac_Gr%C3%BCnewald "Isaac Grünewald") (1889\-1946\) was a professor at the [Royal Swedish Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Arts "Royal Swedish Academy of Arts") in 1932\-1942 and from 1941 he ran a separate school of painting, *Isaac Grünewald målarskola* (Isaac Grünewald school of painting), in his studio at [Slussen in Stockholm](/wiki/Slussen "Slussen").[PDF\-fil om Otte Skölds målarskola/Pernbys målarskola \- en liten historik](http://www.pernbys.se/maj/load_file.php?id=9) *Pernbys målarskola \- en liten historik*, Narvatryck, Stockholm 2001\.
Sigurd Walllin was also a student of his father, [David Wallin](/wiki/David_Wallin "David Wallin"). He made several trips abroad for art studies, he visited Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway.
Sigurd Wallin painted in oil, landscapes, cityscapes, figurative compositions and occasionally still life. He liked to paint [landscapes](/wiki/Landscape_art "Landscape art"), often with ocean. His paintings have a [romantic](/wiki/Romanticism "Romanticism") appropriation and preferably a slightly veiled coloring, which tied in with his father’s view of an artist. Wallin also conducted a large number of drawings, mostly portraits. He also devoted himself to preservation for the future and to carry out certain [artwork conservation\-restoration](/wiki/Conservation-restoration "Conservation-restoration"). That required a good touch and a good insight into the artworks, which should be repaired, and special skills were necessary for the practical application.
Above all Sigurd Wallin worked in [portrait painting](/wiki/Portrait "Portrait"), where he with technical skill realized the [traditional demands for the genre](/wiki/Genre "Genre") for likeness.
Among the **portrait paintings** there are:
* Portrait of *[Gerhard Törnqvist (1894\-1963\)](/wiki/Gerhard_T%C3%B6rnqvist "Gerhard Törnqvist")*, (1961\). Gerhard Törnqvist was a Swedish business economist, corporate economist and professor at [Stockholm School of Economics](/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics "Stockholm School of Economics"), Stockholm, *[Stockholm School of Economics](/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics "Stockholm School of Economics")*. The portrait is in [Stockholm School of Economics](/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics "Stockholm School of Economics").[People working at Stockholm School of Economics, professor Gerhard Törnqvist](/wiki/Kategori:Personer_verksamma_vid_Handelsh%C3%B6gskolan_i_Stockholm "Personer verksamma vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm")
* Portrait of *[Einar Dahl (1904\-1979\)](/wiki/Einar_Dahl "Einar Dahl")*, (1963\). Einar Dahl was the head teacher, member of parliament and Uddevalla Mayor. The portrait is in [Uddevalla city collections](/wiki/Uddevalla "Uddevalla").[Einar Dahl i Visualarkiv](http://www.visualarkiv.se/xtf/view?docId=SE/O008/BFA/353-1.ead.xml&doc.view=entire_text) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191602/http://www.visualarkiv.se/xtf/view?docId\=SE%2FO008%2FBFA%2F353\-1\.ead.xml\&doc.view\=entire\_text \|date\=2013\-10\-29 }}
* Portrait of *[Brita Appelgren (1912\-1999\)](/wiki/Brita_Appelgren "Brita Appelgren")* (1951\). Brita Appelgren was a Swedish ballerina, actress and premiere danseuse at the [Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera "Royal Swedish Opera") i Stockholm during the years 1934\-1955\. The portrait is in the [Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera "Royal Swedish Opera") in Stockholm.[Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera "Royal Swedish Opera") *Kungliga Operan* or *[Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera "Royal Swedish Opera")* is Sweden’s national stage for [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") and [ballet](/wiki/Ballet "Ballet"). Earlier the [Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera "Royal Swedish Opera") was called "Kungliga Teatern" (during the years 1908\-1997\). From 1997 it is called "Kungliga Operan", ([Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera "Royal Swedish Opera")).
* Portrait of *Per Dahlström* and others.
**Portrait paintings** *by Sigurd Wallin is also, inter alia, in many public institutions*:
* [Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences](/wiki/Swedish_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences "Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences") (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)) ([Veterinärhögskolan](/wiki/Veterin%C3%A4rh%C3%B6gskolan "Veterinärhögskolan")).The [Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences](/wiki/Swedish_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences "Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences") or *Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU)* is a imoversotu in Sweden. Although its head office is located in [Ultuna](/wiki/Ultuna "Ultuna") in southern [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala"), the university has several campuses in different parts of Sweden, the other main facilities being [Alnarp](/wiki/Alnarp "Alnarp") in [Lomma Municipality](/wiki/Lomma_Municipality "Lomma Municipality"), [Skara](/wiki/Skara "Skara") and [Umeå](/wiki/Ume%C3%A5 "Umeå"). Unlike other state owned universities in Sweden, it is funded through the budget for the Ministry of Agriculture.
* [Högre allmänna läroverket på Kungsholmen in Stockholm](/wiki/Kungsholmens_gymnasium/Stockholms_Musikgymnasium "Kungsholmens gymnasium/Stockholms Musikgymnasium")
* [Södra latinläroverket in Stockholm](/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Latin "Södra Latin")
* [Halmstads stads samlingar in Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstads_stad "Halmstads stad")
* [Sigtunaskolan in Sigtuna](/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket "Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket")
* [Göteborgs och Bohus läns landsting in Gothenburg](/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs_och_Bohus_l%C3%A4ns_landsting "Göteborgs och Bohus läns landsting")
In the 1940s Wallin appeared in a few exhibitions including *Swedish portrait art of today* in [Nationalmuseum](/wiki/Nationalmuseum "Nationalmuseum") (1943\) and the Christmas Exhibition of *Thurestam’s Salon* at Klarabergsgatan 40 in Stockholm (1943\).At the address Klarabergsgatan 40 there is now *Sergels Torg* [Klarabergsgatan österut mot Hamngatan](http://stockholmskallan.episerverhosting.com/Soksida/Post/?nid=20354) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082117/http://stockholmskallan.episerverhosting.com/Soksida/Post/?nid\=20354 \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}. Wallin exhibited separately at [Televerket](/wiki/Televerket "Televerket") in [Norrköping](/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping "Norrköping") (1947\) and in [Sveriges allmänna konstförening’s](/wiki/Sveriges_allm%C3%A4nna_konstf%C3%B6rening "Sveriges allmänna konstförening") spring exhibition (*Vårsalongen*) in [Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall "Liljevalchs konsthall") in Stockholm (1948\).[Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall "Liljevalchs konsthall"): "Liljevalch's Art Gallery", is an [art gallery](/wiki/Art_gallery "Art gallery") located on the [Djurgården](/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rden "Djurgården") island in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"). The gallery was inaugurated in March 1916, it is today owned by the [City of Stockholm](/wiki/City_of_Stockholm "City of Stockholm").[Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall "Liljevalchs konsthall") is named after the successful businessman [Carl Fredrik Liljevalch Jr, (1837\-1909\)](/wiki/Carl_Fredrik_Liljevalch%2C_d.y. "Carl Fredrik Liljevalch, d.y.").*Vårsalongen* (Spring Salon) at [Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall "Liljevalchs konsthall") is a juried exhibition that is open to anyone over 18 years of age to apply to. The Spring Salon runs from mid\-January to March and starts in this way each new art season at Liljevalch’s Gallery. The first salon opened in 1921 and the Spring Salon is thus the oldest unbroken exhibition of this format. Each work is for sale and the price is set by the participants themselves in the exhibition catalogue.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Alvastra Monastery, ruins of the monastery. In the 1530s the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt.](/wiki/Image:Alvastra-ruins-Sweden.jpg \"Alvastra-ruins-Sweden.jpg\")\nSigurd Wallin grew up in [Kungsholmen](/wiki/Kungsholmen \"Kungsholmen\") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"). In 1928, when Sigurd was about 12 years old the family moved to [Östermalm](/wiki/%C3%96stermalm \"Östermalm\") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"). He graduated from [Sigtunaskolan](/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket \"Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket\") a Swedish boarding school located in [Sigtuna](/wiki/Sigtuna \"Sigtuna\"), Sweden,[Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket](/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket \"Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket\"), SSHL, was founded by [Manfred Björkquist](/wiki/Manfred_Bj%C3%B6rkquist \"Manfred Björkquist\") and [Harry Cullberg](/wiki/Harry_Cullberg \"Harry Cullberg\"). The first buildings of what eventually became SSHL were constructed in 1900\\-1933\\. Until 1980 Sigtuna housed two schools, *Sigtunaskolan (SS)* and *Sigtunastiftelsen Humanistiska Läroverket (SHL)*, located on hills on either side of town. In 1980 the two schools were consolidated at the SHL site on the western side of town. in the spring of 1935\\. After that he practiced in the [architect profession](/wiki/Architect \"Architect\"), among other places at the architect office of architect [Albin Stark](/wiki/Albin_Stark \"Albin Stark\") in Stockholm during the years 1937\\-1939\\.[Albin Stark](/wiki/Albin_Stark \"Albin Stark\") (1885\\-1960\\) was a Swedish architect, who was trained as an architect at the Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm (the [Royal Institute of Technology](/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology \"Royal Institute of Technology\") in Stockholm. Albin Stark started in 1909 together with Josef Östlihn an own architectural firm, [Östlihn \\& Stark](/wiki/%C3%96stlihn_%26_Stark \"Östlihn & Stark\"). During the 1910s it was a very productive architectural office in Stockholm. In the 1930s Albin Stark worked in the [functionalism architecture](/wiki/Functionalism_%28architecture%29 \"Functionalism (architecture)\").",
"He was also interested in [archaeology](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") and he participated in the excavations in the vicinity of [Alvastra](/wiki/Alvastra \"Alvastra\"), [Alvastra Abbey](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey \"Alvastra Abbey\") and the settlement of Alvastra. [Alvastra](/wiki/Alvastra \"Alvastra\") is a small village, next to Omberg, near [Ödeshög](/wiki/%C3%96desh%C3%B6g_Municipality \"Ödeshög Municipality\") in Östergötland in eastern Sweden. It is known for being the seat of the [Cistercian Alvastra Abbey](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey \"Alvastra Abbey\") in the Middle Ages. In the 1530s the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt. The preparation was done by students in [art history](/wiki/Art_history \"Art history\") and in [archaeology](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") and also by workers under the led by [Otto Frödin](/wiki/Otto_Fr%C3%B6din \"Otto Frödin\") (1881\\-1953\\), or some other experienced [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeologist \"Archaeologist\"). The [Alvastra monastery ruin](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey \"Alvastra Abbey\") is today well preserved and a popular place to visit.*[Otto Frödin](/wiki/Otto_Fr%C3%B6din \"Otto Frödin\")* (1881\\-1953\\) was a Swedish archaeologist who worked with both ancient and medieval times. Frödin became a student in Uppsala in 1899 and Ph.D. in 1919\\. In 1905 he became pro tempore official at [Statens historiska museum](/wiki/Historiska_museet \"Historiska museet\") in Stockholm and in 1911 curator and director of the museum’s department of Stone Age and Bronze Age. Between 1921 and 1955 the largest and most extensive excavations of [Alvastra Monastery](/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey \"Alvastra Abbey\") took place, at first with the led by [Otto Frödin](/wiki/Otto_Fr%C3%B6din \"Otto Frödin\") and after his death in 1953 by Ingrid Swartling. After the Swedish Lutheran reformation in the 1530s, the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt.[Alvastra Monastery by Riksantikvarieämbetet, history in *English*.](http://www.raa.se/cms/extern/en/places_to_visit/our_historical_sites/alvastra_monestary.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20120907121321/http://www.raa.se/cms/extern/en/places\\_to\\_visit/our\\_historical\\_sites/alvastra\\_monestary.html \\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-07 }} However Wallins interest in art, which he had received in his parents’ home, led him to begin to draw and to paint portraits.",
"Wallin followed the teaching at times at [Edvin Ollers painting school](/wiki/Edvin_Ollers \"Edvin Ollers\") (Edvind Ollers school of painting) in Stockholm 1940\\-1944\\. Edvin Ollers (1888\\-1959\\) was a designer, an artist and a qualified art teacher and had studied at the [Konstindustriskolan](/wiki/H%C3%B6gskolan_f%C3%B6r_design_och_konsthantverk \"Högskolan för design och konsthantverk\") in Stockholm. During the summer Edvin Ollers led a school of painting on the Swedish West Coast on the island [Gullholmen](/wiki/Gullholmen \"Gullholmen\") in [Bohuslän](/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n \"Bohuslän\") in [Orust](/wiki/Orust \"Orust\") outside [Lysekil](/wiki/Lysekil \"Lysekil\"), on *the artists Gullholmen*. Gullholmen was originally one of the oldest [fishing villages](/wiki/Fishing_village \"Fishing village\") in Sweden.",
"Sigurd Wallin painted from models at [*Otte Skölds målarskola*](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld \"Otte Sköld\") (*Otte Sköld school of painting*) in Stockholm. When [Otte Sköld](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld \"Otte Sköld\") (1894\\-1958\\) returned to Sweden from Paris in 1929 he founded *Otte Sköld school of painting* together with [Åke Pernby](/wiki/%C3%85ke_Pernby \"Åke Pernby\") (1901\\-1981\\). In the 1940s *Otte Sköld Studio*, as it was known in a prospectus, was situated in [Snickarbacken 7 in Stockholm](/wiki/Snickarbacken \"Snickarbacken\"). [Otte Sköld](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld \"Otte Sköld\"), who was a Swedish artist, draftsman and printmaker, had a central place in Stockholm’s cultural life during the 1940s and 1950s. He pursued art education during much of his life. In [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") in the 1920s he ran together with Danish and Norvegian colleagues [Académie Scandinave](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Scandinave \"Académie Scandinave\"). The school was arranged as a pure art school after the classic pattern by teaching daytime and evening. The school functioned as a \"nursery\" for further study at the art academy and quickly gained a good reputation. Along with [Isaac Grünewalds målarskola](/wiki/Isaac_Gr%C3%BCnewald \"Isaac Grünewald\") (*Isaac Grünewald school of painting*) it could offer the most significant basic education for its time.",
"After Åke Pernby’s studies in Paris, in progress since 1923, he began as a caretaker or superintendent at the [Académie Scandinave](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Scandinave \"Académie Scandinave\") in Paris. There he became friend with Otte Sköld who ran the school of painting. The two friends planned to break up from Paris. They agreed that whoever first came back to Sweden would locate a suitable studio to start a school of painting. The year was 1929 and then the 27\\-year\\-old [Åke Pernby](/wiki/%C3%85ke_Pernby \"Åke Pernby\") was first home. It was the beginning of [Otte Skölds målarskola](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld \"Otte Sköld\") (*Otte Sköld school of painting*). High over the ridge in an old mansion in the penthouse at [Snickarbacken 7](/wiki/Snickarbacken \"Snickarbacken\") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") he found just the \"Parisian\" environment he sought.[Vem var Åke Pernby](http://www.bengtwkallman.se/pernby.htm) *Who was Åke Pernby?* (*Swedish*) Twenty years later, in 1949, the management was overtaken of Åke Pernby and the name was changed to the present, [Pernbys målarskola](/wiki/Pernbys_m%C3%A5larskola \"Pernbys målarskola\") (*Pernby school of painting*). When [Otte Sköld](/wiki/Otte_Sk%C3%B6ld \"Otte Sköld\") became head of [Nationalmuseum](/wiki/Nationalmuseum \"Nationalmuseum\") in 1949, [Åke Pernby](/wiki/%C3%85ke_Pernby \"Åke Pernby\") continued to run the school in his own name, during the years 1949\\-1976\\. Otte Sköld was also a professor at the [Royal Swedish Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Arts \"Royal Swedish Academy of Arts\") in 1938\\-1942, and [director](/wiki/Director_%28education%29 \"Director (education)\") of the department in 1941\\-1950\\. Otte Sköld was then [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") of [Nationalmuseum](/wiki/Nationalmuseum \"Nationalmuseum\") in 1950\\-1958\\.[Pernbys målarskola](http://www.pernbys.se/historia/) *Pernby school of painting* (*Swedish*)[Isaac Grünewald](/wiki/Isaac_Gr%C3%BCnewald \"Isaac Grünewald\") (1889\\-1946\\) was a professor at the [Royal Swedish Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Arts \"Royal Swedish Academy of Arts\") in 1932\\-1942 and from 1941 he ran a separate school of painting, *Isaac Grünewald målarskola* (Isaac Grünewald school of painting), in his studio at [Slussen in Stockholm](/wiki/Slussen \"Slussen\").[PDF\\-fil om Otte Skölds målarskola/Pernbys målarskola \\- en liten historik](http://www.pernbys.se/maj/load_file.php?id=9) *Pernbys målarskola \\- en liten historik*, Narvatryck, Stockholm 2001\\.",
"Sigurd Walllin was also a student of his father, [David Wallin](/wiki/David_Wallin \"David Wallin\"). He made several trips abroad for art studies, he visited Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway.",
"Sigurd Wallin painted in oil, landscapes, cityscapes, figurative compositions and occasionally still life. He liked to paint [landscapes](/wiki/Landscape_art \"Landscape art\"), often with ocean. His paintings have a [romantic](/wiki/Romanticism \"Romanticism\") appropriation and preferably a slightly veiled coloring, which tied in with his father’s view of an artist. Wallin also conducted a large number of drawings, mostly portraits. He also devoted himself to preservation for the future and to carry out certain [artwork conservation\\-restoration](/wiki/Conservation-restoration \"Conservation-restoration\"). That required a good touch and a good insight into the artworks, which should be repaired, and special skills were necessary for the practical application.",
"Above all Sigurd Wallin worked in [portrait painting](/wiki/Portrait \"Portrait\"), where he with technical skill realized the [traditional demands for the genre](/wiki/Genre \"Genre\") for likeness.\nAmong the **portrait paintings** there are:\n* Portrait of *[Gerhard Törnqvist (1894\\-1963\\)](/wiki/Gerhard_T%C3%B6rnqvist \"Gerhard Törnqvist\")*, (1961\\). Gerhard Törnqvist was a Swedish business economist, corporate economist and professor at [Stockholm School of Economics](/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics \"Stockholm School of Economics\"), Stockholm, *[Stockholm School of Economics](/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics \"Stockholm School of Economics\")*. The portrait is in [Stockholm School of Economics](/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics \"Stockholm School of Economics\").[People working at Stockholm School of Economics, professor Gerhard Törnqvist](/wiki/Kategori:Personer_verksamma_vid_Handelsh%C3%B6gskolan_i_Stockholm \"Personer verksamma vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm\")\n* Portrait of *[Einar Dahl (1904\\-1979\\)](/wiki/Einar_Dahl \"Einar Dahl\")*, (1963\\). Einar Dahl was the head teacher, member of parliament and Uddevalla Mayor. The portrait is in [Uddevalla city collections](/wiki/Uddevalla \"Uddevalla\").[Einar Dahl i Visualarkiv](http://www.visualarkiv.se/xtf/view?docId=SE/O008/BFA/353-1.ead.xml&doc.view=entire_text) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191602/http://www.visualarkiv.se/xtf/view?docId\\=SE%2FO008%2FBFA%2F353\\-1\\.ead.xml\\&doc.view\\=entire\\_text \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-29 }}\n* Portrait of *[Brita Appelgren (1912\\-1999\\)](/wiki/Brita_Appelgren \"Brita Appelgren\")* (1951\\). Brita Appelgren was a Swedish ballerina, actress and premiere danseuse at the [Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera \"Royal Swedish Opera\") i Stockholm during the years 1934\\-1955\\. The portrait is in the [Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera \"Royal Swedish Opera\") in Stockholm.[Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera \"Royal Swedish Opera\") *Kungliga Operan* or *[Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera \"Royal Swedish Opera\")* is Sweden’s national stage for [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") and [ballet](/wiki/Ballet \"Ballet\"). Earlier the [Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera \"Royal Swedish Opera\") was called \"Kungliga Teatern\" (during the years 1908\\-1997\\). From 1997 it is called \"Kungliga Operan\", ([Royal Swedish Opera](/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera \"Royal Swedish Opera\")).\n* Portrait of *Per Dahlström* and others.\n**Portrait paintings** *by Sigurd Wallin is also, inter alia, in many public institutions*:\n* [Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences](/wiki/Swedish_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences \"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences\") (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)) ([Veterinärhögskolan](/wiki/Veterin%C3%A4rh%C3%B6gskolan \"Veterinärhögskolan\")).The [Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences](/wiki/Swedish_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences \"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences\") or *Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU)* is a imoversotu in Sweden. Although its head office is located in [Ultuna](/wiki/Ultuna \"Ultuna\") in southern [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala \"Uppsala\"), the university has several campuses in different parts of Sweden, the other main facilities being [Alnarp](/wiki/Alnarp \"Alnarp\") in [Lomma Municipality](/wiki/Lomma_Municipality \"Lomma Municipality\"), [Skara](/wiki/Skara \"Skara\") and [Umeå](/wiki/Ume%C3%A5 \"Umeå\"). Unlike other state owned universities in Sweden, it is funded through the budget for the Ministry of Agriculture.\n* [Högre allmänna läroverket på Kungsholmen in Stockholm](/wiki/Kungsholmens_gymnasium/Stockholms_Musikgymnasium \"Kungsholmens gymnasium/Stockholms Musikgymnasium\")\n* [Södra latinläroverket in Stockholm](/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Latin \"Södra Latin\")\n* [Halmstads stads samlingar in Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstads_stad \"Halmstads stad\")\n* [Sigtunaskolan in Sigtuna](/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket \"Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket\")\n* [Göteborgs och Bohus läns landsting in Gothenburg](/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs_och_Bohus_l%C3%A4ns_landsting \"Göteborgs och Bohus läns landsting\")",
"In the 1940s Wallin appeared in a few exhibitions including *Swedish portrait art of today* in [Nationalmuseum](/wiki/Nationalmuseum \"Nationalmuseum\") (1943\\) and the Christmas Exhibition of *Thurestam’s Salon* at Klarabergsgatan 40 in Stockholm (1943\\).At the address Klarabergsgatan 40 there is now *Sergels Torg* [Klarabergsgatan österut mot Hamngatan](http://stockholmskallan.episerverhosting.com/Soksida/Post/?nid=20354) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082117/http://stockholmskallan.episerverhosting.com/Soksida/Post/?nid\\=20354 \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}. Wallin exhibited separately at [Televerket](/wiki/Televerket \"Televerket\") in [Norrköping](/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping \"Norrköping\") (1947\\) and in [Sveriges allmänna konstförening’s](/wiki/Sveriges_allm%C3%A4nna_konstf%C3%B6rening \"Sveriges allmänna konstförening\") spring exhibition (*Vårsalongen*) in [Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall \"Liljevalchs konsthall\") in Stockholm (1948\\).[Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall \"Liljevalchs konsthall\"): \"Liljevalch's Art Gallery\", is an [art gallery](/wiki/Art_gallery \"Art gallery\") located on the [Djurgården](/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rden \"Djurgården\") island in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"). The gallery was inaugurated in March 1916, it is today owned by the [City of Stockholm](/wiki/City_of_Stockholm \"City of Stockholm\").[Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall \"Liljevalchs konsthall\") is named after the successful businessman [Carl Fredrik Liljevalch Jr, (1837\\-1909\\)](/wiki/Carl_Fredrik_Liljevalch%2C_d.y. \"Carl Fredrik Liljevalch, d.y.\").*Vårsalongen* (Spring Salon) at [Liljevalchs konsthall](/wiki/Liljevalchs_konsthall \"Liljevalchs konsthall\") is a juried exhibition that is open to anyone over 18 years of age to apply to. The Spring Salon runs from mid\\-January to March and starts in this way each new art season at Liljevalch’s Gallery. The first salon opened in 1921 and the Spring Salon is thus the oldest unbroken exhibition of this format. Each work is for sale and the price is set by the participants themselves in the exhibition catalogue.",
""
] |
Debate
------
### Opening statements
Each candidate was given 60 seconds to deliver their opening remarks.{{cite news\|last1\=Dimalanta\|first1\=Ces\|title\=1st presidential debate kicks off \#PiliPinasDebates2016\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/1st\-presidential\-debate\-kicks\-off\-with\-opening\-statements\-from\-candidates/\|access\-date\=21 February 2016\|work\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=21 February 2016\|language\=en, fil}} Jejomar Binay highlighted poverty issues and his record as mayor of Makati. Santiago noted that, while the country is rich in natural and human resources, it is one of the poorest in Asia. Duterte promised to eradicate corruption, drugs and crime in six months. Poe promised to allocate 30 percent of the national budget to Mindanao if she were elected, while Roxas compared selecting a president to choosing a bus driver.
### First round: Track Record
The pairing was determined alphabetically by the participants' surname. Santiago was sorted according to her [double surname](/wiki/Double_surname "Double surname") (Defensor Santiago), and Roxas, the last candidate, is paired with Binay, the first.
Binay noted that he has no ill\-gotten wealth, having inherited his land assets from his parents. Defensor Santiago rebutted, asking Binay when he got the properties during his term as mayor of Makati. Binay stated that he got these properties during his stint as a legal counsel and through the help of his wife, [Elenita Binay](/wiki/Elenita_Binay "Elenita Binay"), who also served one term as mayor of Makati.{{cite news\|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/766909/binay\-says\-properties\-from\-hard\-work\-inheritance\|title\=Binay says properties from hard work, inheritance\|work\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}}
Senator Santiago answered that she is still qualified to run for president despite her battle with stage 4 lung cancer, noting that there is no provision in the 1987 Philippine constitution that prohibits a public official from running for health reasons.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556155/news/nation/miriam\-on\-cancer\-questions\-the\-law\-my\-guardian\-angel\-allow\-me\-to\-run\|title\=Miriam on cancer questions: The law, my guardian angel allow me to run\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}} Duterte did not debate with her during the rebuttal, saying "I don't see Sen. Santiago passing away within the next 20 years”.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/pilipinas\-debates\-2016\-1st\-round\-track\-record\-performance\-of\-candidates/\|title\=PiliPinas Debates 2016 1st Round: Track record, performance of candidates\|work\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}} Santiago, later commented that no politician except for Duterte had a record in resolving graft and corruption cases.
On his planned "bloody" presidency, Duterte vowed to continue killing the criminals and drug lords in accordance with the law with the help of police and the military.{{cite news\|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/766935/duterte\-vows\-to\-continue\-killing\-criminals\-in\-accordance\-with\-law\|title\=Duterte vows to continue killing criminals 'in accordance with law'\|work\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}} Despite having several partners, the mayor denied any accusations of lasciviousness.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/21/1555418/poe\-duterte\-irresistible\-has\-respect\-women\|title\=Poe: Duterte irresistible but has to respect women\|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}} In response, Poe said that Duterte, who admitted he was a womanizer, needed to respect women. She vowed that her so\-called "Gobyernong May Puso" (Government with a Heart) would respect and fight for the rights of men, women and the LGBT community.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/poe\-vows\-to\-respect\-fight\-everyones\-rights\-if\-elected\-president/\|title\=Poe vows to respect, fight everyone’s rights if elected president\|work\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}}
Poe quoted a line from a song from [Gloc\-9](/wiki/Gloc-9 "Gloc-9"), "Upuan", in her address. She also stated that she worked together with Defensor Santiago in pushing and creating senate bills on budgets for food for children and farmers, as well as the Freedom of Information Bill. Roxas replied that the presidency is not on\-the\-job\-training. Poe countered, saying that Roxas, despite working for three administrations as a secretary of DTI, DOTC and DILG, did not need more experience to catch up on the lack of developments in the transportation sector by the government.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123224\-pilipinas\-debates\-mar\-roxas\-grace\-poe\-presidency\-ojt\-internship\|title\=Mar Roxas hits Grace Poe: Presidency is not an 'OJT'\|work\=\[\[Rappler]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}}
Roxas was questioned about his incompetence in handling the issues of MRT and Haiyan (Yolanda). Roxas stated that during his term as the DOTC secretary, more than 100 contracts on infrastructure projects worth 100 billion were put out for bid without any anomalies. On the MRT, Roxas said that he stopped the supposed maintenance contract with a private firm due to an anomaly.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556158/news/nation/roxas\-defends\-self\-on\-yolanda\-response\-disowns\-mrt\-contract\-mess\|title\=Roxas defends self on Yolanda response, disowns MRT contract mess\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}} Roxas claimed that the MRT's newly commissioned trains would be in service by March. Roxas defended his record on the rehabilitation of areas affected by Typhoon Haiyan, noting that he was there, before, during and after the typhoon, unlike other politicians who arrived via helicopter but later departed like a tourist. Binay then responded in a comment that he is a "decisive and effective leader" and remarked that he saw a lot from his helicopter regarding the effects of the typhoon.
### Second round: Poverty \& Development
The order of candidates was determined by a draw.
If elected, Binay said that he would implement an agricultural modernization plan with the help of the private sector, noting the industry's small contribution to the gross domestic product. He wants to continue the [Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program](/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program "Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program") (government subsidies) for the benefit of farmers, shipping high\-yielding crops and the removal of irrigation fees; he also seeks to solve post\-harvest problems through programs that he implemented while mayor of Makati. Poe, on her rebuttal said that there should be "agro\-industrial zones" established by the DTI and DA, to assist in marketing basic commodities, [soil testing](/wiki/Soil_test "Soil test") and replanting coconut plants using the coco\-levy funds.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556165/news/nation/if\-elected\-vp\-binay\-to\-modernize\-phl\-agriculture\-with\-private\-sector\-help\|title\=If elected, VP Binay to modernize PHL agriculture with private sector help\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 22, 2016}}
On the matter of food for the poor, Poe declared that she wants to provide free lunch in public schools, subsidies for rice farmers on irrigation and others. Poe pointed out that as the fifth largest coconut producer in the world, her government will be focused on the replanting of coconut plants using the coco\-levy funds that will also be used in scholarship programs for the children of coco farmers.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556160/news/nation/grace\-poe\-wants\-free\-lunch\-for\-students\-more\-funds\-for\-agri\-sector\|title\=Grace Poe wants free lunch for students, more funds for agri sector\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 22, 2016}} She also said that agro\-industrial zones where farmers can sell their products should be established by the [Department of Trade and Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)") and the [Department of Agriculture](/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_%28Philippines%29 "Department of Agriculture (Philippines)").{{cite news\|last1\=Torregoza\|first1\=Hannah\|title\=Poe urges gov’t to use P93B coco levy fund to boost coconut industry\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/poe\-urges\-govt\-to\-use\-p93b\-coco\-levy\-fund\-to\-boost\-coconut\-industry/\|access\-date\=22 February 2016\|work\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=22 February 2016}} Santiago replied that there is no president or even a candidate that has an extensive antipoverty campaign.
Santiago suggested to expand the national budget in key areas, including health, education, rural infrastructure and improvements to social welfare; she also wanted to have constantly lower income taxes and abolish real estate taxes. Roxas replied that the government under the Aquino administration had continuous comfort and success in the fast\-growing economic growth of the country and he wanted to continue the safety net programs, particularly for PhilHealth beneficiaries. Santiago replied that the other candidates' plans are all "promises way up in the sky".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556172/news/nation/miriam\-scores\-candidates\-for\-their\-promises\-in\-the\-sky\|title\=Miriam scores candidates for their 'promises in the sky'\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 22, 2016}}
Roxas cited high\-interest loans as one of the reasons why Filipino fishermen are part of the "poorest of the poor" people in the country. Roxas mulled low\-interest loans and investments in new technology including fish finders (radars), post\-catch facilities (chillers and packaging), and infrastructure for fishermen.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556163/news/nation/roxas\-high\-interest\-loans\-among\-reasons\-why\-fishermen\-are\-poor\|title\=Roxas: High\-interest loans among reasons why fishermen are poor\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 22, 2016}} Duterte, in his rebuttal, agreed and noted he wanted to copy Roxas' modernized plans for the fisheries system. Roxas, questioned on his two decades in government, responded that he is not a corrupt public official and pointed to his anticorruption efforts in the "Daang Matuwid" (Straight Path) program.
For his part, Mayor Duterte said that he wants to eliminate rice cartels and 5–6 (practice of [loan sharks](/wiki/Loan_sharks "Loan sharks")) loans in the farming system in just three days. He is willing to resign and put his life and honor as President at stake if he failed to improve the corruption and crime situation in the country within three to six months. Among his other plans for the farmers were supplying funds (via [LandBank](/wiki/LandBank "LandBank")) and setting up food terminals, credit unions and cooperatives. Binay said the smuggling crisis is a symptom of a problem\-starting, indecisive and ineffective leader, noting that the Mindanao problems, including the rotational brownouts, all stem from a lack of action by local officials.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/duterte\-on\-smuggling\-3\-to\-6\-months\-malinis\-ang\-bayan\-na\-ito/\|title\=Duterte on smuggling: '3 to 6 months, malinis ang bayan na ito'\|work\=\[\[Manila Bulletin]]\|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 21, 2016}}
### Third round: Mindanao Issues
The order of candidates are determined by a draw.
Duterte noted that 60% of the infrastructure projects were from [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila "Metro Manila") and just 19% were allocated to the Mindanao region, which contributes to the country's export and agriculture industry. Duterte reiterated that federalism is a solution to the issue on the Mindanao budget, vowing to end Manila\-centrism in government. He points that the government should give Mindanao a larger share of taxes.{{cite news\|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/767025/duterte\-vows\-to\-end\-manila\-centric\-attitude\-in\-govt\|title\=Duterte vows to end ‘Manila\-centric’ attitude in gov’t\|work\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}} Roxas on the rebuttal said that he would focus on the construction of bridges (particularly in [Zamboanga del Sur](/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur "Zamboanga del Sur")); he made it clear that Mindanao has twice the amount of infrastructure projects in the 5 years of the Aquino administration, compared to the last 12 years of Estrada and Arroyo administrations. Duterte responded that there is no "Tuwid na Daan" (lit. Straight Path), reiterating that Mindanao has a small share of the national budget.
For Roxas, illegal drugs in the Philippines were a bigger societal problem. Roxas wanted to focus on arresting drug syndicates and cartels through the PDEA and the PNP's Lambat Sibat, a program which started when he was the DILG secretary and which saw 2 billion pesos worth of illegal drugs seized during his term. Anticorruption efforts, he noted, are also a weapon against illegal drugs. Binay, on the rebuttal, noted that the police has weak enforcement capacity against drug cartels due to ineffective leadership. The vice president added that he doesn't believe in death penalty. Roxas responded that there are two faces of Makati, a city for the rich (the Ayalas/Makati CBD) and a city for the poor. He added that barangays such as Comembo, Pembo and Rembo are the ones where illegal drug syndicates dominate, and the city has a high drug rate; drugs are rampant in high\-end clubs and exclusive subdsivisions in Makati—even on Good Friday.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123239\-debate\-roxas\-binay\-drugs\-makati\|title\=Roxas to Binay: Drugs rampant in 2 'faces' of Makati\|work\=\[\[Rappler]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}} Binay denied this and he said that illegal drugs are not Makati's problem.
Binay, who is part of a family belonging to a political dynasty, was asked regarding the prioritization of the passing of the Anti\-Political Dynasty Bill. Binay remarked that it should be clarified which political dynasty is being referred to and that there are disagreements on what a political dynasty is. He said that a clean election, free from anomaly, is important, and a candidate shouldn't be barred from running just because the person has a relative in a political post. Santiago rebutted that the 1987 Constitution's anti\-political dynasty provision should be literally applied but there is no law to implement it. She said that such a law has not been passed due to obstruction by politicians belonging to political dynasties. Binay pointed out to Santiago in his reply that Santiago's son served in an elected office. Santiago said that her son was only a party\-list representative for one term and added that currently she has no relatives serving in an elected post.{{cite news\|title\=BINAY ON POLITICAL DYNASTIES {{!}} 'Bakit pagbabawalan kung qualified naman?'\|trans\-title\=BINAY ON POLITICAL DYNASTIES {{!}} 'Why ban if one is qualified?'\|url\=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/124355/binay\-on\-political\-dynasties\-\-bakit\-pagbabawalan\-kung\-qualified\-naman\|access\-date\=22 February 2016\|publisher\=InterAksyon.com\|date\=21 February 2016\|language\=fil, en\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222092226/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/124355/binay\-on\-political\-dynasties\-\-bakit\-pagbabawalan\-kung\-qualified\-naman\|archive\-date\=22 February 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
Santiago opposed the passage of the [Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement](/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement "Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement") (EDCA), which was upheld by the Supreme Court, saying she believes that the executive department officials signed EDCA without giving a copy to the Senate; all foreign treaties should receive Senate approval. She also said that the Philippines should acquire more military equipment and engage in one\-on\-one talks with China to settle the dispute in the South China Sea.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123233\-pilipinas\-debates\-cdo\-poe\-miriam\-reject\-edca\|title\=In CDO debate, Poe, Santiago reject EDCA and US intervention\|work\=\[\[Rappler]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}} Poe agreed with Santiago's comment that EDCA should pass first in the Senate, adding that she seeks to strengthen the Armed Forces, comparing it to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore")'s modernized military, and wants talks to China and the ASEAN constructively regarding the South China Sea dispute, which Santiago also wanted.
Poe supported transparent and inclusive Mindanao peace talks and a formal peace covenant including all sectors, such as the MILF, MNLF, tribal groups, indigenous people, and the Christians in Mindanao.{{cite news\|url\=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/02/21/presidential\-bbl\-mindanao.html\|title\=Presidential aspirants offer solutions to issues in Mindanao\|publisher\=\[\[CNN Philippines]]\|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016\|archive\-date\=February 23, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223101400/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/02/21/presidential\-bbl\-mindanao.html\|url\-status\=dead}} She also mentioned her plan to build a 70 billion\-peso railway system in Mindanao and supported devolution of powers in the local government, an expanded budget for road infrastructure and tourism projects to provide jobs, and solving problems in electricity in Mindanao through the rehabilitation of Angus\-Pulangi Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant, which supplied power to much of Mindanao. Duterte reacts that there is a great threat in Mindanao, after the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) failed to pass in the 15th Congress. He promised to offer the original version of the BBL and federalism to the Mindanao region.
### Closing statements
The candidates gave their closing statement in alphabetical order as done in the opening statement and round 1\. The program ended with all the candidates shaking hands for the country.
Binay said that the government should allocate and spend additional money in the national budget to jump\-start development.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556174/news/nation/vp\-binay\-stopping\-underspending\-key\-to\-development\|title\=VP Binay: Stopping underspending key to development\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}} Santiago clarified that the debate is not a popularity contest, but rather a voter\-education campaign. She summarized the qualities of a real leader: academic, professional and moral excellence.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556177/news/nation/miriam\-next\-president\-should\-have\-academic\-professional\-and\-moral\-excellence\|title\=Miriam: Next president should have 'academic, professional and moral excellence'\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}} Duterte said he is running for the presidency to show his love for the country and the people. He again reiterated that he is seeking to stop corruption in the government, as well as crime and drug syndicates, in just three to six months.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556196/news/nation/duterte\-says\-he\-s\-running\-for\-president\-out\-of\-love\-for\-country\|title\=Duterte says he's running for president out of 'love' for country\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}} Poe's closing statement reiterated her plans for the Mindanao region: sufficient power supply and monitoring of transmission grids, job creation, and fighting corruption. Poe said that her first order of business, if elected as president, is to pass the Freedom of Information Bill as the first executive order.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556183/news/nation/poe\-vows\-to\-push\-for\-freedom\-of\-information\-in\-first\-eo\|title\=Poe vows to push for freedom of information in first EO\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}}
Roxas assured the people that if elected as president, Filipinos would experience a more secure life, free from poverty, free from intimidation and free to express their dreams.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556199/news/nation/mar\-roxas\-i\-want\-filipinos\-to\-experience\-the\-life\-i\-live\|title\=Mar Roxas: I want Filipinos to experience the life I live\|publisher\= \[\[GMA News]] \|date\=February 21, 2016\|access\-date\=February 23, 2016}}
|
[
"Debate\n------",
"### Opening statements",
"Each candidate was given 60 seconds to deliver their opening remarks.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dimalanta\\|first1\\=Ces\\|title\\=1st presidential debate kicks off \\#PiliPinasDebates2016\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/1st\\-presidential\\-debate\\-kicks\\-off\\-with\\-opening\\-statements\\-from\\-candidates/\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2016\\|work\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=21 February 2016\\|language\\=en, fil}} Jejomar Binay highlighted poverty issues and his record as mayor of Makati. Santiago noted that, while the country is rich in natural and human resources, it is one of the poorest in Asia. Duterte promised to eradicate corruption, drugs and crime in six months. Poe promised to allocate 30 percent of the national budget to Mindanao if she were elected, while Roxas compared selecting a president to choosing a bus driver.",
"### First round: Track Record",
"The pairing was determined alphabetically by the participants' surname. Santiago was sorted according to her [double surname](/wiki/Double_surname \"Double surname\") (Defensor Santiago), and Roxas, the last candidate, is paired with Binay, the first.",
"Binay noted that he has no ill\\-gotten wealth, having inherited his land assets from his parents. Defensor Santiago rebutted, asking Binay when he got the properties during his term as mayor of Makati. Binay stated that he got these properties during his stint as a legal counsel and through the help of his wife, [Elenita Binay](/wiki/Elenita_Binay \"Elenita Binay\"), who also served one term as mayor of Makati.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/766909/binay\\-says\\-properties\\-from\\-hard\\-work\\-inheritance\\|title\\=Binay says properties from hard work, inheritance\\|work\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}}",
"Senator Santiago answered that she is still qualified to run for president despite her battle with stage 4 lung cancer, noting that there is no provision in the 1987 Philippine constitution that prohibits a public official from running for health reasons.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556155/news/nation/miriam\\-on\\-cancer\\-questions\\-the\\-law\\-my\\-guardian\\-angel\\-allow\\-me\\-to\\-run\\|title\\=Miriam on cancer questions: The law, my guardian angel allow me to run\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}} Duterte did not debate with her during the rebuttal, saying \"I don't see Sen. Santiago passing away within the next 20 years”.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/pilipinas\\-debates\\-2016\\-1st\\-round\\-track\\-record\\-performance\\-of\\-candidates/\\|title\\=PiliPinas Debates 2016 1st Round: Track record, performance of candidates\\|work\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}} Santiago, later commented that no politician except for Duterte had a record in resolving graft and corruption cases.",
"On his planned \"bloody\" presidency, Duterte vowed to continue killing the criminals and drug lords in accordance with the law with the help of police and the military.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/766935/duterte\\-vows\\-to\\-continue\\-killing\\-criminals\\-in\\-accordance\\-with\\-law\\|title\\=Duterte vows to continue killing criminals 'in accordance with law'\\|work\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}} Despite having several partners, the mayor denied any accusations of lasciviousness.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/21/1555418/poe\\-duterte\\-irresistible\\-has\\-respect\\-women\\|title\\=Poe: Duterte irresistible but has to respect women\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}} In response, Poe said that Duterte, who admitted he was a womanizer, needed to respect women. She vowed that her so\\-called \"Gobyernong May Puso\" (Government with a Heart) would respect and fight for the rights of men, women and the LGBT community.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/poe\\-vows\\-to\\-respect\\-fight\\-everyones\\-rights\\-if\\-elected\\-president/\\|title\\=Poe vows to respect, fight everyone’s rights if elected president\\|work\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}}",
"Poe quoted a line from a song from [Gloc\\-9](/wiki/Gloc-9 \"Gloc-9\"), \"Upuan\", in her address. She also stated that she worked together with Defensor Santiago in pushing and creating senate bills on budgets for food for children and farmers, as well as the Freedom of Information Bill. Roxas replied that the presidency is not on\\-the\\-job\\-training. Poe countered, saying that Roxas, despite working for three administrations as a secretary of DTI, DOTC and DILG, did not need more experience to catch up on the lack of developments in the transportation sector by the government.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123224\\-pilipinas\\-debates\\-mar\\-roxas\\-grace\\-poe\\-presidency\\-ojt\\-internship\\|title\\=Mar Roxas hits Grace Poe: Presidency is not an 'OJT'\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rappler]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}}",
"Roxas was questioned about his incompetence in handling the issues of MRT and Haiyan (Yolanda). Roxas stated that during his term as the DOTC secretary, more than 100 contracts on infrastructure projects worth 100 billion were put out for bid without any anomalies. On the MRT, Roxas said that he stopped the supposed maintenance contract with a private firm due to an anomaly.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556158/news/nation/roxas\\-defends\\-self\\-on\\-yolanda\\-response\\-disowns\\-mrt\\-contract\\-mess\\|title\\=Roxas defends self on Yolanda response, disowns MRT contract mess\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}} Roxas claimed that the MRT's newly commissioned trains would be in service by March. Roxas defended his record on the rehabilitation of areas affected by Typhoon Haiyan, noting that he was there, before, during and after the typhoon, unlike other politicians who arrived via helicopter but later departed like a tourist. Binay then responded in a comment that he is a \"decisive and effective leader\" and remarked that he saw a lot from his helicopter regarding the effects of the typhoon.",
"### Second round: Poverty \\& Development",
"The order of candidates was determined by a draw.",
"If elected, Binay said that he would implement an agricultural modernization plan with the help of the private sector, noting the industry's small contribution to the gross domestic product. He wants to continue the [Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program](/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program \"Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program\") (government subsidies) for the benefit of farmers, shipping high\\-yielding crops and the removal of irrigation fees; he also seeks to solve post\\-harvest problems through programs that he implemented while mayor of Makati. Poe, on her rebuttal said that there should be \"agro\\-industrial zones\" established by the DTI and DA, to assist in marketing basic commodities, [soil testing](/wiki/Soil_test \"Soil test\") and replanting coconut plants using the coco\\-levy funds.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556165/news/nation/if\\-elected\\-vp\\-binay\\-to\\-modernize\\-phl\\-agriculture\\-with\\-private\\-sector\\-help\\|title\\=If elected, VP Binay to modernize PHL agriculture with private sector help\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2016}}",
"On the matter of food for the poor, Poe declared that she wants to provide free lunch in public schools, subsidies for rice farmers on irrigation and others. Poe pointed out that as the fifth largest coconut producer in the world, her government will be focused on the replanting of coconut plants using the coco\\-levy funds that will also be used in scholarship programs for the children of coco farmers.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556160/news/nation/grace\\-poe\\-wants\\-free\\-lunch\\-for\\-students\\-more\\-funds\\-for\\-agri\\-sector\\|title\\=Grace Poe wants free lunch for students, more funds for agri sector\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2016}} She also said that agro\\-industrial zones where farmers can sell their products should be established by the [Department of Trade and Industry](/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)\") and the [Department of Agriculture](/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_%28Philippines%29 \"Department of Agriculture (Philippines)\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Torregoza\\|first1\\=Hannah\\|title\\=Poe urges gov’t to use P93B coco levy fund to boost coconut industry\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/poe\\-urges\\-govt\\-to\\-use\\-p93b\\-coco\\-levy\\-fund\\-to\\-boost\\-coconut\\-industry/\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016\\|work\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=22 February 2016}} Santiago replied that there is no president or even a candidate that has an extensive antipoverty campaign.",
"Santiago suggested to expand the national budget in key areas, including health, education, rural infrastructure and improvements to social welfare; she also wanted to have constantly lower income taxes and abolish real estate taxes. Roxas replied that the government under the Aquino administration had continuous comfort and success in the fast\\-growing economic growth of the country and he wanted to continue the safety net programs, particularly for PhilHealth beneficiaries. Santiago replied that the other candidates' plans are all \"promises way up in the sky\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556172/news/nation/miriam\\-scores\\-candidates\\-for\\-their\\-promises\\-in\\-the\\-sky\\|title\\=Miriam scores candidates for their 'promises in the sky'\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2016}}",
"Roxas cited high\\-interest loans as one of the reasons why Filipino fishermen are part of the \"poorest of the poor\" people in the country. Roxas mulled low\\-interest loans and investments in new technology including fish finders (radars), post\\-catch facilities (chillers and packaging), and infrastructure for fishermen.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556163/news/nation/roxas\\-high\\-interest\\-loans\\-among\\-reasons\\-why\\-fishermen\\-are\\-poor\\|title\\=Roxas: High\\-interest loans among reasons why fishermen are poor\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2016}} Duterte, in his rebuttal, agreed and noted he wanted to copy Roxas' modernized plans for the fisheries system. Roxas, questioned on his two decades in government, responded that he is not a corrupt public official and pointed to his anticorruption efforts in the \"Daang Matuwid\" (Straight Path) program.",
"For his part, Mayor Duterte said that he wants to eliminate rice cartels and 5–6 (practice of [loan sharks](/wiki/Loan_sharks \"Loan sharks\")) loans in the farming system in just three days. He is willing to resign and put his life and honor as President at stake if he failed to improve the corruption and crime situation in the country within three to six months. Among his other plans for the farmers were supplying funds (via [LandBank](/wiki/LandBank \"LandBank\")) and setting up food terminals, credit unions and cooperatives. Binay said the smuggling crisis is a symptom of a problem\\-starting, indecisive and ineffective leader, noting that the Mindanao problems, including the rotational brownouts, all stem from a lack of action by local officials.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/duterte\\-on\\-smuggling\\-3\\-to\\-6\\-months\\-malinis\\-ang\\-bayan\\-na\\-ito/\\|title\\=Duterte on smuggling: '3 to 6 months, malinis ang bayan na ito'\\|work\\=\\[\\[Manila Bulletin]]\\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 21, 2016}}",
"### Third round: Mindanao Issues",
"The order of candidates are determined by a draw.",
"Duterte noted that 60% of the infrastructure projects were from [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\") and just 19% were allocated to the Mindanao region, which contributes to the country's export and agriculture industry. Duterte reiterated that federalism is a solution to the issue on the Mindanao budget, vowing to end Manila\\-centrism in government. He points that the government should give Mindanao a larger share of taxes.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/767025/duterte\\-vows\\-to\\-end\\-manila\\-centric\\-attitude\\-in\\-govt\\|title\\=Duterte vows to end ‘Manila\\-centric’ attitude in gov’t\\|work\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}} Roxas on the rebuttal said that he would focus on the construction of bridges (particularly in [Zamboanga del Sur](/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur \"Zamboanga del Sur\")); he made it clear that Mindanao has twice the amount of infrastructure projects in the 5 years of the Aquino administration, compared to the last 12 years of Estrada and Arroyo administrations. Duterte responded that there is no \"Tuwid na Daan\" (lit. Straight Path), reiterating that Mindanao has a small share of the national budget.",
"For Roxas, illegal drugs in the Philippines were a bigger societal problem. Roxas wanted to focus on arresting drug syndicates and cartels through the PDEA and the PNP's Lambat Sibat, a program which started when he was the DILG secretary and which saw 2 billion pesos worth of illegal drugs seized during his term. Anticorruption efforts, he noted, are also a weapon against illegal drugs. Binay, on the rebuttal, noted that the police has weak enforcement capacity against drug cartels due to ineffective leadership. The vice president added that he doesn't believe in death penalty. Roxas responded that there are two faces of Makati, a city for the rich (the Ayalas/Makati CBD) and a city for the poor. He added that barangays such as Comembo, Pembo and Rembo are the ones where illegal drug syndicates dominate, and the city has a high drug rate; drugs are rampant in high\\-end clubs and exclusive subdsivisions in Makati—even on Good Friday.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123239\\-debate\\-roxas\\-binay\\-drugs\\-makati\\|title\\=Roxas to Binay: Drugs rampant in 2 'faces' of Makati\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rappler]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}} Binay denied this and he said that illegal drugs are not Makati's problem.",
"Binay, who is part of a family belonging to a political dynasty, was asked regarding the prioritization of the passing of the Anti\\-Political Dynasty Bill. Binay remarked that it should be clarified which political dynasty is being referred to and that there are disagreements on what a political dynasty is. He said that a clean election, free from anomaly, is important, and a candidate shouldn't be barred from running just because the person has a relative in a political post. Santiago rebutted that the 1987 Constitution's anti\\-political dynasty provision should be literally applied but there is no law to implement it. She said that such a law has not been passed due to obstruction by politicians belonging to political dynasties. Binay pointed out to Santiago in his reply that Santiago's son served in an elected office. Santiago said that her son was only a party\\-list representative for one term and added that currently she has no relatives serving in an elected post.{{cite news\\|title\\=BINAY ON POLITICAL DYNASTIES {{!}} 'Bakit pagbabawalan kung qualified naman?'\\|trans\\-title\\=BINAY ON POLITICAL DYNASTIES {{!}} 'Why ban if one is qualified?'\\|url\\=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/124355/binay\\-on\\-political\\-dynasties\\-\\-bakit\\-pagbabawalan\\-kung\\-qualified\\-naman\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2016\\|publisher\\=InterAksyon.com\\|date\\=21 February 2016\\|language\\=fil, en\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222092226/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/124355/binay\\-on\\-political\\-dynasties\\-\\-bakit\\-pagbabawalan\\-kung\\-qualified\\-naman\\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Santiago opposed the passage of the [Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement](/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement \"Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement\") (EDCA), which was upheld by the Supreme Court, saying she believes that the executive department officials signed EDCA without giving a copy to the Senate; all foreign treaties should receive Senate approval. She also said that the Philippines should acquire more military equipment and engage in one\\-on\\-one talks with China to settle the dispute in the South China Sea.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123233\\-pilipinas\\-debates\\-cdo\\-poe\\-miriam\\-reject\\-edca\\|title\\=In CDO debate, Poe, Santiago reject EDCA and US intervention\\|work\\=\\[\\[Rappler]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}} Poe agreed with Santiago's comment that EDCA should pass first in the Senate, adding that she seeks to strengthen the Armed Forces, comparing it to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\")'s modernized military, and wants talks to China and the ASEAN constructively regarding the South China Sea dispute, which Santiago also wanted.",
"Poe supported transparent and inclusive Mindanao peace talks and a formal peace covenant including all sectors, such as the MILF, MNLF, tribal groups, indigenous people, and the Christians in Mindanao.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/02/21/presidential\\-bbl\\-mindanao.html\\|title\\=Presidential aspirants offer solutions to issues in Mindanao\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN Philippines]]\\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=February 23, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223101400/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/02/21/presidential\\-bbl\\-mindanao.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} She also mentioned her plan to build a 70 billion\\-peso railway system in Mindanao and supported devolution of powers in the local government, an expanded budget for road infrastructure and tourism projects to provide jobs, and solving problems in electricity in Mindanao through the rehabilitation of Angus\\-Pulangi Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant, which supplied power to much of Mindanao. Duterte reacts that there is a great threat in Mindanao, after the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) failed to pass in the 15th Congress. He promised to offer the original version of the BBL and federalism to the Mindanao region.",
"### Closing statements",
"The candidates gave their closing statement in alphabetical order as done in the opening statement and round 1\\. The program ended with all the candidates shaking hands for the country.",
"Binay said that the government should allocate and spend additional money in the national budget to jump\\-start development.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556174/news/nation/vp\\-binay\\-stopping\\-underspending\\-key\\-to\\-development\\|title\\=VP Binay: Stopping underspending key to development\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}} Santiago clarified that the debate is not a popularity contest, but rather a voter\\-education campaign. She summarized the qualities of a real leader: academic, professional and moral excellence.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556177/news/nation/miriam\\-next\\-president\\-should\\-have\\-academic\\-professional\\-and\\-moral\\-excellence\\|title\\=Miriam: Next president should have 'academic, professional and moral excellence'\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}} Duterte said he is running for the presidency to show his love for the country and the people. He again reiterated that he is seeking to stop corruption in the government, as well as crime and drug syndicates, in just three to six months.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556196/news/nation/duterte\\-says\\-he\\-s\\-running\\-for\\-president\\-out\\-of\\-love\\-for\\-country\\|title\\=Duterte says he's running for president out of 'love' for country\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}} Poe's closing statement reiterated her plans for the Mindanao region: sufficient power supply and monitoring of transmission grids, job creation, and fighting corruption. Poe said that her first order of business, if elected as president, is to pass the Freedom of Information Bill as the first executive order.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556183/news/nation/poe\\-vows\\-to\\-push\\-for\\-freedom\\-of\\-information\\-in\\-first\\-eo\\|title\\=Poe vows to push for freedom of information in first EO\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}}\nRoxas assured the people that if elected as president, Filipinos would experience a more secure life, free from poverty, free from intimidation and free to express their dreams.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556199/news/nation/mar\\-roxas\\-i\\-want\\-filipinos\\-to\\-experience\\-the\\-life\\-i\\-live\\|title\\=Mar Roxas: I want Filipinos to experience the life I live\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[GMA News]] \\|date\\=February 21, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2016}}",
""
] |
Defence Materiel Organisation
-----------------------------
### Appointment
In February 2004, Gumley was appointed the inaugural CEO of the [Defence Materiel Organisation](/wiki/Defence_Materiel_Organisation "Defence Materiel Organisation") (DMO). He guided the organisation in its transition to an [Australian Government](/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") Prescribed Agency on 1 July 2005\. In May 2008, Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement, [Greg Combet](/wiki/Greg_Combet "Greg Combet") announced an extension to Gumley's tenure, stating that his reappointment reflected a strong belief within the incoming Government that Gumley had been largely responsible for a significant improvement in the handling of Defence projects.[Defence Materiel Chief Buys More Time](http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/defence-materiel-chief-buys-more-time/2008/05/02/1209235157191.html), *The Age*, 3 May 2008
### Reforms
Following his appointment, Gumley immediately implemented six reform themes under the slogan "change is goodness". The six themes were:
* Professionalisation of the DMO workforce,
* Reprioritisation of work,
* Standardisation of business practices,
* Benchmarking against better practice,
* Improving relationships with Defence industry, and
* Leading reform.
### DMO achievements
Under Gumley's leadership DMO successfully provided a range of new and leading\-edge [equipment](http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/lsp/index.cfm) for the Australian Defence Force. Significant reforms were also underway to tackle Australia's national skills shortages in the defence sector including an internal program of professionalisation and an ambitious external program entitled Skilling Australia's Defence Industry.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/id/sadi/index.cfm\|title\=Skilling Australia's Defence Industry (SADI) Program}}
An assessment of a large number of projects in May 2008 by DMO found that the average cost of DMO projects compared to their budget indicated that projects were being delivered at 99\.2% of their budgeted cost. The Minister for Defence, [Joel Fitzgibbon](/wiki/Joel_Fitzgibbon "Joel Fitzgibbon") and The Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement, [Greg Combet](/wiki/Greg_Combet "Greg Combet"), acknowledged the improvements Gumley had brought to the organisation.
Later Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) reviews of specific projects and capabilities were qualified in their assessment of the effectiveness of DMO reforms. For instance ANAO report 24 of 2009\-10 of March 2010 identified "a range of ongoing issues which detracted from the effective procurement of explosive ordnance for the Australian Defence Force", that "there remains considerable scope for improvement in the management of explosive ordnance", and that it was too early to confirm whether proposed reforms would provide enduring improvement to Defence and the DMO's management of the procurement and sustainment of explosive ordnance.[http://www.anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit\-Reports/2009\-2010/Procurement\-of\-Explosive\-Ordnance\-for\-the\-Australian\-Defence\-Force/Audit\-brochure](http://www.anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit-Reports/2009-2010/Procurement-of-Explosive-Ordnance-for-the-Australian-Defence-Force/Audit-brochure)
The findings of ANAO Report 37 of May 2010 into the Lightweight Torpedo Project included that – for that project – "project management and planning was inadequate, and in some instances key project documents were either not developed, or were not developed on a timely basis", and that "the planning of testing and acceptance and the resolution of testing and acceptance issues for Joint Project 2070 by the DMO has been inadequate." This report further stated that "this project demonstrates that, in respect of Defence major capital equipment acquisition projects, it remains the case that further enhancement of these monitoring and reporting mechanisms is required to properly inform decision making by both Defence and Government."[http://www.anao.gov.au/\~/media/Uploads/Documents/2009%2010\_audit\_report\_37\.pdf](http://www.anao.gov.au/~/media/Uploads/Documents/2009%2010_audit_report_37.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}}
Ministerial statements in 2010 and 2011 suggested that the Government believed new procurement reforms were needed. On 26 November 2010 the Minister for Defence, [Stephen Smith (Australian politician)](/wiki/Stephen_Smith_%28Australian_politician%29 "Stephen Smith (Australian politician)") in adding project AIR 5418 Joint Air to Surface Stand\-off Missile (JASSM) to the 'Projects of Concern' list, stated that the listing was because of "our poor management, our failure to keep Government properly and fully informed about the project and it's difficulties." Minister Smith also said that he had asked Defence to review the effectiveness of its management of major projects.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/108tpl.cfm?CurrentId\=11132\|title \= Department of Defence Ministers\|date \= 16 August 2021}} On 6 May 2011 Minister Smith announced further Defence procurement reforms aimed at improving project management, minimising risk at project start and identifying problems early{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId\=11766\|title\=Department of Defence Ministers\|date\=16 August 2021}} and on 29 June 2011 Minister Smith announced reforms to the management of 'Projects of Concern' including the development of formal remediation plans for designated projects.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/SmithSpeechtpl.cfm?CurrentId\=12042\|title\=Department of Defence Ministers\|date\=16 August 2021}}
### Combat clothing
Under Gumley's leadership a comprehensive reform of combat clothing for the Australian Defence Force was implemented. Key outcomes of the independent 2007 review included ensuring that deployed Australian troops receive high quality clothing and personal equipment, and the release of a five\-year forecast of procurement opportunities in the sector [Clothing and Personal Equipment Procurement Plan](http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/lsd/CPEPP_2010-14.pdf) to provide industry with sufficient guidance to enable broad business planning.
In an interview with *The Age* newspaper 5 July 2006, precipitating the 2007 review, Gumley admitted endemic problems within the DMO.
The provision of clothing and equipment to Australia's front\-line troops has been plagued by "stuff\-ups", one of the nation's most senior defence officials has admitted. In an extraordinarily candid briefing, the official stated that troops serving overseas had "missed out" on gear they should have received, and that the body responsible for equipping them, the Defence Materiel Organisation, had engaged in "inappropriate behaviours".
"We are going to let the troops down if we don't improve the reliability, quality and safety of our equipment," said Stephen Gumley, head of the Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO).
The Age has obtained a secret recording of Gumley's briefing, during which he also told industry suppliers: "Frankly, I did not do a good enough job in this area (soldier's clothing and equipment) so we failed in that and I am going to fix it … what has happened has been a big wake\-up call for me. Like someone has chucked a big cold bucket of water over my face."
### Leaked cable
In December 2010, a [leaked diplomatic cable](/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak "United States diplomatic cables leak") under the heading "[fuzzy math](/wiki/Fuzzy_math_%28politics%29 "Fuzzy math (politics)") on costs" described a discussion Gumley and a US naval officer after the release of Australia's May 2009 Defence white paper. The cable expressed doubts about Australia to adequately fund its proposed military expenditure and said that "Gumley was unable to explain how the costing for the equipment of the white paper came about."{{Cite news \|last\=Dorling \|first\=Philip \|author2\=Baker, Richard \|title\=Defence costings dodgy: US \|newspaper\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|date\=14 December 2010 \|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/national/defence\-costings\-dodgy\-us\-20101213\-18viw.html \|accessdate\=2010\-12\-24}}
### Resignation
On 7 July 2011 the Minister for Defence, Stephen Smith, announced that Gumley had retired, with immediate effect.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2011/07/07/minister\-for\-defence\-and\-minister\-for\-defence\-materiel\-chief\-executive\-officer\-of\-defence\-materiel\-organisation\-retires\-from\-defence/ \|title\=Defence Ministers » Minister for Defence and Minister for Defence Materiel – Chief Executive Officer of Defence Materiel Organisation retires from Defence \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227124702/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2011/07/07/minister\-for\-defence\-and\-minister\-for\-defence\-materiel\-chief\-executive\-officer\-of\-defence\-materiel\-organisation\-retires\-from\-defence/ \|archive\-date\=27 February 2012}} "Minister Smith", 7 July 2011 The Opposition's defence spokesman Senator David Johnston speculated whether Gumley had resigned of his own volition or was "pushed".[http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3263190\.htm](http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3263190.htm) "ABC News", 7 July 2011
|
[
"Defence Materiel Organisation\n-----------------------------",
"### Appointment",
"In February 2004, Gumley was appointed the inaugural CEO of the [Defence Materiel Organisation](/wiki/Defence_Materiel_Organisation \"Defence Materiel Organisation\") (DMO). He guided the organisation in its transition to an [Australian Government](/wiki/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\") Prescribed Agency on 1 July 2005\\. In May 2008, Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement, [Greg Combet](/wiki/Greg_Combet \"Greg Combet\") announced an extension to Gumley's tenure, stating that his reappointment reflected a strong belief within the incoming Government that Gumley had been largely responsible for a significant improvement in the handling of Defence projects.[Defence Materiel Chief Buys More Time](http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/defence-materiel-chief-buys-more-time/2008/05/02/1209235157191.html), *The Age*, 3 May 2008",
"### Reforms",
"Following his appointment, Gumley immediately implemented six reform themes under the slogan \"change is goodness\". The six themes were:\n* Professionalisation of the DMO workforce,\n* Reprioritisation of work,\n* Standardisation of business practices,\n* Benchmarking against better practice,\n* Improving relationships with Defence industry, and\n* Leading reform.",
"### DMO achievements",
"Under Gumley's leadership DMO successfully provided a range of new and leading\\-edge [equipment](http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/lsp/index.cfm) for the Australian Defence Force. Significant reforms were also underway to tackle Australia's national skills shortages in the defence sector including an internal program of professionalisation and an ambitious external program entitled Skilling Australia's Defence Industry.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/id/sadi/index.cfm\\|title\\=Skilling Australia's Defence Industry (SADI) Program}}",
"An assessment of a large number of projects in May 2008 by DMO found that the average cost of DMO projects compared to their budget indicated that projects were being delivered at 99\\.2% of their budgeted cost. The Minister for Defence, [Joel Fitzgibbon](/wiki/Joel_Fitzgibbon \"Joel Fitzgibbon\") and The Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement, [Greg Combet](/wiki/Greg_Combet \"Greg Combet\"), acknowledged the improvements Gumley had brought to the organisation.",
"Later Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) reviews of specific projects and capabilities were qualified in their assessment of the effectiveness of DMO reforms. For instance ANAO report 24 of 2009\\-10 of March 2010 identified \"a range of ongoing issues which detracted from the effective procurement of explosive ordnance for the Australian Defence Force\", that \"there remains considerable scope for improvement in the management of explosive ordnance\", and that it was too early to confirm whether proposed reforms would provide enduring improvement to Defence and the DMO's management of the procurement and sustainment of explosive ordnance.[http://www.anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit\\-Reports/2009\\-2010/Procurement\\-of\\-Explosive\\-Ordnance\\-for\\-the\\-Australian\\-Defence\\-Force/Audit\\-brochure](http://www.anao.gov.au/Publications/Audit-Reports/2009-2010/Procurement-of-Explosive-Ordnance-for-the-Australian-Defence-Force/Audit-brochure)",
"The findings of ANAO Report 37 of May 2010 into the Lightweight Torpedo Project included that – for that project – \"project management and planning was inadequate, and in some instances key project documents were either not developed, or were not developed on a timely basis\", and that \"the planning of testing and acceptance and the resolution of testing and acceptance issues for Joint Project 2070 by the DMO has been inadequate.\" This report further stated that \"this project demonstrates that, in respect of Defence major capital equipment acquisition projects, it remains the case that further enhancement of these monitoring and reporting mechanisms is required to properly inform decision making by both Defence and Government.\"[http://www.anao.gov.au/\\~/media/Uploads/Documents/2009%2010\\_audit\\_report\\_37\\.pdf](http://www.anao.gov.au/~/media/Uploads/Documents/2009%2010_audit_report_37.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"Ministerial statements in 2010 and 2011 suggested that the Government believed new procurement reforms were needed. On 26 November 2010 the Minister for Defence, [Stephen Smith (Australian politician)](/wiki/Stephen_Smith_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Stephen Smith (Australian politician)\") in adding project AIR 5418 Joint Air to Surface Stand\\-off Missile (JASSM) to the 'Projects of Concern' list, stated that the listing was because of \"our poor management, our failure to keep Government properly and fully informed about the project and it's difficulties.\" Minister Smith also said that he had asked Defence to review the effectiveness of its management of major projects.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/108tpl.cfm?CurrentId\\=11132\\|title \\= Department of Defence Ministers\\|date \\= 16 August 2021}} On 6 May 2011 Minister Smith announced further Defence procurement reforms aimed at improving project management, minimising risk at project start and identifying problems early{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/Smithtpl.cfm?CurrentId\\=11766\\|title\\=Department of Defence Ministers\\|date\\=16 August 2021}} and on 29 June 2011 Minister Smith announced reforms to the management of 'Projects of Concern' including the development of formal remediation plans for designated projects.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/SmithSpeechtpl.cfm?CurrentId\\=12042\\|title\\=Department of Defence Ministers\\|date\\=16 August 2021}}",
"### Combat clothing",
"Under Gumley's leadership a comprehensive reform of combat clothing for the Australian Defence Force was implemented. Key outcomes of the independent 2007 review included ensuring that deployed Australian troops receive high quality clothing and personal equipment, and the release of a five\\-year forecast of procurement opportunities in the sector [Clothing and Personal Equipment Procurement Plan](http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/lsd/CPEPP_2010-14.pdf) to provide industry with sufficient guidance to enable broad business planning.",
"In an interview with *The Age* newspaper 5 July 2006, precipitating the 2007 review, Gumley admitted endemic problems within the DMO.",
"The provision of clothing and equipment to Australia's front\\-line troops has been plagued by \"stuff\\-ups\", one of the nation's most senior defence officials has admitted. In an extraordinarily candid briefing, the official stated that troops serving overseas had \"missed out\" on gear they should have received, and that the body responsible for equipping them, the Defence Materiel Organisation, had engaged in \"inappropriate behaviours\".",
"\"We are going to let the troops down if we don't improve the reliability, quality and safety of our equipment,\" said Stephen Gumley, head of the Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO).",
"The Age has obtained a secret recording of Gumley's briefing, during which he also told industry suppliers: \"Frankly, I did not do a good enough job in this area (soldier's clothing and equipment) so we failed in that and I am going to fix it … what has happened has been a big wake\\-up call for me. Like someone has chucked a big cold bucket of water over my face.\"",
"### Leaked cable",
"In December 2010, a [leaked diplomatic cable](/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak \"United States diplomatic cables leak\") under the heading \"[fuzzy math](/wiki/Fuzzy_math_%28politics%29 \"Fuzzy math (politics)\") on costs\" described a discussion Gumley and a US naval officer after the release of Australia's May 2009 Defence white paper. The cable expressed doubts about Australia to adequately fund its proposed military expenditure and said that \"Gumley was unable to explain how the costing for the equipment of the white paper came about.\"{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dorling \\|first\\=Philip \\|author2\\=Baker, Richard \\|title\\=Defence costings dodgy: US \\|newspaper\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|date\\=14 December 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/national/defence\\-costings\\-dodgy\\-us\\-20101213\\-18viw.html \\|accessdate\\=2010\\-12\\-24}}",
"### Resignation",
"On 7 July 2011 the Minister for Defence, Stephen Smith, announced that Gumley had retired, with immediate effect.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2011/07/07/minister\\-for\\-defence\\-and\\-minister\\-for\\-defence\\-materiel\\-chief\\-executive\\-officer\\-of\\-defence\\-materiel\\-organisation\\-retires\\-from\\-defence/ \\|title\\=Defence Ministers » Minister for Defence and Minister for Defence Materiel – Chief Executive Officer of Defence Materiel Organisation retires from Defence \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227124702/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2011/07/07/minister\\-for\\-defence\\-and\\-minister\\-for\\-defence\\-materiel\\-chief\\-executive\\-officer\\-of\\-defence\\-materiel\\-organisation\\-retires\\-from\\-defence/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2012}} \"Minister Smith\", 7 July 2011 The Opposition's defence spokesman Senator David Johnston speculated whether Gumley had resigned of his own volition or was \"pushed\".[http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3263190\\.htm](http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3263190.htm) \"ABC News\", 7 July 2011",
""
] |
Plot
----
Millennia ago on the planet Kastria, a traitor and criminal named Eldrad is sentenced to death for his crimes, including the destruction of the barriers that have kept the solar winds at bay. The pod containing the criminal is obliterated—but his hand survives. In the present day the Doctor and [Sarah Jane Smith](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Smith "Sarah Jane Smith") arrive in the [TARDIS](/wiki/TARDIS "TARDIS") at a quarry and are caught up in an explosion. Sarah is rendered unconscious, but in that state, she makes contact with the fossilised hand, its ring placing her under its control. The Doctor takes her to the local hospital, where the mesmeric power of the hand becomes more complete and both Sarah Jane and a pathologist called Dr Carter are brought under its control.
Sarah heads for the nearest nuclear generator, the Nunton Complex, where she breaks into the reactor with the hand. It seems to thrive on radiation and begins to regenerate, growing back its missing finger and moving around unaided. The head of the complex, Professor Watson, remains at his post when the reactor goes [critical](/wiki/Critical_mass "Critical mass"). He offers the Doctor aid and advice in trying to get to Sarah despite Carter attempting to stop the Doctor before falling to his death. Eventually the Doctor reaches Sarah and knocks her down, but not before the hand has absorbed a significant amount of radiation. Retreating, the Doctor takes Sarah to the medical centre.
The hand's ring next takes over a nuclear operative called Driscoll, who is manipulated into bringing the hand into the reactor core while everyone else flees. An [RAF](/wiki/RAF "RAF") bombing raid simply adds to the available radiation and allows Eldrad to regenerate into a fully humanoid form. Finding herself in a female form, she uses her powers to learn from the Doctor why the humans have attempted to destroy her. Eldrad convinces him to take her back to Kastria, explaining that she created the solar barriers that enable her people to thrive, claiming that they were subsequently destroyed when Kastria was caught in the middle of an interstellar war.
The Doctor, Sarah and Eldrad travel in the TARDIS to Kastria in the present time—150 million years after she left. They find a barren and frozen world, with a few signs of civilisation many floors below ground. Eldrad is seemingly caught and destroyed by one of a series of traps while travelling with the Doctor to a regeneration chamber. Eldrad emerges in his true masculine form, however, and then commences a tirade against King Rokon upon seeing a hologram of him. Admitting that he destroyed the barriers during his attempt to usurp the Kastrian leadership, Eldrad finds the remains of Rokon and learns from a pre\-recorded message that the Kastrian race accepted extinction over living a miserable existence underground, destroying their race banks in case Eldrad returned. When Eldrad decides to make his new empire on Earth, the Doctor trips the would\-be tyrant into an abyss, then throws the Kastrian's ring into it to ensure he cannot regenerate.
Not long after departure in the TARDIS, Sarah becomes fed up after everything they have been through together and, after she states her intention to leave, goes off to pack. The Doctor receives a [telepathic](/wiki/Telepathic "Telepathic") summons to [Gallifrey](/wiki/Gallifrey "Gallifrey") and declares he cannot take Sarah with him. This news upsets her, despite having already packed. The Doctor returns her to Earth where she tells the Doctor not to forget her. As the TARDIS dematerialises, Sarah realises that the Doctor has not left her in Hillview Road as planned, and probably not even in [South Croydon](/wiki/South_Croydon "South Croydon").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Millennia ago on the planet Kastria, a traitor and criminal named Eldrad is sentenced to death for his crimes, including the destruction of the barriers that have kept the solar winds at bay. The pod containing the criminal is obliterated—but his hand survives. In the present day the Doctor and [Sarah Jane Smith](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Smith \"Sarah Jane Smith\") arrive in the [TARDIS](/wiki/TARDIS \"TARDIS\") at a quarry and are caught up in an explosion. Sarah is rendered unconscious, but in that state, she makes contact with the fossilised hand, its ring placing her under its control. The Doctor takes her to the local hospital, where the mesmeric power of the hand becomes more complete and both Sarah Jane and a pathologist called Dr Carter are brought under its control.",
"Sarah heads for the nearest nuclear generator, the Nunton Complex, where she breaks into the reactor with the hand. It seems to thrive on radiation and begins to regenerate, growing back its missing finger and moving around unaided. The head of the complex, Professor Watson, remains at his post when the reactor goes [critical](/wiki/Critical_mass \"Critical mass\"). He offers the Doctor aid and advice in trying to get to Sarah despite Carter attempting to stop the Doctor before falling to his death. Eventually the Doctor reaches Sarah and knocks her down, but not before the hand has absorbed a significant amount of radiation. Retreating, the Doctor takes Sarah to the medical centre.",
"The hand's ring next takes over a nuclear operative called Driscoll, who is manipulated into bringing the hand into the reactor core while everyone else flees. An [RAF](/wiki/RAF \"RAF\") bombing raid simply adds to the available radiation and allows Eldrad to regenerate into a fully humanoid form. Finding herself in a female form, she uses her powers to learn from the Doctor why the humans have attempted to destroy her. Eldrad convinces him to take her back to Kastria, explaining that she created the solar barriers that enable her people to thrive, claiming that they were subsequently destroyed when Kastria was caught in the middle of an interstellar war.",
"The Doctor, Sarah and Eldrad travel in the TARDIS to Kastria in the present time—150 million years after she left. They find a barren and frozen world, with a few signs of civilisation many floors below ground. Eldrad is seemingly caught and destroyed by one of a series of traps while travelling with the Doctor to a regeneration chamber. Eldrad emerges in his true masculine form, however, and then commences a tirade against King Rokon upon seeing a hologram of him. Admitting that he destroyed the barriers during his attempt to usurp the Kastrian leadership, Eldrad finds the remains of Rokon and learns from a pre\\-recorded message that the Kastrian race accepted extinction over living a miserable existence underground, destroying their race banks in case Eldrad returned. When Eldrad decides to make his new empire on Earth, the Doctor trips the would\\-be tyrant into an abyss, then throws the Kastrian's ring into it to ensure he cannot regenerate.",
"Not long after departure in the TARDIS, Sarah becomes fed up after everything they have been through together and, after she states her intention to leave, goes off to pack. The Doctor receives a [telepathic](/wiki/Telepathic \"Telepathic\") summons to [Gallifrey](/wiki/Gallifrey \"Gallifrey\") and declares he cannot take Sarah with him. This news upsets her, despite having already packed. The Doctor returns her to Earth where she tells the Doctor not to forget her. As the TARDIS dematerialises, Sarah realises that the Doctor has not left her in Hillview Road as planned, and probably not even in [South Croydon](/wiki/South_Croydon \"South Croydon\").",
""
] |
Cartoons
--------
Conried's colorful voice gained him much work in animated cartoons, such as [Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company") and [Jay Ward](/wiki/Jay_Ward "Jay Ward"). His prominent work for Disney was in [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney")'s *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan_%281953_film%29 "Peter Pan (1953 film)")* as both [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook "Captain Hook") and Mr. Darling (following the tradition of having both characters portrayed by the same actor). He then went on to pose live\-action reference and audition for [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28Sleeping_Beauty%29 "Aurora (Sleeping Beauty)")'s father, [King Stefan](/wiki/List_of_Disney%27s_Sleeping_Beauty_characters%23King_Stefan "List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters#King Stefan"), in another Disney animated film, *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%281959_film%29 "Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)")*, but the voice role of Stefan was officially taken by [Taylor Holmes](/wiki/Taylor_Holmes "Taylor Holmes") for the film's final cut. Nevertheless, Conried hosted several episodes of *[Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color](/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Wonderful_World_of_Color "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color")* as the [Magic Mirror](/wiki/Magic_Mirror_%28Snow_White%29 "Magic Mirror (Snow White)") from *[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs](/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_%281937_film%29 "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)")*.
He supplied the storybook narration for [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer")'s *[Johann Mouse](/wiki/Johann_Mouse "Johann Mouse")*, the 1952 [Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film "Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film"), the seventh and last Oscar given to a *Tom and Jerry* short.
Conried also became a charter member of the [Jay Ward](/wiki/Jay_Ward "Jay Ward")\-[Bill Scott](/wiki/Bill_Scott_%28voice_actor%29 "Bill Scott (voice actor)") stock company. He voiced the character of [Snidely Whiplash](/wiki/Snidely_Whiplash "Snidely Whiplash") in the [Dudley Do\-Right](/wiki/Dudley_Do-Right "Dudley Do-Right") segments of *[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show](/wiki/The_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_Show "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show")*, and Professor Waldo P. Wigglesworth on *Hoppity Hooper*.
Ward and Scott also cast him as the live\-action host of *[Fractured Flickers](/wiki/Fractured_Flickers "Fractured Flickers")*, a wildly satirical, tongue\-in\-cheek redub of silent movies. During that show he had a tightly scripted segment where he absurdly interviewed guest stars and celebrities, while usually mistaking their identities, misunderstanding answers, taking umbrage or getting into mock disagreements.
He also voiced [Wally Walrus](/wiki/Wally_Walrus "Wally Walrus") on *[The Woody Woodpecker Show](/wiki/The_Woody_Woodpecker_Show "The Woody Woodpecker Show")* and Dr. Dred on *[Drak Pack](/wiki/Drak_Pack "Drak Pack")*. According to the DVD commentary of *[Futurama](/wiki/Futurama "Futurama")*, he was the inspiration for the voice created for Robot Devil.
|
[
"Cartoons\n--------",
"Conried's colorful voice gained him much work in animated cartoons, such as [Disney](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company \"The Walt Disney Company\") and [Jay Ward](/wiki/Jay_Ward \"Jay Ward\"). His prominent work for Disney was in [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\")'s *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan_%281953_film%29 \"Peter Pan (1953 film)\")* as both [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook \"Captain Hook\") and Mr. Darling (following the tradition of having both characters portrayed by the same actor). He then went on to pose live\\-action reference and audition for [Aurora](/wiki/Aurora_%28Sleeping_Beauty%29 \"Aurora (Sleeping Beauty)\")'s father, [King Stefan](/wiki/List_of_Disney%27s_Sleeping_Beauty_characters%23King_Stefan \"List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters#King Stefan\"), in another Disney animated film, *[Sleeping Beauty](/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%281959_film%29 \"Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)\")*, but the voice role of Stefan was officially taken by [Taylor Holmes](/wiki/Taylor_Holmes \"Taylor Holmes\") for the film's final cut. Nevertheless, Conried hosted several episodes of *[Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color](/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Wonderful_World_of_Color \"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color\")* as the [Magic Mirror](/wiki/Magic_Mirror_%28Snow_White%29 \"Magic Mirror (Snow White)\") from *[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs](/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_%281937_film%29 \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)\")*.",
"He supplied the storybook narration for [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\")'s *[Johann Mouse](/wiki/Johann_Mouse \"Johann Mouse\")*, the 1952 [Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film \"Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film\"), the seventh and last Oscar given to a *Tom and Jerry* short.",
"Conried also became a charter member of the [Jay Ward](/wiki/Jay_Ward \"Jay Ward\")\\-[Bill Scott](/wiki/Bill_Scott_%28voice_actor%29 \"Bill Scott (voice actor)\") stock company. He voiced the character of [Snidely Whiplash](/wiki/Snidely_Whiplash \"Snidely Whiplash\") in the [Dudley Do\\-Right](/wiki/Dudley_Do-Right \"Dudley Do-Right\") segments of *[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show](/wiki/The_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_Show \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\")*, and Professor Waldo P. Wigglesworth on *Hoppity Hooper*.",
"Ward and Scott also cast him as the live\\-action host of *[Fractured Flickers](/wiki/Fractured_Flickers \"Fractured Flickers\")*, a wildly satirical, tongue\\-in\\-cheek redub of silent movies. During that show he had a tightly scripted segment where he absurdly interviewed guest stars and celebrities, while usually mistaking their identities, misunderstanding answers, taking umbrage or getting into mock disagreements.",
"He also voiced [Wally Walrus](/wiki/Wally_Walrus \"Wally Walrus\") on *[The Woody Woodpecker Show](/wiki/The_Woody_Woodpecker_Show \"The Woody Woodpecker Show\")* and Dr. Dred on *[Drak Pack](/wiki/Drak_Pack \"Drak Pack\")*. According to the DVD commentary of *[Futurama](/wiki/Futurama \"Futurama\")*, he was the inspiration for the voice created for Robot Devil.",
""
] |
Membership
----------
### Sortition
The 150 members of the Citizens' Assembly on Climate were chosen randomly using [sortition](/wiki/Sortition "Sortition") in order to produce a representative sample of the French population. Initially, the organizers randomly selected 250,000 phone numbers. They then texted each selected number to request permission to call about the convention. If granted permission, they called to collect demographic information. Next, [quota sampling](/wiki/Quota_sampling "Quota sampling"), a statistical technique used to create a sample with specified demographic composition, was applied using the data collected from the phone calls in order to ensure a representative sample of the population across six demographic lines: gender, age, socio\-economic status, education level, location (urban vs rural), and region. Notably, race and religion were not factors in the decision as the French government is barred from asking citizens to disclose their race or religion.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-01\-15\|title\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat: What can we learn from the French Citizens' Assembly on climate change?\|url\=https://www.involve.org.uk/resources/blog/opinion/convention\-citoyenne\-pour\-le\-climat\-what\-can\-we\-learn\-french\-citizens\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-08\|website\=involve.org.uk\|language\=en}} From this process, 190 citizens were selected, with 40 of them serving as substitutes.
The use of [quota sampling](/wiki/Quota_sampling "Quota sampling") to ensure proportionality is not uniform across citizens' assemblies. For example, the [British Columbia Citizens' Assembly](/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_on_Electoral_Reform_%28British_Columbia%29 "Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (British Columbia)") only adjusted for sex and geographic district. Ensuring representation across other demographics was left to the discretion of the assembly's chair, who added two indigenous Canadians to ensure their representation. In recent years, citizens assemblies have ensured representation across more demographics. For example, the [Climate Assembly of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Climate_Assembly_of_the_United_Kingdom "Climate Assembly of the United Kingdom") (CAUK) employed seven demographic criteria{{Cite web\|last\=Wilson\|first\=Claire Mellier, Rich\|title\=Getting Climate Citizens' Assemblies Right\|url\=https://carnegieeurope.eu/2020/11/05/getting\-climate\-citizens\-assemblies\-right\-pub\-83133\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-03\|website\=Carnegie Europe\|language\=en}} while the [Irish Citizens' Assembly](/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_%28Ireland%29 "Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)") used four.{{Cite news\|last\=Leahy\|first\=Pat\|title\=Who exactly are the citizens in the Citizens' Assembly?\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/who\-exactly\-are\-the\-citizens\-in\-the\-citizens\-assembly\-1\.3059708\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-03\|newspaper\=The Irish Times\|language\=en}}
Researchers have examined the sample of the population beyond the initial six categories covered by the quota sampling. There were many similarities between the French population and the members of the convention, notably among most cultural values, satisfaction with the media, satisfaction with life, and the desire for a high standard of living. There were also some key differences. The members of the convention were generally more trusting of others and more confident in citizens' abilities to deliberate. They were more in favor of redistribution and associative action, but also stronger believers in diligence and hard work. They placed a lower value on individual expression and a stronger value on obedience while valuing the development of critical thinking more than discipline. Regarding the environment, they were more likely than the general public to say that climate change is principally caused by humans, but the general public was more likely to say that it was entirely caused by humans. The members were also more likely to value environmental protections and believe that environmental degradation was caused by climate change, but they were more likely to believe that there was a chance to limit it. Members of the convention were more supportive of action against climate change and saw lobbies as the biggest threat against future action.
### Demographics
The sortition and quota sampling produced the following demographic breakdown. The composition refers to the demographic breakdown reported at the start of the assembly, while the participants include the 159 and 160 people who participated in sessions 1 and 7, respectively, regardless of whether or not they were one of the 150 citizens selected. As a result, it includes the experts who advised on each session. The French population refers to the official demographic breakdown of the entire French population.
| \+Gender Breakdown | Gender | Composition of Convention{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-10\-01\|title\=Les 150 membres à la loupe\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/2019/10/01/les\-150\-citoyens\-nes\-a\-la\-loupe/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-08\|website\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat\|language\=fr\-FR}} | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Female | 51% | 49\.1% | 48\.1% | 47\.8% |
| Male | 49% | 50\.9% | 51\.9 | 52\.2% |
| \+Age Breakdown | Age Range | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16\-17 | 3% | 3\.1% | 4\.4% | 3\.0% |
| 18\-24 | 11% | 9\.4% | 8\.8% | 10\.6% |
| 25\-34 | 14% | 16\.4% | 15\.0% | 15\.3% |
| 35\-39 | 24% | 21\.4% | 21\.9% | 25\.3% |
| 50\-64 | 28% | 30\.2% | 31\.9% | 24\.1% |
| 65\+ | 18% | 19\.5% | 18\.1% | 21\.8% |
| \+Socio\-Economic Breakdown | Socio\-Economic Group | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Farmers | 1% | 1\.3% | 0\.6% | 0\.9% |
| Artisans | 4% | 3\.8% | 4\.4% | 3\.5% |
| Executives and Managers | 9% | 13\.8% | 13\.8% | 9\.2% |
| Technicians and Professional Employees | 16% | 17\.0% | 15\.0% | 14\.3% |
| Clerks and Skilled Employees | 16% | 12\.6% | 14\.4% | 16\.8% |
| Industrial Employees | 10% | 8\.2% | 9\.4% | 13\.3% |
| Retired | 27% | 27\.0% | 26\.3% | 27\.2% |
| Unemployed | 18% | 16\.4% | 16\.3% | 14\.9% |
| \+Educational Breakdown | Highest Level of Education | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No Diploma | 26% | 23\.9% | 25\.0% | 27\.6% |
| Pre\-Baccalaureat | 21% | 17\.0% | 18\.8% | 22\.0% |
| Baccalaureat | 19% | 18\.9% | 17\.5% | 15\.1% |
| Greater than Baccalaureat | 21% | 28\.3% | 26\.3% | 25\.9% |
| Current Student | 13% | 12\.0% | 12\.5% | 9\.4% |
| \+Location Breakdown | Location Type | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Urban | 62% | 61\.0% | 62\.5% | 59\.0% |
| Suburban | 23% | 21\.4% | 18\.8% | 24\.0% |
| Rural | 15% | 13\.8% | 15\.6% | 17\.0% |
| Other | 13% | 3\.8% | 3\.1% | \<1% |
| \+Regional Breakdown | Region | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Auvergne\-Rhône\-Alpes | 11% | 10\.1% | 12\.5% | 11\.8% |
| Bourgogne\-Franche\-Comté | 2% | 1\.3% | 1\.3% | 4\.4% |
| Bretagne | 5% | 5\.0% | 5\.0% | 5\.0% |
| Centre\-Val de Loire | 5% | 4\.4% | 3\.8% | 3\.9% |
| Corse | 1% | 0\.6% | 0\.6% | 0\.5% |
| Grand Est | 7% | 6\.3% | 7\.5% | 8\.6% |
| Hauts\-de\-France | 9% | 12\.0% | 11\.9% | 9\.0% |
| Île\-de\-France | 20% | 25\.2% | 23\.1% | 17\.9% |
| Normandie | 3% | 2\.5% | 1\.3% | 5\.1% |
| Nouvelle\-Aquitaine | 9% | 8\.2% | 8\.8% | 9\.1% |
| Occitanie | 8% | 7\.6% | 7\.6% | 8\.8% |
| Pays de la Loire | 6% | 5\.7% | 5\.7% | 5\.5% |
| Provence\-Alpes\-Côte d'Azur | 9% | 7\.6% | 7\.6% | 7\.7% |
| Guadeloupe | 1% | 1\.3% | 1\.3% | 0\.6% |
| Martinique | 1% | 0\.6% | 0\.6% | 0\.6% |
| Guyane | 1% | 0\.6% | 0\.6% | 0\.3% |
| La Réunion | 1% | 1\.3% | 1\.3% | 1\.2% |
### Thematic groups
On Sunday, October 6, 2019, the members of the Convention were divided into five thematic groups reflecting each of the policy areas they hoped the convention would address. These five groups were entitled, with their original French names in parentheses: Food and Agriculture (Se Nourrir), Housing (Se Loger), Employment and Industry (Travailler et Produire), Transportation (Se Déplacer), and Lifestyle and Consumption (Consommer).
### Governance committee
A Governance Committee, tasked with ensuring the efficiency and functionality of the convention, was established prior to selecting the members of the convention. It was organized by the Economic Social and Environmental Council (CESE). The committee was entirely independent from the government, and was tasked with advocating for the protection of the will of the convention and its independence from outside threats. It was composed of:
Two Co\-Presidents:
* Thierry Pech, Director General of [Terra Nova](/wiki/Terra_Nova_%28think_tank%29 "Terra Nova (think tank)")
* [Laurence Tubiana](/wiki/Laurence_Tubiana "Laurence Tubiana"), President of the [European Climate Foundation](/wiki/European_Climate_Foundation "European Climate Foundation") and negotiator of the [Paris Climate Accords](/wiki/Paris_Agreement "Paris Agreement")
Rapporteur General:
* Julien Blanchet, Vice\-President of the CESE
Climate Experts:
* [Jean Jouzel](/wiki/Jean_Jouzel "Jean Jouzel"), climatologist, member of the French Academy of Sciences and advisor of the CESE
* Anne–Marie Ducroux, President of the CESE Environmental Department
* Michel Colombier, Co\-Founder and Scientific Director of the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations
Participative Democracy Experts:
* Mathilde Imer, Co\-President of the Open Democracy (Démocratie Ouverte) Organization and Yellow Vest activist
* Loïc Blondiaux, Professor of Political Science at [Panthéon Sorbonne](/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne "Panthéon-Sorbonne"){{Cite web\|title\=Université Paris 1 Panthéon\-Sorbonne: Blondiaux Loïc\|url\=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/unites\-de\-recherche/crps/membres/chercheurs\-et\-enseignants\-chercheurs\-titulaires/blondiaux\-loic/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-08\|website\=www.pantheonsorbonne.fr\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923164406/https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/unites\-de\-recherche/crps/membres/chercheurs\-et\-enseignants\-chercheurs\-titulaires/blondiaux\-loic/\|url\-status\=dead}}
* Jean\-Michel Fourniau, Professor at Université Gustave Eiffel, Research Director at the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks and President of "Democracy and Participation" a research interest group
Social and Economic Experts:
* Jean Grosset, Financial Administrator of the CESE and Director of the Observatory of Social Dialogue at the Jean Jaurès Foundation
* Dominique Gillier, Vice\-President of the CESE
* Marie\-Claire Martel, President of the Coordination of Federations and Associations of Culture (COFAC) and advisor of the CESE
* Catherine Tissot\-Colle, Communication and Sustainable Development Director of [Eramet](/wiki/Eramet "Eramet") and advisor of the CESE
Two members of the Ministry of the Ecological and Inclusive Transition:
* Léo Cohen, Former Advisor to the Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition
* Ophélie Risler, Chief of the "Fight against the Greenhouse Effect" Department, Director of Energy and Climate in the Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition.
### Guarantor college
The guarantor college ensured the convention's independence. It was composed of three individuals named by the CESE's president, the president of the Senate, and the president of the National Assembly.
* [Cyril Dion](/wiki/Cyril_Dion "Cyril Dion"), co\-founder of the Colibris movement and co\-director of the documentary "[Tomorrow](/wiki/Tomorrow_%282015_film%29 "Tomorrow (2015 film)") (Demain)"
* Anne Frago, director of the Culture and social Questions service of the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 "National Assembly (France)")
* Michèle Khadi, honorary director\-general of the services of [Senate](/wiki/Senate_%28France%29 "Senate (France)"){{Cite news\|last\=Pennetier\|first\=Marine\|date\=25 July 2019\|title\=Cyril Dion garant de la convention citoyenne sur le climat\|work\=\[\[Boursorama]]\|url\=https://www.boursorama.com/actualite\-economique/actualites/cyril\-dion\-garant\-de\-la\-convention\-citoyenne\-sur\-le\-climat\-346178cdbc6d8d8224cd23a451749155\|access\-date\=11 September 2019}}
|
[
"Membership\n----------",
"### Sortition",
"The 150 members of the Citizens' Assembly on Climate were chosen randomly using [sortition](/wiki/Sortition \"Sortition\") in order to produce a representative sample of the French population. Initially, the organizers randomly selected 250,000 phone numbers. They then texted each selected number to request permission to call about the convention. If granted permission, they called to collect demographic information. Next, [quota sampling](/wiki/Quota_sampling \"Quota sampling\"), a statistical technique used to create a sample with specified demographic composition, was applied using the data collected from the phone calls in order to ensure a representative sample of the population across six demographic lines: gender, age, socio\\-economic status, education level, location (urban vs rural), and region. Notably, race and religion were not factors in the decision as the French government is barred from asking citizens to disclose their race or religion.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-15\\|title\\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat: What can we learn from the French Citizens' Assembly on climate change?\\|url\\=https://www.involve.org.uk/resources/blog/opinion/convention\\-citoyenne\\-pour\\-le\\-climat\\-what\\-can\\-we\\-learn\\-french\\-citizens\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-08\\|website\\=involve.org.uk\\|language\\=en}} From this process, 190 citizens were selected, with 40 of them serving as substitutes.",
"The use of [quota sampling](/wiki/Quota_sampling \"Quota sampling\") to ensure proportionality is not uniform across citizens' assemblies. For example, the [British Columbia Citizens' Assembly](/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_on_Electoral_Reform_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (British Columbia)\") only adjusted for sex and geographic district. Ensuring representation across other demographics was left to the discretion of the assembly's chair, who added two indigenous Canadians to ensure their representation. In recent years, citizens assemblies have ensured representation across more demographics. For example, the [Climate Assembly of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Climate_Assembly_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Climate Assembly of the United Kingdom\") (CAUK) employed seven demographic criteria{{Cite web\\|last\\=Wilson\\|first\\=Claire Mellier, Rich\\|title\\=Getting Climate Citizens' Assemblies Right\\|url\\=https://carnegieeurope.eu/2020/11/05/getting\\-climate\\-citizens\\-assemblies\\-right\\-pub\\-83133\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-03\\|website\\=Carnegie Europe\\|language\\=en}} while the [Irish Citizens' Assembly](/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_%28Ireland%29 \"Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)\") used four.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Leahy\\|first\\=Pat\\|title\\=Who exactly are the citizens in the Citizens' Assembly?\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/who\\-exactly\\-are\\-the\\-citizens\\-in\\-the\\-citizens\\-assembly\\-1\\.3059708\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-03\\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times\\|language\\=en}}",
"Researchers have examined the sample of the population beyond the initial six categories covered by the quota sampling. There were many similarities between the French population and the members of the convention, notably among most cultural values, satisfaction with the media, satisfaction with life, and the desire for a high standard of living. There were also some key differences. The members of the convention were generally more trusting of others and more confident in citizens' abilities to deliberate. They were more in favor of redistribution and associative action, but also stronger believers in diligence and hard work. They placed a lower value on individual expression and a stronger value on obedience while valuing the development of critical thinking more than discipline. Regarding the environment, they were more likely than the general public to say that climate change is principally caused by humans, but the general public was more likely to say that it was entirely caused by humans. The members were also more likely to value environmental protections and believe that environmental degradation was caused by climate change, but they were more likely to believe that there was a chance to limit it. Members of the convention were more supportive of action against climate change and saw lobbies as the biggest threat against future action.",
"### Demographics",
"The sortition and quota sampling produced the following demographic breakdown. The composition refers to the demographic breakdown reported at the start of the assembly, while the participants include the 159 and 160 people who participated in sessions 1 and 7, respectively, regardless of whether or not they were one of the 150 citizens selected. As a result, it includes the experts who advised on each session. The French population refers to the official demographic breakdown of the entire French population.",
"| \\+Gender Breakdown | Gender | Composition of Convention{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-01\\|title\\=Les 150 membres à la loupe\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/2019/10/01/les\\-150\\-citoyens\\-nes\\-a\\-la\\-loupe/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-08\\|website\\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat\\|language\\=fr\\-FR}} | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Female | 51% | 49\\.1% | 48\\.1% | 47\\.8% |\n| Male | 49% | 50\\.9% | 51\\.9 | 52\\.2% |",
"",
"| \\+Age Breakdown | Age Range | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 16\\-17 | 3% | 3\\.1% | 4\\.4% | 3\\.0% |\n| 18\\-24 | 11% | 9\\.4% | 8\\.8% | 10\\.6% |\n| 25\\-34 | 14% | 16\\.4% | 15\\.0% | 15\\.3% |\n| 35\\-39 | 24% | 21\\.4% | 21\\.9% | 25\\.3% |\n| 50\\-64 | 28% | 30\\.2% | 31\\.9% | 24\\.1% |\n| 65\\+ | 18% | 19\\.5% | 18\\.1% | 21\\.8% |",
"",
"| \\+Socio\\-Economic Breakdown | Socio\\-Economic Group | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Farmers | 1% | 1\\.3% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.9% |\n| Artisans | 4% | 3\\.8% | 4\\.4% | 3\\.5% |\n| Executives and Managers | 9% | 13\\.8% | 13\\.8% | 9\\.2% |\n| Technicians and Professional Employees | 16% | 17\\.0% | 15\\.0% | 14\\.3% |\n| Clerks and Skilled Employees | 16% | 12\\.6% | 14\\.4% | 16\\.8% |\n| Industrial Employees | 10% | 8\\.2% | 9\\.4% | 13\\.3% |\n| Retired | 27% | 27\\.0% | 26\\.3% | 27\\.2% |\n| Unemployed | 18% | 16\\.4% | 16\\.3% | 14\\.9% |",
"",
"| \\+Educational Breakdown | Highest Level of Education | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| No Diploma | 26% | 23\\.9% | 25\\.0% | 27\\.6% |\n| Pre\\-Baccalaureat | 21% | 17\\.0% | 18\\.8% | 22\\.0% |\n| Baccalaureat | 19% | 18\\.9% | 17\\.5% | 15\\.1% |\n| Greater than Baccalaureat | 21% | 28\\.3% | 26\\.3% | 25\\.9% |\n| Current Student | 13% | 12\\.0% | 12\\.5% | 9\\.4% |",
"",
"| \\+Location Breakdown | Location Type | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Urban | 62% | 61\\.0% | 62\\.5% | 59\\.0% |\n| Suburban | 23% | 21\\.4% | 18\\.8% | 24\\.0% |\n| Rural | 15% | 13\\.8% | 15\\.6% | 17\\.0% |\n| Other | 13% | 3\\.8% | 3\\.1% | \\<1% |",
"",
"| \\+Regional Breakdown | Region | Composition of Convention | Participants of Session 1 | Participants of Session 7 | French Population |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Auvergne\\-Rhône\\-Alpes | 11% | 10\\.1% | 12\\.5% | 11\\.8% |\n| Bourgogne\\-Franche\\-Comté | 2% | 1\\.3% | 1\\.3% | 4\\.4% |\n| Bretagne | 5% | 5\\.0% | 5\\.0% | 5\\.0% |\n| Centre\\-Val de Loire | 5% | 4\\.4% | 3\\.8% | 3\\.9% |\n| Corse | 1% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.5% |\n| Grand Est | 7% | 6\\.3% | 7\\.5% | 8\\.6% |\n| Hauts\\-de\\-France | 9% | 12\\.0% | 11\\.9% | 9\\.0% |\n| Île\\-de\\-France | 20% | 25\\.2% | 23\\.1% | 17\\.9% |\n| Normandie | 3% | 2\\.5% | 1\\.3% | 5\\.1% |\n| Nouvelle\\-Aquitaine | 9% | 8\\.2% | 8\\.8% | 9\\.1% |\n| Occitanie | 8% | 7\\.6% | 7\\.6% | 8\\.8% |\n| Pays de la Loire | 6% | 5\\.7% | 5\\.7% | 5\\.5% |\n| Provence\\-Alpes\\-Côte d'Azur | 9% | 7\\.6% | 7\\.6% | 7\\.7% |\n| Guadeloupe | 1% | 1\\.3% | 1\\.3% | 0\\.6% |\n| Martinique | 1% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.6% |\n| Guyane | 1% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.6% | 0\\.3% |\n| La Réunion | 1% | 1\\.3% | 1\\.3% | 1\\.2% |",
"",
"### Thematic groups",
"On Sunday, October 6, 2019, the members of the Convention were divided into five thematic groups reflecting each of the policy areas they hoped the convention would address. These five groups were entitled, with their original French names in parentheses: Food and Agriculture (Se Nourrir), Housing (Se Loger), Employment and Industry (Travailler et Produire), Transportation (Se Déplacer), and Lifestyle and Consumption (Consommer).",
"### Governance committee",
"A Governance Committee, tasked with ensuring the efficiency and functionality of the convention, was established prior to selecting the members of the convention. It was organized by the Economic Social and Environmental Council (CESE). The committee was entirely independent from the government, and was tasked with advocating for the protection of the will of the convention and its independence from outside threats. It was composed of:",
"Two Co\\-Presidents:",
"* Thierry Pech, Director General of [Terra Nova](/wiki/Terra_Nova_%28think_tank%29 \"Terra Nova (think tank)\")\n* [Laurence Tubiana](/wiki/Laurence_Tubiana \"Laurence Tubiana\"), President of the [European Climate Foundation](/wiki/European_Climate_Foundation \"European Climate Foundation\") and negotiator of the [Paris Climate Accords](/wiki/Paris_Agreement \"Paris Agreement\")",
"Rapporteur General:",
"* Julien Blanchet, Vice\\-President of the CESE",
"Climate Experts:",
"* [Jean Jouzel](/wiki/Jean_Jouzel \"Jean Jouzel\"), climatologist, member of the French Academy of Sciences and advisor of the CESE\n* Anne–Marie Ducroux, President of the CESE Environmental Department\n* Michel Colombier, Co\\-Founder and Scientific Director of the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations",
"Participative Democracy Experts:",
"* Mathilde Imer, Co\\-President of the Open Democracy (Démocratie Ouverte) Organization and Yellow Vest activist\n* Loïc Blondiaux, Professor of Political Science at [Panthéon Sorbonne](/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne \"Panthéon-Sorbonne\"){{Cite web\\|title\\=Université Paris 1 Panthéon\\-Sorbonne: Blondiaux Loïc\\|url\\=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/unites\\-de\\-recherche/crps/membres/chercheurs\\-et\\-enseignants\\-chercheurs\\-titulaires/blondiaux\\-loic/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-08\\|website\\=www.pantheonsorbonne.fr\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923164406/https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/unites\\-de\\-recherche/crps/membres/chercheurs\\-et\\-enseignants\\-chercheurs\\-titulaires/blondiaux\\-loic/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Jean\\-Michel Fourniau, Professor at Université Gustave Eiffel, Research Director at the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks and President of \"Democracy and Participation\" a research interest group",
"Social and Economic Experts:",
"* Jean Grosset, Financial Administrator of the CESE and Director of the Observatory of Social Dialogue at the Jean Jaurès Foundation\n* Dominique Gillier, Vice\\-President of the CESE\n* Marie\\-Claire Martel, President of the Coordination of Federations and Associations of Culture (COFAC) and advisor of the CESE\n* Catherine Tissot\\-Colle, Communication and Sustainable Development Director of [Eramet](/wiki/Eramet \"Eramet\") and advisor of the CESE",
"Two members of the Ministry of the Ecological and Inclusive Transition:",
"* Léo Cohen, Former Advisor to the Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition\n* Ophélie Risler, Chief of the \"Fight against the Greenhouse Effect\" Department, Director of Energy and Climate in the Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition.",
"### Guarantor college",
"The guarantor college ensured the convention's independence. It was composed of three individuals named by the CESE's president, the president of the Senate, and the president of the National Assembly.",
"* [Cyril Dion](/wiki/Cyril_Dion \"Cyril Dion\"), co\\-founder of the Colibris movement and co\\-director of the documentary \"[Tomorrow](/wiki/Tomorrow_%282015_film%29 \"Tomorrow (2015 film)\") (Demain)\"\n* Anne Frago, director of the Culture and social Questions service of the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\")\n* Michèle Khadi, honorary director\\-general of the services of [Senate](/wiki/Senate_%28France%29 \"Senate (France)\"){{Cite news\\|last\\=Pennetier\\|first\\=Marine\\|date\\=25 July 2019\\|title\\=Cyril Dion garant de la convention citoyenne sur le climat\\|work\\=\\[\\[Boursorama]]\\|url\\=https://www.boursorama.com/actualite\\-economique/actualites/cyril\\-dion\\-garant\\-de\\-la\\-convention\\-citoyenne\\-sur\\-le\\-climat\\-346178cdbc6d8d8224cd23a451749155\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2019}}"
] |
Activity
--------
The convention was planned to consist of six two and a half day sessions, spanning October 2019 to February 2020 taking place every third week. Ultimately, the convention consisted of seven sessions, beginning on\-schedule in October 2019, but ending in June 2020\. The fourth session was initially delayed by the [2019\-2020 Pension Reform Strike](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_French_pension_reform_strike "2019–2020 French pension reform strike"), which closed public transportation. Because of this delay, a seventh session was added at the request of the committee. It was then delayed again due to [lockdowns](/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") for [COVID\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") which began following the sixth session. The committee held two virtual sessions during lockdowns, before completing the seventh session in June 2020\.
The official dates are as follows:
* First session: October 4–6, 2019
* Second session: October 25–27, 2019
* Third session: November 15–17, 2019
* Fourth session: January 10–12, 2020
* Fifth session: February 7–9, 2020
* Sixth session: March 6–8, 2020
* Seventh session: June 19–21, 2020
There was an unofficial eighth session held from February 26 to February 28, 2021\.
### First session
The first meeting of the convention took place from Saturday October 5 to Sunday October 7, 2019\.{{Cite web\|date\=6 March 2019\|title\=Programme\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2019/10/Programme\-des\-4\-5\-et\-6\-octobre.pdf\|access\-date\=7 March 2021\|website\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat}} The session was primarily focused on defining and clarifying the mission of the assembly. First, the assembly spoke with paleoclimatologist Valérie Masson\-Delmonte and Director General of the Institute for Climate Economics Benoit Leguet, then the governance committee presented and took questions. At the end of the session, the convention defined five thematic areas for individual groups to focus on: housing, labor and production, transportation, food, and consumption.
The group also held meetings with important government officials, such as Prime Minister Édouard Philippe, Minister of the Ecological and Inclusive Transition [Élisabeth Borne](/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne "Élisabeth Borne"), and Member of the State Council Delphine Hédary. It featured speeches from Vice President of the Economic, Social, and Environmental Council Michel Badré, research director emeritus of the National Center for Scientific Research Patrick Criqui, Energy Transition Manager for the Augustin de Romanet Climate Action Network Anne Bringault, legal lecturer Marine Fleury, and Secretary General of the French Democratic Confederation of Labor Laurent Berger, who spoke primarily on issues relating to political difficulties of climate action.
### Second session
The second session of the convention, held from Friday October 25 to Sunday October 27, 2019, was characterized by a number of hearings focusing on the biggest questions that the convention hoped to answer.{{Cite web\|title\=Programme des séances de travail publiques Session 2 \- 25, 26 et 27 octobre 2019\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2019/10/Programme\-session\-2\-Convention\-Citoyenne\-climat.pdf\|website\=Convention Citoyenne Pour le Climat}} After summarizing their progress from the first session, the members debated greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets and how to achieve them. Much of the work during this session was held in the 5 working groups established in the first session. These groups debated individually, but convened at the end of each session to synthesize. On Saturday, the groups discussed potential political barriers to their proposals individually, before discussing each individual group's findings as an assembly. On Sunday, they followed a similar process to discuss the work of social justice organizations.
At the end of the session, convention members had the opportunity to convey key messages to the public about their work as a convention.{{Cite web\|title\=Messages\-clés de la Convention citoyenne pour le climat Session 2\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2019/10/Messages\-clés\-session\-2\.pdf\|website\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat}} Many called for increased visibility and awareness, along with greater citizens' participation. Others commented on the unique nature of the convention, with most expressing support for its deliberative nature. Some at this point did worry that given the scale of the problems they would not have time to finish a proposal that they would be satisfied with. Several members also made statements in favor of social justice.
### Third session
The third session met from November 15 to November 17, 2019, and was primarily spent either interviewing experts or meeting with the working groups.{{Cite web\|title\=Programme\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2019/11/Programme\-session3\.pdf\|access\-date\=29 March 2021}} In total, over 60 experts spoke with the convention over the course of the weekend. Many of these meetings were contained in one working group, with each working group meeting a collection of experts simultaneously, but journalist and environmental activist Nicolas Hulot, at the request of the members, spoke individually to the whole group to describe his vision of the convention. The entire convention also heard from the team of impact assessors. Additionally, they did a "speed dating" event, where members of the convention spoke to a number of experts on the best ways to achieve the [emissions target](/wiki/Emissions_target "Emissions target") and debriefed with their working groups.
### Fourth session
The fourth session was delayed from its initially scheduled time of December 6 through December 8, 2019, to January 10 through January 12, 2020, by a [pension strike](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_French_pension_reform_strike "2019–2020 French pension reform strike"), which closed mass transportation. After the third session focused on formulating initial assessments of their work, the fourth session focused on identifying disagreements, sorting proposals, and beginning to write reports.{{Cite web\|title\=Programme\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2020/01/012020\-CCC\-programme\-session4\-1\.pdf\|access\-date\=17 March 2021}} Each day of the convention opened with over three hours of work within each of the thematic groups, accompanied with parallel meetings of "the squad", which was supposed to resolve differences between proposals of different committees but was disbanded after this session. At the end of the session, the committee members began writing the final proposal based on the recommendations of the working groups.
[President Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron"), upon invitation, gave a short speech and met each member of the convention, telling them "You took a risk in being here, but we must have this debate at the heart of society."{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-01\-10\|title\=Citizens' assembly ready to help Macron set French climate policies\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/10/citizens\-panels\-ready\-help\-macron\-french\-climate\-policies\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-17\|website\=the Guardian\|language\=en}} When asked by a sixteen year old member of the convention whether he thought the future of democracy was more deliberative like the convention, he responded "At the same time that we invent deliberative democracy, we need to restore representative democracy."
### Fifth session
Convention members focused on finalizing their proposals during the fifth session which ran from Friday, February 7 to Saturday, February 9, 2020\. As was the case with the fourth session, much of the time in the convention centered around working in thematic groups. The first day of the session was nearly entirely group work, only punctuated with a presentation and discussion about the objectives of the fifth session and an overview of the proposals that each working group was finalizing. At the end of the day on Friday and the beginning of the day on Saturday, the working groups finalized their proposals and created a presentation that they would give to the entire convention.{{Cite web\|title\=Programme\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2020/02/022020\-CCC\-programme\-session5\.pdf\|access\-date\=22 March 2021}}
After finalizing the proposals and creating the presentations, the committee questioned experts on the specific proposals of each working group. The convention then split into groups which they called "îlots" (small islands), composed of members of each working group. In the îlots, members debated and improved upon the proposals of each working group. The committee also debated whether they wanted to consider amending the constitution prior to working in îlots and volunteering members made a final judgement at the end of the Saturday session, which they presented to the group on Sunday.
On Sunday, the members finalized their work in the session by deciding what their messages to the French government and French public should be. They also discussed financing their proposals, using advice provided in a video by economists Agnès Benassy\-Queré and Christian Chavagneux.
### Sixth session
The sixth session was held from March 6 to March 8, 2020\. The members began in their working groups before reconvening the îlots to help the members understand the proposals of each working group.{{Cite web\|title\=PROGRAMME\|url\=https://hal\-enpc.archives\-ouvertes.fr/hal\-03119539/document\|access\-date\=29 March 2021}} They then discussed a number of issues including legislative, regulatory, and referendum\-based implementation methods, constitutional amendments, and financing. They also read an official statement to be delivered to the French public.
Each working group also gave a presentation about their proposals then took questions and discussed the work of the group as a whole. Then they presented and discussed each individual "family of objectives" within each working group's domain. This process began Friday night with the consumption group, continued throughout the day with the transportation, food, and housing group on Saturday, and finished with the employment and industry group on Sunday. After completing the presentations, the group created the final report and selected by lot members to serve on the editorial board. They then finalized the official statement.
### Seventh session
The seventh session was delayed due to lockdowns from [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and was ultimately held from June 19 to June 21, 2020, and was devoted to voting on the proposals of each working group. On Friday, the members debated and voted on the proposals of the transportation group, followed by a debate on the proposals of the consumption, production, and housing group.{{Cite web\|title\=Programme\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2020/06/Programme\-session\-7\.pdf\|access\-date\=March 22, 2021}} On Saturday morning, the convention debated and voted on the food group's proposal. After agreeing to 149 provisions, the committee voted and debated on finance.
The convention also considered whether to send their work to a referendum or submit it directly to parliament. After debating and completing a tentative vote on Saturday, the convention ultimately decided to bypass the referendum on Sunday. The convention ended with the submission of the final report, after several sessions of review, to Emmanuel Macron.
### Eighth session
From February 26 to February 28, 2021, the members of the convention reconvened for a special eighth session to evaluate how well parliament had carried out their proposals. Those in attendance voted on how they viewed the government's handling of each of the provisions that they passed, giving a rating from 1 to 10 for each. They also answered whether they thought the convention as a whole would achieve its goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 by 2030 in a spirit of social justice and whether they thought that they had a significant impact on the climate debate. They also evaluated their impact on the democratic process as a whole. Following the session, the facilitation team from the convention wrote a report on the day.{{Cite web\|date\=2 March 2021\|title\=Avis de la Convention Citoyenne Pour le Climat\|url\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\-content/uploads/2021/03/CCC\-rapport\_Session8\_GR\-1\.pdf\|access\-date\=27 April 2021}}
|
[
"Activity\n--------",
"The convention was planned to consist of six two and a half day sessions, spanning October 2019 to February 2020 taking place every third week. Ultimately, the convention consisted of seven sessions, beginning on\\-schedule in October 2019, but ending in June 2020\\. The fourth session was initially delayed by the [2019\\-2020 Pension Reform Strike](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_French_pension_reform_strike \"2019–2020 French pension reform strike\"), which closed public transportation. Because of this delay, a seventh session was added at the request of the committee. It was then delayed again due to [lockdowns](/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns \"COVID-19 lockdowns\") for [COVID\\-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 \"Coronavirus disease 2019\") which began following the sixth session. The committee held two virtual sessions during lockdowns, before completing the seventh session in June 2020\\.",
"The official dates are as follows:",
"* First session: October 4–6, 2019\n* Second session: October 25–27, 2019\n* Third session: November 15–17, 2019\n* Fourth session: January 10–12, 2020\n* Fifth session: February 7–9, 2020\n* Sixth session: March 6–8, 2020\n* Seventh session: June 19–21, 2020\nThere was an unofficial eighth session held from February 26 to February 28, 2021\\.",
"### First session",
"The first meeting of the convention took place from Saturday October 5 to Sunday October 7, 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=6 March 2019\\|title\\=Programme\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/10/Programme\\-des\\-4\\-5\\-et\\-6\\-octobre.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2021\\|website\\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat}} The session was primarily focused on defining and clarifying the mission of the assembly. First, the assembly spoke with paleoclimatologist Valérie Masson\\-Delmonte and Director General of the Institute for Climate Economics Benoit Leguet, then the governance committee presented and took questions. At the end of the session, the convention defined five thematic areas for individual groups to focus on: housing, labor and production, transportation, food, and consumption.",
"The group also held meetings with important government officials, such as Prime Minister Édouard Philippe, Minister of the Ecological and Inclusive Transition [Élisabeth Borne](/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne \"Élisabeth Borne\"), and Member of the State Council Delphine Hédary. It featured speeches from Vice President of the Economic, Social, and Environmental Council Michel Badré, research director emeritus of the National Center for Scientific Research Patrick Criqui, Energy Transition Manager for the Augustin de Romanet Climate Action Network Anne Bringault, legal lecturer Marine Fleury, and Secretary General of the French Democratic Confederation of Labor Laurent Berger, who spoke primarily on issues relating to political difficulties of climate action.",
"### Second session",
"The second session of the convention, held from Friday October 25 to Sunday October 27, 2019, was characterized by a number of hearings focusing on the biggest questions that the convention hoped to answer.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Programme des séances de travail publiques Session 2 \\- 25, 26 et 27 octobre 2019\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/10/Programme\\-session\\-2\\-Convention\\-Citoyenne\\-climat.pdf\\|website\\=Convention Citoyenne Pour le Climat}} After summarizing their progress from the first session, the members debated greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets and how to achieve them. Much of the work during this session was held in the 5 working groups established in the first session. These groups debated individually, but convened at the end of each session to synthesize. On Saturday, the groups discussed potential political barriers to their proposals individually, before discussing each individual group's findings as an assembly. On Sunday, they followed a similar process to discuss the work of social justice organizations.",
"At the end of the session, convention members had the opportunity to convey key messages to the public about their work as a convention.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Messages\\-clés de la Convention citoyenne pour le climat Session 2\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/10/Messages\\-clés\\-session\\-2\\.pdf\\|website\\=Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat}} Many called for increased visibility and awareness, along with greater citizens' participation. Others commented on the unique nature of the convention, with most expressing support for its deliberative nature. Some at this point did worry that given the scale of the problems they would not have time to finish a proposal that they would be satisfied with. Several members also made statements in favor of social justice.",
"### Third session",
"The third session met from November 15 to November 17, 2019, and was primarily spent either interviewing experts or meeting with the working groups.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Programme\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/11/Programme\\-session3\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2021}} In total, over 60 experts spoke with the convention over the course of the weekend. Many of these meetings were contained in one working group, with each working group meeting a collection of experts simultaneously, but journalist and environmental activist Nicolas Hulot, at the request of the members, spoke individually to the whole group to describe his vision of the convention. The entire convention also heard from the team of impact assessors. Additionally, they did a \"speed dating\" event, where members of the convention spoke to a number of experts on the best ways to achieve the [emissions target](/wiki/Emissions_target \"Emissions target\") and debriefed with their working groups.",
"### Fourth session",
"The fourth session was delayed from its initially scheduled time of December 6 through December 8, 2019, to January 10 through January 12, 2020, by a [pension strike](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_French_pension_reform_strike \"2019–2020 French pension reform strike\"), which closed mass transportation. After the third session focused on formulating initial assessments of their work, the fourth session focused on identifying disagreements, sorting proposals, and beginning to write reports.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Programme\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/01/012020\\-CCC\\-programme\\-session4\\-1\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2021}} Each day of the convention opened with over three hours of work within each of the thematic groups, accompanied with parallel meetings of \"the squad\", which was supposed to resolve differences between proposals of different committees but was disbanded after this session. At the end of the session, the committee members began writing the final proposal based on the recommendations of the working groups.",
"[President Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\"), upon invitation, gave a short speech and met each member of the convention, telling them \"You took a risk in being here, but we must have this debate at the heart of society.\"{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-10\\|title\\=Citizens' assembly ready to help Macron set French climate policies\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/10/citizens\\-panels\\-ready\\-help\\-macron\\-french\\-climate\\-policies\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-17\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|language\\=en}} When asked by a sixteen year old member of the convention whether he thought the future of democracy was more deliberative like the convention, he responded \"At the same time that we invent deliberative democracy, we need to restore representative democracy.\"",
"### Fifth session",
"Convention members focused on finalizing their proposals during the fifth session which ran from Friday, February 7 to Saturday, February 9, 2020\\. As was the case with the fourth session, much of the time in the convention centered around working in thematic groups. The first day of the session was nearly entirely group work, only punctuated with a presentation and discussion about the objectives of the fifth session and an overview of the proposals that each working group was finalizing. At the end of the day on Friday and the beginning of the day on Saturday, the working groups finalized their proposals and created a presentation that they would give to the entire convention.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Programme\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/02/022020\\-CCC\\-programme\\-session5\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2021}}",
"After finalizing the proposals and creating the presentations, the committee questioned experts on the specific proposals of each working group. The convention then split into groups which they called \"îlots\" (small islands), composed of members of each working group. In the îlots, members debated and improved upon the proposals of each working group. The committee also debated whether they wanted to consider amending the constitution prior to working in îlots and volunteering members made a final judgement at the end of the Saturday session, which they presented to the group on Sunday.",
"On Sunday, the members finalized their work in the session by deciding what their messages to the French government and French public should be. They also discussed financing their proposals, using advice provided in a video by economists Agnès Benassy\\-Queré and Christian Chavagneux.",
"### Sixth session",
"The sixth session was held from March 6 to March 8, 2020\\. The members began in their working groups before reconvening the îlots to help the members understand the proposals of each working group.{{Cite web\\|title\\=PROGRAMME\\|url\\=https://hal\\-enpc.archives\\-ouvertes.fr/hal\\-03119539/document\\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2021}} They then discussed a number of issues including legislative, regulatory, and referendum\\-based implementation methods, constitutional amendments, and financing. They also read an official statement to be delivered to the French public.",
"Each working group also gave a presentation about their proposals then took questions and discussed the work of the group as a whole. Then they presented and discussed each individual \"family of objectives\" within each working group's domain. This process began Friday night with the consumption group, continued throughout the day with the transportation, food, and housing group on Saturday, and finished with the employment and industry group on Sunday. After completing the presentations, the group created the final report and selected by lot members to serve on the editorial board. They then finalized the official statement.",
"### Seventh session",
"The seventh session was delayed due to lockdowns from [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") and was ultimately held from June 19 to June 21, 2020, and was devoted to voting on the proposals of each working group. On Friday, the members debated and voted on the proposals of the transportation group, followed by a debate on the proposals of the consumption, production, and housing group.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Programme\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/06/Programme\\-session\\-7\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2021}} On Saturday morning, the convention debated and voted on the food group's proposal. After agreeing to 149 provisions, the committee voted and debated on finance.",
"The convention also considered whether to send their work to a referendum or submit it directly to parliament. After debating and completing a tentative vote on Saturday, the convention ultimately decided to bypass the referendum on Sunday. The convention ended with the submission of the final report, after several sessions of review, to Emmanuel Macron.",
"### Eighth session",
"From February 26 to February 28, 2021, the members of the convention reconvened for a special eighth session to evaluate how well parliament had carried out their proposals. Those in attendance voted on how they viewed the government's handling of each of the provisions that they passed, giving a rating from 1 to 10 for each. They also answered whether they thought the convention as a whole would achieve its goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 by 2030 in a spirit of social justice and whether they thought that they had a significant impact on the climate debate. They also evaluated their impact on the democratic process as a whole. Following the session, the facilitation team from the convention wrote a report on the day.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2 March 2021\\|title\\=Avis de la Convention Citoyenne Pour le Climat\\|url\\=https://www.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr/wp\\-content/uploads/2021/03/CCC\\-rapport\\_Session8\\_GR\\-1\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2021}}",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
There is a man with three daughters. One day, he must leave on a journey and asks each of his daughters what they would like him to bring back. The oldest wants diamonds, the second pearls, and the youngest a singing, springing [lark](/wiki/Lark "Lark") (or a rose in some versions). The man is able to find diamonds and pearls, but he fails to find a lark. On his journey home, the man sees a lark in a tall tree, and orders his servant to catch it. Suddenly, a lion springs out and threatens to kill them both for trying to steal the lark. In exchange for their lives and the lark, the lion demands that the man bring him the first thing to meet him on his return home. The man fears it will be his youngest daughter who greets him, but his servant persuades him to accept the bargain.
Just as the man has feared, [his youngest daughter](/wiki/Youngest_son%23Youngest_daughters "Youngest son#Youngest daughters") is the first to greet him. When told of his promise, the daughter consoles her father and sets out the next morning to meet the lion. At the lion's castle, she is greeted by lions that, at night, turn human and she marries the lion whose lark her father had tried to take and lives with him, sleeping by day.
One night, the lion tells her that her oldest sister is marrying and offers to send her with his lions. She goes, and her family is glad to see her. After her return, the lion tells her that her second sister is marrying, and she says that he must go with her and their child. The lion tells her that if any candlelight falls on him, he will be transformed into a dove for seven years. The youngest daughter has a chamber built to protect him, but the door is made of green wood, and it warps, making a crack. When her sister's wedding procession goes by, candlelight falls on him, and he turns into a dove.
The dove tells his wife that for every seven steps she takes, he will drop a feather and a drop of blood, and perhaps she can track him by that, and flies off.
When the seven years are nearly up, the youngest daughter loses the trail. She climbs up to the sun and asks after the white dove; the sun does not know, but gives her a casket. She then asks the moon, who does not know, but gives her an egg. She asks the night wind, and it can not help her, but tells her to wait for the others; the east and west wind can not, but the south wind says that the dove was again a lion and fighting a dragon that is an enchanted princess near the Red Sea. The night wind advises her to strike the lion and dragon with a certain reed, to allow the lion to win and both creatures to regain their form, and then to escape on the back of a [griffin](/wiki/Griffin "Griffin"). It gives her a nut that will grow to a nut tree in the middle of the sea, which would allow the griffin to rest.
The youngest daughter stops the fight, but the [princess](/wiki/False_hero "False hero") also regains her form and takes the man who had been a lion with her on the griffin. The daughter follows until she finds a castle where the princess and her husband are to be married.
She opens the casket and finds a dazzling dress in it. She brings it to the castle, and the princess buys it from her, the price being that the daughter is to spend the night in her husband's bedchamber. But it is to no avail because the princess has a page give him a sleeping draught. Though the daughter pleads with him, he thinks it is the wind's whistling.
The next day, she opens the egg. It holds a chicken with twelve golden chicks. The princess again buys them for the same price, but this time, her husband asks the page what was the wind the previous night, and the page confesses to the draught. He does not drink it the second night, and he and his wife flee on the griffin to their home.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"There is a man with three daughters. One day, he must leave on a journey and asks each of his daughters what they would like him to bring back. The oldest wants diamonds, the second pearls, and the youngest a singing, springing [lark](/wiki/Lark \"Lark\") (or a rose in some versions). The man is able to find diamonds and pearls, but he fails to find a lark. On his journey home, the man sees a lark in a tall tree, and orders his servant to catch it. Suddenly, a lion springs out and threatens to kill them both for trying to steal the lark. In exchange for their lives and the lark, the lion demands that the man bring him the first thing to meet him on his return home. The man fears it will be his youngest daughter who greets him, but his servant persuades him to accept the bargain.",
"Just as the man has feared, [his youngest daughter](/wiki/Youngest_son%23Youngest_daughters \"Youngest son#Youngest daughters\") is the first to greet him. When told of his promise, the daughter consoles her father and sets out the next morning to meet the lion. At the lion's castle, she is greeted by lions that, at night, turn human and she marries the lion whose lark her father had tried to take and lives with him, sleeping by day.",
"One night, the lion tells her that her oldest sister is marrying and offers to send her with his lions. She goes, and her family is glad to see her. After her return, the lion tells her that her second sister is marrying, and she says that he must go with her and their child. The lion tells her that if any candlelight falls on him, he will be transformed into a dove for seven years. The youngest daughter has a chamber built to protect him, but the door is made of green wood, and it warps, making a crack. When her sister's wedding procession goes by, candlelight falls on him, and he turns into a dove.",
"The dove tells his wife that for every seven steps she takes, he will drop a feather and a drop of blood, and perhaps she can track him by that, and flies off.",
"When the seven years are nearly up, the youngest daughter loses the trail. She climbs up to the sun and asks after the white dove; the sun does not know, but gives her a casket. She then asks the moon, who does not know, but gives her an egg. She asks the night wind, and it can not help her, but tells her to wait for the others; the east and west wind can not, but the south wind says that the dove was again a lion and fighting a dragon that is an enchanted princess near the Red Sea. The night wind advises her to strike the lion and dragon with a certain reed, to allow the lion to win and both creatures to regain their form, and then to escape on the back of a [griffin](/wiki/Griffin \"Griffin\"). It gives her a nut that will grow to a nut tree in the middle of the sea, which would allow the griffin to rest.",
"The youngest daughter stops the fight, but the [princess](/wiki/False_hero \"False hero\") also regains her form and takes the man who had been a lion with her on the griffin. The daughter follows until she finds a castle where the princess and her husband are to be married.",
"She opens the casket and finds a dazzling dress in it. She brings it to the castle, and the princess buys it from her, the price being that the daughter is to spend the night in her husband's bedchamber. But it is to no avail because the princess has a page give him a sleeping draught. Though the daughter pleads with him, he thinks it is the wind's whistling.",
"The next day, she opens the egg. It holds a chicken with twelve golden chicks. The princess again buys them for the same price, but this time, her husband asks the page what was the wind the previous night, and the page confesses to the draught. He does not drink it the second night, and he and his wife flee on the griffin to their home.",
""
] |
Health and environmental impact
-------------------------------
{{Main\|Fluorescent lamps and health}}
[thumb\|right\|Closed double\-envelope CFL](/wiki/File:Closed_double_envelope_compact_fluorescent_lamp.jpg "Closed double envelope compact fluorescent lamp.jpg")
### General
According to the European Commission [Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks](/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Emerging_and_Newly_Identified_Health_Risks "Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks") (SCENIHR) in 2008, CFLs may pose an added health risk due to the [ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet "Ultraviolet") and blue light emitted. This radiation could aggravate symptoms in people who already suffer skin conditions that make them exceptionally sensitive to light. The light emitted by some single\-envelope CFLs at distances of less than {{convert\|20\|cm\|abbr\=on}} could lead to ultraviolet exposures approaching the current workplace limit set to protect workers from skin and retinal damage. However, industry sources claim the UV radiation received from CFLs is too small to contribute to skin cancer and the use of double\-envelope CFLs "largely or entirely" mitigates any other risks.{{cite web \|title\=Energy\-Saving Lamps \& Health \|publisher\=GreenFacts site \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-10 \|url\=http://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/energy\-saving\-lamps/}}
Tests have shown that radiation exposure from CFLs is negligible at 150 centimeter distance from the source. At closer distances, comparisons show that CFLs emit less UVA (long wavelength) radiation than incandescent light bulbs. They do, however, emit higher levels of UVB (short wavelength) radiation.{{cite journal\|title\=Ultraviolet light output of compact fluorescent lamps: comparison to conventional incandescent and halogen residential lighting sources \|pmid\=19395458 \|doi\=10\.1177/0961203309103052 \|volume\=18 \|issue\=6 \|journal\=Lupus \|pages\=556–60 \|last1\=Nuzum\-Keim \|first1\=AD \|last2\=Sontheimer \|first2\=RD \|year\=2009 \|s2cid\=206597819}} UVB can penetrate deep into the skin while sufficient levels of UVA can burn superficial layers. Closed (double\-envelope) CFLs are shielded and emit a lower total UV radiation compared to incandescent or halogen bulbs of a similar wattage.
For the average user, UV radiation from indoor lights does not appear to be a concern. For those with skin sensitivity long term indoor exposure may be a concern, in which case they may want to use a bulb with lower UV radiation output. There seems to be more variability within bulb types than between them, but the best option is shielded CFLs.
A 2012 study comparing cellular health effects of CFL light and incandescent light found statistically significant cell damage in cultures exposed to CFL light. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of significant UVA and UVC radiation, which the study's authors conjectured was attributable to damage in the bulbs' internal phosphor coatings. No cellular damage was observed following exposure to incandescent light of equivalent intensity. The study's authors suggest that the ultraviolet exposure could be limited by the use of "double\-walled" bulbs manufactured with an additional glass covering surrounding the phosphor\-coated layer.{{cite journal \|last1\=Mironava \|first1\=T. \|last2\=Hadjiargyrou \|first2\=M. \|last3\=Simon \|first3\=M. \|last4\=Rafailovich \|first4\=M. H. \|date\=20 Jul 2012 \|title\=The Effects of UV Emission from Compact Fluorescent Light Exposure on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes In Vitro \|journal\=Photochemistry and Photobiology \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1751\-1097\.2012\.01192\.x \|pmid\=22724459 \|volume\=88 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=1497–1506\|s2cid\=2626216}}
When the base of the bulb is not made to be flame\-retardant, as required in the voluntary standard for CFLs, overheating of the electrical components in the bulb may create a fire hazard.[CPSC, Teng Fei Trading Inc. Announce Recall of Energy Saving Light Bulbs](http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108185759/http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005\.html \|date\=January 8, 2013}}. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission press release. Accessed 1 January 2008\.
### Mercury content
[thumb\|upright\|Net mercury emissions for CFL and incandescent lamps, based on EPA FAQ sheet, assuming average U.S. emission of 0\.012 mg of mercury per kilowatt\-hour and 14% of CFL mercury contents escapes to environment after land fill disposal](/wiki/File:Mercury_emissions_by_light_source_EPA_2008.svg "Mercury emissions by light source EPA 2008.svg")
CFLs, like all [fluorescent lamps](/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp "Fluorescent lamp"), contain [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.informinc.org/fact\_P3NJlampcontract.php \|title\=Mercury Content Information Available for Lamps on the 2003 New Jersey Contract T\-0192 \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230010537/http://www.informinc.org/fact\_P3NJlampcontract.php \|archive\-date\=2005\-12\-30}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/merc\_lamp\_standard\_e.pdf \|title\=Canada\-Wide Standard for Mercury\-Containing Lamps \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-23 \|date\=2001 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060812071611/http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/merc\_lamp\_standard\_e.pdf \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2006}} as vapor inside the glass tubing. Most CFLs contain 3–5 mg per bulb, with the bulbs labeled "eco\-friendly" containing as little as 1 mg.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\_light/downloads/Fact\_Sheet\_Mercury.pdf \|title\=Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury June 2008 \|access\-date\=2008\-08\-31 \|date\=2008}}{{cite web \|title\=Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps \|url\=http://www.efi.org/factoids/mercury.html \|publisher\=Energy Federation Incorporated \|work\=FAQ \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-02 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810203903/http://www.efi.org/factoids/mercury.html \|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-10}} Because [mercury is poisonous](/wiki/Mercury_poisoning "Mercury poisoning"), even these small amounts are a concern for [landfills](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill") and waste [incinerators](/wiki/Incinerator "Incinerator") where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water [pollution](/wiki/Pollution "Pollution"). In the U.S., lighting manufacturer members of the [National Electrical Manufacturers Association](/wiki/National_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association "National Electrical Manufacturers Association") (NEMA) have voluntarily capped the amount of mercury used in CFLs.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nema.org/media/pr/20070313a.cfm \|title\=NEMA Lamp Companies Announce Commitment to Cap CFL Mercury Content \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-23 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223143/http://nema.org/media/pr/20070313a.cfm \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2007}} In the EU the same cap is required by the [RoHS](/wiki/RoHS "RoHS") law.
In areas where electric power is mostly generated in coal\-fired stations, replacing incandescent bulbs by CFLs actually reduces mercury emissions. This is because the reduced electric power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned, more than offsets the amount of mercury released from broken and discarded CFL bulbs.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\_light/downloads/Fact\_Sheet\_Mercury.pdf\|title\=Frequently Asked Questions, Information on Proper Disposal of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs)\|access\-date\=2007\-03\-19}} In July 2008 the U.S. EPA published a data sheet stating that the net system emission of mercury for CFL lighting was lower than for incandescent lighting of comparable lumen output. This was based on the average rate of mercury emission for U.S. electricity production and average estimated escape of mercury from a CFL put into a landfill.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\_light/downloads/Fact\_Sheet\_Mercury.pdf \|title\=''Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury July 2008'', accessed 2009 Dec 22 \|access\-date\=2012\-07\-15}} Coal\-fired plants also emit other heavy metals, sulfur, and carbon dioxide.
In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that if all 270 million CFLs sold in 2007 were sent to landfill sites, around 0\.13 metric tons of mercury would be released, 0\.1% of all U.S. emissions of mercury (around 104 metric tons that year).{{cite web\|website\=energystar.gov\|url\=https://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\_light/downloads/fact\_sheet\_mercury.pdf\|title\=Frequently Asked Questions: Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury\|quote\=What are the mercury emissions caused by humans? Do CFLS that wind up in a landfill contribute to these emissions?\|date\=November 2010\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-23}}
The graph assumes that CFLs last an average of 8,000 hours regardless of manufacturer and premature breakage. In areas where coal is not used to produce energy, the emissions would be less for both types of bulb.
Special handling instructions for breakage are not printed on the packaging of household CFL bulbs in many countries. The amount of mercury released by one bulb can temporarily exceed U.S. federal guidelines for chronic exposure.{{ cite news \|url\=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/26/mercury\_leaks\_found\_as\_new\_bulbs\_break/?page\=1 \|title\=Mercury leaks found as new bulbs break \|work\=The Boston Globe \|last\=Daley \|first\=Beth \|date\=February 26, 2008 \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-07}}{{cite web \|url\=http://maine.gov/dep/rwm/homeowner/cflreport.htm \|title\=Maine Compact Fluorescent Lamp Breakage Study Report \|date\=February 2008 \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-07 \|publisher\=State of Maine, Dept of Environmental Protection}} *Chronic*, however, implies exposure for a significant time, and it remains unclear what the health risks are from short\-term exposure to low levels of elemental mercury. Despite following EPA best\-practice clean\-up guidelines on broken CFLs, researchers were unable to remove mercury from carpet, and agitation of the carpet — such as by young children playing — created localized concentrations as high as 0\.025 mg/m3 in air close to the carpet, even weeks after the initial breakage.
The [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency") (EPA) has published best practices for cleanup of broken CFLs, and ways to avoid breakage, on its web site.{{cite web \|url\=http://www2\.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning\-broken\-cfl \|title\=Cleaning Up a Broken CFL \|date\=6 June 2013 \|access\-date\=18 June 2013 \|publisher\=\[\[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] \|archive\-date\=7 December 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207223532/https://www.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning\-broken\-cfl \|url\-status\=dead }} It recommends airing out the room and carefully disposing of broken pieces in a jar. A Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) study of 2008 comparing clean\-up methods warns that using plastic bags to store broken CFL bulbs is dangerous, because vapors well above safe levels continue to leak from the bags. The EPA and the Maine DEP recommend a sealed glass jar as the best repository for a broken bulb.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/homeowner/cflreport.htm \|title\= Maine Compact Fluorescent Light Breakage Study Report \|date\=February 2008 \|access\-date\=2011\-07\-18 \|publisher\= Maine Department of Environmental Protection}}
Since the end of 2018, the export, import and manufacture of CFLs within the European Union has been prohibited under the EU Mercury Regulation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bmuv.de/en/pressrelease/progressive\-ban\-on\-mercury\-containing\-products \|title\= Progressive ban on mercury\-containing products \|date\=January 2018 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-08 \|publisher\= bmuv }}
### Recycling
{{See also\|Fluorescent lamp recycling}}
Health and environmental concerns about mercury have prompted many jurisdictions to require spent lamps to be properly disposed of or recycled, rather than being included in the general waste stream sent to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulbs unbroken until they can be processed.
In the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), most states have adopted and currently implement the federal [Universal Waste Rule](/wiki/Hazardous_waste_in_the_United_States%23Universal_wastes "Hazardous waste in the United States#Universal wastes") (UWR). Several states, including [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont"), [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), [California](/wiki/California "California"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine "Maine"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") and [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island"), have regulations that are more stringent than the federal UWR.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/universal/lamps/faqs.htm\#27 \|title\=How are mercury\-containing bulbs (called "lamps" in the regulations) regulated? \|date\=10 May 2013 \|publisher\=\[\[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] \|access\-date\=18 June 2013}} Home\-supply [chain stores](/wiki/Chain_store "Chain store") make free CFL recycling widely available.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/business/24recycling.html?em\&ex\=1214625600\&en\=8ddbcb7023c75243\&ei\=5087%0A \|access\-date\=18 June 2013 \|title\=Home Depot Offers Recycling for Compact Fluorescent Bulbs \|date\=24 June 2008 \|last\=Rosenbloom \|first\=Stephanie \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}}
In the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), CFLs are one of many products subject to the [WEEE](/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive") recycling scheme. The [retail price](/wiki/Price "Price") includes an amount to pay for recycling, and manufacturers and importers have an obligation to collect and recycle CFLs.
According to the Northwest Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project, because household users in the U.S. Northwest have the option of disposing of these products in the same way they dispose of other solid waste, in Oregon "a large majority of household CFLs are going to municipal solid waste". They also note the EPA's estimates for the percentage of fluorescent lamps' total mercury released when they are disposed of in the following ways: municipal waste landfill 3\.2%, recycling 3%, municipal waste incineration 17\.55% and hazardous waste disposal 0\.2%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.zerowaste.org/cfl/IMAGES\_A/phase\_I\_rpt.pdf \|title\=Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project Phase I Draft Report Background Research and Program Options \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040257/http://www.zerowaste.org/cfl/IMAGES\_A/phase\_I\_rpt.pdf \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-27}}
The first step of processing CFLs involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that uses negative pressure ventilation and a mercury\-absorbing filter or [cold trap](/wiki/Cold_trap "Cold trap") to contain mercury vapor. Many municipalities are purchasing such machines.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2011}} The crushed glass and metal is stored in drums, ready for shipping to recycling factories.
### Greenhouse gases
In some places, such as [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec") and [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") in 2007, [central heating](/wiki/Central_heating "Central heating") for homes was provided mostly by the burning of [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas"), whereas electricity was primarily provided by [hydroelectric](/wiki/Hydroelectric "Hydroelectric") power. An analysis of the impacts of a ban on incandescent light bulbs at that time introduced the notion that in such areas, heat generated by conventional electric light bulbs may have been significantly reducing the release of greenhouse gases from natural gas heating.{{cite conference \|last1\=Ivanco \|first1\=M. \|last2\=Karney \|first2\=B.W. \|last3\=Waher \|first3\=K.J. \|title\=To Switch, or Not to Switch: A Critical Analysis of Canada's Ban on Incandescent Light Bulbs \|conference\=\[\[IEEE]] Electrical Power Conference \|date\=25–26 October 2007 \|pages\=550–555 \|doi\=10\.1109/EPC.2007\.4520391}} Ivanco, Karney, and Waher estimated that "If all homes in Quebec were required to switch from (incandescent) bulbs to CFLs, there would be an increase of almost 220,000 [tonnes](/wiki/Tonne "Tonne") in CO2 emissions in the province, equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 40,000 automobiles."
|
[
"Health and environmental impact\n-------------------------------",
"{{Main\\|Fluorescent lamps and health}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Closed double\\-envelope CFL](/wiki/File:Closed_double_envelope_compact_fluorescent_lamp.jpg \"Closed double envelope compact fluorescent lamp.jpg\")",
"### General",
"According to the European Commission [Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks](/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Emerging_and_Newly_Identified_Health_Risks \"Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks\") (SCENIHR) in 2008, CFLs may pose an added health risk due to the [ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet \"Ultraviolet\") and blue light emitted. This radiation could aggravate symptoms in people who already suffer skin conditions that make them exceptionally sensitive to light. The light emitted by some single\\-envelope CFLs at distances of less than {{convert\\|20\\|cm\\|abbr\\=on}} could lead to ultraviolet exposures approaching the current workplace limit set to protect workers from skin and retinal damage. However, industry sources claim the UV radiation received from CFLs is too small to contribute to skin cancer and the use of double\\-envelope CFLs \"largely or entirely\" mitigates any other risks.{{cite web \\|title\\=Energy\\-Saving Lamps \\& Health \\|publisher\\=GreenFacts site \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-10 \\|url\\=http://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/energy\\-saving\\-lamps/}}",
"Tests have shown that radiation exposure from CFLs is negligible at 150 centimeter distance from the source. At closer distances, comparisons show that CFLs emit less UVA (long wavelength) radiation than incandescent light bulbs. They do, however, emit higher levels of UVB (short wavelength) radiation.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Ultraviolet light output of compact fluorescent lamps: comparison to conventional incandescent and halogen residential lighting sources \\|pmid\\=19395458 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0961203309103052 \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=6 \\|journal\\=Lupus \\|pages\\=556–60 \\|last1\\=Nuzum\\-Keim \\|first1\\=AD \\|last2\\=Sontheimer \\|first2\\=RD \\|year\\=2009 \\|s2cid\\=206597819}} UVB can penetrate deep into the skin while sufficient levels of UVA can burn superficial layers. Closed (double\\-envelope) CFLs are shielded and emit a lower total UV radiation compared to incandescent or halogen bulbs of a similar wattage.",
"For the average user, UV radiation from indoor lights does not appear to be a concern. For those with skin sensitivity long term indoor exposure may be a concern, in which case they may want to use a bulb with lower UV radiation output. There seems to be more variability within bulb types than between them, but the best option is shielded CFLs.",
"A 2012 study comparing cellular health effects of CFL light and incandescent light found statistically significant cell damage in cultures exposed to CFL light. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of significant UVA and UVC radiation, which the study's authors conjectured was attributable to damage in the bulbs' internal phosphor coatings. No cellular damage was observed following exposure to incandescent light of equivalent intensity. The study's authors suggest that the ultraviolet exposure could be limited by the use of \"double\\-walled\" bulbs manufactured with an additional glass covering surrounding the phosphor\\-coated layer.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Mironava \\|first1\\=T. \\|last2\\=Hadjiargyrou \\|first2\\=M. \\|last3\\=Simon \\|first3\\=M. \\|last4\\=Rafailovich \\|first4\\=M. H. \\|date\\=20 Jul 2012 \\|title\\=The Effects of UV Emission from Compact Fluorescent Light Exposure on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes In Vitro \\|journal\\=Photochemistry and Photobiology \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1751\\-1097\\.2012\\.01192\\.x \\|pmid\\=22724459 \\|volume\\=88 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=1497–1506\\|s2cid\\=2626216}}",
"When the base of the bulb is not made to be flame\\-retardant, as required in the voluntary standard for CFLs, overheating of the electrical components in the bulb may create a fire hazard.[CPSC, Teng Fei Trading Inc. Announce Recall of Energy Saving Light Bulbs](http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108185759/http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005\\.html \\|date\\=January 8, 2013}}. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission press release. Accessed 1 January 2008\\.",
"### Mercury content",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Net mercury emissions for CFL and incandescent lamps, based on EPA FAQ sheet, assuming average U.S. emission of 0\\.012 mg of mercury per kilowatt\\-hour and 14% of CFL mercury contents escapes to environment after land fill disposal](/wiki/File:Mercury_emissions_by_light_source_EPA_2008.svg \"Mercury emissions by light source EPA 2008.svg\")\nCFLs, like all [fluorescent lamps](/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp \"Fluorescent lamp\"), contain [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.informinc.org/fact\\_P3NJlampcontract.php \\|title\\=Mercury Content Information Available for Lamps on the 2003 New Jersey Contract T\\-0192 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230010537/http://www.informinc.org/fact\\_P3NJlampcontract.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2005\\-12\\-30}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/merc\\_lamp\\_standard\\_e.pdf \\|title\\=Canada\\-Wide Standard for Mercury\\-Containing Lamps \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-23 \\|date\\=2001 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060812071611/http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/merc\\_lamp\\_standard\\_e.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2006}} as vapor inside the glass tubing. Most CFLs contain 3–5 mg per bulb, with the bulbs labeled \"eco\\-friendly\" containing as little as 1 mg.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\\_light/downloads/Fact\\_Sheet\\_Mercury.pdf \\|title\\=Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury June 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-31 \\|date\\=2008}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps \\|url\\=http://www.efi.org/factoids/mercury.html \\|publisher\\=Energy Federation Incorporated \\|work\\=FAQ \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810203903/http://www.efi.org/factoids/mercury.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-10}} Because [mercury is poisonous](/wiki/Mercury_poisoning \"Mercury poisoning\"), even these small amounts are a concern for [landfills](/wiki/Landfill \"Landfill\") and waste [incinerators](/wiki/Incinerator \"Incinerator\") where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water [pollution](/wiki/Pollution \"Pollution\"). In the U.S., lighting manufacturer members of the [National Electrical Manufacturers Association](/wiki/National_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association \"National Electrical Manufacturers Association\") (NEMA) have voluntarily capped the amount of mercury used in CFLs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nema.org/media/pr/20070313a.cfm \\|title\\=NEMA Lamp Companies Announce Commitment to Cap CFL Mercury Content \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-23 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223143/http://nema.org/media/pr/20070313a.cfm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2007}} In the EU the same cap is required by the [RoHS](/wiki/RoHS \"RoHS\") law.",
"In areas where electric power is mostly generated in coal\\-fired stations, replacing incandescent bulbs by CFLs actually reduces mercury emissions. This is because the reduced electric power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned, more than offsets the amount of mercury released from broken and discarded CFL bulbs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\\_light/downloads/Fact\\_Sheet\\_Mercury.pdf\\|title\\=Frequently Asked Questions, Information on Proper Disposal of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs)\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-19}} In July 2008 the U.S. EPA published a data sheet stating that the net system emission of mercury for CFL lighting was lower than for incandescent lighting of comparable lumen output. This was based on the average rate of mercury emission for U.S. electricity production and average estimated escape of mercury from a CFL put into a landfill.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\\_light/downloads/Fact\\_Sheet\\_Mercury.pdf \\|title\\=''Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury July 2008'', accessed 2009 Dec 22 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-15}} Coal\\-fired plants also emit other heavy metals, sulfur, and carbon dioxide.",
"In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that if all 270 million CFLs sold in 2007 were sent to landfill sites, around 0\\.13 metric tons of mercury would be released, 0\\.1% of all U.S. emissions of mercury (around 104 metric tons that year).{{cite web\\|website\\=energystar.gov\\|url\\=https://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change\\_light/downloads/fact\\_sheet\\_mercury.pdf\\|title\\=Frequently Asked Questions: Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury\\|quote\\=What are the mercury emissions caused by humans? Do CFLS that wind up in a landfill contribute to these emissions?\\|date\\=November 2010\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-23}}\nThe graph assumes that CFLs last an average of 8,000 hours regardless of manufacturer and premature breakage. In areas where coal is not used to produce energy, the emissions would be less for both types of bulb.",
"Special handling instructions for breakage are not printed on the packaging of household CFL bulbs in many countries. The amount of mercury released by one bulb can temporarily exceed U.S. federal guidelines for chronic exposure.{{ cite news \\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/26/mercury\\_leaks\\_found\\_as\\_new\\_bulbs\\_break/?page\\=1 \\|title\\=Mercury leaks found as new bulbs break \\|work\\=The Boston Globe \\|last\\=Daley \\|first\\=Beth \\|date\\=February 26, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-07}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://maine.gov/dep/rwm/homeowner/cflreport.htm \\|title\\=Maine Compact Fluorescent Lamp Breakage Study Report \\|date\\=February 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-07 \\|publisher\\=State of Maine, Dept of Environmental Protection}} *Chronic*, however, implies exposure for a significant time, and it remains unclear what the health risks are from short\\-term exposure to low levels of elemental mercury. Despite following EPA best\\-practice clean\\-up guidelines on broken CFLs, researchers were unable to remove mercury from carpet, and agitation of the carpet — such as by young children playing — created localized concentrations as high as 0\\.025 mg/m3 in air close to the carpet, even weeks after the initial breakage.",
"The [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency \"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\") (EPA) has published best practices for cleanup of broken CFLs, and ways to avoid breakage, on its web site.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning\\-broken\\-cfl \\|title\\=Cleaning Up a Broken CFL \\|date\\=6 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] \\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207223532/https://www.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning\\-broken\\-cfl \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} It recommends airing out the room and carefully disposing of broken pieces in a jar. A Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) study of 2008 comparing clean\\-up methods warns that using plastic bags to store broken CFL bulbs is dangerous, because vapors well above safe levels continue to leak from the bags. The EPA and the Maine DEP recommend a sealed glass jar as the best repository for a broken bulb.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/homeowner/cflreport.htm \\|title\\= Maine Compact Fluorescent Light Breakage Study Report \\|date\\=February 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-18 \\|publisher\\= Maine Department of Environmental Protection}}",
"Since the end of 2018, the export, import and manufacture of CFLs within the European Union has been prohibited under the EU Mercury Regulation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bmuv.de/en/pressrelease/progressive\\-ban\\-on\\-mercury\\-containing\\-products \\|title\\= Progressive ban on mercury\\-containing products \\|date\\=January 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-08 \\|publisher\\= bmuv }}",
"### Recycling",
"{{See also\\|Fluorescent lamp recycling}}\nHealth and environmental concerns about mercury have prompted many jurisdictions to require spent lamps to be properly disposed of or recycled, rather than being included in the general waste stream sent to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulbs unbroken until they can be processed.",
"In the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), most states have adopted and currently implement the federal [Universal Waste Rule](/wiki/Hazardous_waste_in_the_United_States%23Universal_wastes \"Hazardous waste in the United States#Universal wastes\") (UWR). Several states, including [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\"), [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") and [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\"), have regulations that are more stringent than the federal UWR.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/universal/lamps/faqs.htm\\#27 \\|title\\=How are mercury\\-containing bulbs (called \"lamps\" in the regulations) regulated? \\|date\\=10 May 2013 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2013}} Home\\-supply [chain stores](/wiki/Chain_store \"Chain store\") make free CFL recycling widely available.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/business/24recycling.html?em\\&ex\\=1214625600\\&en\\=8ddbcb7023c75243\\&ei\\=5087%0A \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2013 \\|title\\=Home Depot Offers Recycling for Compact Fluorescent Bulbs \\|date\\=24 June 2008 \\|last\\=Rosenbloom \\|first\\=Stephanie \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}}",
"In the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), CFLs are one of many products subject to the [WEEE](/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive \"Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive\") recycling scheme. The [retail price](/wiki/Price \"Price\") includes an amount to pay for recycling, and manufacturers and importers have an obligation to collect and recycle CFLs.",
"According to the Northwest Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project, because household users in the U.S. Northwest have the option of disposing of these products in the same way they dispose of other solid waste, in Oregon \"a large majority of household CFLs are going to municipal solid waste\". They also note the EPA's estimates for the percentage of fluorescent lamps' total mercury released when they are disposed of in the following ways: municipal waste landfill 3\\.2%, recycling 3%, municipal waste incineration 17\\.55% and hazardous waste disposal 0\\.2%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.zerowaste.org/cfl/IMAGES\\_A/phase\\_I\\_rpt.pdf \\|title\\=Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project Phase I Draft Report Background Research and Program Options \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040257/http://www.zerowaste.org/cfl/IMAGES\\_A/phase\\_I\\_rpt.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-27}}",
"The first step of processing CFLs involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that uses negative pressure ventilation and a mercury\\-absorbing filter or [cold trap](/wiki/Cold_trap \"Cold trap\") to contain mercury vapor. Many municipalities are purchasing such machines.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2011}} The crushed glass and metal is stored in drums, ready for shipping to recycling factories.",
"### Greenhouse gases",
"In some places, such as [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") and [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") in 2007, [central heating](/wiki/Central_heating \"Central heating\") for homes was provided mostly by the burning of [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\"), whereas electricity was primarily provided by [hydroelectric](/wiki/Hydroelectric \"Hydroelectric\") power. An analysis of the impacts of a ban on incandescent light bulbs at that time introduced the notion that in such areas, heat generated by conventional electric light bulbs may have been significantly reducing the release of greenhouse gases from natural gas heating.{{cite conference \\|last1\\=Ivanco \\|first1\\=M. \\|last2\\=Karney \\|first2\\=B.W. \\|last3\\=Waher \\|first3\\=K.J. \\|title\\=To Switch, or Not to Switch: A Critical Analysis of Canada's Ban on Incandescent Light Bulbs \\|conference\\=\\[\\[IEEE]] Electrical Power Conference \\|date\\=25–26 October 2007 \\|pages\\=550–555 \\|doi\\=10\\.1109/EPC.2007\\.4520391}} Ivanco, Karney, and Waher estimated that \"If all homes in Quebec were required to switch from (incandescent) bulbs to CFLs, there would be an increase of almost 220,000 [tonnes](/wiki/Tonne \"Tonne\") in CO2 emissions in the province, equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 40,000 automobiles.\"",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 1968, during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), a disastrous American advance leaves [U.S. Marine](/wiki/U.S._Marine "U.S. Marine") Lieutenant Hayes Hodges wounded and his men dead. His fellow platoon leader Lieutenant Terry Childers executes a [North Vietnamese prisoner](/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army "Vietnam People's Army") to intimidate a captive officer into calling off a mortar attack on Hodges' position; sparing the officer's life, Childers rescues Hodges. In 1996, Hodges, now a colonel, is set to retire after 28 years as a [JAG](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps "Judge Advocate General's Corps") officer. At his pre\-retirement party at the [Camp Lejeune](/wiki/Camp_Lejeune "Camp Lejeune") Officers Club, he is honored by his old friend, Colonel Terry Childers, now the commanding officer of a [Marine Expeditionary Unit](/wiki/Marine_Expeditionary_Unit "Marine Expeditionary Unit").
Childers and his unit are deployed to Southwest Asia as part of an [Amphibious Readiness Group](/wiki/Amphibious_Readiness_Group "Amphibious Readiness Group"), called to evacuate the [U.S. Ambassador to Yemen](/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Yemen "U.S. Ambassador to Yemen") when a routine anti\-American demonstration at the embassy erupts in rock\-throwing, [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail "Molotov cocktail"), and gunfire. Escorting Ambassador Mourain and his family safely to a helicopter, Childers retrieves the embassy's American flag. Under heavy fire from snipers on nearby rooftops, three Marines are killed, and Childers orders his men to open fire on the crowd, resulting in the deaths of 83 irregular Yemeni soldiers and civilians, including children; the remaining Marines and embassy staff are saved.
Following this, American relations in the Middle East severely deteriorate, so [U.S. National Security Advisor](/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Advisor "U.S. National Security Advisor") Bill Sokal pressures the military to [court\-martial](/wiki/Court-martial "Court-martial") Childers, hoping to salvage relations by placing all blame for the incident on the colonel. Childers asks Hodges to serve as his defense attorney, and he reluctantly accepts. Hodges rejects a plea deal from the prosecutor, Major Biggs, who is convinced of Childers' guilt but privately refuses to consider the death penalty. With little time to prepare a defense, Hodges goes to Yemen, where witnesses and police claim that the Marines fired first on the unarmed crowd. Visiting the abandoned embassy and some of the wounded, he notices an undamaged security camera and scattered audio cassette tapes.
Returning to the U.S., Hodges confronts Childers about the complete lack of evidence to support his version of events, resulting in a fistfight. Sokal burns a videotape revealing the crowd was armed and fired on the Marines, and forces Mourain to lie on the stand that the crowd was peaceful, and that Childers ignored his orders and was violent and disrespectful to him and his family. Hodges meets with Mourain's wife, who admits Childers acted valiantly but refuses to testify. Captain Lee, who hesitated to follow Childers' order, is unable to testify to having seen gunfire from the crowd. A Yemeni doctor testifies that the tapes Hodges found are propaganda inciting violence against Americans, but declares the protest was peaceful.
With Sokal on the stand, Hodges presents a shipping manifest proving that the tape from the undamaged camera – the tape Sokal burned – was delivered to Sokal's office but disappeared, with footage that would likely have exonerated Childers. Taking the stand, Childers explains that he was the only surviving Marine able to see the crowd was armed. On cross\-examination, Biggs goads Childers into admitting that he ordered his men to open fire by shouting "waste the motherfuckers". Childers loses his temper, declaring that he would not sacrifice the lives of his men to appease the likes of Biggs, to Hodges' dismay.
The prosecution presents Colonel Binh Le Cao, the Vietnamese officer whose life he spared, as a rebuttal witness, testifying that Childers executed an unarmed prisoner of war. During Hodges' cross\-examination, Cao agrees that Childers took action to save American lives, and that if circumstances were reversed, Cao would have done the same. After the trial, Hodges confronts Sokal about the missing tape, vowing to uncover the truth. Childers is found guilty of the minor charge of [breach of peace](/wiki/Breach_of_peace "Breach of peace"), but cleared of [conduct unbecoming an officer](/wiki/Conduct_unbecoming_an_officer "Conduct unbecoming an officer"), and murder; Biggs approaches Hodges about investigating Childers' actions in Vietnam, but Hodges declines to testify. Leaving the courthouse, Cao and Childers salute each other.
An epilogue reveals that Sokal was found guilty of [destroying evidence](/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence "Spoliation of evidence") and Mourain of [perjury](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury"), both losing their jobs, while Childers [retired honorably](/wiki/Military_discharge "Military discharge").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 1968, during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), a disastrous American advance leaves [U.S. Marine](/wiki/U.S._Marine \"U.S. Marine\") Lieutenant Hayes Hodges wounded and his men dead. His fellow platoon leader Lieutenant Terry Childers executes a [North Vietnamese prisoner](/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army \"Vietnam People's Army\") to intimidate a captive officer into calling off a mortar attack on Hodges' position; sparing the officer's life, Childers rescues Hodges. In 1996, Hodges, now a colonel, is set to retire after 28 years as a [JAG](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps \"Judge Advocate General's Corps\") officer. At his pre\\-retirement party at the [Camp Lejeune](/wiki/Camp_Lejeune \"Camp Lejeune\") Officers Club, he is honored by his old friend, Colonel Terry Childers, now the commanding officer of a [Marine Expeditionary Unit](/wiki/Marine_Expeditionary_Unit \"Marine Expeditionary Unit\").",
"Childers and his unit are deployed to Southwest Asia as part of an [Amphibious Readiness Group](/wiki/Amphibious_Readiness_Group \"Amphibious Readiness Group\"), called to evacuate the [U.S. Ambassador to Yemen](/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Yemen \"U.S. Ambassador to Yemen\") when a routine anti\\-American demonstration at the embassy erupts in rock\\-throwing, [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail \"Molotov cocktail\"), and gunfire. Escorting Ambassador Mourain and his family safely to a helicopter, Childers retrieves the embassy's American flag. Under heavy fire from snipers on nearby rooftops, three Marines are killed, and Childers orders his men to open fire on the crowd, resulting in the deaths of 83 irregular Yemeni soldiers and civilians, including children; the remaining Marines and embassy staff are saved.",
"Following this, American relations in the Middle East severely deteriorate, so [U.S. National Security Advisor](/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Advisor \"U.S. National Security Advisor\") Bill Sokal pressures the military to [court\\-martial](/wiki/Court-martial \"Court-martial\") Childers, hoping to salvage relations by placing all blame for the incident on the colonel. Childers asks Hodges to serve as his defense attorney, and he reluctantly accepts. Hodges rejects a plea deal from the prosecutor, Major Biggs, who is convinced of Childers' guilt but privately refuses to consider the death penalty. With little time to prepare a defense, Hodges goes to Yemen, where witnesses and police claim that the Marines fired first on the unarmed crowd. Visiting the abandoned embassy and some of the wounded, he notices an undamaged security camera and scattered audio cassette tapes.",
"Returning to the U.S., Hodges confronts Childers about the complete lack of evidence to support his version of events, resulting in a fistfight. Sokal burns a videotape revealing the crowd was armed and fired on the Marines, and forces Mourain to lie on the stand that the crowd was peaceful, and that Childers ignored his orders and was violent and disrespectful to him and his family. Hodges meets with Mourain's wife, who admits Childers acted valiantly but refuses to testify. Captain Lee, who hesitated to follow Childers' order, is unable to testify to having seen gunfire from the crowd. A Yemeni doctor testifies that the tapes Hodges found are propaganda inciting violence against Americans, but declares the protest was peaceful.",
"With Sokal on the stand, Hodges presents a shipping manifest proving that the tape from the undamaged camera – the tape Sokal burned – was delivered to Sokal's office but disappeared, with footage that would likely have exonerated Childers. Taking the stand, Childers explains that he was the only surviving Marine able to see the crowd was armed. On cross\\-examination, Biggs goads Childers into admitting that he ordered his men to open fire by shouting \"waste the motherfuckers\". Childers loses his temper, declaring that he would not sacrifice the lives of his men to appease the likes of Biggs, to Hodges' dismay.",
"The prosecution presents Colonel Binh Le Cao, the Vietnamese officer whose life he spared, as a rebuttal witness, testifying that Childers executed an unarmed prisoner of war. During Hodges' cross\\-examination, Cao agrees that Childers took action to save American lives, and that if circumstances were reversed, Cao would have done the same. After the trial, Hodges confronts Sokal about the missing tape, vowing to uncover the truth. Childers is found guilty of the minor charge of [breach of peace](/wiki/Breach_of_peace \"Breach of peace\"), but cleared of [conduct unbecoming an officer](/wiki/Conduct_unbecoming_an_officer \"Conduct unbecoming an officer\"), and murder; Biggs approaches Hodges about investigating Childers' actions in Vietnam, but Hodges declines to testify. Leaving the courthouse, Cao and Childers salute each other.",
"An epilogue reveals that Sokal was found guilty of [destroying evidence](/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence \"Spoliation of evidence\") and Mourain of [perjury](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\"), both losing their jobs, while Childers [retired honorably](/wiki/Military_discharge \"Military discharge\").",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life and studies
Centurión was born to Francisco Antonio Pérez de Centurión, a lawyer, and Rosalía Martínez y Rodas in 1840 in [Itauguá](/wiki/Itaugu%C3%A1 "Itauguá"), a town located circa 30 kilometers away from the Paraguayan capital [Asunción](/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n "Asunción").{{sfn\|Centurión\|1894\|pp\= 6–8}} After studying in a provincial school during his youth, he moved to Asunción, where he was a pupil of foreign teachers such as the Spaniard Ildefonso Bermejo and the Frenchman Pedro Dupuy; he also joined the philosophy seminar, which was headed by then president [Carlos Antonio López](/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez "Carlos Antonio López").
In 1858 he was chosen by the government to embark to Europe to study at universities there – he graduated in law at the [King's College](/wiki/King%27s_College_London "King's College London") in London,{{sfn\|Centurión\|1894\|p\= 75}} and studied [French](/wiki/French_literature "French literature"), [German](/wiki/German_literature "German literature") and [English literature](/wiki/English_literature "English literature") as well. With the rising tensions between [Brazil](/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil "Empire of Brazil") and [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay"), he was summoned back in 1863; the [Triple Alliance War](/wiki/Paraguayan_War "Paraguayan War") broke out in the following year.
### The Triple Alliance War
Initially, back in Paraguay, he served as secretary for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and translator, positions he held throughout the war; simultaneously, he directed a school where he taught geography and languages,{{sfn\|Centurión\|1944\|pp\= 209–210}} and wrote for the government military organ *[El Cabichuí](/wiki/El_Cabichu%C3%AD "El Cabichuí")*.{{sfn\|Warren\|1985\|p\= 56}} He was present as an observer at the [Battle of Riachuelo](/wiki/Battle_of_Riachuelo "Battle of Riachuelo") in 1865,{{sfn\|Centurión\|1894\|p\= 310}} and was made a Knight of the [National Order of Merit](/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_%28Paraguay%29 "National Order of Merit (Paraguay)") in 1866, then Officer of the Order in January 1869\.{{sfn\|Centurión\|1901\|p\= 14}}
In 1868, he was a member of the tribunals which mass convicted citizens in the [San Fernando massacre](/wiki/1868_San_Fernando_massacre "1868 San Fernando massacre").{{sfn\|Warren\|1985\|p\= 56}} As the war wound down, in 1869, Centurión was a Colonel in the [Paraguayan Army](/wiki/Paraguayan_Army "Paraguayan Army"), having been instated into the army as a Sergeant Major after the [Battle of Lomas Valentinas](/wiki/Battle_of_Lomas_Valentinas "Battle of Lomas Valentinas").{{sfn\|Centurión\|1897\|p\= 201}} He commanded a battalion of riflemen in the [Battle of Cerro Corá](/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Cor%C3%A1 "Battle of Cerro Corá") and was wounded there in the mouth, losing a considerable part of his teeth and tongue to a bullet. He was then taken prisoner to [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro").
### After the War
After his release in 1870, he resided in France, the United States, and [Jamaica](/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica "Colony of Jamaica"), before eventually returning to Paraguay in 1878\. He soon started working in the country's press, contributing to newspapers such as *La Reforma* and *La Democracia*, and also as a lawyer.{{sfn\|Warren\|1985\|p\= 57}}
He was made Minister of the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Paraguay "Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay") and Attorney General for the State in the 1880s;[Registro Oficial de la Republica del Paraguay – 1876–1885](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t8wb5tw2z) afterwards, he was made [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Paraguay%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (Paraguay)") during [Patricio Escobar](/wiki/Patricio_Escobar "Patricio Escobar")'s government. He was a founding member of the long\-standing [Colorado Party](/wiki/Colorado_Party_%28Paraguay%29 "Colorado Party (Paraguay)"),{{sfn\|Warren\|1985\|p\= 57}} and of the Instituto Paraguayo, the country's main intellectual organization for much of the late 19th century and early 20th century.
In the 1890s, he was made [minister plenipotentiary](/wiki/Minister_plenipotentiary "Minister plenipotentiary") to the United Kingdom, France and [Spain](/wiki/Restoration_%28Spain%29 "Restoration (Spain)"). In 1895 he became, however, a [senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay "Senate of Paraguay").
He is famed for having published, in the latter years of his life, a detailed account of his experiences during the war, titled "Memorias ó Reminiscencias históricas sobre la Guerra del Paraguay" \[Historical Memories and Remembrances regarding the Triple Alliance War]. Earlier, in 1877, he had published the novel "Viaje nocturno de Gualberto o recuerdos y reflexiones de un ausente" \[Gualberto's nightly trip or an absentee's memories and relflexions] under a pseudonym, which is thought to be the first novel ever published by a Paraguayan writer.{{cite news \|author\= \|date\=2018\-06\-28 \|title\=Rescatan la primera novela paraguaya a través de reedición \|trans\-title\=The first Paraguayan novel is rescued through a new edition\|url\=https://www.ultimahora.com/rescatan\-la\-primera\-novela\-paraguaya\-traves\-reedicion\-n1302724 \|language\=Spanish \|work\=Ultima Hora \|location\=Asunción \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-04\|ref\=none}}{{cite news \|author\= \|date\=2018\-06\-28 \|title\=La SEP presentará hoy una nueva edición de la primera novela escrita por un paraguayo \|trans\-title\=The SEP will present today a new edition of the first novel to be written by a Paraguayan citizen\|url\=https://www.lanacion.com.py/espectaculo/2018/06/28/la\-sep\-presentara\-hoy\-una\-nueva\-edicion\-de\-la\-primera\-novela\-escrita\-por\-un\-paraguayo/ \|language\=Spanish \|work\=La Nación \|location\=Asunción \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-04\|ref\=none}}
He died in Asunción, in the 12th of March 1902\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life and studies",
"Centurión was born to Francisco Antonio Pérez de Centurión, a lawyer, and Rosalía Martínez y Rodas in 1840 in [Itauguá](/wiki/Itaugu%C3%A1 \"Itauguá\"), a town located circa 30 kilometers away from the Paraguayan capital [Asunción](/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n \"Asunción\").{{sfn\\|Centurión\\|1894\\|pp\\= 6–8}} After studying in a provincial school during his youth, he moved to Asunción, where he was a pupil of foreign teachers such as the Spaniard Ildefonso Bermejo and the Frenchman Pedro Dupuy; he also joined the philosophy seminar, which was headed by then president [Carlos Antonio López](/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez \"Carlos Antonio López\").",
"In 1858 he was chosen by the government to embark to Europe to study at universities there – he graduated in law at the [King's College](/wiki/King%27s_College_London \"King's College London\") in London,{{sfn\\|Centurión\\|1894\\|p\\= 75}} and studied [French](/wiki/French_literature \"French literature\"), [German](/wiki/German_literature \"German literature\") and [English literature](/wiki/English_literature \"English literature\") as well. With the rising tensions between [Brazil](/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil \"Empire of Brazil\") and [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\"), he was summoned back in 1863; the [Triple Alliance War](/wiki/Paraguayan_War \"Paraguayan War\") broke out in the following year.",
"### The Triple Alliance War",
"Initially, back in Paraguay, he served as secretary for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and translator, positions he held throughout the war; simultaneously, he directed a school where he taught geography and languages,{{sfn\\|Centurión\\|1944\\|pp\\= 209–210}} and wrote for the government military organ *[El Cabichuí](/wiki/El_Cabichu%C3%AD \"El Cabichuí\")*.{{sfn\\|Warren\\|1985\\|p\\= 56}} He was present as an observer at the [Battle of Riachuelo](/wiki/Battle_of_Riachuelo \"Battle of Riachuelo\") in 1865,{{sfn\\|Centurión\\|1894\\|p\\= 310}} and was made a Knight of the [National Order of Merit](/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_%28Paraguay%29 \"National Order of Merit (Paraguay)\") in 1866, then Officer of the Order in January 1869\\.{{sfn\\|Centurión\\|1901\\|p\\= 14}}",
"In 1868, he was a member of the tribunals which mass convicted citizens in the [San Fernando massacre](/wiki/1868_San_Fernando_massacre \"1868 San Fernando massacre\").{{sfn\\|Warren\\|1985\\|p\\= 56}} As the war wound down, in 1869, Centurión was a Colonel in the [Paraguayan Army](/wiki/Paraguayan_Army \"Paraguayan Army\"), having been instated into the army as a Sergeant Major after the [Battle of Lomas Valentinas](/wiki/Battle_of_Lomas_Valentinas \"Battle of Lomas Valentinas\").{{sfn\\|Centurión\\|1897\\|p\\= 201}} He commanded a battalion of riflemen in the [Battle of Cerro Corá](/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Cor%C3%A1 \"Battle of Cerro Corá\") and was wounded there in the mouth, losing a considerable part of his teeth and tongue to a bullet. He was then taken prisoner to [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\").",
"### After the War",
"After his release in 1870, he resided in France, the United States, and [Jamaica](/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica \"Colony of Jamaica\"), before eventually returning to Paraguay in 1878\\. He soon started working in the country's press, contributing to newspapers such as *La Reforma* and *La Democracia*, and also as a lawyer.{{sfn\\|Warren\\|1985\\|p\\= 57}}",
"He was made Minister of the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Paraguay \"Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay\") and Attorney General for the State in the 1880s;[Registro Oficial de la Republica del Paraguay – 1876–1885](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t8wb5tw2z) afterwards, he was made [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Paraguay%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (Paraguay)\") during [Patricio Escobar](/wiki/Patricio_Escobar \"Patricio Escobar\")'s government. He was a founding member of the long\\-standing [Colorado Party](/wiki/Colorado_Party_%28Paraguay%29 \"Colorado Party (Paraguay)\"),{{sfn\\|Warren\\|1985\\|p\\= 57}} and of the Instituto Paraguayo, the country's main intellectual organization for much of the late 19th century and early 20th century.",
"In the 1890s, he was made [minister plenipotentiary](/wiki/Minister_plenipotentiary \"Minister plenipotentiary\") to the United Kingdom, France and [Spain](/wiki/Restoration_%28Spain%29 \"Restoration (Spain)\"). In 1895 he became, however, a [senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay \"Senate of Paraguay\").",
"He is famed for having published, in the latter years of his life, a detailed account of his experiences during the war, titled \"Memorias ó Reminiscencias históricas sobre la Guerra del Paraguay\" \\[Historical Memories and Remembrances regarding the Triple Alliance War]. Earlier, in 1877, he had published the novel \"Viaje nocturno de Gualberto o recuerdos y reflexiones de un ausente\" \\[Gualberto's nightly trip or an absentee's memories and relflexions] under a pseudonym, which is thought to be the first novel ever published by a Paraguayan writer.{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-28 \\|title\\=Rescatan la primera novela paraguaya a través de reedición \\|trans\\-title\\=The first Paraguayan novel is rescued through a new edition\\|url\\=https://www.ultimahora.com/rescatan\\-la\\-primera\\-novela\\-paraguaya\\-traves\\-reedicion\\-n1302724 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|work\\=Ultima Hora \\|location\\=Asunción \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-04\\|ref\\=none}}{{cite news \\|author\\= \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-28 \\|title\\=La SEP presentará hoy una nueva edición de la primera novela escrita por un paraguayo \\|trans\\-title\\=The SEP will present today a new edition of the first novel to be written by a Paraguayan citizen\\|url\\=https://www.lanacion.com.py/espectaculo/2018/06/28/la\\-sep\\-presentara\\-hoy\\-una\\-nueva\\-edicion\\-de\\-la\\-primera\\-novela\\-escrita\\-por\\-un\\-paraguayo/ \\|language\\=Spanish \\|work\\=La Nación \\|location\\=Asunción \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-04\\|ref\\=none}}",
"He died in Asunción, in the 12th of March 1902\\.",
""
] |
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